{"1": {"fulltext": "ii? h", "height": "3294", "width": "2593", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "K\\nQsm\u00c2\u00a7slW-\\nCOPTWGHT DEPOBtt", "height": "3064", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3085", "width": "2360", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3064", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3085", "width": "2360", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3064", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3085", "width": "2360", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3064", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "AT", "height": "3085", "width": "2360", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "r^^. -M$#fe^\\ns i\\ni-^r =5^^^^^^:^", "height": "3054", "width": "2371", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "-9^;^fe^fe3fe:2fc:3fe3fe:^^^fc:^fe3^3e;\\nA\\nHISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND,\\nCONTAINING\\nHISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE SKETCHES\\nCOUNTIES, CITIES AND PRINCIPAL TOWNS\\nSIX NEW ENGLAND STATES,\\nINCLUDING, IN ITS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS, MORE THAN SIXTY LITERARY MEN AND WOMEN,\\nREPRESENTING EVERY COUNTY IN NEW ENGLAND.\\nEDITED BY\\nREV, R, H. HOWARD, A. M., AND Prof. HENRY E. CROCKER.\\nILLUSTRATED WITH FINE STEEL AND WOOD ENGRAVINGS,\\nEMBRACING VIEWS OF CITIES, NATURAL SCENERY, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, AND PROMINENT LANDMARKS\\nOF SPECIAL HISTORIC INTEREST.\\nLand of the forest and the rock,\\nOf dark blue lake and mighty river,\\nOf mountains reared aloft to mock\\nThe storm s career, the lightning s shock.\\nMy own green land forever!\\nWlIITTIER\\nBOSTON\\nCROCKER CO., PUBLISHER\\n1879.", "height": "3085", "width": "2360", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0013.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "Copcriglit.\\nBy CROCKER CO.\\n1879.\\nY V\\nBoston:\\nWRIGHT roTTEU rUlNTISQ COMPANY,\\nNo. 73 Milk STREtT (cok. Federal).", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0014.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nThe history of Now England is invested with a peculiar interest. Its honored antecedents, the\\nextraordinary circumstances of its early settlement, and the numerous vicissitudes attending its later\\ndevelopment; the rare intelligence, sturdj virtue and indomitable energy of its primitive population;\\nthe fact, moreover, that the sons of this motherland have, for generations, been carrying her ideas and\\ninstitutions, as well as her spirit of enterprise, into the new and opening regions of the great West,\\nserve to attach to this section of our common country an exceptional importance, and to invest its\\nannals with a corresponding signilicancc and cliarm.\\nFor not the native New Englander alone, or even the native American, l)ut for all true lovers of\\nlibertj and of free institutions cveryM here, the history of this nursing spot of freedom, as also the\\nannals of the people who contri))uted, in so eminent a degree, to the success of this notable experiment\\nin local self-government, cannot, we feel confident, but prove a theme of deep and enduring interest.\\nThis work, as will be readily perceived, is intended to embi ace, in a comprehensive form, what-\\never may be regarded as of special interest comiected with the history of the States, counties and\\ntowns of New England. Such a work obviously possesses a peculiar merit. In this characteristically\\nfast and progressive ago, when there is so much to be read in a necessarily limited period of time, the\\npublic generall}- want results and not processes generalizations and bird s-eye views, and not extended\\ndisquisition. jMeantime, neither labor nor expense has been spared, in tlie j^reparation of this work,\\nI to make it, as far as possi))le, accurate and relialjle while both the quality and variety of the talent\\nj employed are such as to warrant, not only the authenticity of its statements, but also the varied and\\npopular treatment as well as the literar}- ability and skill that should characterize a work of this kind.\\nSpecial attention, it will be observed, has been paid to the earlier history of each section, and not\\nonly in the letter-press, but in the illustrations. Indeed, in the latter department, the book will be\\nfound happily to embrace the two extremes of our civilization what it was at its first and feeble\\nbeginnings, and what it is at its present advanced stage of progress.\\nIt will be noticed that the same topics have been treated to some extent b}^ different writers. The\\nhistory of the torritorj- being Avritten b} small sections, and by a variety of hands the ground, more-\\nover, being traversed first in a general way by the State writers, and subsequently more in detail by\\nthe County writers and the fact withal that the topics of the diflerent authors naturally overlap each", "height": "3085", "width": "2360", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0015.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nother, sufficiently explain this feature. This latter peculiarity, however, is not without its value. One\\nwriter generalizes, another furnishes us with a detailed account one discusses an important epoch\\nfrom one standpoint, another approaches and examines it in the light of another and so, through this\\ndiversified as well as thoughtful testimony, every important theme gets the benetit of a variety of side-\\nlights all contributing either to contirm and strongtlu u, or otherwise to enlighten and liberalize our\\nhistorical opinions.\\nWe take occasion here to tender our acknowledgments to our contributors, and to express our\\nhearty and unalloyed gratification that they have so generally entered into our plans, and so warmly\\nsympathized with our undertaking, and have, with such signal abilitj and exemplary patience and\\nfoithfulness prepared the articles that constitute the body of this work.\\nOur acknowledgments are especially due to William E. Graves, Esq., a well-known Boston jour-\\nnalist, of large experience and extensive acquaintance throughout the Xew England States to Judge\\nMcUen Chamberlain, and Arthur Mason Knapp, of the Boston Public Library; to Rev. Frederick\\nA. Whitney of Brighton, Mass. to the librarian of the Massachusetts Historical Society to John i\\nWard Dean, A. ]M., of the Xew England Historic and Genealogical Society: and to the librarian of\\nthe ^Massachusetts State Library, for A-aluable assistance rendered.\\nAmong numerous authorities consulted in the preparation of this work have Ijcen Prof. Zadock\\nThompson s History of Vermont, Miss Hemenway s Vermont Gazetteer, Coolidge and Mansfield s\\nHistory and Description of New England, Palfrey ^s History of New England, Barry s History of\\nMassachusetts, Williamson s and Abbott s histories of Maine, Freeman s History of Cape Cod,\\nDrake s, Shurtleflfs and Snow s histories of Boston; Nason s Massachusetts Gazetteer, c., c.\\nAnd now, to all New Englanders, and to all lovers of New England, this work, prepared at a great\\noutlay of labor and means, is commended in the earnest hope that its readers may derive pleasure and\\ninstruction from the perusal of these memorials of their ancestors.\\nBoston, December 10, ISTO.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0016.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "1\\nTABLE OF CONTENTS,\\ni\\nEARLY EXPLORATIONS,\\nBy Heiny E. Crocker,\\n1\\nPAGE\\nMASSACHUSETTS,\\nBy Rov. R. H. Howard,\\n18\\nBarnstable County,\\nHenry E. Crocker, Boston,\\n72\\nBeeksiiiee County,\\nJ. E. A. Smith, Pittsfleld,\\n87\\nBristol County,\\nF. E. Galligan, M. D., Taunton,\\n108\\nDukes County,\\nHon. Hebron Vincent, Edgartown,\\n124\\nEssex County,\\nCyrus M. Tracy, Lynn,\\n131\\nFkankxin County,\\nWilliam E. Graves, Boston\\n147\\nHampden County,\\nRobert O. Morris, Esq., Springfield,\\n160\\nHampshiee County,\\nMrs. S. F. Wliite, South Wortliington,\\n175 j\\nMiddlesex County,\\nProf. L.F. Griffin, Lalje Forest, III,\\n187\\nNantucket County,\\nDr. Arthur E. Jenks, Nantucket,\\n200 1\\nNorfolk County,\\nHenry 0. Hildreth, Esq., Dedliam,\\n216 j\\nPlymouth County,\\nRev. Charles W. Wood, Scotland, Mass.,\\n231\\nSuffolk County,\\nRev. Z. A. Mudge, Dedham\\n41\\nWorcester County,\\nRev. Elias Nason, North Billerica,\\n274\\nCONNECTICUT,\\nBy Capt. Henry P. Goddard, Hartford,\\n291\\nFairfield County,\\nWilliam Knapp, Esq., New Milford\\n299\\nHartford County,\\nWilliam L Fletcher, Hartford,\\n311\\nLitchfield County,\\nWilliam Knapp, Esq., New Milford,\\n330\\nMiddlesex County,\\nProf. Thomas Emmette, Middletown,\\n342\\nNew Haven County,\\nS. R. Dennen, D. D., and Carrie R. Dennen, New ILaven\\n354\\nNew London County,\\nAshbel Woodward, M. D., Franklin\\n365\\nTolland County,\\nMrs. Eunice F. Anderson, Mansfield,\\n376\\nWiNDUAM County,\\nMiss Ellen D. Laraed, Thompson,\\n387\\nRHODE ISLAND,\\nBy Hon. Francis Brinley, Newport,\\n399\\nBristol County,\\nRev. James P. Lane, Bristol,\\n403\\nKent County,\\nJoseph W. Congdon, Esq., East Greenwich,\\n417\\nNewport County,\\nGeorge E. Mason, Esq., Newport,\\n422\\nProvidence County,\\nRev. Edwin M. Stone, Providence,\\n433\\nWashington County,\\nEsther B. Carpenter and Rev. James H. Carpenter, Wakefield\\n445", "height": "3085", "width": "2360", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0017.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "6 CONTENTS.\\nPAGE\\nMAINE, By Rev. Mark Trafton, D. D., Wollaston, Mass.,\\n455\\nAndroscoggin County,\\nRev. J. S. Cogswell, West Auburn, Me.,\\n464\\nI Aroostook County,\\nR. R. McLeod, Esq., Houlton,\\n470\\n1 Cumberland County,\\nRev. E. P. Thwing, Brooklyn, N. Y.,\\n473\\nFranklin County,\\nRev. J. S. Swift, Farmington Falls,\\n490\\nHancock Col-nty,\\nHon. Parker Tuck, and Miss C. B. Homer\\nBuckspoi\\nt,\\n499\\nKennebec County,\\nHon. William B. Lapham, M. D., Augusta,\\n511\\nKnox County,\\nL. F. Starrett, Esq., Rockland,\\n521\\nLincoln County,\\nR. K. Sewall, Esq., Wiseasset,\\n52S\\nOxford County,\\nAVilliam B. Lapham, M. D., Augusta,\\n536\\nPenobscot County,\\nE. F. Duren, Esq., Bangor,\\n543\\nPiscataquis County,\\nRev. Amasa Loring, Foxcroft,\\n551\\nSagadahoc County,\\nRev. Heniy O. Thayer, AVoolwit-h,\\n555\\nSomerset County,\\nE. P. Mayo, Skowhegan,\\n562\\nWaldo County,\\nAlbert C. AViggin, Belfast,\\n568\\nWASnmGTON COUNTV,\\nGeorge W. Drisko, Machias,\\n576\\nYork County,\\nRev. George B. Ilsloy, Yarmouth,\\n683\\nNEW HAMPSHIRE,\\nBy Daniel F. Secomb, Concord,\\n693\\nBelknap County,\\nthe late Rev. Lcander S. Co.an, Alton,\\n601\\nCarroll County,\\nHon. Larkin I). Mason, South Tamworth,\\n.604\\nCheshire County,\\nWilliam E. Graves, Boston,\\n608\\nCoos County,\\nProf. J. H. Huntington, Boston,\\n616\\nGrafton County,\\nProf. John K. Lord, Hanover,\\n624\\nHillsborough County,\\nDaniel Goodwin, Esq., Mason,\\n631\\nMerrimack County,\\nAsa McFarland, Esq., Concord,\\n642\\nRockingham County,\\nProf. L. F. Griffin, Lake Forest, 111.,\\n650\\nStrafford County,\\nWilliam E. Graves, Boston,\\n657\\nSullivan County,\\nWilliam E. Graves, Boston,\\n671\\nVERMONT,\\nBy Rev. R. H. Howard,\\n677\\nAddison County,\\nProf. William F. Bascom, Middlebury,\\n693\\nBennington County,\\nD. K. Simonds, Esq., Manchester,\\n702\\nCaledonia County,\\nHon. Henry Clark, Rutland,\\n711\\nChittenden County,\\nRev. R. H. Howard,\\n722\\nEssex County,\\nDr. Hiram A. Cutting, Ph. D., Lunenburg\\n1,\\n729\\nFranklin County,\\nHon. Henry Clark, Rutland,\\n739\\nGrand Isle County,\\nWilliam E. Graves, Boston,\\n748\\nLamoille County,\\nWilliam E. Graves, Boston,\\n751\\nOrange County,\\nDr. J. T. Child, West Fairlee,\\n756\\nOrleans County,\\nWilliam E. Graves, Boston,\\n764\\nRutland County,\\nHon. Henry Clark, Rutland,\\n770\\nWashington County,\\nRev. John H. Hinoks, Montpelier,\\n777\\nWindham County,\\nJoseph J. Green, Fayetteville,\\n784|\\nWindsor County,\\nWilliam E. Graves, Boston,\\n791", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0018.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS\\nFrontispiece.\\nA Northman s Vessel,\\nJames Cartier,\\nSir Humphrey Gilbert,\\nDe Monts,\\nSamuel Champlain,\\nrij-moutli Rocli,\\nColonists going to Churcli Ancient Meeting\\nMonument at Plymouth,\\nGovernor Winthrop,\\nThe Spinning-wheel An Old-time Fireside,\\nOld Wayside Inn,\\nView of Sandwich,\\nProvincetown,\\nHighland Light, Truro,\\nAutograph of John Brown,\\nThe Court House, Pittstiold,\\nThe Berkshire Athenreum,\\nThe Park\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Railroad Depot, Pittsfield,\\nMemorial Hall, Lee,\\nEdwards Monument,\\nCity Hall\u00e2\u0080\u0094 St. James Church, New Bedford,\\nUnitarian Church, Taunton,\\nLeonard House, Raynham,\\nOldest House in Edgartown,\\nUnion Chapel, Oak Bluffs,\\nOld Tunnel Church, Lynn,\\nOld City Hall\u00e2\u0080\u0094 New City Hall, Lynn,\\nPublic Library, Newljuryport,\\nOld North Church, Marbleheail,\\nBirth-place of Israel Putnam,\\nPhillips Academy,\\nPublic Library, Springfield,\\nHome of Phoebe Hinsdale Brown, Monson,\\nWesleyan Academy, Wilbraham,\\nMount Tom and the Connecticut River, facino\\nAgricultural College, Amherst,\\nMt. Holyoke Seminary, South Hadley,\\nThe Battle of Lexington,\\nThe Battle of Bunker Hill, facing\\nThe County Jail the Court House, Lowell,\\nLadd and Whitney Monument, Lowell,\\nSt. Anne s Church, Lowell,\\nResidence of the Poet Longfellow, Cambridge,\\nMemorial Hall, Harvard University,\\nHouse,\\nard,\\nPublic Library, Woburn, facing\\nPublic Library, Concord, facing\\nHenry Wilson s Home, Natick,\\nState Normal School, Framingham,\\nLawrence Academy, Groton,\\nResidence of Edwin S. Barrett, Concord,\\nOld North Bridge, Concord,\\nOld Manse, Concord\\nMassachusetts House, Lexington, facing\\nMap of Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha s Viney;\\nAljram Quady,\\nThe Old Windmill, Nantucket,\\nTlie Coffin School, Nantucket,\\nStudio of Eastman Johnson, Nantucket,\\nThe Old Fairbanks House, Dedham,\\nHome of John Quincy Adams, Quincy,\\nThe Hai vard Church, Brookline,\\nWellesley College, Needham,\\ni\\\\Iinot s Ledge Lighthouse, Cohasset,\\nWinthrop Churcli, Holbrook,\\nFirst Normal School Building, Bridgewater,\\nState Normal School, Bridgewater,\\nRailroad Depot, Brockton,\\nLeyden Street\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Burial Hill, Plymouth,\\nOld Meeting-House, Ilingham,\\nIron-Works, Bridgewater,\\nThe Standish Monument, Duxbury,\\nThe Old Oaken Bucket, Scituate,\\nStandish House, Duxbury,\\nBrattle Street Chui cli Christ Church, Boston,\\nOld South Church, Boston,\\nFaneuil Hall, Boston,\\nScene of the Great Fii c, Boston,\\nBoston and Providence Railroad Station, Boston,\\nDrive on tlie Margin of the Small Reservoir,\\nThe Old Hancock House\u00e2\u0080\u0094 King s Chapel, Boston,\\nFranklin s Birth-place,\\nView at the head of State Street,\\nOld Elm, Boston Common State House, Boston,\\nNow Post-Office\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Custom-House\u00e2\u0080\u0094 City Hall,\\nView on Boston Common,\\nStatue of Gen. Glover,\\nTrinity Church Cathedral of the Holy Cross\u00e2\u0080\u0094 New\\nOld South Church, Boston,\\nBunker Hill, Monument,", "height": "3085", "width": "2360", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0019.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS.\\ncester,\\nunty, Cl.\\nMeeting-house Hill, Dorchester,\\nFirst Church, Roxbury\\nInstitution for the Blind, South Boston,\\nMarine Hosj)it:il, Chelsea,\\nInstitute of luilustrial Science, Worcester,\\nPublic High School, Worcester,\\nThe Oreiul Institute\u00e2\u0080\u0094 St. PiUil s Church, AVoi\\nBuilding of First Daily Paper in Fairfield Coi\\nPeople s Bank\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wheeler s Block, Bridgeport,\\nNew State Capitol, Hartford, facing\\nTrinity College\u00e2\u0080\u0094 High School, Hartford,\\nThe Charter Oak, Hartford,\\nResidence of Mark Twain, Hartford,\\nRapids near Weramaug s Palace,\\nFirst Foreign Jlission School in the United States,\\nTown Hall, New Milford,\\nHigh Street\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wesleyan University, Middletown,\\nExcavation in Middlesex Quarry, Portland,\\nBrainard Co s Quarry, Portland,\\nShaler Hall Quarry, Portland,\\nNew Chapel\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Peabody Museum, Yale Colk\\nFarnam Hall, Yale College.\\nOld Stone House, Guilford,\\nCity Hall, Norwich,\\nThe Academy, Norwich,\\nSt. Patrick s Church, Norwich,\\nOld Bridge at Norwich, facing\\nPark Church, Norwich,\\nPutnam summoned to war.\\nAcademy, East Greenwich, R. I.,\\nOld Coddingtcn House, Newport,\\nOld Stone Mill, Newport,\\nState House, Newport,\\nTrinity Church, Newport,\\nRoger Williams Monument, Providence,\\nLibrary Building, Brown University,\\nMesser Street Primary School, Providence,\\nFirst Baptist Church, Providence,\\nOld Town House, Providence,\\nCity Hall, Providence,\\nHazard s Castle, NaiTaganset Pier,\\nBirthplace of Gilbert Stuart,\\nLisbon Falls, Me.,\\nLivermore Falls,\\nMineral Spring, South Poland,\\nOld Mansion House, South Poland,\\nView of Portland\\nIilaine General Hospital,\\nThe Observatory, Portland,\\nCity Hall, Portland,\\nPost-Office, Portland,\\nCustom-House, Portland,\\nWestbrook Seminary,\\nMansion, Abljott Family School, Farmington,\\nScenery at Abbott Family School, Farmington\\nWestern Normal School, Farmington,\\nPAGE\\n266\\n267\\ni 70\\n272\\n278\\n278\\n279\\n305\\n.307\\n318\\n319\\n321\\n323\\n331\\n33i\\n349\\n351\\n352\\n353\\n360\\n361\\n363\\n3G6\\n367\\n368\\n368\\n369\\n394\\n421\\n423\\n427\\n42H\\n429\\n433\\n436\\n440\\n441\\nUpper Dam at Ellsworth,\\nMidnight Review, Castine,\\nDesert-Rock Lighthouse, facing.\\nState House, Augusta,\\nHigh School, Augusta,\\nCobbossce Contee Falls, Gardine\\nCascade at West Waterville,\\nLast Block-house at Fort Halifax\\nMaine Wesleyan Seminary, Kent s Hill,\\nUpper Falls, Rumford,\\nLower Falls, Rumford,\\nNorombega,\\nTown Hall, Orono,\\nResidences of the Websters, Orono,\\nMonument of Rasle, Norridgewock,\\nNorth Channel Dam, Skowhegan,\\nMadison Bridge Falls,\\nUame Central Institute, Pittsfield,\\nFort Knox, Prospect,\\nLower Falls, East Machias,\\nGarrison House, Y ork,\\nRailroad Bridge, Saco,\\nOld Orchard Beach,\\nOld Pepperell House, Kittery,\\nSergeant LaiTabee s Garrison, Keunebunk\\nTlie Cliffs, Cape Arundel,\\nPulpit Rock, facing\\nRattlesnake Island, Lake Winnipiseogee\\nAlton Bay,\\nCentre Harbor,\\nWolfborough,\\nThe Pavilion, Wolfljorough,\\nCrawford House,\\nLancaster,\\nThe Willey House, facing\\nMount Washington Railway,\\nCulver Hall, Agricultural College, Hanover,\\nHigh School Building, Nashua,\\nMount Pleasant School House, Nashua,\\nThe Bradley Monument, Concord,\\nHome of Franklin Pierce, Concord,\\nState House, Concord,\\nBirthplace of Horace Greeley, facing\\nBirthplace of Daniel Webster, facing\\nThe Wentworth House, Little Harbor,\\nOld Langdon House, Portsmouth,\\nRobinson Female Seminary, Exeter,\\nOld Catamount Tavern, Bennington, Vt.\\nFirst Church in Vermont,\\nBurr and Burton Seminary, Manchester,\\nSt. Johnsbury Academy,\\nDiagrams, facing\\nOld Court House, Rutland,\\nFirst State House\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Second State House\\nMontpelier,\\nBethany Church, Montpelier,\\nState Capitol,", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0020.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "EARLY EXPLORATIONS.\\nBY HENRY E. CROCKER.\\nI. NOKSE DISCOVERIES.\\nThe earliest exploration of the region now known as\\nNew England, is generallj attributed to the navigators\\nof England and Southern Europe, who, in the sixteenth\\nand seventeenth centuries, examined its coast. As a\\nmatter of fact, however, the earliest European discover-\\nies in New England, are connected with a period almost\\nas near the beginning of the Christian era as to the pres-\\nent, and the mind, to contemplate them, must bridge the\\ngulf of nearlj- nine hundred j ears. It seems especiallj-\\nfitting that New England, the birthplace of hard.y marin-\\ners, whose vessels for more than a centurj- have ploughed\\nthe most distant seas, should have been primaril_y dis-\\ncovered bj^ a race of sea-kings, the Norsemen of Scan-\\ndinavia, renowned in all Europe for their feats of navi-\\ngation. Manj- still regard the tales of the Icelandic\\nsagas as fables, or at the best as traditions, the remote-\\nness of whose origin renders them unworthj of credence\\nluit, to those who have made a careful study of Norse\\nliterature, the discovery of New England by the North-\\nmen is a fact as well established and unquestionable, as\\nthat Columbus discovered Guanahani, or that the Cabots,\\nin the time of Henry VII. of England, sighted tlie\\nshores of Labrador. The facts upon which this belief\\nrests are obtained from the Icelandic Annals old\\nrecords of Iceland which have, of late j ears, been ex-\\namined verj critically by careful investigators of history.\\nSir John Richardson, a learned English writer, says\\nof them, in his work entitled The Polar Regions,\\npublished in Edinburgh in 1861 The authenticity of\\nthe Icelandic manuscript seems to be fully established,\\nand a recent American writer saj s These narratives\\nare plain, straightforward, business-like accounts of\\nactual voyages made bj the Northmen, in the tenth and\\neleventh centuries, to Greenland, Newfoundland, Nova\\nScotia, and the coast of Massachusetts and Rhode\\nIsland. Within the whole range of literature of discovery\\nand adventure, no volumes can be found which have\\nmore abundant internal evidence of authenticity. In\\nconsidering, then, the historj of early explorations in\\nAncient America. By John D. Baldwin. New York, Harper\\nBros. 1872.\\nNew England, we shall devote a few paragi aphs to dis-\\ncoveries nearlj five hundred j-ears prior to the time when\\nColumbus approached the shores of the Western World.\\nOne of the boldest of the Northmen was Naddod, who,\\non account of his spirit of adventure and success in\\ncommercial enterprise, was called the sea-king. Ten\\ncenturies since, this adventurer, while on one of his dar-\\ning voyages, was driven bj- storms far to the westward,\\nand discovered Iceland. Nearly a score of years passed\\naway, and the island had been peopled meanwhile bj- a\\ncolonj- of Danes. Another vessel was borne hy a storm\\nfour hundred miles to the west of Iceland, and in this\\naccidental way Greenland was reached, and the waj\\nopened for colonization. A few years after this, another\\nNorthman named Bjarne, while attempting a voyage to\\nGreenland, was carried by a north wind far to the south\\nof his intended course. The gale continued with terrible\\nforce for many days, and when the storm subsided and\\nthe sun appeared, a long line of sandy shore was seen in\\nthe distant horizon. It is believed that this was either\\nthe island of Nantucket, or the eastern shore of Cape\\nCod. From this point Bjarne sailed backward along the\\ncoast until at last he arrived at Greenland. Again, some\\nfour years after, probably in the year 1000, Lief Erikson,\\nor Lief, son of Erik the Red, sailed in Bjarne s ship, on\\nan exploring expedition. Touching at Hellerland (now\\nNewfoundland) and Markland (Nova Scotia), he steered\\nto the south-west for the purpose of exploring the land\\nthat had been seen by Bjarne. The shores of Cape Cod\\nwere first descried, and after cruising along its eastern\\ncoast and passing several leagues to the west, they en-\\ntered a large bay and cast anchor near its pleasant shores.\\nThe surrounding country was so delightful, the fruit so\\nabundant, and the climate so mild, that it was decided to\\nspend the winter there. In the valleys near the shore\\nwere the sassafras and other fragrant trees, about many\\nof which luxuriant grapevines twined, loaded with\\nclusters of delicious fruit. They gave the region the\\nappropriate name of Vinland, and began immediate\\npreparations to spend the winter in that localitj-. Tents\\nwere erected, and a rude house constructed not far prob-\\nably from the present site of Fall River. They returned\\nto Greenland in the spring, where the news of their dls-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0021.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF XEW EXCxLAND.\\ncovcr3^ creati d a profound sensation. Again the ship,\\nwhich had twice visited the shores of the Western Conti-\\nnent, sailed out of the harbor of the little settlement in\\nGreenland, and this time Thorwald, a brother of Lief\\nErikson, was in command. The vessel s prow was turned\\nto the south-west, toward the newly discovered and de-\\nlightful reahns. Entering, in the summer of 1002, the\\nhay where Lief had anchored two years before, they\\nfound the spot where he had encamped, and occupied the\\nhuts of their brethren, that the natives had allowed to\\nremain. To the place where they had encamped they\\ngave the name of Lief s-buder, or Liefs house, and three\\nwinters were spent in\\nthat locality. In the\\nspring of the second\\njear of their staj thej _\\nmade a voyage around\\nCape Cod, intending\\nthen to return to Green\\nlaud. Rounding the\\ntremity of the Cape\\nsailing north-west acn\\nthe baj-, thej entered\\nlast a sheltered souim\\nstudded with islands\\nThis sound was enclose d\\nby hills with rounded\\nsummits, and at the heid\\nwas a wooded elevation\\nof great beauty. To tlie\\nnorth and west, as far i^\\nthe eye could reach, the\\nmost delightful scene 13\\nmet the enchanted vi-\\nsion of the voyagers, so nokihm\\nthat Thorwald exclaims in rapture, Here it is beautiful\\nhere I should like to spend my days Yet, in this\\nlovely harbor occm-red the first battle between Europeans\\nand the aborigines of the New World, of which we have\\nany record. And in this, as in many subsequent in-\\nstances, the white men were the aggressors. They attacked\\nsome natives, who, unsuspicious of danger, put off a\\nlittle distance from the shore in canoes. The whole tribe\\nrushed to arms, and soon the bay was alive with the\\ncanoes of the savage warriors. Thorwald s men were\\nsheltered behind the oaken planks of their vessel and\\nsuffered no injurj but Thorwald, rashly exposing him-\\nself, was struck by an arrow, and a mortal wound\\ninflicted. When the Indians retired, the bodj- of the\\nchief was carried on shore, and the spot where he had\\nhoped to live for many years, became his burial-place.\\n^^ceording to his dying request, two crosses were placed\\nat his grave, and his men called the place Krossanaes, or\\nthe promontor}- of the crosses. The placid sound entered\\nby Thorwald is believed to have been what is now known\\nas Boston Harbor, although manj- have located the scene\\nof the encounter on the shore of Xarragansett Bay, and\\nhave conjectured that the skeleton in armor, exhumed\\nnear Fall River, in 1831, and the subject of Longfellow s\\npoem, was that of Thorwald.\\nThe Xorthmen. after the burial of their leader, returned\\nto their settlement in Vinland, and, in the spring, set\\nsail for their arctic home. On their arrival Thorstcin,\\nthe younger brother of\\nThorwald, took com-\\nm md of the ship, and\\nboon after sailed for\\ninland, that he might\\nfind the remains of his\\nUMloitunate kinsman.\\nMl 1 convey them to\\nburial-place of his\\nI uhers. He was ac-\\nduipanied by his wife\\n11 Irida, whom the\\ni_i-5 described as re-\\nin iikal)le for her beauty,\\ndignity, prudence, and\\ngood d iscourse. The ex-\\npedition proved to be an\\nill-staifed one. Ten-i-\\nble storms wore encoun-\\n^^i tcud, and, after many\\nh mges of fortune,\\nth(.\\\\ finaUj- succeeded\\nt, \\\\t!,sLL j\u00e2\u0080\u009e n^aching one of the\\ncheerless settlements on the western coast of Greenland.\\nHere Thorstein and many of the crew, worn out bj long\\nstruggling with the elements, died, and soon after the\\nwidowed Gudiida returned to her friends. As is often\\nthe case in modem times, the grief of the widow was of\\nbrief continuance. A j ear rolled bj and she was united\\nin marriage to Thorfinn, a wealth} gentleman of Iceland,\\nof distinguished birth, and noted for liis many vii tues.\\nA Norseman statue and fountain is to be erected in Post-Office\\nSquare, Boston, to commemorate the supposed visit of tlie Norsemen\\nto New England. Tlie statue, of bronze, -nill represent Lief Erilison\\nand will wear the ancient armor of the Norsemen, a shirt of mail, a\\ntwo-edged sword, and the pointed helmet of that people. The pedestal\\nwill be of rough granite, richly encrusted in bronze, with grapevines,\\nleaves, and clusters. Water will fall from the twisted vine-stems at the\\nfour comers into a simple lipped oval basin of polished granite.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A7h s\\nHand-book of Boston.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0022.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "EARLY EXPLORATIONS.\\nTo him Gudrida pictured tlie sunnj Vinland in the fol-\\nlo^ing glowing terms Greenland is, at the best, but\\na barren spot, most wofuU} misnamed, but Vinland is a\\nregion of thick and leafy woods, like those of old Norwa}-,\\nj of fields of waving grass and rye, of sunny skies and\\ni genial clime.\\nThorflnn yielded to the persuasions of the handsome\\nGudrida, and sailed from Greenland in the summer of\\n1008, with three ships, and one hundred and sixty men.\\nThej^ reached Vinland in earfy autumn, and Thorfinn was\\nI enraptured with the marvellous beautj^ of the scene.\\nThe woods were assuming the varied autumnal tints, and\\nwere fragrant with the odor of the sassafras and grape.\\nWheat was growing wild in the fields, and the climate\\nwas most grateful, in contrast with the regions of the\\nnorth from which the voyagers came. No snow fell dur-\\ning the winter, and the cattle they had brought with\\nthem fed in the fields. In this pleasant land Thorfinn and\\nhis companions dwelt for three years. The year after\\ntheir arrival a child was born to Thorfinn and Gudrida,\\nwho was named Snorre Thorfinnson. He was born in\\n1008, and probably within the limits of the present State\\nof Massachusetts.\\nThe little hamlet of Vinland was called Thorfinn s\\nBuder, or Thorfinn s Building. The inhabitants in the\\nsurrounding country were friendfy at first, and often\\ncame to the settlement with rich furs, which they ex-\\nchanged for knives, beads, and pieces of red cloth. At\\nlast, dissension arose between the latter and the North-\\nmen, whose position, under the circumstances, became\\none of extreme peril. Their number had been diminished\\nby the departure of a party on an exploring expedition\\nto the north and east, and from them no tidings had\\nbeen received. Thorfinn decided to break up the set-\\ntlement, and go in search of the missing men. Leaving\\na portion of his company on the shore of Buzzard s Bay,\\nhe sailed in one of the ships and explored the coast\\nnorthward, probably as far as Maine but returned, after\\na fruitless search, to the party at Buzzard s Bay. Here\\nthe winter was passed, and in the spring of 1011, most,\\nif not all of the colonists returned to Greenland. The\\neloquent descriptions of Vinland, its climate and produc-\\ntions, that Thorfinn and Gudrida gave to their kindred\\nand friends, together with the rich furs and specimens of\\nrare varieties of wood they exhibited, created a general\\ndesire to visit the attractive region. It is probable, from\\nthe incidental allusions in the annals of those days, that\\nmany subsequent expeditions were made to Vinland for\\nIt is asserted that Bertcl Thorwaldsen, the great Danish sculptor,\\ndescended from this, the first recorded European born on the American\\ncontinent.\\ntraffic with the natives. In 1121, a bishop bj the name\\nof Erik visited Vinland as a missionary, and this visit\\nwould seem to im])ly the existence of settlements, requir-\\ning pastoral oversight and care. The venerable tower in\\nNewport, R. I., if erected bj the Northmen as a citadel\\nof defence, or for industrial or religious purposes, would\\nalso indicate a long-continued settlement in that vicin-\\nity, t\\nII. LATER DISCOVERIES.\\nToward the close of the fifteenth centuiy, Columbus,\\nsailing westward, discovered San Salvador, and the\\nlarger islands between North and South America. New\\nexpeditions to the gold-bearing regions beyond the At-\\nlantic were constantfy projected. Monarchs and wealth}\\nsubjects vied with each other in sending explorers across\\nthe seas. While Spain and Portugal, by means of a\\nPapal edict, endeavored to obtain the sole right to navi-\\ngate the ocean, English mariners were the cotemporaries\\nof Columbus in the work of exploration. In 1496, Henry\\nVII. of England, commissioned John Cabot, a wealthy\\nVenetian merchant residing in Bristol, Eng., and his\\nR. G. Hatfield, in an able article in Scribner s Magazine, for\\nMarch, 1879, says We conclude that the people of Vinland were\\nChristian and, if Christian, then the building at Newport erected by\\nthem may have been for some sacred use of the Christian religion.\\nProfessor Rafn suggests that the Old Mill was, in fact, a Christian\\nBaptistery. The northern antiquaries are backed by the opinion of\\nsuch authorities in matters of art and archteology as Boisserce, Klenze,\\nThiersch, and Kallenbach, who, judging from drawings of the old\\nstone mill sent from America, have all declared in favor of the ruin\\nbeing the remains of a baptismal chapel in the early style of the Middle\\nAges. The building should, accordingly, henceforth be designated by\\nits proper name, and be knoivn only as the Vinland Baptistery.\\nt The question as to why the Norsemen, after the discovery and par-\\ntial settlement of Vinlsmd, of which their annals always speak in terms\\nof warmest praise, should leave that fruitful land and permanently re-\\nturn to their ancestral home, must likely always remain unanswered.\\nOne reason for this withdrawal may have been the prevalence of a terri-\\nble distemper in Europe from 1347 to 1351. This was known as the\\nBlack Plague, and it swept over the continent with fearful malignity,\\nand even extended to Iceland, Greenland, and the more remote Vinland.\\nThe population of Norway alone was reduced from two millions to three\\nhundred thousand, and other p.arts of Scandinavia suffered to a hardly\\nless extent. This rapid depopulation of the mother country may have\\nnecessitated the withdrawal of the Norse settlements, in order that the\\nhome industries might still be carried on. But, whatever the cause of\\nthis abandonment, the fact remains, that while Iceland rose to the dig-\\nnity of a republic, and the colonics in Greenland had a rapid and pros-\\nperous growth, Vinland was, for hundreds of years, in the exclusive\\npossession of the native inhiibitants. Century followed century in the\\nswift flight of time, and Vinland was forgotten, or remembered only in\\nthe legendary tales of the old sea-kings of the North. The colonies\\nin Greenland had an existence only in the memory of a few, who re-\\ncalled some dim tradition of the heroic age. Even Iceland was\\nhardly known to exist by the nations of Southern Europe, and the\\nadventurous spirit of the fathers seemed to slumber beyond hope of\\nawaking.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0023.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nsons, to sail at their own expense, but under the English\\nflag and roj al protection, and search for islands in re-\\ngions inhabited by infidels, and hitherto unknown to\\nChristendom. Having found such regions, they were\\nto take possession of them in the name of their king.\\nJohn Cabot was to reign over them as the king s vassal,\\nand enjo}- the sole right of trading thither, paying to the\\nking one-fifth of all the net profits, and sharing in the\\nsame proportion the product of the mines.\\nSailing from Bristol, Eng., with a fleet of five ships,\\nin the spring of 1497, accompanied by his three sons,\\nLewis, Sebastian, and Saucius, and steering north-westerly\\nuntil he encountered immense fields of ice in the vicinity\\nof Cape Farewell, Greenland, he finally turned his vessel s\\nprow to the south-west, and on the 24th of June, 1497,\\ncaught the first view of the North American continent,\\noff the coast of Labrador. This land he called Prima\\nYista, or land first seen. After coasting southward as\\nfar as the present limits of Maine, he sailed for England.\\nThe port of Bristol was entered in August, and the voy-\\nagers were received with demonstrations of joj-, it being\\nsupposed that the land they had discovered was a part of\\nthe Empire of China, t\\nIn May, 1498, Sebastian Cabot sailed from Bristol in\\ntwo ships, provided by his family and some Bristol mer-\\nchants, for the dual purpose of trade, and of discovering\\na north-west passage to India. Ha\\\\ing reached the coast\\nof Labrador, he turned to the north in search of the\\nstrait that would lead to the distant Cathaj-. But, meet-\\ning ^ast fields of ice that presented an impassable bar-\\nrier to further exploration in that direction, he changed\\nhis course to the south, and examined, with intense\\neagerness, the inlets and harbors of the then solitary\\ncoast. It is supposed that he continued his voj age along\\nthe entire shore of the present New England. Doubtless\\nhe entered Cape Cod Ba3 and rounded the extremity of\\nthe peninsula that forms its eastern boundary. He maj-\\nhave entered the harbor of New York, but of this there\\nis no reliable evidence. His disappointment must have\\nbeen great as he found the shore beyond Long Island\\ntrending to the south. But he continued his fruitless\\nsearch until he reached the Carolinas, when, being short\\nof provisions, he turned his course toward England.\\nThe result of this voyage must have been disheartening\\nIt is not certainly known that John Cabot personally commanded\\nthe expedition, or that he came to the American continent. This sub-\\nject has been much discussed by antiquarians, and many contend,\\nthough, we think, without sufficient authority, that, as John Cabot was\\na merchant, and not a sailor, it is extremely improbable that he left\\nEngland for so extended a voyage.\\nt No further mention is made of John Cabot, and it is probable that\\nhe died soon after his return.\\nto the bold navigator. Instead of the rich and populous\\nempire he had hoped to reach, in this new path across\\nthe western seas, the conviction that the New World was\\na solid barrier between Western Europe and Eastern\\nAsia forced itself upon his mind. Yet his zeal as an\\nexplorer was unabated, and he made many other voyages,\\nand received high honor for his valuable discoveries.\\nThe next expedition to explore the coast of North\\nAmerica appears to have been made under authority of\\nKing John of Portugal. In the year 1500, Gaspar Cor-\\ntercal sailed from Lisbon, in two ships, for the ostensible\\npurpose of finding the north-west passage to the Indies.\\nTouching at Labrador, and other points in the northern\\nregions, he directed his course southward, and probablj\\nvisited the coast of Maine. He speaks of a country of\\nforests, well adapted for shipbuilding, and large rivers I\\nwell stocked with fish. On his return, Cortereal carried\\nwith him fifty of the natives, whom he had basely enticed\\non board his ships, and these were sold as slaves in the\\nmarkets of Portugal. This adventure being remunera-\\ntive, he sailed to procure another cargo but somewhere\\nupon the broad ocean, his vessel foundered, and no\\ntidings of his fate ever reached his native land.\\nSoon after the discoveries of the Cabots, the great\\nvalue of the cod-fisheries of Newfoundland attracted\\nthither the fishermen of Normandy, Brittany, and Eng-\\nland. While this commercial enterprise prospered, the\\ninterest in exploration necessarily- flagged. But, in 1523,\\nthe French king, Francis I., fitted out an expedition of\\nfour ships for a voyage of exploration. The command\\nwas given to John Verrazani, an eminent Florentine\\nnavigator. The fleet sailed from France in December,\\n1523, but, a storm having disabled three of his ships,\\nVerrazani was obliged to continue his voyage with only\\none coming in sight of land, near the mouth of the Cape\\nFear River, North Carolina, March 10, 1524. Subse-\\nquently sailing northward, after having entered the pres-\\nent harbor of New York, he finally reached Narragansett\\nBay and the harbor of Newport. A little later, he\\ncoasted along the shore, passing near Cape Cod, proba-\\nbly entering Boston Harbor, and making an extended\\nexamination of the coast of Maine.\\nVerrazani, after passing as far north as Newfound-\\nland, and having explored the American coast for about\\ntwo thousand miles, returned to France. To the extended\\nregion he had examined, he gave the name of New\\nFrance, a name which was afterwards restricted to the\\ncountr} now called Canada.\\nIn 1525, Estevan Gomez was sent by Charles of\\nSpain to find the long-sought passage to the East Indies.\\nHe entered many of the bays and harbors of New Eng-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0024.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "EARLY EXPLORATIONS.\\nland, and gave the name of the Country of Gomez to\\nthe region he explored.\\nFor three-quarters of a centuiy afterwards, no expedi-\\ntion of importance was made to New England. But\\nother portions of the country were visited, and valuable\\ndiscoveries made, and to some of these we wiU brieflj\\nrefer. In 1534, and the year following, James Cartier,\\na mariner of St. Malo, France, made two voyages to the\\n\\\\icinity of Newfoundland, and, discovering the St. Law-\\nrence gulf and river, took possession of the surrounding\\nregion in the name of his king.\\nIn 1539, the brave De Soto\\nlanded at Tampa Bay in Florida,\\nand, two years later, made thr\\ndiscoverj of the mighty Mis-\\nsissippi, in whose waters his\\ntoil-worn body was laid to rcsi\\nThe Huguenots, aided by tin\\nnoble Coligny, made two settl\\nments, one in 1562 at Pit\\nRoyal Entrance, Carolina, aiiu\\nthe other in 1564 on the banks\\nof the St. John s River, Florida.\\nMartin Frobisher, in 1576-7,\\nentered Baffin s Baj% and made i _\\ntwo unsuccessful attempts to\\nfound a colony in Labrador. Sir\\nHumphrey Gilbert, the step- ig\\nbrother of Sir Walter Raleigh\\nendeavored, in 1583, to colonize\\nNewfoundland, and found a\\nwatery grave near the land where\\nhe had hoped to establish a\\npermanent English colom\\\\ Ra-\\nleigh, then the favorite of Queen\\nElizabeth, and whose knightly\\nsoul was inspired with dreams of wealth and power,\\nsoon after endeavored to found colonies under Amidas\\nand Barlow, Lane and White, in the Carolinas, then\\nknown as Virginia. New England, however, until the\\nbeginning of the seventeenth century, was almost wholly\\nneglected by the brave adventurers of England s golden\\nIt is related, howeTcr, that in 1567, the coast of Maine was visited\\nIjy John Kut, in the ship Mary of Guilford, and he made some ex-\\nplorations of the interior of that region. Eleven years previous, a\\nFrench writer of considerable reputation, named Andre Thevet, visited\\na portion of Maine, which was then included in the territory the French\\nhad called Norumbega. He speaks of the Penobscot as one of the finest\\nrivers in the world, called on the charts the Gnand River, and, in native\\nlanguage, Agoncy. At its mouth, tlie French had built a small fortifi-\\ncation, called the fort of Norumbega.\\nJAMES CARTIEK.\\nThe eventful sixteenth century came to a close, and,\\nnotwithstanding many colonies had been attempted upon\\nthe American shores, none had been permanently estab-\\nhshed.\\nSpain had given up her hold upon Florida, and France\\nupon Acadia, and the red men were still masters of the\\nvast domain, now the abode of another race. But the\\nnext century changed the aspect of affairs, and its first\\ndermic was marked by several important events. In\\n1G02, r.arilHjloiiicw (iosuold, an Enghsh navigator, and\\n3 the friend of Raleigh, crossed\\ntlio Atlantic, and discovered\\nthe continent at the present\\n)iomontor3 of Naliant. Sail-\\nnig southward, he landed, in\\nthe month of May, upon a\\nb uidy peninsula, which he\\nnimed Cape Cod, because of\\nthe great number of cod he\\ncaught in that vicinity. Round-\\ning this point, and heading to\\nthe south, and then to the\\nw st, he discovered Nantucket,\\nM irtha s Vinej ard, and a group\\nof islands which he named\\nElizabeth Islands, in honor of\\nlus queen. Upon one of these\\nbuilt a fort and storehouse,\\nthe cellar of the latter being\\n(lisoovered in 1797 by Dr.\\nI limy Belknap, the historian\\nof New Hampshire. Gosnold\\nwas obliged to relinquish his\\nJ pLin of making a settlement,\\non account of the scarcity of\\nprovisions and the threatened\\nhostility of the Indians. After loading his vessel with\\nthe sassafras wood, then of considerable value, he re-\\nturned to England.\\nGosnold gave a most favorable account of the region\\nhe had visited, so that the enter^jrise of some Bristol\\nmerchants was enlisted in fitting out a second exi^edition\\nto the same locality, for the purpose of traffic with tlie\\nnatives. Captain Martin Piing was placed in command.\\nOn the 7th of June, he entered Penobscot Bay. Sailing\\nwestward, other bays and rivers were entered, some of\\nwhich were partially explored. Lea\\\\-ing the coast of\\nBlaine, Captain Pring steered to the south, and, after\\nvisiting Martha s Vineyard, returned to England. The\\nnext year he went to the same region, and made a more\\naccurate survey of the coast, and the larger rivers of Maine.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0025.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nIn 1605, Captain George Wej-mouth, who had pre-\\nviously explored the coast of Labrador in search of the\\nNorth-west Passage, visited the coast of Maine in the\\nship Archangel. Upon an island near the shore, prob-\\nabl}^ the present Monhegan, he erected a cross, and took\\npossession of the country in tlie name of his sovereign,\\nJames I. of England. This island he named St. George,\\nin honor of England s patron saint. Sailing westward\\nalong the picturesque shores of Maine, he touched at\\nseveral points, trading with the natives, who were at first\\nsuspicious, but afterwards very friendly. At last, Wey-\\nmouth seized five of the unsuspecting natives, and set\\nsail for another part of the coast, and soon after for Eng-\\nland. For this atrocious act, other Englishmen, not\\nresponsible for this, suffered. The memory of the deed\\nwas cherished b3- the red men for a\\nhundred years, and the very thought\\nof an Englishman was sufficient to\\narouse the desire for vengeance in\\nthe savage breast.\\nThe French, as well as the Eng-\\nlish, now turned their attention to\\nAmerica as a field for colonization.\\nIn 1603, Henry IV. of France issued\\na patent to De Monts, a wealthy\\nHuguenot, and he was made viceroy\\nover all the region from the latitude\\nof Cape Maj- to that of the pres-\\nent city of Quebec. To the\\nnorthern part of this extensive tei-\\nritory, he gave afterwards the\\nname of Acadia. De Monts was\\nauthorized to trade with the Indians throughout this vast\\nreahn, to found colonies, and rule according to his own\\ndiscretion. In May, 1604, he arrived at Nova Scotia,\\nand the summer was spent in traffic with the natives.\\nIn the spring of the following year, he organized the\\nfirst permanent French colony on the American continent,\\ngiving to it the name of Port Royal.\\nIn May, 1605, sailing to the westward, he reached\\nPenobscot Bay. At a later period, he explored the\\nmouth of the Kennebec, erecting a cross in the vicinity,\\nand taking formal possession of the country in the name\\nof his sovereign. An examination of Casco Bay was\\nmade, to find an inviting spot for a settlement. The\\nhostihty of the natives defeating his purpose in this\\nrespect, he sailed on as far as the sandy shores of Cape\\nCod. Finding no eligible site for a settlement there, he\\nreturned to Port Eojal.\\nSamuel Champlain, who had gained much honor in the\\nvoyage of De Monts to New England, was given com-\\nmand of another expedition to America. In June, 1 608,\\nhe ascended the St. LawTence, and, near the spot where\\nCartior had built a fort some seventy years before, he\\nlaid the foundations of the city of Quebec. The next\\nyear he ascended the Richelieu River with a party of\\nIndians, and discovered the beautiful expanse of water\\nthat now bears his name.\\nIn 1609, Henry Hudson, who had made two unsuc-\\ncessful voyages to the northern seas in search for a sup-\\nposed north-eastern passage to India, was sent by the\\nDutch East India Company on the same mission. He\\nsailed from Amsterdam in the Half-Moon, a vessel of\\nabout eighty tons, and first touched the continent on the\\nshores of Penobscot Bay. Proceeding southward, he\\ncame in sight of the capes of Virginia in August, 1609.\\nFrom that point he coasted north-\\nward, entering the mouths of several\\nrivers, until, at last, he passed the\\nNarrows and anchored in New York\\nBay. He then proceeded up the\\nriver, since called by his name, in\\nthe vain hope that he had found at\\nlast a path through the continent to\\nIndia. After reaching a point in\\nthe river near where Albany now\\nstands, and going in a boat sev-\\neral miles farther up the stream,\\nhe returned to the mouth of the\\nriver and, soon after, to Holland.\\nWhile the French and the Dutch\\nwere endeavoring to secure a foothold\\nin the New World, and the former\\nhad achieved at least a partial success, the English were no\\nless enterprising in their endeavors to locate permanent\\ncolonies in America. Upon the accession of James I. to\\nthe English throne, they claimed dominion over a vast\\nextent of territory, having its northern limit in Nova\\nScotia, and, for its southern, the Caroliuas, and extend-\\ning westward indefinitely. In 1606, the king divided\\nthis tract into two districts. The northern portion,\\ncalled North Virginia, was granted to a company of\\nknights, gentlemen and merchants, in the west of\\nEngland, called the Plymouth Company. The other\\ndistrict, or South Virginia, was granted to a com-\\npany of noblemen, gentlemen and merchants, chiefly\\nresidents of London, called the London Company.\\nBetween these two districts was a strip of territory two\\nhundred miles wide, so that disputes about boundaries\\nshould not occur, neither company being allowed to make\\nsettleinents more than fifty miles beyond its own borders.\\nTo the settlement of these two districts the rival com-\\nREY GILBERT.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0026.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "EAELY EXPLORATIONS.\\npanies now applied themselves with an unequal measure\\nof success.\\nSoon after receiving their charter, the Plymouth Com-\\npanj sent a large ship, with a crew of thirtj--one men, of\\nwhom Henry Chalons was commander, to explore the\\ncoast of North Virginia, and make a settlement at the\\nmouth of the Sagadahock (Kennebec) River. This ves-\\nsel was captured hy a Spanish cruiser, and carried, with\\nher crew, as a prize to Spain.\\nThe same year another vessel, commanded by Martin\\nPring, reached the coast of\\nMaine. Pring made quite an\\naccurate survey of the coast-line\\nand large rivers, but no settle-\\nment was effected. On his re-\\ntiu-n to England, he gave a very\\nencouraging account of the coun-\\ntry, enlarging upon the beauty\\nof the landscape, the fertility of\\nthe soil, and the luxuriant vege-\\ntation.\\nThe most prominent member\\nof the Plymouth Company was\\nthe Chief Justice of England,\\nLord John Popliam, a man of\\nlarge means and commanding\\nmiluence. In May, 1607, two\\nvessels, with more than one\\nhundi-ed emigrants, sailed from\\nPlymouth, England, for the\\nnorthern regions of Virginia.\\nThis enterprise was largely\\naided by Lord Popham, and his\\nhis brother, George Popham,\\ncommanded one of the ships,\\nthe Gift of God. The other,\\nthe ISIary and John, was com-\\nmanded by Raleigh Gilbert, a\\nnephew of Lord Popham. After\\ndelaying for awhile to fish on the Banks of Newfoundland\\nthey continued their voyage, and soon came in sight of the\\nbold headlands of Maine. A fter many perils, they lauded,\\nAugust ISth, at the mouth of the Sagadahock, and\\nimmediately began preparations for a permanent set-\\ntlement. The colon} was inaugurated with solemn\\nreligious services, and a government established in\\nharmony with the monarchical ideas of its founders.\\nThe scheme of government was very elaborate in its\\ndetails, and the plan safTiciently comprehensive for a\\nvast commonwealth. Capt. Popham was appointed gov-\\nernor, ^nd seven men were to act as his assistants.\\nThe colonists were immediately set to work, and a\\nsmall stockade, a store-house and several log-huts were\\nerected. A small vessel was also built, to be used in the\\nexploration of the coast. The fort was named St. George,\\nand the settlement was called the Sagadahock Colonj-.\\nA strange lack of discretion, however, seems to have\\ncharacterized tlie movements of the settlers. The entire\\nautumn, after the building of the fort, and the surround-\\ning dweUings, was spent in exploring the adjacent coun-\\ntrj but no provision was made for the hardships of the\\nrigorous winter that was so near\\nat hand. In October the fort\\nwas completed, and twelve can-\\nnon moimted upon its walls.\\nSome fifty log-cabins had also\\nbeen reared, and the store-\\nhouse finished. But a foe more\\ndeadly than that against which\\nmilitary precautions had been\\ntaken was close upon them,\\nthe long and tenible winter,\\nwith its storms of sleet and\\nsnow.\\nThe winter came on in No-\\nvember, and was unusuallj- se-\\nvere. Discontents and quarrels\\narose among the settlers, and\\ntheir imgenerous treatment of\\nthe Indians, who wished to be\\nfriendly, prevented the obtain-\\ning of supplies from that source.\\nAU but forty-five of the emi-\\ngrants had returned to England,\\nand tliose who remained were,\\nat one time, threatened with\\nfamine. At last Governor Pop-\\nham died, and with his death\\ngloom, amounting almost to de-\\nspair, settled down upon the ill-\\nManj of the colonists were mere\\nadventui-ers, and their intercourse with the Indians ex-\\nhibited a recklessness and inhumanity worthy only of\\nthe most savage nature. Finally, the indignation of the\\nmuch-abused and long-suffering red men culminated in\\na fierce and universal desire for vengeance. Remember-\\ning the treachery of Weymouth, and the recent cruelties\\nof the settlers at St. George, they resolved to exterminate\\nthe colonists. A desperate and successful attack was\\nThe historian Abbott thus describes the event in his History of\\nMaine They drove the ganison, which was greatly diminished by\\nsickness and death, out of the fort. One man was killed the others\\nfated little band.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0027.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nmade upon the little settlement, and the last hope of\\npermanency for the Sagadahock Colony vanished.\\nThe situation of tlie colonists was now perilous in the\\nextreme. A state of comparative anarchy prevailed,\\nand the destruction of the storehouse and fort, and a\\nportion of their suppl}- of provisions, seemed to indicate\\nthat tlie days of the settlement -were numbered. But,\\nearl}- in the spring, relief came to the imperilled col-\\nonists in the shape of a vessel sent out by the Plymouth\\nCompany, and, soon after its arrival, the cheerless and\\nimpoverished settlement of St. George was forever abnn-\\ndoned.\\nFor several j-ears subsequent\\nto the Kennebec settlement, the\\nwork of colonization in North\\nVirginia flagged. Voj-ages for\\nfishing and traflio were however\\nmade to Maine. In 1611, Sam-\\nuel Argall, while on a voyage\\nto South Virginia, was driven\\nby a succession of gales to the\\nnorth, and made a visit to the\\nthen famous fishing-grounds of\\nMonhegan. Three years later,\\nhe visited the same region, but\\nthis time for another purpose.\\nSome Frenchmen from Port\\nRoj-al had recently built a fort\\nand established a settlement on\\nMt. Desert Island, and had given\\nto the colon} the name of St.\\nSavior. Argall, with a fleet of\\neleven vessels, appeared before\\nthe fort, and, capturing it, tore\\ndown the French cross, and\\nerected another cross, with the arms\\nthereon.\\nAbout the time of ArgaU s Gist voyage, Captain Ed-\\nward Harlow was sent on an exploring expedition to the\\nvicinity of Cape Cod. He at fii-st stopped at IVIonhegan,\\nand there, while endeavoring to capture three of the\\nnatives, became involved in a desperate encounter, but\\ntook refuge in a sort of citadel at some distance from the magazine.\\nAs the ignorant Indians were rioting through the captured fort, they\\nknocked open some barrels containing some kind of grain of sm-all, dark\\nkernels, such as they had never seen before. It was not com it was\\nnot wild wheat nor rye. It was powder. The grains were scattered\\nover the floor. Accidentally they were ignited. A terrific explosion of\\nthe whole magazine ensued. It was a phenomenon of thunder roar and\\nvolcanic min, which would have appalled any community. Timbers,\\ncannon, merchandise, and the mangled bodies of the Indians were\\nblo^vn high into the au-, but to fall back into a crater of devouring\\nflame.\\nAMLLL CHAMPLAIN\\nEngland inscribed\\nsucceeded in getting away with two captives. At other\\npoints on the coa.st, the crime was repeated.\\nNotwithstanding the region now called New England\\nhad been visited by many explorers, their examinations\\nhad been confined principally to the coast, and the banks\\nof a few of the larger streams, for a short distance from\\nthe sea. It remained for Captain John Smith, the sav-\\nior of the Jamestown colony, to penetrate still farther\\ninto the interior, bj- means of the numerous rivers, to\\nprepare a map of the region he thus opened up to trade,\\nand to give to the coimtry the name it will ever proudly\\nboar New England. On the 3d of March, 16U,\\nCaptain Smith sailed from Eng-\\nland, in two vessels, with forty-\\nfive men, for the piu-pose of\\nexploration, the whale fishery,\\nand trade with the Indians. In\\nthe latter part of April, he\\nreached the island of Monhe-\\ngan, and from thence proceeded\\nto the mouth of the Kennebec,\\nwhere he carried on quite an\\nextensive traffic with the natives.\\nAt Penobscot Bay, some of his\\ncrew, while in a small boat,\\nfougiit a battle with the Indians,\\nand several were killed on both\\nsides. Captain Smith gives in\\nhis journal a most interesting\\naccount of this i-emarkable voy-\\nage. It proved quite profitable\\nto the proprietors, the net profits\\namounting to more than seven\\nthousand dollars. Many tribes\\nalong the coast were visited, and\\nCaptain Smith states that he paid a visit to fortj Indian\\nA-illages, some of them as far south as Cape Cod. He re-\\nturned to England with one of tlie ships in Jul}-, and the\\nother was left at tlie mouth of the Kennebec, in charge of\\nCaptain Thomas Hunt, who had instructions to load with\\nfish and furs, to be sold in the markets of Spain.\\nInstead of carrying out these instructions, Hunt kidnapped, at\\nvarious points on the coast, twenty-seven of the Indians, with the chief,\\nSquanto, and carried them to Malaga, where they were publicly sold.\\nCaptain Smith, who was a just and humane man, refers to the conduct\\nof Hunt in the following language\\nOne Thomas Hunt, the master of this ship, when I was gone, think-\\ning to prevent the intent I had to make a plantation there, and thereby\\nto keep this abounding country still in obscurity, that only he and some\\nfew merchants might enjoy wholly the benefits of the trade and profits\\nof this country, betrayed four and twenty of those poor savages aboard\\nhis ship, and most dishonestly and inhumanly, for their kind treatment\\nof me and all our men, carried them with him to Malaga, and sold them.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0028.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "EARLY EXPLORATIONS.\\nAfter his return to England, Captain Smitii made re-\\nnewed and si)ecial efforts to interest the Plj-raouth Com-\\npan}- in the colonization of New England. As the\\nresult, the most comprehensive plans were adopted for\\nthe foundation of a mighty empire in the New World.\\nThe old charter not giving the companj* all the advan-\\nt ages thej- sought, a new charter was applied for. Vex-\\natious del,a3s followed, but finallj-, November 3, 1620,\\nthe king, James L, granted to the Council of Plj mouth,\\ncomposed of fort3- wealthy and influential men, super-\\nseding the old Plymouth Company, the long-desired\\ncharter. By its provisions thej were made the proprie-\\ntors of a tract extending from sea to sea, the entire\\nbreadth of the continent, and having for its southern\\nboundary, the fortieth parallel north latitude, and its\\nnorthern, the forty-eighth.\\nBut, while the signature and seal of the king were\\nplaced upon the charter that gave to English capitalists\\nthe sole ownership of this might3 realm, the Maj-flower,\\nwith the little band of Pilgrims, was nearing the shores\\nof New England. The foundations of the future repub-\\nlic were destined, under God, to be laid, not bj a pre-\\ntentious commercial organization, with its primal object\\ngold and gain, but by a little company of exiles, seeking\\nrefuge from the storms of persecution that swept the Old\\nWorld, their inspiration the hope of securing liberty of\\nconscience and freedom of worship for themselves and\\ntheir descendants.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0029.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAJST).\\nMASSACTIITSETTS.\\nr.Y REV. n. 11. IIOWAKD, A. M.\\nWTiat eonstitntcs a state\\nNot high-raised battlement or labored mound,\\nThiek wall or moated gate\\nNot cities proud with spires and turrets crowned\\nNot bays and broad-armed ports,\\nWhere, laughing at the storm, rich navies ride\\nNot starred and spangled courts.\\nWhere low-browed baseness wafts perfume to pride.\\nNo MEN, high-minded men^\\nMen who their duties know,\\nBut hioio their rights, and, knowing, dare maintain.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Sir Wm. Jones.\\nMassachusetts, though not the largest territorially,\\nis 3 et, doubtless, historically, geographically, politically,\\nnumerically, and commerciallj-, the most important of\\nthe six Eastern States.\\nEarly the abode onl} of savage hordes, and the scene\\nonly of savage exploits, tliis territory, within a compara-\\ntively brief period, has become the theatre of one of the\\nmost prosperous and powerful commonwealths.\\nA little more than two hundred j-ears ago, a region, as.\\njust stated, of unmitigated barbarism and unbroken\\ndesolation, clothed throughout with gloom}- forests, and\\nfilled with warlike savages, already, in spite of its natu-\\nrally sterile soil, and not specially friendly climate, not\\nonly does it maintain upon its bosom a population of\\nover 1, GOO, 000 souls, but in all material interests and\\nindustries, in political influence, and in educational antl\\nreligious enterprise, it may be said to lead, not only\\nevery other State in the Union, but quite every other\\nland, its peculiar providential mission seeming to be\\nto propagate certain great cardinal principles, or ideas,\\nand to diffuse the same, with more or less industrj over\\nthe whole continent, if not throughout the world.\\nBut that which especiallj invests the history of this\\nState with interest is the fact that it is the record of the\\nrise and establishment of free institutions on this con-\\ntinent- an epic of freedom, as some one has ver}\\nwell said. It is the record of two communities yearning\\nfor freedom struggling through long years of hardship\\nand patriotic self-denial to secm-e it outgrowing at\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2The name (originally spelled Masathnsets) of an Indian tribe that\\nonce lived in the vicinity of JIassachusetts Bay, and which, according\\nto Roger Williams, signifies, in the Indian tongue, Blue Hills.\\nlength, and most amply atoning for, the bigotry and in-\\ntolerance of youth by the noble tolerance, and the pro-\\ngressive and liberal ideas and tendencies of their man-\\nhood, and showing at last what can be accomplished in\\nthe way of civilization under the influence solely of\\nreligion, intelligence, patriotism, and zeal.\\nThe first civilized occupants of the soil of Massachu-\\nsetts were tlie Pilgruns. True, from quite a remote\\nperiod, drawn tliither either l)y purposes of traffic, or a\\nspuit of maritime adventure, our coasts had been visited,\\nfrom time to time, bj- manj a bold navigator, or daring\\nbuccaneer. The vast destinies of this great Republic of\\nthe West, however, were awaiting the advent and settle-\\nment of a company of men and women, who, in obedience\\nto motives holier and stronger than those of mere gain,\\nor of territorial conquest, came to these sliores. not only\\neminently fitted to laj the foundations of a new empire,\\nbut for the avowed purpose of becoming permanent set-\\ntlers, of becoming the pioneers of a new civilization,\\nand the permanent and lawful proprietors of the soil.\\ni\\nI. THE COLONIAL PERIOD.\\nNew England* was bom in Old England. On the one\\nhand, of lowly origin, it was jot, on tlie other, of noble,\\nand even aristocratic extraction. Rocked in the crarlle\\nof the civil and religious conflicts that gave birth to Eng-\\nlish Puritanism, and English dissent, this Commonwealth\\nthe mother of Commonwealths came into being, and\\nwas earlj nurtured, under conditions manifestly emi-\\nnentlj- favorable for vigorous and stalwart growth.\\nPL-raODTH COLONTT.\\nThe tap-root of what is most essential to, and has ever\\nbeen most characteristic of, New England hfe proper,\\nmaj- be traced to Scroobj Nottinghamshire, England.\\nHere a company of Dissenters, Separatists, or In-\\ndependents, thej- were called holj mcn whose hearts i\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2The title, North Virginia, first given to New England, by the Plym-\\nouth Company, was, at the Instance of Captain Smith, changed\\nby Trince Charles, afterwards Charles I. of England, to that of New\\nEngland.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0030.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nhad been touched with heavenly zeal for God s truth,\\nj-et victims of\\nA tyrant s and a bigot s bloody laws,\\nhad solemnlj- resolved to seek, in some foreign land, what\\nwas utterl}- denied them at homo the precious boon of\\nrchgious libert} Unable to onceal themselves from\\nthe inquisitor, beset in their houses, driven from their\\nhomes, and incarcerated in prisons, and flnallj- despair-\\ning of an J- abatement of tlie fury of the storm, thej-\\nresolved on the sad experiment of expatriation\\ndetermined, with God s help, to escape from this hated\\ntjrannj-, and flee to a land where toleration, at least, if\\nnot perfect freedom, was accorded to all.\\nHolland, whither several of the Separatist ministers,\\nwith their respective congregations, had already repaired,\\nand where the success of the popular insurrection against\\nSpain had pro^adcd a temporary asj-lum for Protestants,\\nwas selected as the place of their contemplated retreat.\\nAfter divers ineffectual attempts to get away, these exiled\\nPilgrims at length reached the Netherlands in 1608.\\nSettling first at Amsterdam, they afterward removed to\\nLe3 den, where, for several j-ears, thej maintained them-\\nselves by their respective handicrafts, and abode in com-\\nparative peace.\\nEight 3-ears residence, however, in a land of strang-\\ners, subjected to its various and peculiar trials, seems to\\nto have satisfied this little band that Holland could\\nhardlj-^ be for them a permanent home. Another re-\\nmoval, therefore, was finally reluctantly agreed upon.\\nBut whither now should they go While an impending\\nwar with Spain seemed to render it especiallj dangerous\\nto remain where they were, thej could not yet, either,\\nmanifestly, hope to return in peace to England. Whither,\\nthen, should they, indeed, now turn their steps where\\nrear for themselves and for their children, an asjlum\\nfiom the vicissitudes and storms of political and religious\\npersecution? Some were earnest for Guiana. Oth-\\ners were in favor of Virginia, whore an entrance and\\na beginning by the English had lately been made. The\\nlatter choice finall} prevailed. Accordingly, having\\ntfeated with the Virginia Companj for a tract of land,\\nand having obtained from the king his qualified consent\\nfor liberty of conscience, and having, allieit on hard\\nterms, procured from a London compan}- of merchants\\nneeded pecuniary aid, these outcasts, of wliom jet\\nthe world was not worthy, after receiving tlie parting\\ncoimsels and benedictions of their noble and beloved\\npastoi John Robinson,* cmltarkod at Delfthaven July\\nA clergyman from Norfolk, England, and pastor of the Pilgrim com-\\npany. It was, wc arc told, to tliis singularly grand and noble man that\\nthe Pilgrims were indebted for tlicir idea of emigrating to America.\\n22, 1620 and about a fortnight later, set sail finally from\\nPlymouth, England, in the Mayflower, on their really\\nadventurous voyage across the Atlantic. One can\\nscarcely conceive, truly, of anj-thing more forlorn, and\\nyet morally more impressive, than this one solitary\\nvessel, freighted thus with the destinies of a conti-\\nnent, wending its waj wearily across an unknown and\\ninhospitable sea, and bound for a hardly less unknown\\nor inhospitable shore.\\nHow slow yon tiny vessel ploughs the waves.\\nAmid the heavy billows now she seems\\nA toiling atom then, from wave to wave,\\nLeaps madly, by the tempest lashed, or reels\\nHalf wrecked through gulfs profound.\\nMoons wax and wane\\nBut still that lonely traveller treads the deep\\nSeeking an ice-bound coast beyond the main. t\\nAfter the lapse of two months, and an experience of\\nmuch heavy weather, the cry of Land ho was heard,\\nand the sandy cliffs of Cape Cod greeted the eyes of the\\nexpectant, storm-tossed exiles. Shortly after they wore\\nriding at anchor, not indeed, as they had anticipated, at\\nIhe mouth of the Hudson, but in the roadstead of the\\npresent sea-girt Provincetown.J\\nSensible that, as they were not within the limits of\\ntheir patent, and were not, hence, under the jurisdiction\\nof the Virginia, or of any other company, they wisely\\nconcluded it necessarj- to establish a separate independ-\\nent government for themselves. Accordingly, before\\nThe advice he administered unto them touching this matter, meantime,\\nseems to have been received by them as a message from God. Thus\\ncounselled, without dcKiy, and rich in faith, they resolved to go forth\\nand plant their home and their church somewhere in the mlderness of\\nthe New World. And with what sublime earnestness and fortitude and\\nsuccess they moved forward in the execution of their lofty purpose the\\nworld knows full well.\\nt Wc behold it, says Everett, pursuing with a thousand misgiv-\\nings, the uncertain, the tedious voyage. Suns rise and set and winter\\nsiirprises them on the deep, but brings them not the sight of the wished\\nfor shore. The awful voice of the storm howls through the rigging.\\nThe laboring masts seem straining from their base the dismal sound\\nof the pumps is heard the ship leaps, as it were, madly from billow to\\nbillow; the ocean breaks and settles with enguISng floods, over the\\nfloating deck, and beats with deadening, shivering weight against the\\nstaggering vessel.\\nt It was about this time that Peregrine White (so called in commem-\\noration of the Perirrrinations of the Pilgrims), the son of William and\\nSusanna White was born (Dec. 23, 1020), being the first child of Euro-\\npean parents born in New England. On account of his birth he\\nreceived from the General Court 200 acres of land. After h.aving filled\\nvarious civil and military offices,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 vigorous and of comely aspect\\nto the last, he died at Jlarshficld, July, 20, 1704.\\nWe look about everywhere to see where on earth this right of suf-\\nfrage, this doctrine of self-government, this sacredness of individual\\nrights, all came from and we turn to that weary little band who, be-\\ncause they had no royal prerogative, because they htid no government\\nappointed by the crown, because they had no rights except those", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0031.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nlanding, having devoutly given thanks to the Almighty-\\nfor their safe arrival, and having sought the Divine bless-\\ning upon tlieir endeavors, the}- firmed themselves into\\na body politic by a solemn compact,* which they all\\nsigned, and by which they consented thus mutually for\\nthe time being, to be governed, Mr. John Carver being\\nunanimously chosen governor. According to the terms\\nof this compact, not only was each man to have an equal\\nshare in the government, but, clearl}-, the will of the\\nmajority was to rule. This instrument, so brief, com-\\nprehensive, simple, germinal, was memorable, not onh-\\non account of its having served the infant colony as their\\nonly charter or constitution for manj- eventful years, but\\nas having established that principle of local self-govern-\\nment which constitutes the germ, the very crown-jewel of\\nour liberties as being the very earliest monument in\\nthat dark age of despotism, of those democratic institu-\\ntions subsequently- to constitute the characteristic glory\\nof New England. Meantime, what more morallj- sub-\\nlime than the spectacle of these earnest, God-fearing,\\nself-denj-ing men, before suffering their feet to press the\\nsweet soil of their long-sought promised land, pausing\\nhere, in tiie cabin of the Mayflower, to lay the foun-\\ndations of new commonwealths But w hat was espe-\\ncially surprising in this connection is, that after iho\\nignoble failure of so many far more pretentious schemes\\nwhich they asserted for themselves, drew up within tlic arm of Cape\\nCod, sliclterjn;; them from the winter s storms of the Atlantic, ami\\nsigned the first compact nniim on earth which confers freedom to all m n\\nunder the government under whicli they live. That was their neces-\\nsity. When the Pilgrims at Plymouth laid down the law of self-gov-\\nernment, and agreed that every man should have his rights in the\\nColony, and that the governor should be chosen by the people, and not\\nappointed by the crown, and chose John Carver governor, l)ecause he\\nhad the respect of the people, and because they knew that he w-as\\nhonest, and because they linew he was a religious man and a good\\nChristian, and because he set a good example to the boys and the old\\nmen, it was they who set the example which all America has fol-\\nlowed; it was they who inspired that great vital force whicli lies at\\nthe foundation of our Republic And so I say to you all here to-\\nday, that this doctrine which went out from New England, and has\\ngone everywhere wherever New England blood has gone\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and tell\\nme, if you can, where there is no such spot\u00e2\u0080\u0094 it is that doctrine which\\ngives our countrj- its immortal power and will give it ultimately its\\nperpetuity.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 //on. Geo. B. Loring s Woodstock (Ct.) Speech on New\\nEngland July i, 1S79.\\nIn the name of God, Amen\\nWc whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of King\\nJames, having nndeitakcn, for the glory of God, and the advancement\\nof the Christian faith, and honor of our King and country, a voyage to\\nplant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do, by these pres-\\nents, solemnly, and mntually, in the presence of God and one another,\\ncovenant, and coml ine ourselves together into a civil body politic for\\nour lictter enduring and preservation, and furtherance of the ends afore-\\nsaid: and by virtue hereof, to enact, constitute, and frame, such just\\nand equal laws and measures, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time\\nto time, as shall be tOought most convenient for the general good of tlic\\ncolony. Unto which we all promise due obedience.\\nfor colonizing New England, to this band of Leydcn\\nPilgrims, to this small, unknown company of wander-\\ning outcasts, should, under God, have been committed\\nthis important service. That, under all the circum-\\nstances, on the bleak shores of a remote and barren\\nwilderness, in the midst of desolation, with the blast of\\na rigorous New England winter howling aliout them, and\\nsurrounded by dangers in their most awful and appalling\\nforms, they succeeded as well as they did, having, truly\\nhumble as were their circumstances, been tlie instruments\\nof laying, as already intimated, tlie foundations of j\\nAmerican liberty, must, we think, be attributed to the\\noverruling purpose of One who wisely kept shut the\\ngates of this part of the New World until there should\\nappear that race of iron men, duty-loving men, wlio\\nshould undertake its settlement and i ivilizat on in the\\nname of God, and in the interest of truth and of\\nhumanity.\\nAfter several expeditions, now inland, for the sake ol\\nobtaining fresh supplies, now up and down the coast for\\nthe sake of ascertaining the most elig- ble and inviting\\nplace of settlement, at length, on Monday, Dec. 11,0.\\nS., the final and decisive landing was effected on what is\\nknow-n and has since become immortal as Forefathers\\nRock, Plymouth.*\\nThe Plymouth Rock that had licen to their feet as a door-step\\nInto the world unknown the comer-stone of a nation. I\\nI\\n1\\nAnd so, having providentially- escaped the many per-\\nils, and survived the manj- discomforts and privations of\\nan ocean voyage, sadly worn with suffering, and weak\\nand wearj- from their many fatigues, these min anl\\nwomen that, for the sake of a good conscience, for the\\nsake alone of freedom to worsliip God, had thus\\nbraved the dangers of the sea, the hostilities of savage\\nThis rock, still preserved as an object of veneration, was proba-\\nbly, says another, the only stone large enough for the purpose of\\nlanding in all that lile;ik and sandy coast. The very first to have\\nstepped on this rock is said have been a young girl by the name of\\nMary Chilton.\\nThe site of this stone was preserved by tradition, and a venerable co-\\ntemporary of several of the Pilgrims, whose head was silvered with tBe\\nfrosts of ninety-five winters, Elder Faunce, .settled the que^tion of the\\nidentity of this hi. ,torie rock, as, in 1721, borne in his arm-chair by a\\ngrateful populace, he took his last look of it, so endeared to his mem- i\\nory,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and, bedewing it with tears, bade it farewell. In 1774, this\\nl)recious bowlder was raised from its bed and consecrated to Liberty, j\\nIn the act of its elevation it fell in twain, an occurrence regarded by manj\\nas ominous of the separation of the Colonics from England. The lower\\npart was left in its original bed, while the upper part, weighing several\\ntons, was conveyed, amid the heartiest rejoicings, to Liberty-pole j\\nSquare, and adonicd with a flag bearing the significant motto and war- j\\ncry, LiBiuTY on Dr.Aiu. On the 4th of July, 1834, the natal day of\\nthe Colonics, this part was removed to its present site in front of Pil- j\\ngrim Hall.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0032.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "IMASSACHUSETTS.\\ntribes, and the possible hardsliips of nakedness and\\nwant in a new countrj-, now at last land on the ice-clad\\nrocks of Plymouth,* and, in the name of the Lord, set up\\ntheir banners, and strike their first blow as members of\\nthe Plj-mouth Colonj-.\\nForth they come\\nFrom their long prison, hai-dy forms that brave\\nThe world s nnkindncss, men of hoary hair,\\nAnd virgins firm of heart, and matrons grave.\\nBleak Nature s desolation wraps them round,\\nEternal forests and unyielding earth,\\nAnd savage men who through the thickets peer\\nWith vengeful arrow.\\nWhat could lure their steps\\nTo this drear desert Ask him who left\\nTlis father s home to roam thro Haran s wilds.\\nNor doubting, tho a sti-anger, that his seed\\nShould be as ocean s sands.\\nIn the present rapid and comprehensive survey of the\\nevents connected with the dawn and development of\\nself-rule in New England, the writer will naturally be\\nchiefly occupied with such affairs embraced in the history\\nof these Pilgrim t adventurers, as are best calculated to\\nillustrate their character, and the growth of the govern-\\nment they initiated, of the rise and progress of those\\nfree institutions, the dazzling promise even of whose\\ninfancy caused Burke, in 1775, to exclaim in the British\\nHouse of Commons What in the world was ever\\nequal to it\\nThe settlement at Plj-mouth was commenced on\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Wednesday, the 20th twenty persons remaining ashore\\nfor the night. On the following Saturday, the first timber\\nwas felled. On Mondaj their storehouse was com-\\nmenced. On Thursdaj preparations were made for the\\nerection of a fort, and allotments of land were made to\\nthe families and on the following Sunday, worship was\\nperformed for the first time on land. J\\nBusy hands now speedily cleared land for their village,\\nand, before man^- days, a hamlet of log dwellings, suffi-\\ncient for the temporary accommodation of the Colony, had\\nbeen constructed.\\nThe harbor had been named Plymouth by the explorer Captain\\nJohn Smith, from old Plymouth, England.\\nt The Pilgrims were so called on account of their wanderings from\\nplace to place, on the road to heaven, their dearest country, as they\\nsaid. They had acquired this title even before coming to New Eng-\\nland.\\nX For some time the Pilgrims, save as they were served by Elder\\nBrewster, seem to have been without the stated ministrations of tho\\nGospel. The first sermon preached in these Colonics was delivered by\\nRev. Robert Cushman, at Plymouth, in December, 1G21 memorable as\\nthe first printed production of any writer iu New England.\\n5 The houses of most of the first settlers were, of necessity, very rude\\nand simple structures a log cabin, often of a single room, with an\\nimmense chimney built externally at one end. Tlie chinks between the\\nlogs were daubed with a moitar of clay and straw. Tall grass,\\nMeantime, unfortunately, in consequence of exposures\\nincurred, both while on ship-board and also during their\\nwanderings in quest of a home, a great and distressing\\nmortahty prevailed during this first winter, cutting off\\nnearly one-half their numlier. A sufficiently affecting\\nproof of the miserable and melancholy condition of\\nthese sufferers at this time is afforded in the fact, that not\\nonly had these their loved ones, and neighbors withal, to\\nwhom, by attachments consecrated by mutual toils and\\nprivations, at once in their native land, in exile, and on\\nthe deep, they had become tenderly united and endeared\\nbeen removed out of their sight by death, and their\\ncherished forms, so early committed to the soil of New\\nEngland, but, through fear of their losses being dis-\\ncovered by the warlike savages that surrounded them,\\nand of the lattor s taking advantage of their own weak-\\nness and helplessness to attack and exterminate them,\\nthe sad mounds formed by the rude coffins of their friends\\nwere carefully levelled, and left utterly uuhonored and\\nunmarked.\\nEarly the ensuing spring, the Mayflower took her\\nfinal departure from the new settlement. The reader\\nwill, without difficulty, in fancy, reproduce the parting\\nscene. The lone Pilgrims crowd the strand, and, through\\ntear-dimmcd ej-cs, watch the vessel as she weighs anchor,\\nhoists her sails, and bears awa3- watching, with strained\\n-^-ision, the gradually lessening speck, until at last it fades\\nutterly and forever from view.\\nIn well-chosen and glowing words, the late Mrs.\\nSigoumey has sketched this picture\\nBut yon lone hark\\nHath spread her parting sail. They crowd the strand.\\nThose few lone Pilgrims. Can ye scan the \\\\\\\\oe\\nThat wrings their bosoms, as the last frail link\\nBinding to man, and habitable earth.\\nIs severed Can ye tell what pangs were there,\\nWhat keen regrets, what sickness of the heart,\\nWh;it yearnings o er their forfeit land of birth,\\nThch- distant dear ones\\nLong with straining eyes\\nThey watch the lessening speck. Hear ye no shriek\\nOf .anguish, when that bitter loneliness\\nSank down into theu- bosoms. No they turn\\ngathered along the beaches, was largely used for the thatching of roofs.\\nAfter some thirty years, a better class of dwellings began to be more\\ncommon. They were usually made of heavy oak frames, put together\\nin the most solid manner, and made secure at ni,, ht against the incur-\\nsions of Indians and wild beasts by massive wood;;n bars. One of those\\nbuildings, erected originally by Townsend Bishop in 1G3.5, afterwards\\nowned by Governor Endicott, and occupied by his son John, is still\\nstanding, and occupied, in Danvcrs. It is known as the Nourse, or\\nWitch House, on account of its having been the residence of Mrs-\\nRebecca Nourse, when hung as a witch in 1692. Though, according to\\nMr. TJpham, the oldest house in America, its timbers are still sound;\\nn.iy, have liecome so hard that it is almost impossible to drive a nail\\ninto them.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0033.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF XEW ENGLAND.\\nBack to their dreary, famished huts, and pray\\nAnd lo the ills that haunt this transient life\\nFade Into air. Up in eaeh gurdcd breast\\nThere sprang\\nA loftiness to face a world in arms,\\nTo strip the pomp from sceptre, and to lay\\nUpon the sacred altar the warm blood\\nOf slain affections, when they rise between\\nThe soul and God.\\nThough thus doubly bereaved, left, amid the soli-\\ntudes of nature, and tribes of treacherous, blood-thirstj-\\nbarbarians, to encounter the perils of the future, shorn\\nof half their strength to their immortal honor, j-et be\\nit said, not one of these pioneers fainted for weak-\\nness, or turned back laltering to the home of his child-\\nhood but, with a loftiness of purpose which was ever\\ntheirs, and consecrating themselves anew to the work in\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2vrhich the3- had engaged, all resolutely remained, deter-\\nmined to abide the direction of God, and calmly to follow\\nthe leadings of his hand until sunmioned from earth to\\ntheir heavenly h-jme.\\nUpon the organization of their pro N isional government,\\nas already stated, John Carv-cr had lieen chosen gov-\\nernor. The ver} day following the departure of the\\nMayflower, he suddenlj- died, and William Bradford\\nwas chosen his successor.\\nOne of the first acts of the new colonial government\\nwas to establish a military organization. Thrown, as\\nthey were, defenceless upon these inhospitable shores,\\nand surrounded bj- more or less hostile tribes of Indians,\\nthe settlers were at once impressed with the necessity of\\nsome such means of protection.\\nMiles Standish, who had already sensed in the armies\\nboth of Elizabeth and James, was chosen captain, and\\nwas entrusted with authority iu command of affairs.\\nMeantime, while these earliest militarj arrangements\\nwere yet in progress, through overtures from the natives\\nthemselves the settlers had commu-iication with the\\nIndians, and concluded a treaty of amity with Massa-\\nMiles Standish was not a member of the Leyden Church, nor sub-\\nsequently that of Plymonlh, but appears to have been induced to join\\nthe emigrants by personal good -will, or by love of adventure, while to\\nthem his military knowledge and habits rendered his companionship of\\ngreat value\\nHe was no religious enthusiast. He never professed to care for, or no\\nmuch as to understand, the s3-stem of doctrine of his friends, though he\\npaid it all respect as being theirs. Their honest, self-renouncing piety\\nfascinated him wholly. He nursed the sick like a mother, at the same\\ntime that he was building batteries and drilling platoons against Indian\\nhostility. He was the strong right arm of the infant Colony his only\\nambition being faithfully to discharge whatever trust had been com-\\nmitted to his hands, whether it was to frighten the Narr.agansett or\\nMassachusetts natives, to forage for provisions, to hold a rod over dis-\\noi-derly English neighbors, or to treat with merchants on the London\\nExchange. He died greatly lamented, October 3, 1G.3C.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pa/fz-cy.\\nsoit, f sachem, or chief, of one of the most important\\nof the neighboring tribes the Wampanoags a treaty\\nafterwards preserved inviolate for upwards of fifty years.\\nOver several other chiefs and tribes, also, though for a\\nseason occasional disputes and skirmishes occurred, A ct\\nat length, and mainl3 through the decided, j-ct judicious\\nmanagement of Miles Standish, they acquired such an\\ninfluence and control as, for a long period, quite secured\\nthem from se;ious molestation. One can hardly resist\\nthe conviction that, in this earlj^ turning of the hearts of\\nthe Indians to peace, and in this protracted friendship of\\nthese undisciplined children of the forest towards this\\nfeeble and comparatively defenceless band, we have a\\nstriking and impressive manifestation of a kindly inter-\\nvening Providence.\\nSatisfied with the abimdance of their first hanest, our\\nPilgiim fathers, with grateful hearts, made haste to re-\\njoice, partaking, together with Massasoit and ninety of\\nhis men, of venison, wild turkej s, waterfowl, and other\\ndelicacies for which, even then, New England was\\nakead^- famous. Thus early, and thus auspicously, was\\nestablished the time-honored festival of Thanksgiving\\na festival which, though originallj- confined in the\\nobservance to the sons of the Pilgrims, has now. happilv,\\nlong since become national. X\\nt The reader will be interested to know that three descendants of the\\ngood Massasoit, consisting of a Mrs. Jlitchell, and her two daughters,\\nstill sur\\\\-ive. They are said to have tlicu- summer habitat at a place\\ncalled Betty s Nock a tract of land on the shores of Assawampsctt\\nPond, as the largest Lake in this State is called. By virtue of the inter-\\nmarriage of a descendant of Massasoit with the grand-daughter of\\nSassamon, the Christian Indian and preacher, whose murder, at the in-\\nstigation of Philip, precipitated the great Indian war, Mrs. M. is lineally\\ncoimected with the Praying Indians, as well as the haughty Wampa-\\nnoags while, if there be any found.ation for the tradition that Suspa-\\nquin, another of Mrs. M. s ancestors, married a young daughter of\\nSassacus, chief of the Pequots, the young girl having been taken prisoner\\nof war, then in Mrs. Mitchell s veins are united the hostile blood of\\nthe Pequots, of the VTampano-ogs, and of the Praying Indians. The\\nMitchell fimily arc of pure blood, as their family plainly show. Mrs. JI.\\nis well educated, having herself taught school; while her daughters\\nhave enji. vcd all the advantages of New England high schools and\\nacademics. .She is reputed to be wealthy, inheriting, on the one hand,\\nfrom Benjamin Suspaquin, a brave soldier under Captain James\\nChurch, lands granted to Church and his company for success in the\\nfield, which she still holds; and, on the other, lands in Lakevillc, which\\ncame to her from Sassamon s daughter, whom the English called\\nBetty, and whose chief possessions were in Taunton and Raynhara,\\nwhere a flourishing village is still known as Squawbetty, because the\\nlands, than which there arc no richer meadows in Massachusetts, were\\nbought of her.\\nWith the help of General E. W. Pierce, the learned antiquarian and\\ngeologist, Mrs. M. has recently published a book, giving some account\\nof her family. They take unfeigned pride in their descent, and it is not\\na little startling to hear one of the daughters, .arrayed in full Indian cos-\\ntume, say that if she had been in Massa- ^oit s place, not one of the Pil-\\ngrims would have been allowed to survive that first winter.\\nX Was not this festival suggested by the Harvest Festival in the Old", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0034.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nA ,ycar has passed. How eventful What mournful\\nchanges have thus carlj taken place. One-half of this\\nlittle Colon}- is already at rest in the gra\\\\e. Meantime,\\nnot a word has been heard from home. What a picture\\nof loneliness is here presented shut out thus utterly\\nfrom the world, and surrounded only by the solitude of\\nthe primeval woods, with only the God of Israel to\\nstrengthen and to support them in their trials! Yet\\ntheir efforts have thus far been, by no means, alto-\\ngether unattended by success. If nothing more has\\nbeen gained, they have at least safelj encountered the\\nperils of intercourse with their savage neighbors. Be-\\nsides this, however, they had hopefully planted their\\nsettlement, and\\norganize (Iph MS\\nfor future picg\\nress.\\nIn the fall of\\n1621 then w(ie\\nin Plymouth\\nseven pimte\\nhouses, and\\nfour public\\nbuildings, one\\nof which was\\na fort with a\\nflat roof, on\\nwhich cannon\\nwere mounted,\\nserving both as\\na defence and a\\nplace of 11 sort\\nfor pubhc wor-\\nship.\\nIn the spring of 1G24, throur:h emigration, the popu-\\nlation of the Colony had increased to one hundred and\\neighty souls, and the number of dwelling-houses to thirty-\\ntwo. The annual harvests meanwhile had been ample.\\nLarge tracts of land had been brought under cultivation.\\nA light, and yet hopeful fur trade had sprung ujj and,\\non the whole, though this was, of course, a day of\\nsmall things, a time of weakness and vicissitude, j ct\\nthe temporal circumstanceg and prospects of the colo-\\nnists were beginning to brighten, while thcj meantime\\nhad occasion for devout thanlifulness to God that health\\nand peace had been so generallj continued unto them.\\nOne of the earliest trials to which the Pilgrims were\\nsubjected arose\\nfiom their con-\\ntiiruity to, and\\niclations with,\\na colony which\\nhad been at-\\ntempted by a\\nIMi. Weston of\\nmdon, and\\n\\\\\\\\n), under a\\npitent ol)tained\\nin 1G22, had\\ndc sp itched an\\nI \\\\pcdition to\\nsettle for him\\na plantation\\nsomewhere in\\nMas sachusetts\\nBaj. These\\ncolonists on\\ntheir arrival\\nCOLONISTS GOING TO CHURCH,\\nCountry However this may have been. Thanksgiving Day, from\\nits first celebration, seems to have been, with the Pilgrims and their de-\\nscendants, the great soeial event of the whole twelve months. The\\ngrowing family, gathered from far and near, and clustering round the\\npaternal hearthstone, forgot, on this oecasion, every trouble in the joys\\nof kinship. For days before it came, the plumpest fowls, the yellow-\\nest pumpkins, and the finest vegetables were marked and put aside.\\nThe stalled ox and the fatted calf were killed. When the glad morning\\narrived, a happy flutter pervaded every home. Children s feet pattered\\nover the old farmhouse from cellar to garret, and made the rafters echo\\nwith their noisy glee. After the public service came the generous\\ndinner; and then all gathered round the blazing hickory fire to listen to\\nthe joys and perils of the year.\\nThe first meeting-houses consisted ordinarily of a single room,\\nperhaps 20 X 36 feet in size and twelve feet high. The roof was often\\nthatched with long grass. It was a great advance when they were able\\nto have it lathed on the inside, and plastered and whitened over. They\\nwere often built with a pyramidal roof, crowned with a belfry. The\\nbell-rope hung from the centre, and the sexton performed his office half-\\nway between the pulpit and the entrance door. Such a meeting-house,\\nbuilt in 1681, still stands in Hingham. Subsequently they were built of\\nmuch ampler dimensions, with a lofty tower and steeple rising from\\nthe front, and located sometimes on the hill-\\nIn the early Plymouth\\ndays every house opened\\non Sunday morning at the\\ntap of the drum. The men,\\nin sad-colorcd mantles,\\nand armed to the teeth, the\\nwomen in sober gowns,\\nkerchiefs, and hoods, all as-\\nsembled in front of the cap-\\ntain s hou5e, when, three\\nabreast, they marched up\\nthe hill to the meeting-\\nhouse, where, every man\\nsetting down his musket\\nwithin easy reach, the el-\\nders and deacons took\\ntheir seat in a long pue\\nin front of the preacher s desk, facing the congregation.\\nAttending church in colonial days, indeed, was serious business the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0035.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwere hospitabl3- received and entertained r.t riymoutli.\\nSoon after, tlie3 proceeded to establish a plantation\\nat \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\Vessagusset (AVeymouth) but being careless, im-\\nprovident, and regardless of the rights of others, and\\nthus utterly unfitted for their undertalving, the_y were\\nspeedily reduced to want. Meanwhile, the manifold\\nfavors they had, from time to time, received at the\\nhands of the Plj-moiith Colony, were ill requited. Not\\nonly had their idleness, wasteful exti avagance, and\\nriotousness clothed themselves with rags, and brought\\nthem to a morsel of bread, but their plundering habits\\nand reckless depredations on the neighboring natives\\nwell-nigh brought down, not only upon their own, but\\nupon the heads of the Pljmouth community, an attack\\nbj several combined tribes of Indians, not unnaturally\\nincensed by such exasperating excesses.\\nThough the young Colony was steadily and hopefully\\nadvancing, yet, in consequence of A-arious complications\\nand misunderstandings with the London Merchants\\nCompanj-, which, in consideration of a certain share of\\nthe profits of the enterprise, had consented to advance\\nthe mone^- necessary to defray the expenses of the voy-\\nwildemess that echoed to the devotional songs of the Pilgrims being\\nliable, at any moment, also, to be startled by the war-whoop of the\\nsavage, and the sacred strains of the Psalmist to be suddenly inter-\\nrupted by the rude sound of bloody warfare. In fact, we are informed\\nthat the custom which still obtains of men sitting at the head of the\\npew in church, originated in this obvious necessity of their being ready\\nfor any surprise prepared for even the most sudden alai-ms.\\nThe old men, the young men, and the young women, had each their\\nseparate place. The boys were gravely perched on the pulpit stairs,\\nor in the galleries, and had a constable, or a tithing man, to keep them\\nin order; and woe to the luckless youngster whose eye-lids drooped in\\nslumber. The ever-vigilant constable, with his wand, tipped at one\\ncud with the foot, at the other end with the tail of a hare, brings the\\nheavier end down sharply on the little nodding flaxen head while, by\\na gentle touch on the forehead with the other and softer end of the same\\nstick, he gently reminds the carc-ivorn matron of her duty, in ease, un-\\nhappily, she has been betrayed into a like offence. The service began\\nwith a long prayer, and was followed by reading and expounding of\\nthe Scriptures, a psalm lined by one of the ruling elders from\\nAinsworth s version, and the sermon. The approved length of the ser-\\nmon was one hour, the sexton turning the hour-glass, which stood\\non the desk before the minister. Instrumental music was absolutely\\nproscribed as condemned by the text (Amos v. 23) I will not hear the\\nmelody of thy viols, and one tune for each metre was all those good\\nold fathers needed. York, Windsor, St. Mary s, and Mar-\\ntyrs were the standard stock, and were intoned wilh a devout zeal\\nalmost forgotten in these days of organs and trained choirs.\\nAfter tlie sermon came the wceldy contribution. The congregation,\\nsternly solemn, marched to the front, the chief men, or magnates, first,\\nand deposited their offerings in the money-box, held by one of the\\nelders or deacons. No sensitiveness then in regard to collections. It\\nmust have been refreshing to witness not only the dignitaries below,\\nbut the occupants of the galleries as well, come down, marching two\\nabreast, up one aisle and down another, and paying their respects sever-\\nally to the church treasury in money, paper promises, or articles of\\nvalue, according to their abihty. See National Repository, January,\\nage and settlement, the Colon} was beginning to get\\nvery restive under, and anxious to be released from an}\\nftirther obligations to said compau} The result of pro-\\ntracted negotiations relative to the matter was the\\npledge, on the p:irt of seven or eight of the principal\\n]ilantcrs, to advance on behalf the Colony, in settlement\\nof all claims of the Merchants Company against the\\nhitter, the sum of \u00c2\u00a31,800, in nine annual instalments.\\nBy this arrangement, happily, the vexatious vassalage on\\nthe part of the Colony to the foreign merchants was\\nbrought to an end. Moreover, the houses and lands of j\\nthe settlement having now bj a timely and equitable\\nassignment become private property, there existed i\\nfinally, and was to exist henceforth and forever on New\\nEngland soil, onl} independent, sovereign freeholders. I\\nAll efforts to obtain a patent from the crown having\\nproved unavailing, the Pl^ mouth colonists were left to\\nestablish municipal regulations and carry on their gov-\\nernment, without royal sanction. Accordingl}-, quietly\\nassuming all necessary powers and prerogatives, the}\\nproceeded at once to organize a government, and to dis-\\ncharge all the functions of the State. A governor, with\\na council of five, afterward seven, assistants, and a leg-\\nislature, consisting at first of the whole body of the male\\npopulation, made and administered the laws.\\nThe compact adopted on board the Mayflower, as\\nalread} intimated, long served the Pilgrims as their onlj-\\nconstitution. Beyond an acknowledged allegiance to the\\nking, the controlling power was the lawfully expressed j\\nwill of the majoritj For a period of nearly twent} j cars\\nthe people assembled annuall} for purposes of legisla-\\ntion, and for electing their governor and assistants, the\\nsame constituting the executive force of the government.\\nIn 1638, in view of the increased number of freemen,\\nand the distance of many of them from the place of\\nelection, it was enacted that four delegates from Plym-\\nouth and four from each of the other towns, together\\nwith the governor and fifteen assistants, should form a\\nlegislative body, the magistrates and deputies, mean-\\nwhile, constituting, unhke those of the Massachusetts\\nColony, but a single board.\\nThe governor and assistants formed also a Court of\\nJustice for the trial of civil and criminal cases. In some\\ncases the decision was made by themselves, while in\\nothers, questions of fact were submitted to a jur} select-\\ned by the court, f\\nA fine, it is said, was imposed upon any freeman who, without a\\ngood reason, was absent from the annual election while any person\\nelected governor, or assistant, was obliged, under penalty, to serve for\\nat least one year.\\nt The h ighest tribunal of justice in the Colony was the General Court,\\nand from its decision there could be no appeal. The next tribunal in", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0036.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nThe selectmen, chosen bj- the freemen of each town,\\nand approved by the General Court, -were to have in\\ncharge the general interests of their several towns, and\\nwere constituted a court for the trial of minor cases, sub-\\nject to an appeal to the Court of Magistrates. There\\nwas, at first, no formal declaration of what should be\\nconsidered crimes. It was ordered, however, that all\\ncriminal facts, and also all matters of trespass and debt\\nbetween man and man should be subject to the verdict\\nof twelve honest men to be empanelled bj- authoritj- in\\nform of a jurj under oath.\\nLike their social customs, and\\nmodes of worship, the political sjs-\\ntem of the Pilgi-ims was very sim-\\nple ^it was severelj- republican,\\neverything connected therewith being\\nordained, not, indeed, for show, but\\nsolely for use. And thus organized,\\nthus equipped, for many a decade\\nthis parent Colony continued to hold\\non its even and moderately prosper-\\nous way I say moderately pros-\\nperous, for though ^-igorous and\\nenterprising, yet to the end of its\\nseparate existence, the Colony of\\nPlj-mouth, on account of its limited\\nresources, continued to be a humble\\ncommunity as it regards numbers\\nand wealth. As late as 1G65 the\\nColony contained but twelve towns,\\nwhile its mechanic industries were\\nlimited to a solitar3 saw-mill, and\\none bloomary for iron.\\nIndeed, when we consider the tran-\\nscendent fame of the Pilgrims, the\\nreader will be surprised on being as-\\nsured that, so far as it regarded their\\ndirect influence on the fortunes of the\\ncountrj that influence amounted to\\nno more than a small circling edd}-,\\nin comparison with the great tide that was pouring in\\nfrom other quarters. The magnitude and importance of\\nthe Pilgrims mission, however, are not to be estimated\\nthe order of dignity and authority, was the Cotirt of Assistants. From\\nthis court parties had the right to appeal to the hirrhcr judiciary above\\nmentioned\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Supremo, or General Court. So long as the population\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was small, or gathered within naiTOw limits, these courts conveniently\\nanswered all the ends of justice. Subsequently, however, to avoid the\\ndelay in securing legal decisions caused by travelling long distances.\\nCounty Courts were organized. The latter had power, like the Courtof\\nAssistants, to try all causes, civil or criminal, excepting only cases of\\ndivorce and crimes the punishment whereof extended to life, limb or\\nbanishment.\\nMONIMENT AT PL1\\nbj- the number of acres subdued, or the number of dollars\\nthey were worth l)ut rather, in the light of the ideas\\nthey illustrated, and of the holy cause they represented.\\nPolitically and commercially they were never any\\nmatch for their JMassachusetts Bay rivals yet, though,\\nin these respects, cast into the shade by the success of\\nthe second and better appointed Colony, they are clearly\\nentitled to the honor which springs from, and is always\\ndue to, true worth while their magnanimous spirit of\\nself-sacrifice and devotion, will ever endear their mem-\\nories to all capable of appreciating\\ntheir ^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2il\u00e2\u0080\u00a2tues, and comprehending their\\nexcellencies.\\nNo one can ponder the annals of\\nthe early settlement of New England\\nwithout being profoundlj impressed\\nwith the rare exceUeney of the ma-\\nterial that went into its foundations.\\nConsider the names of such prim-\\nitive Pilgrims as Carver, Bradford,\\nBrewster, Standish, Winslow, Alden,\\nWarren, Hopkins, and others. Nor,\\nmeanwhile, were female fortitude\\nand heroism wanting, wives and\\nmothers, with dauntless courage, and\\nunexampled patience, braving all the\\ndangers, sharing all the tiials, bear-\\ning all the sorrows, submitting to all\\nthe privations and hardships incident\\nto their peculiarly hard destiny-\\nwhile chilled and shivering child-\\nhood, houseless but for a mother s\\narms, couchless but for a mother s\\nbreast, came in for its share, too,\\nof suflTering and exposure.\\nHow providential, truly, that in-\\nstead of such reckless adventurers,\\nand profligate spendthrifts, as colon-\\nized most of the Spanish and French,\\nand certain other portions of the En-\\nglish territory on the continent of America, this, oiu-\\nNew England, was settled by a race of men actuated\\nnot so much by cupidity as by faith by a people who,\\nKev. Mr. Wood, author of the excellent sketch of Plymouth Connty,\\nwell writes The eariy years of Plymouth Colony present to the\\nreaders of history a people of singular dcvotedness to the cause of\\nRight. In their intelligent views of free government, they were far in\\nadvance, not only of their immediate neighbors, but of all other peoples.\\nThey recognized more fully and clearly than any others had ever done,\\nthe right and aljility of men to govern themselves. Their intelligence\\nand humanity led them to make their Colony a refuge, an asylum, for\\nfugitives, whether from the neighboring Colony, or from abroad. It is\\nan interesting and significant fact, that at the rery time Massachusetts", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0037.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nso far from seeking their own private ends merelj-, or\\nprincipally, with confidence in God, and a cheerful re-\\nliance on his beneficent providence, did, with invincible\\ncourage, determine to subdue the wilderness before them\\nfor the sake of fiUing this great continent with free-\\ndom and intelligence, the arts and the sciences, flour-\\nishing villages, temples of worship, and the numerous\\nblessings of civilized life baptized in the fountain of the\\nGospel of Christ.\\nThe Massachusetts Colony.\\nThe Massachusetts Colonj-, like that also of Tlymouth,\\nwas the offspring of religious persecution. The ground-\\nwork on which both of these primitive New England\\nColonies were reared, it needs hardly be said, was a\\ndesire to provide an asylum for those who were oppressed\\nfor conscience sake and more particularly for those who\\nwere oppressed for dissenting from the views and politj\\nof the Anglican Church. But, though in this one impor-\\ntant respect both Colonies sprung from the same source,\\nthere was yet a striking and radical distinction notably\\nrelative to the rank, wealth, and talents of their repre-\\nsentative men between the two a distinction truly,\\nwhich, as it marked their beginnings, continued not less\\nto influence, mould, and determine their respective des-\\ntinies.\\nThe Pilgrims,* as we have seen, were Dissenters,\\nhaving openly withdrawn from the communion, and\\ndeclared themselves independent of the National Church.\\nThe Massachusetts colonists, on the other hand, were\\nNon-conformists, or Puritans f that is, though they\\ncould not conscientiously conform fuUy to its service and\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was scourging and driving her terrorized citizens into exile with the\\npenalties of witchcraft, Plymouth welcomed the latter to the safe\\nrefuge of her ample bosom, while no witch was convicted in the Plym-\\nouth Colony. Says Judge Russell in his Middleborough address\\nWhatever may be urged to excuse that delirium of good men, we love to\\nrecall the fact that no witch was ever convicted in Plymouth Colony\\nthat whatever complaints were brought before the magistrates, the com-\\nplainant was made to suffer and that when a Plymouth sea-captain\\nwas arrested in Boston charged with this crime, Plymouth demanded\\nand obtained his liberty. AVe are proud of the fact also, adds the\\njudge, that the weaker and gentler Colony hanged no Quaker, and dealt\\ngently with the Baptists, and for years furnished a refuge to the great-\\nhearted Roger Williams.\\nThe Pilgrims and Puritans are sometimes by writers somewhat\\ninaccurately spoken of indiscriminately as Puritan, or Pilgrim Fath-\\ners, thus But those most conspicuous in laying the foundations of\\nthe colonial settlements, who stamped the impress of their character on\\nNew England, and gave tone and energy to its peculiar habits and life,\\nwere the Puritans. They are appropriately called Pilgrim Fathers.\\n{Fancher on the American Republic and its Constitutional Govern-\\nment.) Only the Plymouth settlers, however, were, strictly speaking,\\nthe Pilgrim Fathers.\\nt So called on account of the smgular purity, or austerity, of their\\nmanners and morals.\\nritual, they j-et continued to maintain their connection\\nwith the National Church.\\nThe distinction between these two Colonies, meantime,\\nwas not mainly ecclesiastical, or political. As already\\nintimated, it was social. The Pilgrims were poor and\\ncomparatively uncultivated. So far from their having\\nenjoyed extended opportunities for either literary or\\nsocial culture so far from their having been reared in\\nopulence or luxury, and accustomed to the ease and\\nrefinements of wealth, they were, for the most part, a\\nplain, rustic folk, inured to hardship and toil, simple\\nin their habits, moderate in their desires and hence,\\nespecially because of their unwavering faith, exemplar^\\nmorals, and profound reverence for God and his Word,\\neminently fitted to serve as pioneers to New England,\\nto prepare the as yet unbroken wilderness for the pos-\\nsession and occupancy of succeeding generations.\\nOn the other hand, the Massachusetts colonists em-\\nbraced many men of standing, talent, and influence\\nmen who had received a finished education at the lead-\\ning English universities who were well versed in public\\naffairs who possessed fortunes either accumulated or\\ninherited, and hence lived in the enjoyment of all the\\nexternal comforts which wealth could command. Among\\nthe leading men of this second Colony were statesmen,\\ndiplomatists, and ministers, fullj a match for the ablest\\nof those left behind in the mother country. A few of\\nthem, indeed, had moved in the highest circles of soci\\nety, bore titles of nobility, and were genuine represent-\\natives of the conventional dignitj of the Old World. I\\nShall we be surprised, therefore, that, though subsequent\\nin its origin, and several years the junior of the primi-\\ntive Colony, Jlassachusetts yet soon took the lead upon\\nthe theatre of action that, owing to these superior\\nadvantages attending its advent, it was vastlj more\\nrapid in its growth, and correspondingl3 more prosper-\\nous in its enterprises. More fortunate than their Pilgrim\\nneighbors, who acted so worthily their part, the rank,\\nfortune, and political influence of the Massachusetts\\ncolonists, exempting them from the necessitj of depend-\\ning upon others for means, not only enabled them to\\nJ The founders of New England were experienced statesmen nor\\nas diplomatists were they inferior to the diplomatists of England. The\\nprincipal men of the clergy and of the laity possessed disciplined minds,\\nand talents which would have distinguished them in any sphere of\\naction. Trained to take part in political discussions, and with a sagac-\\nity that penetrated the disguises of despotism, they wrought for pos-\\nterity and the cause in which they engaged was emphatically the cause\\nof freedom and humanity. Not only is America indebted to them for\\ninitialing the work of popular government the world is indebted to them\\nfor scattering broadcast the seeds of imperishable political truths, which\\nhave been wafted on the wings of every breeze to the nations of Europe,\\nto ripen in due time to a han est of blessings Barry.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0038.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nobtain what was wanting to the former a charter from\\nthe crown but to furnish in abundance both followers\\nand funds to equip not one bark merelj-, but a fleet,\\nand to send not one hundred, but manj- hundreds, to\\ninhabit the territory selected for their future residence.*\\nThe reasons, therefore, we repeat, are sufficiently patent\\nwhy, though hy no means destitute of incidents of hard-\\nship and suflTering, the histor} of the second Colony was\\nof so different stamp from that of the first whj its\\nenterijrises were prosecuted with so much more vigor\\nand success why it so immediately acquired, and so\\nsteadfastlj maintained, so decided an ascendencj in all\\ncolonial affairs; stretching out its arms, scattering\\nabroad its means, becoming the patron of the arts and\\nsciences, founding seminaries of learning, rearing flour-\\nishing villages, engaging in commerce, establishing man-\\nufactures, and so taking the lead in both secular and\\nspiritual affairs, and attaining to such power and\\nstrength in these regards as to become the backbone of,\\nand properly to give its own name to the great State\\nsubsequently constructed out of the two original Colo-\\nnies. f\\nThe administration of Strafford and Laud, as the tem-\\nporal and spiritual advisers of Charles I., has been well\\nsaid to have been characterized, both in the civil and\\necclesiastical administration of the realm, bj a sj-stem\\nof insolent invasion of every right most valued by free-\\nmen and revered by Protestants, an invasion not onlj*\\ndeliberately pursued, but with a stubbornness and cruelt}-\\nwhich finall} exhausted the patience of even the most\\nsubmissive and non-resistant.\\nMeantime, most naturally, the more immediate victims\\nof this monarchical vengeance and prelatical rage the\\nPuritans at length began anxiously and prayerfully to\\nturn their ej-es to some quarter whither they might\\nretreat from these storms of violence, which thus threat-\\nened to engulf them in irretrievable ruin.\\nThe contrast between the condition of the two Colonies as to equip-\\nment is sufficiently striking. Speaking of the Pilgrims, Mr. Barry\\nsays They landed poorly armed, scantily provisioned, surrounded\\nby barbarians, without prospect of human succor, without help or favor\\nof their king, with a useless patent, without assurance of liberty in\\nreligion, without shelter, without means.\\nt Barry, to whose eloquent pen the writer is indebted for the most of\\nthe above valual)le generalizations and judgments.\\nI The Star Chamber and tlie High Commission Court, fit engines\\nof despotism, were brought into requisition, and distinguished them-\\nselves by a course of the utmost wantonness and barbarity. Fines,\\nimprisonment, banishment, and the pillory, were the most lenient pun-\\nishments inflicted by its judges. Its victims were not infrequently\\ncondemned to excoriation by the lash of the executioner, the incision\\nof their nostrils, and the excision of their ears, and in this mutilated\\ncondition were exhibited as monuments of the justice of the sovereign\\nand the piety of liis prelates. Barry.\\nThe success of the Plymouth Colony natm-ally sug-\\ngested the feasibilit}- of another similar colonizing enter-\\nprise amid the wilds of North America while the hope\\nthat there at least there would be none to disturb them\\nin the exercise of their God-given rights none to molest\\nin the tranquil and peaceable enjoyment of both their\\ncivil and religious liberties not only became, on their\\npart, a powerful inducement to encounter the perils both\\nof the ocean and of the wilderness, but finally actually\\ndetermined them, without delay, to seek for themselves\\na permanent home beyond the sea.\\nTlie First Settlement.\\nThe earliest trace of the Massachusetts Baj* Colony\\nmay be said to date back to Jan. 1, 1624, when a patent\\nof land about Cape Ann, where a fishing-stage had\\nalready been erected, was executed by Edmund, Lord\\nSheffield, in favor of two members of the Plymouth\\nColony, Eobert Cushman and Edward Winslow, for\\nthemselves, and for their associates. Aside, however,\\nfrom its affording temporary protection to their men\\nwhile fishing in those waters, we are not informed that\\nthis patent ever proved of material service to Plymouth.\\nDuring the same year, 1624, a Mr. John Wliite, a\\nPuritan minister of Dorchester, England, a place which\\nfurnished numbers of those who were now making\\nvoyages to New England for purposes of traffic, having\\nbecome deeply interested on behalf of this seafaring\\nclass, succeeded in organizing an unincorporated joint-\\nstock company, consisting mostly of Dorchester ship-\\nowners, and known as the Dorchester Adventurers,\\nthe oliject of which was to establish, somewhere on the\\nNew England coast, a settlement where these mariners,\\nwhen at sea, might have a home where supplies might\\nbe provided for them by farming and hunting, and where\\nOf the spasmodic experiments made by the Council for New Eng-\\nland for giving value to their property, one had been a distribution of\\nits territory among Individual members of the corpor.ition. Twenty\\nnoblemen and gentlemen owned the country along the coast from the\\nBay of Fundy to Narragansett Bay. The region about Cape Ann (so\\nnamed by Captain Smith), fell to the lot of Edmund, Lord Sheffield,\\nwho sold a patent for it to Cushman and Winslow, and their associates\\nat New Plymouth. It was probably in the summer before this transac-\\ntion that a few persons from the west of England sat down at Cape Ann\\nfor the purpose of planting and fishing. They appear to have acknowl-\\nedged the rights of the Plymouth people when made known to them,\\nand the fishermen of the two parties carried on their operations amica-\\nbly side by side. Palfrey.\\n1 An English corporation for the planting, ordering, ruling, and governing\\nNew England in America. Most of its forty patentees were men of dis-\\ntinguished consequence, embracing thirteen peers of the highest rank. It was\\nempowered to hold territory In America extending westward from sea to sea,\\nand in breadth from the 40th to the 48th degree of north latitude.\\nBetter known as a patriot leader under his later title of Earl of Mulgrave.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Pal/rey.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0039.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nespecially thej might be brought under religious influ-\\nences. The spot selected for the purpose of this experi\\nment was on Cape Ann, now Gloucester, the grantees\\nof the Sheffield patent cheerfully consenting to convej-\\nto Mr. White and his associates such a site as might be\\ndeemed suitable for the objects contemplated. A com-\\npanj- of some fourteen was at once sent out to break\\nthe ice, and spend the winter.*\\nInsignificant as it was as to numbers, and unfruitful\\nas it proved in immediate results, yet this first Colony at\\nCape Ann is historically important, since it in realitj\\nbecame the germ, or seed-plot, as we shall soon see, of\\nwhat subsequently became so famous as the Jlassachu-\\nsetts Bay Colonj-.\\nThis first attempt at colonization having proved unsuc-\\ncessful, an eftbrt was made to retrieve matters by reor-\\nganizing and putting the business under a somewhat\\ndifferent direction, by appointing Jloger Conant, formerly\\nof the Plymouth Colony, a gentleman uniformly spoken\\nof in terms of the highest respect, and commended for\\nhis sobriety, prudence, and integrity, governor of the\\nsettlement, a settlement of which he was about to\\nbecome at once its superintendent and principal stay in\\nthe hour of its sorest need.\\nThis latter change not having been followed by the\\nprofits hoped for, the Adventurers at length became\\ndiscouraged. The settlement was abandoned. The\\nplanters were paid off, and the most of them returned\\nto their homes.\\nUndismayed, however, by these reverses, Mr. Conant\\nand a few of the most honest and industrious of his men,\\nresolved to remain and make still further efforts at col-\\nonization. Dissatisfied with theu- location at the Cape,\\nMr. Conant determined to remove to a fruitful neck of\\nland, at Naumkeag, now Salem, secreth conceiving\\nin his mind, that in following times it might prove a\\nreceptacle for such as, on the account of rehgion, would\\nbe willing to begin a new plantation in this part of the\\nworld.\\nMeantime, no sooner did Mr. White f hear of the\\nheroic determination of Conant, than, unwilling that the\\nwork which had, as he thought, been too hastily- aban-\\nOn the arrival of the London vessel in the service of the Adventur-\\ners, the crew found and took possession of a fishing-stage belonging to\\nthe Plymouth settlers, refusing to restore the same. Staiulisli came all\\nthe way from Plymouth to set things right. Pacific counsels prevailed,\\nand the dispute was quieted by an engagement of the crew to lielp build\\nanother stage for the owners in place of that which had been in ques-\\ntion. Palfrey.\\nt When we remember that this Puritan minister, Rector of Trinity, of\\nDorchester, England, was the father of this first Colony, and one of\\nthe chief founders of the Massachusetts Colony, his name and\\ncannot be held by us in too grateful remembrance.\\ndoned by his associates, should be whollj overthrown,\\nhe wrote to Conant, faithfully promising that, if he and\\nthree others named, would remain atNaiunkeag, he would\\nobtain a patent, and forthwith forward men and sup-\\nplies. This proposition was accepted and, though it\\nwas with the utmost difficulty that the dauntless gov-\\nernor prevailed upon his companions, for fear of the\\nIndians and other inconveniences, to persevere, yet he\\nsucceeded and thus was the breath of life continued\\nin the Colonj^ a beacon was kept burning on these dis-\\ntant shores, Conant and his companions, in the lan-\\nguage of our New England historian, remaining the\\nforlorn hope, and lone sentinels of Puritanism, on the\\nBay of Massachusetts.\\nMeanwhile, in fulfilment of his promise, Mr. White at\\nonce negotiated with the Council for New England, and\\nobtained a patent, conveying to certain parties as\\npatentees, all the territory lying between the Atlantic\\nand Pacific, and extending three miles south of the\\nCharles, and three miles north of every part of the\\nMerrimac River.\\nA portion of these original grantees, having early\\ndespaired of realizing at least any immediate benefit\\ntherefrom, withdrew from the enterprise, when, through\\nthe influence of Mr. White, always in\\\\-incible alike to\\nopposition and discouragement, several merchants of\\nLoudon were persuaded so become partners in the\\nadventure, forming a company, afterwards incorpo-\\nrated, and known as the Massachusetts Company.\\nIn compliance with the promise to Conant, one of the\\nfirst acts of this company, with its ample resources, was\\nto seek a suitable person to conduct a bod} of emigrants\\nto the settlement of Naumkeag, to carry on the planta-\\ntion of the Dorchester merchants, and to make waj for\\nthe settling of another Colony in the Massachusetts.\\nThey selected for this purpose John Endicott, a Puritan\\nJ Conant s embarrassment was aggravated by the circumstance that\\nLayford, who had accepted Conant s invitation to settle at Naumkeag\\nas pastor, had received a loving Invitation to remove to Virginia,\\nand was accordingly endeavoring, to the best of his ability, to persuade\\nothers of the Colony to accompany him, a movement successfully\\nthwarted only by the earnest, fearless, and persistent opposition of\\nConant.\\nA considerable portion of the land embraced in this grant had been\\npreviously granted by the same Council to Capt. John Mason, and to\\nRobert, the son of Sir Fernando Gorges. Whether this grant had been\\nforfeited, as it is lilicly, by non-use, or whether compromises were made\\nby the grantees to the former proprietors, or whether said grantors were\\nignorant of the geography of the country, or whether they were so\\n.anxious to increase the emoluments of their company as to sell the ter-\\nritory twice, certain it is, the patent, interfering as it did with that of a\\nprevious date, gave rise to perplexing embarrassments, and to contro-\\nversies which were conducted with no little acrimony, .and which con-\\ntinued to disturb the country for over half a centurj-.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Barry.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0040.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nof the sternest mould. EncUcott accepted the offer as\\nsoon as tendered, and was at once appointed agent, or\\ngovernor of the plantation.*\\nPreparations for his departure were promptly made,\\nand about the last of June, accompanied by his wife and\\nchildren, hostages of his fixed attachment to the\\nNew World, and about fifty colonists, he embarked in\\nthe Abigail, and arrived at Naumkeag in about eleven\\nweeks. A few daj-s later he notified his emploj ers of\\nhis safe arrival, of his various proceedings, and of the\\nwants of the Colony. Having meantime advertised the\\nold planters f of the purchase of the property and priv-\\nileges of the Dorchester Company at Cape Ann, and of\\nthe formation of a new company, under whose auspices\\nhe was sent out, he proceeded at once to enter upon the\\nduties of his office as magistrate and governor of the\\nplantation.\\nThe news of Endicott s safe arrival awakened renewed\\ninterest in the Colonj new associates joined, and a royal\\ncharter was at last obtained for the Company of Blas-\\nsachusetts Bay. The charter established a corporation,\\nEndicott was sent out ostensibly to strengthen the Colony, and\\nadminister its government. The Charter was granted March 19, 1628,\\nto Sir Henry Rosewell and others.\\nt Not unnaturally some of the p.irties already quartered on the spot\\nthe remains, it is likely, of Conain s company were disposed to\\nquestion somewhat tlie claims of the new-comers. Some of the old\\nplanters who had engaged in the cultivation of tobacco, h.ad been for-\\nbidden continuing in the practice; and they were apprehensive that\\nthey were to lose their lands and rights by the absorption of their\\ncolony, and be themselves reduced to a sort of vassalage. Through the\\nprudence of Conant, and the moderation of Endicott, however, the dis-\\npute was amicably composed, and in commemoration of its adjustment,\\nthe place took the name of Salem, the Hebrew for peaceful. Mean-\\ntime, whatever became of the noble Conant, who seems to have been\\nsomewhat summarily and unceremoniously set aside, the annals of the\\nperiod, so far as the writer is aware, afford no information.\\nJ Through a long and eventful period, Mr. Endicott was destined to\\nbe intimately connected with the annals, and to exert a very important\\ninfluence upon the history, of the Colony of which he was thus the first,\\nor provisional, magistrate. Often the writer has traversed the broad\\nacres once owned and cultivated by him and by his son, near Salem,\\nand reflected on the sturdy virtues of the Puritan, who thus, Columbus-\\nlike, opened up a new continent, as it were, to civilization. The gov-\\neiTior s descendants are still living in Salem, reckoned among the most\\neminent and influential citizens of the State. Upon the occasion of the\\nlate fifth semi-centennial celebration of the arrival in this country of the\\ngovernor. Judge William C. Endicott, a lineal descendant of the brave\\nPuritan, and hunself a native of Salem, delivered an address replete\\nwith interest.\\nThe patent from the Council for New England vested in the Col-\\nony only the property of the soil. In order to adequate powers of mu-\\nnicipal government, it early became apparent to the colonists that their\\ngrant must needs have further confirmation. Hence their application\\nfor a royal charter an instrument that, for three-quarters of a cen-\\ntury, was so enthusiastically honored and cherished by them as the\\npalladium of theu: dearest rights and Uberties. Liberal in its spirit and\\ncomprehensive in its details, it was doubtless the best and wisest charter\\nthat had yet been granted.\\nand the associates were constituted a body politic. Its\\nofficers were a governor, deputjs and eighteen assistants,\\nall to be annually elected. A general assembly of the\\nfreemen was entrusted with legislati\\\\e powers. Strange\\nto say, the question of religious hberty was avoided in\\nthis famous instrument. The largest discretion in the\\nmatter of local self-government seems to have been\\naUowed almost the only restriction laid upon the Col-\\nony being that no laws should be made contrary to those\\nof England.\\nIn 1G29 a reinforcement of over four hundred souls,\\nincluding food, arms, cattle, and tools, was despatched.\\nThe advent of this company was rendered memorable in\\nthe annals of the new-born Colony, inasmuch as espe-\\ncially with it came the first teacher and pastor of the\\nchurch at S.alem.\\nThe ordination and installation of the first Independ-\\nent Congregational minister in the Massachusetts Colony\\nwas an event certainly of no ordinary interest and mo-\\nment. As yet the new Colony had organized no church.\\nThe Pilgrims were a church at the date of their lauding,\\nwhile the compact in the Majilower gave them a gov-\\nernment. The Massachusetts colonists, though provided\\nby the company in England with a government now\\nhappily established were as yet without a church.\\nPrevious to the arrival of the second body of emigrants,\\nworship, we are told, had been conducted in the Episco-\\npal form. After the arrival of the ministers from Eng-\\nland, measures were at once adopted looking towards the\\norganization of a church. A day accordingly was set\\napart for the purpose, as also for the trial and choice of\\na pastor. Taking counsel with their Pl3 mouth brethren,\\nand requesting their presence on the interesting occasion,\\na church of thirty members was gathered elders and\\ndeacons were chosen and ordained a covenant and con-\\nfession were drawn up and signed Mr. Skelton was\\nordained pastor, and Francis Higginson teacher. And\\nthus at Salem was planted the second church in Massa-\\nchusetts, and, some say, the first properly constituted\\nProtestant church in America.\\nTo the ordinary reader it can never cease, we feel\\nsure, to be a matter of- profound wonder that these orig-\\ninal Puritan colonists, ministers and laymen, born and\\nbred in the bosom of Episcopacy, should have so sud-\\nII Perhaps it will never be definitely understood how or why Charles I.\\ncame to grant, as in this case, a charter for the organization or a Colony\\nwithout reserving, according to usage, the royal privilege of appointing\\nits governor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the immediate representative of the crown. The only\\nrational theory of the case is, that he considered the adventure at first\\nas only a commercial enterprise. When, however, from a mere trading-\\npost, the affair became a Colony, it was too late to rectify, without\\ntrouble, the royal blunder.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0041.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ndenly and completely conquered the prejudices, and sev-\\nered the associations of a life-tune and, on coming to\\nNew England, become metamorphosed into uncompro-\\nmising Episcopal-hating, Dissenting Congregationalists.*\\nHow truly, out of the bosom of this prelatical, ritual-\\nistic, hierarchical church, came an ultra anti-prelatical,\\nanti-ritualistic, anti-hierarchical Congregationalism thus,\\nfull-armed, Minerva-like, to spring forth?\\nPossibly the explanation of this singular phenomenon\\nis to be found, at least partially, in the fact, first, that\\nthese colonists had long since repudiated many of the\\nfeatures of Episcopacy and that, moreover, the Episco-\\npal Church had long persecuted and oppressed them.\\nThej had long led, on account of it, a troubled life for\\nconscience sake. Sincerely and supremely desirous to\\nknow and do God s will, their inquiries and senices,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2while yet in the bosom of the ancient communion, had\\nbeen seriously and most persistently abridged and re-\\nstrained. What wonder then, indeed, that now, having\\npaid the heavy price of freedom, they should feel fully to\\nenjoy the purchase that having thus withdrawn forever\\nbeyond the persecutor s reach, they should be inclined\\nto leave none of their new-found, strange liberty un-\\nused? Besides, nothing were more natural than just\\nsuch a rebound as this from the extreme of unnatural or\\nviolent restraint, to the opposite extreme of liberty.\\nAnd, finally, in a remote North American wild the power\\nof conventional associations would be likely to be but\\nfeebly felt, if not, indeed, altogether broken. Wh^^ not,\\nthen, surelj betake themselves, as they did, anew to the\\nletter of Scriptm-e, and to that alone and, as freely as\\ndid the primitive disciples as if neither mitre or canon\\nhad ever been made erect their religious institutions\\nafter what they understood to be the pattern in the au-\\nthentic Gospel? It was of very great moment that they\\nshould conform to the Bible it was of very little mo-\\nment if, in doing so, they should be found to be sepa-\\nrated, in discipline and usage, from a church thousands\\nof miles away, and which they had but little occasion to\\nremember with either gratitude or affection.\\nIn the year 1629, two prominent places, Salem and\\nCharlestown, had been commenced bj the Massachusetts\\nCompany. On his arrival at Salem, Mr. Higginson\\nfound about half a score of houses and 400 inhabitants.\\nPerhaps another hundred had already settled at Charles-\\nThe platform of church government decided upon was the Congre-\\ngational mode, connecting the several churches together, to a certain\\ndegree, and yet exempting each of them from any jurisdiction by way\\nof authoritative censure, or any strictly ecclesiastical power extrinsic to\\ntheir own. This was evidently opposed to the hicr.archy, and in order\\nto secure to themselves rights denied in England under Church and\\nState.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Minofs Ilist. Prox. Mass. Bay.\\ntown. So soon, therefore, had the second Colony be-\\ncome more populous than the first while, in another\\njear, it was destined, with a giant s stride, to outstrip it\\nin the race.\\nConnected with the charter, to which reference has\\nalready been made, excellent as it was in most of its\\nfeatures, there was yet one weakness one serious de-\\nfect, and Endicott was not slow to detect it. The\\ngovernment of the Colony was vested directly in the\\nhands of the companj at home. Accordinglj at an early\\nday Endicott suggested that the government of the plan-\\ntation should be transferred to, and vested in those\\nwho inhabit there, the first utterance this, so far as\\nwe know, of colonial independence the first breathing\\nof the distantly-coming storm. Meantime, so simple and\\nso obviously sensible and just was this suggestion, that\\nit excited no adverse comment. On the contrary, Aug.\\n29, 1629, the company voted that the government and\\npattent should bee settled in New England, and accord-\\ningl} an order be di-awn upp to that effect.\\nThe Court of Assistants, also, Oct. 16, 1629, met in\\nLondon and passed a resolution declaring that it was\\nfitt and natural! that the go\\\\ernment of persons bee held\\nthere, the government of trade and merchandize to bee\\nhere. Thus the company and the Colony became one\\nthe earliest stepping-stone to the exercise of that self-\\ngovernment subsequently to be displaj ed on so grand a\\nscale, first of all in New England, and afterward\\nthroughout the New World.\\nFour days after the decision of the Court of Assistants\\nto transfer the government of the Colony to New Eng-\\nland, t the General Court held a meeting in London to\\nelect officers. John Winthrop was chosen governor, a\\nman destined in the near future to exert a powerful in-\\nfluence upon the prosperity of both company and Col-\\nony. Dignified, yet unassuming learned, yet no pe-\\ndant sagacious, yet not crafty benevolent in his\\nimpulses cordial in his sj-mpathies ardent in his affec-\\ntions attractive in his manners mildl} conservative, and\\nmoderately ambitious Mr. Winthrop was manifestly pre-\\nt Meanwhile large preparations were being made, in various ways, to\\nstrengthen tlie Colony. Dec. 1, IC 29, a joint-stock company was\\nformed for the purpose of maintaining and increasing the trade with\\nthe Colony. And on the 10th of Feb., 1630, another company was\\nformed for the sale of land, defrayment of public charges, main-\\ntenance of ministers, transportation of poor families, bnilding of\\nchurches and fortifications, and all other public necessities of the plan-\\ntation. These two companies, it will be understood, were formed un-\\nder the sanction of the New England Company,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 sub-companies, so to\\nspeak, composed exclusively of members of the greater, or parent or-\\nganization, and intended, simply by a division of their interests and\\nresponsibilities, to facilitate the operations of the company, and to\\nadvance the best interests of the Colony.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0042.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\neminently the man for, as he subsequently came unques-\\ntionably to be, the master spirit of the young and rising\\nColony.* Of excellent descent bred a lawyer accus-\\ntomed from his youth to an easy and familiar intercourse\\nwith persons of refinement and intelligence conversant\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with tlicology as well as with law possessed of a com-\\nfortable estate eminent forhis liberality and distinguished\\nfor his hospitality conspicuous for his virtues and im-\\npartial as a magistrate and now, having just turned\\nforty, in the maturity of his powers and the Mgoi ot his\\nj-ears, a period when, if ever, the\\ncharacter of the man is developed,\\nand the full energies of his being\\nare brought into activity surelj it\\nwould seem that this person was the\\none above all others, whom nature\\nand Providence, as well as his asso-\\nciates, had selected for this weighty\\nand responsible trust.\\nMeantime, when we consider that\\ngalaxy of choice and noble spirits\\nassociated with Mr. Winthrop in\\nla3-ing the foundations of our Com-\\nmonwealth Thomas Dudley, Sir\\nRichard Saltonstall, Isaac Johnson,\\nJohn Humphrey, William Codding-\\nton, Simon Bradstreet, and others,\\nall persons of influence, culture, re-\\nspectability and honor, we cannot\\nassuredly but rejoice in the singular\\ngood-fortune of New England in\\nhaving been settled by such men\\nmen actuated by no sordid feelings,\\nno mean, selfish, merely worldly am-\\nbitions. Little there was indeed in\\nthe New World to excite a worldly\\ngreed, or enkindle sordid ambitions.\\nAs another has well and eloquently\\nsaid, No Hesperian isles laden oo-iehnor\\nwith the riches of tropical fruitage allured these Puritan\\nfathers to scenes of luxurious indulgence. No fabled\\nElysium,\\nNor Sheba s groves, nor Sharon s fields,\\nbloomed for them upon the rock-bound coast of New\\nEngland. No Paphian magnificence, or CastOian gi-an-\\ndeur, could be found in the log-hut or the temporarj-\\nbooth. t\\nFor this eloquently sketched portrait of Winthrop, the writer is in-\\ndebted to Mr. Barry,\\nt Barry.\\nIf PljTnouth was fortunate in the character of her\\nearlj settlers, not less so Massachusetts Bay. Bringing\\nwith them to these shores, not only the accumulated\\nblessings of the land of their birth, when at the height\\nof its best ci\\\\dlization, but withal that strong, un-\\nconquerable love of freedom, as also that bold sph-it\\nof intellectual and religious inquiry so characteristic of\\nthe Anglo-Saxon bringing with them that invincible\\nprowess and energy which, in modern times, has borne\\n\\\\lAe the banner of St George, and the Stars of the Union\\nmto every quarter of the globe and,\\nmore especially, bringing with them\\nthat spirit of religious freedom which\\nmore, perhaps, than anything else,\\nhis given to our country its present\\ncommanding position, and won for\\nit its most imperishable laurels\\nthese early pioneers, with a vision\\npenetrating beyond the present mo-\\nment with a forethought embracing\\nthe interests of their posterity as\\nwell as their own anticipating to\\nsome extent, the Commonwealth to\\nbe founded by their arduous labors,\\npurposed on these shores to realize\\ntheir aspirations in erecting a Colony\\nin which the doctrines they had es-\\npoused, and the principles the} had\\ncherished, might be practically ap-\\nplied to both Church and State. I\\nOn a beautiful April da}-, in the\\nyear 1630, sa3-s another, a vessel\\nlas rocking leisurelj at her moor-\\nings in the harbor of Yarmouth.\\nIt was the Arbella, the vessel\\nwhich was to convey Governor John\\nWinthrop to America. His parting\\naddress was delivered on its deck,\\nand it is marked bj- good sense,\\npiety, and courage. He neither under nor over estimates\\nthe dangers he is to meet. On the 12th of June he\\ndropped his anchor at Salem, the forenmner of an\\nemigration embracing not less than one thousand souls\\nto be conveyed hither in a fleet of seventeen vessels.\\nThough their reception was somewhat discouraging, as\\nthe} found the settlers sick, and weak and destitute, yet\\nsites for settlements were speedily selected, and the\\nnames of Boston, Watertown, Dorchester, Roxbury,\\nlAt the late Now England Dinner, New Yorlc City (Dec., 1878),\\nHon. Mr. Blaine spolio at length. Among many other good things\\nsaid, he soberly admitted as belonging to this section of the country", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0043.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nMystic, Saugus (Lj-nn) Charlestown and Salem occur\\nearly in the history of this period.\\nThe Colony during this initial epoch suffered great\\nhardships. Not a few died, and some, disheartened,\\nreturned to their homes in England. The great major-\\nity, however, and reallj the best, remained, preserAang\\ntheir fortitude amid all discouragements.\\nIn the final organization of their government, which\\nmay be said to have been a kind of spiritual, democratic\\nhierarchy-, particular attention was paid to the observ-\\nance and the maintenance of their religion, as also of the\\ncivil rights of the individual.\\nThough at first somewhat aristocratic, the govern-\\nment soon received various liberal modifications\\nadopting, however, in self-defence, it was claimed, a\\nreligious test of citizenship.* Peaceful relations were\\nestablished with the Indians, and, desiring to promote\\nfriendly sentiments with the other European settlements,\\nGovernor Winthrop and Mr. Wilson, first pastor of\\nBoston, visited the old, or Plymouth Colony, in Octol ler,\\n1632, where they were cordially received by Bradford\\ntlie chief and great merit of developing the country and shaping its\\ninstitutions. He said that from 1620 to 1C40, the real founders of Amer-\\nica arrived in New England, about 21,000 souls, not poor outcasts, .as\\nMr. Evarts has described them, but men of culture and of property,\\nbringing with them $2,500,000, which was worth six times as much\\nthen as it is to-day. Show me any town of 21,000 inhabitants, s.ays\\nMr. Blaine, which is worth to-day over $15,000,000. He thought the\\ngreat fact of the last 150 years was the expansion of the English-speak-\\ning race, 7,000,000 when the Pilgrims landed, to 100,000,000 now.\\nIt was fully understood that differing from the religious tenets\\ngenerally received in the country was as great a disqualitication for\\ncitizenship as any political opinions whatever. In defence of this order\\nit is advanced that the apostolic rule of rejecting such as brought not\\nthe true doctrine with them was as applicable to the commonwealth as\\nto the church No man could be qualified either\\nto elect, or be elected, to office who was not a church-member.\\nThe law confining the rights of freemen to church-\\nmembers was at length modified, if not repealed the peciimary qualifi-\\ncations, for such as were not church members, ^vith good morals, and\\nthe absurd requisite of orthodoxy of opinion, to be certified to by a\\nclergyman, being substituted in its place. Minot.\\nThe foregoing ordinance was probably not so much a sectarian\\nscruple, as a political regulation a provision to guard liberty to pre-\\nvent untimely encroachments upon the infant Commonwealth. Says\\nJohn Winthrop The intent of the law is to preserve the welfare of\\nthe body and for this end to have none received into any fellowship\\nwith us who are likely to disturb the same, and this intent, I am sure,\\nis lawful and good. To the end that the body of the commons may\\nbe preserved of honest and good men, no man is to be admitted to the\\nfreedom of the body politic, but such as are members of some of the\\nchurches of the s.ame.\\nAs, by the terms of the charter, the lands they held they deemed ex-\\nclusively their own, they clauned the right, in the interest at once of\\nthe Commonwealth and of the kingdom of God, to receive, or to\\nexclude strangers at their own discretion.\\nRecognizing no rights founded on Asiatic, or feudal notions, of\\ninalienable hereditary virtue nor more, any distinctions based exclu-\\nsively on talent or wealth, the Puritans aimed to erect a Common-\\nand Brewster, and kindly welcomed and entertained\\nbj- the people.\\nThe Massachusetts Colony continued to receive addi-\\ntions from England, and in the exercise of their political\\nand religious privileges, manifested a jealous and igilant\\ninterest. Issues were soon made between the magistrates\\nand people, relative to the construction of the charter in\\nreference to the nature and extent of magisterial preroga-\\ntive. The latter urged that the government f was uo\\nother but as mayor and aldermen, who (as the merely\\nexecutive branch of the government) have no power to\\nmake laws or to raise the taxes without the people. To\\nthis the magistrates replied that the government (i. e.,\\nthe governor and his assistants, eighteen in number)\\nwas rather in the natm-e of a parUament, and that,\\nas the freemen chose the assistants, thej were theii-\\nrepresentatives, and were authorized to act on their\\nbehalf. This controversy concerning the relative pow-\\ners of the people, or their deputies, and the magis-\\ntrates, continued as late as 1644, when a comprom-\\nise divided the court (a house of deputies ha-ving been\\nwealth of chosen people in covenant with God, in which the humblest\\nfreeholder, if sound in faith, possessed a power as great in the election\\nof magistrates, .and the enactment of laws, as a peer of the realm, or\\nthe proudest lord spiritual in the land of then- birth.\\nThis was all, it need hardly be said, very beautiful in theory. Un-\\nfortunately it did not work well in practice. It presumed too much upon\\northodox, or churchly, human nature. Admitting that chiu-ch-mcm-\\nbers were always as wise as the truth may make them, and as holy as\\ntheir creed implies, this Puritan theory of Church and State were ideally\\nperfect. Milking, however, not character, but intellectual conformity\\nto a standard of colonial orthodoxy the condition of citizenship\\nof exercising the rights and prerogatives of the elective franchise and\\nso establishing a practical oligarchy of religious votaries, clearly it\\ninvolved, as Roger AVilliams and others stoutly and wisely maintained,\\nan order of things under which a premium was put on hypocrisy,\\nliberty jeopardized, and justice was very likely to be defeated.\\nThe only respect in which the Church and State system of Massachu-\\nsetts was possibly better than that of the mother country was that,\\nunlike the latter, which makes the Church the dependent creature of\\nthe secular power, it rather subordinated the State to the Church the\\nState being moulded ostensibly wholly so as to secure the being and wel-\\nfare of the Church.\\nThe executive power of the corporation was invested in a\\ngovenior and eighteen assistants, whose duty was for the best dispos-\\ning and ordering of the lands granted, of the affairs of the plantation,\\nof the government of the people there. The governor and seven or\\nmore assistants were authorized to meet in monthly courts for\\ndespatching such business as concerned the company or settlement.\\nThe legislative power of the corporation, however, was invested in\\na more solemn assembly. This body was to be composed of the\\ngovernor, deputy-governor, the assistants, and of the whole freemen\\nof the company in person, and was directed to be held in every last\\nWednesday in the four terms, which meetings, or sessions, were named\\nthe four Great and General Com-ts. It was empowered to make laws,\\nor ordinances, for the government of the plantation, which should not\\nbe repugnant to the laws of England. This Great and General Court\\nwas authorized to elect freemen, a governor, a deputy-governor, assist-\\nants, and other officers. OraAc s History of Boston, page 63.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0044.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nin the meantime organized) into two distinct branclies,\\neach ha-\\\\ang accorded to it a negative on the other.*\\nThe substitution of delegates to represent the free-\\nmen,! Maj 1G34, was an earlj an important change in\\nthe government. Whatever may have been the immedi-\\nate occasion of this change, there can be no question as\\nto its having tended greatly to complete and consolidate\\nthe power of the Commonwealth.\\nIn ordinary cases, under the new order of things, the\\ngovernor and assistants sat apart, constituting a sort of\\nupper house, and doubtless antedating our present State\\nSenate, and transacted business by themselves, drawing\\nup bills and orders which, being agreed upon, were sent\\nto the deputies for confirmation or dissent. The depu-\\nties also sat by themselves, consulting upon the common\\ngood and all matters acted on by them were sent to\\nthe magistrates for their concurrence. No laws could be\\nmade without the consent of the major part of both\\nhouses. The governor had a casting vote in aU courts\\nand assemblies, and could call a General Court, or any\\nother court or council, at his pleasure.\\nPrevious to 1G35 the Colony had had no regularly\\nframed bodj- of laws. The increase of population lead-\\ning to apprehension from the want of positive statutes,\\nfour magistrates were deputed to make a draft of what\\nshould be received for fundamental laws. Six years later\\nThe govcmor and assistants were the first judicial court. Yet the\\nGeneral Court at first also exercised judicial functions. When the\\nseparation between the two orders, or the division of the court into two\\nhouses took place, the method of exercising jointly these judicial\\npowers was one important theme of controversy. Says Minot: The\\nperpetual controversy incident to dividing power among several orders\\ndisproportional in their numbers took place between the assistants\\nand representatives. Whether they should vote in separate bodies, or\\ncollectively, became a serious dispute. As, by a defect in the constitu-\\ntion, they held both legislative and judicial authority, it was at last\\ncompromised that in making the laws the two houses should vote sep-\\narately, with a negative on each other; but in trying cases, in case they\\nshould differ in this mode, they should proceed to determine the ques-\\ntion by voting together.\\nt Thus was a House of Representatives the second in America,\\nthat of Virginia having been the first, introduced and established.\\nThough not expressly provided for in the charter, it was held not to be\\ncontrary to cither its spirit or letter. Quietly and without tumult,\\nsays Barry, the measure was effected.\\nI The history of the original organization of the Massachusetts House\\nof Representatives is involved in some obscurity. Dral;e says Up\\nto this time (April, 1634) all the freemen had been, or had the privilege\\nof being, present at the General Courts, and participating in making the\\nlaws by which they were to be governed. Thci/ had now become so\\nnumerous that the attendance of all was quite impracticable. So at\\nthe next General Court it was determined that there should be four\\nGeneral Courts yearly, and that it should be lawful for the freemen of\\neach plantation to choose two or three before each General Court to\\nconfer of, and to prepare such business for, the next Court as they judged\\nnecessary to be acted on, and that persons so selected by the freemen\\nshould be fully empowered to act in the General Court for all the frco-\\na body of one hundred ordinances, compiled principally\\nby Rev. Nathaniel Ward of Ipswich, was reported and\\nestablished, and known as the Body of Liberties.\\nIn 1G31, Winthrop was re-elected governor, and with\\nthe exception of a few years, when Vane, Dudlej-, Bell-\\ningham, and Endicott served a year or so each in that\\ncapacity, continued to hold that honorable office untU\\nhis death, which took place in 1G49.\\nPre^ ious to 1G36 there were at least nine churches in\\nexistence in the Massachusetts Colony and before\\n1G50 twenty were added to the number.\\nMeantime, it being as unnatural for a right New\\nEngland man to live without an able ministrj-, as for a\\nsmith to work his iron without a fire, these earlj- New\\nEngland churches were almost uniformly manned by\\ngodly ministers of highly respectable talents, and of\\nmore or less commanding influence. New England will\\nnever cease to be under the weightiest obligations to such\\nburning and shining lights among her colonial clergy,\\nas John Cotton, Mr. John Wilson, Roger Williams,\\nJohn Eliot, Increase and Cotton Mather, Thomas\\nHooker, and Samuel Stone. If these men sometimes\\nseemed to be bigoted, intolerant, and arbitrar} quite as\\nzealous in suppressing heretical opinions as in preaching\\nthe word, it should be remembered that this apparent\\nintolerance on their part, was bom, not so much, we\\nmen of the Commonwealth in making Laws, in granting lands, in short\\neverything excepting the elections of magistrates, c.\\nJlr. Barry, on the other hand, gives another and a very confused\\nand unsatisfactory account of this result. He seems to attribute it to\\na jealousy, on the part of the freemen, of the magisti-ates usurpa-\\ntion of legislative prerogative. Since, however, the freemen were all\\nmembers of the General Court, and had a voice, not only in making the\\nlaws, but in electing all the magistrates, it is difficult. to understand\\nhow they could have complained of taxation without representation,\\nand so have insisted on a House of Deputies in order to redress, as\\nagainst the despotism of the magistrates, or in order to the eiyoyment\\nof their full rights as citizens.\\nSalem, Watcrtown, Boston, Charlestown, Lynn, Roxbury, Dorches-\\nter, Newtown, and Ipswich.\\nII From the ancient church of St. Botolph (Boston, Lincolnshire),\\nperhaps the most stately parish church in England, a cathedral in size\\nand beauty, came John Cotton, after a pastorate of twenty years, to\\npreach the gospel within the mud walls and under the thatched roof of\\nthe meeting-house in a rude New England hamlet. The sanctity and\\nmingled force and amiableness of his character won for hun a vast\\ninfluence. Palfrey.\\nPrecocious in youth, of very brilliant talents, distinguished as well\\nfor the mildness and gentleness of his temper as for the fervor of his\\nmanner, the suavity of his deportment, the profoundness of his learn-\\ning, the power of his eloquence, gave him .an ascendency in the church\\nand an influence in the state which might have been dangerous in a\\nperson of a less elevated character.\\nH TIic first pastor of Newtown. A distinguished refugee. A prodigy\\nof learning, an eloquent orator the Light of the Western Churches.,\\nand the rich pearl which Europe gave to America. He subsequently\\nremoved to Connecticut.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0045.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nhave reason to believe, of any ecclesiastical rancor or\\nnarrowness, as of a simple and sincere desire to pre-\\nsence the unity and puritj of the churches at a forma-\\ntive, and hence a peculiarlj critical, period of their his-\\ntory while in manj instances, by their prudent coun-\\nsels, himible deportment, rare powers of harmonizing\\nconflicting oiiinions, and moderating the spirit of contro-\\nversj-, as well as bj- their more public and professional\\nministrations, they contributed greatly, there can be no\\ndoubt, to the promotion of the safetj and aU the best\\ninterests of the Colonj-, amidst the storms and perils it\\nwas destined to encounter.\\nNor were the interests of education overlooked. As\\na large proportion of the clergy of New England, and\\nsome of the laitj were men of liberal education, grad-\\nuates of the time-honored universities of England, it\\nwas not unnatural that they should earlj- contemplate\\nthe founding of an institution of learning. Though pro-\\nvision had as yet been hardlj made for the first wants of\\nlife habitations, food, clothing, and churches and\\nthough dark, portentous clouds hung still on their polit-\\nical horizon,* yet through and be3-ond all these sad\\ncomplications of the present, the New Englanders, look-\\ning to the great necessities of future times, made a\\ngenerous appropriation for the endowment of a college.f\\nMeantime this aforesaid magnanimous project coming\\nto the knowledge, and engaging the sjTnpathj of John\\nHarvard, a graduate of Emmanuel College, Cambridge,\\nand pastor of the Charlestown church, the latter be-\\nqueathed one-half of his estate, amounting to some\\n\u00c2\u00a3700, for the erection of the necessary- college buildings.\\nThis was in 1G39. In just gratitude for this noble and\\nverj timel} act, the court ordered that the new institu-\\ntion should be called b} Mr. Ilan-ard s name. And so,\\nin New England, no sooner was the church erected than\\nthe school-house spnmg up,\\nFast by the oracles of God\\nlearning and religion united hy indissoluble bonds, and\\nThe power of England stood in an attitude to strike. A desper-\\nate war with the natives had already begun, and the government was\\nthreatened with an Antinomian insurrection. Pa/frei/.\\nt At the late New England Dinner (December, 1S78), New York\\nCity, President Scclyc, of Amherst College, uttered the following\\ntimely and interesting observation on the Puritans\\nThey did not build the college on the basis of the common school,\\nbut they started the college first and built the common school with the\\nstrength which the college furnished. They were ignorant of the mod-\\nem discovery that you can only get the best by evolution from the\\npoorest. They began with the best. Instead of attempting to ascend\\nfrom lower planes by gradual development unto a higher, they started\\nwith the higher. Harvard College was founded only seventeen years\\nafter the landing at Plymouth, but this was ten years before the begin-\\nning of common schools in Massachusetts. It is true that this accorded\\nbearing their legitimate fruit of intelligence and A-irtue\\nthe ground and pillar of all popular self-govern-\\nment.\\nSomewhat later (1647), two years before his death,\\nGovernor Winthrop had the satisfaction of giving his\\nofficial sanction to a measure the importance and benefi-\\ncent issues of which no estimate of tliat day could\\napproach a just appreciation a measure for the insti-\\ntution of common schools requiring everj township\\nof fifty householders to maintain permanentlj- a good\\ndistrict school. Since the seventeenth year of Massa-\\nchusetts, says Mr. Palfrey, no child of this State has\\nbeen able to say that to him poverty has closed the book\\nof knowledge, or the -way to honor.\\nSuch, two centuries and a quarter ago, were the feeble\\nyet hopeful beginnings of institutions which have now\\ncome to occupy the consideration, and which have mate-\\nrially affected the destiny of the world. The Indians,\\nwho in those da3-s greatly outntunbercd the colonists,\\nhave since dwindled to a handful, while the pale face\\nhas subdued ucarlj the whole continent to his dominion,\\nand transformed it from a wilderness into a beautiful\\ngarden.\\nTJie Earliest Yankee Emigration.\\nStrange as it may seem, before 1639 complaints were\\nheard in some towns that the people -were already\\nstraitened for want of room, and the result was the\\nsettlement of Connecticut. Late in the spring of 1636,\\nwhen nature was radiant with beauty, and the leaves\\nand grass were sufficiently grown for the cattle to\\nbrowse, says the historian, Mr. Hooker, Mr. Stone,\\nand most of the congregation of Newtown, set out for\\nthat then distant Colonj the pastor s wife being borne\\non a litter on account of her feebleness. The party\\nwas composed of about one hundred emigrants, men,\\nwomen, and children, some of whom had lived in opu-\\nlence in England and, subsisting largely on the milk\\nof their cattle by the waj-, thej toiled on through the\\nwith the history of all education in Europe, the universities of Europe\\nhaving been the progenitors and not the children of the common\\nschools, and It is true that subsequent events have shown that the\\nlower stages of education, instead of mounting by themselves up to the\\nhigher, have been lifted up by the power which has come down to thcra\\nfrom that which is above. But I do not believe, Mr. President, that it\\nwas any historical deduction from the past, or any philosophical previ-\\nsion of the future, which led our forefathers to make provision for the\\nhighest education before they had made any provision for the lowest.\\nRather did this grow out of that instinct, or I might say that inspira-\\ntion, which led them so often and so unconsciously in a way of wisdom\\nbetter than their knowledge. They were accustomed to look upon upward\\nimpulses as coming first from above, and so they sought in the moimtain-\\ntops for the sources of the streams which were to run among the val-\\nleys, and which were to make of a desert land the garden of the Lord.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0046.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\npathless forests of interior Massachusetts, with onlj- the\\ncompass for their guide, having no pillow but Jacob s,\\nand no canopy but the heavens. Advancing scarce ten\\nmiles a da}-, o er mountain-top, and hill and stream,\\nthrough tangled wood and dismal swamps, it was a full\\nfortnight ere they reached their haven of rest.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Praying Indians.\\nFrom the first the colonists seem to have entertained\\nprojects looking towards the conversion of the natives.\\nThough preceded in this field by Mayhew, of Nantucket,\\njet John Eliot, of Roxburj-, is usually considered as\\nthe morning star of missionary enterprise, and to\\nhim has been awarded the appropriate title of the\\nApostle to the Indians. Meantime, with such enthu-\\nsiasm did he enter upon his work, and with such success\\ndid he prosecute it devoting to its advancement more\\nthan fortj years of his life that not onl}- were his\\nlabors applauded, and his name greatl} honored, both at\\nhome and abroad, but, as trophies of his indefatigable\\nassaults on Indian godlessness, he could at one time\\npoint to no less than fifteen hundred natives in the\\nneighborhood of Boston who had by him been induced\\nto abandon their savage customs and habits, form them-\\nselves into civilized communities, learn to read the\\nScriptures and to worship the Christian s God. In con-\\nsequence, however, of King Philip s War, and the sus-\\npicions of the fidelity of even the Praying Indians, with\\nwhich the public mind had been therebj- poisoned\\nresulting in the subjection of some of these so-called\\nPraying Indians to peculiar and verj- aggravating\\nhardships this good work received a serious check.\\nIndeed, owing to the causes named, in a few short 3-ears\\nthe number of meeting-places for these Indians was\\nreduced from fourteen to four. If the value of an enter-\\nprise is to be measured by its final success, the conver-\\nsion of the New England Indians must be regarded as a\\nfailure. The race itself has vanished awa}- and now\\nnearly all that remains to us of the genius and labors of\\nThe legislature having passed an act for the propagation of the\\nGospel among the Indians, the General Court of Massachusetts has the\\ndistinguished honor of having been the first missionary society of Prot-\\nestant Christendom.\\nt Eliot was not the first minister of Roxbury, but preached there\\nmore than fifty years, having been bom at Nazing in England, in 1601,\\nand dying in Roxbury in 1C90. When he was seventy-five years old\\nhe was visited by the Dutch missionaries, Bankers and Sluyter, who\\nthought hira the best of the ministers we have yet heard, and who\\nfound him very polite. But he then (1G79-80) deplored the decline\\nof the church in New England, and especially in Boston, so that he did\\nnot know what would be the final result. After twelve years labor,\\nEliot transb.tcd the Bible into the Indian tongue, and had it printed,\\nthe New Testament first, .at Cambridge, in lCOl-3.\\nlie that would \\\\vrite of Eliot, says Cotton Mather, must write of\\nEhot are a few scattered volumes that have descended\\nto us from the past, as unintelligible as the inscrip-\\ntions on the obelisk of Luxor. Yet, as memorials of\\nthe piety and missionarj zeal of our ancestors, and\\nespecially as monuments of the self-sacrificing labors of\\nthis primitive New England Apostle to the Gentiles,\\nthey are certainly most impressive and instructive. f\\nColonial Penalties.\\nOf all our colonial ancestry, says another, the\\nNew England character was marked by severest aus-\\nterity and integrity. No Jew ever followed more closely\\nboth the laws and the prophets than the Puritan. Nay,\\nnot onlj was his own conduct rigorously shaped by a\\nliteral interpretation of the Scriptures, but he insisted\\nalso on watching over and shaping the conduct of others\\naccording to the same divine pattern. Accordingly, in\\nthe good old colonial days, not only were pubUc\\noffences dealt with, but private morals, as well, were\\ncarefully watched over by the authorities of Church and I\\nState. In these earhost times the ministers had almost i\\nentire control, and hence a church reproof was con- i\\nsidered the heav-lest disgrace. Betimes, however, some- j\\nthing further was found necessary for consciences less\\ntender, and for oflTenders more flagrant. For shooting\\nfowl on Sunday a man was once whipped. The swearer\\nwas made to meditate over his sin standing in a public\\nplace with his tongue in a cleft stick. For graver oflTen-\\nces of speech, the guilty party was set in the stocks, or\\nthe unruly member was bored through with a hot iron.\\nNor were minor transgressions of the tongue b} any\\nmeans winked at the unhappy housewife, whose tem-\\nper had got the Ijctter of her wisdom, having allotted to\\nher sorry leisure for repentance being gagged (espe-\\ncially if a bad scold) and then set at her own door for\\nall comers and goers to gaze at. Offenders of this lat-\\nter class, it may be added, were sometimes punished by\\nbeing ducked in running water. Philip. Ratcliffc was\\nsentenced to bo whipped, have his ears cut off, fined\\ncharity or say nothing. The parish treasurer once paid him his salary\\nand tied it up for him in his handkerchief, with as many hard knots as\\nhe could. On his way home he called to see a poor sick woman, and\\nsaid God had sent her some relief. Unable to untie the knots with his\\naged hands, he finally gave the whole handkerchief to the woman, say-\\ning, Take it, my dear sister; the Lord designs it all for you.\\nTruly, he said, in his old age, I am good for little here below,\\nonly, while I daily find my understanding going and my memory\\nand senses decayed, I bless God my faith and charity grow. He\\ndressed plainly and drank nothing but \\\\\\\\atcr, saying, Wine is a\\nnoble, generous liquor, and we should be humbly th.ankful for it;\\nbut, as I remember, water was made before it. His portrait was\\ndiscovered in London by William Whiting, in 1851, and is engraved\\nfor Mr. Drake s history. Correspondoice of Springfield Repub-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0047.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nforty shillings, and banished out of the limits of the\\njurisdiction, for uttering malicious and scandalous\\nspeeches against the government, and the chui-ch of\\nSalem. Culprits were sometimes led about town fast-\\nened to the tail or back of a cart, being whipped as they\\nwent a custom in vogue as late as the middle of the\\neighteenth century. National Repository.\\nReligious Persecutions.\\nThat the sacrifices made bj- the Puritans to obtain\\nreligious freedom for themselves involved no recogni-\\ntion, on their part, of the general principle of religious\\ntoleration, as now understood, may be justly inferred\\nfrom their conduct towards those who were considered to\\nhave deviated from their own ecclesiastical standards.\\nWhen the Salem church decided that their form of\\nchurch service and government should be Congrega-\\ntional, some, dissatisfied with the covenant of said\\nchurch, complained because the service of the Episcopal\\nChiu-ch was omitted. Aroused bj^ this opposition, Endi-\\ncott, then governor, and no friend of the Episcopacy,\\nregarding the course of these parties as tending to\\nmutinj- and faction, told them that New England was\\nno place for them, and forthwith sent them back to\\nEngland. Thus was Episcopacy professed, and thus\\nsummarilj was it expelled from the Colon}-.\\nAmong the great lights of the earl}- colonial pulpit,\\nand in some respects the nol)lest of the earl}- emigrants,\\nwas Roger Williams, a young Welsh preacher of singu-\\nlar eloquence, and the second pastor of the Salem\\nChurch. He anived in 1631. This man has achieved\\nan exceptional fame on the score of his misfortunes, as\\nthe groat apostle of the principle of freedom of relig-\\nious opinion, and as the founder of the city of Provi-\\ndence. Having made himself obnoxious to the authori-\\nties as an agitator as an advocate of measures con-\\nsidered to be subversive of the peace and dignity of the\\nstate after having been admonished and disciplined\\nin vain, he was banished from the settlement.\\nScarcely were the magistrates rid of Roger Williams\\nwhen they found themselves engaged in a contest much\\nmore threatening and difiicult to control than what he\\nhad raised.* At the head of it stood a capable and\\nThe task was especially difflcnlt as her party comprehended several\\nof the most important men in the infant Commonwealth, and its busi-\\nness was conducted by a determination and skill well worthy of a bet-\\nter cause. Palfrey.\\nt At a time when a war with the most powerful of the natives was\\nimminent a war which threatened to bring about a universal league of\\nthe New England savages yea, and when under these circumstances,\\na force had been ordered to take the field for the better defence of the\\nsettlements, the Boston men, it is recorded, refused to be mustered be-\\ncause they suspected the chaplain, who was to accompany the expedi-\\nresoluto woman, whose name, dismally conspicuous in the\\nearly history of New England, was Mrs. Anne Hutchin-\\nson. Early she had become somewhat notorious for her\\neccentric speculations and pretensions to direct revela-\\ntion. Of great energy of character and vivacity of mind,\\nand possessed of striking controversial talents, she\\nhad acquired more or less popular esteem and influence.\\nMeantime, attaching great importance to her religious\\nnotions, Mrs. Hutchinson, at length, was led to under-\\ntake some sort of public ministration of them. It had\\nbeen the practice of the male members of the Boston\\nchurch, of which Mrs. Hutchinson was a member, to\\nhold meetings by themselves for the purpose of recapitu-\\nlating and discussing the sermon of their minister.\\nMrs. Hutchinson conceived the idea of instituting simi-\\nlar assembUes for her own sex, not so much, indeed, to\\nreview the sermon, as to ventilate her own peculiar va-\\ngaries. The meeting was established. From the first\\nit was attended, it is said, by nearly one hundred\\nfemales, embracing many of the chief matrons of the\\ntown. What wonder that her bold criticisms, set off\\nwith a certain voluble eloquence, that her expositions,\\nmade impressive by an imposing familiarity at once with\\nscripture, and the most abstruse speculations of philoso-\\nphy and the whole, illumined and made impressive by\\ndevotional gifts even more striking than her didactic\\npowers, what wonder that these should have produced\\na sensation should have ensured this woman a follow-\\ning, including even such men as Governor Vane, and so\\neminent ministers as Wheelwright and John Cotton!\\nNot unnaturally, in proportion to her popularity and\\nsuccess, she became conceited, headstrong, extravagant,\\nimperious, fanatical even going so far, at length, as\\nvehemently to assail the authorities, and thus, and at a\\nspecially perilous and critical epoch in the Colony s his-\\ntory, creating disaflfection, and, to the same extent, of\\ncourse, paralyzing the secular arm hindering the\\nmagistrates in the effectual execution of the laws.f\\nForbearance, it was thought, at length, had ceased to bo\\na virtue. She and some of her leading partisans, were\\narrested, tried, convicted and banished from the settle-\\nment. I\\nBut that which, perhaps, more than anything else, has\\ntion, of being under a covenant of works. Surely, when a religious\\nschism has become so rabid and reckless as to involve direct armed\\nresistance to authority, even while invading hosts are supposed to be at\\nour doors, is it not time it should be crushed with a strong hand\\nJ She went first to Rhode Island, but after the death of her husband,\\nremoved, with her sun-iving family, into the territory of the Dutch.\\nThe Dutch and Indians being then at war, in an invasion of the set-\\ntlement by the latter, her house wr.s attacked and set on fire, and\\nherself and all the family, save one child, who was carried captive,\\nperished.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0048.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nscandalized the Massachusetts Colonj except it be possi-\\nbly the hanging of tlie so-called witches of Salem, was\\nits persecution (1659-60) of the Quakers even unto\\ndeath.\\nIn so far as our Puritan fathers dealt harshly or\\nunkindly with their pestilent agitators and rebellious\\nheretics in so far as they may have been really intoler-\\nant in spirit, or high-handed, or arbitrary in their mea-\\nsures, we are not careful to defend them.* It is but\\njustice to these illustrious ancestors, however, that the\\nprinciples on which thej-, at least ostensibly, proceeded,\\nshould be clearly recognized and distinctly understood\\nand these, arising from their peculiar circumstances, and\\nhence altogether singular, and without precedent, were\\nt^^o the right, on the ground of original occupation, of\\nenjoj-ing unmolested their religion in their own commu-\\nnity and sccondlj self-defence. When Endicott so\\nsummarily banished the Episcopalians, and the Colony\\nafterwards ejected Antinomians, Baptists, and Quakers,\\nit was on the ground tuat Massachusetts having paid a\\ngreat price for the sake of the unmolested worship of\\nGod in their own way, they proposed to maintain this\\nprivilege, which under the circumstances, in their judg-\\nment, partook largely of the nature of right. In Eng-\\nland we were in the waj- of the National Church, virtu-\\nally they argued. We were crowded out. We do not\\ncomplain. Now, j ou are in our way. Go. The world\\nis wide. Build on your own foundations. There is\\nroom for us both. We have no quarrel with 3 our doc-\\ntrines. We respect your right of private judgment.\\nOnly vacate our premises. f\\nSays Mr. Palfrey, who has canvassed this whole sub-\\nject with great ability and candor, The sound and\\ngenerous principle of perfect freedom of conscience in\\nThat this w.is the case, in some measure at least, is rendered highly\\nprobable in view of the vehement temper and character of such men for\\nexample as Endicott and Bcllingham, who, unfortunately, happened to\\nhave the most important agency in the administration of affairs at the\\ntime of the Quaker excitement. It is well knomi, moreover, that Gov-\\nernor Winthrop, though he did not doubt the justice of his sentence,\\nyet keenly regretted the unnecessary harshness which attended the disci-\\npline and banishment of Roger Williams from the Jlassachusctts Colony.\\nt At the foot of the gallows tlie offer was again renewed to Mary\\nDyer, of release, if she would only promise henceforth keep out of\\nJIassaehusetts. But she refused it, and met her fate with brave deter-\\nmination. Palfrey.\\nX The popular notion that, though exiles themselves for conscience\\nsake, yet with bigoted fury and intolerant ferocity, the Puritans sen-\\ntenced, on purely religious or theological grounds, all opposers of their\\npeculiar beliefs to the punishments of fine, whipping, imprisonment,\\nbanishment, and death, is hardly borne out by clearly established facts.\\nRoger Williams is honored as the apostle of religious toleration, of\\nfreedom of opinion and speech on tliis continent; as the man from\\nthe alembic of whoso soul was evolved the sublime principle of liberty\\nof conscience. We have no disposition to take from this great and\\ngood man one laurel that belongs to him. Though we may question\\nreligious concerns can scared} be shown to have been\\ninvolved in these disputes between WiUiams and those\\nwho dismissed him there was no question about dogmas\\nhe was not charged with, and hence could not be exiled\\nfor, heresy proper, but for civil turbulence. Cotton\\nMather declared that the wind-mill in the young\\nWelshman s head seemed likely to turn everything topsj\\nturvy in the settlement. Restless, violent, disputa-\\ntious courageous, disinterested, kind-hearted to a fault,\\nj et hungering irresistibly for excitement and conflict,\\nand, meanwhile hurling scathing denunciations against\\nthe authorities for what he was pleased to consider\\ndoubtless a mockery of liberty of conscience, Roger\\nWilliams, with aU his good qualities, proved, yet, a thorn\\nin the side of the young Colony which they had not the\\ngrace to endure, and hence they cast him out. J\\nIn like manner Mr. Palfrey argues it would be an\\nunjust representation of the case of Mrs. Hutchinson\\nand her partisans to allege that they were punished for\\nentertaining opinions distasteful to theii- associates on\\ndark questions of theologj Standing, as they were,\\nbetween two great perils, a threatened rupture with\\nthe most formidable of the native tribes, and an invasion\\nfrom the parent countrj dangers to be parried only\\nby a concentration of all their own resources, and by\\nfurther accessions from abroad, if such could be ob-\\ntained, is it not extravagant to suppose that the fathers\\nof the state would have allowed themselves to be diverted\\ninto a mere distracting contest of speculative polemics\\nIn their estimation, it was a question of life and death\\nwith which they had to deal.\\nThe disputes introduced by Mrs. Hutchinson threat-\\nened nothing less than immediate anarcliy put in\\njeopardy their very poUtical existence. The colonists\\nwhether it was because ho was grieved to find among the colonists the\\nsame spirit of religious intolerance and persecution from ivhich thcr\\nhad just fled to find shelter in the wilderness, that he preached his\\ncrusade of denunciation against them, yet, that he did preach tolcr.\\ntion for all sects, classes, and nations, and was, in this regard, far in\\nadvance of his time, we admit. For this we honor him. Menntin-.c,\\nwe venture to add, that so many years after William the Silent, and\\nHenry IV. of France, Williams can hardly be esteemed in any proper\\nsense, the author of this idea while it may be interesting and instruct-\\nive to remember that this same liberty-loving, creed-hr.ting Roger Wil-\\nliams, rigorously repelled all religions dissentients fi ora his sympathy\\nand fellowship, however good Christians, if members of the Engli:.;i\\nChurch or, if not, if they did not publicly proclaim their repentance\\nfor having ever communed with such.\\nDepending, as the young colony did, on the good word and active\\npatronage of its Puritan friends in England, and looking to tlicm\\nanxiously for an increase of numbers, and so of power, it could ill bear\\nto be represented to them as already rent and disabled by fictions.\\nNothing more intimately concerned its welfare than the creation within\\nit of such a state of things as would justify a report in England suited\\nto encourage a largo emigration of men of the desired character and\\nmcam. Palfrey.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0049.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF KEW ENGLAND.\\nwere, therefore, ob\\\\-iously shut up to a choice of evils in\\nthis case internal discord and dissolution, or, on the\\nother hand, the expulsion from their bosom of these ele-\\nments of deadl}- civil strife. The question for them to\\ndecide was simplj- whether the^- would live or die.\\nThey proposed to live.\\nIt must be admitted that this plea does not hold with\\nequal force in the case of the Quaker persecution. Un-\\nless the judgment of the Puritan leaders had been seri-\\nously disturbed by the provocations of the contest, it is\\ndifficult to understand how thcj- could have seriously\\nconsidered that measures of such extreme rigor were\\nany longer indispensable in order to the safety of their\\ninstitutions. Meantime, unless distempered imaginations\\ngreatly exaggerated their dangers, it must have been\\nsufficiently patent to these leaders that, by enforcing\\ntheir extreme measures they were maintaining their\\nposition at far too great a cost.f\\nThe Neva England Confederacy.\\nThe Confederacy of 1643 has been well stated to have\\nbeen an important event in the history of New England.\\nThe idea seems to have originated with the Colonj- of\\nPljTnouth during the Pequot war. Solicited to furnish\\nmen and means for this war, it was objected that in their\\nlate difficulties with the French; their Massachusetts\\nbrethren had refused their aid. This led to a conference\\nin Boston between the agents of the two Colonies, called\\nfor the purpose of promoting harmon}- of action, and in\\nwhich proposals were made for an alliance, ofi ensive and\\nLet those who are disposed, with any nndnc severity, to condemn the\\nTuritan fathers for their seeming intolertincc and exclusivcncss, bear in\\nmind that the position they occupied was precisely the same at present\\nmaintained by many wise and good men on the Pacific slope in regard\\nto Chinese immigration. Whether the policy be wise or unwise, some\\nof the ablest statesmen and divines on the Pacific coast arguo that, com-\\ning under the cu-cumstanecs under which they do, the advent of the\\nMongolian to the Pacific States tends to make the reproduction of New\\nEngland civilization there impracticable. Meanwhile, before we of the\\nEast too swcepingly condemn our Western brethren, may we not profit-\\nably consider that many thoughtful minds regard it as a very giave\\nquestion how far even New England and the East can afford to go in\\nimporting the ignorant, Bocialistic, communistic elements of the Old\\nWorld, and still preserve our free suffrage and our capacity for self-\\ngovernment. If, for example, intclUgenec and morality are absolutely\\nessential conditions of a republican system, m.iy we not wisely inquire,\\nto what extent is it safe to go in diluting the population of the land with\\nignorant and unprincipled suffrage in thrusting the ballot into the hands\\nof lawlessness and ignorance However it may contradict our cher-\\nished traditions, or belie our fine theories concerning a universal asy-\\nlum, is it, after all, unstatcsmanliko to consider whether wc may not,\\nnevertheless, be in danger of throwing more water into the national\\nboiler than our furnaces can possibly convert into steam, in which case,\\nof course, the engine must inevitably stop Nay, are there not sug-\\ngestive indications that the steam in the national boiler even now is get-\\nting fearfully low At all events, until we can confidently answer\\nsome of these interrogatories in the negative, let us not be too swift to\\ndefensive, in all cases of like future occurrence. The\\ntwo Connecticut Colonies shortly after also entered into\\nthis alliance, and the Confederacy was known as the\\nUnited Colonies of New England. It continued for a\\nperiod of about forty years, when it came to an end b}-\\nan arbitrary act of the British Court.\\nScattered, as the\\\\ were, over a wide extent of wilder-\\nness country, encompassed hy dangers on every side, and\\nconscious of their insccuritj and weakness, how natural\\nthat this handful of settlers should have thus combined.\\nAll round about them there roamed a subtle, savage,\\nrevengeful foe, with whom thej- had already had occasion\\nto engage in dcadlj exterminating strife, and whose very\\nfriendship was known to be fickle and inconstant while\\nthe air was constantly full of rumors of hostilities and\\nplots for their overthrow. That, painfully alive thus, to\\nthe insecurity of their situation, sensible, as the his-\\ntorian has vividly painted it, that they were resting\\nupon the verge of a slumbering volcano, whose streams\\nof desolation might at any time overleap the feeble bar-\\nters which resti-ained them, and pour a desolating tide\\nof lava over the country, that, under the circumstances,\\nwe say, these pioneers, in their hour of peril, far from\\nthe land of their birth, dependent solely on God and\\ntheir own right arm for prescr\\\\-ation and support, should\\nhave woven, as the} did, this fourfold cordon for their\\ndefence, will assuredly excite no surprise.\\nMeantime, the thoughtful reader will hardlj- learn un-\\nmoved that self-preser\\\\-ation was b}- no means the onh\\nmotive that influenced these early fathers in entering into\\ncondemn the Puritans because they thought best to work the pumps\\nslowly for a time and crowd the fu-.nace.\\nt Mr. Palfrey expresses the opinion that, among those favoring the\\nlaw threatening Quakers with death if they should return from banish-\\nment, there was a confident persuasion that the terror of the law alone\\nwould accomplish all that was desired, and would prevent (as in most\\ncases it did) any occasion for its actual execution. Unfortunately,\\nhowever, having thus imprudently calculated on the effects of their\\nthreats on men and women become frantic, insanely inconfiidcratc, or\\ndesperate, through the influence of fanatical opinions which they enter-\\ntained, .and havmg thus committed themselves to a policy which could\\nnot be maintained without grievous severity, or abandoned without hu-\\nmiliation and danger, the court, when the issue was fearlessly joined,\\nand the necessity of action laid upon them, had not the courage to\\nacknowledge their error and to retrace their steps. Possibly the morti-\\nfication of defeat might have been endured but they f.arcd, it is prob-\\nable, that any failure on their part to execute the la\u00c2\u00ab-s would affect un-\\nfavorably the stability of their govenuncnt. Perhaps each party con-\\ntinued to the last to hope that under the shadow of the terrible gal-\\nlows, the other would relent. If so, both were doomed to dis.ip-\\npointment. The fltct is, whatever New England rulers, in those\\ndays, promised or threatened, it was their practice usually to do;\\nwhile on the other hand, unhappily, in the weaker party in this case,\\nto an idiotic folly was united an indoinilable boldness. The con-\\ntest of will was, therefore, to continue to the bitter end. The Qua-\\nker and Puritan measured swords. Though he suffered, yet the\\nQuaker prevailed.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0050.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nthis league that this league was entered into, indeed,\\nnot less for religion and for religious liberties, than for\\ntemporal protection not less for the preservation and\\nthe propagation of the truths and liberties of the Gospel,\\nthan for their own mutual aid, or to promote their phj si-\\ncal safet3^\\nThis confederation, meanwhile, so long as it continued\\nto exist, served, not onlj as the strong right arm of de-\\nfence on the part of the Colonies, at once against a\\nforeign, and also an insidious and common domestic\\nenemj but, moreover, promoted that mutual commerce\\nof opinion, and interchange of ideas, and hence that\\nmutual acquaintance, and, withal, obviously facilitated\\nthose intercolonial political intercommunications and\\ncombinations that so signall3 paved the waj for the\\nrealization of that far grander and more effective con-\\nfederation that was to follow bj- and by.\\nIndian Wars.\\nFor a long period the colonists had the good fortune\\nto avoid hostile collisions with their aboriginal neighbors.\\nWith some of the native tribes they alwaj-s maintained\\nfriendly relations. Others, however, were less tractable\\nand peaceably inclined.\\nOne of the first of these native New England tribes to\\nj give the settlers serious trouble was the Pequot a for-\\nmidable tribe, numbering some seven hundred wamors,\\nthe central seat of whose power was between the Mystic\\nand the Thames. If their feelings were ever friendly,\\nthey very early became changed, for some reason, to\\nthose of hatred and revenge. Having perpetrated cer-\\ntain murders, and committed various depredations on the\\nEnglish, Endicott, bj Vfaj of retaliation, burnt two of\\ntheir villages, and destro3-ed their corn.\\nThis led to the Pequot war (1G37), the brunt of which\\nwas borne by Connecticut settlers. The campaign against\\nthe Pequots, under Captain Mason, in connection with\\nwhich an Indian fort was surprised, the garrison put to\\nthe sword, and thus the Pequot tribe practicall} extermi-\\nnated, was one of the most brilliant in the annals of early\\nNew England.\\nThe first severe check which the prosperity of the\\nPhilip was the second son of that Massasolt, sachem of the numer-\\nous trihc of Polianokets, who so early concluded a league of peace\\nwith the colonists of Plymouth, and who always, to the day of his\\ndeath, forty years aftenvards, maintained the treaty faithfully. Dying\\nat an advanced age, Massasoit was succeeded by his sons Wamsutta and\\nMctacomet. Ambitions of an English name, the court, as it cost them\\nlittle to gratify him, bestowed on him the cognomen of Alexander; and\\ndesiring the same in behalf of his brother, the latter was named Philip.\\nPhilip s residence, or headquarters, was on that beautiful peninsular\\nrange of hills, twelve miles long, called Mount Hope, now belonging to\\nthe town of liristol, which the traveller from Boston to New York by\\nColonies received was in what is known as King\\nPhilip s War, which, commencing in 1675, lasted till\\nthe latter part of 1676 terminating with the death of\\nPhiUp.\\nThe proximate cause of the outbreak of hostilities\\nwas the murder, bj- the tools of Philip, of a certain Praj-\\ning Indian, Sasamon, who, though he had apostatized\\nand joined Philip, serving as his secretary, was yet sub-\\nsequently reclaimed through the exertions of Mr. Eliot.\\nThe guilt} parties were speedily secured, and, not a little\\nto the exasperation of Philip, brought to justice.\\nPhilip s first blow was struck at Swansea. This was\\nfollowed rapidly by bloody conflicts, massacres, and\\nburnings, at Bloody Brook, Brookfield, Narragansett\\nFort, Hatfield, Springfield, Seekonk, and Lancaster.\\nOn the part of the savages, this war, from the very\\nfirst, seems to have been one of desperation. They\\nburned villages, lay in ambush for stray parties, fell on\\ndefenceless outposts, and pursued the conflict in a spirit\\nof most sanguinary determination, giving over the\\nstruggle only when decimated, demoralized, crushed,\\ndriven with their bloodthirsty chieftain to his last\\nretreat, thej could hold out no longer. During this war\\nmade luridl} famous by the torch as well as the toma-\\nhawk, and illustrated bj- the heroism and daring of such\\nmen as Price, Cudworth, Uncas, Wheeler, the defender\\nof Brookfield, and Willard, who came to the rescue of\\nthe imperilled garrison there Parker, Winslow, and\\nCaptains Johnson and Davenport, the first to fall at\\nthe head of their respective commands on storming\\nNarragansett Fort Lothrop, the hero of Bloodj- Brook,\\nand whose compan} known as the Flower of Essex,\\nwas almost wholly cut to pieces on that disastrous field,\\nand the gallant Church, who had the honor of ending the\\nwar, by overtaking and killing Philip during this\\nterrific war, no less than twelve or thirteen towns were\\ndestroyed, f and more than six hundred of the colonists\\nperished in the field were either stealthil}- murdered, or\\nfell in battle, or, becoming prisoners, were lost sight of\\nforever, an unknown number of them being put to death\\nwith nameless and most horrible tortures.\\nThere was hardly an English family in the two Colo-\\nFall River, sees on his right hand as ho passes down Taunton River\\ninto Narragansett Bay.\\nt It has been well said that no mere inventory of murders and pil-\\nlages, of massacres and conflagrations, even could such a list be made\\ncomplete, can set forth the amount of distress endured in this cam-\\npaign. Outlying houses were fired by night while their inmates slept;\\nhusbandmen at their work, and women at the well, and travellers on the\\nroad, were shot down; no man, outside the large towns, might leave his\\ndoor with safety every bush near it might mask a watchful marksman.\\nIt was one continued succession of ruthless rav.-vgcs on a larger or\\nsmaller scale.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 fo^rey.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0051.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nnies, saj s the historian, tliat was not in mourning in\\nconsequence of this war. Meantime, impoverishment\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was added to bereavement, the expenses of the struggle\\nha^^ng reached the enormous figure, for that daj of\\n$500,000 an amount believed to have been in excess of\\nthe value of tlic whole personal propertj- of the people.\\nThe fact of this being known as King Philip s v.-ar,\\nhas led manj- to suppose that Philip was not onlj- the\\ninstigator, but the generalissimo and master-spirit of it.\\nThere is no reason, however, to believe that Philip pos-\\nsessed either the statesmanlilie or militarj- qualities,\\nthe considerate foresight, capacitj for political combina-\\ntion, or aptness for influencing the actions of men,\\nattributed to him, and necessarj- in order to enable him\\nthus to ride upon and direct the storm which he had\\nconjured up or that anj- such conspiracy, as the popular\\ntheorj- supposes, to rid the countrj- of the white man, b}\\na combined movement on the part of all the Kow Eng-\\nland tribes, ever actually- existed. The probabilities are\\nrather that once hostilities having broken out, the thirst\\nfor blood became epidemic that a few war-whoops hav-\\ning fired the Indian heart, the contagion became general,\\nand spread rapidly over a wide extent of country, -j-\\nThe dealings of the colonists with the Indians, have\\nlong been a subject of more or less reproach. Their\\ntreatment of the red race has been commonly censured\\nas barbarous and cruel. This is not the place to enter\\nupon a studied and elaborate defence of the Puritan\\nfathers, touching their dealings with, or treatment of\\nthe red men. And jxt we may be permitted to saj- that\\nthere is no sufficient reason to believe that the latter\\nwere ever treated othen\\\\-ise than equitablj-, and even\\ngenerously, by the whites j-ea, so far from the natives\\nhaving been wronged or oppressed by their white neigh-\\nbors, all the endence goes to show that, on the other hand,\\nthe new order of things was greatl}- to the advantage of\\nthe sons of the soil. J Offering them a full equivalent\\nfor whatever they received from their lands, and acquir-\\nBy years of steady industry and pinching frugality, however, she\\npaid her enormous debt, principal and interest, to the uttermost for-\\ntUing. New England never learned the doctrine of repudiation. Pal-\\nfrey.\\nThe Indian King Philip is a mythical character, a creature of the\\npopular imagination, not less as to his personal habits, than touching\\nhis abilities, or character. The title King, which it has been custom-\\nary to attach to his name, s.iys Jlr. Talfrcy, disguises and trans-\\nfigures to the view the form of a squalid savage, whose palace was a\\nEty; whose royal robe was a bcar-sldn, or coarse blanket, alive with\\nvermin; who h-irdly knew the luxury of an ablution, and who was\\noften glad to appease appetite with food such as men ordinarily loathe.\\nX Rev. Mr. Wood, writing concerning the Plymouth colonists, says\\nMany have supposed that our fathers treated very unjustly the\\nnatives whom they found on this soil and sometimes AVilliam Pcnn,\\nand Roger Williams are applauded as standing higher than others in\\ning whatever thej- wanted for the enlargement of their\\nborders, hy an amicable arrangement with such as had\\nan earlier possession affording a steady and profitable\\nmarket for certain articles of their production, such as\\ncorn and furs, and so giving them the opportunitj com-\\nmerce alone can give, to rise from their degradation to\\nthe decencies and comforts of ci^^lization while witli-\\noiit this custom, much which they possessed, or could\\nacquire, must obviously remain utterly worthless on\\ntheir hands holding over them, with assiduous solici-\\ntude, the a?gis of law, protecting them in tlie possession\\nof whatever they desired to keep, and shielding them\\nwith solicitous care from the dcA-iees of swindhng specu-\\nlators and sharpers securing to them the benefits of\\ninstruction in such departments of knowledge, as were\\ncalculated to advance man in dignity and happiness\\nand, finally, with infinite tenderness, patience, and\\npains, laboring to impart to them the most precious of\\nall gifts, the saving knowledge of Chiiotiamty, the\\nEnglish had done the natives good, and only good, from\\nthe verj beginning. True, in single instances, injustice\\nand unkindncss maj- have been done to Indians but, if so,\\nit had been contrar} to law, by vagabonds such as infest\\nevery community, and whom no communit}- is able ab-\\nsolutely to control. When, indeed, was there ever a time,\\nor where a place, that incapable and unluckj- persons have\\nnot been subject to injury from, arc not likely to be\\ncheated and maltreated by, lawless people But so far\\nas those responsible for the management of affairs were\\nconcerned, the natives had no occasion to complain, the\\ngovernment had never disturbed their homes, had never\\nappropriated, without remuneration, or their consent,\\ntheir so-called hunting-grounds had never defrauded\\nthem of an}- of their rights, but rather had aimed even\\nreligiously to regard, and sacredly to maintain them\\nwhile, so far as practicable, they had exerted themselves,\\nat no little cost of self-denial, to extend to them all the\\nbenefits of their own civilization.\\nthis respect. It is believed, however, that the Pilgrim fathers were no\\nless desirous, than the worthies just mentioned, of acting towards the\\nIndians upon the principle of tlie Golden Rule. Gov. Winslow, in\\n1676, says I think I can clearly say that, before the present trouble\\nbroke out, the English did not possess one foot of land in this Colony\\nbut what was fairly obtained by honest purchase of the Indi.an pro-\\nprietors. The prices paid seem to us now as absurdly small but the\\nlands sold were of little value to the few saittercd natives, who wished\\nto use them only for hunting and fishing and, in a large measure, they\\nretained these privileges after the surrender of their titles to the soil.\\nLest they should be wronged by individual whites, it was ordered that\\nno person should purchase, or receive as a gift, any land of the Indians,\\nwithout consent of the court.\\nAnd yet, as Mr. Palfrey so eloquently observes Without provoca-\\ntion, and without warning, these barbarians gave full sway to the inhu-\\nman passions of their 6av.age nature. They burst forth into a wild riot of", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0052.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nTlie Politics of the Period. Difficulties and Disputes\\nwith England.\\nFor four years after their settlement, the Massachu-\\nsetts Colony had been left to bear their burdens and do\\ntheir work without any material interference with Eng-\\nland. The increasing emigration, however, from the\\nlatter country, and a suspicion on the part of the crown,\\nthat the Colony desired to be independent, led to an\\nattempt to annul their charter, and the appointment of a\\nspecial commission for its government.* Receiving an\\norder to deliver up their charter, the Colony evaded the\\nrequest, and at a meeting of tlic General Court showed\\ntheir mettle h} taking measures for the fortification of\\nBoston Harbor, Charlestown, and Dorcliester, and mak-\\ning arrangements for the drilling and discipUning of\\ntroops. The political agitations of the mother country,\\nhowever, and the vicissitudes incident to Cromwell s Com-\\nmonwealth, preserved the Colonies for almost a genera-\\ntion from the dangers which had threatened them from\\nthat quarter. On the restoration of tlie Stuarts the old\\ntrouble was revived. The Colony had protested against\\nthe injustice of being subject to the laws of parliament.\\nThe Long Parliament had acquiesced in this. But the\\nnew judges, under the restoration, disregarded this\\nprotest denied the right of local self-government, and\\nthe Colony was declared to be under the unrestricted\\nlegislative supremacy of parliament. Much controversy\\nensued. At length, in 1662, a commission was sent to\\nEngland to pray for the continuance of civil and religious\\nliberties. It was successful in obtaining a confirmation\\nof the charter, the king, however, maintaining his right\\nto interfere in the domestic concerns of the Colony\\ndemanding the repeal of all laws derogatory to his\\npillage, arson, and massacre. By night they crept, with murderous intent,\\nto the doors of the very dwellings made familiar to them by the experi-\\nence of old hospitality. They wrested wives and mothers from ministra-\\ntions of dying men, and children from mothers arms, for death in cruel\\nforms. They tortured their prisoners with the most atrocious ingenuity.\\nRepeatedly, after they rose in arms, overtures of friendship were made\\nto thcra. But whether they disregarded such proposals, or professed\\nto fall in with them, it was all the same, the work of massacre and ravage\\nstill went on. The ferocious creature, having once tasted blood, could not\\nrestrain himself till he should be gorged therewith. Meantime, the\\nheart of English life in New England had been well-nigh reached by\\nthese assassins and, doubtless, had there actually been that general\\nand combined movement on the part of the New England savages,\\nsupposed by some to have existed, had the Indians been really pre-\\npared to strike a united and vigorous blow, the result could have\\nscarcely been other than the devastation of the whole territory, and the\\ntotal abandonment of New England by the portion of civilized people\\nleft alive. Indeed, when we consider the immense advantage enjoyed\\nby the Indians in this warfare, if not as to numbers, yet in their supe-\\nrior knowledge of the countrj and in their facilities for concealment,\\nand for falling suddenly on the fixed residences of their enemy in\\ntheir personal knowledge of every path and defile by which an un-\\nauthority the taking of the oath of allegiance the\\nadministration of justice in his name the complete tol-\\neration of the Church of England and a concession of\\nthe elective franchise to everj inhabitant possessed of a\\ncompetent estate. A portion of the community took\\nquite strong grounds against these royal demands, though\\nnot so much on account of the demands themselves, as on\\naccount of the further power they implied. In due time\\ncommissioners were sent out to compose these difficul-\\nties in New England, charged to investigate the affairs\\nof the Colony, with full authority to provide for the\\npeace of the country, according to the royal instructions\\nand their own discretion. Thcj arrived in 1664. So\\nvigorous, however, was the opposition organized against\\nthem, so effectually did the colonists manoeuvre to baffle\\nand nullify the measures of the commission, that, after\\nan utterly unsuccessful attempt to accomplish their pur-\\nposes, frustrated in every effort by the vigilance of\\nthe Colon}-, the commission returned from their boot-\\nless mission. Massachusetts, for this behavior, was\\nsharply reproved by the king, and the governor (Bell-\\ningham) was commanded to appear in England. Com-\\npliance with this demand, after mature deliberation, was\\nrefused. Not unnaturally this bold act of disobedience\\nraised the anger of the king, though it excited no further\\naggression on the part of a monarch who preferred the\\ncompanionship of favorites and mistresses to the cares\\nof state.\\nInfluences, meanwhile, had long been in operation in\\nEngland destined to culminate in a crisis in New Eng-\\nland history. The Tory part}-, now in the ascendant,\\nhad deliberately determined to humble Massachusetts.\\nHer spirit of independence, not to say insubordination,\\ndefended hamlet might be secretly reached, every thicket In which\\nthey might crouch and wait for a company of travellers every hoUow\\nin which they might lie hidden, and baffle pursuit, we cannot but\\nregard it as providential that this war was not more utterly disastrous\\nthan it was. They knew the haunts and the habits of theii exposed\\nwhite neighbors, the day of the week when their dwellings might be\\nransacked and burned more safely than on others the hours of the night\\nwhen conflagration and carnage were easiest.\\nThe writer is aware that it may be maintained that, in seeking to\\nrecall the original charter of this compiiny, and to replace it with one\\nallowing the crown to appoint the colonial governor, the crown was\\nreally seeking to recover only its own constitutional prerogative that\\nit is not necessary to impugn the motives of the king, or of his cabinet,\\nfor seeking such a result; and that the colonists were hardly war-\\nranted in assuming that the attempt to recall their charter, and to un-\\npose on them a royal governor, was necessarily an act of despotism.\\nIt is, to be sure, barely possible, that the original colonists and their\\nimmediate descendants were unnecessarily sensitive on this point.\\nWhy, indeed, were not our forefathers as proud of having an EngUsh\\nnobleman for their chief magistrate as are our northern neighbors, even\\nnow rejoicing over the arrival among them of a royal princess and her\\nnoble husband to preside over their political destinies.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0053.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nhad been insufferable it must be subdued. Her ecclesi-\\nastical heterodoxj- and illiberality had ever been a thorn\\nin their side. She must now be punished. She had\\nbeen guiltj- of manifold crimes and misdemeanors it\\nwas high time she was made to know her place. Accord-\\ningl}-, crown and council, prelates and peers, merchants\\nand manufacturers, all leagued together to break down\\nher cherished and time-honored charter. She should be\\nmade an example of. She should be taught a lesson.\\nThej were determined now to push matters to the utmost\\nextremit}-.\\nOf course, on the receipt of these ad^4ces in the\\nColony, the conmiunitj was widely and intensely agi-\\ntated. The matter was one in which all were interested.\\nThere was no party so moderate but was friendly to the\\ncharter, while the body of the people were sincerely\\nattached to it. Their all seemed now to be at stake.\\nIt was for this they had left England and fled to the wil-\\nderness that they had encountered perils and distress\\nthat they had submitted to the sorest privations, and\\nhad contended with the difficulties incident to a new set-\\ntlement. For more than fiftj^ j-ears it had been the\\nsheet-anchor of the Colony the cherished palladium of\\ntheir rights their refuge from oppression, tjTanny, and\\nwrong. With the shield of its protection before them\\nthey had succeeded in defeating the machinations of their\\nenemies, and had rapidly and steadily advanced in\\npower. And now that the wilderness was subdued, and\\nwas ready to blossom that then homes had been reared\\nand their churches had been planted, and everything\\nindicated that they were about to enter upon a career of\\nunexampled prosperity, thej- were to be robbed of that\\ninstrument which had secured to them all these blessings\\nan instrument endeared to them by all the toils and tears,\\nthe sorrows and sacrifices of their fathers. Is it sur-\\nprising that a question of such moment was earnestly\\nand widely discussed fanners talking of it bj- their fire-\\nsides and in the fields women canvassing the matter in\\ndrawing-room and kitchen and Boston people ponder-\\ning it in their warehouses, upon the exchange, and in\\ntheir halls of legislation that it went with them to\\nchurch and to the closet, and was the burden of their\\nmost fcn ent prayers The clergy, moreover, it would\\nseem, were aroused, and took good care that the pulpit\\nshould utter no uncertain sound relative to an issue of\\nsuch momentous public concern.*\\nIncrease Mather, then president of Har\\\\ard College, nurtured in\\nthe ancient faith of the Puritans, and one of its oldest and firmest de-\\nfenders, full of zeal, and richly furnished by study and reflection a\\nman who for twenty years exerted a greater influence upon the fortunes\\nof Massachusetts than any other in the same length of time delivered\\na very powerful and effective speech denouncing, in the strongest and\\nThat no means might be spared to prevent the con-\\nsunmiation of the evil that threatened them, an addi-ess\\nwas agreed pon by the General Court, in which were\\nmade many equired, and quite important, concessions.\\nIt was all in ain. The fate of the charter was akeady\\nsealed. The time had passed when the Colony could\\neffect any reconciliation with the king. In 1684, the\\nHigh Court of Chancery in England, gave judgment for\\nthe crown, against the Governor and Company of Massa-\\nchusetts, and their charter was declared forfeited. Thus\\nat length, t^Tannj^ triumphed, and the New England\\ncharter fell, f\\nJoseph Dudley was appointed President of Massachu-\\nsetts, the General CoiU t was dissolved, and the new Com-\\nmission superseded the government under the charter.\\nOn Dec. 20, 1G8G, Dudley was superseded by Sir\\nEdmund Andros, who, glittering in scarlet and lace,\\nlanded at Boston, aS Captain-General and Governor in\\nChief. and proceeded at once to enter upon his duties.\\nThough his fair speeches at first awakened a momentarj\\ngleam of hope, yet so evident was it from the arbitrarj-\\nand grosslj- illegal manner in which the new governor and\\nhis council proceeded to make laws and le^-y taxes, that\\ndespotism had marked the Colonies for its victims, that a\\nmost vigorous and determined opposition to his adminis-\\ntration was developed at once. For two j ears, as best it\\ncould be, this tyrannous rule was submitted to. Mean-\\ntime, never, probably, was more joyful or welcome\\nintelligence received by an) people than when the an-\\nnouncement reached New England of that revolution in\\nEngland b} which the reign of the Stuarts was brought\\nto a close, and William and Mary became the pos-\\nsessors of the English throne. No sooner were reports\\nreceived of the flight of James and of the ascension of\\nthe new sovereigns, than, on a rumor of an intended\\nmassacre by the governor s guards, the people arose in\\narms, imprisoned Andros, and his equally- obnoxious\\nassociates, and reinstated the old magistrates. Town\\nmeetings were held, representatives were chosen, and the\\nGeneral Com-t was restored. The same spirit prevailed\\nat Plj-mouth, Clark, Andros agent, having been im-\\nprisoned, and Hinckley, the former governor, reinstated.\\nA new charter, known as the Province Charter, was\\nissued in 1692, an epoch made ever memorable in oiu:\\nannals by the interesting and remarkable episode that\\noccurred that year, and known as the Salem Witchcraft.\\nmost emphatic terms, the movement looking toward the downfall of\\nthe charter. Barry.\\nThis was the last effective act of Charles IT. relative to Massachu-\\nsetts for before any new government could be settled, the monarch\\nwas dead. His death, and that cf the charter, were nearly contempo-\\nrary Barry.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0054.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nAccording to the terms of this charter, PljTuouth,\\nafter a separate colonial existence of seventj -two j-ears,\\nwas final!} annexed to Massachusetts, constituting with\\nit, henceforth, the PRO\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^^NCE op Massachusetts Bat.\\nAnd thus was consummated an order of things politi-\\ncally in New England, that amid a variety of vicissitude\\nand struggle, continued uninterrupted until the eventful\\nopening of the American Revolution.*\\nII. THE PEOVESrCIAL PERIOD.\\nThe erection of the two Massachusetts Colonies into\\na single royal Province in 1692, marked a new and im-\\nportant era in New England history. It was the\\nsecond act, as another has well said, of the grand\\ndrama, whose third brought freedom to a wide-spread\\nrepubUc.\\nThe distinction between the colonial and provincial\\nhistory of Jlassachusetts, in certain essential particulars\\nis striliingly marked. During the former period a large\\nshare of political independence was enjoyed b} the peo-\\nple. Allowed to choose their own rulers, and to manage\\ntheir own affairs, theirs was reall} an experiment, and a\\nmost successful one, too, of self-government. Acknowl-\\nedging their dependence upon Great Britain for the char-\\nter they held, and for the pri^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ileges it secured, they yet\\nhad claimed exemption from the paramount authority of\\nparliament, and the right, under certain constitutional\\nrestrictions, to enact their own laws, and to shape their\\nown policj Under the new charter, the governor and a\\nnumber of other officers, were appointed bj the king,\\nand were removable at his pleasure. A supervision was\\nexercised over the legislation of the Province, and the\\nparamount authority of parliament and crown was es-\\npecially asserted, f In accepting this charter, however,\\nthe people of Massachusetts did not understand that they\\nwere relinquishing their natural rights, much less their\\nrights as English subjects nor did the} without stub-\\nborn opposition yield to innovations upon the customs\\nwhich had long been established among them.\\nThe provincial history of Massachusetts is a continua-\\ntion of its colonial history under the above mentioned\\nchanged circumstances. It is quite likely that it was\\nanticipated, on the part of the crown, that these con-\\nstitutional changes, and the powers conferred on the\\nchief officers of the Pro^^nce, would serve effectually to\\ncounterbalance and to hold in salutary check, any re-\\nMassachusetts at the time had jurisdiction over the territory of New\\nHampshire and Maine. New Hampshii-c became a separate royal Prov-\\nince in 1749. Massachusetts retained her title to Maine as late as 1820.\\nAt the time of the erection of the two Eastern Colonies into a single\\nProvince In 1692, Massachusetts, which was divided into the counties of\\npublican tendencies which a government established and\\nmost successfully administered by the people alone,\\nmight be expected to encourage, and to keep the same\\nin immediate and wholesome subjection. No act, for\\nexample, of the legislature was to be valid without the\\nconsent of the royal governor.\\nThe appointment of all military officers was vested\\nsolely in this official. It was in his power, moreover, to\\nreject various officers chosen by the people. The influ-\\nence, accordingly, of the chief magistrate upon the\\naffairs of the Colony, as will be readily obvious, was\\nvery great, and might clearly, without difficulty, be so\\nwielded, as to check any considerable uprising of the\\nspirit of freedom, and to favor, on the other hand, the\\ndesigns of the distant monarch, or parliament, to whom,\\nstrictly speaking, he was alone responsible.\\nLiberty of conscience, under the new charter, was\\nassured to all but Papists. Worship in the Episcopal\\nform was placed upon the same footing as worship in the\\nCongregational form. Church membership was no\\nlonger to be a qualification for citizenship, all persons of\\na certain estate being entitled to its immunities and alike\\neligible to office.\\nIn some minor regards the new charter was an im-\\nprovement upon the old. In all essential resjjccts, how-\\never, it was but its shadow. Meanwhile, whatever its\\nexcellences or defects, it was now the supreme law of\\nthe land, and was destined to remain such until the\\nnation at last should arise in its majesty and throw off\\nthe yoke of bondage, and assert, by successfully main-\\ntaining it, its title to freedom and self-government.\\nThe First Governor,\\nunder the Province charter, was Sir William Phips, a\\nnative of New England a man of obscure birth, and of\\nonly ordinary abilities, who was indebted for his knightly\\ntitle to his success in recovering a Spanish wreck laden\\nwith treasures, and who, according to Mr. Barry, owed\\nhis elevation to the chief magistracy of the Province,\\nmore to the concurrence of favorable circumstances,\\nthan to either the dignity of his character, or the strength\\nof his intellect. Though an amiable man, and a con-\\nscientious official, his administration was far from being\\na success. It was during his rule (1692) that the\\nSalem witchcraft delusion prevailed. The governor\\nweakly fell in with the popular sentiment on the sub-\\nject, and lent to it the whole weight of his official sup-\\nSuffolk, Essex, Middlesex, and Hampshire, and comprised some fifty-\\nfive towns, contained a population of about 40,000. Plymouth, with a\\npopulation of about 7,000, was divided into the counties of Plymouth,\\nBristol and Banistablc, and comprised seventeen towns,\\nt Barry.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0055.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nport. Complaints having at length been preferred\\nagainst him, he was summoned to England to answer\\nto them, and died before his return, f\\nIt was a hopeful feature of the new government, it\\nmaj- be added in this connection, that many of the\\nmembers had held ofRce imder the old charter. Brad-\\nstreet, Saltonstall, Wait \u00e2\u0096\u00a0Winthrop, Eussell Sewcll,\\nAppleton, Bradford, and Lathrop, for example, had all\\nbeen assistants in Massachusetts or Pl^-mouth, and\\nmost of them had been distinguished for their zealous\\ndefence of the liberties of the people, and their luicom-\\npromising resistance to the aggressions of the Stuarts.\\nAll laws passed in the Pro^-ince, accortling to the\\nterms of the new charter, were subjected to re%-ision bj-\\nthe king, and to rejection at his pleasure.\\nAmong the acts earlj- approved bj the king, none\\nwere of greater importance or value than those making\\npro-visions for education and religion. By the terms of\\nthese, every town was required to be coustantlj- pro-\\nA-ided with an able, learned, and orthodox minister,\\nand a properly quaUfied schoolmaster. Certainly it is\\nto the creilit of our fathers, that thej- paid such early\\nand adequate attention to these ^ital and permanent\\ninterests of society. To this foresight, indeed, it is\\ndoubtless that we owe our singular prosperitj- and suc-\\nIt is reasonable to suppose that on learning that not even his own\\nwife had escaped suspicion as being a witch, he experienced a sudden\\nand radical change of opinion on this subject.\\nt The successors in office of GoTemor Phips were\\nWilliam Stonghton (1695) a Puritan of the old Commonwealth mould.\\nLord Bellamont (1699) remarkable for his suavity; condescending,\\naffable, courteous. His career was soon cut short by death.\\nJoseph Dudley (1702) a native of Massachusetts, of versatile talents,\\nand of a large experience in state-craft.\\nSamuel Shute (1715) formerly an officer in the wars of William and\\nof Anne.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0William Dummer (1723).\\nWilliam Burnett (1727) he was received with great pomp. Died in\\noffice.\\nJonathan Belcher (1730) he was a native of Massachusetts.\\nWilliam Shu-ley (1741), for a long time acted a conspicuous part in\\nAmerican affairs. A native of Sussex, Eng., and a lawyer of respect-\\nable talents he had lived in Boston eight years when promoted to the\\ngovernor s office. He acquired grrat renown by the capture of Louis-\\nburg. He was a devout supporter of prerogative, and an earnest ad-\\nvocate of the subordination of the Colonies. His old mansion is still\\nstanding in Boston on a street bearing his name.\\nThomas Pownal (1757) was gifted with talents of a very superior\\norder, Few were better acqnauited with, or more truly appreciated the\\nAmerican people. Though, lilie all his predecessors, a zealous defender\\nof the prerogative, and of the constitutional subordination of the Colo-\\nnies to the parliament of Great Britain, he yet so administered the\\nduties of his office as to be immensely popular. After his return he did\\nyeoman s service on the floor of the House of Commons in the interest\\nof the Colonies and their constitutional rights. Not even the speeches\\nof Pitt and Burke are more eloquent or convincing than those of\\nPownal on this behalf.\\nFrancis Bernard (1760), enjoys the bad pre-eminence of having done\\nmore during bis nine yeai-s of service, by his exaggerated statements in\\ncess as a people. We shall look in vain, says New\\nEngland s eloquent annalist, into the contemporary\\nlegislation of any country out of New England for\\nsimilar provisions for the widest diffusion of that intelli-\\ngence and virtue which must ever constitute the ground\\nand pillar of all free institutions. Massachusetts, it\\nhas been said, enjoys the distinguished honor of having\\nled in the work of universal education, and in making\\nample proAdsion for the support of religion. If so, the\\ncredit is largely due to our early fathers, a work,\\ntruly, not less creditable to their wisdom than commend-\\nable to their pietj-. J\\nHolidays, Pastimes, and Customs.\\nFast and Thanksgi-\\\\nng were the great public da3 s of\\nNew England, the former being regularly obsen ed at\\nthe season of annual planting. Our Puritan forefathers\\nwere so rigidly jealous of the slightest concession to\\nPopish customs, that excellent care was taken, not\\nonly to avoid a fast on Good Frida}-, but, as well, to\\nkeep clear of a feast on Christmas. Whatever cheer,\\nhowever, was lost from conscientious scruples at Christ-\\nmas-tide, was quite made up iisuallj at Thanksgiving\\ndaj-. Training day was also a great event. All the\\nmen, from sixteen to sixtj* 3-ears of age, were required\\nhis official reports, and gross misrepresentations of the -views and con-\\nduct of the oppressed citizens he ruled over, and by the arbitrary and\\nunftcling manner in which he executed the obnoxious laws of the Brit-\\nish ministry, to inflame the jealousy of the ministn,-, to irritate the peo-\\nple under his sway, and to strengthen the spirit of discord, disunion and\\ndiscontent, than all the other governors combined.\\nThomas Hutchinson (1769) the last of the (civil) royal governors\\nwith which Massachusetts was ever cursed. A native of the State, a\\ndescendant of Anne Hutchinson gifted by nature and highly accom-\\nplished; easy in his manners, courteous and aSiible in his intercourse\\n-irith others, plausible and influential, he was yet a man of grasping am-\\nbition, a lover of money and place, cautious and crafty, and, of course,\\na most indefatigable supporter of prerogative. It has been justly re-\\nmarked that had the successor of Governor Bernard been a sincere\\nand firm friend of the rights of the Province, though at the same time\\nduly disposed to maintain the prerogative of the king, and the just au-\\nthority of parliament\u00e2\u0080\u0094 one that (like Po\u00c2\u00ab-nal) was disposed to concili-\\nate rather than to criminate, and to represent favorably rather than to\\nexaggerate, the temper and conduct of the people h.armony would\\nhave been in a great degree restored to the Prorince, and the separation\\nof the Colonics from the parent state delayed for mtiny years. But\\nunfortunately for England, this man, one of the most obsequious and\\nscn-ile tools of the crown\u00e2\u0080\u0094 must sin after the similitude of his prede-\\ncessors. Just before the outbreak of hostilities he escaped to England,\\nwhere he died. He was succeeded by General Gage, military governor\\nof Massachusetts.\\nX The Bay Province alone, is said, at this time, to have contained\\neighty churches and most of the ministers had been educated at Har-\\nvard, the school of the prophets of that day, and, until 1761, the only\\ncollege in America. Barry.\\nChristmas had such an odor of Romanism, that it was rejected\\nutterly. In fact the Court, in 1660, forbade its celebration. It is a little\\nstrange that to-day the descendants of the Puritans have made this\\nthe queen of festival days.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0056.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nto participate in the general drill. Though boasting of\\nno uniform or martial music, save that of the dram, or\\nscreeching fife, to inspirit military- movements, or\\nmanoeuvres, 3-et as everj member of the militia practised\\nfor the defence of his own household, as well as his\\ncountry, we can well imagine that there was lacking, in\\nconnection with this matter, neither zest nor zeal.\\nAt Plj-mouth, bj- law, trainings were alwa3-s begun\\nand ended with praj er. The pike-men, the tallest\\nand strongest in the Colony, shouldered their pikes,\\nten feet in length, besides the spear at the end,\\nwith religious resolution the musketeers firmly grasped\\ntheir clums} old matchlocks while the j oung Puritan\\nboys looked on and sighed with envj-, longing for the\\ntime when they too might wear helmet and breast-plate.\\nTo be even a corporal in the militia, was an honor which,\\nfacetiousl} saj s a late writer, required an extra amount\\nof humility to bear without danger to the soul. Husk-\\ning, apple-parings, raisings, and quiltings, were also\\nfavorite occasions for social gatherings.\\nSocial cheer, in these earlier periods of our history,\\nwas quite inseparably associated with an institution\\nknown as the back-log. Forest logs, four feet long,\\nwere piled upon the ponderous andirons, and on occa-\\nsions, it is said, the back- log was drawn into the house\\nbj a horse, and then rolled to the fire-place with hand-\\nspikes. Blazing hearth-stones, had then a meaning,\\nat which, in our days of furnaces and steam-pipes, we\\ncan only guess. No need of artificial ventilation, when\\nthus through the crevices of the building, and up the huge,\\nroaring chimney, swept such keen, Ijrisk cuiTents of air.\\nSunday was eminently-, especially to the early settlers,\\na sacred day. It practically begun on Saturday, at\\nsunset, when the out-door work was expected to be\\ndone, and the household to assume the air of repose.*\\nThe selectmen were expected to see that all the children\\nwere properly catechised, and to bring their parents to a\\nstrict account for neglect. The religious services had a\\nprevailing tone of solemnit}-, if not of awe.f No choirs\\nThe law forbodc the doing, during Sabbath time of servile\\nwork, not of piety, charity, or necessity. Children were required to\\nlay aside their play. Youth and maids, and other persons, were\\nnot allowed to be seen walking uncivilly on the streets or fields, on\\nthe Lord s day. No person was allowed to travel on that day, either\\non foot, on horseback, or by boat, except to a lawful meeting.\\nt Lecture day was early a day of special service, when the people\\ngenerally suspended secular business, and repaired reverently to the\\nhouse of God.\\nX So necessary was all this parade and expense considered, that it\\nwas often carried out, in the case of the burial of a poor person, at the\\nexpense of the town. Among the items of such a burial at town ex-\\npense, in a certain case, the record specifies Gold rings, Lisbon and\\nMalaga wine, rum, lemons, sugar, pipe, and tobacco, besides Gloves,\\ndeath s head and cross-bones.\\nor instraments of music were seen. The hymn was\\nlined. The deacon, or some person appointed for\\nthat purpose, acted as precentor.\\nFunerals were made verj expensive, as well as im-\\npressive occasions. Crape, scarfs, hat-bands, gloves,\\nand rings were given to the chief mourners. Large\\nprocessions were generally in attendance, often led by\\nmarshals, carrying staves, halberds, and other badges of\\nauthority, dressed in mourning at the expense of the\\ndeceased. The friends who bore the corpse, were followed\\nfirst by the men, if the body was that of a man by\\nthe women, if that of a female, all marching by the\\nsolemn tolling of the bell. This large concourse must\\nbe provided with entertainment, in which wine, cider,\\nand even stronger drinks, were generously supplied.\\nStrangely enough, while all this parade, and expensive-\\nness of dress and entertainment prevailed, there was no\\nreligious service over the dead, nor pastoral words of\\ncomfort spoken to the mourners.\\nDuring the first fifty years of the Colony, only the\\nmagistrates were permitted to perform the marriage\\nceremon}\\nThe games and recreations of the young were few.\\nFishing and fowling, however, were encouraged, not\\nonl} by common practice, but by law.\\nBoston, and its near towns, were not indifferent to the\\nmatters of fine dress, costly and elegant mansions, and\\nexpensive fiu-niture. All this, though assailed from the\\npulpit, as sinful conformity to the world, was yet winked\\nat in persons of competent estate and liberal educa-\\ntion, but for peasants to equal the prince, and imitate\\nhim in garb and in gait, or for the handmaid to imitate\\nher mistress, was regarded as not according to order\\nand very indecent, the forerunner of sad confusion.\\nHowever noted for frugality, and for keen, shrewd,\\ncalculating business instincts, the primitive New Eng-\\nlander yet alwajs had a weakness in the direction of\\nappetite. Not that he was a glutton, or a wine-bibber.\\nHe was neither. He was simply a good liver always\\n5 Judge Sewall states that at the funeral of the Rev. Wm. Adams, of\\nRoxbury, in 1685, Mr. Wilson, minister of Medford, prayed with the\\ncompany before they went to the grave. The next year, says the\\nsame authority, the Common Prayer Book was used at a burial. A\\nprayer offered in Boston, in 1730, on the occasion of the burial of Mrs.\\nByfield, wife of Judge Byfield, and daughter of Gov. Lcvcrett, is\\nspoken of as the fii st of the practice known there. The reason sug-\\ngested for this strange omission by the Puritians is, that Pagans\\nand Romanists made great ado over their dead; the one with wild\\nsongs, and the other with pr.iycrs for the repose of the souls of the\\ndep.arted, and that it did not become the true people of God to be like\\nthem.\\nII In 1647, the Conrt proclaimed that there was a common liberty for\\nany man to fish in the great ponds lying in common, and to pass and\\nrepass on foot through any man s proprietary for that purpose.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0057.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nhad apparently a keen appreciation of. and livel)- relish be marrels of housekeepers. The pewter dishes afore\\nfor, the higher pleasures of the table. The Yankees,\\nwe suspect, have always set a far better table than either\\ntheir Dutch or Canadian neighbors have alwa^ s ex-\\nsaid, standing in orderly rows on the shelves of the open\\ncupboard, or of the dainty buttery, were hardly more\\nbrightly polished than the sanded floor. Meantime, the\\nesemplarily frugal in this regard.\\nIn the morning, the earlj- New\\nEngland farmer and his family\\nwere wont to sit down to then-\\nbreakfast of bean porridge. or\\nboiled corn meal hasty pud-\\nding and milk. Rye and In-\\ndian was the staff of life. Beer,\\ncider and cold water furnished the\\nusual beverage tea and coffee\\nbeing unknown in New England\\nhomes in the seventeenth century.\\nThe dinner opens with a large\\nIndian pudding ground com,\\nsweetened with molasses accom-\\npanied by an appropriate sauce\\nnext come boiled beef and pork\\nthen wild game, with potatoes, followed by turnips, samp,\\nor succotash. Pumpkins were served in various ways\\nthe pumpkin pie being always a favorite article of\\ndiet, not less in Massachusetts than in Connecticut.\\nSupper Is il a ^ul ^tantial meil, th h ir n\\nally eaten cold\\nBaked beans (a\\nfavorite Sundij\\ndish), baked In\\ndian pudding md\\nnewly-midc rve\\nand Indnn 1 re id\\n(usually b ik( 1 m\\nhuge brick o\\\\Ln-\\nadjacent to i\\nfire-place)\\nstandard d\\nfor Wtdni\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0after tlic\\ning and ii\\nagonies of\\nday and J\\nd.ay. Notl\\nmeantinu i^.\\nmore in-i-iting to the eye than the New England table of\\nthose early days, with its pewter dishes brightened to their\\nutmost polish, and, in the wealthier families, here and\\nthere, adorned with a silver beaker, or tankard, the heir-\\nloom of the family. The matrons of those times used to\\ncelled in the line of cookii.g. Yet they have always been spinning-wheel and loom furnished ample emplo^-mcnt\\nduring manj- months of the year\\nfor the grandmother on the one\\nhand, and the bevy of hearty,\\nrosy-faced daughters on the other,\\nwho, taking both wool and flax in\\ntheir crude form, worked the same\\nup into such various fabrics for\\ntable linen, bed-spreads, and gar-\\nments, as the familv might chance\\nto stand in need of. Such were the\\nhumble, simple ways of our New\\nEngland forefathers and mothers, I\\nwhose sturdy descendants have\\ncome to-day to constitute the bone\\nand sinew, not only of New En-\\ngland indeed, but of a large propor-\\ntion of our wide national domain, j\\nDrFFicrxTiEs with Fraxce.\\nPrevious to the landing of the Pilgrims, and hence\\nlong before the settlement of Boston, the foundations\\nof Quebec had already been laid by the French.\\nThe French and\\nEnglish had been\\nrivals for centu-\\nries rivals in\\npoUtics, in com-\\nmerce, and in am-\\nbition for con-\\nquest, territorial\\naggrandizement\\nand supremacy.\\nEarly competi-\\ntors in American\\nseas, quite evenly\\nmatched as it re-\\ngarded maritime\\nskill and enter-\\nprise, and very\\nnearly equals, as\\nwell as contem-\\nporaries, in their voyages of exi^loration and dis-\\ncovery, each nation, not nnnaturally. upon the open-\\ning up of the New World, not only claimed a por-\\ntion of the. territorj- assuming jurisdiction over the\\nsame, and attempting its colonization, but eam-\\nOLI -TIME FIKESIDE.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0058.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nnestly coveted as large a share of the country as pos-\\nsible.\\nMeantime, differences arising from shari^ly contrasting\\nnational characteristics, differences of religion, lan-\\nguage, habits, temperament, government, opinions and\\ncustoms, engendered prejudices, only hardened by\\ntime, and animosities, deepened and intensified by re-\\npeated collisions, which unhappily ser^ ed to keep these\\ntwo great nations constantlj- in an attitude of mutual\\nopposition and defiance.\\nIn consequence of this hereditarj hatred and rivalry\\non the part of the English and French, as a matter of\\nnecessity, the Colonies at the north were earl^ involved\\nin difficulties and contentions difficulties, indeed, that\\ncould not but be increased as conflicts of interest brought\\nthem into collision, f Hence, almost from the first\\napprehensions of hostilities were entertained in Massa-\\nchusetts, while, toward the close of the colonial period,\\nthese apprehensions continued so to disturb the people,\\nas to result in the adoption of the most vigorous meas-\\nures on the part of the English, looking towards the\\nuprooting of their hated rivals, and the driving of them,\\nif possible, utterl^^ from their American possessions.\\nOne of the earliest of these attempts to wrest the\\ncoloni.ll possessions of France on this continent from\\nher grasp, was an expedition to Canada, in 1G90, under\\nSir William Phips, which, however, in consequence of a\\nwant of concert of action on the part of the troops\\nordered to co-operate by land, ended in signal disaster. J\\nIn all the several subsequent expeditions fitted out and\\nundertaken for the conquest of Canada, most of which,\\nRendered formidable as a foe, not so much on account of numbers,\\nas because of their influence over their savage allies, the Indians\\nwithin their borders, to whose depredations the frontier settlements\\nof the English were peculiarly exposed, and from whose thrcitcned In-\\ncursions they could defend themselves only by an outl.iy that must\\nimpoverish them in their weakness, and imperil their safety.\\nt They were rivals in the fur trade, and rivals in the fisheries.\\nSarry.\\nX This disaster spread an unusual gloom over the community. The\\ndistress of the government, impoverished by Philip s war, and burdened\\nwith debt, was at its height. Finding it Impossible to raise money to\\npay off their troops by ordinary metms, bills of credit were issued\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the\\nfirst paper currency of New England. Barry.\\nIt seems hardly credible that so treacherous a design should have\\nbeen deliberately conceived by a nation boasting of its superior enlight-\\nenment. Charlevoix, the Jesuit historian of Canada, however, abund-\\nantly proves the correctness of the charge, glorying meantime in the\\nconduct of his countrymen touching the matter, speaking of it, indeed,\\nin terms of the most extravagant eulogy.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Barry.\\nNo one will ever be likely to envy the record of either the nation or\\nthe church, that could thus have prostituted themselves to the diabol-\\nical work of instigating these untutored savages to violate their most\\nsolemn pledges, and to give free way to all the brutal ferocity of their\\nnature\u00e2\u0080\u0094 joining thus with the latter in spreading desolation and terror\\nscattering firebrands, arrows, and death, throughout the whole country.\\nlike the first, though through no fault of the colonists,\\nterminated in discomfiture and disgrace, Massachusetts\\nbore a conspicuous and honorable part.\\nTlie French and Indian War.\\nIn 1697, the date of the peace of Rjswick, there was\\na temporary suspension of hostilities between the French\\nand English. In 1702, however, war was again de-\\nclared. In the meantime it appeared that the French\\nhad been secretly busy, tampering with and encouraging\\nthe Indians bordering on Kew England, and especially\\nsuch as had been brought more immediately under their\\nown influence, and that of their Jesuit minions, ycleped\\nmissionaries, to violate the solemn leagues formed with\\nthem on the part of the English, and ravage their coun-\\ntr} Thus countenanced, the fierce Abenakis, as may\\nmost naturallj- be supposed, manifested little reluctance\\nto avail themselves of the opportunitj- hereby afforded to\\navenge their real or fancied wrongs and, accordinglj-,\\nin a verj- short time thej- bmst like an avalanche upon\\nthe country, spreading desolation and havoc wherever\\nthey went. Among the settlements which suffered the\\nmost severely from these depredations were Deerfield,\\nwhich had been rebuilt since King Philip s war, Groton,\\nBillerica, Newbuiy, Lancaster, and Haverhill, the two\\nlatter places being especially devoted to devastation and\\nmassacre. Is it surprising that such atrocities as these\\ninspired in tiie breasts of the New England settlers the\\ndeepest and most ineradicable hatred toward the French\\nand their missionaries\\nIn 1722 war was again resumed with the Indians, and\\nII The escape of Hannah Dustin, the Heroine of Haverhill, as she\\nhas been appropriately called, is an episode of truly thrilling interest,\\nshowing what a mother can do when torn from her family, to restore\\nherself to the embraces of her husband and children. A monument\\nhas recently been most fittingly erected to the memory of this eminently\\nnotable woman.\\nThe story of the capture of Rev. Mr. Williams, of Deerfield, is well\\nknown.\\nH The barbarities perpetrated in this war equalled, if they did not\\nexceed, those of Philip s Wear. Women, far advanced in pregnancy,\\nwere violently delivered, and the tender babes dashed to the ground.\\nInfants were despatched in the same manner; or sometimes, half stran-\\ngled, were thrown to their mothers to quiet. Of the captives, some were\\nroasted alive, others were gashed in all parts of then- bodies brands\\nwere thrust into thoir wounds, and then set on fire. Others were sub-\\njected to tlio hardship of travelling barefoot and half naked, through\\npathless deserts, over craggy mountains, through horrible swamps and\\nthickets obliged to endure frosts, rain, snow, and all the inelemencics\\nof the season, both by day .and by night. No pity was sho\\\\vn no\\nallowance made to the ased, siil; and infirm. Such as, thfough infirmity,\\nhunger, fatigue, or sovidh I aintud under their burdens, or could not\\nkeep pace with tlio enemy, wlic promptly despatched with the toma-\\nh.awk. Poor Mrs. Williams, feeble from having been recently confined,\\nhaving faltered by the way, received a blow from a tomahawk wliich\\nput an end to her sorrows. Barnj.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0059.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF XEW ENGLAND.\\ncontinued until the latter pai-t of 1725, when the troubles\\nwith these hated foes, -B-hich had now continued almost\\nwithout interruption for nearlj forty years, were for a\\nseason suspended. The end, however, unfortunately\\nwas not yet. Under the beUef that French and Indian\\nhostilities against the 2\\\\^ew Englanders were still being\\nfomented by the French Jesuit missionaries, the Eng-\\nlish, from time to time, perpetrated exterminating raids\\nupon the missions of the latter, burning their churches,\\ndestropng their property, and sometimes even putting\\nthe missionaries themselves to death.* The natural re-\\nsult of these hostile visits, on the part of the English,\\nwas, first, the utter abandonment of all Indian missions\\non the part of the Jesuits, in New England, and a large\\nemigration of the Indians who had been under French\\ninfluence, to Canada second, the awakening, or rather\\nintensifying very generally, in the breasts of these na-\\ntives, of a feeling of bitterness and indignation against\\nthose whom they had not a little reason to regard as\\nintruders. They had left their hunting-grounds on the\\nKennebec, the Androscoggin, and the Connecticut, and\\nhad sought new homes in the North and West but they\\nstill retained a lively remembrance of their former seats,\\nand a keen sense of the wrongs they considered them-\\nselves to have suffered and, accordingly-, it only needed\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0another war between France and England to furnish\\nthese savages justification and employment in renewed\\npredator}- excursions against the frontier English settle-\\nments or in acting as guides to their old-time aUies,\\nthrough a region with which they were perfectly- familiar.\\nSuch a war was declared in 1744, exposing once more\\nthe frontier settlements of Massachusetts to incursions\\nfrom Canada by hostile French and Indians, f\\nOn the first news of the declaration of war between\\nIn the mnsenm of Bowdoin College, Maine, there may be Been a\\ncarious relic in the shape of a bell half embedded in the stock of a tree.\\nThe bell belonged to a Jesuit chapel, built at Norridgewock, on the\\nKennebec, by Father Rale, who was there as a French missionary to\\nthe Indians, certainly as early as 1695, and whose chapel was pillaged\\nand burned in 1724 by a party of English, under the belief that French\\nand Indian hostilities against the New Englanders were stimulated and\\naided by this Jesuit priest. He himself was killed at the same time,\\nseveral chiefs who endeavored to protect him sharing his fate and his\\nbody was disgracefully mutilated by those who had shot him, but was\\nafterwards tenderly buried by the Indians beneatli the spot where he\\nused to stand before the altar. The beU of the chapel in some way fell\\ninto the embrace of a growing tree, which preserved it till, in our own\\ntime, the woodmen fotmd it at their work, and sent it where it will be\\npreserved till the end of timQ. Dedham Transcript.\\nt Their faVorite paths from the St. Lawrence were cither by Lake\\nChamplain, up Wood and Otter Creeks, across the Highlands of Ver-\\nmont, down Wells and White Kivers to the Connecticut, or by Lake\\nGeorge, across the carrying-place to the headwaters of the Hudson, and\\nthence up the Hoosac and across the watershed now pierced by the\\nHoosac Tunnel (almost directly over which runs the old Indian path)\\nFrance and England, the provincial government of Mas-\\nsachusetts, with a view to the protection of its settle-\\nments against these predatory assaults from the North\\nand West, authorized the inmiediate construction of a\\nline of small forts, from Fort Dummer J to the valley of\\nthe Hoosac. at the foot of Saddle Mountain all of\\nwhich were built in the summer of 1744, and under the\\nsuperintendence of that grand old hero, Ephraini Wil-\\nliams, after whom both the town of WilUamstown and\\nWilliams College are worthily named.\\nThe peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 1 74S) was little more\\nthan a truce. Once more the Province was to be called\\nto give her sons and her wealth for the defence of their\\nhomes. Meantime the situation of the English Colonies\\nin America was becoming undeniably critical. The\\nFrench were in undisputed possession of the great val- j\\nleys of the St. Lawrence, the Ohio and the Mississippi\\nthey had the friendship of the Indians, except the Six\\nNations their territory enclosed, in the form of an arc\\nof a circle, all the English settlements they were bound\\nat least to maintain entire the possessions which they\\nhad, even if they had not determined to bring together\\nthe horns of their crescent, and thus fling the Enghsh\\ninto the sea. The great thoughts of the great men of\\nthe Old World were directed to this great question of the\\nNew World. The most prominent political problem of\\nthe middle of the last century, which all statesmen were\\nstraining their minds to solve, was whether France or I\\nEngland were to control the vast territories and resources\\nof this continent.\\nThe somewhat desperate nature of New England s sit-\\nuation at this time seems, meantime, to have been not a\\nhttle aggravated by the very serious disasters and losses\\nattending not only the English fleets in their attempts to\\nto the Deerfield EiTer. Towards the settlements these routes con-\\nverged, and the egress of the war-parties was pretty sore to be some-\\nwhere between Brattleborongh, on the Connecticut, and the base of\\nSaddle Mountain, near the headwaters of the Hoosac.\\nX As early as 172-4 Fort Dummer, on the sight of what is now Brattle-\\nborough, Vt., had been erected for the purpose of covering the towns I\\nin the valley of the Connecticut, from the attacks of the Indians. This\\nfort has the honor of being esteemed the first English settlement within\\nthe limits of the present State of Vermont. I\\nThe smaller forts subsequently built, in 1744, were situated in what\\nare now the towns of Bemardston, Heath, Rowe, Coleraine, and North\\nAdams.\\nHe commanded, also, with the rank of captain, tWs line of de-\\nfences, having his headquarters at Fort Massachusetts, the westernmost\\nand principal of his works. Again and again was this fort attacked by\\nthe French and Indians; and in August, 1746, while Capt. Williams\\nwas absent on a military expedition to Canada, it was captured, after\\nan obstinate defence, by eight hundred men, and the garrison carried\\nprisoners to Canada. Just two years after it was attacked again by\\nthree htmdred and thirty French and Indians, Capt. Williams being\\npresent, but this time the assailants were driven off with loss.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0060.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nreduce the strongholds of the French in Canada, but not\\nless their arms on land those of Sir William Johnson\\nat the head of Lake George, and of Braddock at the\\nForks of the Ohio.\\nThe daj however, approaches that is to conduct Eng-\\nland to a great and glorious A-ictory a triumph, indeed,\\nby which is to be opened a way for the final independ-\\nence of her choicest American Colonies. It need hardlj-\\nbe said that the object for which Massachusetts had so\\nlong lavished her strength and her treasure a complete\\nand final deliverance from French and Indian domina-\\ntion and intimidation was i-ealized only when, in 17j9,\\nthe gallant Wolfe scaled the heights of Quebec, and\\nfought his memorable and decisive battle on the Plains\\nof Abraham. No wonder that when the tidings of that\\nvictor}- announcing the future and undisputed suprem-\\nacy of English arms and English laws on this continent\\nreached Boston, thc}^ were received with unusual\\ndemonstrations of joj that bonfires blazed from everj-\\nhill-top bells were loing from every church-steeple, and\\nshouts went up from every patriotic throat. A long and\\nwretched war was over the key of Canada was at last,\\nafter so manj- humiliating defeats, in the hands of the\\nEnglish, and a foe that had for generations been the\\noccasion of nameless and numberless tvoes, had finally,\\nso far at least as this continent was concerned, been\\neffectually and eternally set at rest.\\nThe Religion of the Period.\\nFounded by Puritans, whose creed was the rigorous\\ncreed of Calvin, the religion of Massachusetts from the\\nfirst had been Calvinistie, or Orthodox. Tme, with\\nthe progress of settlement, and with the advancement of\\nsocictj other fonns of faith had crept in and sprung up\\nto some extent yet the prevailing religious faith in New\\nEngland had been, and still was, o^-erwhelmingly Cal-\\nvinistie.\\nThis system of theologj whose influence in New Eng-\\nland is still mdely felt, and whose doctrines, in a modi-\\nfied and mild form, are still cxtensivel_y believed, was,\\non the whole, admirabl}- adapted to the temper of those\\ntimes. Based, as it was, upon the Scriptures, it had its\\nstrong points and if it did not comprehend the whole\\ncircle of truth, yet it had enough to give it a wonderful\\nvitalit}-. Upon it the churches of the country had been\\nroared. It had, to a great extent, moulded the laws and\\ncustoms of society, and contributed, as perhaps no other\\nThe righteous souls of these men were stirred within them, not less\\nfay the numbers of unconverted men within, than l)y the prevalence cf\\nwickcd;iess without the Church\u00e2\u0080\u0094 hy the decadence of piety within\\nthe fold, than by the developments of heresy and irreligion, both\\nfaith could have done at that day, to the strengthening\\nand developing of the character of the people.\\nJleanwhile as, in process of time, the preaching came\\nto lose somewhat of its earlier earnestness, and became\\nmore fonnal, didactic, dogmatic and doctrinal, and hence\\nless adapted to promote spirituality, two results were\\ndeveloped immorality outside, and iiTeligion and heresy\\ninside the church. But heresy engenders controversy, and\\ncontroversy, sectarian rancor. For j-ears the land was\\nrife with theological warfare, while the pens of the dis-\\nputants, seemed, as it were, to have been dipped in gall.\\nThe inex-itable result of such polemical stiife of acri-\\nmonious theological debate was wide-spread bitterness\\nof feeling. Prondentially the advent of the renowned\\nevangelist Whitfield brought to a happv crisis the stnig-\\ngle that had been long convulsing the whole religious\\ncommunity. Already, however, under the ministry of\\nsuch eniinentl} godly and gifted men as Jonathan Ed-\\nwards and Hopkins,* quite an awakening had oc-\\ncurred (1734-1743). The people were, therefore, pre-\\npared and ripe for the still greater awakening that was\\nnow at hand. Meantime the ministiy of AVhitficld was\\neminently well adapted to supplement that of Edwards.\\nThe system of the latter, being intensely metaphysical,\\nand emphasizing the jnore legal, judicial and punitive\\naspects of the Gospel, though it might stimulate thought\\nand awaken the conscience, was not, yet, eminently calcu-\\nlated to appeal to the emotional, or affcctional, nature.\\nWhitfield, on the other hand, though liot neglecting the\\nelements just mentioned, yet, through his ardent enthu-\\nsiasm, enkindling the deepest emotions of his hearers,\\nwrought powerfulh upon all classes, and produced an\\nexcitement the most violent and intense ever known in\\nNew England.\\nImportant and permanent, however, as were the re-\\nsuits following this memorable great awakening, it\\ndid not yet, hy any means, altogether allay the spirit of\\ncontrovers}-, but became itself meanwhile the pestilent\\nbone of contention. The ministers of the Province seem\\nto have been quite widelj- divided in opinion in regard to\\nWhitfield and his characteristic measures. Some wel-\\ncomed him as an ally others, the conservatives, de-\\nnounced him as an itinerant scourge, and his revivals\\nas onlj- unwholesome and spurious excitements. His\\nadherents were called new lights his opponents\\nwere the old lights while between the two lay the\\nparty and the champions of progress. The dispute\\n\\\\rithin and wiihont. Through the door of the Half-way Cov-\\nenant, unconverted men had been admitted to church membership\\nin such numbers as neai-ly to paralyze its energies, and to destroy\\nits life altogether.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0061.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nlasted long. The press teemed with ji.amphlets on either\\nside. Nearly everj clergj nian in the country- partici-\\npated in the controversj-, and wrote and reproached on\\none side or the other. While attended with more or less\\ne^^ls, this great discussion, let us hope, on the whole,\\nhastened on the progress of light and truth.*\\nTlie Politics of the Period.\\n1 During most of the provincial period, political parties\\nwere divided on the line of acquiescence, or otherwise,\\nin, or submission to, the steadily growing encroachments\\nI and usurpations of arliitrar3- power. One party was\\nj known as the party of freedom the otlier as the partj- of\\nj prerogative. One part^- stood for chartered rights and\\nI constitutional libert\\\\- for manhood and freedom. The\\nI other, either for the sake of peace, or of gain, were pre-\\npared to surrender everjiliing to the roj-al prerogative, t\\nThe members of the one were known as Republicans,\\nor Whigs, or as the Sons of Liberty-; wliile the\\nadherents of tlie opposing cause were known as Royal-\\nists, Lojalists, and, subsequent to the outbreak of the\\nRevolution, b^- the opprobious tille of Tories. Host of\\nthe latter were such of the wcalthj- class as hoped, by\\ntheir ser\\\\ ilit3 and complaisance, to share the royal favor\\nwhile, leagued with the former, were tlie sagacious and\\neloquent champions of tlio people. Cliief among these,\\nas especially the era of the Revolution drew near, were\\nj such men as Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, John\\nAdams, Samuel Adams, regarded bj some as the\\nFather of the Revolution and James Otis, in the\\nestimation of the loyalist Hutchinson, the great inccn-\\nDr. Dale, in The Kinctccnth Ccntuiy, recently wrote as folloivs\\nconcerning the New England ministry of this period:\\nIn New England the social position of the clergy in the last centnrj-\\nwas, no doubt, very hijii, and their inHuence on public affah-s extraor-\\ndinarily powerful. The Congregational parish minister was generally a\\nvery dignified personage; his cocked hat, white wig, black coat and\\nblack breeches, kncebuc!;les and shoe-buckles, impressed the popular\\nimagination with the idea of his importance. He was usually the best-\\neducated man in his pai ish, and he was the centre of all its intellectual\\nactirity. Ho was also the natural leader of the people in all social and\\npolitical movements. Almost to a man the Congiegational p.istors of\\nConnecticut were vehemently on the side of the colonists in their strag-\\ngle \u00e2\u0096\u00a0with the English Croi\\\\Ti and I ))elieve that as much might be said\\nfor the Congregational ministers in the other New England States.\\nSome of them went as chaplains w i;h the army. Those who remained\\nat home kept up the fires of patriotism in their parishes, and helped to\\nsustain the courage and fortitude of the people throughout the conflict.\\nTheir public inQuenec was enormous.\\nt Reminding us of the Peace (at any jirice) party just previous to,\\nand during, the latc^va^ of the Rebellion the final fortunes of which\\nsuggested, at the time, the following epigram\\nThe ])icce of a party called the party of peace.\\nLike everything else which deceases.\\nHas gone where the wicked from troubling shall cease,\\nFor the party of peace is in pieces.\\ndiary of New England, but, in the estimation of tlie\\npatriot people, the eloquent and heroic defeuder of their\\nrights.\\nContests with the Croicn.\\nEngland lost her Colonies, saj-s New England s\\nhistorian, bj the mismanagement of Jit r ministers.\\nDoubtless the insane penersity and foll\\\\- of George III.,\\nthe strange fatuity of his ministers, and the in-\\nfiammatorj-, and exasperating and intensely partisan\\nrepresentations of provincial affairs b} the royal gov-\\nernors, contributed greatly to precipitate the political\\ncrisis known as the American Revolution. Yet, it\\ncannot bo denied, that for nearly a century the American\\npeople had been the ^detulls of an oppression as sys-\\ntematic as it was unjust, and which, hence, could not but\\nengender distrust, disaffection, and even bitterness, on\\ntheir part, towards their oppressors.\\nNay, educated as thej had been, and, from the first,\\naccustomed to self-government, war would seem to have\\nbeen organized, and to have become chronic in their very\\nconstitution. Under all the circumstances, it was\\nmanifestly a serious defect in the charter of William and\\nMary that the governors of the Province were to be\\nappointed b} and dependent on, the crown. The\\nsimple fact alone that their rulers were thus the\\nappointees of the king, were hence his representatives,\\nthat accordingl} as such thcj- would be supposed to be\\nbound to conform to his instructions, however arbitrary\\nto do his veriest bidding at the peril of instant displace-\\nment that, therefore, if the monarcli should be\\nt Samuel Adams was hom in Boston in 1722; graduated with distinc-\\ntion at Harvard University when eighteen years of age. From even his\\ncollege days, he was a champion of liberty. In a pamphlet war just\\nprevious to the Rcvolytion, he wrote a discussion of the question at\\nissue, which John Adams declared was a model of candor, sagacity,\\nimpartiality, and close and correct reasoning. He was the terror of the\\nroyal officers, and as incorruptible as he was fearless and patriotic. At\\na, time when corruption was notoriously common, they proposed to\\nsilence him by bribery. The proposal coming to the ears of Govcnior\\nHutchinson, the latter exclaimed They don t know their man. If\\nthey knew Adams as well as I do, they would never think of whispering\\nbribery in his ears. Ho c;m never be bribed.\\nJames Otis, son of Colonel James Otis, of B.arnstable educated at\\nHarvard University; studied law in Boston, and very early became ilie\\nfavorite advocate of the people.\\nII Had a little more deference been paid to their (the provinces)\\nclaims had the ministers of the king consented to listen to the state-\\nment of giicvances scut from these shores, the straggle which Lssucd in\\nthe independence of America might have been Indefinitely postponed.\\n1 Testilently active in inflaming the prejudices of the enemies of\\nAmerica, and in poisoning the minds of the king s counsellors, these\\nroyal governors directly allotted, if they did not actually instigate, a\\nsystem of oppression which was continued nntil the Americ:ins, ex-\\nasperated beyond endurance, appealed to the l.ast resort for redress, and\\nsubmitted their cause to the arbitrament of the sword.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Barry.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0062.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nto oppress his subjects, these minions of his would doubt-\\nless make haste to assist him to fasten the j oke and\\nrivet the fetters tliis fact alone must have sufficed to\\nengender invincible prejudices against these rulers as a\\nclass, on the part of the politicians, and the majority of\\nthe people of New England. Nor could it well have\\nbeen otherwise, whatever the patriotism, honesty of pxu-\\npose, or administrative abilities these governors might\\nhave brought to the discharge of their duties. In the\\nvery nature of the case, for tlic one reason Just named,\\nthese officials must encounter serious, if not insuperable,\\nobstacles to perfect success in the administration of\\naffairs obstacles arising from the inevitable and chronic\\nconflict of opinion between the Province and the crown,\\nand especially from the A-ery natural jealous}^ on the\\npart of the fornier, that those placed over them at the\\npleasure of the king, must be supposed from that \\\\evy\\nfact to be inimical to their liberties, and disposed, at all\\nevents, to uphold the prerogatives of royalty.\\nAgain as, under the primitive regime, the prosperit}-\\nof the Province and its prospects of future advance-\\nment, appear to have so aroused the jealousy of English\\nstatesmen, as to induce them, for the sake of checking\\ntlie spirit of freedom which was abroad, to overthrow\\ntheir Colonj s ancient charter, and to impose on that\\nColony special restrictions so now, since, in spite of\\nthese later political limitations, to which they had been\\nsubjected, the country was still rapidly increasing in\\nwealth and power, ^for, where the spirit of liberty is, it\\nis difficult to repress the energies of a people, king and\\nparliament seem once more to have become suspicious\\nthat the Province is already aiming at a separate and\\nindependent political existence and, hence, conspire, in\\neveiy safe and effective way, if possible, to cripple and\\nenslave her.\\nMeantime, in this dirt}- work of subjugation, as, in-\\ndeed, might have been naturally anticipated, the king\\nseldom failed to find most willing instruments in those\\noflicial creatures of his, the provincial governors zealous\\nsupporters all of the royal prerogative, and of the suprem-\\nacy of parliament, and conspicuous ever for their zeal in\\nthe cause of oppression. Nay, these gentlemen sometimes\\noutstripped even their royal master in this unworthy\\nservice, it being at their suggestion often that steps\\nAs the prerogatives of the provincial government do not seera to\\nhave been sharply or definitely defined in their written constitution, or\\nclinitcrs, a word seems to be necessary to set forth intelligibly what was\\nclaimed on the part of the colonists as their rights as English colonial,\\nor jirovincial, subjects. Though they went forth under a charter from\\nthe king, says the historian, Bany, yet, as their community con-\\nsisted of individuals possessing all the rights, liberties and franchises of\\nEnglish subjects, they had a right to political liberty. So far as was\\nwere taken, and measures adopted, that otherwise would\\nhave hardly been thought of, much less actuallj- at-\\ntempted, looking toward the more complete humiliation\\nand enslavement of this rising and aspiring people.\\nOne of the earliest causes of complaint, on the part of\\nthe people of the Pro\\\\ince, was the restrictions imposed\\non commercial and manufactiuing interests and enter-\\nprise, restrictions precluding the possibility of profits\\non the part of the American trade and involving dis-\\ntinctions, moreover, clearl} in the interest of English as\\nagainst American citizens a policy that manifestly\\ncould not but be odious in the extreme to the Colonies.\\nFiulher opposition was awakened by agitating the\\nproject for raising a revenue from the Colonies to go\\ntowards pajing England s war debt, and, withal, to main-\\ntain not only the colonial officials, executive and judicial,\\nindependent of the provincial legislature, but a provincial\\narmy of ten thousand men, nominally for the defence of\\nthe country-, but in reality to enforce the royal instruc-\\ntions. What could have well been more aggravating?\\nIs it surprising that measures thus practically sweep-\\ning aw.ay the charters of the Colonies altogether, and\\nasserting the unlimited authority of parliament, should\\nhave awakened the most serious apprehensions on the\\npart of the people that Massachusetts, especially, un-\\nwearied in her opposition to t^Tannj should have\\nvehemently inveighed, as she did, against the blindness\\nthat seemed to be taking possession of the advisers of the\\nking?\\nOpposition to the revenue laws, and especially to the\\narbitrary manner in which the officers of the crown\\nadministered them, became especially pronounced in\\n1761. About this time the home government attempted\\nto enforce what was termed Writs of Assistance.\\nThese writs gave the officers of the customs liberty to\\nenter stores, houses, or any other place, where the}\\nthought goods were kept on which no duties had been\\npaid. Such goods, when found, were immediately con-\\nfiscated, the revenue derived from the sale of which\\nbelonging to the treasuries of the crown and of the\\nProvince. To say nothing of the ruthless and arbitrarj-\\nmanner in which these seizures were effected, the Prov-\\nince, for some reason, found that it was receiving no\\npart scarcel}-, of its share of this revenue a fact which\\nconsistent with due subordmation to the parent state, they held that\\nthey were entitled to have, to hold, and to eiyoy, within the body\\nof their Colony, a free government, of the like privileges, juris-\\ndictions and pre-eminences as those of the state from which they\\nemigrated. The power of parliament to tax them without\\ntheir consent, since they were unrepresented in that body, was gen-\\nerally denied; and the right of trial by jury in all cases was inflex-\\nibly demanded.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0063.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nveiy naturally led to the ofScers aforementioned being\\npublic!}- and verj- positiveh charged -with, and denounced\\nfor, putting the money in question into their own pockets.\\nIt was in connection with a case before the court in\\nregard to these Writs of Assistance, and by way,\\nespecially, of defending the rights of property against\\nunlawful seizure by rapacious and tyrannical revenue\\nofficials, that James Otis, in 1761, when thirty-eight\\nyears of age, was first brought into special prominence\\nin connection with the patriot cause. He had as his\\nopponent Jeremy Gridley, Attorney-General of the\\nrrovince, under whom Otis had studied law. Gridley\\nwas the ablest lawjer of the time, and argued, on this\\noccasion, with his customary learning, ingenuity, and\\ndignitj But one who heard the pleadings* says Otis\\nwas a flame of fire. With a promptitude of classical\\nallusions, a depth of research, a rapid summary of his-\\ntorical events and dates, a profusion of legal authorities,\\na prophetic glance of his eye into futurity, and a rapid\\ntorrent of impetuous eloquence, he hurried away all be-\\nfore him. American independence was then and there\\nborn. Every man of an immense, crowded audience ap-\\npeared to me to go away, as I did, read} if necessarj\\nto take up arms against Writs of Assistance. From that\\nhour Otis became the acknowledged idol of the town.\\nMeantime, while this issue was thus developing, partj-\\nlines, as between the people on the one hand, and the\\nrepresentatives of the new king (George III.) on the\\nother, were still more sharply drawn by the prominence\\ngiven, just at this time, to the Prelacy question.\\nMost of the royal officers were EpiscopaHans a circum-\\nstance leading the people naturall}- to associate the polit-\\nical rule which they opposed, and were rapidly coming to\\nabhor, with the Chiirch of England. f\\nJust at this crisis a fierce pamphlet war, involving this\\nactive and bitter popular prejudice, was unhappilj- pre-\\ncipitated opened by a Mr. Apthorp, an Episcopal\\nminister, of Cambridge, hot from Oxford, in the in-\\nterest of a State Church. The Rev. Jonathan Mayhew\\nof Boston, appeared as his opponent. The discussion\\nwaxed hot, and spread over the whole country, and\\nmoved even some of the ablest pens of England. It is\\nJohn Adams.\\nt With the warming np of this controversv came the general use, in\\nNew England, of the terms Whigs and Tories. All of a sudden,\\nsays an old historian, the offieers of the crown, and such as were for\\nkeeping up their authority, were branded with the name of Tories,\\nwhich was always a name of reproach, while then- opposers assumed\\nthe name of Whigs.\\nI In 1764, news came that several revenue cutters were to be sent over\\nto hover about the harbor to see that the custom-house was duly re-\\nspected. This caused a non-importation and a non-consumption system\\nto be adopted. A general agreement was entered into to do without\\nsaid to have embraced the question of the nature and\\nextent of the authoritj of parliament over the Colonies,\\nand ended in the distinct answer, on the part of the\\nAmericans, that the Enghsh parliament had over its\\nNew England Colonies just no authority whatever.\\nShortly after this came the Stamp Act. Increasing\\nrapidly in numbers, wealth, importance, and influence,\\nnaturally the Colonies became more and more sensitive\\nto taxation by the home government, without due repre-\\nsentation.\\nEarly in 1 705 news came to the Colonies that a stamp-\\ntax had been determined upon b} the crown. It was\\nnot long before the hated law was officially announced\\nin Boston. The people had been expert in evading the\\nrevenue laws.| As they were regarded as unjust and\\noppressive, they had no scruple in doing so. But the\\nstamp-tax could not be thus evaded. Nothing could be\\ndone legally, where any kind of a written instniment\\nwas requh-ed, unless that instrument bore upon it the\\nodious stamp the badge of their degradation. News-\\npapers could not be issued, the business of the courts\\ncould not move, no process was valid, no vessel could go\\nto sea, no person could be married, no debt could be\\ncontracted, unless a stamp gave assurance that the\\ncrown had been paid its enforced demand. All this, it\\nneed hardl}- be said, made the Americans angrj^ nor\\nwere they either slow or moderate in giving expression\\nto their indignation. Indeed, such was the storm of\\nindignation and excitement awakened throughout the\\nProvince by this high-handed measure, that parliament\\nthe following year made haste to vote its unqualified re-\\npeal a result that was welcomed throughout the Colonies\\nwith the most extravagant demonstrations of joy.\\nFurther plans for revenue and taxation were then\\ndevised bj the home government. No sooner, however,\\nwas any law passed to this end, than the inhabitants of\\nBoston and vicinity voted utterly to dispense with all\\nsuch articles of British manufacture as had been thus\\nspecified as subject to duty, other sections of the country\\nmeanwhile promptlj- imitating the spirited and patriotic\\nexample of Boston in this regard.\\nBut. manifestly, a crisis is approaching. Even the\\nthose articles on which the heavy taxes were laid. Very expensive\\nmourning apparel was generally used, but because of a heavy duty to be\\npaid upon it, it was almost wholly laid aside.\\nThe spirit of resistance was fully aroused. The Stamp Act shall\\nnever be executed here, was the determination of the people. All\\nthe power of Great Britain shall not compel us to submit to it. We\\nwill die first. We will spend our last di-op of blood in the cause.\\nThe man who offers a stamped paper to sell will he immediately killed.\\nSuch were the expressions heard muttered on almost every patriot lip.\\nIs it stirprising that the historian characterizes the measure as the one\\nabove all others that laid the foundation of the American Revolution", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0064.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "massachu.sp:tt.s.\\nmost patriotic virtue cannot alwaj-s cndnre such a sys-\\ntematic and barbarous violation of sacred nglits. Faitli\\nin the integrity of Parliament is being shaken. Here\\nand there, indeed, men are beginning fearlessly to\\ndenounce, and boldl} to counsel resistance to, such\\nhigh-handed and arbitrary proceedings alleging that,\\nunder the circumstances, there remained to them no al-\\nternative but an appeal to Heaven to vindicate their\\ncause.\\nThe Rise of (he Revolution.\\nIt was on the soil of Massachusetts that\\nthe embattled farmers stood,\\nAnd fired the shot heard round the world.\\nIt was on her territory that were fought the battles,\\nLexington, Concord and Bunker s Hill, th.at fired the con-\\ntinental heart, and crystallized the public sentiment of\\nthe Colonies into a imited, determined, p.atriotic purpose\\nto throw off the yoke of Great Britain. Influences, how-\\never, had long been in operation to produce that mo-\\nmentous result. We have seen that in the very cabin of\\nthe Ma3 flowcr the experiment of local self-government\\nwas initiated, that the American Republic was born.\\nAVe have also seen the first unconscious stirrings of a new\\npolitical life, of a movement looking toward self-govern-\\nment and independence, in the reasonable demand of Gov.\\nEndicott for the transfer of the government of the Massa-\\nchusetts Bay Company to New England while, clearh\\nwhen that demand was actuallj allowed, the chief corner-\\nstone of the new political edifice went to its place.\\nWhen, very earlj in the histor} of the Massachusetts\\nColonj-, the latter had been threatened with a general\\ngovernor from England, it was gravel} decided on their\\npart, that we ought not to accept him, but to defend\\nour lawful possessions.\\nThe truth is the germs of our national greatness, and\\nof our characteristic political institutions inhered doubt-\\nless in the verj character of our first settlers. Their verj\\nmission to these shores was that noblest purpose that can\\nsw.ay human beings, the enjoyment of the largest attain-\\nable share of religious, in connection with cini freedom.*\\nConnected with the orisin and development of the Now England\\nthe distinctively American character, there is the mystery that always\\nattends a new birth, a new creation. Whether spontaneous genera-\\ntion, natural selection, or any other, be our theory of the case, the\\norigin of a new species is always involved in profound mystery. The\\nNew England character would seem to have been a new species, an\\noriginal creation. It cannot be very well accounted for on natural\\ngroimds. Its traits do not seem to have been inherited. We can find\\nno period in our annals, however early, when the New Englandcr was\\nan Englishman. Across the border you will find plenty of Englishmen,\\nScotchmen, c., a population still devotedly attached to their national\\npeculiarities, and proud of their ancient transatlantic ancestors and\\nMeantime, the circumstances of our colonial historj\\nwere eminently of a r.ature to prepare our forefathers for\\nself-government. Thrust out, as they were, and left en-\\ntirely alone and in a wilderness to take care of them-\\nselves, they must manifestly either establish and main-\\ntain municipal regulations themselves, or perish.\\nThe transaction of their ordinary town business was\\nhighly favorable also for purposes of republican disci-\\npline. These little municipalities, in a measure peculiar\\nto New England, and each sustaining a relation to the\\nwhole somewhat analogous to that of the States of our\\nUnion to the central power or constitution of the United\\nStates, m.ay be regarded as so many petty sovereignties\\nmimic republics having supreme control over their\\nown strictly internal aflTairs. One can easily appreciate,\\ntherefore, the force of the remark, made by some one,\\nthat the American Republic was born in a New England\\ntown-meeting.\\nThe responsibility, moreover, of annually electing\\ndeputies to the General Court was calculated to exert a\\nwholesome political influence, and particularly after the\\nmeasure was adopted of requiring the towns to choose\\ntheir own citizens as such delegates. Previous to the\\nyear 1G94 it had been customary in the choice of depu-\\nties to the legislature, to allow the country towns the\\nprivilege of choosing for their representatives residents\\nof Boston but in the year above-mentioned, from cer-\\ntain local considerations, the change referred to was\\nwiselj^ adopted, f Bringing the questions of the da}-, as\\nit did, directly to their doors, and compelling them to\\ntake an immediate interest in political discussions, the\\nnew an-angement led naturally to the people s becoming\\nversed in public .affairs was the occasion of their inves-\\ntigating constitutional questions, issues and principles\\nand so, of their partaking more largely than they other-\\nwise would, of a public spirit and of a patriotic and\\nnational feeling while from the towns themselves, from\\ntiiBC to time, were sent up (o the legislature, and so into\\npublic life, men of the first talents, to participate in the\\ncurrent discussions, in public affairs general and all the\\nexciting events which were afterwards to occur.\\ninstitutions. Now Englandcrs were never such. The only cxjilanation\\nperhaps, of the phenomcncn is, it was providential.\\nt A motion for an address to the king against the removal of Govern-\\nor Phips was passed by a bare majority, the Boston representatives of\\nthe country towns, acting, it was alleged, under the influence of local\\nprejudice, voting solid against it. To save future trouble in conse-\\nquence of any such manifest injustice, the prerogative, or court party,\\ninserted a clause in a bill then pending, rcquuing residence as a qual-\\nification for town representatives. The change thus introduced for\\nmerely personal ends, and remaining ever since a part of the funda-\\nmental law, was for reasons indicated in the text, highly important and\\nbeneficial.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0065.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nFrom the lieginning, in the govenimcut of ISIassachii-\\nsetts, hereditarj claims and distinctions seem liappilj to\\nhave been iitterl3 disregarded. Public officers were\\nchosen periodically, and from the bod^- of the freemen,\\nregardless of famil}- or rank. So also in the descent oi\\nreal and personal estates of intestates. The exclusive\\nclaim of anj- one heir was not admitted. Eather, equal\\ndivision was made among all, reserving only to the\\noldest son a double portion. This, especiall} in the\\ncase of a numerous family, which is not an uncommon\\nthing in a young country, effectually prevented an undue\\naccumulation of propcrtj*. These two regulations,\\nsays Eichard Jlinot, maj- be said to be the two gi-eat\\npillars on which republican libertj- in Massachusetts is\\nsupported.\\nThe New England Confederacy of 1643, was the\\nmodel and prototype of the North American Confeder-\\nacy of 1774. The fourth article of its Constitution\\nembodies the fundamental doctrine of the later republic,\\nthe largest amount of local self-government consistent\\nwith nationality. This article asserted the right of\\njurisdiction of each Colonj- within its own limits, while\\nthe Confederacy itself existed simpl3 for the sake, and\\nhence its prerogative was measured by the necessities of\\nthe common defence.\\nNo such heresy as State sovereignty but the shin-\\ning truth of State rights, has e\\\\ier been the political\\ncreed of Massachusetts. How little, meanwhile, those\\nColonies, over two hundred jears ago, realized that, in\\nthe organization of their humble, temporary confederacy,\\nthey were thus virtually setting a cop} to be followed,\\nupwards of a hundred j-ears afterwards, by the whole\\nthirteen Colonies in the formation of the United States\\nof America. Trulj-,- they builded better than they\\nknew.\\n_Nor had the Colonies been deprived of needed\\nmilitary experience and discipline. The military train-\\ning, which was to fit the citizens of New England for\\nthe battles of the impending Revolution, dates from the\\ncapture of Louisburg. The same old drums, it is said,\\nthat beat at the capture of that fortress, rallied the\\ntroops on then- march to Bunker s Hill. I Indeed, that\\nHistory of Province of Massacliusetts Bay, pp. 27, 28.\\nMinot also observes (p. 28), An inestimable advantajre was gained\\nfor freedom by a law of 1641, which dcclai-es tlie lands of the inhabit-\\nants free from all fines and licenses, the whole train of feudal exactions\\nwhich have so grievously oppressed mankind in other parts of the world.\\nt Confusion is constantly arising in consequence of speaking of\\nState Rights, interchangeably with the Calhoun dogma of State\\nSovereignty, the fruit of wliich was secession, and which was decided\\nagainst in the late war. State rights is the coiTCct doctrine under the\\nConstitution, and the most vital of the principles underlying our gov-\\nernment, and as important for New England as for any other section of\\nlong and bloodj conflict, known as the French War,\\nbecame, as another has well said, for all the Colonies,\\na school in which these people were to be fitted to ta!:e\\npart in a fast ap[)roaching and more important struggle.\\nIt was, says Sir. Barrj-, emphatically ^yjrqjfirafi o libertatis,\\nthe stepping-stone to the Ecvolution the veterans\\ntrained in these earlier and arduous campaigns, having\\nbeen thus, as it were, providentially prepared subse-\\nquenth to take charge of the armies of the Union, under\\nGeorge Washington as commander-in-chief.\\nAnd thus we see that, from the first, the people of tliese\\nColonies seem to have been in training for independence\\nand self-government. Nor was the temporar} triumph\\nof despotism, in the overthrow of the earlier charter,\\nan}- serious hindrance to this work of democratic develop-\\nment and progress. Naj the contests that long pre-\\nvailed between the statesmen of the Province and the\\nroj-al governors, so far from resulting in the subjection\\nof the people, tended rather, on the other hand, to\\nstrengthen and develop their love of liberty, and to\\ninspire within them that unwavering fidelity and courage\\nthat enabled them, eventualh*, so successfull}- to sta}- the\\ntide of oppression, and permanentl} establish the liber-\\nties of the people. Tnie, some of these struggles, on\\ntheir part, with the Stuarts, had been desperate yet, as\\nstorms ser^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2e onl} to strengthen the hold of the trees\\nthe} shake upon the soil, so these early political icissi-\\ntudes, under all the circumstances, so far from uprooting\\nand prostrating the infant State, ser\\\\ ed rather to develop\\nits powers, to give to the same an increase of vitality\\nand beauty. The fact was that, when the Stuarts finally\\nattempted their subjugation, the spirit of liberty had\\nalready become by far too widely diffused throughout\\nthe Colonies to be easily crushed. Nay, notwithstand-\\ning the change in the constitution of the government,\\nPuritanism was still in the ascendant, and Puritan\\nprinciples still remained as vital as ever. Freedom,\\ntherefore, and none the less, but rather all the more,\\nbecause of the arbitrary reign maintained over them,\\ncontinued to be the beacon-light tliat guided these Col-\\nonies on. The more it was denied them, the stronger,\\nnaturall}-, throbbed the desire in ever} heart to enjoy it\\nthe Union. No more ardent advocate of the doctrine of State rights\\never lived than old Snmucl Adams, the father of the Revolution. In\\nall those functions which the Constitution confers on the national gov-\\nernment, the latter is sovereign, and the States are subordinate to it,\\nBeyond, or outside of these, the States are independent commonwealths,\\nand, as such, have important rights.\\nJ The same Colonel Gridlcy, who planned Pepperell s batteries at\\nLouisburg, laid out the one where General Wan-on fell; and when\\nGage was erecting brcast-worlis acrors Boston Ncc c, the provincial\\ntroops snceringly remarked that his mud walls were nothing compared\\nwith the stone walls of old Louisburg.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0066.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nthe more ardentlj- glowed the detcrniinatiou in CAciy\\nbreast to possess it. Under the veiy rod of oppression,\\nlaid so hca\\\\il3 upon them, there sprung np, blossomed,\\nand ripened, the conviction, a conviction of such\\nenerg}- as not to be readilj- stifled, that freedom -was\\nthe natural and inalienable birthright of man, a boon,\\naccordingl}-, not to be parted with on anj terms what-\\never, espcciallj- at the behest of an}- mere earthl}-\\nprincc. To laj- that down at Ctesai- s feet, wrote\\nJohn Milton, which we received not from him, and\\nT\\\\hich accordinglj we arc not beholden to him for, were\\nan unworthy action, and degrading to our ver} nature.\\nTbanlcs, then, to the stern discipline of tyranny. By\\nmeans of it were fostered and intensified those verj- repub-\\nlican tendencies so much dreaded by the crown and\\nwhich, growing with its growth, and strengthened with its\\nstrength, had, ere the unnatural Mother Countiy was\\naware, become too deeplj- rooted in the New England\\ncharacter ever to become eradicated or subdued.\\nNor, meantime, let it be supposed that the people,\\nwith all their love of libertj-, democratic instincts, and\\nhabits of self-government, were disloyal. To be sure thej-\\nhad little occasion to be fer\\\\-enth- attached to fatherland.\\nThe}- had been driven from home by the stern hand of per-\\nsecution. Thej had been left to shift for themselves in\\nthe wilderness and when, as in Philip s war, con-\\ntending in a life and death struggle with their savage foe,\\nfrom neither king or court came anj aid -whatever.\\nReply to Salmasius.\\nt It may be urged, and apparently with reason, that at least during\\nthe long French and Indian war, the home povcrnment rendered the\\nColonies invaluable service, affording them the shelter of its arms, and\\nfinally delivering them from the accursed persecutions of their inveter-\\nate and hereditary foe. And j-ct, strange to say, according to Mr.\\nBarry, the conduct of Great Britain throughout the war with France,\\ndid not, to the inhabitants of America, justify the belief that it acted in\\ngood fiith towards the Colonies, or designed to render efficient aid in\\nthe eonqnest of Canada.\\ni It may be admitted that the loyalty of the New England Colonies\\nwas of a peculiar and original character. From the vciy first, strangely,\\nwe find on the part, not even of the high-bred Puritans, any of that\\nfanatical, unreasoning, almost adoring devotion to the crown that, even\\nto this day, characterizes the peoples of the other Colonies and depend-\\nencies of Great Britain.\\n5 The colonists, writes Otis, in 17C4, know the blood and treas-\\nure independence would cost. They will never thinii of it till driven to\\nit, as the last fatal resort against ministerial oppression, which will make\\nthe wisest mad, and the weakest strong.\\nThe reverent spirit with which the people of New England had\\nfrom the infancy of their settlements been accustomed to speak of\\nthe mother country, was a sufBcient evidence of a sincere and loyal\\nattachment, on their part, to the home of their ancestors. And this\\nconviction clicrished by them, that the land of their fathers was blessed\\nabove all otht rs in the possession of a wise, beneficent constitution, led\\ntlicm to weiLih well the consequences of a rupture with that country,\\nand every step tending to disunion. The fathers of the Revolution\\nwere no hot-headed, visionary enthusLasts. Rather the men who guided\\nthe destinies of the Province at the opening of that bloody drama were\\nThough it was a dependency and domain of the king of\\nGreat Britain, as well as their own homos, thej were mak-\\ning such desperate eflbrls and saciifices to defend, thej\\nwere left to struggle under tlieir heavy load absolutely\\nalone. t Yet the}- were loyal. J There is no reason to ques-\\ntion the accuracy of Franklin s testimony when, in response\\nto Lord Camden s charge, that the Colonies intended to\\ntlirow off their dependence on the mother country, and\\nthat notwithstanding their boasted affection for it, meant\\nsoon to sot up for independence, ho promptly replied, No\\nsuch idea is entertained in the minds of the Americans, and\\nno sucli idea ever will enter their heads unless you grossly\\nabuse them. Over and over again in their successive ad-\\ndresses to the king, soekuiga redress of their grievances,\\nthey avowed their loyalty and in this they were doubtless\\nprofoundly sincere. A few wise men may ha^ e foreseen\\nthe impending struggle and predicted the result yet up to\\nthe last the mass of the colonists manifestly never dreamed\\nof independence. It was not until absolutely forced to\\nresistance that the American people declared themselves\\nentitled to the benefits of self-government. All they had\\never demanded was simply fair play, equal rights, the un-\\nmolested enjoyment of English rights tlie right of\\nself-government under the British constitution to mr.lce\\ntheir own laws, so far as consistent with a due subordina-\\ntion to parliament and especiall}-, unless duly represented\\nin the primal legislative bod} to impose on themselves\\nwhatever taxes might be rightfuU} required at their hands.\\nclear-headed, far-seeing, deep-thinking men men who pondered well\\nevci-y word they sent forth to the world. Ko hasty sentence escaped\\nthen- pens. They knew at every step just what they were about. In\\ntheir every measure, they were guided not by fancy or passion, but by\\nan enlightened patriotism and a stern sense of duty. They had looked\\ninto the future and fully counted the cost. They formed their conclu-\\nsions only after mature deliberation and it was only when, by a course\\nof legislation from which relief had been sought in vain, they felt forced\\nto resist, that they appealed to arms, leaving the result to Gcd, and the\\nresponsibility with those who sanctioned and persisted iu enforcing the\\ntj-rannical measures they complained of.\\nII Of course every tyro in history understands that it was the paying\\nof a trifling tax on stamped paper, and threepence a pound on tea that,\\namong other things, was so strenuously, and so stubbornly resisted by\\nthe Colonics at last. But was a demand of that nature, says one,\\nof sufficient importance to go to war about Under certain circum-\\nstances, the reader need hardly be told, a single drop of water will suffice\\nto cause a bucket to overflow a single straw to break p, camel s back.\\nTrifling as at first view the issue seems, it will yet, on reflection,\\nbe found to be of sufficient magnitude and importance to embody\\na great principle to involve a principle, indeed, measuring the whole\\ndistance between freedom and serfdom, between manhood and base\\nservitude. Besides, the claims controverted by the colonists were\\nthe thin end of the wedge whose thick end was conceived to be\\nunmitigated despotism. To the mind of the average Anglo-Saxon,\\ntaxation and legislation seemed inseparable. Taxation, therefore,\\nwithout representation, to him is tyranny, a tyranny to whi.h to\\ntamely submit is to dcscn-c servitude to which to submit, as John\\nWilton says, is an unworthy action, and degrading to our very", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0067.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEA7 ENGLAND.\\nThese rights, however, had heeii sternly-, haughtilj- re-\\nfused. Rough-shod the ministr} and minions of the king\\nhad insisted upon overriding them. Grievance followed\\ngrievance. Outrage and wrong trod each other s heel.\\nThej had earned the right of revolution. The meshes\\nof tj raiinj at length having been drawn so close around\\nthem that escape seemed impossible, the resolute, in\\nthe A igorous language of another, clad themselves in\\nthe panoplj of war, and flung the gauntlet of defiance at\\nthe feet of the kiug and his ministers.\\nMeantime, such t_vrannical measures as the Stamp\\nAct, such acts of lawless violence as the Boston\\nMassacre, J such high-handed, unconstitutional meas-\\nures as the quartering on the cities of a disorderly, hire-\\nling soldiery, all contributed to hasten the struggle and\\nprecipitate the crisis. In consequence of the destruction\\nin Boston harbor, bj the citizens of the town, amidst the\\nintensest popular excitement, of large quantities of tea,\\nwhich, in spite of Boston s self-imposed embargo on that\\narticle, certain shipowners, royal ofllcials and Tory mer-\\nchants were determined to land. General Gage, with a\\nlarge force, was despatched at once to Boston, and\\nappointed mihtary governor of the Province. And now\\nthere was plotting and counterplotting organization and\\nthe mustering of forces on both sides. The authorities\\nwere imcompromising the people were unawed, deter-\\nmined. A sanguinary collision was impending. It could\\nnot long be delayed. Every aggressive act on the part\\nof the government was quietly, j ct stubbornly, resisted.\\nAnd when at length such resistance, ou the ever-memo-\\nrable fields of Lexington and Concord, was attended\\nwith bloodshed, the mine, which had been so long pre-\\nparing, was sprang. The die was cast. The Rubicon\\nwas passed. The beginning of the end had come. The\\nday-star of liberty, saj s the historian, had risen on\\nAmerica. At all events, the signal-gun had been fired\\nthat announced the opening of\\nTlie War of the Revolution.\\nSeptember 1, 1774, the General Court met at Salem.\\nGeneral Gage having dissolved the assemblj-, the bodj\\nimmediately resolved themselves into a Provincial Con-\\ngress, which, from that time, continued to transact the\\nIt is not in the nature of man to submit with taraencss to continued\\nencroachments npon his real or fancied rishts. lie ni.iy forbear fur a\\ntime he will endure much. But when the yolce presses too heavily, an\\nclTort will be made to throw it off, regardless of consequences, leaving\\nthe issue or success of his efTjrt with God. The instincts of a whole\\npeople may possibly be wrong yet, in general, the maxim Vox popiiU\\nvox Dei holds true. A few persons mr.y delude themselves with the\\nidea th.it their rif;hts are invaded, when, in f.ict, all that has awakened\\ntheir rescnt:;icnt is that wholesome restraint indispensable to the wclf.ire\\nof every community. But when the public itself rises in its might,\\nbusiness of the Province, so far as the patriots were con-\\ncerned, until the erection of the State government in\\n1780.\\nIn the meantime, Massachusetts statesmen had taken\\nthe lead.in maturing plans for the union of the Colonics,\\nand for calling a Continental Congress. Already\\nBenjamin Church, in his oration upon the anniversary of\\nthe Boston Massacre, as if gifted with the spirit of\\nprophecy, predicted that some future Congress would\\nbe the glorious source of the salvation of America, and\\nJohn Hancock, in an oration on a later annivcrsaiy of\\nthe same event, had suggested a Congress of Deputies\\nfrom the several houses of asseml)l3- on the continent,\\nas the most efFeetual method of establishing union for\\nthe security of the rights and liberties of the country.\\nAlready Samuel Adams, the master-spirit of the times,\\nhad proposed that step said to have included the whole\\nRevolution the appointment of a committee of corre-\\nspondence to draw up a statement of the rights of tlic\\ncolonists, with the infringements and violations thereof\\nmade from time to time, and to communicate and publish\\nthe same to the towns and the world a committee,\\nJames Otis, chairman, whose work was so ably and\\neffectually performed, that it is said to have laid the\\nfoundation of the American Union. Jleanwhile, this\\ninstitution of a committee of correspondence in Massa-\\nchusetts prepared the way for the establishment of like\\ncommittees in all the Colonies. The resulting interchange\\nof opinion which followed, soon happily brought all the\\nColonies of the country- to one mind. Old jealousies were\\nremoved, and perfect harmony- was restored between all.\\nA common cause, it began to be said, is best sup-\\nported by common association. The defence and\\nmaintenance of rights and liberties is the common cause\\nwhen especially tne gifted and the tnic as well as the masses, the intel-\\nligent as well as the ignorant, tlio sober as well as the irapnkive, arc\\nburning with a sense of overwhelming injustice, and no alternative is\\nleft but to resist or be enslaved, then it can hardly be denied tb.it resist-\\nance is lawful that resistance to kinge is obedience to God. Barr-j.\\nt This famous act required that all deeds and receipts, and other legal\\ndocuments, should be written, or printed, on stamped paper, and that\\nthis paper should be sold by the tax collectors, the money going to tlio\\ngovernment. In itself, there was manifestly nothing so very K .d about\\nthis law. Englishmen would not have complained of it at home. Such\\na law, indeed, had already even existed in England. Taxes have been\\nimposed in a similar way in America. The colonists olijcctcd to this\\nlaw because it involved a principle the right of taxation without rep-\\nresentation. Dr Johnson, it is true, declared this to be no tjTanny,\\nand John AVeslcy agreed with him. The colonists begged leave to dilTcr.\\nX The slaughter by British troops, under Captain Preston, of several\\ncitizens in an ill-advised attempt to quell a riot i;i Boston.\\nThe reader cannot but be interested to notice how prominent and\\nleading a part was taken by JIassachusetts and her statesmen in the\\ninauguration of tlie Revolutionary movement, and in laying the foun-\\ndations of the new government.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0068.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nof eveiy American, and all hence should unite, hand in\\nhand, in one common association, to support it, and to\\ndrive t}Tann3- from these Northern climes. Union\\nwas the or}-; union from Florida to the plains of\\nCanada. A Congress of the States is indispensable\\nwe can redress ourselves if we will, and what the people\\nwills, shall be effected. A Congress of American\\nStates to frame a bill of rights, or to fonn an independent\\nState an American Commonwealth was now, thanks\\nto the sagacitj and patriotism and zeal of the statesmen\\nof Massachusetts, no longer the fiction, or sickly dream\\nof a political enthusiast. It was, on the other hand, al-\\nreadj- on the very eve of realization. June 2, 1774, the\\nMassachusetts House of Representatives, by a vote of\\n117 to 12, appointed a committee to meet, at the\\nearliest possible date, a like committee appointed by other\\nColonies, to consult together upon the present state of the\\nColonies not so much, we have reason to think, to moot,\\nas yet, the question of independency, or of final separa-\\ntion from Great Britain, or even of the propriety of an\\nappeal to arms, but to show the British ministry that a\\ndetermination prevailed throughout the Colonies to oppose\\ntheir arbitrary and oppressive laws, and that, whatever\\nthe cost to themselves, they were prepared to take a\\ndecided stand in defence of their rights.\\nAt a public meeting held in Boston at about this same\\ntime, John Adams in the Chair, it was voted that the\\nCommittee of Correspondence be enjoined forthwith to\\nwrite to all the other Colonies, acquainting them that we\\nare not idle, and that we are waiting with anxious ex-\\npectation for the result of a Continental Congress,\\nwhose meeting we impatiently desire, in whose wisdom\\nand firmness we confide, and in whose determinations we\\nshall cheerfully acquiesce.\\nThis Continental Congress assembled at Carpenter s\\nHall, in Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774, and was dul} or-\\nThe JIassachusetts dclcjjates to this first National Congress were\\nJames Bowdoin, Thomas Cashing, Samuel Adams, John Adams, and\\nRobert Treat Paine.\\nt In vain were the artifices of loyalists employed to seduce the patri-\\nots to a compliance with the wishes of His Excellency. Though hun-\\ndreds were ruined, and thousands half starved, British gold was yet\\npowerless to tempt or buy them. Nor should the noble example of\\nwoman be forgotten. Mothers and daughters infused their own earnest,\\nprincipled sphnt of resistance to tyranny into the bosoms of fathers and\\nsons, husbands and lovers and none more cheerfully than they submit-\\nted to privations, and encountered the trials which fall with peculiar\\nhardship on their sex. Exposed to the brutal passions of the soldiery,\\nand conscious that they were bringing on themselves manifold sorrows,\\nthey did not yet hesitate to sacrifice, if need be, home and its charms,\\nlife and endearments, and all the countless blessings of peace, rather\\nthan give up what was dearer than all liberty, without which life is\\na curse. Those gentler emotions, which are their ornament and pride,\\nand even their natural aversion to blood, were, for the time, to give way\\nto a sterner and more resolute temper. Yet, withal, they moved iiv their\\nganized by the choice of Pej-ton Randolph, Chairman,\\nand Charles Thompson, Secretary.\\nThroughout the Revolutionary war, JIassachusetts\\ngrandlj sustained her former reputation for patriotism, f\\npublic spirit and valor.\\nAs she was the first to sustain the shock of battle, and\\nto spill her blood in the interest of independence and\\nliberty, so wherever a stand was successfully made\\nagainst British aggression, and wherever valor was called\\nfor in the assault, there were found bodies of men sent\\nout bj^ Massachusetts, than whom none were ever more\\nactive, valiant or brave. Let it not be supposed that\\nbecause, upon the evacuation of Boston bj- the British\\ntroops (March 17, 177G), the theatre of the war was\\nconveyed to New York and to the South that because\\nthus happil}- the soil of Massachusetts was never more\\nto be trodden bj a hireling soldiery, or to be drenched\\nwith patriot blood that because, hence, her sons were\\nnot again to be subjected to the dread necessitj- of fight-\\ning immediately for the defence of their own families, or\\nfor the protection of their own firesides, therefore they\\nwould be indifferent to the claims of other portions of\\ntheir common country upon their services, whose peace\\nwas disturbed by a foreign foe. Nay. though her an-\\nnals during this period no longer glow with the details\\nof battle and siege, this Commonwealth, yet, let it be\\nremembered, took a very active part in all those various\\nmovements and campaigns that, during the remaining\\ndreary years of the war, reflected such credit upon the\\nAmerican arms. Meantime, while her citizen soldiers,\\nsuperior to all sectional feeling or partisan prejudice,\\nfired with genuine disinterested patriotism, were thus\\nfound at the distant front on quite everj battle-field of\\nthe Revolution, never for a moment hesitating to conse-\\ncrate their fortunes to libertj-, and to seal their sincerity\\nwith their blood so her patriot statesmen giants all\\nnew sphere with the same quiet dignity and deep tenderness which at all\\ntimes so adorn the sex, and render their presence a blessing to all;\\nwhile the delicate offices which none but their hands could so well per-\\nform, in the hour of tri.al, assuaged the pain of m.any a wound, and re-\\nlieved the ghastlincss and horrors of death. Barrij.\\nThe following is a specimen of the patriotic appeals made during the\\ndark days of the Revolution\\nAct like yourselves. Arouse at the call of Washington and of the\\ncountry, and you will soon be crowned with glory, independence and\\npeace. Present interest and ease we must sacrifice meantime, what\\nwords can paint the solid joys, the delightful recollections, which will\\nfill the patriotic mind hereaf.cr. He who wishes for permanent happi-\\nness, let him now put forth all his strength for the immediate salvation\\nof his country, and ho shall reap immortal honor and renown. It is good\\nfor us to anticipate the joy that will fill our minds when we shall receive\\nthe reward of our labors when we shall see our counti-y flourish in\\npeace; when grateful millions shall hail us as the protectors of our\\ncountry, and an approving conscience shall light up eternal sunshine in\\nom- souls.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0069.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nduring all that period that tried men s souls, were\\never found in tlie vcr}- fore-front of evciy battle for\\nhuman rights, as also in every sen-ice connected with\\nsettling the foundations of the new government. Surcl3-,\\nit can never be forgotten that it was the audacious auto-\\ngraph of John Hancock of Massachusetts that heads the\\nlist of the immortal signers of the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence or that it was a no less illustrious son of this\\nsame State, John Adams,* who more, perhaps, than\\nany other man in debate on the floor of the Conti-\\nnental Congress, contributed to the successful and unan-\\nimous passage (July 4, 1776) of what Daniel AVcbster\\nhas so fittingly characteiized as the great title of our\\nliberties.\\nni. THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD.\\nThe Commonwealth period of our State history dates\\nfrom the adoption of the State Constitution in 1780.\\nThe renunciation of allegiance to the crown of Great\\nBritain, rendered it necessarj for the Province, as earl}\\nas possible, to establish an independent government.\\nHence, while the war of the Revolution was j et in\\nprogress, the citizens of Massachusetts were called upon\\nto deliberate upon their civil affairs, and to determine\\nwhat system of government should be adopted to suc-\\nceed the former one, and how that system should be\\nframed and adopted. At quite an early date, a proposi-\\ntion was made, in the General Court, that a committee\\nshould be appointed to prepare a form of government.\\nConvinced, however, that an enterprise of this nature\\nand magnitude, should originate with the people, the\\nproper source of the organic law na^-, that only a con-\\nvention, composed of delegates from all the towns, elected\\nexpressly for this .purpose, was competent to draft a\\nConstitution for the State such a convention was\\nduly called, and, at the appointed time, Sept. 1, 1779,\\nassembled at Cambridge, James Bowdoin, president.\\nThe committee, consisting of twenty-six delegates,\\nappointed to draft the Constitution, reported, at an\\nadjourned meeting, the ensuing January. After con-\\nIt is doing no injustice to others to say that the general opinion\\nwas, and uniformly has been, that, in debate, on the side of inde-\\npendence, John Adams had no equal. The great author of the Declar-\\nation has himself expressed that opinion, uniformly and strongly.\\nJohn Adams, said he, was our Colossus on the floor. Daniel\\nWebster.\\nIn connection with the foregoing tiibute to the scniccs of John\\nAdams, let John Adams s own testimony be recorded relative to the\\nvalue of the services of some of his distinguished Massachusetts .asso-\\nciates in Revolutionary fiimc and statesmanship James Otis, Samuel\\nAdams, and John Hancock, were the three most essential characters of\\nsiderable debate, the report. was adopted. In the follow-\\ning June, the Constitution was submitted to the vote of\\nthe people, and was b} them accepted. In 1^20, a con-\\nvention to revise this Constitution, met and proposed\\nvarious amendments, nine of which were in due time\\nratified bj the popular vote.\\nIn 1834, the constitutional provision for the mainte-\\nnance of public worship was abolished. Since which\\ntime, the so-called voluntary system, which rightly\\nleaves each citizen at liberty to pay or not, as he may\\nplease, for the support of religion, has been the law of\\nthe land.\\nIn 1857, amendments of the Constitution were made,\\nbj- which the present district sj stem of choosing repre-\\nsentatives and senators to the State legislature was\\nadopted, in place of the apportionment by towns and\\ncountiec.\\nJohn Hancock was elected the first governor under\\nthe new Constitution, to which office, with an inter\\\\-al of\\ntwo j ears, he was annually re-elected until his death,\\nexerting to the last a profound influence upon the policy\\nof the State.\\nOnce peace was declared once the objects of their\\nmanifold and costlj- sacrifices were accomplished once\\nthe freedom and independence of the United States were\\ndul}- recognized, and the painful struggle, which had\\nthus far attended their existence as a nation, was happily-\\nat an end, the citizens of no section of the countrj-\\nmore heartilj- rejoiced than those of Massachusetts.\\nEvcrj countenance was radiant with smiles. The proc-\\nlamation, when read in the different cities, was\\nhailed bj- the people with tumultuous cheers. BeUs were\\nrung, cannon were fired, bonfires blazed in the evening,\\nhouses were brilliantlj- illuminated and already, in this\\nhour of triumph, proudl} the veteran of the late war,\\nwas recounting, round his fireside, the perilous scenes\\nhe had witnessed. But this festive condition was not\\nlong to continue.\\nShmjs Eebellion.^\\nHardly had the sounds of Revolution died away, when\\ncivil disturbances broke out in this State, of such dimen-\\nthe Revolution. These three were the first movers, the most constant,\\nsteady, persevering agents, and most disinterested sufferers and firmest\\npillars of the whole Revolution. Without the character of S. .nincl\\nAdams, especially, the true history of the American Revolution can\\nnever be written.\\nt So called from the name of its nominal leader, Daniel Shays,\\nfoi-mcrly a captain in the army of the Revolution a m.in marked by no\\nqualities which entitled him to distinction, on the score either of cour-\\nage or ability, and whose precedence in this rebellion was the result,\\nwe are told, of mere accident. Bankrupt in fortune, as well as in\\nprinciple, he was one of those reckless characters always ready to", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0070.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nsions as to threaten, for a time, the utter subversion of\\nlaw and order. The popular emeute, known as Shaj-s\\nRebellion, was somewhat notable in three respects\\n1. It occurred, strange to saj-, on the ver3 heels of the\\nsuccessful issue of a long and sanguinar} struggle for\\nindependence, and constitutional libert}-. 2. This has\\nbeen the onl3 serious disturbance of the kind that has\\never occurred within the bounds of our Commonwealth.\\n3. In several of its features, this insurrection strikingl}-\\nresembles certain later popular tumults in this country,\\nunder the auspices of some of our so-called National\\nor socialistic movements. The animus of Shaj-s\\nEebelHon seems to have consisted largely in a bitter\\ngrudge, on tlie part of the poor against the rich, an\\nimplacable prejudice, a wild rage, on the part of the\\nimpecunious classes against the bloated bond-holders\\nof that daj-.\\nThe grounds of this popular discontent, the occasion\\nof this wide-spread inundation of distempered humor,\\nit will not, perhaps, be difficult to indicate. Then, as\\nnow, a pit)tracted and enormously expensive war had\\nconvulsed and impoverished the land had prostrated its\\nbusiness, while, at the same time, it had also bui dened\\nit with debt and taxation. The inevitable sequel was\\nhard times, high prices, small incomes, and oppres-\\nsive taxes. Soured, embittered by their distresses,\\nimpatient under their temporary privations, and smart-\\ning under the losses incident to a depreciated Qurrcncj\\nas also under the seemingly excessive exactions of the\\ntax-gatherer, the people, in many sections, particularly\\nin the western counties, in the rural districts, strangely,\\nrather than in the cities, f became almost desperate\\nand under the lead and instigation of designing and\\ndesperate men, were induced, finally, not only to com-\\nmit acts of gross violence against persons and property,\\nbut to resort to open and organized revolt, flagrant\\nand treasonable resistance against the government and\\nits righteous authority. Thousands, meantime, from\\none motive or another, S5 mpathizcd more or less with\\nthe movement. A somewhat fonnidable military force\\nwas mustered by the insurgents, and put into the field.\\nCertain of the inferior courts, against which these\\nIlegulators seemed to have a special spite, were taken\\nembark on the flood of any desperate adventure, in the hope either\\nof obtaining notoriety, or improving his outward condition. He suc-\\nceeded in escaping the halter he had so richly earned, and finally ended\\nhis earthly career at Sparta, N. Y.\\nLeagued with this desperado, in his insane opposition to, and crusade\\nagainst the government, were men far more competent than ho for hiih\\nmilitary command, and more formidable by far and influential as rcljcls\\nagainst the hiws. Among these, may be mentioned Luke Day, of West\\nSpringfield, also formerly a captain in the Revolutionary army, and\\nreally the master-spirit of the insurrection known as Shays Rebellion.\\ncharge of by the rebels, and not sufTored, save under\\nrestraint, to hold their regular sessions while the whole\\nState, to a very considerable extent, was becoming per-\\nvaded with feverish excitement and alarm. The situa^\\ntion was becoming trulj critical. The ship of state\\nseemed to have been suddenlj- overtaken by a tornado\\nof popular wrath, and by it was apparently being rapidly\\nborne on towards breakers of anarchy and political\\nchaos.\\nThe government at length roused itself. The General\\nCourt authorized the governor (Bowdoin) to employ vig-\\norous means to suppress tlie rebellion. General Lincola\\na man of Revolutionar} renown, of no less command-\\ning abilities as a statesman, than gifts as a commander,\\nor excellence as a man was put in command of the mil-\\nitia. The crisis of the madness and folly was soon\\nreached. Shays, having made an attack on General\\nShepard, at Springfield, for the purpose of obtaining\\npossession of an arsenal at that point, was utterly and\\nignominiousl^- repulsed, though with only slight loss of\\nlife. Hotly pursued by General Lincoln, the discom-\\nfitted leader, with a handful of his allies, pushed forward\\nto the hills of Pelham. Being still further followed up,\\nthe rapidly dwindUng, and now utterly demoralized, in-\\nsurgent force, was finally overtaken at Petersham, where\\nit speedily received the cotqy de grace, the frightened\\nrebels scattering like sheep in everj* direction, while the\\nredoubtable Shays succeeded in effecting his beggarly\\nescape to the wilderness of distant New Hampshire.\\nAnd thus was substantially ended this singularly wide-\\nsjiread, and very nearlj disastrous rebellion.\\nThe histor} of all such disturbances clearly shows\\nthat, in popular tumults, reason is practically dethroned,\\nwhile the passions of the multitude, when highly exasper-\\nated, obedient to the clamor and ruling passion of the\\nhour, overleap the barriers of outward restraint, and\\nriot in suicidal and hideous\\nThe Adoption of the National Constitution.\\nAnd j ct Shays rebellion maj have after all been at-\\ntended by at least one important practical result. It may\\nhave opened the e3es of the people generally to the neces-\\nsity of a larger and more effective federal prerogative.\\nThese debts had been contracted by individa.als, corporations, and\\nby the State itself.\\nt It often happens that the rural districts are jealous of the commer-\\ncial, and that apparent difTcrcnee of interest separates men widely from\\neach other in their political views. Thus, when the Federal Constitu-\\ntion came up for adoption, the strongest affirmative vote was given by\\nthe larger towns, the scats of trade and mechanical industry, while\\nthe smaller to\\\\\\\\Tis, inhabited by a rural population, and particularly\\nthose counties in which these disturbances had occurred, voted largely\\nin the negative.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0071.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nWhile this civil strife was in progress in Massachusetts,\\nthreatening to convulse socict}- to its very centre, there\\nis reason to believe that it awakened in all parts of the\\ncountry the li^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0cliest interest, s^-mpathy and alarm. And\\nyet, whatever the possibilities involved to the imperilled\\nState, it was evident to all that the Confederation was\\nhelpless had neither the authority, power, or the means\\nto interfere in suppressing this revolt. By impressively\\ncalling the attention of the citizens of the country at\\nlarge thus to this fatal weakness or defect connected with\\nour general government, may not this ominous insurrec-\\ntion in Massachusetts have ser\\\\-ed an important pui-pose\\nhave had at least the indirect effect to hasten the adop-\\ntion of a national government? The gate-waj to po-\\nlitical perdition had been opened, saj-s another, and as\\ngazing into the awful gulf yawning at their feet, there\\nwas revealed to their startled, astonished vision, the ele-\\nments of discord and anarchy, seething and simmering\\nthere, what wonder that even the most resolute stood\\naghast at the prospect of civil disaster, at an3- moment\\npossible, unless to the Union should be conceded powers\\nadequate for the conseri-ation of peace and order?\\nYea, in the lurid glare of this one uprising of the more\\nturbulent elements of society, the people of the country\\nmay have realized more vividlj than ever before with\\nwhat ease, unless there should be lodged somewhere in\\nthe system a centripetal force adequate to hold it steadily,\\nserenel3 in its majestic course, even the brightest orna-\\nment of this glorious constellation of States might, at\\nany moment, fly wild from its orbit, and wander blazing\\ninto the abysses.\\nThe growing conviction that it was not enough to be\\ndelivered from the yoke of foreign domination, but that\\nthere must be the power on the part of the general gov-\\nernment to preserve domestic tranquillity, to perpetuate\\nthe blessings which independence involves, by maintain-\\ning security, order, the enforcement of the laws, and the\\ndue subordination of all to a common national authority,\\nwas daily being strengthened and confirmed. To pro-\\nAdde such security, and establish such a stable order of\\nthings, was the arduous duty to which the statesmen of\\nAmerica were nest to address their best effort.\\nThe steps preparatory to the calling of a convention\\nto draft such a Constitution as to give greater stability to\\nthe Union, were taken in Massachusetts, May 31, 1785,\\nThe benefits from the adoption of the FcJeral Constitution were\\nimmediate and substantial. Order promptly arose out of confusion.\\nMutual confidence was strengthened. The arts and emploj-mcnts of\\nlife were encouraged. Commercial enterprise rapidly increased. The\\ncredit of the government, by wise and efBcicnt provisions in the finances\\nof the conntry, the regulation of foreign trade, and the collection of the\\nrevenues, was speedily restored. And the whole nation, from a state of\\nduring the administration of Governor Bowdoin. In\\nFeb., 1787, the Massachusetts delegation succeeded in\\nintroducing into Congress a resolution, which was passed,\\nsanctioning the calling of such a convention. Delegates\\nfrom all the States were chosen to attend it. The con-\\nvention met in Philadelphia, Maj- 25, 1787, and, on mo-\\ntion of Robert Morris, was organized by the choice of\\nGeorge Wasliington for president. The result of the\\nconvention was the adoption of a Constitution, con-\\nsidered tnily federal and republican, the product\\nof the matured reflection of the assembled wisdom of\\nthe Repulilic which was laid before Congress, and sub-\\nmitted to conventions of the people in different States\\nfor adoption or rejection. The convention in Massa-\\nchusetts called for this purpose convened at Boston, Jan.\\n9, 1788, and continued in session for nearly a month.\\nThe members of this bodj over three hundred in num-\\nber, comprising not a few of those who had served at\\nPhiladelphia, as also those who were engaged in the con-\\nvention for framing the Constitution of Massachusetts,\\nwere among the most eminent men in the State. The\\nconvention was organized bj- the choice of Governor\\nHancock as president. On the 6th of Feb., 1788, the\\nconvention voted the ratification of the National Consti-\\ntution by a vote of 187 to 1C8 the oldest and first-set-\\ntled towns in the State casting the strongest affirmative\\nvote Boston and Plj mouth, in this respect, standing\\nshoulder to shoulder, the descendants of the Pilgrims,\\nand the descendants of the Puritans, acting together in\\nthis notablj- patriotic work.*\\nThe War of 1812.\\nMassachusetts was undoubtedlj- opposed to our last\\nwar with Great Britain. Not that she did not consider\\nthat the nation had a real grievance di manding redress,\\nbut it was believed by the great majority of the citizens\\nof this State that, under the guidance of a prudent and\\nmagnanimous spirit, the difficulties between the two gov-\\nernments might have been amicably adjusted. There\\nwas doubtless enough in the matter of impressment, the\\nprincipal cause for the declaration of war, to appeal to\\nthe patriotism of the people to demand of the govern-\\nment security from the domineering insolence of un-\\nauthorized press-gangs. t Still, confessedly grievous\\nas was this evil, and imperativelj- as it demanded re-\\nembarrassraent and weakness, made steady advances to wealth, to\\npower, and to vital prosperity. i?ori-y.\\nt Ostensibly the war was waged to avenge the stimulation of Indian\\nmassacres, paper blockades, and plunder of our property on the ocean,\\nfor which the only satisfaction was contemptuous insult, as well as for\\nthe impressment of seamen. Yet it was undeniably on the latter issue\\nthat the war came finally to turn. At the breaking out of this war, it", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0072.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\ndress, it was insisted that the difficulty miglit have been\\nadjusted bj- wise negotiation an opinion, the wisdom of\\nwhich was abundantly confirmed bj the event the\\nmatter of impressment, strange to say, having been\\nentirely evaded in the final pacification between the two\\ncountries having been left, after all, to be adjusted bj\\nthe peaceful methods of negotiation and diplomacy.\\nBut Massachusetts, moreover, believed the declaration\\nand prosecution of this war impolitic and inexpedient.\\nIt is true that, being overwhelmingly Federal in her poli-\\ntics at the time, and the war being a distinctively Demo-\\ncratic administration measure, she would naturally have\\nopposed the war on strictl} partisan, or political grounds.*\\nBut Massachusetts felt that she had more vital and sub-\\nstantial grounds for her opposition to the war than those\\nof a mere partisan nature. The people of this State were\\nprincipally engaged in commercial pursuits. With them,\\nthe spirit of thrift was greater than any thirst for military\\nglory. Here there existed no supernumerarj class of\\nyoung men, left in idleness, as at the South, by the\\ninstitution of slaverj and hence sighing, as they read of\\nthe battles of Europe, for swords and for militar}- renown.\\nNaturally, therefore, and not from cowardice, or from\\nparsimony, or from an^- willingness to sacrifice the true\\ninterests of the countr} but from a profound conviction\\nthat peace, and not war, was the true policj of the whole\\nnation, and that all her interests would be best subserved\\nthereby, the voice of Massachusetts was steadfastly-, not\\nfor war, but for peace, f\\nMeantime, whatever the views of the people in regard\\nto the policy and expediency of this war, the citizens of\\nthis State yet recognized the obligation of all alilie, with-\\nout distinction, since war liad been declared b} proper\\nauthorities, to sustain the government in the prosecution\\nof the same until the unhappy contest should be brought\\nwas said on good authority, that not less than 2,500 American seamen,\\nclaiming the rights of citizenship, and refusing to fight against their\\ncountry, were committed at once to Dartmoor and other prisons, where\\nmost of them were detained for a period of nearly three years. Was\\nnot this enough to justify at least earnest remonstrance, if not actual\\nresistance Can we be surprised th.it such an outrage caused an\\nunparalleled excitement throughout the country, and was appealed to\\nwith great force by the friends of the war, in jastification of the Presi-\\ndent s policy\\nIn his youth, the writer remembers to have read a volume containing\\na narrative of the experiences of one of these Dartmoor prisoners, and\\nthe record was as harrowing almost as those of our boys later confined\\nin Libby or Andersonville.\\nSo sharply were party lines drawn in those days that, though there\\nwas probably no intention on his part to resist the laws of the Federal\\ngovernment, or to oppose their enforcement within constitutional\\nbounds, yet the rancor of party spirit did not hesitate very severely to\\ncensure, if it did not impeach, the motives of the Federal governor.\\nStrong, because of his extreme reluctance, in response to the President s\\nrequisition, to order the militia into the service of the United States.\\nto a successful issue. In proof of this, she points proudly\\nto the great numbers of seamen she furnished to man the\\nUnited States Navy, and by which the most brilliant suc-\\ncesses of the war were won.\\nIn August, 1812, Captain Isaac Hull, commander of\\nthe ftig.ate Constitution, having attacked and captured\\nthe English frigate Guerriere, on his return to Boston\\nwas received by all classes with enthusiastic greetings.\\nA salute was fired on the occasion. The public dinner\\nwas attended b^- a large number of respectable merchants\\nof the town, and b} officers of the State and of the nation.\\nPart3 distinctions were for the moment forgotten, and the\\nrejoicing of the people was for the success of their\\nnation s arms.\\nJune 1, 1813, a battle was fought off Boston harbor,\\nin sight of a multitude of anxious spectators, between\\nthe United States frigate Chesapeake, commanded bj-\\nCaptain Lawrence, and the British frigate Shannon,\\nwhich, after an engagement of only fifteen minutes, ter-\\nminated unfortunately for the American ship. The ship\\nwas taken, and the captain himself was mortally wounded.\\nCaptain Lawi cnce died five days later, and was buried at\\nHalifax, with military honors. Not long after he was re-\\nburied at Salem with most imposing ceremonies Hon.\\nJoseph Story acting as the orator of the day. The\\ncitizens of Boston had been the more interested in this\\nengagement, and felt the more afflicted at its issue, inas-\\nmuch as the Chesapeake had been for some time in\\nport, and her officers, especially her gallant commander,\\nwere well known, and very highl} esteemed.\\nThe Uartford Convention.\\nThis memorable bod^ consisting of an assemblage of\\ndelegates from the New England States, and called to\\ndevise means of security and defence which may be con-\\nThe Federal party, which, from Washington to Jefferson, was in\\npower, and which stood for the largest practicable centralization of\\npower in the general government, was the Conservative party while the\\nDemocratic party (then called Republican), which stood for the largest\\npossible liberty. State and individual, consistent with nationality, and\\nwhich, for the most part, retained possession of the government from\\nJefferson down to our own generation, was, for many years, esteemed\\nthe party of progress.\\nt We would not be understood as intimating that the war of 1812,\\nwas, after all, altogether futile, or vain. Revealing, as it did, to our-\\nselves, as well as to foreign nations, our resources preventing, it is\\npossible, future wars, by averting foreign wrongs, and inspiring in a\\npeople, divided and alienated, a feeling of brotherhood, and the pride of\\nnationality, that have since borne us through many a crisis, and\\nof which we feci the influence to the present hour, the indirect effects\\nof that contest, at least, were undeniably beneficial. Let not, there-\\nfore, this war, or its warriors, or its examples of unostentatious\\nself-devotion and patriotic self-denial, be spoken lightly of, or re-\\nwarded amid the more conspicuous sacrifices of a later conflict, with\\noblivion.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0073.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nsistent with the presentation of our resources from total\\nluin, adapted to our local situation and mutual relations\\nand habits, and not repugnant to our obligations as\\nmembers of the Union, met at Hartford, December 15,\\n1814. This famous convention was born in a commit-\\ntee-room of the Massachusetts legislature, under the\\nauspices of Harrison Gray Otis. The legislature con-\\nsenting to adopt and baptize the bantling, and to notify-\\nall the rest of mankind of his advent, he came early\\nto great, albeit wc think unmerited, distinction.\\nGeorge Cabot, an eminent citizen of this State, was\\nthe president of that illustrious conclave. And such\\nother citizens of this Commonwealth as William Pres-\\ncott of Boston, father of the historian, Harrison Gray\\nOtis statesman, orator, jurist, sage Stephen Long-\\nfellow, father of the poet, and manj others hardly less\\neminent for their talents and virtues, took part in the\\nproceedings of that famous convention names these,\\nsurelj-, of sufficient note to preserve that body from the\\nridiculousl} false and absurd charges so long and so\\npersistently- preferred against it.*\\nThat this convention was reactionary in its temper\\nand tendencies there can be no reasonable doubt. It\\nseems to have been a calm, temperate, albeit emphatic\\nexpression of Federal resentment against the administra-\\ntion for its method of conducting the war with Great\\nBritain a vigorous protest especiall} against its almost\\nutter neglect of the greatly exposed New England sea-\\nboard. But that there was ever anything seditious or\\ntreasonable connected with its proceedings, there has\\nnever been discovered the slightest shred of evidence to\\nshow. Meantime that unhappy Hartford Conven-\\ntion, called simpl} to propose a few harmless amend-\\nAs an illustration of how great, wise, and patriotic men are liaWe\\nto be carried away by a storm of partisan apprehension and prejudice,\\nwe quote below, from the Life and Letters of the late George Tick-\\nnor. As the elder President Adams was to give him some letters of\\nintroduction to important public persons whom he might meet on his\\nway to Virginia, Mr. T. visited the retired statesman at his residence\\nin Quincy. Ho thus writes of the interview\\nI was then twenty-three years old, and though I had seen Mr.\\nAdams occasionally, there was no real acquaintance between us. It\\nwas a time of great general anxiety. The war of 1812 was then going\\non, and New England was suffering from it severely. The Hartford\\nConvention was then in session. Mr. Adams was bitterly opposed to it.\\nJlr. Cal)ot, who was ray acquaintance, and in some degree my friend,\\nwas its president. Soon after I was seated in Mr. Adams s parlor\\nwhere were no one but himself .and Mrs. Adams, who was knitting\\nhe began to talk of the condition of the country with great earnestness.\\nI said not a word. Mrs. Adams was equally silent. But Mr. Adams,\\nwho was a man of strong and vehement passions, went on more and\\nmore vehemently. He was dressed in a single-breasted, dark-green\\ncoat, buttoned tightly by very large, white, metal buttons, over his\\nsomwhat rotund person. As he grew more and more excited in his\\ndiscourse, he impatiently endeavored to thrust his hand into the breast\\nof his coat. The buttons did not yield readily. At last he forced his\\nments to the Federal Constitution, and with.al mildly to\\ncomplain of, and to criticise certain alleged unwarranta-\\nble assumptions of power and prerogative, on the part\\nof the dominant part}-, that Hartford Convention,\\nalas I was fatal to all its authors and abettors not\\nonly contributing to the doom of tlie old Federal party,\\nbut resulting withal in the exclusion from political power\\nin the nation of almost every man implicated in its doings.\\nSlavery in Massachusetts.\\nThe odious traffic in human beings known as chattel\\nslavery was never sanctioned in Massachusetts. True,\\nfrom quite an early period there had been a few slaves\\nin the Province, owned principally by the wealthier\\nclasses, and valued at from \u00c2\u00a310 to \u00c2\u00a325. But, in gen-\\neral, slaverj was so repugnant to the principles and\\ninstincts of the Puritans, that it was always viewed b}\\nthem with abhoiTcnce and hence, fortunately, never\\nattained to the dignity of a fixed or i^eculiar institu-\\ntion of New England, f\\nMeantime, at the opening of the Revolution, the atten-\\ntion of patriots and philanthropists, in Massachusetts as\\nwell as elsewhere, had been directed to this subject.\\nUnder the colonial and provincial charters, though\\nslaveiy itself was not speciflcallj disapproved, the slave\\ntrade was deprecated and denounced as a disgrace to\\nhumanity. Five Africans, supposed to have been kid-\\nnapped, having been brought into the Colony (1G45) by\\nCaptain Smith, to be sold as slaves, were at once ordered\\nto be liberated, and a law was passed prohibiting the\\nbujing and selling of slaves, except those taken in\\nlawful war, or reduced to servitude for their crimes. X\\nThe General Court never neglected any favorable oppor-\\nhand in, saying as he did so, in a loud voice, and with a most excited\\nmanner Thank God thank God George Cabot s close-buttoned\\nambition has broke at last. He wants to be President of New England,\\nsir I felt so uncomfort.able that I made my acknowledgments for his\\nkindness in giving me the letters, and escaped as soon as I could.\\nt Randolph speaks of two hundred slaves in the Colony in 1676.\\nAnother authority speaks of one hundred and tiventy in 16S0. For the\\nspace of fifty years after its first settlement, no slaves were imported\\ninto the Colony. At that time, after a twenty months voyage, a vessel\\nbrought hither forty or fifty negi-ocs, mostly women and children, and\\nthese were sold here for ten, fifteen, or twenty pounds apiece. After-\\nward, at rare intervals, two or three negroes at a time were brought\\nhither from Barbadocs, and from other of his Majesty s plantations, and\\nsold for about twenty pounds each. Meantime, the opinion is expressed\\nby the early chronicler, th.at as many Scots as Africans, captured dur-\\ning the border wars between England and Scotland, and about half as\\nmany Irish, had been brought to this country and likewise sold for ser-\\nv.ints. Clearly our New England ancestors were guiltless of any pro-\\nslavery prejudice based simply on color. The earliest known adver-\\ntisement of slaves for sale in New England was in 1704.\\nX Many of the captives, says Mr. Palfrey, taken during and at the\\nclose of King Philip s war, were sold to service among the conquerors,\\nand many were transported to slavery in the West Indies. This last is", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0074.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\ntunitj-, either to discountenance the practice of holding\\nslaves, or to express its hearty abhorrence especiall} of\\nthe slave trade. In a convention held at Worcester\\n(June 14, 1775), it was resolved, that we al)hor the\\nenslaving of anj of the human race, and particularly of\\nthe negroes in this countrj- and that whenever there\\nshall be a door opened, or opportunity presented, for\\nanything to be done towards the emancipation of the\\nnegroes, we v. ill use our influence and endeavor that\\nsuch a thing maj- be brought about.\\nAt the opening of the Eevolution, as ali-eady inti-\\nmated, there seems to have been a more general disposi-\\ntion than ever, on the part of thp people, to take into\\nconsideration the state and circumstances of the negro\\nslaves in the Province, with reference to some effectual\\nmeasures looking tov/ards their early emancipation.*\\nIn the fall of 177G, when several blacks, who had been\\nbrought into Salem on board a British prize ship, from\\nJamaica, had been advertised to Ijc sold, the legislature\\npromptlj interfered, and ordered them to be liberated\\nforthwith. Meanwhile, the new State Constitution, in\\nthe very first article of the Declaration of Rights, based\\ndirectly upon the noted axiom of the Declaration of\\nIndependence, had declared that all men are born\\nfree and equal a clause said to have been inserted\\nby Judge Lovell with special reference to the subject of\\nslaver}\\nUnder the circumstances, a public expression of opin-\\nion in regard to this subject could not well be long de-\\nlayed. In 1783, a case f involving this all-important\\nquestion came to trial. The supreme judicial court,\\nsitting in the count} of Worcester, did not hesitate to\\ndecide that the aforesaid provision of the new State\\nConstitution had unquestionably abolished slavery in the\\nsaid to have been the fate of the only surviving son of the wretched\\nKing Philip an ignoble doom for the last of a noble race. Surely the\\nsins of the fathers arc visited upon the children. Meantime, deeply as\\nthey had suffered, craelly as they had been outraged .and wronged,\\nit is to be regretted that our ancestors did not exhibit a little more\\nclemency towards the comparatively irresponsible parties to that\\ngreat crime. And yet, horrible, repulsive as is the act of selling\\na man or woman or child to be a slave, it should be remembered\\nthat in this instance it was done, not indeed simply because tlic\\nvictims had black blood in tlicir veins, but by way of inflicting pen-\\nalty for crime.\\nUpon the occasion of the late annual meeting of the Connecticut\\nValley Historical Society, Col. John S. Rice rcfid extracts from a prob-\\nably unpublished letter from John Adams to Dr. Belknap, the historian\\nof New Hampshire, touching upon the metliod of the aljolition of\\nslavery in Massachusetts. The real cause of the cmanci] ation, accord-\\ning to Mr. Adams, was the multiplication of laboring white people, wlio\\nwould not allow the labor by which alone they could gain a subsistence\\nto be done by shaves. The scoffs and jeers of the white people led the\\nnegroes to be so idle and dissipated that slavery was abolished as a mat-\\nter of economy. Rev. J. W. Harding recalled the fact th.at Rev. Dr.\\nStephen Williams of Longmeadow owned several slaves, one of whom\\nCommonwealth of Massachusetts. The following pas-\\nsage in the liistor}- of IMr. Bany, relative to the abolition\\nof slaver} in the United States, written a generation\\nago, reads curiously to-day in the light of events which\\nhave since transpired. He says: It (slavery) has\\nmultiplied se^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0enfold and is, without doubt, one of the\\nmost serious evils of the nation. Whether it will expand\\nand increase, diffusing aliroad a moral miasma, to taint\\nand corrupt the whole body politic, are questions which\\nare certainly of \\\\ital importance. But may we not hope\\nthat a merciful God will open a way in accortlance with\\nthe spirit of the Gospel of Christ, by which the country\\nmay be rid of this evil without the intervention of a\\nviolence which could end only in the dismemberment of\\nthe Union, or in an exasperation of feeling which would\\nrankle so deeply as to banish forever brotherly love?\\nTliis is the problem of the nineteenth centur} who does\\nnot pray that it may be happily solved\\nThe problem has alread}-, and long since, been solved\\nalas, not by the peaceful method prayed for, but amid\\nthe din and smoke and tempest of battle; by wading\\nthrough slaughter by pouring out patriot blood like\\nwater on many a desperately contended field by offering\\non the altar of the national honor and the national life,\\nthe most costly sacrifices of the heart on the part of mil-\\nlions. Slavery finally struck at the very heart of the\\nnation, and it required all the energies of the young\\nrepublic to fling the monster from its breast and to crush\\nit and then, to reorganize its dismembered territory,\\nand to establish over the same its supreme authority.\\nTrue, somewhat of that exasperation of feeling pre-\\ndicted has douljtless been developed. Yet, let us hope\\nthat, under the guidance of prudence, magnanimity and\\nrighteousness, all this exasperation of feeling may be\\nwas sometimes put in jail for punishment, and another, who ultimately\\ndrowned himself in a well, was often whipped by a council of neigh-\\nbors. In this connection, it may be mentioned that Henry Brewer rec-\\nollects that Col. Worthington owned a genuine Guinea negro female,\\nwho was one day terribly frightened by a thunder-storm. She put on\\nher best crimson waist and petticoat, and, being asked what she diil that\\nfor, replied that it was the day of judgment, and that she wanted to be\\nfit for the good company she expected to meet.\\nOn this same occasion was read a very interesting sketch by Judge\\nHenry Morris, of slavery in Massachusetts, and especially iu the Con-\\nnecticut Valley and Springfield.\\nt The case thus decided originated some time previously. It was\\noccasioned by a citizen s beating and imprisoning his negro servant,\\nwhom he claimed as his slave. This offence the public could not over-\\nlook and the defendant was judged guilty of an assault, and was sen-\\ntenced to pay a fine of forty shillings. And thus was the abolition of\\nslavery in Massachusetts, after an existence of over a centiny, finally\\nvirtually effected. Many who had been held in bondage still continued\\nas servants in the families of their masters during their lives. At the\\nopening of the nineteenth century there were few such left, and the in-\\nstitution died a natural death. The slave trade was prohibited in 178S.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Barry s Ilist. of N. E., Zd vol., pp. 188-9.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0075.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nallaj-c(l, and that, in its stead, brotliprly love an intel-\\nligent, incorruptible ])atnotism ma3- come speedilj and\\nuniversally to prevail.\\nThe Anti-Slavery Agitation.\\nAmong tlie many things, good, bad, and indifferent,\\nsaid to have originated on the fertile soil of Slassachu-\\nsetts, it can hardlj- be denied that she is responsible for\\nthe birth of that pestilent and incendiary thing\\nknown as Abolitionism. Nor do I know that she\\nhesitates for a moment, or blushes to own it. Nay, as\\nthe ages roll on, and America becomes more and more\\nthe land of the free, as well as the home of the\\nbrave, it will appear more and more, there is reason to\\nbelieve, th.nt the very brightest jewels in the coronet of\\nher fame are the names of those unflinching, uncompro-\\nmising advocates of freedom of abolition, of unmcdi-\\nate and unconditional emancipation of the slave Wea-\\nMr. Gan-ison s Anti-slavery society was organized Jan. 6, 1832, in\\nthe Bellinap Street School-house, Boston (called in the vernacular of the\\nday the Nigger SchooI-IIousc on Nigger Hill The oriji:ial\\nmembers of that society were: William Lloyd Can-ison, Oliver John-\\nson, Robert B. Ilall, Arnold BufTum, William J. SncUing, John E.\\nFuller, Moses Thatcher, Joshua Coffin, Stillman B. Neweomb, Benja-\\nmin C. Bacon, Isaac Knapp, Henry K. Stockton; Oliver Johnson at\\npresent being, it is supposed, the sole survivor of these original signers\\nof the constitution of this original Abolitionist organization. These\\nmen were all poor, not able altogether, probably, to put so much as\\n$100 into the treasury of the society but they were determined they\\nwere in earnest. Mr. Garrison was the centre and soul of this group,\\nof this movement. He never faltered he never doubted. Realizing\\nfully that the cause was God s, not man s, never, even the darkest hour,\\nwas he once doubtful of ultimate victory. He lived to see that glad\\nday.\\nWilliam Lloyd Gakrison.\\nBom in MassachttscttSf December 12, 1S04.\\nLived to Fuee the Slave, and to see him Free.\\nDied in New York, May 24, 1879.\\nFarewell The citadel of Freedom saved,\\nWhat matter if its Garrison s no more\\nt Mr. Garrison s well-known words indicate the temper, not only of\\nthe great agiLitor himself, but of the knot of indomitable spirits ho\\ngathered about him: I am in earnest. I will not equivocate; I will\\nnot excuse I will not retreat a single inch and icill be heard,\\nFew men ever accomplished so much, with means so small, and in\\nthe face of hostility so incessant and so bitter. We can scarcely picture\\nto ourselves the intolerance, the blind and reckless fanaticism with\\nwhich the nation clung to human slavery, as if it had been the ark of\\nthe covenant, and not the abomination of desolation which it showed\\nitself in the end. A few incidents and anecdotes of the early years of\\nthe Abolition movement may serve to remind us of what the state of\\nfeeling must have been.\\nThe letter of Harrison Gray Otis, describing the early insignificance\\nof Garrison in Boston, has often been quoted, but generally only in that\\nracy passage where the Liberator printing-offlee is spoken of as an\\nobscure hole, in which the negro boy is visible, flanked by a\\nvery few persons of all colors. But there is another part of the letter\\nwhich reads nowadays more like a burlesque on the worthy Mr. Otis s\\nstyle of expressmg himself, and yet is literally true to the situation as it\\ndell Phillips, William Lloyd Gan-ison, Theodore Tarker,\\nJohn G. Whittier, and Horace Jlann.\\nThe first number of the Liberator, William Lloyd\\nGan-ison editor, was published Jan. 1, 1830; and the\\nlittle band of braves,* the resolute little Liberty\\nParty, that at once rallied around this fearless agitator,\\nby their uncompromising spirit, their outspoken, unspar-\\ning, and sometimes inllammator3 testimonies against the\\nsum of all villainies, t soon challenged, and early\\nawakened throughout the South, an intense and most\\ninveterate reaction. Indeed, so sudden and terrific was\\nthe storm of denunciation visited on the heads of the\\nAbolitionists that tl\\\\e representatives of conservative\\npolitical opinion in the North, thoroughl}- alarmed, not to\\nsay cowed, quite generally joined in the howl of execr.a-\\ntion at the expense of the new sect called Abolitionists.\\nThe ball, meantime, was now opened. The irrepres-\\nsible conflict had begun in earnest. The Abolitionists\\nexisited in 1832. The first information received by me, says Mr.\\nOtis (a nephew, by the way, of James Otis, the Revolutionary flame\\nof fire of a disposition to agitate this subject in our State, was from\\nthe governors of Virginia and Georgia severally remonstrating against\\nan incendiary newspaper published in Boston, and, as they alleged,\\nthrown broadcast among their plantations, inciting to insurrection and\\nits horrid results. It appeared, on inquiry, that no member of the eity\\ngovernment had ever heard of the publication, I communicated to the\\nabove-named governors an assurance of my belief that the new fanati-\\ncism had not made, nor was likely to make, proselytes among the respect-\\nable classes of our people. Aljsurdly as this sounds now, it was not\\nunreasonable to say then, if the man who said it had no perception of the\\nunderlying strength of a tnie principle among the shallow and trivial\\nissues that disturbed the politics of Jackson s administration. Respect-\\nability had no concern then for the freedom of the slave, and there\\nseemed no prospect that it ever would have\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Springfield Republican.\\nAs an illustration of the mob-tyranny of those days, the extent to\\nwhich all who dared to act or think aloud in opposition to the will of\\nthe m.ijority, held their property and being subject to the edicts, or de-\\npendent on the clemency, of a mob, we quote further\\nMiss Martineau, who was hero in 1834-36, found it in full career, and\\ngives some curious particulars of it. Even Judge Story, she says,\\nwhen I asked him whether there was not a public prosecutor who\\nmight not prosecute for the assault on Garrison, if the Abolitionists did\\nnot, replied that he had given his advice against any notice vhatever\\nbeing taken of the outrage, the feeling being so strong against the dis-\\ncussion of slavery, and the rioters being so respectable in the city of Bos-\\nton. Prof. Ware told her that the plain truth was, the citizens did not\\nchoose to let such a man as Gan-ison live among them, just as the\\ncitizens of Birmingham did not choose to have Dr. Priestley live among\\nthem and defend the rights of man. Apart, therefore, from his greatest\\nwork, of freeing the slaves. Garrison and the Abolitionists did another\\nof almost equal importance; they wearied out and 6h.araed down the\\nmob-spirit of the American people, which h.as almost wholly ceased\\nsince the period here spoken of. There were mobs in Boston against\\nthe Anti-slavery men of 18G1 but they were slight affairs compared\\nwith the rage of 1835.\\nThat this mobocratic era, when public opinion, as the champion and\\ndemon of oppression, harnessed to the ploughshare of ruin the ignorant\\nand interested opposers of the truth in every section of this heaven-\\nfavored, but then mob-cursed hand, has now passed, as we trust, forever\\naway, we certainly cannot be sufficiently thankful.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0076.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nwould not hold their peace. The slaveholders threat-\\nened, flamed and thundered, hnperiously, wrathfull3\\ndemanding the instant suppression and extinction of\\nthe incendiaries and fanatics under the penalty\\nof the dissolution of the Union, and the annihilation of\\nNorthern prosperity through a retributi\\\\-e witluh-awal of\\nSouthern trade. On the other hand, the Union-savers\\nand cotton-worshippers of the North, regarding South-\\nern favor and patronage as the sheet-anchor of all their\\ncommercial and political interests, eagerly and promptly\\nresponded to these clamors, made haste to prostrate\\nthemselves in the dust before the sla-\\\\e power, and to\\npromise to do its veriest bidding; made haste, indeed,\\nat its instance, to lead the valiant editor of the Libera-\\ntor through the streets of Boston at the rope s end to\\nimbrue their hands in the blood of the intrepid Elijah P.\\nLovejoy of Alton, 111. and, a little later, under the\\nauspices of the fugitive slave law, having become kid-\\nnappers and slave-hunters, to laj their hands on the\\npanting fugitive Burns, and, escorting him with United\\nStates bayonets through the streets of Boston, remand\\nhim to life-long and hopeless captivity. How shocking\\nto the sensibilities of the future freemen of this land\\nmust seem this tale of humihation on the part of New\\nEnglanders, in terror of the crack of the slave-driver s\\nwhip All honor, however, to the Abolitionists, who,\\ntliough detested and covered with odium, yet unflinch-\\ningly held their ground. The heroic age had come\\nagain. A few there were, at least, in those sadly degen-\\nerate days, who had not forgotten that the soil of New\\nEngland had been consecrated to freedom, and that, cost\\nwhat it might, it should still be preserved sacred, invio-\\nlate, to the rights of human nature.\\nThere were t\\\\A0 stj-les of eloquence rife in those days.\\nOn the one hand, Hon. Edward Everett, the golden-\\nmouthed, the eloquent representative of the elegant, cul-\\ntured, calculating, doughface conservatism of the North,\\non the floor of the U. S. House of Representatives, could\\nsay (March 6, 1826) While it (slavery) subsists,\\nwhere it subsists, its duties are presupposed and sanc-\\ntioned by religion, a gratuitous outburst which, in-\\nstead of being gratefully hailed and welcomed by the\\nIt should not be forgotten though the fact is often overlooked\\nthat there were active and radical Anti-slavciy men in some of the\\nchurches. It was quite the custom of some of the early Abolitionists,\\nand particularly of the few blatant infidels among them, because certain\\nof the wealthy and aristocratic churches were conservative and silent on\\nthis subject, to indulge in sweeping and bitter denunciations against allthc\\nchurches a course which was not only grossly unjust to some churches,\\nbut had the effect moreover of alienating multitudes of lovers of free-\\ndom from the Anti-slavery society. Almost from the very first, in the\\nMethodist church, at least, ardent Anti-slavery men have abounded\\nwhile, in all the New England conferences, for over a generation,\\nsLivocrats, was repelled and reprobated by them John\\nRandolph meeting it scornfully with his well-known\\nstinging response: I en^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0y neither the head nor the\\nheart of the man from the North who rises here to defend\\nslaverj^ on principle.\\nOn the other hand, Hon. Horace Mann, also a son of\\nMassachusetts, on the same floor of Congress, adverting\\nto Mr. Webster s memoralile 7th of March speech\\n(1850), lifting up his indignant voice, cried: Twas\\nthen he laid his beaming forehead in the dust, and flung\\nhis clustered stars away.\\nOn the one hand, Daniel Webster, who, in days of\\nold, had uttered so many good things for freedom, and\\nwhose majestic and impressive oratory certainly never\\nseemed better fitted to his theme than when his voice had\\nbeen given for the noble cause of Free Soil,t now, in the\\ninterest of national pacification, advises his party to\\nconquer their prejudices, and to go in for the com-\\npromise measures as a finality. On the other hand,\\nyoung Sumner, whose words pealed through the nation,\\nand smote on the ears of the rising generation like the\\nblast of a trumpet, exclaimed Never more timelj- than\\nnow the maxim Fiat justitia mat coeJum let justice\\nbe done though the heavens fall. Assured, however,\\nthat under these circumstances the heavens will never\\nfall. Nay, rather, every act of justice iiobl3 done but\\nadds another pillar to the skies another link in that\\neverlasting chain that holds heaven and earth and main.\\nMeanwhile John G. Whittier, pre-eminentl} the poet of\\nfreedom and reform, takes up the strain, and shouts back\\nto the hauglity, clamorous, overbearing slaveholders\\nRail on, then, brethren of the South,\\nYe shall not hear the truth the less\\nNo seal is on the Yankee tongue\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nNo fetter on the Y.inkce press.\\nFrom our green mountains to the sea\\nOne voice shall thunder wii are free I\\nInstigated by the repudiation of the Missouri Compro-\\nmise, in the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and\\nthe atrocities perpetrated in connection with the rendi-\\ntion of fugitive slaves as also the outrages committed\\nhy Border Ruffians in Kansas, in their desperate en-\\ndeavor to bring that State into the Union as a slave\\nh.ave been found many of the most eloquent and ardent champions of\\nthe slave the country has produced. The Methodist Discipline has\\nalways been Anti-slavciy. The church split in 1841 on that issue, and\\nan unhappy schism has since occurred in the s.ame interest.\\nt I frankly avow my unwillingness to do anything that shall extend\\nthe slavery of the African race on this continent, or add any other sUivc-\\nholding St.ttcs to this Union. When I say that I regard slavery in itself\\na very great moral, social and political evil, I only use language which\\nhas been adopted by distinguished men, themselves citizens of slave-\\nholding States. I shall do nothing, therefore, to favor or to encourage\\nits extension. Speech at Niblo s Garden, New York, March 15, 1837.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0077.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nState, the more or less dormant Anti-slavery sentiment\\nof the old Whig party, which had al ovetime manifested\\nitself bj a firm, consistent, steadfast opposition to the\\nscheme of annexing Texas as a slave State, and b} the\\nadvocacy of the doctrine embodied in the fiimous Wilmot\\nProviso,* assumed in 1849 an active and organized\\nform, under the title of the Free Soil part}-, and still\\nlater, in 1856, the Republican party. The fortunes of\\nthis party known as the party of freedom, progress,\\njustice, and reform have been not a little influenced b}\\nthe cotmsels and labors of such eminent statesmen of\\nMassachusetts as Anson G. Burlingame, Henry Wilson,\\nGovernor Andrew, and nomen clariissimum Charles\\nSumner, who, early in the great struggle, not only by his\\naffluent and scholarly tongue, but in his own person,\\nafforded to the world a most impressive and memorable\\nillustration of the Barbarism of Slavery.\\nThe triumph of the Republican party in 1860, with\\nAbraham Lincoln for its standard-bearer, was made the\\noccasion of the slaveholders rebellion. This resulted in\\nthe war for the Union, and the issue, Jan. 1, 1863, of\\nthe Proclamation of Emancipation, and, a little later, the\\nConstitutional Amendment (April 8, l.sOt) abolishing and\\nforever prohibiting slavery throughout the United States.\\nMassachusetts in the War for the Union.\\nMassachusetts shared in that grand uprising of the\\npeople, and unprecedented outbm-st of patriotic senti-\\nment occasioned hy the rebel assault on Fort Sumter.\\nThe verj first shot sent crashing against the sides of that\\nUnion fortress convulsed and thrilled the Northern heart\\nwith the most intense excitement with an enthusiasm\\nof patriotism, perhaps without a parallel in history.\\nAnd, now, that the Slaveholders Confederacj had thus\\nIn 1846, Tvhile the vrwr n-ith Mexico was in progress, it became an\\nimportant question what should be the Libor and sochl system of tlie\\nterritories about to be acquired from Mexico. While this question w;\\\\s\\npending in Congress, Mr. David Vilmot of Pennsylvania, moved to add\\nto a bill before the House the following\\nProvided, That as an express and fiind.imental condition to the ac-\\nqnisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico by the United\\nStates, by virtue of any treaty that may be negotiated between them,\\nneither slavery nor involnnt.an.- servitude shall ever exist in any part of\\nsaid territory, except for aime, whereof the party shall be first duly\\nconvicted.\\nt As regiment after regiment, in rapid Buccession, was announced\\nfrom old Massachusetts, the country was filled with enthusiasm. The\\nWTiter chanced to be in a certain place of business, in a country town,\\nof a neighboring State, on a certain morning during the early days\\nof that struggle, when one of the workmen took up the morning\\npaper and read the announcement, The Masachusetis Thirty-Xinlh\\non its tent/ to the front. God bless old Massachusetts he ex-\\nclaimed, with the utmost warmth and emphasis. This sentiment was\\nvery general.\\nX Robert G. Shaw, commander of the Massachusetts Fifty-fourth\\n(colored) Regiment. From one of the oldest imd best families,\\nactually- appealed from sterile negotiations to the last\\nargixment of aristocracies as well as kings, and had so\\ngiven notice that the era of compromise and diplomacy\\nwas ended, and that war stern, grim, remorseless\\nwar against the Union was begun, no State responded\\nmore promptly than Massachusetts to the country s call\\nfor militarj and material aid. Her regiments, indeed,\\nwere among the very first to hurry forward, in obedience\\nto the President s call, to the relief and defence of the\\nbeleaguered and imperilled capital. It was her troops\\nthat, as in the morning of the Revolution, were the first\\nto resist the aggressions of tjTanny, and the first to shed\\ntheir blood in defence of their country. All honor to\\nthe glorious and immortal Massachusetts Sixth No\\nState, diu-ing the late civil war, sent more regiments into\\nthe field, in proportion to its population, composed of\\nbraver men, or officered by more gallant and patriotic\\nleaders, than Massachusetts, t The lamvls of such\\nheroes as General Bartlett, and of Colonel Robert G.\\nShaw, who fell at Fort Wagner, are imperishable. J On\\nalmost every battle-field of the Union repose her fallen,\\nher honored sons. Nor were her daughters less nobly\\npatriotic and self-denying. What monuments of their\\nheroic toils were afibrded during those dark days, in\\nconnection with the history of the Sauitarj- and Chris-\\ntian Commissions. Meantime, but for their brave words,\\ntheir praj^ers, their white-winged love-messages to the\\nabsent ones on the tented-field, as well as their soul-\\ncheering presence, and personal services b} the bed-side\\nin t nion hospitals, it is not easy to conceive how that\\nfearful, desperate struggle could have ever been fought\\nthrough to a successful issue.\\nNay, though eloquence and poetrj- 1| have vied with\\neach other in according to the patriotic virtue and ser-\\nColonel Shaw was one of the noblest and most promising yonng men\\nof the State. He will always occupy a conspicuous and honored place\\nin the annals of the war of the rebellion, not only in that, at a critical\\nmoment, he assumed a perilous responsibility; but, because identified\\nprominently with that gre.at event in our history by which the title of\\ncolored men as citizen-soldiers was fixed beyond recall. As long as\\nyouthful dedication to a noble cause shall be honored in this land,\\nAmerica will not be unmindful of this hero who lies buried with his\\nniggers.\\nSee Hon. Edward Everett s Gettysburg oration. Among other\\nthings this imperial discourse pays an eloquent and richly deserved\\ntribute to the loyalty, and patriotic services of the Union women of not\\nmerely one, but all the Northern States.\\nI The maid who binds her warrior s sash.\\nWith smiles that well her p.iin dissembles\\nThe while beneath her drooping lash.\\nOne starry- tear-drop hangs and trembles.\\nThough Heaven alone records the tear.\\nAnd forae shall never know her story\\nHer heart has shed a drop as dear.\\nAs ever dewed the field of glory.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0078.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nvices of these noble women a cordial and emphatic\\nrecognition, the}- yet certain]} have uttered no more than\\nTvas actually felt to be their due, particularly on the part\\nof those brave men known in Union annals as the Boys\\nin Blue.\\nIll almost every cit} and town of the Commonwealth,\\nmay be seen, occupying a more or loss conspicuous site,\\na granite obelisk.* crowned either with the image of\\nLiberty, or the statue of the Union soldier, commemora-\\ntive of our patriot dead signifying that, though bred to\\nthe arts of peace, the citizens of old Massachusetts\\nthe alma mater of the Union were not yet so insen-\\nsible to the claims of their countr}-, and of the Old\\nFlag, but that when put in mortal peril, they, like their\\nsires of yore, smiling on death, could say, Duke et\\ndecorum est ipro Patria mori.\\nOld- Time Travelling. The Poetry of Pillion and Stage.\\nDuring the colonial period, travelling in New England\\nwas principalh performed on foot, or on horseback, tlie\\nwomen being mounted on pillions behind the men.\\nPedestrians were at first guided through the forests by\\nblazed trees. The earliest roads were mere bridle-paths.\\nAs late as 1691, the blind husband of Elizabeth How,\\naccompanied by his two young daughters, might have\\nbeen seen journeymg on horseback, twice a week, along\\nnarrow, difficult, and sometimes dangerous roads, all the\\nway from Topsfield to Boston to ^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2isit the wife and mother\\nconfined there as a convicted witch.\\nThese piimitive bridle-paths at length gave way to\\ncart-roads, some of which, having never attained to the\\ndignity of highways, still remain clean-cut through leafy\\nwoods, and affording us romantic traces of the simplicity\\nof earlier times.\\nAt the close of the colonial period, or of the seven-\\nteenth century, roads, such as they were, radiated in\\nevery direction from the metropolis (Boston) to the sur-\\nThe infe who girds the husband s sword,\\nMid little ones who weep and wonder;\\nAnd bravely speaks the cheering word,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0V\\\\ hat tho her heart be rent asunder,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nDoomed nightly in her dreams to hear\\nThe bolts of war around him rattle,\\nHath shed as sacred blood as e er\\nWas poured upon the field of battle.\\nThe mother who conceals her grief,\\nAVhile on her breast her son she presses\\nThen breathes a few brave words and brief,\\nKissing the patriot brow she blesses,\\nWith no one but her secret God\\nTo know the pain that weighs upon her\\nSheds holy blood, as e er the sod\\nReceived on freedom s field of honor.\\nrounding villages, forming the media of communication\\nwith their inhabitants. These roads, ordinarily, were\\nvery poorly worked, and travel thereon was accordingly\\nexceedingly laborious and uncomfortable a trip, nnder\\nthe circumstances, of only a few miles, amply sufficing,\\nsays an historian, to cure even the most inveterate case\\nof dyspepsia. Even yet, however, the more distant\\nhamlets, buried in the depths of the primeval forests,\\nwere reached only by tortuous paths indicated by marked\\ntrees, fallen timber, as also ragged rocks, piled in heaps,\\nor scattered about in indiscriminate confusion, often\\nimpeding the progress of the wayfarer in reaching these\\nsettlements. It is interesting to consider, just here,\\nthat, distant and difficult of access as they were, these\\nlocalities, now so densely populated, thus early yet pos-\\nsessed, for the yeomanr} of our land, points of attrac-\\ntion sufficient to allure them thither. As many a\\nscene, which, at the distance, looks desert and rock-\\nbound, unfolds itself, when visited, into vales of rarest\\nbeauty, so, though nestled so far away among the hills,\\nthese embr}-o villages, in the Arcadian simplicity of\\nthose earlier times, seem yet, once reached, to have\\neffectually charmed that brave and hardy race by whose\\ndiligent toil the wilderness, in time, was made glad, and\\nthe desert to rejoice and to blossom as the rose.\\nPleasure-carriages, save in Boston, were ver} rarely\\nseen until the middle of the eighteenth century. The\\nchaise, so long the pleasure-vehicle of New England,\\nwas introduced about that time. The wagons of the\\nfarmers were, for the most part, ver}- rude structures,\\nusually bedded solidly on the axles, so that riding in\\nthem, they ordinarily ser^ cd the purpose of convey-\\nance both to mill and meeting especially over the\\nhideous highways of the period, rough as yet, with im-\\npulled stones and stimips, was far from being voluptu-\\nously easy. Stage-coaches were not introduced until\\nnear the close of the seventeenth century, the ver}- first\\nof w-hich we have any account, being that of Lady\\nAndros, wife of the provincial governor.\\nStage routes were gradually opened up throughout all\\nparts of the coimtry, and became the scene, at once, of\\nbusy travel, of exciting competition on the part of differ-\\nent stage lines, and of ever-increasing commercial trans-\\nportation, -f\\nNo more imperial monument to the memory of the long procession\\nof its unrctuming braves was, probably, ever erected by any munici-\\npality, than th.it erected recently by the city of Boston, and located on\\nan eminence in its truly matchless Common. Some towns, aiming to\\ncombine utility with a patriotic duty, have erected Jlcmorial Halls,\\ninstead of obelisks. A notable, and most commendable instance of\\nthis has occurred in the old town of Dedham.\\nt One of the most important and widely known of these stage routes\\nwas that from Boston to Providence, opened early in the present cen-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0079.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nOn less frequented tbroroughfares, the daily arrival of\\nthe stage, with its burden of passengers and baggage,\\noften piled high, was quite an incident in the history of\\nthe day. Its approach was indicated, or announced, by\\nsonorous blasts upon a bora or bugle, carried for the\\npurpose, while, as it descended the hill and, with its\\nhorses at full gallop, rounded up to the tavern door, a\\nsensation was created throughout the whole otherwise\\nquiet village, the loungers of the bar-room, meanwhile,\\nand the small boys of the neighborhood hovering about,\\nand regarding the stage-di ivcr with no little amazement\\nand envy. Indeed, the Jehu of those days was ordi-\\nnarily quite a noted character. In default of any others,\\nthese knights of the road occupied, in the popular imagi-\\nnation, the plate al-\\nlotted to the pop-\\nular hero. Mean\\ntime, the stjle n\\nwhich they used to\\nmanage the iib-\\nbons, and the pi ide\\nwith which, -(Mth\\nmany a ringing\\ncrack of the -nhip,\\nthey drove their\\nprancing steeds,\\nfour or six in hand,\\nup to the dooi ot\\nthe waj-side inn, oi\\nof the grand citj\\nhotel, the obsened\\nof all observers,\\nwas a striking fea-\\nture of a character\\nnow become obso-\\nlete. Ancient stage travel, sluggish and loitering though\\nit was, was by no means devoid of romance. Says a late\\nwriter: In early times, say fifty years ago, the only\\nmeans of public travel in these parts was the stage-\\ncoach, a thing of comfort in its day, sometimes a luxury\\ntnry, and continued for at least a generation (from between 1S05 and\\nISIO, tol835, or 1836), over tlie old air-line, Boston and Providence\\nTui-npike.\\nTlie stages nsed to start from the Exchange Colfee-house, Marlboro\\nHotel, and Commercial CotTcc-housc, Boston, in the early morning, the\\npassengers dining at South Walpole, and maUing close connections wiih\\nthe steamboats, which left Providence for New York at four o clock,\\np. M. Sometimes, it is said, no less than fifty stages a day used to roll\\nover this notable old turnpike. South Wiilpole being a kind of half-\\nway station between the two tcnninal cities, with two good old-fashioned\\ntaverns, one long and favorably known as Fuller s Tavcni (the build-\\ning is still standing, though its capacious stable is going to decay), the\\nother, directly opposite, as Polly s horses were changed here,\\nand ample refreshments for man and beast were provided.\\nin travel. Well do we remember the time of stages\\nwhich were run between Albany and Buffalo, with their\\nrelays of horses every ten or fifteen miles, the tooting\\nhorn announcing its approach, the joll^ passengers who\\nwould alight for the noon meal, or to stretch their legs\\nup some long hill, and then in again to ride on to\\ntheir destination. Say what you will, the old stage-\\ncoach was an institution which, though it has gone, can\\nnever be forgotten. Sometimes, as intimated above,\\nthere would be sharp competitions on the routes, as, for\\nexample, on that between Boston and Providence, when\\nthe rival stages, enveloped in a cloud of summer s dust,\\nvied with each other to see which should lead on entering\\nanj- given city or town, the excitement of the struggle,\\nmeantime, though\\nnot utterly de^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2oid\\nof risk, or unat-\\ntended with peril,\\nbeing fully shared\\nb}- the passengers\\nof the respective\\nroutes.\\nBut stage-coach-\\nes and stage-driv-\\ners are now, for the\\nmost part, among\\nthe memories of the\\npast. The h-on-\\nhorse, with his\\nsinews of steel,\\nand his heart of\\nfire, has forever dis-\\ntanced them. Says\\nHolmes\\nWho in these d.iys, when all things go by steam.\\nRecalls the stagc-eoach with its four-horse team.\\nIts sturdy driver, who remembers him\\nOr the old hmdlord saturnine aud grim.\\nThe typical country tavern, too, of those early days\\nand simpler times, with its comely and dignified landlord,\\nno longer exists, sa-\\\\e in the form so well immortalized\\nb^- Longfellow\\nA kind of old Hobgoblin hall.\\nNow somewh.at fallen to decay,\\nWith weather-stains upon the wall\\nAnd stairways worn, and crazy doors,\\nAnd creaking and uneasy floors,\\nAnd chimneys lai ge and tUed and tall.\\nMaterial, Educational and Eeligioxts Progress.\\nNaturally the least fruitful of the Now England States,\\ncareful and laborious husbandly had yet, at an early", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0080.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\ndate, redeemed vast tracts of Massachusetts lands from\\nbarrenness, or from the grasp of the wilderness, and\\ntransformed the same into fertile and productive farms.\\nDuring the early periods of the historj- of the Pro\\\\ ince,\\nmanufactures and commerce had also made considerable\\nand hopeful progress. Amidst the bustle and tumult of\\ntha Revolution, however, not unnaturally-, business of all\\nkinds was sadly interrupted. Domestic manufactures\\nhad especially fallen into decay. Cities and dwellings\\nwere dismantled and neglected. The half-tilled soil, and\\ntlie ruined fences, which hardly kept out starving cattle,\\ntold of the hardships of the yeomanry, and of the omi-\\nnous condition of their finances. Commerce, also, was\\ncheeked. Worse j-et the country had been largely\\ndrained of its specie while the paper currency, sub-\\nstituted in its place, had so far depreciated in value that\\ncreditors were reluctant to receive it for debts, and mer-\\nchants in exchange for their commodities.\\nBut with the advent of peace, business naturally re-\\nvived. Agriculture was encouraged swords, beaten\\ninto ploughshares, again turned up the fertile glebe while\\nspears, transformed, were made to prune the boughs of\\nfruitful trees. The fisheries and ship-building afforded\\nemployment for many hundreds of men while manufact-\\nures and commerce, once the business of the countrj-,\\nhad returned to their accustomed channels, and advanced\\nwith rapid strides. A special effort was made in 1786 to\\nencourage domestic manufactures. The people, unable\\nduring the war to attend to these industries, had felt\\nobliged meantime to depend for their supplies upon im-\\nports from Europe, a condition of things soon nat-\\nurallj^ involving indebtedness and great financial distress.\\nTo remedy this evil, and, at the same time, afford a new\\nstimulus to home industry, an agreement was entered\\ninto b} a number of the wealthiest and most respectable\\ncitizens to discourage the use and importation of foreign\\ngoods by wearing homespun clothes. Influenced by their\\nexample, it soon became the pride of all those who\\nwished to be thought patriotic, even in the most fashion-\\nable circles, to appear in garments of American fabrics.\\nThe consequence was, the spinning-wheel and the loom\\ncame once again to be busily plied in all parts of the\\nState.\\nAt a somewhat later date, the legislature, by special\\nenactments, gave public encouragement to such branches\\nof industry as promised to be particular!}- useful. A duck\\nmanufactory was established in Boston, and a cotton\\nmanufactory in Beverly. The manufacturing of pot and\\npearl ashes was so increased in the interior of the State,\\nunder the public encouragement afforded, that not less\\ntlian two hundred and forty establishments at once\\nsprang up. Nails were also manufactured in large quan-\\ntities, small forges having been erected in man}- a dwell-\\ning, at which even boys worked with their fathers in the\\nlong winter evenings, contributing thus an aporeciable\\nquota to the income of the family.\\nEarlj- in the present century the attention of the citi-\\nzens of Massachusetts was directed to their domestic\\naffairs, and arrangements were made for increasing the\\nindustrial resources of the State. Alread}- had woollen\\nfactories begun to be established, and by the encourage-\\nment of the legislature, at least thirty-four companies\\nwere incorporated for the manufacture of woollen and\\ncotton goods. The incorjiorations for the latter purpose\\nhave, of course, since been greatly multiplied, and have,\\naccordingl}-, in modem times, brought into existence a\\nLawrence, a Lowell, a Fall River, where the hum of\\nmj-riads of spindles, and the clank and thunder of other\\nmachinery, afford impressive evidence that, in manu-\\nfacturing industr}-, Massachusetts does, indeed, stand at\\nthe head of all States, and will compare favorably in\\nthis regard with any portion of the world.\\nIn this connection, mention should be made of an\\nindustry that, from quite an earh* day, has been char-\\nacteristic particularly of the eastern section of the State,\\nthe manufacture of boots and shoes. Almost everj-\\nconsiderable -village in the eastern counties of Massachu-\\nsetts, supports one or more vast shoe maaufactories\\nwhile some cities, as Lynn, are almost entirely dev Jted\\nto this one branch of business.\\nThe first important change which marked the historj\\nof modern New England labor, particularly in connec-\\ntion with our mechanical industries, resulted from the\\nintroduction, about a quarter of a century since, of the\\nforeign operative. Willing to work for far less wages than\\nthe native could afford to do, he has, particularly in all\\nthe lower grades of his craft, succeeded in crowding out\\nand utterly supplanting the workmen to the manor born.\\nLong since, a very large proportion of the operatives in\\nthose vast hives of industry, so characteristic of New\\nEngland, where once the Yankee girl bore undisputed\\nsway, and the yeomanry of the land found lucrative em-\\nployment, has come to be foreigners a change, which,\\nthough involving no loss to the manufacturer, perhaps,\\nbut possibly, the reverse of that, yet, for obvious reasons,\\nhas proved sadly subversive of the interests of New\\nEngland workingmen.\\nMeanwhile, the two factors which, within the past\\ngeneration or two, have most contributed to modify the\\nprogress of Massachusetts manufactures, are steam and\\nmachinery. The new star of the steam-engine, says\\nJoseph Cook, blazed across the mechanical sky took", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0081.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\na fixed place in it and at once there was a new group-\\ning of constellations. Tlie A-ast manufacturing establish-\\nments, wliich had hitherto existed at a distance from\\ntowns, now no longer dependent upon water-power,\\nwere transferred at onco to crowded populations. Be-\\ntween 1802 and 1815, the factory system was transformed\\ninto its present shape.\\nThe introduction of machinery has had a hardh- less\\nimportant influence on our various manufacturing inter-\\nests. Indeed, as a rule, steam and machinery- have^gone\\nhand in hand, and their joint effect upon all business\\nmethods has become well-nigh incomputable. Take the\\nshoe trade, for example, and consider how that, during\\nthe past ten or fifteen years, the fluctuations and vicissi-\\ntudes of that business have been abnost altogether\\noccasioned by the introduction, not onlj- of steam-power,\\nbut of improved devices and machines for doing the\\nwork, the sewing-machine, the skiving-raachine, the\\npegging-machine, the sole-moulding machine, the cable-\\nwire machine, the self-feeding eyelet-machine, these,\\nindeed, being but a fraction of the recent inventions not\\nonly patented, but already everywhere in use. Nay, so\\nrapid has been the supph of new machinery in this our\\ntime, that an}- list of machines correct for to-day, is quite\\nlikely to be incorrect, because outgrown, to-morrow.\\nJleantime, it is a matter of public notoriety, says\\nthe writer just quoted, that within a comparatively\\nrectnt period, the methods of shoe manufacture have\\nbeen quite revolutionized bj the invention of the McKay\\nsewing-machine alone. Yea, the invention of the spin-\\nning-jenny and the power-loom did no more to revolu-\\ntionize the cotton manufacture the invention of the\\nsteam-engine no more to change the methods of inland\\nand maritime conveyance, than the application of the\\nsewing-machine to the shoe trade has done to revolution-\\nize the processes of that branch of industry. Three\\nlarge results have followed this invention of new\\nmachinery. First, the small-shop sj-stem has been\\nabandoned, and the large factory has been adopted.\\nSecondly, a great subdivision of labor has taken place.\\nThirdly, the trade is much more subject to lulls or\\ninactive seasons than it was before the invention of new\\nmachinery.\\nAll eastern Massachusetts is sprinkled thick with the\\nsmall shoe-shops buildings twelve or twenty feet square,\\nin each of which ten or fifteen men were usually employed\\non the heavier work of the trade, the females, in their\\nown rooms at home, doing the lighter work. These\\nrooms have been vacated, never to be filled again. For\\na hundred years they have been almost as characteristic\\nof a large part of the towns of eastern Massachusetts as\\nthe school-houses or the churches. The large factories\\nwhich are rising to fill their places, are destined to become\\nlarger and larger. There is no longer an artisan in this\\ntrade who makes a whole shoe. Subdivision of labor is\\nsometimes carried so far that a single article passes\\nthrough the hands of fifty workmen, each of whom is\\ntrained onl}- to make a part. As a rule, the old shoe-\\nmakers were largely independent in the management of\\ntheir business, each family attending to its own for itself.\\nBut the large factories have introduced an operative class\\nand an emploj ing class. In the old sj stem, work was\\ncommonly steady from year s end to year s end or\\nafiected onl} by the larger fluctuations of general com-\\nmerce. But now there are two periods in each year in\\nthe trade in any large city, when hundreds of operatives\\nare dropped from employment.\\nIt is not the province of the present writer to compare\\nthe former with the modern system of labor, with a view to\\npronouncing on their relative merits. Doubtless each has\\nits peculiar and characteristic benefits. Nor is it our\\nprerogative to pronounce dogmatically- on the question\\nw^hether the introduction of machinery is, on the whole,\\nan advantage or a disadvantage to all concerned -the\\nworking classes, the manufacturers, the consumers on\\ncivilization generallj-. Doubtless the ease and rapidity\\nwith which the markets can now be glutted, and so pro-\\nduction outstrip consumption, has had not a little to do\\nwith occasioning our hard times, and has introduced\\nan order of things that, for some time, may seem to bear\\nhard on the laboring classes, and indirectlj- on business\\nin general. Yet he, we think, would be a brave man who\\nshould, on that account, hazard the opinion that, in the\\nlong run, the modern improvements in machinery, any\\nmore than foreign emigration, are destined really to pro^e\\ndetrimental to the best interests of our American civiliza-\\ntion. Meantime, whatever the nature of the result, one\\nthing may doubtless be set down as settled the transition\\njust refeiTcd to, from the old system to the new, from the\\nformer methods to the modem, is tmquestionably com-\\nplete and final.\\nThe people of Massachusetts are eminently an indus-\\ntrial people. They are toilsome and earnest. They are\\nnot mere operatives. They are thoughtful workmen. If,\\nduring the Revolution, their bayonets, as some one has\\nwell said, were wont to think, so now their spindles\\nand needles have not ouh hands, but brains behind them.\\nThe condition of the class known as operatives in\\nMassachusetts, says another, their moral and in-\\ntellectual character, as well as the happy relations exist-\\ning between thorn and their emploj ers, is without a\\nparallel, probably, in other manufacturing districts.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0082.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nAs a consequence of the changes and progress just\\nindicated touching these material interests as a result\\nof the development, not only of the mechanical, but also\\nof the agricultural resources of the Stat6, business activi-\\nties, it need hardly be said, have been stimulated, and\\nenterprises of gigantic proportions, and of overshadow-\\ning influence, have been built up in various other direc-\\ntions. Railroads, for example, are now radiating towards\\nalmost everj point of the compass. The commerce of\\nthe State literally encircles the globe whitening almost\\neverv sea with its snowj- wings, and opening up abroad\\nnot only channels for gainful enterprise, but for the\\nameliorating influences of a Christian civilization. With\\nthe increase of wealth, and of the comforts of life, the\\narts and sciences have been successfully cultivated the\\npress,* pre-eminently the engine of modern civilization, is\\nactively and ceaselessl} at work for the enlightenment of\\nthe public. Our manners and customs have been greatly\\nimproved, so that, at the present time, there no longer\\nexists among us any distinctively rustic, peasant or pro-\\nvincial class.\\nThe interests of education are still fostered here with\\nexcei^tional fidelity and zeal. Massachusetts, indeed,\\nmaj- be said to have made popular education a specialty,\\nand to consider her success in this field her pride.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2The first printing-press in the New England Colonies was established\\nat Cambridge in 1639; and tlie first newspaper in any of the Colonics\\nappeared in 1704, and was called the Boston News Letter.\\nt During the past forty years the cause of temperance has made most\\nencouraging progress in Massachusetts, as well as throughout the coun-\\ntry. Sixty years ago Lyman Becchcr attended an ordination at which\\nforty dollars worth of liquors were drank by New England ministers.\\nTo-day, Mrs. Hayes whom m.ay God bless expels Intoxicating bev-\\nerages from the Presidential mansion. The following incident, pub-\\nlished many years ago in the Congi-egationalist, over the signature\\nII. B. II., not only illustrates the drinking habits and the character\\nof public sentiment here in New England, fifty years ago, in regard to\\ntemperance, but, as will be readily perceived, possesses an historical\\ninterest and value, as indicating the origin of a new departure and a\\nbetter order of things touching this important public concern\\nIt was a well-known custom, half a century since, for Christian\\nministers to cheer themselves, lil;e other people of those days, with\\ndivers kinds of fermented lirpiors at association and other meetings.\\nThe Mendon Association was to hold one of its meetings in October of\\n1820, at the house of Ecv. J. 0. Barney at Seckonk. To do the honors\\nof the occasion he rode into Providence the day previous to the meet-\\ning, to procure the due assortment of spirits, which immemorial usage\\nHorace Mann is reported to have once described Massa-\\nchusetts as being the State wherein no spot could be found\\nwhere a rifle could be fired without hitting either a meet-\\ning, or a school house. Meantime, the fruits of this cher-\\nished feature, or peculiarity, are sufficiently obvious in\\nthe widespread prevalence of popular intelligence. Prob-\\nably there is no State in the Union where there are fewer\\npersons, in proportion to the population, who cannot read\\nand write, than in this. Indeed, the intellectual, as also\\nthe moral, advancement of society within the bounds of\\nthis Coimnonwealth, may be said to have quite kept pace\\nwith the progress that has attended all its secondary and\\ntemporal interests. Nay, but for the foreign population,\\nunfortunately almost always densely ignorant, with which\\nour large cities and manufacturing districts ha^e come of\\nlate to be infested a class through whose almost solid\\nvote, cupidity and demagogism, to a great extent, rise\\nto power in both municipal and State politics, not onlj in\\nits legislation, but in its actual practice, Massachusetts,\\nwe confidently affirm, would afford a conspicuous and\\nshining example, not only of the grace of temperance,\\nbut of most other estimable civic virtues, f\\nSuch is Massachusetts. As Daniel Webster once said\\nShe needs no encomium. There she is. She speaks for\\nherself. God save the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.\\nhad made an important part of his preparations. He accomplished his\\nerrand, and at sunset commenced his retuni home. He had procured\\nan extra quantity of choice liquors, as it was his first entertainment of\\nthe association. He had densely packed all in a large basket in the\\nback of his wagon. As he was rapidly driving in forgetful haste to\\nreach home, the loud laughter of some men at work on the staging of a\\nnew house in the outskirts of the city broke upon his ears, and suggested\\nto him the risk of such unbecoming speed. Intensely thinking of his\\nfreight, he looked behind, and lo fragmentary jngs, demijohns, and\\nbottles were dancing in and out of the biisket, and a ruby stream of\\nwines, brandies, and cordials was .illayingthe thirst of the pebbly street.\\nWhat was to be done Should he go back and replenish, or take it as a\\nprovidential hint .and go on. The lateness of the hour decided him to\\nproceed, and state the calamity to the venerable body when they should\\nassemljlc. He did so, and they took the hint, and banished the side-\\nboard forever from their meetings. This was the year in which Dr.\\nBcccher preached his six sermons on intemperance, and the first\\ntemperance society was organized. The noble example of the Men-\\ndon Association was followed by all the Congregational Associations\\nin the State, and it is safe to say that not every smash-up of jugs\\nand bottles has been attended with results so extensive and de-\\nsirable.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0083.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nBAK^STABLE COUNTY.\\nBY HENRY E. CROCKER.\\nI. Discovert and Explorations.\\nCape Cod, the right arm of Massachusetts, and,\\naccording to the historian Bancroft, the first soil in New\\nEngland pressed by the feet of Europeans, includes\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0within its limits the entire county of Barnstable. It is,\\nin reality, a peninsula, nearlj- seventy miles in length,\\nbounding, on the south and east, the great bay from\\nwhich the State of Massachusetts takes its name.* In\\n1602, Bartholomew Gosnold, a brave mariner from the\\nwest of England, discovered and named this peninsula,\\nand describes it as a mightj- headland like an island,\\nby reason of the large sound lying between it and the\\nmain. Of subsequent explorers, who visited Cape\\nCod, may be mentioned Martin Pring, sent out b}- the\\nmerchants of Bristol, Eng., in 1603 De Monts, com-\\nmissioned by Henry TV. of France to plant a colony in\\nAmerica, with Champlain as his pilot, in 160.5 probably\\nHenry Hudson, on his celebrated voyage to discover a\\nnorth-west passage to India, in 1609 and Capt. John\\nSmith, who, in 1614, ranged along the coast and pre-\\npared a map of this and the coast region as far north as\\nthe Penobscot.\\nToward the close of the year 1620, an event occurred\\nthat has given to Cape Cod an historical prominence, as\\nclearly marked as are its geographical features. On\\nthe 9th of November, of that year, a vessel, which had\\nbeen tossed bj^ storms for man}- days, and carried to the\\nnorth of its intended course, came within rievr of the\\nI highlands of Cape Cod. This was the Mayflower, with\\nher one hundred and one passengers, anxiously seeking\\na haven of security and repose. After manj- boister-\\nous storms, in which they could bear no sail, but were\\nvrb\\\\\\\\e the Cape has been for centuries the especial dread of mariners,\\nand numerous vessels have been wrecked, from time to time, upon its\\nlong and harborless outer coast, it is not in all respects an agent of\\ndestruction. It is rather, what its poetical name suggests, a gigantic\\narm reaching out into the Atlantic, receiving the force of the angry\\nwaves, that, but for its presence, would dash with merciless fury upon\\nthe coast of Plymouth Countj-. This protection seems more apparent\\nwhen the peculiar configuration of the Cape is observed. It is not an\\nextended arm, but is bent at the elbow and wrist, thereby more fully\\nenclosing the waters of the Bay, and suggesting, by its resemblance to\\nforced to lie at hull for many daj s together, they arrived\\nat Cape Cod, the which, being made and certainly\\nknown to be it, they were not a little joyful. After\\ntacking and steering south for a while, and finding no\\nharbor along the sandj coast, the}- changed their course,\\nand rounding the extreme point of the Cape, entered,\\nNov. 11, 1G20, the haven now known as Provincetown\\nHarbor. Here, in this safe and land-locked bay, they\\nfound, indeed, a harbor of refuge. f The first act of the\\nPilgrims after their arrival, was to fall on their knees\\nand offer thanksgiving to God, who had delivered them\\nfrom so man}- perils. Then, in the cabin of the May-\\nflower, was signed that compact of which one historian\\nhas said, It was the first instrument, probably, that\\nthe world ever saw, recognizing true republican principles,\\nand intrusting all power in the hands of the majority.\\nJohn Car\\\\-er, over whom the shadows of death were\\nsoon to gather, was chosen governor for one year.\\nThe preliminaries of government being arranged,\\nMiles Standish, with fifteen men armed to the teeth,\\nwent on shore to procure wood and reconnoitre. The\\nparty returned on the evening of the next day, saying\\nthey had seen no house, nor any himian being, but had\\nfound the place to be a small neck of land, on one side\\nthe bay, and on the other the sea. It is probable that\\nStandish landed on Long Point, then of far greater dimen-\\nsions than now, the b,iy being the harbor in which lay\\nthe Ma}-flower, and the sea the neighboring waters of\\nCape Cod Bay.\\nSeveral exploring expeditions were undertaken under\\nthe leadership of Capt. Standish. Localities williin the\\npresent limits of Truro and Eastham were visited, and\\nsupplies of corn and bundles of arrows were found\\nthe human arm in its attitude of greatest strength, the idea of resistance\\nto the encroachments of the sea.\\nt It is described by the chronicler of the voyage, as a good harbor\\nand pleasant bay, round and circling, and compassed about to the very\\nsea with oaks, pines, juniper, sassafras, and other sweet wood. It is a i\\nharbor wherein a thousand sails of ships may safely ride. There was\\nthe greatest store of fowl that we ever saw. Every day we saw whales\\nplaying hiird by us, of which, if we h.id instruments and means to take\\nthem, we might have made a very rich return, but which, to our great\\ngrief, we wanted.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0084.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nburied ill heaps of sand. In some Indian houses which\\nthe} discovered, were many articles of cookery, and in\\none they found an English pail. A kettle, like those\\nused on board vessels, was also discovered among the\\nniins of a house. The night encampments of this band\\nof explorers are supposed to have been near Stout s\\nCreek, and on the shore of the pond that gives name to\\nPond Village in Truro. Other explorations were made\\nin the shallop of the Mayflower, along the shore of Cape\\nCod Bay. On the 28th of Kovember they entered the\\nmouth of a stream which they called Cold Harbor, on\\naccount of the intense cold then prevailing. December\\n6th they met with a tongue of land with a sandy point,\\nthe Billingsgate of the present day. As they drew near\\nthe shore they saw ten or twelve Indians, running to and\\nfio as if the3* were carrying something awaj-. The}-\\nsafe shelter of Pro\\\\incetown harbor. The} joined their\\ncompanions there on the 11th of December.\\nDuring their absence a son had been bom to William\\nWhite and wife, fitly named Peregrine and the wife of\\nWilham Bradford had accidentally fallen into the sea\\nand was drowned. Others of the little company had\\ndied Edward Thomson, Jasper, the son of Governor\\nCarver, and James Chilton. On the 1.5th of Decemljer,\\nthe Pilgrims, sailing from Cape Cod harbor, were driven\\nback b}- a fierce north-eastsr, but the next day took their\\nfinal departure for Plymouth.\\nAfter the settlement of Plj-mouth, in 1620, we find\\nthat the Cape is quite frequentlj mentioned, in connec- I\\ntion with events more or less important, and the Indian\\nnames of localities, such as Manomet, Xauset, Matta-\\nchiest, and Chumaquid, frequently occur in the narrative\\nmade a landing near the site of the Old Eastham of those early times.\\nCamp-Ground, and a little north of Great Pond, and\\nj encamped for the night, building a barricade and setting\\na watch. The next morning they named the body of\\nIt is difficult to trace with distinctness the tribes then\\ninhabiting Cape Cod. It is quite evident that there were i\\ntwo sachemdoms of the Cajje Indians, one extending\\nwater near which they had encamped Grampus Bay, i southward from the borders of Pljmouth, and embracing\\nbecause of the dead bodies of the grampus l^ing upon\\nthe shore. The} found not far distant an Indian bury-\\ning place, enclosed by palisades four or five yards long,\\nset close together. This enclosure was full of graves of\\nall sizes, some paled about, and others had something\\nlike an Indian house built over them. That night, while\\nencamped on the shore near their shallop, they heard a\\ngreat and hideous ciy, and the call of the sentinel to\\nAnn Arm I They shot off two muskets into\\nthe darkness and lay down again, concluding that the\\nnoise had been made by wolves and foxes. At five the\\nnext morning they heard again the great and strange cry,\\nand one of the band, who had been abroad, came rush-\\ning in with the cry, Indians Indians I while a showfer\\nof arrows flew through the air. Seizing their muskets,\\nj thej- took good aim and discharged them at the person\\nj of a lusty Indian. whom they thought to be a chief,\\nand who stood behind a tree half a musket shot away,\\nand let fly his arrows. At last he gave an extraordi-\\nnary cr} and away they all went, the white men follow-\\ning for about half a mile. After gathering up eighteen\\nof the arrows, some of which were headed with brass,\\nthe party knelt upon the sand and gave thanks to God\\nthe territory now included in Sandwich, P almoutli,\\nMashpee, and a part of Barnstable. The other occu-\\npied the region extending eastward and northward to\\nthe extremity of the Cape. Of the former kingdom, the\\nMattachiest Indians under lyanough, the Manomet, and\\nSlashpee, were the leading tribes. In the latter group,\\nthe Xauset tribe held the chief position. It is plain that\\nin some way they owed allegiance to the Wampanoags,\\nbut that they were to a considerable degree independent,\\nis shown by the fact that they could not be induced by\\niletacomct (King Philip) to join in war against the\\nwhites. The conduct of the natives of the Cape toward\\nthe settlers was uniformly generous and friendly. The\\nFirst Encounter at Nausct was the only one within\\nthe limits of the peninsula over which, before the coming\\nof the whites, they roamed at will. When the news of\\nthe massacre of the Weymouth Indians by the impru-\\ndent Standish reached them, they seemed to lose confi-\\ndence in the sincerity of the men they had befriended.\\nPanic-stricken, they left their dwellings in the pleasant\\nclearings, and fled to the woods and swamps, that they j\\nmight escape from the dreaded destroyer. There, in the i\\nmalarious and fever-laden atmosphere, many miserably j\\nperished. Thus died the brave and gentle lyanough,\\nfor their preser\\\\ ation. The spot where this skirmish\\noccurred was named by them the Place of the First Caunacum, the chief of Manomet, Aspinet, the sachem\\nEncounter. To describe the further adventures of the of Nauset, and many others. Though ignorant of these\\nparty in their cniise to the westward, the night of peril results of the severity of Standish, John Robinson sent\\nat Gurnet s Nose, and the subsequent discovery of across the sea the rebuking words, It would have been\\nPl} moutli harbor, would take us beyond the limits of better if they had converted some before they had killed\\nBarnstable County. We return with the \\\\oyagers to the any. ICotwithstanding their ill-treatment by the whites,", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0085.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe Indians displayed a generosity rare even in civilized\\ncommunities. A single incident will show the humane\\nspirit of these untutored children of the forest. A Bos-\\nton vessel, in 1630, was wrecked upon Cape Cod. The\\nIndians buried the dead that were cast upon the sands,\\ncared most tenderly for the survivors, and, after they\\nhad sufficiently recovered, accompanied them fifty miles\\nto the Plymouth settlement.\\nThis is but one of the many instances of kindl_v feel-\\ning exhibited by the Cape Indians, toward those who\\ncame among them unheralded by an^ acts of friendli-\\nness, and whose countrj-men had too rarelj- shown, in\\ntheir dealings with the natives along the coast, the\\nhumane sympathies that should characterize a Christian\\nrace.\\nII. Settlesiext.\\nThe first permanent English settlement within the lim-\\nits of the territor} now included in Barnstable County,\\nwas made in 1637, en the sits of the town of Sandwich.\\nWe saj- permanent settlement, because a trading-post\\nhad been established at Manomet ten years before. The\\nsettlement at Sandwich originated with Mr. Edmund\\nFreeman and other citizens of Saugus, now Lynn. April\\n3, 1637, the}- obtained a gi-ant of land from the authori-\\nties of Phnnouth, and at once, with a large number of\\nfamilies from Lynn, Duxbury, and rijnnouth, but chiefly\\nfrom Lynn, removed to the location mentioned. The\\nregular incorporation of the town did not occur until two\\nyears aftei-ward. The pioneers of this settlement were\\nEdmund Freeman, Henry Feake, Thomas Dexter, Ed-\\nward Dillingham, William Wood, John Carman, Richard\\nChadwell, William Almy, Thomas Tupper, and George\\nKnott. The first minister in Sandwich, Rev. William\\nLeverich, removed to that place from Duxbury prior to\\n1640. There was undoubtedly an organized church from\\nthe very first, and that a meeting-house was built at\\nan early day appears from the fact that in 1G44, when it\\nwas found necessary to repair that edifice, it was called\\nthe old meeting-house.\\nThe second permanent settlement upon Cape Cod was\\nmade in the eastern part of the territory called INIatta-\\ncheese, in the summer of 1639, and to it was given the\\nold English name of Yarmouth. The names of the\\ngrantees were Anthony Thatcher, John Crow (now Crow-\\nell) and Thomas Howes. These men occupied a prom-\\ninent place in the affairs of the town for many j-ears.\\nThe first settled minister at Yarmouth was, it is gener-\\nally- believed. Rev. Marmaduke Mathews, who came to\\nBoston from Barnstaple, Eng., in 1638. lie was styled\\nbj- Gov. Winthrop, a godlj- minister.\\nClosely- following the Yarmouth settlement in point of\\ntime, and between it and Sandwich as to location, was\\nthe settlement of Barnstable. The grant was obtained\\nin September, 1639, and in October several families from\\nScituate remo-\u00c2\u00bb-cd to the western part of Mattacheese, and\\nlaid the foundations of the shire town of Barnstable\\nCounty. But two persons are mentioned in the grant i\\nJoseph Hull, and Thomas Mitchell but inanj- others\\nwere embraced under the teiin associates. Among\\nthem were the pastor of the flock, Rev. John Lothrop,\\nAnthou}- Annable, Henry Cobb, Thomas Cudworth,\\nSamuel Fuller, George Lewis, Barnard Lumbard, Sam-\\nuel Hinckley, William Crocker, AVilliam Parker, and\\nWilliam Bourne. From these have descended some of\\nthe most enteq^rising citizens of the Cape, and the\\nnames, with scarcely an}- modification, are borne by\\nmany of the present generation. i\\nThe colon\\\\- at Mattacheese was at first almost wholly\\ncomposed of members of the Scituate church, who, with i\\ntheir pastor, settled along the southern border of the\\nwide marshes extending eastward from Sandwich to the\\nharbor of Barnstable. The religious character of these 1\\nearly settlers is evident bj- their manj- acts of prayer and\\nfrequent days of fasting. Jlonths before the removal\\nfrom Scituate thej- observed a fast for the presence of\\nGod in mercy to go with them to Mattakeese, and soon\\nafter their arrival they held a thanksgiving service at the\\nhouse of one of their number, to celobr.ate God s ex-\\ncecding mercy in bringing them thither in safety and in\\nhealth. This spirit of humble reliance upon God is seen\\nin many of their subsequent acts. On the last day of\\nOctober a fast was held, to implore the grace of God\\nto settle them in church estate, to unite them in holy\\nwalking, and to make them faithful in keeping covenant\\nwith God and one another.\\nWe have said that the locality selected as a place of\\nsettlement by Sir. Lothrop and his followers was at Mat-\\ntacheese. This was indeed tiie place where they erected\\ntheir rude dwellings, and where the first church was\\nbuilt, but other Indian localities not far distant are in-\\ncluded within the limits of the present town. On the\\nsouth side of the Cape, and bordering the Yineyaid\\nSound, was lyanough s tract, the present Hyannis.\\nNear this, but farther to the west, was Cheekwaquet,\\nnow Centerville, and beyond that was Cotocheeset, now\\nknown as Osterville. Still farther to the west was Mis-\\ntic, Marston s Mills, and south-west of that Coatuit, or\\nThere is a tradition that the first public worship in B.imstable w.is\\nnot held in a house, but around a great rock, a portion of which is still\\npointed out, lying beside the raid, some two miles west of the court-\\nhouse. The first view is prolwbly correct, for it rests upon the record\\nmade by Mr. Lothrop, who was very accurate in all his writings.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0086.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nSantuit, now known as Cotuit. Inland, and including\\nthe region now called the Plains, was Skunkanuck,\\nbordering the river bearing the euphonious name of\\nSkunknet. West of the Great Marshes was Skauton,\\nnow partly included in Barnstable and partly in Sand-\\nwich.\\nAt the close of the year 1639 there were but three\\nEnglish settlements upon the Cape. These three\\nSandwich, Yarmouth, and Barnstable had been in-\\nvested with the rights and privileges of towns, and the\\nnext year, delegates from each of these towns were sent\\nto the assemljly at Plymouth.*\\nIn 1640, Mr. Edmund Freeman, Sr., of Sandwich,\\nwas appointed assistant governor of the Colony, and he,\\nwith Mr. Thomas Dimoc of Barnstable, and Mr. John\\nCrow of Yarmouth, were selected to attend to judicial\\nmatters within the three Cape townships, in cases where\\nthe amount of fine did not exceed twenty shillings. In\\nSeptember, 1642, an Indian outbreak seeming imminent,\\nthe court was hastil} convened at Plymouth. Jliles\\nStandish was appointed captain of the military force\\nWilliam Palmer of Yarmouth, lieutenant; Peregi ine\\nWhite, ensign, and Messrs. Edmund Freeman, Anthony\\nThatcher, and Thomas Dimoc, members of the council\\nof war.\\nIn 1643, the j-ear of the confederation of most of the\\nNew England Colonies, which some have interpreted to\\nbe the germ of our national system, a requisition was\\nmade for men to join an expedition against the Indians\\nthe towns upon the Cape furnished their quota of three\\neach. These towns were given permission to organize\\nmilitary companies, subject to the rules of the Pl^-mouth\\ncourt and council. Yarmouth and Barnstable were to\\nThe early history of the Cape is necessarily interwoven with that of\\nthe riymouth Colony, of which it formed a part for many years. The\\npceuUar customs and stringent laws of those primitive times were in\\nforce here, as well as in the settlements across the bay. Evidences of\\nthe watch care of the Plymouth Colony are seen in the records of the\\ncourt. AVe read that Mr. John Aldcn and Capt. Miles Standish go to\\nSandwich with all convenient speed, and set forth the bounds of the\\nlands granted there. Joseph Windsor and Anthony Besse, who were\\nindustriously laboring to clear the patches of ground assigned to them,\\nwere reported to the court for disorderly keeping house alone. At a\\nhiter period the court decreed that profane swearing should be pun-\\nished by Bitting in the stocks three hours, or by imprisonment. For tell-\\ning lies, a two hours Imprisonment in the stocks was the penalty for\\neach offence. A pair of stocks was erected in Yarmouth, so it is reason-\\nable to suppose thai tne penalty was rigidly meted out to all offenders\\nOther acts to prevent idleness and to compel a proper oljservance of the\\nSabbath were put upon record. To speak against the clergy was no\\nsmall offence, and for this grave offence, William Mathews of Yarmouth\\nwas censured by the court, and laid under bonds to leave the place in\\nsi. c months.\\nWhile the Quaker troubles agitated the Massachusetts Colony, the\\nCape towns received no small share of attention from the Plymouth\\nCourt. Sandwich was presented for not having a full supply of powder.\\nprovide a place for the defence of themselves, their\\nwives and children, in case of sudden assault. Happily,\\nno outbreak occurred, and, with the exception of the\\nfitting out of an expedition against the Narragansetts,\\nin 1645, no event of importance marked the two subse-\\nquent j-ears.\\nKauset, the fourth in the list of Cape towns, was in-\\ncorporated in 1646, and, five years after, the name was\\nchanged to Eastham. In 1657, Mr. Thomas Prince of\\nthis town, who had been assistant governor of the\\nColony for many years, was elected governor.\\nIn 1660, through the agencj- of Mr. Richard Bourne\\nof Sandwich, 10,500 acres of land were set apart by the\\ncourt for the exclusive use of the Mashpee Indians.\\nTwenty-five years later, this grant was ratified b^- the\\nPh-mouth court, and it was provided that this tract of\\nland should be assigned to the South Sea Indians, living\\nabout Satuit Pond, and in Mashpee and vicinit} to\\nbe perpetually to thciii and to their children, so that no\\npart of them shall be granted to, or purchased bj- any\\nEnglish whatsoever, without the consent of all the said\\nIndians.\\nThe jear 1674 opened with portents of the storm\\nthat was soon to break upon the Colonies, the destructive\\nKing Philip s war. The citizens of the Cape had an\\nactive part in the events of those troublous times. While\\nno surprises or attacks occurred within their borders,\\nthej- shared with others in the expenses of the campaign,\\nand gave to the service a large number of their bravest\\nmen. The soldiers of Barnstable were engaged in\\nseveral battles, and man} were slain.\\nThe Cape Indians, though nominallj a part of the\\nWampanoags, did not join the forces of Philip, but\\nand a fine imposed. The wife of a Mr. Hall of Barnstable, for interfer-\\nence in the domestic aHiiirs of another family, was warned to desist,\\nand carry herself better in the future. Josins Ilallett and Thomas Gage\\nwere fined for profaning the Lord s d:\\\\y by putting forth to sea from\\nSandwich on that day. In 1653 two women were sentenced to be pub-\\nlicly whipped in Sandwich for disturbing the public worship and abusing\\nthe minister. cvcral persons were arrested, and some of them fined, for\\ngiving encouragement and uheltcr to Quakers. Soon after, others were\\naiTested for tumultuous carriage at a meeting of Quakers, and fined\\ntwenty shillings. One of these was subsequently fined forty shillings\\nfor permitting a meeting of Quakers at his house. Lieut. Fuller of Barn-\\nstable, for saying that the law enacted about ministers maintenance\\nwas a wicked and devilish law, and that the devil sat at the stem\\nwhen it was enacted, was fined fifty shillings. The year 1660 was\\nmarked to an extraordinary degree by a spirit of resistance to the ordi-\\nnances of the court. A citizen of Sandwich paid a heavy fine for enter-\\ntaining a Quaker, and the latter individual was sentenced to lie neck\\nand heels, and afterwards was whipped and sent away. Others were\\naftenvards fined for harboring members of the accursed sect, but the\\nexcitement gradually died away. The locality of these difficulties is to-\\nday peopled by the worthy descendants of the persecuted Quakers,\\nand the Friends Mcetlng-House is a prominent landmark in that\\nvicinity.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0087.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nremained neutral, or became allies of the English. In\\nthe darkest days of the war, when the frontier towns of\\nTaunton, Middleborough, and Eridgcwatcr were men-\\naced, and, in some instances, the inhabitants driven\\nfrom their homes, the Indians of Nauset, Mattachiest,\\nand Manomet, were true to tlieir white neighbors. The\\nfreedom of the towns in this vicinity- from the alarms\\nthat prevailed in otiier localities, enabled them to extend\\nan invitation to their more unfortunate brethren, to re-\\nmove to the Cape for safet3-.*\\nMuch credit is due to the town of Sandwich for the\\npart it sustained in the war. Its frontier i)osition upon\\nthe Cape was of much service, in preventing an alliance\\nof the Indians of the vicinity with the Wampanoags.\\nExtending sympathy- in one direction, it exercised the\\nutmost vigilance in the other, lest the emissaries of the\\nwily Metacomct should incite a warlike spirit among the\\nnatives, and the colonists, from Nauset to Manomet, be\\ninvolved in a defensive war.\\nIn 1679, select courts, for the better administration of\\njustice were established, and, two years later, Mr.\\nTliomas Hinckley of Barnstable became governor of the\\nColon}-, Mr. James Cudworth, one of the original set-\\ntlers of Barnstable, succeeding Mr. Hinckley as assist-\\nant governor.\\nTlie year 1C85 is marked by the division of the Plym-\\nouth Colony into three counties Plymouth, Bristol and\\nBarnstable. The latter county then included eight\\ntowns: Sandwich, Yarmouth, Barnstable, Eastham, Fal-\\nmoutli, Harwich, Truro, and Chatham but only the four\\nfirst mentioned were fully incorporated. Barnstable was\\nselected as the county-seat, a court-house erected, and\\nofficers of the court appointed. Families from Sandwich\\nand Barnstable, having settled from time to time in\\nSuckonessit, the Indian tract lying on the Vineyard\\nSound, west of Mashpee, this region was incorporated,\\nin 168G, as the town of Falmouth. Another tract, west\\nof Sandwich, was incorporated as Rochester, in the\\ncounty of Barnstable, but was soon set off to Plymouth\\nCounty, and, from the time of this transfer, the limits of\\nthe former county were strictly confined to Cape Cod.\\nThe county of Barnstable had some part in King\\nWilliam s war, and, in 1G90, men were furnished for an\\nunsuccessful campaign. September 14, 1G94, Harwich\\nwas given the rights and privileges of a town. Three\\nThe response of the town of Taunton shows a suitable appreciation\\nof the generous Invitation. It w.is in the foMowing language Vi e\\nbless God th;it he hath given us so much room in your hearts, that you\\nso freely tender to us a part with you in your houses, fields, and pro-\\nvisions, at such a time when the Lord is threatening us with bereave-\\nment of our o\\\\vn. It much comforteth us in this day of darkness, that\\nwe shall want no succor you arc able to afford us.\\nyears afterward a committee was appointed by the court\\nto view a place for a passage to bo cut tlirough the land\\nfrom Manomet Bay to Barnstable Ba}-, for vessels to\\npass through, it being thought that it will be very\\nuseful and profitable to the public. Tiius was inau-\\ngurated tlie Cape Cod Sliip Canal project, which has\\nbeen agitated to no purpose for more than a century and\\na half. Before tlie jcar 1730 three additional towns\\ncame mto existence upon the Cape. Tlie first of these\\ncomprised a district which had been known for many\\nyears as Paniet but, since 1705, bj the English name\\nof Dangerfield. This tract was incorporated July 16,\\n1709, as the town of Truro. The second, included a\\ntract known -is Monamoiett, comprised within the limits\\nof Harwich, but incorporated June 11, 1712, as the town\\nof Chatham.\\nThe last of the three included a tract at the extremitj\\nof the Cape, hitherto called the Province Lands.\\nTliis tract was incorporated as a township June 14, 1727,\\nunder the appropriate name of Provincetown.\\nFrom the beginning of the century, with the creation\\nof new towns, the histoiy of the Cape necessarily- widens,\\nand but few of the man}- loading events can be noticed.\\nIn 1706, occurred the death of one who had occupied a\\nprominent position in the affairs of the C olonj- for man}-\\nyears. Gov. Thomas Ilmclvlo} This distinguished man\\ndied very suddenly in Barnstable, April 2oth, at the age\\nof eighty-six.\\nIn 1718, an event transpired which gave rise to many\\ninteresting traditions. The pirate-ship AVhidah, of\\ntwent3--three guns and one hundred and thirty men,\\ncommanded by Samuel Bellamy, committed many depre-\\ndations near the New England coast. Several vessels\\nwere captured, upon one of which, seven of the pirates\\nwere placed as a crew. While those men wore sleeping\\noff the elfocts of a drunken debauch, the master of the\\nvessel ran her ashore on the back side of the Capo, and\\nthe seven pirates were secured. Not long after, the\\nhigh winds prevailing at that time, drove the pirate-ship\\nitself upon the sands of Wellfleet. But two of that\\nrobber crew, an Einghshman and Indian, escaped the\\nfury of the waves. Six of the pirates from the ves-\\nsel first wrecked were taken to Boston and executed.\\nTo this day, the traveller in the vicinity of the wreck,\\nrecalls in imagination the scenes of that stormy night\\nand the morning following, when the forms of more\\nthan a hundred of the pirate crew of Bellamy s fleet\\nstrewed the beach, or rose and fell with the incoming\\nand receding waves.\\nFor many years previous to the date of this occurrence,\\nthe fishing interests of the Cape had suffered to a great", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0088.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "massachusp:tts.\\nextent, on account of the claim by the French of the\\nexclusive right to the waters east of the Kennebec, and\\ntheir seizure of all English vessels emplo3-ed in talcing\\nfish in that region. Owing to this and the general busi-\\nness depression throughout New England, much suffer-\\ning and destitution prevailed.*\\nIn 1738, an important manufacturing interest had its\\ninception in the southerly part of the town of Barnstable.\\nMr. Benjamin Marston, probablj- the first of that name\\nin Barnstable, was granted extensive mill privileges in\\nthe locality named, for the pm pose of dressing fabrics\\nof linen and woollen. From that date the region has\\nbeen known as Marston s Mills. The originator of this\\nenteiprise was a prominent citizen of the town for many\\n3 ears, and from him have descended several distin-\\nguished men. Among these have been N3 mphas Jlars-\\nton, Esq., a graduate of Yale College, whose services in\\nthe Revolution were invaluable to the patriot cause Hon.\\nNjTnphas Marston, a graduate of Harvard College,\\nsenator and judge, who has been termed the father of\\nthe bar in Barnstable County Hon. Charles Marston,\\nsenator, member of the executive council, high sherifT,\\nand Indian commissioner and Hon. George IMarston,\\njudge of probate, the efficient district-attorney for south-\\neastern Massachusetts for many years, and now the\\nattorney-general of the Commonwealth.\\nDuring the year 1739, many citizens of the county\\nwent to Cuba on an expedition against the Spanish, and\\nsome fell victims to disease, while encamped on that\\nisland. In 1743, the people of Provincetown presented\\na memorial to the General Court asking for relief for\\nthat place. It was represented that a large number of\\nthe inhabitants had removed to other localities, so that\\nthe town was in a great measure broken up not one of\\nthe selectmen remaining.\\nThe inhabitants of the county enlisted in considerable\\nnumbers for service in the English armj during King\\nGeorge s war, beginning in 1744, and continuing until\\n1748, and several were taken prisoners bj the French.\\nSome greatly distinguished themselves at the siege of\\nLouisburg, and many of the honored names of Barn-\\nstable and other towns appear on the regimental rolls of\\nA few years later much political contention was excited because of\\ntlie issue by the General Court, for the third time, of bills of credit toa\\nlarge amount. These bills were issued to relieve the decline of trade,\\nand, depreciating to a great degree, brought the Colony close upon the\\nverge of financial ruin. The inhabitants of Cape Cod shared in the\\neffects of this unwise legislation and the suffering engendered by the\\nfishery troubles was much increased.\\nt In the summer of 1756 a scene was enacted near the western border\\nof the cotmty that well illustrates the sorrows of war. A large com-\\npany of French people sailed up the Manomet River in seven two-mast\\nboats, and, for some time, their character w.as a source of speculation to\\nthe conquerors. Not less honorable was the service of\\nthe Cape soldiers in the French and Indian war a few\\nj-ears later. When, in 1758, the call came for men to\\nassist in the reduction of Canada, Barnstable County\\nfurnished its full quota, and sailors who had braved the\\ndangers of the sea were in at the death wherever\\nthe men of Massachusetts upheld the honor of the Eng-\\nlish arms.f\\nThe town of Wellfleet came into existence in 1763, it\\nbeing incorporated as a district, with all the privileges\\nof a town, except that it was united with Eastham in\\nthe election of a representative to the General Court.\\nHardly had the Old French War come to a close,\\nwhen the preliminary acts that culminated in the Ameri-\\ncan Revolution began to excite a spirit of determined\\nresistance among the colonists. In no part of New\\nEngland was there stronger opposition of sentiment to\\nthe oppressive acts of parliament than in the county that\\ngave to the patriot cause James Otis, the great champion\\nof liberty and human rights. It was he who said in\\nreference to the Mutiny Act, which provided that all\\noffenders against the laws should be sent to England for\\ntrial. Let Great Britain rescind if she does not, the\\nColonies are lost forever. The temper of the hardy\\nsons of the Cape is shown by an incident that occiu-red\\nin New York. Isaac Sears, afterwards Col. Sears,\\nwho had commanded a privateer, and who was connected\\nwith one of the most distinguished famiUes of Yarmouth,\\nplaced himself at the head of a body of men gathered\\nto resist the enforcement of the obnoxious Stamp Act.\\nWith the cr^ Hurrah! my boys, we will have the\\nstamps he led them on, and the stamps were seized\\nand consigned o the flames. He was then placed by the\\npeople at the head of the committee of safety. Another\\nincident, occurring in 1773, before the Boston Tea Party,\\nwas not less significant. The last of the tea ships, com-\\nmanded by Capt. Loring, was cast ashore on the back\\nof the Cape. Most of the cargo was lost, but of that\\nsaved, it was declared, we will resist the sale and use\\nof this article, if needs be, in blood up to our knees.\\nNovember 16, 1774, a county congress assembled at\\nthe com-t-house in Barnstable. Hon. James Otis, Sen.,\\nthe residents in that vicinity. They professed to be bound to Boston,\\nand wished to have their boats carted across the isthmus to the opposite\\nbay. They said they were last from Rhode IsLind, but previously\\nfrom Nova Scotia, and women and children formed part of the com-\\npany. Not knowing their character, and fearing that they might go to\\nstrengthen the enemy, they were detained by the authorities and after-\\nwards distributed among the several towns for safe keeping, until the\\nmatter could be better understood. The reader need hardly to be told\\nthat these wandering families of French neutrals were the unfortu-\\nnate Acadians, who, homeless since their cruel banishment, were wan-\\nderers upon the face of the earth.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0089.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF XEW ENGLAND.\\nwas chosen chairman, and Col. Joseph Otis, clerk of the\\nmeeting. The latter gentleman. Col. Nathaniel Free-\\nman, an ardent patriot, who had taken an active part in\\nprotecting the rights of the people, Mr. Thomas Paine,\\nDaniel Davis, Esq., and Mr. Job Crocker, were appointed\\na committee of correspondence. Others were chosen\\na committee to consider further the public grievances and\\nthe state of the countrv, and report at a future meeting.\\nThus was inaugurated that union of effort, which, on a\\nlarger scale throughout the Colonies, gave success to the\\npatriot cause.\\nAYhen the news of the battle of Lexington reached\\nthis vicinity, the citizens of the coimty responded with\\npatriotic promptness to the summons to arms. Before\\nthe close of the year, hundreds had enlisted in the Con-\\ntinental army. In January of the following year, upon\\nthe call of Gen. Washington for reinforcements, two\\nhundred and sixty men were furnished. Later in the\\n3-ear, another call for men to go to Canada was answered\\nbj the enlistment of a large number, including manj- of\\nthe Mashpee Indians. The militia of the county was\\norganized into two regiments, the first being commanded\\nby Col. Nathaniel Freeman, and the second by Col.\\nJoseph Doane. In March, 1776, the county was required\\nto furnish more than two hundred men for the army of\\nGen. Washington. These calls for men for the Con-\\ntinental senice were frequent throughout the war, until\\nthousands had left their homes and were engaged in the\\nstruggle for independence.\\nThe year 1777 opened gloomily for the inhabitants of\\nthe Cape. Not only were neighbors and kindred involved\\nin political animosities, in many instances the Whig and\\nTory occupying adjoining estates, but the entire coast-\\nline of the count}- was watched by British cruisers.\\nThus conunerce was obstructed, and the fisheries, from\\nwhich the people derived a large part of their income,\\nprevented. But one alternative remained for these\\nadventurous seamen to see their fishing vessels going to\\ndecay at the wharves, or to push out boldly as privateers,\\nand, with the imminent danger of capture, serve their\\ncountry by preying on British commerce. It is not\\nstrange that numbers engaged in the latter service, meet-\\ning, in many instances, with success in the capture of\\nvaluable prizes, but in others being themselves cai)tured,\\nand spending weary months and 3-ears immured in British\\nprison-ships, rejecting the offer of liberty upon the con-\\ndition that tbey engage in the service of the king.\\nIn September, 1778, Gen. Otis, the commander of the\\ncounty brigade, went to Falmouth with a portion of his\\nforce, and prevented the enemj- from landing and burning\\nthe place. Great depredations were committed b\\\\- the\\nBritish upon the Vineyard side of the Sound. Leading\\npatriots were seized and held as hostages, houses rifled,\\nwindows broken, and 9,000 sheep and 350 head of cattle\\ncarried off. Falmouth would have been visited, but for\\nthe presence of the militia, who were thought by the\\nenemy to be as thick as bees, five thousand strong,\\nwith plenty of artillor}-. Gen. Otis wrote, in reply to an\\norder for fifty men to go to Providence, As the enemy\\nare around and threaten danger here, it is like dragging\\nmen from their home when their houses are on fire, but I\\nwill do my best to comply.\\nThe inhabitants of the Cape were greatly alarmed in\\nNovember by the appearance of a British squadron in\\nCape Cod Bay, and later, on the south side of the Cape\\nin Vineyard Sound. It was during this month that Col.\\nJames Otis, father of the illustrious patriot of the same\\nname, and also of Gen. Joseph Otis, and Slercy Warren,\\nwife of Gen. James Warren, died in Barnstable at an\\nadvanced age.\\nDecember 2Gth and 27th, the terrible gale, known as\\nthe Magee storm, swept along the New England coast.\\nSeveral of the citizens of Cape Cod perished on boai-d\\nthe brig Gon. Arnold, which was driven ashore near\\nthe harbor of Plymouth. This ill-fated vessel, mounting\\ntwenty guns, and carrjing a crew of one hundi-ed and\\nfive men and boys, commanded bj Capt. James Magee,\\nsailed from Boston harbor two days before the storm, on\\na cruise. The vessel stranded near Pl\\\\-mouth, and, as\\nthe cold was intense, was soon enveloped in snow and\\nice, while the entire shore was congealed, thus preventing\\naid being aflTorded from persons on the land. When the\\nvessel was boarded, seventj^ dead and frozen bodies were\\nprostrate on the deck, or fastened to the masts and spars.\\nOf those in whom life yet remained, nearly all died.\\nAmong those who perished was Lieut. John Russel of\\nBarnstable.\\nThe British fleet continued to infest Buzzard s Bav* and\\nVineyard Sound in 1779, and the militia were on guard\\nin that vicinity. Certain refugees created much trouble\\nin the neighborhood of Falmouth, and several vessels\\nand pilot-boats were seized. Gen. Otis applied for a\\nnumber of eight-pounders and swivels, and engaged to\\nprocure two small vessels and sweep the Sound. Capt.\\nDimmick, of Falmouth, in a small vessel, carr\\\\ing two\\nthree-pounders and two tcooden guns, and manned by\\ntwenty-five men, took the British vessel Gen. Leslie,\\nlying in Old Town Harbor, and carrying tea four-pound-\\ners, and a crew of twenty-seven men.\\nThe concluding years of the war were of peculiar hard-\\nship to the people of the Cape. The frequent calls for\\narmy supplies of beef and clothing, were especially se-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0090.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nvcre upon a communitj whose main sources of revenue\\nhad been cut off for j-ears. The ocean, with its wealth,\\nwas no longer at their command, and with a large pro-\\nportion of the able-bodied men in the field, but little had\\nbeen done in agi iculture and manufacturing. AVith the\\ncurrenc3 of the country so depreciated that the pay of a\\nprivate for four months was hardly sufficient to purchase\\na single meal, it is not strange that many homes were\\nthe abodes of extreme poverty. The last call for troops\\nthat came to Barnstable found some of the towns iu\\ngreat financial distress, jet thiiij--six men were sent to\\nhelp complete the Massachusetts quota. In 1783, six\\nof the towns were unable to pay their State tax, and the\\ntreasurer was authoiized to remit two-thirds of the as-\\nsessed amount.\\nOn the 23d of May, the most illustrious of Barnstable s\\nmanj noble sons, died in Andover at the age of fifty-\\neight. This was the patriot, James Otis, Jr., of whom\\nthe elder President Adams said, I have been j-oung,\\nand now am old, and I solemnl}- say, I have never known\\na man whose love of country was more ardent and sin-\\ncere, never one who suffered so much, never one whose\\nser^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ices for any ten j-ears of his life were so important\\nand essential to the cause of his country, as those of\\nMr. Otis from 17G0 to 1770. These ser\\\\-ices as the\\nchampion of colonial rights, in the j-ears preceding the\\nRevolutionarj struggle, gained for him the title of the\\ngreat incendiary of New England. Until 1769, when\\nhis intellect was shattered b} the blow of a cowardlv\\nruffian, whose enmitj had been aroused by well-merited\\ncensure, he was among the foremost of the great men of\\nhis day. The heroism of his noble life, and the circum-\\nstances of his tragic death by swift lightning-stroke, in\\nfulfilment of an oft-expressed wish to be thus taken from\\nthe world, invest his career with an interest far surpass-\\ning that of ordinary men.\\nFor several years after the close of the Revolution, no\\nevents of great general interest transpired in Barnstable\\nCounty. We pass over events of minor importance, to\\nthe j-ear 1793, when the East Precinct of Yarmouth was\\nincorporated on the 19th of June, as the town of Dennis.\\nMarch 3, 1797, a portion of Eastham was set off as the\\ntown of Orleans.\\nIn 1798, during the difiBculties of this country with\\nFrance, many of the Cape seamen were in command of\\nprivateers. Among these was Capt. Roland R. Crocker,\\na native of Falmouth, who was captured bj a French\\nvessel, after a musket-shot had passed through his body.\\nlie was taken to France, and, after his release, continued\\nin marine pursuits and had many thi illing adventures.\\nIt is said that in the course of his long and eventful\\nlife, he crossed the ocean one hundred and sixty-four\\ntimes.\\nIn 1800, according to the census then completed, the\\npopulation of the county was 19,293. Feb. 19, 1803,\\nthe North Precinct of Harwich was incorporated as the\\ntown of Brewster. The maritime interests of the county\\nsulTered to an unparalleled extent in 1808, from the ef-\\nfects of the Embargo Act, passed b}- Congress the\\nyear before and sanctioned by President Jefferson. The\\nfisheries being abandoned, the harbors were occupied by\\ndismantled vessels, and unemployed sailors were on\\never} hand. This condition of affairs continued for sev-\\neral years, and the depression was increased by the war\\nof 1812.\\nNotwithstanding the general inactivity in commerce,\\nthe citizens of Barnstable County were among the most\\nenthusiastic supporters of the government, and had no\\nsmall share in the occuiTences of that eventful period.\\nWhile suflTering severely in its commercial interests, the\\ncounty cheerfully gave to the army and naval service,\\nespecially to the latter, the best and bravest of its hardy\\nsons. The sentiment of the people was expressed in the\\nfollowing public declaration We consider the war in\\nwhich we are engaged as just, necessarv, and unavoidable,\\nand we will support the same with our lives and for-\\ntunes. Several towns were menaced b} the enemy s\\nvessels of war, but no attack was made. Brewster, how-\\never, escaped being burned, by a contribution of money.\\nThe same demand was made of other towns, but they\\ndeclined to give anything and were not molested. When\\nthe war closed, commerce began gradually to revive, and\\nsoon the indications of the dawn of better times were\\nseen on every hand. Among the institutions which were\\nestablished during the next score of years were the Fal-\\nmouth Bank, incorporated Feb. 14, 1821, with a capital\\nof 8100,000 the Barnstable Bank at Yarmouth, char-\\ntered Feb. 2G, 1825 and the Savings Institution at\\nBarnstable, incorporated in January, 1829. This latter\\ninstitution had a long and prosperous career until a year\\nprevious to the present writing, when, with others in the\\ncount}-, it was forced to suspend, and is now in the\\nhands of receivers.\\nThe first printed newspaper published in the comity,\\nwas issued at Falmouth in 1826. It was called the\\nNautical Intelligencer, and was soon after published at\\nBarnstable, under the title of the Barnstable Gazette\\nand Nautical Intelligencer. The same year (Feb. 22d)\\nthe Boston and Sandwich Glass Company was established,\\nwith a capital of $300,000.\\nOct. 22, 1827, the county house at Barnstable was\\nburned, and manj valuable volumes of records of deeds", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0091.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEAV ENGLAND.\\nand probate records were destro3-ed. A fine granite\\ncourt-house was soon after erected, which is now under-\\ngoing enlargement and repairs.\\nIn 1S34, the Indian Plantation of Mashpee, after sev-\\neral changes in its manner of government, was consti-\\ntuted a district, bj a special act of the legislature. Hy\\nthis act the people were allowed to choose officers and to\\nmanage their own affairs, with the assistance of a com-\\nmissioner appointed b} the State. In 1870 the district\\nwas fullj- incorporated as an independent township, the\\nj-oungest upon the Cape. The Pocasset Iron Company\\nin Sandwich, and the Wellflect Savings Institution, were\\nincorporated the same j-ear and the next j ear Falmouth\\nAcademy-, aftcrwaids called Lawrence Academy, was\\nestablished.\\nThe towns upon the Cape suffered to some extent dar-\\ning the commercial depression of 1837, but local improve-\\nments were carried forward, and several fishing compa-\\nnies were organized. In 1838, the Camp Meeting\\nGrove Corporation was authorized to hold a tract of\\nland in Eastham for the purpose of annual religious\\ngatherings. From the time of the organization of the\\nfirst camp meeting, until the removal to the present lo-\\ncation at Yarmouth, thousands of Methodists made their\\nannual pilgrimage, by stage, sailing vessel, or steamer,\\nto Millennial Grove.\\nThe third of September, 1839, was a memorable day in\\nthe history of the quiet village of Barnstable. On that da}-\\nthe two hundredth anniversary of the settlement of the\\ntown was observed with appropriate ceremonies. Dr. J.\\nG. Palfrey was the orator of the day, and speeches were\\nmade b} Gov. Everett, Chief Justice Shaw, Hon. Robert\\nC. Winthrop, Hon. B. F. Hallctt, and others.\\nIn October, 1841, Truro was visited b_y a terrible\\ncalamit} frftj- Seven men from that town being lost in a\\nsingle gale. Four j-ears afterward, the entire crew of a\\nfishing vessel, from that town, were lost on the Grand\\nBanks, and, a few months subsequently, nearl}- a whole\\ncrew perished within haihng distance of Pond Village.\\nTo mention, in detail, the various coqjorations which\\ncame into existence subsequent to the j-ear 1840, would\\nrequire more than our allotted space. Among the more\\nimportant were the Barnstable County Agricultural\\nSociety, incorporated March 15, 1844 the Cape Cod\\nBranch Railroad, afterwards the Cape Cod Railroad\\n(1846) the Manomet Iron Company of Sandwich\\n(1847) the Sandwich Savings Bank (1848) the\\nProvincetown Bank, and the Seaman s SaA ings Bank\\n(1854) the Bank of Cape Cod, and the Cape Cod\\nSavings Bank at Harwich (1855) the Nantucket and\\nCape Cod Steamboat Company, the Cape Cod Telegraph\\nCompany (1855) the First National Bank of Hj-annis\\n(18G5) and the Hyannis Savings Bank (1868).\\nThe Cape Cod Railroad was first opened to travel, as\\nfar as Sandwich, in 1848, and was extended to Hyannis\\nin Jul} 1854. The road from Yarmouth to Orleans\\nwas opened bj- the Cape Cod Central Railroad Company,\\nin December, 1865, and purchased by the Cape Cod\\nRailroad Company, in 1868, and it was extended to\\nWellfleet in January, 1871. In October of the following\\nyear, the Cape Cod Railroad was consolidated with the\\nOld Colony and Newport Railroad, and the name of the\\nunited road was changed to the Old Colony Railroad.\\nThe Cape Cod division was extended to Provincetown\\nJuly 23, 1873, and, soon after, President Grant, and\\nseveral members of his cabinet, passed over the road to\\nits terminus. The Wood s Holl Branch of the Cape\\nCod Railroad was opened July 18, 1872. The summer\\ntravel over this road, connecting with steamers for Oak\\nBluffs and Nantucket, is very extensive.\\nMay 12, 1851, the Cape Cod Association in Boston\\nwas organized, having for its object the bringing into\\nacquaintance and familiar social communion, those claim-\\ning a common Cape Cod origin. April 21, 1856, a\\nsimilar organization was effected in New York Cit}\\nThe Barnstable County Agricultural Society, men-\\ntioned above, has exerted a marked influence upon the\\nfarming interests of the Cape, and its annual fairs are\\noccasions of more than local interest.\\nIn 1858, a second establishment for the manufacture\\nof glass, was completed at Sandwich, and was known as\\nthe Cape Cod Glass Factory. It was for several years\\nthe rival of the older corporation in that place, the\\nBoston and Sandwich Glass Company, but has not\\nbeen in active operation for some years, and its buildings\\nare now going to decay.\\nThe citizens of Barnstable were employed in their\\npeaceful avocations, at home and upon the sea, when\\nthe roll-call of Sumter s guns announced the begin-\\nning of the war of the Rebellion. They answered the\\nsummons of President Lincoln for volunteers, with the\\nsame readiness with which their fathers answered the\\ncall of 1812, and their fathers the earlier call to the\\nfields of the Revolution. The old town-house, in the\\ncentre of Barnstable, became the scene of enthusiastic\\nmass meetings, and every town upon the Cape bore its\\npart in the furnishing of recruits. During the war, the\\ncomity sent into the army and naval service more than\\ntwo thousand men.\\nThe more recent historj of the count} is marked by\\nthe vicissitudes common in other portions of New Eng-\\nland. The war debts of the various towns, some of", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0092.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nthem very heavj-, have been gradually- paid, and, for\\nsome 3-ears previous to the panic of 1873, general pros-\\nperity pi evailed. Since that period, manj financial\\nreverses have been experienced. Tlie revenue from the\\nfisheries has been materially decreased, and the coasting\\ntrade has suffered greatly, by reason of increased facili-\\nties for railroad transportation. Banlcing institutions,\\nsupposed to be among the strongest in the State, have\\nbeen ooliged to yield to the pressure of adverse circum-\\nstances, and to pass into the control of receivers. Not-\\nwithstanding tliese re\\\\erscs, the citizens of Barnstable\\nhave kept pace with the moral and educational improve-\\nments of the age. Recognizing the fact that financial\\ndifficulties, lil^e the storms thej^ have breasted upon tlie\\nocean, are but temporary, while truth and integrit} are\\neternal, they have done, and, we believe, are still doing,\\ntheir part, to mould the community in harmon}- with\\ntheir convictions.\\nIII. Towns.\\nBarnstable, the shire town of the county, occupies\\nthe entire breadth of Cape Cod between Sandwich and\\nYarmouth. It consists of several villages, some of con-\\nsiderable size. Two of these, Barnstable and West\\nBarnstable, are on the north side of the Cape, and the\\nothers, Hyannis, Centre^ ille, Osterville, Marston s Mills.\\nCotuitport, and Cotuit Village, lie along the shore of\\nVineyard Sound. Other settlements of scattered dwell-\\nings are farther inland, near the base of a range of hills.\\nNorth of this range the surface is quite uneven, and hills\\nand valleys extend to the border of a region known as\\nthe Great Marshes. These marshes, or salt meadows,\\nstretch westward from Barnstable harbor for several\\nmiles, and northward to a long and narrow peninsula\\nknown as Sandy Neck. South of the hill region are\\nextensive upland meadows, beautiful ponds, and large\\ntracts of woodland, with occasional openings. Nine-mile\\nPond, near the centre of the town, covers nearly eight\\nhundred acres. Barnstable village, situated on a harbor\\nof similar name in the north-eastern part of the town,\\ncontains the county buildings and a United States cus-\\ntom-house. This latter is a fine structure of brick, and,\\nwith the granite court-house, recently enlarged, adds to\\nthe attractiveness of the place. The village has a good\\nhotel, three churches, schools, a pubUc library, and\\nmany pleasant residences. The Barnstable Patriot,\\nlong conducted by Maj. S. B. Phinne3-, a well-known\\npolitician, and now published by F. B. Goss, Esq., col-\\nlector of the port, is an able journal with a large circu-\\nlation. West Barnstable, bordering on the Great\\nMarshes, is mainly an agricultural village, and has\\nsome good farms, of which that of Hon. L. L. Good-\\nspeed, high sheriff of the countj is the most noticeable.\\nThe manufacture of brick is carried on in the vicinity.\\nWithin the limits of this farm is a spot made sacred as\\nthe birthplace of James Otis the morning star that\\nflamed in the forehead of the Revolution. Upon a slight\\neminence in the southern part of the village stands the\\nhistoric Congregational meeting-house of the West\\nParish. It is maintained that this church, which was\\norganized in England in 1616, is the oldest independent\\nCongregational cliurcli of that name in the toorld. The\\noaken frame of the present edifice was erected in 1718.\\nHj-annis, the ancient l3-anough s tract, and one of\\nthe finest illages on the Cape, is pleasantly located in the\\nsouth-eastern part of the town, upon an elevated table-\\nland, overlooking the harbor. It presents a thriving\\nappearance, with its numerous stores, elegant residences,\\nneat school buildings, and churches. Among the latter\\nis that of the Universalists, of modern architecture and\\ntasteful design. The place also contains a national\\nbank, carriage-factory, foundry, c. The harbor fur-\\nnishes a convenient roadstead for shipping, and is pro-\\ntected bj a stone breakwater, constructed by the govern-\\nment at a large expense. Hjannis Port is a watering-\\nplace of some note, and has many summer cottages,\\nresembling those of Oak Bluffs and other places of fash-\\nionable resort on the coast. Centreville is a handsome\\nvillage south west of Hyannis. Its main avenue is shaded\\nwith elms and lined with handsome dwellings. At its\\nhead is the monument erected to the memorj of the\\nsoldiers of Barnstable who perished in the late war.\\nThe Christian Camp Meeting Association hold their\\nannual gatherings in a grove to the eastward of the vil-\\nlage. The rare and beautiful pink water-lil^ is found in\\na pond near this grove.\\nOsterville and Cotuitport, farther west, are popular\\nsummer resorts. The Cotocheeset House, a mile dis-\\ntant from the former village, has an extensive and grow-\\ning popularitj and patronage. The town has a popula-\\ntion of 4,302 persons. The men are emplo3ed for the\\nmost part in nautical pursuits and in tilling the soil.\\nAmong the many distinguished men born in Barn-\\nstable, and not elsewhere mentioned, were Maj. Gen.\\nJohn Wallej (1643-1712), judge of the Supreme Court;\\nDr James Thatcher (17.54-1S44), a surgeon in the Con-\\ntinental army, author of a Militarj Journal, and\\nnumerous other works; Hon. Daniel Davis (1762-1830),\\nan able lawyer; Hon. Lemuel Shaw, LL. D. (1781\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1861), for thirty j-ears chief justice of the Supreme\\nCourt of Massachusetts Hon. Zeno Scudder (1807-57),\\nat one time president of the Massachusetts Senate,", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0093.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF XEVT ENGLAND.\\nand siibscquenth- a member of Congress and Hon.\\nIJenj. F. Ilallett, an able law^-er and an active politician.\\nY^vEMOUTH (Mattacheesc) adjoins Barnstable on the\\neast, and extends across the Cape from the Bay to the\\nAtlantic. Point Gammon projects from the southern\\nshore far out into the so.i, and partially encloses Lewis\\nBay. Tlie surface of the town is diversified, and ponds\\nof clearest water abound. German s Hill, near the centre\\nof the town, is 133 feet high. Tlie soil on the north\\nside is generalFy quite productive, and on the opposite\\nside, though light and sandy, j-ields moderate crops.\\nThe people are engaged quite extensively in nautical\\npursuits, but some attend to agriculture. The principal\\nvillages are Yarmouth, _-g=,-\\na part of which is\\ncalled Yarmouthport, _\\nSouth and West\\nYarmouth. The form-\\ner place is oue of ihe\\nmost beautiful villages\\nof the county. )n\\nboth sides of the hand-\\nsomely shaded main\\nstreet are residences\\nhaving an air of solid\\ncomfort. Some of\\nthese are of antique ap-\\npearance but in good\\nrepair, and, being in-\\nterspersed with those\\nof modern structure,\\nproduce a pleasing ef-\\nfect. CF\\nThe school focilities are of a high order and several\\nchurches and public institutions are located here. The\\nvillage has a good public librarj-, an enterprising jour-\\nnal, the Yarmouth Register, edited by Hon. C. F.\\nSwift, and a national bank. The railroad accommoda-\\ntions are good, and the Hyannis Branch joins the Cape\\nCod Railroad here. The Yarmouth Camp Meeting\\nAssociation hold their annual meeting in an oak grove a\\nmile south of the village. This had its origin in the old\\nEastham camp-meeting, and the transfer was made\\npartly on account of the difficult access to the latter.\\nWithin the groimds of the association are some two hun-\\ndred and fifty cottages and tents and the place has a\\ngood reputation as a summer resort.\\nSouth Yarmouth is a beautiful village, upon a high\\nand level plateau near Bass River. The manufacture of\\nsalt from sea- water was at one time largelj the business\\nof the place, and, until a recent date, acres of land were\\ncovered with salt-works and windmills, used for pumi\\ning the water into the vats, were numerous.\\nThe entire town has a population of 2,264. It has\\nbeen the birthplace of many brave and accompHshcd\\nmen. Its seamen have been especiallj noted for their\\ndaring, and many have held high positions in the navy\\nand merchant service.\\nAmong the citizens of Yarmouth who have attained to\\neminence are Rev. Samuel West, D.D., (1730-1807)\\nRev. Timotiiy Aldeu, D.D. (1771-1830), an author, and\\na lineal descendant of John Alden of Plj-mouth Hon.\\nJohn Reed (1781-18C0), member of Congress and heut.-\\ngovernor of Massachusetts Hon. George Thatcher,\\n___. _^^ _ (1754-1824), judgeof\\n^J: ii-^ the Supreme Court of\\nMassachusetts Mr.\\niS-n Joshua Sears (1791-\\n18j7), a successful\\nmerchant and capital-\\nist and Hon. John\\nB. D. Cogswell, now\\nthe efficient presiding\\nofficer of the Massa-\\nchusetts Senate. The\\nlate Hon. Amos Otis\\nof this town, rendered\\nvaluable ser\\\\-ice as a\\nlocal historian and\\ngenealogist.\\nSandwich Shaw-\\nme) is south-cast of\\n^sDwicH. Plymouth, in the\\nnorth-western part of the County of Barnstable. It is\\nnot a compact town, but is composed of a number of\\nvillages, lying a considerable distance apart. Along the\\nline of the railroad are Cohasset Narrows, Monument,\\nNorth and West Sandwich, Sandwich, and Spring Hill,\\na part of which is called East Sandwich. South of the\\nrailroad, and somewhat remote, are South Sandwich,\\nFarmersA-ille, Greenville, and Pocasset,* the latter being\\nsituated on the Wood s Holl Branch of the Old Colony\\nRailroad. Sandwich proper is noted for its raral channs,\\nand contains several churches, school-houses, and manu-\\nfacturing establishments. Among the latter are the\\nThis quiet hamlet has recently become invested with a tragic inter-\\nest, by roaton of the murder of Edith Freeman, a bc-iutiful cbild of five\\nsummers, by her father, Charles F. Freeman, who, led by blind faith\\nand small reason, regarded himself as a second Abraham, required to\\noffer this bloody sacrifice.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0094.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nBoston and Sandwich Glass Works, employing several\\nhundred hands, an establislniient for the manufacture of\\nshoes, a tack and nail factory, and marble works. At\\nWest Sandwich (Scusset) is a machine-shop for the\\nmanufacture of cars, c. North Sandwich, familiarly\\nknown as Herring River, is the residence of a remnant\\nof the Herring Pond Indians, and contains the ancient\\nburying-ground of that tribe. Here are the Manomct\\nIron Works, a manufactory for edge tools, c. At Co-\\nhasset Narrows quite a settlement has sprung up, the\\nnucleus of an extensive village. At Spring Hill, in the\\neastern part of the town, is the Old Qu:iker Jloeting-\\nHousc, a prominent landmark. Hero, for many years,\\nwas kept the celebrated boarding-school of Paul V\\\\ mg,\\nEsq. Lakes well stocked with bass, perch, and pickerel\\nare numerous in the south part of the town, and deer\\ninhabit the adjacent woods. Sandwicli has a population\\nof 3,110. Seven post-offices, and an equal number of\\nrailroad stations, are within its limits. The town is\\nmore agi icultural than otherwise, and includes many\\nproductive farms. The educational interests are well\\nsustained, and many persons of high reputation have\\nreceived their early and academic education here.\\nThomas Prince (1G87-1758), an able divine, and\\nauthor of New England s Annals, and Nathan Prince\\n(1G98-1748), an eminent scholar, were natives of this\\ntown.\\nFai.moutii (Succannesset) is located in the south-\\nwestern part of the county, upon the eastern side of\\nBuzzard s Bay, and on the north shore of Vineyard\\nSound. In the western part of the town, a range of\\nhills of moderate elevation extends pnrallel with the\\nshore of Buzzard s Ba3-. Tlie land in other portions of\\nthe township is generally level, and the soil as good as any\\non Cape Cod. From mam- points charming views of mari-\\ntime scenery are obtained. Nobska Hill, near the east-\\nern entrance to Wood s IIoll, on which there is a light-\\nhouse, commands a fine view of Vineyard Sound,\\nthrough which vessels are constantly passing, the hills\\nof Tisbury on Martha s Vinej ard, and the picturesque\\nshores of Buzzard s Bay. There are five villages con-\\ntaining post-offices Falmouth, North, East and West\\nFalmouth, and Wood s Holl. Falmouth Heights is a\\nnoted watering-place, a mile south-east of the main vil-\\nlage, and has broad parks and avenues, a fine hotel, and\\nmanj pleasant residences. Falmouth Village is near a\\nbeautiful beach, sweeping westward in the form of a\\ncrescent, and terminating in an irregular promontory\\nnear tlic harbor of Wood s Holl. It has the reputation\\nof being one of the handsomest villages in New Eng-\\nland, and contains a natic-.ial bank, churches, the Law-\\nrence Academy, excellent graded schools, and a news-\\npaper ofiice.\\nAt Wa iuoit, a manufacturing village in the eastern\\npart of the town, is a mill for the manufacture of wool-\\nIon yarn. Wood s Holl is at the terminus of the AVood s\\nIIoll Branch of the Old Colony Railroad, and here con-\\nnection is made with steamers for Oak Bluirs and Nan-\\ntucket. The village is most pleasing in its general\\nappearance, and is adorned with manj- summer resi-\\ndences. The Pacific Guano Works are located here.\\nThe Universalists have a camp-ground at Menauhant, a\\nsummer resort which is growing up in the eastern part\\nof the town.\\nThere are about one hundred and fift} fanns in the\\ntownship, and nearly one hundred acres of cranberry\\nmeadows.* The population is 2,211. Falmouth has\\nbeen the birth-place of man^ men distinguished for\\nenergy and excellence of character, as well as for patri-\\notism and talents. Of these, Gen. Joseph Dimmick, a\\nsoldier of the French and Indian war, and of the Revo-\\nlution, senator and high sheriff; and Samuel Lewis, law-\\nyer, preacher, and father of the common schools in\\nOhio, are especially- prominent.\\nDennis (Xobscussct) is a long and narrow town, ex-\\ntending across Cape Cod, cast of Yarmouth, of which\\ntown it was originally a part. It received its present\\nname in honor of Rev. Joseph Dennis, tlie first minister,\\nwho was ordained Juno 22, 1727. Bass River, in the\\nwestern part of the town, is the largest stream upon Capo\\nCod. Its mouth affords a good harbor for vessels of\\nhglit draught. North of a belt of woodland, which\\nextends from east to west, and aljout a mile from the\\nshore, is a range of hills, a continuation of the chain\\nwhich extends from Sandwich to Orleans. Scargo Hill,\\nof this range, is the highest eminence in the county. The\\ntown is divided into five villages, containing post-offices.\\nThese several villages have an aggregate of 3,309 inhabi-\\ntants. North Dennis, in the vicinity- of the noted Scargo\\nHill, was once the chief site of the Nobscusset tribe of\\nIndians. Near tlie location of the old East Precinct\\nmeeting-house, is an ancient burying-ground, whore\\nTlic rude forefathers of tbe hamlet sleep.\\nThe other villages have an ai)pearance of thrift and\\ncomfort. AVest Dennis is quite thickly settled, and is\\nconnected by bridges with South Yarmouth. Many of\\nthe citizens of Dennis are retired sea-captains, of large\\n111 August, 1814, the town was homhaijed liy the Briti.sh ehip-of-\\nwar Nhnrod. Seven balls were shot into the liouse of Uev. Henry\\nLincoln, but no lives were lost.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0095.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nmeans and generous impulses. Within tlie limits of the\\ntown are fifteen schools, and several churches, and these,\\nwith a free public librarj-, furnish educational and\\nreligious facilities of a high order.\\nThe cod and mackerel fisheries, and the coasting trade,\\nemploy a large number of citizens. Some two hundred\\nacres are devoted to the culture of the cranberr}-, which\\nis here of superior qualitj-. Dennis has the honor of\\nbeing the birthplace of Gen. Nathaniel Freeman, the\\ncelebrated jurist, phj sician, and military commander.\\nProvincetown (Chequocket) is situated at the ex-\\ntremity of Cape Cod, one hundred and sixteen miles\\nfrom Boston b} rail, and about fifty miles by water. Its\\nname was suggested by the i:)eeuliar relation it sus-\\ntained to the Province of Massachusetts for many years,\\nit receiving aid from the latter ou account of its shipping\\nPKOVINCETOWX.\\nadvantages. The harbor is very capacious, and it is\\nsaid that three thousand vessels could be easily accom-\\nmodated with anchorage ground. The town consists\\nmainly of beaches and hills of sand, among which are\\nshallow ponds and swamps. Many of these hills, by\\nreason of their nature, are subji ct to incessant changes.\\nThere is but little wood, and that of diminutive growth.\\nTo prevent the ravages of the winds, quite extensive\\ntracts have been planted with beach grass. The cultiva-\\ntion of the cranberrj in the reclaimed swamp land is an\\nimportant industrj-. The town, built principally upon a\\nsingle street, is very unique in its appearance, and fol-\\nlows the curve of the harbor for more than two miles.\\nInterspersed among t!ie dwellings, in some portions of\\nthe town, are fish flakes, where the fares of the re-\\nturned fishing vessels are exposed for drying. Neatness\\nand thrift cliaracterizo the place, and man} of the houses\\nTlio nianiifacture of salt -nTis li( m here as early as 177fi, and has\\ni;ly carried on. The wui^^r was raised by wiudmills from\\nare of modern architecture, with shaded lawns and\\nshrubbery. The soil of the streets and gardens was\\nbrought, to quite an extent, from other towns in the\\nvicinity. The town contains high and grammar schools,\\na newspaper office, two banks, a public library, and five\\nchurches. Its citizens are mostly engaged in maritime\\npursuits, and several vessels are employed in short voy-\\nages to the nearer whaling grounds. The population of\\nthe town is 4,450.\\nOn Ilighpole Hill, an eminence rising picturesquely\\nin the rear of the village, stood the old town hall, de-\\nstroyed a few j-ears since bj- fire. A tablet on the fa(;ade\\nof this building contained the words In commemo-\\nration of the arrival of the Ma3-flower in Cape Cod\\nHarbor, and of the first landing of the Pilgrims in Amer-\\nica at this place, Nov. II, 1620, this tablet is presented\\nby the Cape Cod Association, Nov. 8, 1853. The Race\\nPoint light-house is three miles dis-\\ntant from the village, at the extreme\\nend of the Cape.\\nII ARvrrcH (Satucket) originally cx-\\ntended across the Cape, and for more\\nthan a hundred years included the\\nterritorj- now embraced in Brewster.\\nIt received its present name from\\nIlarwicli, a seaport of England. The\\nsurface is more level than that of the\\nother Cape towns. Agriculture, with\\nthe exception of the cultivation of the\\ncranberrj-, receives but little atten-\\ntion. The latter has proved remu-\\nnerative, several hundred acres being under cultivation.\\nThe cod and mackerel fisheries are prominent industries,\\nbut some are engaged in the coasting trade, and the\\nforeign merchant service.\\nThe town comprises several villages, the most central\\nof which, Ilarv.ich Centre, contains a church, an academy,\\ngood school edifices, the Cape Cod Bank, and a piinting-\\nofflcc, from which the Harwich Independent is issued.\\nThe entire town has a population of 3,355. At West\\nHarwich is the oldest Baptist societ}- in the county, prob-\\nably organized about the j-ear 1750. Nickerson s Grove,\\ntwo miles north of the main village, is the scat of the\\nSpiritualist Camp-meeting.\\nChatham (Monomoyick), named probablj- from the\\nEarl of Chatham, occupies the extreme south-eastern\\nangle of Cape Cod. It has a very irregular outline, its\\nand evaporated\\nleaving the salt", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0096.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nshore being indented l y numerous coves, harbors and\\ninlets. The snrfaea is of a -varied character, and ponds,\\ncovered in tlie summer with the beautifid white lily,\\nabound. Great Hill, near the principal village, is the\\nhighest point of land, and, from its summit in clear\\nweather, Nantucket can be seen without the aid of a\\nglass. Changes along the sea-line of the township are\\nconstantly occumng, and the coast is gradually wearing\\naway. By reason of storms, and the strong currents,\\nwhich set in and out of the harbors, sand-bars are con-\\ntinuallj- changing. A narrow beach, the extremity of\\nwhich is called Sandj I^oint, or Cape Malabarre, extends\\nsouth-west ten miles toward Nantucket. This beach is\\nin fact an island a breach, forming the northernmost\\nentrance to Old Harbor, having been made bj- the tide.\\nThe emplo3 ment of the men iy mainly upon the sea,\\nand manj are in command of ships, sailing from Boston\\nand New York to various foreign ports. The town has\\nfive postal centres, fourteen schools,\\ncapacious churches, and a weekly\\nnewspaper. The population is 2,274. t,^:\\nUnlike other Cape towns, Chatham\\nis not upon the railroad line, but con-\\nnection is made with the C. C. R. R.\\nat Harwich b} stage coaches.\\nMuch a tcntion is paid to educa- l.^\\ntion, and the inhabitants have a just\\nreputation for intelligence and refine-\\nment.\\nWellfleet, known in Indian\\nlanguage as Pononokanet, is an\\nimportant fishing and commercial\\ntown, extending across Cape Cod,\\nnorth of Eastham, of which town it formed a part\\nfor many years. There are two postal villages, and\\nthe town contains a savings bank, three cliurehes, a\\nhigh school, and thirteen other public schools. It has\\nI 1 a population of 1,988. Mackerel and cod fishing, and\\nI the oyster trade, are the prominent pursuits. The\\ncitizens are proverbial for enterprise, and many have\\nI j acquired wealth in the face of no ordinary difficulties.\\nThe late Dr. Thomas N. Stone, at one time a member\\nIt is fnid that when the English first settled on the Cape, an island\\nwas located nine miles ofT the coast, called Webb s Island. Its area\\nwas some twenty acres, and it was mostly covered with cedar, the in-\\nhabitants of Nantucket gathering firewood ihcre. About 180 years\\nsince, the island disappeared, and a huge rock on its surface settled to\\nthe bottom of the sea.\\nt There is a traditional story of a man, who often visited this region,\\nand who was supposed to be one of Bellamy s crew. It was thought\\nthat he knew where some of the treasure of the pirates was secreted.\\nof the Massachusetts Senate, was one of the citizens of\\nAVelllleet, whose memory is revered far lieyond the\\nnarrow limits of the county, that was proud to claim him\\nas one of its noblest sons. His Cape Cod Rhjmes\\nbreathe the true poetic fire, and have caused many to\\nread over again the unwritten poems of childhood, and\\nbring back the days^ when, in life s earl}- morning, even\\nCape Cod was beautiful.\\nIn 1718, the fleet of the noted pii-ate Bellamj- was\\nwrecked near the table-land of AVellfleet. From time to\\ntime, portions of the wreck have been seen at low tide,\\nand coins, made in the reign of William and Mary, have\\nbeen picked up on the beach, f\\nTruro (Pamet), called for a few j cars previous to its\\nreceiving its present name, Dangcrfield, on account of its\\ne.^qiosure to the vicissitudes of the ocean, is anextrcmcl}\\nnarrow town, exteuiliug across the Cape, immediatclj-\\ns-a^^*-r?S-~ i^?? -3?\\nnorth of Wellfleet. From Small s Hill, in the eastern\\npart of the town, the ocean view, especiall} after a\\nstorm, is very grand. One of the most prominent objects\\nof the landscape, is the noted Highland Lighthouse, on an\\neminence at North Truro.\\nThe Pounds, so called because wrecks are pounded to\\npieces against them, are high, soUd, and perpendicular\\nbanks of clay on the eastern shore, and, wliile they have\\nbeen, from time immemorial, the especial dread of sail-\\nand that he came to this place for supplies of coin. Aged people\\nrelated of him, that often in the stillness of night, he would give\\nutterance in his sleep to profane and boisterous language, as if he were\\ncontending with some terrible enemy. When allowed the hospitality\\nof a private dwelling, if the Bible was produced for the customary\\nevening prayers, he would seem to be much disturbed, and hastily\\nretire. It is said, that, af^ur his death, which occurred during a\\nwild and tempestuous night, a girdle, heavy with gold, was found\\non his body.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0097.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nors, they serve as an effectual barrier against the\\nencroachments of the ocean. Truro, on the Pawmet\\nRiver, is the most important of the three postal villages.\\nThe Cape Cod Railroad extends through the town, and,\\nin one place, passes over a viaduct fifty-five feet in\\nheight. Population, 1,098.\\nOrleans, the Indian Namskaket, long known as the\\nsouth precinct of Eastham, is situated between that town\\nand Brewster. The shore line of tliis, like that of\\nneighboring towns, is undergoing constant changes from\\nthe action of the waves and strong tidal currents, and\\nthe modern charts of this region are widely at variance\\nwith those of a half century since. Orleans has three\\npostal villages, eight public schools, four churches, and a\\npopulation of 1,373.\\nBrewster (Sawkattuckett), named in honor of William\\nBrewster, one of the Pilgrims of the Blayflower,\\noccupies the inner side of the bend of the elbow of the\\nCape.\\nThe surface is quite uneven, and is diversified by\\nbeautiful sheets of fresh water. Long Pond, the largest\\nof these, covers 778 acres, and its outlet is a stream\\ncalled Herring River. The soil in the northern part of\\nthe town is nioderatel} heavy, and affords good tillage\\nland. There arc some excellent orchards and fine cran-\\nberrj- meadows. The men are chiefly employed upon the\\nsea, in coasting and foreign vo\\\\ages. They are dis-\\ntinguished for nautical skill and enterprise, and man}\\nhave risen to high positions in the merchant service.\\nThe town has four postal villages, and 1,200 inhabitants.\\nNine schools, two churches, a ladies library, and two\\nhotels, are among the appointments of the place.\\nEastham, a town of 039 inhabitants, and originally\\ncalled Nauset, extends across Cape Cod, north of Or-\\nleans and Brewster. It is indented b\\\\ inlets, and con- I\\ntains several ponds, the largest of which is Great Pond,\\nupon whose shore Jlilcs Standish and his little band of\\nexplorers encamped, on the night of Dec. 6, 1020. Bil-\\nlingsgate Point, on the west side of the town, is now a\\nAn example of the shifting nature of the sand is furnished by the\\nwreck of the Lunilon ship Sparrow Hawk, lost in one of the harbors\\nof Orleans, in 1G2G, and covered by mud and sa;ul for more than two\\ncenturies. This wreck w.as disclosed m 1SG3, and some of the parts\\nwere put together, and exhibited in Boston. The wreck soon dis-\\nappeared, and, centuries hence, may again be revealed. It is re-\\nmarkable that, wliile the disaster occurred inside the harbor, after a\\nlapse of two hundred and thirty-seven years, it appeared outside that\\nharbor.\\nmere sandy islet or beach, the sea having washed away\\nthe istliiiuis that connected it with the main land. A\\nlight-house was erected on tliis point in 1822, and, in\\n1838, three others were placed on the Atlantic side of the\\ntown, and have proved of great service to mariners.\\nThe grounds of the Old Eastham Camp Meeting\\nwere on high land near the shore of the bay, ni a beauti-\\nt lil tract of woodland known as Millennial Grove.\\nThe first camp meeting was held here in 1828, but\\nse\\\\eral years since, the meeting was removed to Yar-\\nmouth.\\nJlAsnPEi;, formerly Marsiipek, is situated in the south-\\nwestern part of Barnstable County upon Vineyard Sound.\\nIt covers some sixteen square miles of territory, quite\\nlargely woodland. The surface is level, the soil light\\nand santly, but possessing considerable fertility, and\\nadapted to the growth of corn and cereals. Several\\nponds, well stocked with fish, give variety to the land-\\nscape. The JIashpee River, rising m a lake of the same\\nname, is noted for its herring and trout fisheries. The\\ntown has two public schools, and a church, located in a\\nbeautiful grove two miles from the principal village.\\nNear this church is an ancient bur3-ing-groiind, the graves\\nof the tenants being covered with long grass and shrubs.\\nTwo other Indian burial places are in the township, f\\nThere are no Indians of unmixed blood now living in\\nthe town. The last of the race of purely aboriginal ex-\\ntraction was Isaac Simon, who died more tlu .n a score of\\nj-ears since. The present population is about 300, em-\\nbracing some Indians of mixed blood, a promiscuous\\nrace of colored people, and a few whites. These are\\nmostl} emi)loyed in farming, fishing, and sea-fariiig pur-\\nsuits, are generally peaceable, and are susceptible to moral\\nand religious influences. Their patriotism is shown by\\nthe fact that several men enlisted in the army during the\\nlate war. The Indians of Mashpee rendered eflicieiit\\nservice in the French and Indian War, and during the\\nRevolution. It is to be hoped that this people, so faintly\\nrepresenting the original tribe, may long exist to remind\\ntheir white brethren of the faithfulness of the Mashpee\\ntribe to the early settlers upon the Cape.\\nt Among the pastors of this flock in the wiMerness, were Rev. Gideon\\nHawley, a graduate of Yale, in the class of 1749, .at one tmie mission-\\nary to the Iroqnois, and subsequently chaplain of the regiment of Col.\\nGridlcy in tlio French and Indian War; and Rev. Phmcas Fish, a gmd-\\nuate of Harvard College, who received his appointment from tlic\\nauthorities of that institution as trustees of the Williams Fund\\nThis was a legacy of Rev. Daniel Williams, of London, to be paid\\nyearly to the college in Cambridge in New England, to promote the eon-\\nversion of the poor Indians of Mashpee.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0098.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nBERKSHIRE COUNTY.\\nBY J. E. A. SMITH.\\nTn!i: histoiy of Berkshire, the most westerly- county of\\nMassachusetts, has a character largely due to its border\\nposition and peculiar phj-sical gcographj\\nIll the opinion of the geographer, Guj-ot, the gi-oat\\ninland topographical feature of New England is a double\\nbelt of highlands, not simply ranges of hills, but vast\\nswells of land, separated almost to their bases b} the\\ndeep and broad valley of the Connecticut, and rising to\\nan average elevation of 1,000 feet above the level of\\nthe sea. Each has a width of 40 or 50 miles, from\\nwhich, as a base, mountains rise in chains or in iso-\\nlated groups to an altitude of several hundred, some-\\ntimes several thousand, feet more. The sj stem which\\nsurmounts the western upheaval, and bears the general\\nname of the Green Mountains, is composed of two prin-\\ncipal chains, more or less continuous, and several short-\\ner ones.\\nOn the east, the Iloosac Jlountains present an un-\\nbroken wall, with an average altitude of some 800\\nfeet. The Taconic chain on the east is with two im-\\nportant exceptions quite as uninterrupted and of some-\\nwhat greater average altitude. On the north the rude\\nhills of the Vermont border maintain nearly the same\\nhci^^ht. Some three miles south of these hills, with the\\nrich valley of the Hoosac River intervening, there rises,\\nmidway between the Taconic and Iloosac ranges, and be-\\ntween the villages of Williamstown and Adams, Grej--\\nlock, the highest summit of Massachusetts, and the head\\nof a short range of hills which extend to the north line\\nof the town of Pittsfield, a length of about 15 miles.\\nAt the town of Egrcmont, in the south-west part of the\\ncounty, the Taconics send oflT a spur \u00e2\u0080\u00a2which terminatos\\nin the south part of Pittsfield, separating the valley of\\nRichmond from that of the Housatouic. The bed of\\nthis river, which, where it enters the county at Shef-\\nfield, is 800 feet above the sca-lcvel, rises to 1,000\\nfeet at Pittsfield, where it divides, the eastern branch\\nfinding its fountain-head in the north-cast part of that\\ntown while the western, passing through Pontoosuc\\nLake, in Pittsfield and Lancsborough, rises 100 feet\\nmore to its head waters in New Ashford. On the\\nsame valley-summits with the two branches of the IIous-\\natonic, and within a few feet of them respoctivclj-, the\\neast and west branches of the IIoos. .o find their sources,\\nand flowing north, the foimer to North Adams, the latter\\nto Williamstown, bend at a sharp angle to the west, and\\nuniting at Williamstown, find their way through a gap in\\nthe Taconics to the Hudson at Hoosac, N. Y.\\nThe Hoosac River has a descent of 600 feet with-\\nin the county, and the Housatonic an equal descent\\nin addition to which the latter has several tributary\\nbrooks large enough to furnish valuable water power\\nwhile on the mountain-tops or in the valleys, there are a\\nhundred lakelets varj ing in area from twentj acres to a\\nthousand, which, either with or without artificial enlarge-\\nment, serve as reservoirs. Nature seems thus to have\\ndesigned Berkshire for a manufacturing district.\\nThe region thus described has an area of a little\\nover 950 square miles. The four cardinal bounda-\\nries of Berkshire lie along four dilTerent States. This\\nborder position has even now no little influence upon\\nthe character and fortunes of its people but in its\\nearliest days, when Vermont and Northern New York\\nwere either a wilderness or very thinlj settled, and when,\\nas in the French and Indian and the Rovolutionarj- wars,\\nCanada was a hostile province, Berkshire was a frontier\\nregion in quite another sense, and its history correspond-\\ningly interesting.\\nThe mountain barriers, of which we have spoken, of\\ncourse present frequent passes available for highways,\\nwhich in time were improved bj turnpikes, and, subse-\\nquently, bj- railroads.\\nThe territorj now Berkshire County was, before its\\nsettlement by the English, the hunting-ground of the\\nMohcgan Indians, whose ordinary residence was in what\\nis now the county of Columbia, N. Y., but who, every\\nspring and autimin, visited the vaUey of the Housatonic\\nand the adjacent hills, to hunt, trap, and fish. The tribe\\nhad once been powerful, boasting a thousand warriors,\\nbut it had been greatly reduced by its warfare with the\\nSix Nations, and seems only to have escaped extinction\\nbj- the timelj arrival of the whites, to whom thej became", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0099.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nfirm and lasting allies. Previous to the settlement of\\nBerkshire, they had sold much of their fertile land along\\nthe Hudson, and a few of them had begun to occupy\\nthrougliout the year, their old spring and autumn hunt-\\ning-grounds among the hills. This native population\\nwas exceedingly scanty, but the tribal organization was\\nperfect, and their title to the soil so well defined, as\\nto be seldom, if ever, disputed by the colonial au-\\nthorities.\\nOwing to the insecurity of titles to land beyond the\\nConnecticut Elver, to which both Massachusetts and New\\nYork, under conflicting royal jurisdictions laid claim,\\npopulation for a long time lingered to the eastward of\\nthat river. On the 30th of January, 1722, Joseph Par-\\nsons and 176 other inhabitants of Hampshire County,\\npetitioned the General Court for two townships of land,\\nsituated on the Housatonic Eiver, at the south-west\\ncorner of the Massachusetts patent. In response, the\\nGeneral Court granted two townships, each to be seven\\nmiles square.\\nJohn Stoddard, Ebenezer Pomeroy, and Henry Dwight,\\nof Northampton, Luke Hitchcock of Springfield, and\\nJohn Ashlej of Westfield, all influential citizens, and\\ndoubtless among the prompters of the petition, were\\nappointed commissioners to extinguish, bj- purchase, the\\nIndian title to the tract selected to divide it to grant\\nland to settlers and generally to supervise the settle-\\nment. Thej were required to reserve lands to be con-\\nferred in fee upon the first settled minister, for the sup-\\nport of schools and of gospel ordinances conditions\\nwhich were attached to all subsequent grants of town-\\nsliips in Western Massachusetts, and from which many\\ntowns still derive a fund for the two latter purposes.\\nThe commissioners were also directed to exact from\\neach settler the sum of thirty shillings for every one\\nhundred acres of land received by him, towards the cost\\nof purchase from the aboriginal proprietors. The few\\nMohcgans then resident in the vallej- lived in small vil-\\nlages on the sites of the present towns of Great Barring-\\nton, Sheffield, Stockbridge, New Marlborough, Tyring-\\nham, Pittsfield, and Dalton, the larger collection being\\non the territory covered by the new grant. Those at\\nthe north and the south appear from old deeds to have\\nowned their lands separately indeed, there seem to\\nhave been several distinct proprietorships. John Konka-\\npot, the principal man among the Mohegans of Massa-\\nchusetts, lived in the south part of the present town of\\nStockbridge, near a small brook which still bears his\\nname. He appears to have had some special leadership\\namong his people in that vicinit3- and, with twenty\\nother heads of families, he met the commissioners at\\nWestfleld on the 2.5th of April, 1724, and conveyed to\\nthem the two townships, in consideration of \u00c2\u00a3450 in\\nmoney, three barrels of cider, and thirty quarts of rum.\\nThese two townships included the present towns of\\nSheffield, Great Barrington, Mount Washington, Egre-\\nmont, and Alford, the larger part of Stockbridge and\\nWest Stockbridge, and a great portion of Lee.\\nThe Indians having, however, no thought of abandon-\\nijig their old homes, reserved a considerable quantity of\\nthis land. The best lay near the present dividing line\\nof Sheffield and Great Barrington, on the south bank of\\na beautiful stream, then known as White River, but\\nwhich the poet Bryant has since given to world-wide\\nfame as Green River, his own favorite haunt in Berkshire.\\nHere the Indians had a small village which they called\\nScatehook.\\nThe 177 persons who signed the petition of 1722 did\\nnot thereby indicate an intention of becoming actual\\nsettlers on the lands asked, and they were, therefore,\\nnot given to them, but to commissioners in trust. Prior\\nto their purchase from the natives, this board met at\\nSpringfield and received the names of fifty-five persons\\nto whom lands, in lots of from 200 to 1 ,000 acres, were\\npromised upon their complying with the prescribed con-\\nditions and in 1 725 Captains John Ashley and Ebenezer\\nPomeroy made a general division of the lower township,\\nespecially that part lying along the river.\\nThe Lower Housatunnuk township was naturally the\\nmost attractive section of the valley to the agriculturist,\\nas the climate, considerably milder than that of the\\nnorth, gives the farmer a longer season, and the land is\\nfor the most part rich interval, much of it fertile meadow.\\nThe Housatonic, for the greater portion of its course in\\nthe township a quiet stream sis or eight rods wide, in\\nthe extreme south tumbles over some conspicuous falls.\\nAnd it is a singular fact, that of the multitude of water-\\nprivileges in Berkshire, the onlj- one of value which\\nremains unused is this near the first spot settled in the\\ncounty. It was little, however, that New England settlers\\nin 1726 cared for water-power, so that they had enough\\nto run a saw and grist mill, such as were soon built at\\nAshley Falls. But farmers soon began to flock into the\\nnew settlement from the Connecticut Valley, and chiefly\\nfrom Westfield. The principal names among them being\\nNoble, Austin, Kellogg, Ashley, Westover, Pell, Callcn-\\nder, Corben, Iluggins, Smith, Ingersoll, Root, and\\nDewey. By an act of the General Court, approved\\nJune 24, 1733, the Lower Housatunnok Township,\\neight miles long on the river, and wide enough to make\\nits extent equivalent to seven miles square, was incor-\\nporated as the town of Sheffieltl, so named by Gov.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0100.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nBelcher, probably as a complimeut to Lord SheflBeld,\\nDuke of Buckinghamshire.\\nThe first town meeting the first west of the Con-\\nnecticut VaUcy was held at the house of Obadiah\\nKoble, Jan. 16, 1734 (new style).\\nIn the summer of that year the people built a meeting-\\nhouse, and the first church was organized Oct. 22, 1735.-\\nOn the same day Mr. Jonathan Hubbard of Sunderland\\nwas ordained pastor. Mr. Hubbard, who was the first\\ncollege graduate, as well as the first clergj-man, to settle\\nin Berkshire, was a descendant, in the fourth generation,\\nfrom George Hubbard, the first of the family in America.\\nThe Stockbridge Indian Mission.\\nIn the year 1734, when population had advanced, to\\nsome small extent, into the present limits of Egremont\\nand Stockbridge, an undertaking was commenced, of\\nstriking interest in itself, and whose success proved of\\nvast advantage, not onl} to the security of the settle-\\nments on the Ilousatonic, but that of all Western Massa-\\nchusetts and Connecticut. This was no less than an at-\\ntempt to christianize and civilize the Mohegan and other\\nIndians, beginning with those under the immediate\\nmfluence of Konlcapot and circumstances conspired to\\nbring this about in a manner which reallj seemed to\\njustify the use of the old-fashioned New England adjec-\\ntive, providential. Rev. Samuel Hopkins, the pro-\\njector, and afterwards the historian of the mission, was,\\nin 1734, pastor of the church in AVest Springfield, where\\nhe incidentlj learned that Konkapot was strictlj tem-\\nperate, very just and upright in his dealings, a man of\\nprudence and industr3-, and sincerely inclined to embrace\\nChristianity. But there were two obstacles in his\\nway one was the fear of ostracism b} his people but\\nthe other, and the greater, was the evil lives of nominal\\nChristians. Upon this, Mr. Hopkins resolved that the\\ngospel should be preached to them in such purit} and\\npower, as should overcome the prejudice created bj- those\\nwho were only Christians in name. He had just learned\\nthat the British Society for the Propagation of the\\nGospel in Foreign Parts had placed funds at Boston, in\\nthe hands of a commission, consisting of Gov. Belcher,\\nDr. Benjamin Colman, Dr. Sewall, and others. He now\\nconferred with Col. John Stoddard of Northampton,\\nThe Great New Englander, and Rev. Stephen Wil-\\nliams, D. D., one of the Redeemed Captives, the\\ntwo men better informed than anj- others concerning the\\nstate of the Indians within reach of civilized influences.\\nIt was found that, although missionaries were stationed\\nat the forts, nothing had been done towards civilizing\\nthe natives, worse than nothing towards christian-\\nizing them and Rev. William Williams, of Hatfield,\\nwho had also boon taken into council, wrote to the com-\\nmissioners at Boston, who at once entered warmly into\\nthe project, and requested Mr. Hopkins and Dr. Wil-\\nliams to ascertain the feelings of the Indians upon the\\nsubject.\\nKonkapot and Umpachenee, his sub-chief, going to\\nSpringfield, about this time, to formally receive com-\\nmissions as captain and lieutenant, which had been\\nbestowed upon them by Gov. Belcher, the opportunity\\nwas seized to confer with them upon the greater matter\\nin hand. Konkapot earnestly favored the plan, and\\nUmpachenee pledged himself not to oppose it but both\\nthought it essential that the tribe should be visited, and\\nthe consent of all its members gained. In July, there-\\nfore, Dr. Williams and Rev. Nehemiah Bull of West-\\nfield, Mr. Hopkins being detained bj- illness, ^^sited\\nIlousatonic, and presented the subject to the Indians\\nthere, who, after deliberating four days, as befitted the\\ngravitj of the suliject, gave a hearty assent to the\\nestablishment of the mission.\\nUpon this, the commissioners at Boston authorized\\nMessrs. Bull and Williams to seek out a suitable mis-\\nsionary offering him a yearl} salarj of \u00c2\u00a3100. In their\\nsearch thej were remarkablj happj-, Providence direct-\\ning them at once to Mr. John Sergeant, a native of\\nNewark, N. J., at that time a tutor in Yale Col-\\nlege, but who had been heard to say that he would\\nprefer the life of a missionary among the Indians to anj\\nother. He reached, what we will call b}- its present\\nname, Great Barrington, on the 13th of October, and\\npreached his first sermon to about twent} Indians. The\\nfirst convert was his interpreter, Pau-paiun-nuk, who\\nwas baptized October 17, as Ebenezer the name being\\nconsidered significant. The profession of faith and the\\ncovenant, framed for the occasion, was brief, but com-\\nprehensive.\\nIt was arranged that, during the winter, the Indians\\nshould collect at Great Barrington, where a few English\\nfamiUes had settled, with whom Mr. Sergeant could find\\nboard. On the 21st of October, the Indians, with light\\nhearts and willing hands, began the erection of a build-\\ning for a church and school-house around which they\\nbuilt huts for themselves, in which they were soon settled\\nfor the winter. November 3d, Sunday, Mr. Sergeant\\npreached to a largely increased audience, and, for the\\nfirst time, by the aid of an interpreter, led them in\\nprayer. Soon after, a school was opened in the new\\nbuilding.\\nTimothy Woodbridge, of West Springfield, a J oung\\nman well quaUfied for the work of teaching and cat-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0101.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nechising, was engaged as assistant a man \u00e2\u0096\u00a0who after-\\nward became one of the most active magistrates and\\nprominent citizens of the county of Berkshire.\\nMeantime, the mission encountered vexatious ob-\\nstacles. What with tlie determination of the Dutchmen,\\non the New York border, to furnish the Indians ardent\\nspirits, the natural wealcness of the natives in the direc-\\ntion of intemperance, and their tendency to indulge in\\ntheir hideous orgies, the godly chief and the missionaries\\nassociated with him, often found their patience and wits\\nsorely taxed to surmount all the difficulties and discour-\\nagements in their way. Yet, under God, they did so.\\nOn the 31st of August, 1735, Mr. Sergeant was\\nsolemnly ordained, at Deerfield, as missionary to the\\nHousatonic Indians the presence of His Excellency\\nGov. Belcher, with large committees from the Council\\nand the General Court, giving dignit} to the occasion,\\nand the Indians accepting him as their pastor by rising\\nwhen the question was put to them by the Rev. Dr. Wil-\\nliams.\\nBefore the end of the year 1735, over forty persons,\\nincluding the two chiefs, had received the rite of bap-\\ntism. Indeed, so scrupulous was Capt. Konkapot, that\\nhe insisted upon being re-named in the English form.\\nA little more than a year had elapsed since the estab-\\nlishment of the mission, and a church had been formed\\nfrom converted heathen, which still flourishes, although\\nat a distance of more than a thousand miles from its\\nbirth-jjlace. Heathenish customs had been renounced\\nby nearly all the Indians of the Housatonic Vallej-, and\\nthey had placed themselves under the pastorate of the\\nmissionaries as at least nominal Christians. The} had\\nsolemnly resolved to have no more trading in rum\\nfortj- children were attending school, and several adults\\nwere learning to read, and the reputation of the mission,\\namong the Hudson River Mohegans, and to some\\nextent bej ond that river, was such, that there was begin-\\nning to be a disposition to place themselves under its\\nimmediate influence.\\nMeantime, with a view to averting the inevitably\\ndemoralizing tendencies of seeking employment abroad\\nduring the summers, and of spending their time in idle-\\nness during the winters, through the influence of Col.\\nStoddard, Gov. Belcher, and others, in 1706, a township\\nof land, or reserv-ation, embracing 23,040 acres, was\\nlaid out within the limits of the Upper Housatonnuk\\ntownship, and including the present towns of Stock-\\nbridge and West Stockbridge, and these Christian Ind-\\nians were induced to take up farms, and settle thereon.\\nHomes, and the care of flocks and herds of one s own,\\nare indispensable alike as means of grace and conditions\\nof civilization. Several leading English families also\\nsettled among them.\\nIn July, 1737, Jlr. Sergeant, Lieut. Umpachenee, and\\na large delegation of Indians, by invitation of Gov.\\nBelcher, visited Boston, where thej- exijressed their sat-\\nisfaction by relinquishing their interest in one mile of\\nland on each side the road the first over the Iloosac\\nMountains which had been made in 1735, from AVcst-\\nfield to Sheffield, via Blandford. They added a request\\nthat the General Court would aid tliem in building a\\nmeeting-house and school-house and in the following\\nJanuary, at the instance of the governor, the General\\nCourt ordered that a meeting-house, thirty feet broad by\\nforty long, together with a school-house, should be built\\nunder the direction of Col. Stoddard of Northampton,\\nMr. Sergeant, and Mr. Woodbridge.\\nThis meeting-house was a plain, two-story building,\\nand stood on the present village green, where, at this\\nwriting in the summer of 1878 Hon. David Dudley\\nField is marking the site by the erection of an orna-\\nmental stone tower, seventy-five feet in height, to be\\nsurmounted by a chime of bells. In this buililing Mr.\\nSergeant preached, both in the Mohegan and English\\ntongue. When the sacrament was first administered, in\\nJune, 1738, there were eleven Indian communicants.\\nThe establishment of the mission upon a promising\\nbasis excited a wide interest among English and Ameri-\\ncan Christians, which was manifested in manj waj S.*\\nIn 1732, Rev. Isaac Hollis of Loudon wrote to Dr.\\nColman of Boston, offering f \u00c2\u00a3-0 annually for the sup-\\nport of a fourth missionar} in New England but so little\\nhad been the success of pre\\\\-iou3 efforts there that Dr.\\nColman advised him to send his monej to New Jersoj\\nMr. Hollis did not adopt the suggestion, and in 1735\\nDr. Colman, reassured hj the success of the Stockbridge\\nmission, wrote to accept the original offer. The result\\nwas a promise by IMr. Hollis to support twelve Indians,\\nto be educated, at an annual cost for each of \u00c2\u00a325, New\\nEngland currency. This led to several experiments in\\neducation.\\nAt the time of Mr. Sergeant s death, in 1749, there\\nAmong others, the people of Boston presented it with a conch-shell,\\nnearly a foot long, which, being blown by Duvid Nan-nan-nee-ka-nuk\\n.ind other Indians, suCiccd to eiimmon the worshippers to church.\\nRev. Frr.ncis Ayccongh, D.B., Chaplain to the Prince of Wales, sent to\\nMr. Sergeant a copy of the Holy Scriptures, in two largo folio volumes,\\nwhich are still in the possession of the church, at its present home in\\nMinnesota.\\nThis mission doubly repaid its whole cost to the township and to\\nthe county, by the protection it afforded during the French and Indian\\nwars, not only to the Massachusetts, but to the Connecticut border\\ntowns as well. Missions have always thus indirectly vastly more than\\npaid their way.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0102.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nwere 218 mission Indians, divided into 53 families. One\\nhundred and eight3 -two had been baptized, and 42 were\\ncommunicants. Of the 53 families, 20 owued houses\\nbuilt in the English stjle.\\nMr. Sergeant s successor, the groat theologian and\\nphilosopher, Ecv., afterwards President Jonathan Ed-\\nwards, was ordained August 8, 1751. Although an\\nardent friend of the Indians, and conscientious in ful-\\nfilling his duties towards them. President Edwards did\\nnot yet possess those pre-eminent qualifications for the\\nplace exhibited b} his predecessor. While resident here\\nhe wrote his grand essay On the Will, a labor pre-\\nsupposing an absorption of the mental faculties incon-\\nsistent with such devotion to the mission work as Mr.\\nSergeant displayed, and the exigencies of the case de-\\nmanded. Under his pastorate the number of Indian\\nfamihes in the mission was reduced to fortj -two. He\\nresigned to accept the presidency of Princeton College.\\nPresident Edwards was succeeded by Rev. Stephen\\nWest, D.D., a native of Tolland, Conn., and a gradu.ate\\nof Yale College, who was ordained at Stockbridge, June\\n13, 1759. His successor, in 1775, was Mr. John Ser-\\ngeant, son of the first missionary. He was devoted to\\nhis work, but the missionary spirit in the community at\\nlarge was no longer what it had been. The white popu-\\nlation increased in the township granted to the Indians\\nand, although the latter also increased, they early found\\nthat their interests were no longer paramount. The\\nOneidas had given them a township upon their roser\\\\a-\\ntion in the Province of New York, and the question of\\ntheir removal to it was agitated before the Revolutionary\\nWar but their services in that struggle were too valua-\\nble to be lost to Massachusetts. In the stagnation of\\nbusiness which followed the close of the war, the} how-\\never, like their white friends, looked to emigration west-\\nward for relief. The general dcmoraUzation of society\\nat that time was not favorable to their religious progress\\nin their old homo, and by general consent they rcmo^-cd\\nto the Oneida township in 1785. The number of Indians\\nat this time was about 420, but the number of commu-\\nnicants had shrunk to 16, who were dismissed, to fonn\\na new church under the pastorate of Mr. Sergeant, in\\ntheir new homo, which they called New Stockbridge.*\\nThe first great event which, subsequently to 1735,\\naffected the settlement, was the first French and Indian\\nwar, which commenced in 1744. When Sheffield was\\nWhite popniation, with its evil influences, again approaching them,\\nthey removed, between 1S23 and 1820, to Green Bay, on tlie west side\\nof Liilie Michigan; thence they migrated, in 1833, to the east shore of\\nLiilic Winnebago, in Wisconsin and still again from that point to\\nMinnesota.\\nfounded in 1725-26, and for several j-ears later, its\\nnearest civilized neighbors on the south were in Litch-\\nfield, Conn., and on the east, at Westfield, thirtj miles\\noff. Next west of the boundary line was the county\\nof Albany. The whole territory tying to the north-\\nward, and including the present State of Vermont,\\nwas a wilderness. Thus isolated from civilization\\nwere the earliest settlements of Berkshire. Mean-\\ntime the French claimed the greater part of the\\ncounty of Alban}-, and, in 1731, seized Crown Point\\non the west side of the southern extremity of Lake\\nChamplain, where they erected Fort Frederick, and\\nestablished a post, from which hundreds of parties of\\nIndians, coming down the lake, with frequent admix-\\ntures of French soldiers were sent out on merciless\\nraids.\\nIn 1744, in addition to those alreadj mentioned, settle-\\nments had been commenced in Alford, Egremont,\\nT^-ringham, and New Marlborough, all, together with\\nSheffield and Great Barrington, tying in a compact bod}\\nand more southerly than Stockbridge. The entire popu-\\nlation may have been over a thousand, while at Stock-\\nbridge there were a dozen English families, and about\\ntwo hundred Indians.\\nThe first apprehension of the government of Massa-\\nchusetts was that the French and Indian war-parties\\nwould renew their inroads from Crown Point, through the\\nvalley of the Hoosac, above the Greylock range, and\\nthence down the Housatonic Valley to the settlements\\nbelow Stockbridge or, over the mountain under which\\nthe Hoosac Tunnel now runs, to the vallej- of the Deer-\\nfield.\\nThe General Court, therefore, ordered the construction\\nof a line of forts between the Connecticut and Hudson\\nrivers, which wore located by their commissioners, as\\nFort Shirley at Heath, Fort Pclliam at Rowe, and Fort\\nMassachusetts at Hoosac, in the present town of North\\nAdams, near the WOliamstown hue. Tliore was at this\\ntime among those who had agreed to take part in the\\nsettlement of Pittsfield, a man who aftcrw.ards was for\\nmany j-ears the most prominent citizen of that place, and\\none of the most pronunent in the couutj- William Wil-\\nli.ims, the son of the pastor at Weston, and the grandson\\nof the eminent divine of Hatfield, both bearing the same\\nname with himself. He was born at Weston in 1711,\\nand graduated at Harvard College in 1729. He studied\\nmedicine and began the practice, but abandoned it as\\nby no moans consonant with his genius. He was sub-\\nsequentl} in mercantile business in Boston, with Gen.\\nOglethorpe in his expedition against St. Augustine, and\\nunder Admiral Vernon against Carthagena. He was", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0103.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nconnected with the family of Col. John Stoddard, one of\\nthe original proprietors of the township which became\\nPittsfield, and was oflercd extraordinary inducements to\\nsettle in it. The war inten-upting that project, he accept-\\ned a captain s commission in Col. Stoddard s regiment of\\nmilitia, and was detailed to construct the forts just\\nmentioned. This duty he performed to the complete\\nsatisfaction of the commissioners, and while engaged in\\nit was promoted to the rank of major.\\nThe officer highest in rank at that time in Western\\nMassachusetts was Brig. Gen. Jos. Dwight of Brook-\\nfield, who had won distinction as commander of the\\nordnance at the siege of Louisburg, and whom we\\nshall soon find the leading citizen and magistrate of\\nStockbridge and Great Barrington. On his return home\\nhe raised a regiment, to wliich Lieut. Col. Williams,\\nrecentl} promoted, was assigned.\\nLi the summer of 1746, Fort Massachusetts, which,\\nstrangely, had been left insufficiently garrisoned, while\\nin charge of the gallant sergeant, John Hawks, was\\nattacked by a companj- of eight hundred or nine hundred\\nFrench and Indians, under Gen. Rigaud de V.-iudreuil.\\nAfter a vigorous but futile defence, the fort surrendered.\\nThe gaiTison, consisting of men, women, and children,\\nwere taken prisoners, conveyed to Canada, and, subse-\\nquently, for the most part redeemed.\\nThe fort was, of course, burned by De Vandreuil, but\\nwas rebuilt in tlie following spring by Col. William\\nWilliams, to whom Gen. Dwight assigned four com-\\npanies for that purpose. It was completed, and the\\ncommand transferred, June 29, to Maj. Ephraun Wil-\\nliams, afterward the founder of AVilliams College.\\nThe war closed in 1748, but in the short and troubled\\npeace of five years which followed, the settlements on\\nthe Ilousatonic made small progress, although they\\nreceived some notable citizens. A few families moved\\ninto Lenox, Lanesborough, and Sandisfield, and a re-\\nspectable plantation was established at Pittsfield.\\nThe township, now Pittsfield, was one of the three\\ngranted in 1 735 to the town of Boston. By various sales\\nand exchanges, it was owned in equal proportions in\\n1741 by Col. Jacob Wendell of Boston, Col. John Stod-\\ndard of Northampton, and Edward Livingston of Albany,\\nlord of the neighboring Livingston Manor.\\nIn the Bpring of 1753, one Wampanmcorsc, a SchagticoUe Indian,\\ndomiciled at Stoclvbridge, was shot at Hop Brook, in Tyringham, by\\none of two men whom he undertool\u00c2\u00a3 to stop on the highway, supposing\\nthem to horscthicvcs. The men were tried at Springfield for the homi-\\ncide, one of them being convicted of manslaughter, and the other\\nacquitted. French emissaries took advantage of the craze of the Indians\\nover this aff.iir to such a degree, that Gen. Dwight and President\\nEdwards wrote to Boston in great alann, urging that money should\\nimmediately be sent to compensate the relatives of Wampaumcorse,\\nBy the year 1754, the settlement was well advanced.\\nIn Stockbridge, the number of white families increased\\nto eighteen. But a greater accession than any of mere\\nnumbers was that of Gen. Joseph Dwight, who removed\\nto the mission town, as trustee of the school, about\\n1751, and married Mrs. Abigail, widow of the missionar}\\nSergeant, daughter of Col. Ephraim Williams, one of the\\nfour original English settlers, and sister of the founder\\nof Williams College. From this maiTiage, many of the\\nleading families of Stockbridge and Great Barrington\\nderive their descent. Col. WiUiams, like all others of\\nthe Williams name whom we have occasion to mention\\nhere, was a descendant of Robert Williams, a native of\\nNorwich, England, who was admitted a freeman at Rox-\\nbury in 1638, and became the ancestor of a long\\nsuccession of divines, soldiers, and eminent civOians.\\nJoseph and Timothy Woodbridge, of wliom mention has\\nalready been made, were also descended from a long\\nline of Protestant clergjinen, all bearing the name of\\nJohn Woodbridge the first dating back to about 1492.\\nAdd to these Jonathan Edwards, and the proportion of\\nstrong men among those eighteen early families of Stock-\\nbridge may well be called remarkable.\\nAt Great Barrington, then the flourishing north parish\\nof Sheffield, was Rev. Samuel Hopkins, the author\\nof the Hopkinsian system of theologj Here, also, was\\nDavid Ingersoll, an active magistrate, and captain in the\\nmilitia. At Sheffield was Capt. John Ashley, who had\\nsettled there about 1732, removing from Wcstficld an\\ninfluential magistrate, and a man of superior abilities,\\nnatural and acquired.\\nThe progress of the settlements was, however, by no\\nmeans what it would have been had not the ominous\\nshadow of the coming war hung over them. Nor, as\\nthat war approached nearer, was the disposition of the\\nnative Indians so satisfactory as it was at the opening of\\nhostilities ten years before.\\nIn 1761, the plantation of Poontoosuc was superseded\\nby the incorporation of the original township as the\\ntown of Pittsfield, the name being given by the go\\\\-\\nemor. Sir Francis Barnard, in honor of William Pitt,\\nthe great Earl of Chatham, to whose statesmanship\\nthe successful issue of the French and Indian wars was\\nlargely to be attributed. The north parish of Sheffield\\naccording to aboriginal custom. This was done, and the better part of\\nthe Stockbridge Indians were pacified. The Schagticokes, however,\\nwhoso scat was in Rensselaer County, New York, maint.iined their\\nmalignancy, and concerted a plot with a few of the baser Jlohegans, for\\nthe destruction of Stockbridge. This design was frustrated, being\\nbetrayed by negro slaves, who were invited to join in it, and secure their\\nfreedom by flight to Canada. The alann on the border, however, was\\npitiable. I never knew, vrrota Col. Israel Williams of Hatfield, in\\nall yo last wai-, the people under so great surprise and fear.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0104.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was at this same session made the town of Great\\nBarrington.\\nCol. WiUiam Williams, who was conducting the appli-\\ncation for the incorijoration of Pittsfield, was also, at the\\nsame time, the agent of several towns who petitioned for\\nthe division of Hampshire County by the west line of the\\ntown of Blandford and, in accordance with that peti-\\ntion, the county of Berkshire was erected almost simul-\\ntaneouslj with the incorporation of the two towns named.\\nSheffield was declared to be for the present the shire or\\ncounty town, meaning the north parish of that town,\\nincorporated as Great Barrington a few dajs later.\\nAfter the estabhshment of pennanent peace, incident\\nto the final reduction of Canada in 17C0, the settlement\\nof Berkshire was rapid. Poontoosuc began to take heart\\nagain, and to enter upon measures, not only to repair her\\nlosses, but to lay deep and broad the foundations of\\nfuture prosperitj\\nIn 1776, the population of the countj was 18,768,\\nmore than two-thirds of it probably in Pittsfield and\\ntowns south of it.\\nIn 1774, among the wealthy and magisterial classes\\nthe spirit of loyalty to the crown, in spite of all griev-\\nances, prevailed largely. In addition to the natural\\ntimiditj of wealth, there was the allegiance to be expected\\nfrom those holding office from the royal governor, who\\nhad the bestowal of all places except that of representa-\\ntive in the General Court and town officers.\\nMost of the Williams and Stoddard famil} connection,\\nof which there were many in Berkshire, of various family\\nnames, were devotedl}- and heartil}- loyal to British rule.\\nThe most prominent Tory in Pittsfield was Maj. Israel\\nStoddard, son of the great New Englander of Northamp-\\nton, and a large landed proprietor in Berkshire. But the\\nablest of the Berkshire loyalists was Woodbridge Little,\\na graduate of Yale, afterwards a preacher, and then the\\nfirst law3 er in Pittsfield. The Graves familj- which, as\\nwell as the Little and Jones, were connected with the\\nAVilliams-Stoddard were all Tories.\\nAmong the conservative AVhigs of that daj* were Timo-\\nthy Edwards, son of the great theologian, and Jahleel,\\nson of Jos. Woodbridge. Both of these were educated at\\nPrinceton, and, after the Revolution, held high offices.\\nLittle and Stoddard, being detected in clandestine correspondence\\nwitli Gen. Gage in 1775, fled to New York, but afterwards returned, and\\nsubmitting themselves to sun-eillance, saved most of their property. In\\n1777, they at last toolc the oath of allegicince to the Continental govern-\\nment, and, responding to the call of Gen. Stark previous to the battle\\nof Bennington, repaired to that place, but a few hours too late to take\\npart in the engagement. After the war, they were both held in favor by\\ntheir neighbors, who frequently elected Little to olTice. At his death in\\n1813, he divided his property between the Congregational Church in\\nPittsfield and Williams College.\\nAmong the Stockbridgo Whigs were Dr. Erastus Ser-\\ngeant, son of the first missionar} to the Mohegans, and\\na successful physician and Thomas, son of Dr. Thomas\\nWilliams of Deerfield, a leading lawyer, and who died as\\nlieutenant-colonel in the expedition against Canada in\\n1776.\\nVery earl}- in the Revolutionary contest there became\\nprominent in Southern Berkshire a man destined to take\\nhigh rank among the patriots and statesmen of Massa-\\nchusetts, and to become the ancestor of man} men and\\nwomen of ability and note, namel} Judge Theodore\\nSedgwick, f\\nAt Sheffield, besides Mr. Sedgwick, the more promi-\\nnent Whigs in 1774 were Hon. John Ashley and his son.\\nCol. John Ashley. J A still more energetic Sheffield\\nWhig was Col. John Fellows, who was born at Pomfrct,\\nConn., in 1834, became major in the French and Indian\\nwars, was a member of the Massachusetts Pro\\\\ incial\\nCongress, and served with credit as a brigadier-general\\nin the Continental aiTuj He died in 1808.\\nOne of the most brilliant Berkshire Whigs was Col.\\nMark Hopkins, grandfather of the distinguished presi-\\ndent of Williams College, who bears the same name.\\nJohn Brown graduated at Yale in 1771, and com-\\nmenced the practice of law at Johnstown, N. Y., but\\nsoon removed to Pittsfield, which, in 1774 chose him\\none of its delegates to the Provincial Congress. He\\nt Theodore Sedgwick was bom at Hartford In May, 1746, being the\\nson of Benjamin, a merchant of that city, who was descended from\\nGen. Robert Sedgwick, who, after being one of the settlers of Charles-\\nto\u00c2\u00abTi, in 1635, returned to England, and under the English Common-\\nwealth was employed in several high positions, the last being in the\\nexpedition which resulted in the capture of Jamaica, in 1655. At this\\ntime he was promoted major-genci-al by Cromwell, and made a com-\\nmissioner for the government of the island, where he soon died. Theo-\\ndore entered Yale College in the class of 1765, but did not graduate\\nread law with Col. Hopkins, and was admitted to the bar in September,\\n1775; practised first at Great Barrington, then at Sheffield; but re-\\nmoved to Stockbridge in 1785. Besides holding many minor, but hon-\\norable offices, he was a member of the Continental Congress, and of\\nthe Federal Congress United States Senator from 1796 to 1799 and\\njudge of the supreme court of Massachusetts from 1802 until his death,\\nin 1S13. In principle and by temperament Judge Sedgwick was exces-\\nsively conservative, and for a long time he was at the head of the Fcd-\\ner. .l party in Western jiassachusetts, and the intimate friend of the great\\nleaders of the party in the country, including Washington, so far as\\nany one could be intimate with him.\\nt From 1765 to 1781 the elder Ashley was judge of the common\\npleas. He owned 16,000 acres of land in the town. His eon, a gradu-\\nate of Yale, was an active magistrate, and rose to the rank of n:ajor-\\ngencral in the militia. The father died in 1802 at ninety-three the son\\nin 1799 at sixty-four. Both were strongly conservative.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0105.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwas a mail of coiumaiiding talents, of noble personal\\nappearance, of unflinching courage a true man everj\\nway.\\nIn Pittsfield, the most ardent and influential Whig\\nleader was Rev. Thomas Allen, the first minister settled\\nin the town. Bom at Northampton in 1713, a graduate\\nof Harvard in 1762, and settled in 1764 at Pittsfield, he\\nbecame one of the most noted of the clergj who preached\\nthe gospel of libert3 from New England pulpits. He con-\\ntinued pastor until his death in 1811, and became as\\nwidelj known as an intense Democrat of the JeflTersonian\\nschool, as he had been as a radical Whig of the Revolution.\\nOf the same spirit and possessed of great influence, was\\nElder A alentine Rathbun, who had established a Baptist\\nchurch at Pittsfield in 1772. Quite as earnest in their\\npatriotism, but of a somewhat different class, were\\nJames Easton and John Brown, both afterwards distin-\\nguished officers. Easton, who was a master-builder and\\ninnkeeper, was born at Hartford, and settled at Pitts-\\nfield in 1763.\\nLenox had several Whig leaders of abilitj\\nAt Williamstown, was Benjamin Simonds, one of the\\nwealthiest citizens, a man, says Dr. Field, of great\\nactivitj and enterprise. He was born in 1726, in tlie\\neastern part of Hampshire County, and at the age of\\ntwenty was one of the captured garrison of Fort Massa-\\nchusetts, lie distingiiislicd himself by his patriotic zeal\\nin the Revolution, and particularly as commander of the\\nBerkshire militia at the battle of Bennington.\\nAt Richmond, the leading Whig was Gen. David\\nRossiter, who, as lieutenant-colonel, commanded the Mid-\\ndle Berkshire Regiment at the battle of Bennington.\\nFew men in the county commanded more respect, and\\nno citizen of the town was ever more active in promot-\\ning its interests.\\nConservative and moderate, on the whole, j-et intensely\\npatriotic was this remote countj- of Berkshire during\\nthe Revolutionary period. Dec. 16, 1773, Pittsfield\\nin town meeting expressed its alarm at the destruc-\\ntion of the East Indian Companj- a tea in Boston, and\\ndeclared it unnccessarj highly unwarrantable, and\\nevery way tending to the subversion of all good order\\nand of the Constitution although, in the same paper,\\nthe town added, At the same time, we are as averse\\nas any of the patriots in America of being subjected to a\\nAmong them was Hon. TVilliam Walker, who was bom at Reho-\\nboth, in 1751, and removed to Berkshire when about nineteen years old.\\nHe joined the army at Cambridge in 1775, and fought in the battles of\\nTrenton, Princeton, and Bennington. He held many honorable posi-\\ntions, among others those of delegate to the State Constitutional Con-\\nvention of 1781, judge of probate and of the common picas, and in\\n1829 presidential elector. He died in 1831.\\ntax without our own free and voluntarj consent, and\\nshall, we trust, always abide by that principle. And,\\nwere there not an alternative between the destruction of\\nsaid tea and the people s being saddled with ilio paj-ment\\nof the duties thereon, we should not have the like reason\\nto complain but, as far as we live in the coimtry, judge\\notherwise.\\nThus conservative and moderate were the people of\\nthe town, which soon became the most radical in its\\nRevolutionary principles of any in the Province. Pitts-\\nfield, at a town meeting held June 30, appointed Rev.\\nThomas Allen, Deacon James Easton, John Brown,\\nDeacon Josiah Wright, John Strong, David Bush, and\\nDavid Noble, a standing committee to correspond with\\nthe correspondent committees of this and other prov-\\ninces and adopted the Worcester Covenant, the\\nmost stringent form of the solenm league and covenant,\\nby which indiriduals bound themselves, and towns their\\ncitizens, not to purchase an}- goods, tlie production of\\nGreat Britain, or an} of her West Indian Colonies, and\\ngenerally agreed to act together in resisting the aggres-\\nsions of the mother countr}-.\\nOn the 14th of July, Charles Dibble, and 113 other\\ncitizens of Lenox, signed a similar covenant, and other\\ntowns took patriotic action of the same kind dming\\nthe summer.\\nOn the sixth of July, 1774, a county congress, to con-\\nsider the state of the I rovince, was held at Stockbridge.\\nJohn Ashley was president, and Thootlore Sedgwick\\nclerk. Thomas Williams, Peter Curtis, John Brown,\\nMark Hopkins, and Theodore Sedgwick, were appointed\\na committee to take uito consideration the acts made by\\nparliament for the purpose of raising a revenue in\\nAmerica and Tiraothj Edwards, Dis. Whiting, Bar-\\nnard, and Sergeant, and Deacon Easton, to draft an\\nagreement to be recommended to the towns in the county\\nfor the non-consiunption of British manufactures. We\\nhave no record of the action of the first-named com-\\nmittee, but the second reported a stringent covenant, of\\nwhich the sixth and final paragraph declared that if\\nthis, or a similar covenant, shall, after the first day of\\nAugust next, be ofTcred to any trader or shopkeeper in\\nthis county, and he or they shall refuse to sign the same\\nfor the space of fortj^-eight hours, that we will from\\nthenceforth purchase no article of British manufacture,\\nJohn Patterson, afterwards colonel of the minnte-men and a briga-\\ndier-general in the Continental army, was born at New Britain,\\nConn., in 1744, where he commenced the practice of law, but re-\\nmoved to Lenox in 1774. After the Shays rebellion, against which\\nhe took a prominent part, he removed to Lisle, N. Y., where he be-\\ncame chief justice of the county court, and, in 1803 was elected to\\nCongress.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0106.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nor East India goods from him or them, until sucli time\\nas he or thcj- shall sign this or a similar covenant.\\nThe congress farther voted to set apart the next\\nThursday for a da}- of fasting and prayer, and recom-\\nmended to the charity of the several towns in the county\\nthe distressed circumstances of the poor of Charlestown\\nand Boston, and that their contributions should be remit-\\nted, the next fall, in fat cattle. The clerk was directed\\nto transmit a copy of the proceedings to the Boston\\nCommittee of Correspondence.\\nDuring the \u00e2\u0096\u00a0winter of 1774-5, man} of the Berkshire\\ntowns adopted the famous Resolution of Association,\\nwhich had been signed bj the members of the Con-\\ntinental Congress, on the 20th of October, and appointed,\\nunder it, Committees of Inspection, whose duty it\\nwas to observe the conduct of all persons within their\\nprecinct concerning the articles of association, and, if\\nany dclinquencj was found, to publish the name of the\\noffender in the Gazette (meaning, in Berkshire, the\\nHartford Courant to the end that all such foes of\\nthe rights of British America might be piibliclj- known,\\nand universally contemned as the enemies of American\\nliberty, and that all patriots might thenceforth break off\\nall intercourse with him or her. These formidable\\nbodies were organized all over the Province but, in\\nBerkshire, a special importance is attached to them for\\nwhile elsewhere the courts of law were soon re-established,\\nhere the committees, as constituted by the towns from\\ntime to time, were the supreme rulers, practically inde-\\npendent of courts and laws, and only subject to occa-\\nsional instruction from town meetings, generally guided\\nby the committee-men.\\nUnder the general advice of the Provincial Congress,\\nthe Berkshire militia were reorganized* with officers of\\ntheir own choosing, and James Easton became colonel,\\nin place of the veteran William Williams, whose roj-al\\ncommission was superseded. At the same time, two\\nregiments of minute-men were put in readiness to take\\nthe field on an instant s warning one in the northern\\nand central part of the count} under Col. John Patter-\\nOne incident in tlie organization of the minute-men is wortliy of\\nspecial rccoid. Capt. David Kohle of Pittsficld, having visited Boston\\nand Ijccorae impressed with the necessity of prompt military prepara-\\ntion, returned home, sold two farms in Stephcntown, N. Y., for gold, sup-\\nplied his company which was raised in Pittsfield and Richmond\\nwith one hundred and thirty stand of arms, and uniformed them with\\nneat and substantial regimentals, their breeches being of buckskin, and\\nthcur coats of blue turned up with white, and the whole being made\\nup in his own house during the winter. Aftcnvards, while with his\\ncompany at the siege of Boston, he ordered all the grain and other need-\\nful things in his store at Pittsfleld, to be sent forward for the use of the\\narmy. lie died at Lake Champlain of small-pox, on the retreat of the\\nai-my from Canada in 177C, and neither he nor his heirs ever received\\nany compensation for his sacrifices.\\nson of Lenox the other, in the southern section, com-\\nmanded b} Col. John Fellows of Sheffield. Both com-\\nmanders were members of the Provincial Congress.\\nNews of the battle of Lexington reached Berkshire on\\nthe 20th, and Col. Patterson s regiment was on its my\\nto Cambridge by sunrise the next morning, completely\\nequipped in arms, and generally in uniform. At Cam-\\nbridge the regiment was reorganized, most of the men\\nenlisting for eiglit months, although some preferred to\\njoin Arnold s expedition up the Kennebec.\\nIn 1774, Pittsficld elected John Brown to represent it\\nin the Provincial Congress, a choice which led to a long\\nseries of exciting and important events, f\\nIn April, 1776, Col. Patterson s regiment, which had\\nbeen serving in the siege of Boston, and afterwards in\\nthe vicinitj- of New York, joined the army in Canada,\\nin its disastrous retreat to the southern shores of Lake\\nChamplain, where, to use the graphic words of John\\nAdams, it lay disgraced, defeated, discontented,\\ndispirited, diseased, naked, undisciplined, eaten up with\\nvermin no clothes, beds or blankets, no medicines, no\\nvictuals but salt pork and flour. Here Capt. Noble\\nand many other Berkshire men died.\\nWhen Col. Patterson s regiment left White Plains for\\nCanada in 177G, its place was filled by a corps of levies\\nfrom the three Berkshire militia regiments, under the\\ncommand of the gallant Col. Simonds of Williamstown.\\nIn the same j ear, Col. Samuel Brewer of Tyringham,\\nled a regiment from southern Berkshire to Ticonderoga.\\nBut it would be impracticable to speak of all the military\\nsenice of this exposed and excitable count}-, which was\\ncalled upon in every emergency, for men and every kind\\nof supplies, and always responded with alacrity.\\nThe record shows that, prior to 1780, Pittsfleld fur-\\n;teathe\\nt This John Brown it was who not only suggested the project of cap-\\nturing Ticonderoga at the opening of the Revolution, but acted so con-\\nspicuous a p.art subsequently, together with Ethan Allen, in driving the\\nBritish from the waters, and from the vicinity of Lake Champhain.\\nFailing inadvertently at last to co-operate with Allen in his contemplated\\nattack on Montreal, the expedition against the latter city failed, and\\nAllen was taken prisoner. Meantime, it may be added in this connec-\\ntion, that one of the darkest pages of Revolutionary history is that\\nwliich records the persistent, yet utterly unmerited neglect and abuse\\nthat, owing to the overweening confidence of his superior officers in\\nBenedict Arnold, who systematically traduced him, was \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\isited upon\\nthis most heroic, intrepid, and Indomitable Revolutionary soldier. He\\nwas among the very first who detected the intrinsic baseness of Arnold;\\nand Arnold knew that Brown understood, and did not respect him.\\nHence the calumnies of the latter; and hence the long agony of one of\\nthe noblest, bravest spirits that ever drew sword in defence of his\\ncountry. After having achieved many brilliant exploits, and rendered\\nmost important and patriotic service to his country. Col. Brown at last,\\nJuly, 17S0, fell at the head of his troops, while attempting to succor the\\nMohawk Valley, seriously threatened by Sir John Johnson s Indian and\\nTory hordes.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0107.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nnished men to meet thirty-two calls of greater or less\\nimportance sometimes ha^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ing more soldiers in the\\nfield than there were names on the militia roll and\\nit is probable that the records of other towns, had thej-\\nbeen as full}- preseri-ed, would tell a similar story.\\nAt the first opening of the Revolution, one of the most\\nexasperating throats with which the Berkshire Tories\\nsought to intimidate the Whigs, was that a British army,\\nwith savage auxiliaries, would sweep down upon the\\ncountv from Canada and it was in great part to avert\\nthis hideous calamity that the people there were so\\nearnest for the early conquest of that Province. The\\ndefeat of that project reawakened their fears, which were\\nenhanced b^ the apparently needless evacuation of Fort\\nTiconderoga, immediatel} upon the investment bj- Bur-\\ngoyne, and bj- the atrocities committed b^ his Indian\\nallies. As he continued to advance, calls were frequentl}-\\nmade for details of the Berkshire militia, to aid in check-\\ning him. The demands were promptly answered, and\\nthe details almost as promptl}- sent back, with no oppor-\\ntunity to accomplish anytliing.\\nOn learning that Gen. Stark had established an in-\\ndependent command in the Grants, the courage of the\\npeople was renewed. And so, when the alarm that a\\nlarge detachment of the enemy were approaching Ben-\\nnington, was sent out b}- Stark at midnight between the\\n13th and 14th of August, it met an enthusiastic response.\\nCol. Simonds the same who had been one of the cap-\\ntives of Fort Massachusetts, but now for several j-ears\\ncolonel of the North Berkshire regiment of militia\\nresided about half a mile north of the village of Williams-\\ntown, and there Stark s messengers came, early on the\\nmorning of the 14th. Simonds rapidlj- disseminated the\\nsummons throughout the county, and before the night of\\nthe 15th, more than 500 Berkshh-e men had reported at\\nBennington.\\nDuring the night of the 15th occurred a conversation which has\\nbecome famous. Among the Pittsfield volunteers was Rev. Thomas\\nAllen, the impetuous pastor of an impetuous people. Both he and they\\nhad become thoroughly disgusted with the frequent al)ortive expedi-\\ntions to ehecli Burgo.vne, and he seized the first opportunity to malce\\nthis feeling known to Stark. Proceeding to headquarters, through the\\nrain and darkness, he thus addressed the commander, who hardly\\nneeded such prodding Gen. Stark We, the people of Berkshire,\\nhave often been called upon to fight, but have never been led against\\nthe enemy and now, if you won t let us fight, we have resolved not to\\ncome out again. Do you want to march now in the dark and\\nrain? inquired Stark. No, not just this minute. Well, if the\\nLord once more gives us sunshine, and I don t give you fighting enough,\\ndon t eorae again.\\nStark was as good as his word, and the parson, after praying before\\nthe troops that the Lord would teach their hands to war and their fingers\\nto fight, went into the battle, musket in hand, and a shower of Tory\\nbullets about his head, and became almost as notable a figure in the\\nstory of the day as Molly Stark s husband.\\nThe Berkshire troops were with the body who charged\\nthe breastworks in front. In the second part of the\\nbattle, on the approach of Burgoyne s reinforcements,\\nLieut. Col. Rossiter and JIaj. Stratton, of the Berkshire\\ncontingent, rendered brilliant ser^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ice in rallj-iug the\\ntroops who had scattered in search of plunder. There\\nis no part of their service during the Revolution of which\\nthe people of Berkshire are more proud than their ex-\\nploits in this battle.\\nAt the battle of Saratoga, Gen. Patterson was present\\nwith a great part of his brigade, and the Berkshire militia\\nwere present in large numbers.\\nDuring the greater part of the Revolution the political\\nstate of Berkshire was anomalous. From the summer\\nof 1775, until the adoption of the State Constitution in\\n1780, a part}-, composed of the great majority of the\\npeople, led by Rev. Thomas Allen, ruled the county,\\nthrough committees of inspection and correspondence, in\\nopen disregard, so far as civil government was concerned,\\nof the authority set up at Boston. From 1774 to 1778,\\nno probate courts even were held in Berkshire nor were\\nany deeds recorded between 1774 and 1776.\\nThe success of the Berkshire Constitutionalists, and\\nof a similar committee rule which continued for a time in\\nHampshire County, doubtless encouraged, if it did not\\noriginally suggest, the resort to a suspension of the\\ncourts, attempted in the movement which became the\\nShays Rebellion. Although the principles of the two\\nuprisings were entirely different, yet the habit of living\\nwithout courts had certainly become so pleasant to man}\\nof the enormously large debtor class, that they were\\nwilling to do away with them altogether on any pretense.\\nThe rebellion did not, however, commence in Berk-\\nshire, and before the resort to arms, the demands of the\\ndiscontented by their conventions in that county were\\nmore moderate by far than those of their compatriots in\\nHampshire and Worcester. And yet few counties\\nsuffered so much by the depression of business which\\nsucceeded the Revolution. Labor had been more dis-\\nturbed by the war here than in almost any other county,\\nand there had been greater temptations to loose business\\nhabits. Agriculture was almost the sole occupation of\\nits inhabitants, and their distance from large markets\\nreduced the value of agricultural products to an almost\\nmerely nominal price. Faniis, generally owned by sol-\\ndiers of the war, were mortgaged often to Tories or Con-\\nservatives, who had made money while their debtors were\\nser\\\\ ing the country. The law of debtor and creditor\\nwas cruelly severe. In short, a large portion of the\\npeople, groaning under burdens of which they im-\\nperfectly comprehended the nature, and still more im-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0108.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "MASSACI-rUSETTS.\\npcrfectlj the remedies, wero in a plight to follow the lead\\nof the first plausible demagogue who offered himself. In\\nBerkshire, however, the leadership appears to have been\\nmore wise and moderate than could have been expected.\\nA convention of the party held at Lenox in August,\\n1786, exj^ressly disapproved many of the absurd doc-\\ntrines elsewhere proclaimed, manifested a decent and\\nrespectable regard to the administration of government\\nin general, and solemnly engaged to use their influence to\\nsupport the courts of justice in the exercise of their legal\\npowers, and to endeavor to quiet the agitated spii-its of\\nthe people.\\nThis influence, however, did not avail for the con-\\nvention had hardly adjourned before a mob of 800 col-\\nlected at Great Barrington, and not only prevented the\\nsession of the Common Picas Court, but released the\\nprisoners in the jail, and induced tliree of the judges to\\nsign an agreement not to act under their commissions\\nuntil the grievances complained of by the mob had been\\nredressed. The fourth judge, Hon. Elijah Dwight of\\nGreat BaiTington, bravelj refused to sign, and suffered\\nno harm for it.\\nSoon after this affair at Great Barrington, the insur-\\ngents, who had previously confined their opposition to\\nthe Inferior (Common Pleas) Courts, collected in such\\nnumbers at Springfield, where the Superior corre-\\nsponding to the present Supreme Court was about to\\nhold a session, that the judges, although protected bj-\\n600 militia, deemed it unadvisable to sit there or to pro-\\nceed to Bcrkshu-e. Nevertheless, on the day appointed\\nfor the court to meet in that county, the malccontents as-\\nsembled in large numbers at Great Barrington,- and,\\nalthough no judges appeared, became exceedingly riot-\\nous, obliged obnoxious persons to flee for their lives,\\nwhile armed men pursued one gentleman, who held a\\nvery honorable office, searched private houses, and fired\\nupon several of the inoffensive inhabitants.\\nThus far all was the work of unorganized mobs but\\nabout Christmas, 1786, the insurrectionary proceedings\\nin the lower counties assumed the form of pronounced\\nrebellion, with Daniel Shaj-s at the head of its forces,\\namong which were 400 Berkshii-e men, imder one Eli\\nParsons.\\nAn account of the defeat of the insurgents at Spring-\\nfield, and their flight to Petersham, is elsewhere given.\\nMeanwhile small bodies of the disaffected appeared in\\nBerkshire, in the hope of creating a diversion in favor of\\ntheir brethren, and under the lead of the truculent Eli\\nParsons, occasioned serious distui-bance in many places.\\nStockbridge was the scene of an invasion by a company\\nof 90 men, under Perez Hamlin. The insurgents, how-\\never, were met, near the western boundary of Sheffield,\\nby the loyal militia of that town, under Col. Ashley, and\\ndefeated, with a loss of two killed and thirty wounded.\\nThis blow practically ended the rebellion. Several of\\nthe insurgent leaders were prosecuted and condemned,\\nand for some time detained in prison under sentence of\\ndeath all, however, were subsequently set at liberty.\\nDecemlier 21, 1841, the trains through Berkshire,\\nmaking continuous trips from Boston to Albany, ran for\\nthe first time over the Western or Boston and Albany\\nRailroad.\\nThe opening of the Western Railroad changed the\\nwhole aspect of business affairs in Berkshire County,\\ngiving a marvellous impulse to manufactures, changing\\nto a large extent the relative, as well as the absolute,\\nprosperity of towns, with the advantage largely in favor\\nof those directly on the line, and gradually modifying\\ncharacteristics of the people which had arisen from their\\nisolation. Its value to the county was greatly enhanced\\nby the building of local roads intersecting the county\\nfrom its northern to its southern border. The Pittsflcld\\nand North Adams Railroad was built in 1846, having\\na length of 21 miles. It was constructed under the\\ndirection of the Western Railroad Company, at an\\nexpense of $450,000. The Ilousatonic Railroad, from\\nBridgeport to the north line of Connecticut, was opened\\nin 1842, and nearly at the same time an extension\\nwas built through Sheffield, Great Barrington, and the\\nvillage of Van Dcusenville, in Great Barrington, to West\\nStockbridge, where, by means of a short link, connection\\nwas made with the Western, and Hudson and Berkshire\\nroads thus giving Southern Bcrkshli-e raiboad commu-\\nnication with New York city and Connecticut, and also\\nwith Boston and the West. In 1850, another extension\\nof this line of roads was made by the opening of the\\nStockbridge and Pittsfield Railroad, connecting with the\\nBerkshire at Van Dcusenville, and running through\\nStockbridge, Lee, and Lenox, to Pittsfield. This com-\\npleted the line commonly known as the Housatonic Rail-\\nroad, from Pittsfield to Bridgeport, there connecting\\nwith the New York and New Haven.\\nAlthough the project of tunneUing the Iloosac moun-\\ntain for a canal was abandoned, the people of Northern\\nBerkshire never altogether gave up the idea of a line of\\ncommmiication a railroad being substituted for a\\ncanal through the valleys of the Deerfield and Hoosac\\nrivers of which the tunnel was an essential element.\\nThe connecting links, east of Greenfield, ha\\\\-ing been\\ncompleted, the Lcgislatiure, in 1848, incorporated the\\nTroy and Greenfield Railroad Company, with a capital\\nof \u00c2\u00a73,500,000, for the purpose of extending this line to", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0109.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe western border of the State, there to connect witli a\\nroad leading to the city of Tro} Private capitalists did\\nnot displaj^ any avidity to invest in this scheme, and\\nappeals were made to the Legislature, from time to time,\\nfor State aid, but without efToct, until the j-ear ISo-l,\\nwhen, tlie politics of the Commonwealth being in an\\nunusually perturbed state, its credit was loaned to the\\ncompany for $2,000,000. Under their direction the\\nwork was conducted until 18G2, when the State toolc\\npossession of it. From that time on there was a scries\\nof complications which it would require a volume to\\nexplain. It is sufficient for our purpose here to say that\\nthe final cost to the State was $18,000,000, but it has\\ngreatlj enriched and populated the town of North\\nAdams, and, to some extent, others upon its line.\\nA .pleasant immediate result of the completion of the\\nWestern Railroad in 1841, was the Berkshire Jubilee,\\nheld at Pittsfield, on the 22d and 23d of August, 1844.\\nThis was simply a reunion of the immigrants from the\\ncountj- and their descendants, with its resident citizens\\nbut it was so managed as to secure national and penna-\\nnent fame.*\\nThe fixing of the countj -seat at Lenox, in 1787, soon\\nbecame a source of conflict between the northern and\\nsouthern sections of the county, contiiming, with more\\nor less evil results, for eighty-one j-ears. In 1868, the\\nproprietj of making the central market-town of the\\ncount} also tlie seat of its courts had become so apparent,\\nthat when Hon. Thomas F. Plunkett, one of its represent-\\natives began a judicious movement to effect it, there was\\nverj little opposition, and, by a direct vote of the legis-\\nlature the county-scat was removed to Pittsfield. The\\ncourt-house adjoins Parlc Square, and besides ample\\nspace for the building, afllbrds a very spacious com-t-yard\\nin front, shaded bj- venerable elms. Its cost, with the\\nsite, was $235,000.\\nEducational Institutions.\\nCommon schools were provided for in many of the\\ntowns of Berksliire, in addition to the statute requirc-\\nIt originated with a committee in the city of New York, among\\nwhose eighteen mcmlicrs were AVilli.ini Cullcn Bryant, Tlicodorc Scdg-\\nwicli, Rev. Dr. Orville Dewey, David Dudley Field, Judge Samuel R.\\nBctts, and Rev. Dr. R. .S. Cool;. The citizens of the county received\\nthe proposition with the utmost favor, and entrusted the management\\nto large committees of the most honored of its members, with Rev. Dr.\\nTodd at their head. George N. Briggs, then just elected for the fii st\\ntime governor of the Commonwealth, presided throughout the jubilee,\\nand Julius Rockwell, who had just succeeded him as member of Con-\\ngress, was one of the most active and prominent of the managers.\\nThe exercises in chief consisted of a sermon by President Mark\\nHopkins of Willi.ims College, an oration by Hon. Joshua A. Spencer of\\nUtica, a poem by Rev. William Allen, president of Bowdoin College,\\nand son of the first Pittsfield minister. There was, also, a public dinner,\\nments obligatory upon the whole Commonwealth, bj-\\nliberal reservations in the original grants. Their historj\\nhas not diflSered from that of similar schools in other\\ncounties although strenuous organized effort has often\\nbeen made for their improvement, the county as a whole\\nhas not taken high rank in this respect but there has\\nbeen a marked advance in later years, at least in the\\nlarger towns. In the higher institutions of learning, on\\nthe other hand, Berkshire has stood among the first\\ncounties of tlie State, and chief among them stands\\nWilliams College.\\nCol. Ephraim Williams, the founder of this institution,\\nwas the son of Col. Ephraim Williams who has already\\nbeen mentioned as one of the first settlers of Stock-\\nbridge. He was led bj- an adventurous disposition into\\na sea-faring life, which continued until he was twenty-\\nfive j-ears old. About that time he, at his father s urgent\\ndesire, gave up the sea and joined him at Stockbridge,\\nwhere he was for a short interval a useful and acti\\\\e\\ncitizen. The war, commencing in 1744, withch ew hini\\nfrom this peaceful field, and he was for a time in com-\\nmand of the line of forts erected bj- his kinsman. Col.\\nWilliam Williams of Pittsfield, besides sen ing with zeal\\nin still more exposed locaHties.\\nEarl} in 1755, Maj. Williams was commissioned\\ncolonel of one of the three regiments raised bj order of\\nGov. Shirley for the expedition against Crown Point.\\nOn the 7th of Septemljcr, when near the head of\\nLake George, Sir William Johnson, who was in com-\\nmand, received information that a French and Indian\\narm} which proved afterwards to be Baron Dieskau s\\nfamous corps, was approaching. Col. SMlliams, with\\n1,000 white men and 200 Mohawks, was detailed for a\\nreconnoisance. As they passed up a steep ravine, it was\\ndiscovered that they were within an ambuscade. Col.\\nWiUiams soon fell, mortally wounded, and Col. Whiting,\\nwith all his courage and skill, was onl} able to save a\\nremnant of the command.\\nAll the way from his home in Deerfield to Albany, he\\nwas stronglj impressed with the dut} of making his\\nwith notable speeches and sentiments. Interspersed throughout were\\npoems and other literary contributions from men and women of note\\namong them Miss Catherine M. Sedgwick, Oliver Wendell Holmes,\\nRev. Dr. Orville Dewey, Mrs. Frances Ann Kcmblc, Macready, the\\nEnglish tragedian, and Jlrs. Lydia H. Sigoumcy. But it w.is not en-\\ntirely due to the part taken in the jubilee by these distinguished persons\\nthat the jubilee took such a peculiar hold upon the fancy of the people,\\nfar and wide. It was its unique character and grand proportions as a\\nsocial gathering, entirely original in its design, and entered into with\\nall their hearts by the people of an entire county, which constituted its\\npeculi.ir charm a charm like that which in the popular mind invests\\nthe first cattle-show. A truism became a happy rhetorical expression\\nwhen one of the spcalters said There will bo other Berkshire Jubilees\\nin coming years, but there can never again be a firtt one.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0110.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0will. Serious illness deepening this impression, he pro-\\nceeded, by bequest, to devote the bulk of his property\\nfor the support of a free school in the township west of\\nFort Massachusetts, provided it should fiill within the\\njurisdiction of the Province of Massachusetts, and be\\nnamed Williamstown. The free school was incorporated\\nin 1785. In 1790, the building now known as the West\\nCollege was erected. The free school was opened\\nOct. 20, 1791 the principal being Ebenezer Fitch,\\na graduate of Yale College.\\nThe school prospered. Young men from Massachu-\\nsetts and the neighboring States resorted to it in con-\\nsiderable numbers, and a disposition, natural to those\\nambitious days, to convert it into a college, soon arose.\\nIn 1792, the trustees petitioned the legislature that it\\nmight so be established and suitably endowed. In\\naccordance with this petition, Williams College was\\nestablished by an act of the legislature, approved June\\n22, 1793. Rev. Mr. Fitch, who, in 1800, received the\\ndegree of D. D. from Harvard University, was made\\npresident, and the first commencement was held Sept. 2,\\n1795, when four persons were graduated.\\nThe succeeding presidents have been Rev. Zephaniah\\nSwift Moore, Rev. Edward D. Griffin, D. D.,* Rev.\\nMark Hopkins, D. D., and Rev. Paul A. Chadbourne,\\nD. D. The growing interest of the alumni in the college,\\nhas of late years manifested itself in liberal contribu-\\ntions, and this mountain Alma Mater has reason to\\nrejoice in her children.\\nThe Berkshire ^Medical College, established at Pitts-\\nfield in 1823, after an existence of fortj -f our years, grad-\\nuating 1,138 doctors in medicine, was discontinued.\\nProf. Chester Dewey, the distinguished naturalist,\\nestablished at Pittsfield, in 1826, the Berkshire G3 mna-\\nsium, a school of high grade for young men, which\\nflourished until Prof Dewej was made president of the\\nRochester Collegiate Institute in 1836.\\nIn 1841, Rev. W. II. Tyler founded the Pittsfield\\nYoung Ladies Institute, a seminarj- of high rank, and\\nnow known as the Maplewood Young Ladies Institute.\\nThe first newspaper of Berkshire County, the Ameri-\\ncan Centinel, was published in Pittsfield, in 1787, b}\\nE. Russel-t It was succeeded, after a brief existence,\\nby the Berkshire Chronicle, an able paper published\\nby Roger StoiTS. The latter was followed, in 1790, bj\\nthe Berkshire Gazette. In 1799, the printing-office\\nand materials of this paper were transferred to the\\nPittsfield Sun, which was first issued by Phinehas\\nA clear and vigorous writer, and an able and exceedingly eloquent\\npreacher.\\nt Tte Berkshire Star, long a leading county paper, was established\\nat Stockbridgc, in 1788.\\nAllen in 1800. This paper was conducted by Mr. Allen\\nuntil his death in 1861, when he was succeeded by his\\nson. Since 1872, it has been in charge of Hon. II. J.\\nCanfield, and is the only organ of the Democratic partj\\nin Western Massachusetts. The Berkshire Count3-\\nEagle, at present published by Henry Chickering and\\nWilliam D. Axtell, is a flourishing and popular local\\npaper. Other influential papers in the county are the\\nNorth Adams Transcript, published by Judge James\\nT. Robinson the News, also of North Adams,\\npublished by James C. Angell Co.; Berkshire\\nCourier, of Great Barrington, now owned b} Clark W.\\nBryan and the Valley Gleaner, of Lee. A dozen\\nor more other papers have from time to time had an\\nephemeral existence in the county.\\nIn the war of the Rebellion, the county of Berkshire\\ndid its full duty. The Allen Guard of Pittsfield, com-\\nmanded by Captain, afterwards Brigadier-General, Henry\\nS. Briggs, was attached to the Eighth Regiment, at the\\nrequest of its commander, and formed part of the first\\ncontingent sent by Massachusetts to the support of the\\ngovernment being the first company called from\\nwestern Massachusetts.\\nIn 1861, under authoritj from the Secretarj of War,\\nMajor-General Butler, began the organization of two\\nregiments in Massachusetts. One of these was organ-\\nized in Pittsfield, on the grounds of the Agricultural\\nSociety whose hall was used as barracks. This regiment,\\nknown as the Thirtj -first Massachusetts, with officers\\ncommissioned by Gov. Andrew, was the first to enter\\nthe city of New Orleans after its surrender. In August,\\n1862, a camp of instruction was established at Pittsfield,\\nunder the name of Camp Briggs. The first regiment\\norganized here was the Thirt}--seventh, Col. Oliver\\nEdwards of Springfield. It was raised in the four\\nwestern counties of the State, and left Pittsfield Sept.\\n7, 1862. The organization of the Fort^ -ninth, an\\nexclusively Berkshire regiment, was commenced at once,\\nCapt., since Gen., William F. Bartlett being soon placed\\nin command.\\nThis officer, who afterwards became famous both for\\nhis gallantry in war, and his generous and honest states-\\nmanship in peace, was born at Haverhill, June 6, 1840,\\nbeing the son of Charles Leonard Bartlett. When the\\nrebellion broke out he was a student of Han ard Univer-\\nsity, with strong Southern proclivities but in April,\\n1861, he enlisted in the twentieth Massachusetts regi-\\nment, and in Julj was commissioned captain. He lost a\\nleg at Yorktown but was so conspicuous for efficiency\\nin command of the camp at Pittsfield, that he was elected\\ncoloucl of the forty-ninth, and led the regiment to the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0111.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ^BVr ENGLAND.\\nfield his youtliful appearance, and his crutch strapped\\nto his back as he rode at the head of his men, making\\nhim an object of achnii-ation at all points. The Hcutcn-\\nant-colonel of this regiment was Samuel B. .Sumner, an\\nable lawj-er and poet of Great Barrington, and the major,\\nCharles T. Plunkctt, of Pittsfield,\\nAfter the fortj-uinth was disbanded, Col. Bartlett was\\nassigned to the fiftj -sevcutfi, and led it through several\\nnotable battles in the cnnpiijin of the Aini^ of the Po-\\nTHE COUHT HOrSE, PITTSFIELD.\\ntomac in 1864. In June of that year he was promoted\\nbrigadier-general, and commanded a division of the\\nninth corps. In 1805 he was breveted mnjor-gcncral.\\nIn October, 1865, he married Agnes, daughter of Eobcrt\\nPomeroy of Pittsfield, and became a citizen of that\\ntown. In the efforts of the party knowTi as the Lib-\\neral Eepublicans, to secure a generous treatment of\\nthe States formerly in rebellion, and also a retrench-\\nment of national exjjenditui e, Gen, Bartlett became\\na conspicuous leader and speaker. He died Dec. 17,\\n1876. His life has been written by his Mend, Gen. F.\\nW. Palfrey, of Boston.\\nBesides the thirty-first, thirtj--seventh, and forty-ninth\\nregiments, whose camps of recruiting and instruction\\nwere at Pittsfield, Berkshire sent companies to the eighth,\\ntenth, twentieth, twenty-fourth, twenty-seventh, fifty-\\nseventh, and many recruits to other regiments a resort\\nto di afting being so rare as to be of httle account.\\nDescriptive.\\nBerkshire County, it needs hardly be said,\\nis a region of exquisite natural beauty, con-\\nMbtmg, as it does, in infinite and deUghtful\\niiiety of combination of hiU and valley, lake\\n.lud stream, rock and waterfall, farm and field.\\nThe deUcious surprises of Berkshire, was\\none of the happiest phrases of the poetic Gov.\\nAndiew. Wherever you go j-ou meet con-\\nst mt changes which at once charm the eye,\\nnul dehght the heart. At eveiy turn of the\\nroad.\\nYou stand suddenly astonished,\\nYou are gladdened unaware.\\nThe beauty of Berkshire is world-renowned\\nioi illiani Cullen Bryant and Catherine Sedg-\\n\\\\Mck early made it their favorite theme, and\\nHI later days. Holmes, Longfellow, Hawthorne,\\nmd a host of others loved to celebrate it.\\nThere are thi-ee irregular ranges of towns\\nextending fift} miles from north to south.\\nTwo of these lie along the mountain ranges\\nrespectively on the east and west; the thu-d\\nstutches along the valley which is cradled\\nv\\\\een them.\\nThe unequal distribution of the himdred\\n1 ikelcts of the county creates another dis-\\ntinction between two classes of towns, the\\nii-tamed beauty of Stoekbridge, Lenox and\\nPittsfield, being derived in no small degree\\nfrom the number and grace of outUne of the\\nromantic sheets of water wliich lie wholly or\\nin part within them.\\nTowns.\\nPittsfield, the shire town since 1868, is very nearly\\nthe geographical centre of the county, and veiy emphat-\\nically its centre as regards intercommunication, owing to\\nthe peculiar conformation of the hills and valleys, which\\nalmost compels all traffic between the different sections\\nto pass through it. The Boston and Albany, Housatonic", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0112.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nand Pittsfiold, and North Adams railroads all connect\\nhere in a union station house.\\nThe House of Mercj-, a cottage hospital, is the result\\nof the benevolent labors of an association of ladies, who\\nopened it in a hired house in 187G, and erected in 1877\\nthe present buOding, a handsome and convenient edifice\\nof two stories.\\nThe Academy of Music is one of the most beautiful\\nand commodious theatres in the country, out-\\nside of the larger cities.\\nThe Berkshire Life Insurance Company, with\\nassets of $3,276,000, now the most wealthy\\nand prosperous business institution of the\\ncounty, was organized in December, 1851, with\\nGov. George N. Briggs as president. The\\ncompany has erected, at a cost of $180,000,\\na noble building of Nova Scotia freestone.\\nThe water works, which have been built at\\na cost of $195,000, were commenced in 1855.\\nThe water is as nearly pure as can be found\\nin nature, the sources of supply being Lake\\nAshley, which lies on a mountain summit\\nseven hundred feet high, and seven miles from\\nthe park, and two streams in the same silicious\\nregion. The reservoir, which has a capacity\\nof over 1,000,000 gallons, lies three and a\\nhalf miles from the park, and one hundred\\nand thirty-six feet above it.\\nThere are eleven religious parishes in town\\nthree Congi-cgational (one colored), two\\nCatholic (one French) and one each of Bap-\\ntist, Methodist, Episcopalian, Lutheran (Ger-\\nman) Jewish (German) and Shakers. The\\nfinest church edifices are the First Congre-\\ngational, St. Joseph s (R. C), St. Stephen s\\n(P. E of graj- limestone, and the Methodist\\nand Baptist, of brick. The first settlers of the\\ntown were all Congregationalists. The first\\nBaptist church was organized in 1772; but\\nthe present oi^nization dates from 1801.\\nShakerism came in 1779 the first Methodist\\nclass was formed in 1789 the first Episcopal\\nparish in 1835; the first mass was said in 1835\\nj the first Catholic church built in 1844.\\nI There are forty-one public schools well graded, in-\\ncluding a high school and four grammar schools.\\nThe Berkshire Athenteum, for the promotion of litera-\\nture, science and art, was mcorporated in 1871, and\\nI immediatelj received from various sources an excellent\\nbrick library building and some valuable libraries and\\ncabinets. In 1872 the library was made free to all citi-\\nzens of the town. In 1872 Phinehas Allen died, lea% ing\\nthe AthenaBum his re.siduar}- legatee, so that at the ter-\\niidnation of some life interests it will receive $50,000.\\nIn 1873 the town voted $2,000, annually, for the sup-\\nport of the institution until l^Ir. Allen s bequest becomes\\navailable and, mostly at the expense of the town, the\\nsite was enlarged to a frontage of 144 feet on Park\\nSquare at a cost of $27,000. On this, in 1875-76,\\nTHE EERKSUIUE\\n,EUM, PITTSFIELD.\\nand\\nThomas Allen of St. Louis a summer resident of the\\ntown and grandson of The Parson of Bennington\\nField erected for it a beautiful edifice. Forty\\nthousand volumes were loaned last j ear from the free\\nlibrary.\\nThe Pittsfield Rural Cemetery, one of the most beau-\\ntiful in the country, consists of about 131 acres of wood\\nand lawn, in wliich are a small lakelet and a large brook\\nOnota.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0113.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0114.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nPittsfield enjojs a fine reputation as a manufacturing\\ncitj\\nAmong the many distinguished citizens of Pittsfield,\\nin addition to those alrcad} mentioned, are Ezekiel\\nBacon, a gi-aduate of Yale, a prominent law3-er and\\nmember of Congress (177G-1870) John W. Hurlburt,\\nthe leader of the Federal, as Mr. Bacon was of the\\nDemocratic part} an able lawj-er and member of Con-\\ngress, who died in 1831 Eev. William Allen, D. D.,\\nson of the first minister, a graduate of Harvard, profes-\\nsor at Dartmouth, president of Bowdoin College, and\\nauthor of the first American Dictiouaiy of Biographj\\n(1794-18G8) Rev. Ileman Humphrey, D. D., a gradu-\\nate of Yale, author and president of the collegiate insti-\\nstitute, which afterwards became Amherst College (1779\\n-1861) George Nixon Briggs, congressman, judge, and\\ngovernor of Massachusetts (1796-1861), and Rev. John\\nTodd, D. D., graduate of Y ale and Andover, author,\\nand the well-known pastor of the First Church in Pitts-\\nfield for moi-e than a quarter of a century (1800-1873).\\nOther i^rominent citizens of the town have been Dr.\\nTimothy Childs, the Revolutionar} patriot and surgeon\\nDr. Ilenrj- II. Childs, president and principal founder of\\nthe Medical College Colonel Oliver Root, a Revolu-\\ntionary officer Maj. Thomas Melville Henry Clinton\\nBrown, high sheriff; Lemuel Pomeroj-, manufacturer\\nand a public-spirited citizen Henry Hubbard, lawyer,\\npolitician and editor Thomas F. Plunkett, manufac-\\nturer, financier and politician Rev. Samuel Harris, D.\\nD., since president of Bowdoin College Rev, George T.\\nChapman, a distinguished Episcopalian divine Julius\\nRockwell (afterwards of Lenox) for fourteen years rep-\\nresentative in Congress, United States senator and judge\\nof the Superior Court Henry L. Dawes, United States\\nsenator, and James D. Colt, judge of the Supreme Court.\\nAdams, the chief town in Northern Berkshire, and\\none of the most interesting in New England, is situated\\non the Hoosac River, where it bends from its northward\\ncourse, and passing north of Grcylock, flows westward\\nto the Hudson. At this point is some of the best water-\\npower in Berkshire, and more than is to be found in anj\\nother portion of the county of the same extent. Before\\nthe division of the town in 1878, it included thi-ee flour-\\nishing manufacturing villages built upon this stream,\\nAdams, North Adams, and Blackintou, with a popu-\\nlation of 15,000. The southern portion retained the old\\ntown name, and is a busy little manufacturing place,\\nfamous chiefly on account of its large paper manufactorj-.\\nThe Pontoosuc Woollen Company now employs 250 hands. The\\nBel Air Jlill, and several other corporations manufacture cotton and\\nIt has several churches, and a good system of public\\nschools, establishments for the manufacture of paper,\\nwarps, cassimeres, ginghams, dress goods, c.\\nNorth Adams, including Blackintou, is now a town\\nof 10,000 inhabitants. Alwaj-s enterprising and pros-\\nperous, the building of the Hoosac Tunnel, whose ex-\\nistence is largely due to the energy, persistence, and\\nliberality of its citizens, has brought to it largely in-\\ncreased population, wealth, and fame. North Adams is\\neminently a manufactin ing town. The leading establish-\\nment is the Arnold Print Works, employing two hundred\\nand fiftj- hands. The weekly capacity is 750,000 3-ards.\\nOther companies manufacture ginghams, fancy cassi-\\nmeres, prints, shoes, lumber, c.\\nThere are seven churches and three banks. Some of\\nthe churches are the finest public buildings in town.\\nThe public schools stand among the first in the State.\\nBesides numerous primary schools, there are in Drury\\nAcademy thirteen departments, illustrating the graded\\nsystem, and giving systematic and thorough instruction.\\nThe scene-ry in the vicinity of both North and South\\nAdams is wild and picturesque. The most interesting\\nspots are Grcylock, the recesses of Saddle Mountain,\\nand the Natural Bridge. The latter is one of the most\\nstrange and beautiful of natural curiosities in the State,\\nThe water of a wild mountain stream has here cut a\\nchannel in the white marble, some fifteen feet wide, from\\nthirty to sixty feet deep, and thirty rods long, over\\nwhich extends an arch of solid rock. In the Notch Brook\\nthere is a very beautiful cascade, which attracts the at-\\ntention of the traveller. The water plunges down a pre-\\ncipice about forty feet, affording a vision of beauty,\\nheightened by the loneliness of the wooded glen through\\nwhich the stream pursues its way.\\nGreat Barrington, the central market-town of South-\\nern Berkshire, owes its prosperity, in about equal pro-\\nportions, to its facilities for manufacturing by water-\\npower, its position in a rich farming region, and its\\nnatural and ^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0illage beauties, which render it one of the\\nmost delightful of homes. Its broad and irregular street,\\nin wliich quaint old houses mingle with elegant modern\\nbuildings, gives it an aspect somewhat difl erent from\\nother Berkshire villages. In and close around it are\\nMonument Mountain, the Dome of the Taconics, Mt.\\nWashington, Green River, Bash Bish Falls, a half-score\\nof romantic lakelets, and a host of other scenes of\\nnature s loveliness or grandeur.\\nwoollen goods, employing each from fifty to two hundred and fifty per-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0115.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nThe finest public building is the town hall, built joint-\\nI3 bj- the town and coiuity. The square in front\\nof the hall is ornamented with a soldiers monument,\\nsunnounted by a bronze statue of Victory. The Epis-\\ncopal and Congregational churches arc also of creditable\\narchitecture. There are in the village, besides these,\\nMethodist and Catholic churches.\\nThe amount of manufacturing in Great Barrington is\\nconsiderable, but much of it is carried on in the flour-\\nishing outlying villages of Housatonic and Van Deusen-\\nville. In the village of Groat Barrington, the Berkshire\\nWoollen Company has a large and well-furnished mill\\nfor the manufacture of\\nat 13,000 pounds, and most American marbles at 12,000.\\nThis, with other qualities, proved by the severest tests\\nwhich the chemist or engineer can apply, caused the com-\\nmission to select it as the material for the extension of\\nthe National Capitol.\\nThe paper manufacture, now the leading interest of\\nthe town, was begun at South Lee, in 1806, b}- Samuel\\nChurch, who removed from East Hartford. In 1851, the\\ntown had twenty-five paper mills, producing 25,000\\npounds of paper dailj^, or over $2,000,000 worth an-\\nnually. This industry is still in a flourishing condition. f\\nHarrison Garfield, now the oldest active paper manufac-\\nturer in the countv, huv-\\nwoollcn goods, and also\\none of the best flouiing\\nmills in the county-. At\\nHousatonic, Mr. Henry\\nD, Cone has the old Hou-\\nsatonic Mill of the Owen\\nPaper Companj-, which\\nis 320 feet long, and\\nis capable of making\\n$250,000 worth of paper\\nyearly. A half mile be-\\nlowthis mill, and just op-\\nposite the famous Monu-\\nment Mountain of Bry-\\nant s poem, Mr. Cone\\nhas recently built the\\nMonument Mill, which\\nsurpasses anything of\\nthe kind, in Berkshire\\nat least. It is 500 feet\\nlong, four stories high,\\nand has a lean-to 400\\nfeet long, and a wing of\\n200 feet. It is capable of making eight tons of fine\\npaper daily.\\nThere is also at Housatonic a cotton-warp mill at\\nVan Dcusenville there is a cotton factory, and also\\nextensive iron-works belonging to the Richmond Iron\\nWorks Company.\\nLee,* the fourth town in the countj- in point of popu-\\nlation, is, perhaps, as widelj known as any other for its\\nmineral and manufacturing products. The Lee marble\\nhas a very high reputation, is easilj- accessible, and of\\ninexhaustible quantities. A commission appointed by\\nCongress found that it would sustain a weight of 26,000\\npounds to the square inch, while Italian marble crushes\\nNamed in honor of Gen. Lee of the Revolution.\\ning been forty years in\\nthe busmess, owns the\\ntwo Foiest Mills, which\\nha\\\\e an aggregate ca-\\npacity of 1,800 pounds.\\nOther paper mills, with\\na dailj capacity of 1,000\\npounds and upwards, are\\n1( Hated here. Prentiss\\nC Baud, the only man-\\nulactui er of collar paper,\\ncan make 3,500 pounds\\ndaily.\\nThe extent of the de-\\nvotion of Lee to the pro-\\nduction of paper maj- be\\ninfeiied from the facts\\nthat, by the census of\\n1875, out of a popula-\\ntion of 3,900, only 285\\naie reported as engaged\\nui agriculture, while 687\\nJ\\\\LL LEL\\nwere emplojed in man-\\nufactures, almost entirely of paper; and the value of\\nagricultural products was only $116,682 to $1,616,760\\nof manufactures.\\nThe first white man who settled in town was Mr. Isaac\\nDavis, in 1760, in the south part of the town, near Hop\\nBrook. Most of the early inhabitants were from Tol-\\nland, Conn., and eastern Massachusetts. The Congre-\\ngational Church was organized, ^lay 25, 1780, by Rev.\\nDauiel Collins of Lanesborough, consisting of thii-ty\\nmembers. On the 3d of July, 1783, Mr. ElishaParm-\\nlee, a graduate of Harvard, was ordained pastor.\\nt The Smith Paper Company\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the successor of the firm of Platner\\nSmith, once the greatest paper-making concern in the county has\\nnow four mills. Elizur Smith is the founder and president of the\\ncompany.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0116.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "JIASSACHUSETTS.\\nThere are two principal villages, South Lee, a neat\\nand thriving manufacturing place, and North Lee com-\\nmonly called simply Lee in which most of the wealth\\nand business of the town are collected. The latter has\\nmany fine residences and some handsome public edifices,\\nthe most striking being the Congregational and Episco-\\npal churches and Memorial Hall. The latter is a beau-\\ntiful structure of brick, erected at a cost of $29,000 to\\nthe memory of Lee s soldiers in the C i\\\\il War. It con-\\ntains a large public hall, librar}-, town offices, c. There\\nare sis churches, and a high school.\\nRev. Alvan Hyde, D. D., a graduate of Dartmouth,\\nand honored in all the churches of his daj-, became pas-\\ntor of the church at Lee in 1792. His son, Hon. Alex-\\nander Hyde, a well-known -writer\\nfor the press, has written an ex-\\ncellent historj^ of Lee, from which\\nwe derive most of tlie information\\ngiven above.\\nRev. Nahum Gale, born at Au-\\nburn, Mass., graduated at Amherst\\nin 1837 professor at the East\\nWindsor Theological Seminary in\\n1851 became pastor of the Con-\\ngregational Church at Lee in 1853,\\nand died in September of that\\n3 ear.\\nStockbridge. North of Great\\nBarrington lies this old his-\\ntoric town, whose central village,\\nOld Stockbridge- on -the-Plain,\\nis luiown everj where as the model\\nvillage of New England. In its\\nhistorical character, its superior natural surroundings,\\nand as the home of genius, taste, culture, and vu-tue,\\nit is indeed unsuipassed.\\nThe -village on the plain consists principally of one\\nlong, broad street, elm-shaded, and bordered with pleas-\\nant residences, manj of antique character.\\nIn the main street and on the central square, churches,\\nstores, a bank and library building are interspersed\\namong the dwellings, and elegant summer residences dot\\nthe neighboring hillsides. Hon. David Dudley Field has\\nrecently given to tlie town a bell-tower of stone, sur-\\nmounted by a chime of bolls, and a town clock, and at\\nvarious points are monuments to Jonathan Edwards, the\\nIn Septcmhcr, 1824, a scone of most appalling desolation was ex-\\nhibited in tliis town, occasioned by the explosion of .in extensive pow-\\nder factory, containing, at the time, it was estimated, not less than five\\ntons of powder. Several workmen were insUntly killed. The works\\nwere never rebuilt.\\nMohegan Indians, and the fallen heroes of Stockbridge\\nin the -war of the Rebellion. Among the many points\\nof romantic interest in Stockbridge are the Icy Glen, the\\nStockbridge Bowl, and other beautiful lakes, and Laurel\\nHill. To the liberality, energy, and above all, the good\\ntaste, of the Laurel Hill Association, the village owes\\nmuch of its .attractiveness. The most conspicuous pub-\\nlic building is tlie handsome public library of stone, the\\ngift of Hon. John Z. Goodrich to the town. There are\\nCongregational, Methodist, Episcopalian, and Catholic\\nchurches. The cemetery is of great interest on account\\nof the many persons of historic note interred in it.\\nIn the vUlage of Glendale is a prosperous woollen\\nfactory.\\nFrom its earliest days, Stock-\\nbridge has been the home of dis-\\ntinguished persons. Among those\\nnot alicady mentioned are Cather-\\nine M. Sedgwick, the celebrated\\niiithoress, with whose fame the\\nII line of Stockbridge is intimatelj\\nunnectcd (born at Stockbridge,\\nin 1789, and dying at Roxbury, in\\n1*^07) Theodore Sedgwick, son\\ne f tlio judge, a leader in the move-\\niiK lit which resulted in the build-\\ning of tlie Boston and Albany\\nR ulroad John Bacon, a graduate\\nof Princeton College, associate pas-\\ntor of the Old South Church from\\n1771 to 1775, subsequently a ma-\\ngistrate in Stockbridge, State sen-\\nator, and member of Congress,\\n(died in 1820) Barnabas Bidwell,\\nHenry W. Dwight, and John Z. Goodrich, able repre-\\nsentatives in Congress Judge Horatio Byington, and\\nRev. David Dudley Field, the first historian of the\\ncountj and pastor of the Congregational chin-ch. The\\nthree sons of the latter have all attained distinction\\nDavid Dudlcj-, as a lawyer and politician C3rus W. as\\nthe originator of the Atlantic telegraph cable and\\nHenry M., as a clergyman, an author and editor.\\nLenox, formerly the shire town of the county, lies\\nnext north of Stockbridge, and comprises two villages\\nof widely dili ercnt character Lenox-on-the-IIeights, a\\nfashionable summer resort and Lenox Furnace, con-\\nsisting of the iron and glass works, with the dwellings\\nconnected with them.\\nLcnox-on-the-Heights is the rival or, perhaps, rather\\nthe companion of Stockbridge, as a summer resort.\\nNT, STOCKBRIDGE.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0117.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nBoth are thronged every season with visitors, and both\\nhave manj elegant villas. The connection of the two\\ntowns is so close that their summer social life is ver^-\\nintimate and friendly.\\nOne of the most conspicuous objects in the village is\\nthe fine old Congregational church which overlooks it,\\nand has an excellent town clock, presented by Mrs.\\nFrances Anne Kemble, an ardent lover of Lenox, where\\nshe owns a villa. The only otlier notable public build-\\ning is the Charles Sedgwick Memorial Ilall, formerly the\\ncourt-house, but now remodelled as a public hall. Tliere\\nare also Methodist, Episcopalian, and Catholic churches.\\nLenox-on-the-IIeights is two miles from the Housatonie\\nRailroad. Lenox-Furnace village lies upon the road,\\nand has extensive manufactures of plate and cjdinder\\nglass, and an iron blast furnace of high repute, dating\\nfrom the times of the Revolution.\\nHon. William Walker, a meritorious officer in the Rev-\\nolution, and in the suppression of Shays Rebellion, was\\nfor 29 years judge of probate for Berkshire. He was\\nsucceeded by his son, William Pcrrin Walker, a grad-\\nuate of Williams, at different periods a member of every\\nbranch of the State government, and chief justice of the\\nBerkshire Court of Sessions. He died at Lenox, in 1848.\\nJudge Henry Walker Bishop, a graduate of Williams,\\nborn in 1796, died in 1871, was long a resident of this\\ntown.\\nWiLLiAMSTOWN, long known as the seat of Williams\\nCollege, has for some j-ears been growing in favor as a\\nsummer resort, chiefly of the educated and perhaps more\\nsedate classes of society. Situated upon the Troy and\\nBoston Railroad, five miles west of North Adams, the\\nopening of tliat road has brought it into easy communi-\\ncation with the world beyond the mountains by which it\\nis surrounded. Lying in a romantic valley, in the angle\\nfonned by the boundaries of New York and Vermont,\\nwith Greylock s grand group of peaks and valleys in the\\nsouth-west, there are few localities in Berkshire which\\npresent so many points of interest.\\nThe college village, always picturesque and beautiful,\\nhas of late been rendered more so by the efforts of the\\ncitizens, and in 1878-9 by the expenditure of $10,000\\ngiven by Cjtus W. Field for that purpose. The same\\ngentleman also gave $.5,000 to prepare a boating course\\nnear the village, on the Hoosac River. The broad street\\nand the college grounds now form a combination of atI-\\nlage and park which is wonderfully beautiful. There is\\nin the village a soldiers monument, and another marks\\nthe spot where, in 1806, Samuel J. IMills, James Rich-\\nards, Francis L. Robbins, Harv-ey Loomis, and Byram\\nGreen, students of the college, held, under a haystack,\\na prayer-meeting, which in time led to the establishment\\nof the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign\\nMissions.\\nThe seat of a college like Williams, must, necessarily,\\nin the course of a century, have been the home of many\\nable, and some distinguished men.\\nDaniel Dewey, born at Sheffield in 176.5, and a gradu-\\nate of Yale, was a member of the thirteenth Congress,\\nand one of the justices of the Supreme Court of Massa-\\nchusetts in 1814. He died in the following year.\\nCharles A. Dewey, son of Judge Dcwej and grand-\\nson of Judge David Noble, was born at Willi.amstown in\\n1793. He was attornej--gencral and a justice of the\\nSupreme Court of Massachusetts, and died in 1866.\\nRev. Mark Hopkins, D. D., the most celebrated of\\nall Williams s presidents, a grandson of Col. Mark\\nHopkins of Revolutionary fame, was born at Stock-\\nbridge Feb. 4, 1802 graduated at Williams in 1824,\\nand in medicine at Pittsficld in 1829 served for sever.al\\nj cars as professor of rhetoric and moral philosophy\\nat Williams College president of the same institution\\nfrom 18.36 to 1872. He has been president of the\\nA. B. C. F. M. since 1857. He still retains his connection\\nwith Williams College, as president emeritua, and pro-\\nfessor of theology-, moral philosophj and metaphj-sics.\\nDr. Hopkins is distinguished not loss as a philanthropist\\nand Christian reformer, than as a thinker, author, and\\neducator.\\nDalton. Paper-making was first introduced into\\nBerkshire, in the town of Dalton, which lies next\\neast of Pittsfield, on the Boston and Albany Railroad,\\nby Zenas Crane, whose descendants still carry on the\\nbusiness there. This was in 1801, when WiswcU, Crane\\nWillard built the first mill, having announced it in\\nthe Pittsfield Sun, by an advertisement headed:\\nAmericans, encourage your own manufactures, and\\nthej- will improve. Ladies, save your rags\\nDalton has the further distinction of having, in the late\\nseason of general business depression, increased more\\nrapidly in wealth and population than an^- other town in\\nthe county.*\\nCrane Co. manufacture bond, bank-note, and parchment papers,\\nto an amount said to exceed in value foOO.OOO annually.\\nB^Ton Weston, in two mills, employs 250 hands, and has a product,\\nin fine papers, of $500,000 annually.\\nCarson Brown employ 200 hands, and make $400,000 yearly of\\nfine first-class papers.\\nZcnas Crane, Jr., employs 80 hands, and makes $300,000 yearly of\\nBristol-board, and other wedding goods.\\nWest Glennon employ 120 hands, and make annually fine cassi-\\nmeres to the value of $250,000.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0118.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nHinsdale on the Boston and Albanj- Eailroacl next east\\nof Dalton, is a good agricultural town, and is also the seat\\nof extensive woollen mills. The stone mill of the Hins-\\ndale Brothers jields an annual product of fancy cassi-\\nmcres to the value of $.396,000. The Plunkett Woollen\\nCompany has three mills, and employs 2 jO hands.\\nAnnual product 8400,000.\\nHinsdale has a handsome librarj- building of stone\\nand brick, in the Swiss stj-le, the foundation gift being\\na bequest of 85,000 from Mrs. Mary R. Twining, daughter\\nof Hon. Charles H. Plunkett. This was supplemented\\nb3- contributions from other members of the Plunkett\\nfamily, by Mr. Twining and Hon. C. J. Kittredge, until\\nthe amount reached 830,000.\\nCuESHiKE, on the Pittsfield and North Adams Railroad,\\nis the seat of a valuable iron furnace, and of a large\\ntrade in the purest granular quartz, a silicious sand,\\nwhich is sent to the glass manufactories in eastern\\nMassachusetts and elsewhere. It is famous for the\\nunanimity of its people as Democrats, from the earliest\\ndays of the party nearly to 1848.* The inhabitants\\nof Cheshire were as unanimously Baptists, as thej were\\nDemocrats.\\nElder Jolni Leland, one of the most noted Baptist\\nclergjTnen of his day, was distinguished for eccentricitj\\nslirewdness, and rude but stout logic.\\nSheffield, the oldest town in the county, is a rich\\nand level agricultural district, and has some popularity\\nas a summer resort. It has. no water-power except\\nAshley Falls, which, although valuable, and near the\\nHousatonic Railroad, is the onlj power of the kind\\nin the county which is unemployed.\\nChester Dewey, the eminent naturalist and educator,\\nborn at Sheffield in 1784, was the earliest competent\\nand thorough investigator of the natural historj of\\nIt is famous also for the mammoth cheese, weighing 1,450 pounds,\\nwhich they sent to President Jefferson in 1802. On an appointed day,\\nall the farmers wives sent their curds to one place, and the quantity\\nwas so great that it could not all he pressed even in a cider-mill, and\\nthree additional cheeses were made, of 70 pounds each. The huge\\ncheese was conveyed to Washington in charge of the minister, Elder\\nBerkshire, and especiallj- its geology and mineralogy.\\nHe received doctorates in law, divinity, and medicine,\\nfrom Williams, Union, and Yale colleges, respectively,\\nand died in Rochester, N Y., Dec. 18C7.\\nRev. 0^^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ille Dewey, the eloquent Unitarian divine\\nand author, was bom at Sheffield, March 28, 1794,\\ngraduated at Williams in 1814, and at Andover in 1810.\\nHe early became a Unitarian, and, for two years, was\\na colleague of Dr. William Ellcr^ Channing at Boston.\\nFor several years he occupied, with eminent al)ility,\\nsome of the leading pulpits of his denomination.\\nWhen compelled by ill-health to abandon the pulpit, he\\nretired to Sheffield.\\nThe other towns in the coimt} are mostly of an agri-\\ncultural character, and of the extent indicated in the\\ntable which follows. Tliere are, however, important\\niron works in Lanesborougli, Richmond, and West Stock-\\nbridge, each of which has also valuable marble quarries.\\nTowxs.\\nSettled.\\nInoorpo-\\nPopntatlon,\\n1875.\\nSheffield,\\n1725,\\n1733,\\n2,233\\nEgremont,\\n(about)\\n1730,\\n1760,\\n890\\nMt. Wasbinston,\\n1753-54,\\n1779,\\n182\\nGreat Barrington,\\n(about)\\n1730,\\n1761,\\n4,385\\nAlford.\\n(about)\\ni74o:\\n1773,\\nStockbridee,\\n1734-36,\\n1739\\n2,089\\nWest Stockhridge,\\n1766,\\n1774,\\n1,981\\nTvrindiam,\\n1739,\\n1762,\\n517\\nNew Marlborough,\\n1759,\\n2,037\\nSandisfield,\\n17.50,\\n1762,\\n1.172\\nBeeket,\\n1755,\\n176.5,\\n1,329\\n1750-60,\\n1773,\\n855\\nRichmond,\\n1700,\\n1765,\\n1,141\\nLenox,\\n1750,\\n1767,\\n1,845\\nPittsfield,\\n1752,\\n1761,\\n12.267\\nDalton,\\n(about)\\n1755,\\n1784,\\n1700,\\n1777,\\n603\\nLee,\\n1760,\\n1777,\\n3.900\\nL.anesborongh,\\n1752-59,\\n1765,\\n1,357\\nCheshire,\\n1767,\\n1793,\\nNew Ashford,\\n(aljout)\\n1702,\\n1801,\\n160\\nAVilliamstowu,\\n1751-52,\\n176.5,\\nHancock,\\n1702,\\n1776,\\n730\\nPeru,\\n1764,\\n443\\nWindsor,\\n(alxiut;\\n1767\\n1771,\\n624\\nHinsdale,\\n1762-63,\\n1804,\\n1,.571\\nAdams,\\n(about)\\n1764,\\n1778.\\n15,760\\n1777,\\n1797,\\nClarksburg,\\n17C9,\\n1798,\\n670\\nFlorida,\\n(about)\\n1783.\\n1805,\\n572\\nMonterey,\\n1S47,\\n703\\n63,270", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0119.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SFM ENCxLAND.\\nBRISTOL COUKTY.\\nBY F. E. GALLIGAN, M. D.\\nDi-RiNG the first sixty-five years of the Plymouth\\npatent, all that portion of south-eastern Massachusetts\\nand western Rhode Ihland embraced within its jurisdic-\\ntion was known as I lymouth Colony. With the increase\\nof population, however, came a desire for better fiicilities\\nof governing, and, in accordance with that want, the\\nColony, in 1G85, was divided into the counties of Plym-\\nouth, Barnstable, and Bristol. The towns composing\\nthe latter county were Taunton, Rehoboth, Dartmouth,\\nSwansea, Bristol, Tiverton, Little Compton, and Free-\\ntown, and the plantations of Cumberland Gore and\\nAttleborough.\\nAs thus constituted, Bristol Count}- presented an\\narea of about six hundred square miles, bounded on the\\nnorth by that part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony s\\npossessions now known as Norfolk County on the east\\nby the newly formed county of Plymouth and on the\\nsouth and west by Buzzard s, Mount Hope, and Narra-\\ngansctt bays, and the plantation of Roger Williams.\\nThe people inhabiting all this territory previous to its\\nsettlement were (1) the Massachusetts tribe of Indians,\\nsome tliree thousand in number, whose domain extended\\nfrom Duxbury to Titicut near Taunton, and to Kippi-\\nnicket Pond in Eridgcwater, thence in a straight line to\\nWhiting s Pond in Wrentham (2) tlie !Narragansetts,\\nnumbering five thousand braves, who dwelt in the further\\npart of Rhode Island and upon the western shore of\\nNarragansctt Bay (3) the Wampanoags, whose chief\\nwas Massasoit, who, with three thousand warriors, ruled\\nover all the land from Cape Cod to Narragansctt Baj\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0RTien the novelty of their situation had begun to wear\\naway, Edward Winslow and Stephen Hopkins, of the\\nparty who had landed from the Mayflower in the\\npreceding December, actuated hj a desire for the welfare\\nof the little Colony, coupled with that love of daring\\nadventure so characteristic of all English-speaking\\npeoples, started upon what was then a long journey,\\nfrom Plymouth to the shores of Mount Hope Bay.\\nThej^ set out in July, 1C21, and, though the beautj of a\\nThe city of Taunton has perpetuated the memory of the deed on\\nher coat of arms in the words, Dux ftemina facti.\\nNew England summer was full in the heavens above and\\nupon the earth below, j-et desolation reigned tln-oughout\\nthe land. Nine years before a great pestilence had\\nswept over the country, and vast numbers of the natives\\nhaving disappeared under its touch, their fields were still\\nuntillcd and the villages iminhabited.\\nTheir voyage was made under the guidance of one\\nTisquantum, a friendlj Indian, possessing a knowledge\\nof the English language, and had for its object a treatj-\\nwith Massasoit, the chief who ruled over this section.\\nThej found the Indians in general peaceabl} inclined,\\nand met with no opposition until the}- attempted to cross\\nTetiquet (Taunton) River at a point where the village of\\nSquabetty (East Taunton) now stands. Here, two\\nIndians, mistrusting the object of the strangers, disputed\\nthe passage of the river. The matter was finallj- settled\\namicably and the party proceeded, following the course\\nof the stream to the termination of their journey at\\nPokanokct.\\nThis is the first authentic information we have of the\\nvisit of white men to the country of Cohannet. The\\ngreater part of the land which thej- traversed was claimed\\nby the sachem of Tetiquet and, though except in a\\nsmall portion of Raynham, there wore no settlements,\\n3ct the ruined wigwams, the cleared places, and the\\nunburicd remains of man) who had probal )ly died during\\nthe pestilence, showed plainl}- that the place had pre-\\nviously been thickly inhabited. In 1023, Winslow, in\\ncompanj with John Hampden, the regicide, again visited\\nthis section of the Colony, and from that time until 1G37,\\nits name passes out of history. In that j car Elizabeth\\nPool, an English lady of family and fortune, who had at\\nfirst settled in Dorchester, conceived the strangely bold\\ndesign of occupying tliis wilderness. It is onl} when\\nthe location and the dangers bj which it was surrounded\\nare understood, that any idea of the hazardousness of\\nthe enterprise can be entertained.* The dealings of\\nMiss Pool,t as a settler, were characterized hy the strict- I\\nest sense of honesty and faithfulness. According to the\\nt Elizabeth Pool died in Taunton in 1654, in the sixty-sixth year of\\nher blameless virginity. Her remains were first laid in a plot of giound", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0120.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\ntorm3 of her bargain, the First or Tctiquet Purchase\\nincluded the present towns of Rajnham, Berkley, and\\nTaunton, and as thus defined, the plantation of Cohan-\\nnot was incorporated on the 3d of March, 1G39. In\\n1G68, was made the North Purchase, which embraced\\nNorton, Mansfield, and Easton. In 1G72, the South\\nPurchase, now called Dighton, was added to the town,\\nwhile still later, in 1080, Assonet Neck was annexed to\\nthe jurisdiction of Cohannet.\\nElizabeth Pool was hardlj- the founder of Cohannet.\\nAt the time of her advent to these parts, she found Rieh-\\nai d AVilliams, Joseph Williams, Plenrj- UxW, Benja-\\nmin Wilson, Wilham Coy, George Hall, George Macy,\\nFrancis Doty, and some others here before her and it\\nmaj- he added, that while none of her name or blood\\nremained long upon the lands she purchased, the progenj-\\nof the others have continued, some of them, even to\\nthis day, in possession of the very farms on which their\\nancestors first located.\\nConcerning Henry Uxle}-, one of the original proprie-\\ntors of Taunton, but verj Uttle is known. His farm was\\nsold to Richard Williams, who is considered the father\\nof Taunton. The latter was a descendant of a WiUiams\\nfamily in Glanmorganshire in Wales, but at what precise\\ntime he emigrated to America cannot be ascertained.\\nHe scr\\\\ ed as deput3 from Taunton at Plymouth for\\nmanj years, and died in 1692 aged ninet3 -three years.\\nA prominent man of the earlj settlers was Mr. John\\nGilbert, Sen. He came originallj from Devonshire,\\nat the south-cast extremity of Main Street, but afterwards, in 1771,\\nthey 1VC1-0 removed to The Plain (a burial-ground lying between\\nWashington Street and Broadway), and her liinsman, John Borland,\\nEsq., erected to her memory a stone bearing the following inscription,\\nwritten by the Hon. Robert Treat Paine, one of the signers of the\\nDeclaration of Independence\\nHere lies the remains\\nof Miss Elizabeth Pool,\\na native of old England,\\nof good Family, Friends, and Prospects,\\nAll which she left, in the Prime of her Life,\\nto enjoy the Religion of her conscience\\nin this distant wilderness\\nA great Proprietor in the Township\\nof Taunton\\nA chief promoter of its Settlement,\\nand its Incorporation, 1G39-40,\\nabont which time she Settled near this spot\\nAnd, having employed the opportunity\\nof her Virgin state,\\nin Piety, Liberality,\\nand Sanctity of Manners,\\nDied, May 21st, A. D. 1G54, aged Lxv.\\nTo whoso memory\\nthis Monument is gratefully erected\\nby her next of kin,\\nJohn Borland, Esquire,\\nA. D. 1771.\\nEng., and settled in Taunton at a somewhat advanced\\nperiod of his Ufe. For services in attending court,\\nlajung out land, and perfoniiing other public offices, he,\\ntogether with Mr. WilUam Pool, and five others, received\\na grant of forty acres.\\nHenry Andrews was another man who enjoj-ed the\\nesteem of the ancient settlers of Cohannet. He built\\nthe first meeting-house in Taunton, and obtained, in\\n1G47, the Calf- Pasture Neck, in compensation for his\\nlabor. In lGo9, in company with John Macomber, one\\nof the holders in the North Purchase, he was permitted\\nto erect a saw-mill on Mill River, if it be not found\\nhurtful to the grist-mill. One of his sons was killed in\\nKing Philip s war. He was frequently a deputj to the\\nPlymouth Court.\\nTwo of the earl^ settlers in this town, whose descend-\\nants are numerous, were John and Walter Deane.\\nJohn Deane, the father of the first white child born in\\nTaunton, was born in England, in IGOO, and, after\\nsecuring his proprietorship, located his farm on the west\\nbank of Taunton River. The road passing bj his farm\\nwas at that time, and has ever since been called Deane\\nStreet. He was a frugal man, possessed of a brave spirit\\nand strong religious convictions. At his death (in April,\\nIGGO), his estate inventoried \u00c2\u00a3334 18s., quite a snug\\nlittle sum in the olden time.\\nAValtcr Deane, a jounger brother of John, was born\\nbetween 1G15 and 1G20, at a place called Chard, near\\nTaunton, Eng. He was selectman of Taunton from\\n1G79 to 1G8G. By trade a tanner, he married Elleanor,\\na sister of John Strong. One of his descendants was\\nJohn G. Deane, Esq., a prominent writer on the north-\\neastern boundarj question.\\nAbout the location of the first church in Taunton noth-\\ning definite is known but concerning its earliest pastor,\\nRev. William Ilooke, much information remains. Bom\\nin Southampton, Eng., in IGOl, he graduated at Trinity\\nCollege, Oxford, in 1G20. Having been ordained in the\\nChurch of England, he preached for seven j ears at Ox-\\nmouth, in Devonshire but, experiencing a change in his\\nreligious belief, his sentiments became obnoxious to the\\ndominant party, and, for the sake of that freedom denied\\nhim at home, he emigrated to the New World. At what\\nprecise period Mr. Ilooke came to Taunton cannot be de-\\ntermined, but it comes down to us that the distinguished\\nAVilson of Boston and Mather of Dorchester, inducted\\nMr. Baylies conjectures that he was a relative of Oliver Cromwell,\\nwhile another opinion has been advanced that he was a brother of\\nRoger AVilliams. Richard Williams married Frances Dighton, sister\\nof Catherine Dighton, who was married to Gov. Thom.as Dudley,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the\\nsaid Catherine Dighton being the mother of Gov. Joseph Dudley, and\\ngrandmother of Paul Dudley, Esq., one of the judges of the circuit.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0121.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nhim into office. Mr. Ilooke dwelt in Taunton seven\\nyears, when he accepted a call to New Haven, where he\\nbecame the associate of the famous Davenport.\\nThe same day on which Mv. Ilooke was ordained\\npastor, Master Nicholas Street was installed teacher.\\nUpon the removal of Mr. Ilooke to New Ilavcn, he\\nassumed the duties of the vacant office, and fulilUed\\nthem with great acceptance for more than twenty years.\\nHis death occurred April 22, 1674.\\nMr. Street s first wife was a sister of Elizabeth Pool,\\nand his second, the widow of Gov. Newman.\\nThroughout the greater part of these years peace\\nsmiled upon the little settlement, and its fortunes bloomed\\nlike a garden. With the accession of new members,\\nfreemanchip was extended to those possessing the proper\\nqualifications, lands were divided, and other boundaries\\nestablished. In 1G52, James Leonard, Henrj Leonard,\\nand Ralph Russell erected at Taunton (now Raynham)\\nthe first extensive ii-on-works in North America. This\\npart}- came originally from I ontypool, in Wales, and first\\nsettled in Brain tree. Their euteiiJrise continued a suc-\\ncess through manj- j-ears.\\nBut a change was soon to come over this prosperous\\npeople. Philip, son of Massasoit, jealous of English\\npower, began to excite discontent among his savage\\nbrethren.\\nQuick to take alarm, Ph-mouth Court demanded assur-\\nances of friendship, which Philip was slow to give.\\nMassachusetts, anxious to avert the impending conflict,\\nsent William Davis, William Hudson, and Thomas Brattle\\nto reconcile the opposing people. The commissioners\\narrived at Taunton, April 13, 1C71, where they met Gov.\\nPrince, Josias Winslow, and Constant Southworth, of\\nPlj-mouth. News being received that Philip was at\\nThree-Mile River, Gov. Prince sent messengers to him,\\ninciting him to a conference. After some little diplomacy\\n(in which Philip was the equal, if not the superior, of\\nthe English) a meeting was held, and documents were\\nikawn up and signed.\\nHis signature, however, did not insure on the part of\\nPhilip the fidfilment of its terms. When, at length, tlis-\\nsimulation would no more avail, he threw aside the cow-\\n*The kindness of an inhabitant of this town is said to have developed\\none of the nobler qualities of Philip s nature, and saved the settlement\\nfrom the ruin that befell the neighboring places. AVhen the chief went\\nhunting in this locality, if his guns needed repairing, James Leonard,\\nof Raynham, cheerfully obliged him. If he wanted iron, or such other\\ntrifles as most dehght the savage, the same generous hand was open to\\nhim. When the war broke out, the gratitude of the Indian displayed\\nitself. In a general attack upon the to\\\\\u00e2\u0084\u00a2, it would be impossible to\\ndistinguish between friend and foe, and this Philip must have well\\nknoira, when, at the commencement of hostilities, ho gave his strictest\\norders that not a Leonard should be injured. Thus Taunton escaped\\nardice which had so long masked his character, and\\nplacing himself at the head of his people, pushed for-\\nward (June, IGTJ), not simply as their chieftain alone,\\nbut, as is commonly supposed, as the leader of the con-\\nsolidated New England tribes. From Taunton went\\nforth the information that Sausaman, whose death was at\\nfirst supposed to be accidental, had been foully dealt\\nwith. Then followed, in quick succession, the inquest,\\nthe arrest, trial, conviction, and execution of the mur-\\nderers, and King Philip s war. Taunton, though not\\ndestined to suffer as much as did other towns in this\\nstruggle, yet was often the theatre of warUke scenes.\\nCompanies recruiting, soldiers marching to and from the\\ntown, and its proximity to places of slaughter, all con-\\nspired to give Cohannet something of more than slight\\nhistoric interest. Bradford s armj- was stationed here\\nfor quite a while, and this was the town in which twenty\\nmen, leaving their employment, shouldered their musk-\\nets, marched into the forest, captured twenty-six of the\\nenemy, the cntu-e number at that place, and then\\nreturned to their labors. It was here that Church met\\nwith an enthusiastic reception after his captiu e of\\nAnnawan.\\nThe destruction of tliis place was often threatened. On\\none of these occasions, when the towns of Cape Cod\\nhad, by special invitation, offered the people a refuge\\nfrom danger, thej-, through their committee, politclj\\ndeclined the invitation, and nobly declared their intention\\nto stand or fall b} their firesides, At the close of the\\nwar, Taunton received \u00c2\u00a310 as her share of the sum sent\\nover to the distressed people of Ph-mouth bj- the citizens\\nof Dublin, t With the return of peace came an increase\\nof population to the settlements, and the consequent\\noccasion for the enactment of new laws, looking to the\\npubUc weal. I Nothing, however, either of general or\\nlocal interest, occurred during the seven j-ears succeed-\\ning, at the end of which period Taunton became a part\\nof the county of Bristol.\\nRehoboth. The original limits of Rehoboth com-\\nprised the present towns of Seekonk, Rehoboth, Paw-\\ntucket, Attleborough (first called the North Purchase),\\nwith the loss of but few of its inhabitants, only fifteen of the entire num-\\nber being killed in that terrible war.\\nt Mr. BayUcs remarks that Ireland -was the only place in the British\\nEuropean dominions that offered any succor to the suffering colonists.\\nThe total amount contributed was \u00c2\u00a3124 10s.\\nX In this connection it may be pleasing to some to leant that as\\nearly as 1678, Taunton had a liquor law, with a seizure clause attached.\\nThus we read from the record of that year that James Walker, James\\nWilbore and Increase Robinson were appointed and established by\\nthe Court to take notice of such liquors as are brought into the town of\\nTaunton, and to make seizure thereof according to order.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0122.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nCumberland, and that part of Swansea known as Wan-\\nnamoisett. The first settler was the celebrated William\\nBlackstone, who removed to Cumberland in 1G35, after\\nthe sale of his lands at Shawmut Neck in Boston. In\\nthis quiet retreat, on the banks of the Blackstone River,\\nhe remained until his death. May 2G, 1675.\\nRoger Williams was the next of the English who\\nvisited this part of Bristol County-. In 1G36 he fixed his\\ndwelling in that part of Scekonk called Nauton s Neclc,\\nbut this territor} being -within the PljTnouth Patent, he\\nwas ad^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2iscd b}^ Gov. Winslow to move across the river,\\nwhich he accordingly did, and afterwards founded the\\ntown of Providence.\\nThe real founder of Rehoboth was Rev. Samuel New-\\nman, a minister of We3Tnouth. Not satisQed with his\\nsituation, he and a number of his charge, together with\\nsome from Hingham, determined to remove, and fixed\\nupon Seekonk as the site of the new settlement.\\nThe place chosen was an open plain, alreadj cleared\\nof forest trees, and in everj- waj- apparently well adapted\\nfor the cultivation of Indian corn. The laud having been\\npurchased of Plj-mouth Court, the first meeting of the\\nproprietors was held at WejTnouth, Aug. 24, 1G43. On\\nOct. 10, 1643, at a final meeting held in Weymouth,\\nRichard Wright was employed to build a saw-mill.\\nThe first purchase was a tract of land about ten miles\\nsquare, embracing the present towns of Pawtucket, See-\\nkonk, and Rehoboth. To this purchase the name of\\nRehoboth was given by the pastor, for, said he, the\\nLord hath made room for us.\\nIn IGCG, Thomas Willet bargained with Wamsitta,\\nalias Wamsetta, alias Alexander, elder brother of King\\nPhilip, for the land known as the North Purchase. This\\nterritor3 included the present towns of Attleborough,\\nIilass., and Cumberland, f R- 1- Three j-ears previous to\\nthe annexation of the North Purchase, Mr. Newman\\ndied, t\\nIt was during the ministry of Mr. Newman that\\nObadiah Holmes, one of the original settlers of Rehoboth,\\nintroduced there the first schism that appeared in Plym-\\nouth Colony-. In 1G75 the Indian war broke out,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2After they h.id bought their lands, the proprietors deemed them-\\nselves an independent body, but were claimed by the governments of\\nMassachusetts and Plymouth, to the latter of which they were assigned\\nby the Commissioners in 1G45.\\nt Cumberland passed under the jurisdiction of Rhode Island in 1741.\\nJlcT. Samuel Nc-nman, bom in England in ICOO, was educated at\\nOxford University, and came to New England in 1C36. He was subse-\\nquently pastor in Dochestcr and Weymouth, and finally settled in Hcho-\\nboth. He was the author of the celebrated Cambridge Concordance.\\ni The doctrines embraced by Mr. Holmes and his followers were\\nthose of the Baptists, and occasioned Qpnsiderable excitement. The\\ntrouble commenced as early us 1G49.\\nII One rather notable struggle took place here early in August, 1675.\\nand Rehoboth, located in the very heart of the enemy s\\ncountry, could not escape being the witness of scenes of\\nstrife. II\\nOne affair with the Indians, which occurred in this\\ntown, had, in particular, so sad an ending, as to cast a\\ngloom over the whole Colon)-.\\nOn the 17th of March, 1676, the greater portion of\\nWarwick, R. I., was destroyed, and Capt. Pierce, with\\n50 Englishmen and 20 friendly Indians, marched\\nforth to take revenge for the injury. The two forces\\ncame together near Blackstone s house in Pawtucket,\\nand it was not until after the battle had commenced,\\nthat Pierce ascertained the vast supcriorit) of the enemy\\nin point of numbers. Entirel}- surrounded in the early\\npart of the engagement, with no chance of escape, the\\nEnglislimen fought long and bravely. When night set-\\ntled down upon the surrounding woodlands, Capt. Pierce\\nand his 50 brethren, together with 12 of their allies,\\nlay dead on the field. Of the opposing savages, 140\\nwere slain. While the conflict was raging, the people of\\nRehoboth learning of Pierce s peril, marched forth to his\\nassistance, but arrived too late. The dead bodies of\\ntheir friends were strewn about the ground, and those,\\nhaving gathered up, they buried, and then returned to\\ntheir homes. The Indians, elated with their victory,\\nproceeded to ravage the surrounding countrj Within\\nthree daj S after Pierce s disaster, 30 houses and 40\\nbams were burned in Rehoboth. 1[\\nDartmouth. The old town of Dartmouth originally\\ncomprised the present towns of Dartmouth, Acushnet,\\nFairhaven, and Westport, and the citj* of New Bedford.\\nIn 1G02 Bartholomew Gosnold visited the place, and\\nnamed a round hill, situated between the Apooneganset\\nand Pascamansett rivers. Heap s Hill. Nov. 8, 1052,\\na party of 36 persons met at Plj-mouth, and hav-\\ning purchased the title, made an equal division of the\\nlands by joint consent. But ver^ few of the original\\nproprietors occupied the soil, which was taken up mostly\\n1)} Quakers, and men whose religious tenets were at\\n-\\\\ariance with those of the Puritans. Anthony Slocima,\\nPhilip, forced out of Pocassct swamp, had crossed Taunton River, and\\nwas pushing his way towards Taunton. The country through which he\\nhad fled was a level plain, and soon his dusky warriors were perceived\\nby tlio people of Rehoboth. These, animated and led on by their\\nminister. Rev. Mr. Newman, pursued the flying savages with such vigor\\nthat 12 of them were slain. Not one of the English was injured.\\nIn the southeastern part of the town, near the Dighton line, is the\\nfamous Annawan s Rock, a huge m. .ss of stone of almost precipitous\\ndescent, surrounded, at the time of which we write, by a dense growth\\nof woodland. Within the shelter thus atTorded Annawan, the greatest\\nof Philip s generals, had formed his camp, and he was surprised and\\ncaptured by the redoubtable Church, with a handful of men, on the\\nevening of Aug. 28, 1C76.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0123.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nand Ealph Russcl, t^vo of the earlj- settlers of Taunton,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ncre among the first occupants of Dartmouth. Some\\ncame also from Plj-mouth, and some from Duxbury.\\nThe ancient names of Dartmouth were Accushcna and\\nCoakset. It is beautifully situated on Buzzard s Baj-, in\\nthe south-eastern portion of the county*. The town ivas\\nincorporated June 8, 1GC4, but -was not thoroughly or-\\nganized until near the commencement of King Philip s\\nwar. During that conflict, the exposed situation of\\nDartmouth seemed to in\\\\-ite the presence of the enemj-,\\nwho, in Julj-, 1G76, descended upon the town, destroying\\nit utterly, and killing many of the people.*\\nThe progress of this town was remarkably slow, for\\neven as late as 1C92 there was no Congregational church\\nin Dartmouth.\\nSwansea, formerly embraced within its limits the\\npresent town of that name, besides Somerset in Massa-\\nchusetts, Barrington, and the greater part of Warren, in\\nRhode Inland.\\nOn their journey to Sowams in 1621, Winslow and\\nHopkins passed through here, and found the ten-itory had\\nescaped the ravages of the pestilence, which had visited\\nother parts of the countr} some j ears before. Winslow,\\nin 1623, accompanied by John Hampden, came again\\ninto this neighborhood, this time to visit the sick Maosa-\\nsoit. While making this journey they were hospitably\\nentertained by Corbitant, a follower of Massasoit, and\\nsachem of the Pocasscts. Ancient Swansea was pur-\\nchased from the natives, and the title confirmed bj-\\nl lj-mouth Court. The town was duly incoqoorated in\\n1GG7, though quite a number of English and their de-\\nscendants had arrived there some years previous.\\nMr. Mylcs, pastor of the church, and Capt. Thomas\\nWillet, a wealthy and prominent citizen, and the last of\\nthe Loj-den company who came to this countrj are\\nconsidered the fathers of Swansea.\\nThis town will be ever memorable as the place in\\nwhich King PhiHp s war began. The Indians com-\\nmenced hostilities by plundering houses and killing\\ncattle. Their unpunished insolence at last became so\\nintolerable, that an Englishman, under a sudden impulse\\nof anger, fired upon one of them, wounding him sc-\\nvcrclj News of this occurrence was instantly sent to\\nPljTnouth, and assistance requested. Twenty horsemen\\nfrom Bridgewater answered the summons. At Meta-\\nShortly after this occurrence the Plymouth forces were ordered\\nthere, and, having induced all the Dartmouth Indians who were not\\nconcerned in this outrage, to surrender as prisoners of war, marched\\nthem off to Plymouth. Despite tlie remonstrances of Ralph Earle,\\nCapts. Eels and Church, the warriors who were conspicuous in securing\\nthe surrender, the colonial government basely betrayed the confidence\\npoisett, the house of one Bourne, had ah eady been gar-\\nrisoned, within which were collected 70 persons, only\\n16 of whom were men.\\nThither the cavalry proceeded. Two days after their\\narrival, a party which had been sent out from the garri-\\nson to bring in a quantity of com from a deserted house,\\nwere surprised by the enemy, and six of their number\\nkilled. The noise of the firing was heard at Bourne s,\\nbut before the soldiers could reach the scene the afiair\\nwas over.\\nShortly afterwards the troops were reinforced, and the\\ninmates having been sent over in safety to Rhode Island,\\nthe garrison was abandoned. Sundaj the 24th of June,\\nwas a day of fasting and humiliation. That daj-, as the\\npeople of Swansea were returning from pubUc worship,\\nthey were fired upon bj the Indians, and one of their\\nnumber was killed and two were wounded. Of tlio party\\nwhich had been sent for a surgeon, two were shot dead\\non their mission of mere}-. On the same daj- the savages\\nattacked a house in another part of the town, and six\\nmen were murdered. In the meantime the torch had\\nbeen applied to houses and barns, and before manj\\ndays one-half the town was destroyed. Massachusetts\\npromptly responded to the appeal of the distressed set-\\ntlers, and a company of infantr}- under Capt. Henchman,\\nand a company of cavalry under Capt. Prentice, together\\nwith 110 volunteers, amongst whom were 12 privateers-\\nmen, with dogs, under charge of Capt. Moselej-, an old\\nbuccaneer, were sent to Swansea, where thej arrived on\\nthe 28th of June.\\nAt length, in April, 1676, the conflict had grown to\\nsuch alarming proportions, and so feeble was the sup-\\nport th.at could be given to the dilTerent settlements, that\\nmost of the inhabitants of Swansea fled to the more\\nthickly populated districts for protection. Later in the\\nyear, twenty of Philip s party was captured at Meta-\\npoisctt, t and the chief himself made a narrow escape\\ninto Pocasset.\\nAmong the last of the captives taken by Church, was\\none, quite an old man, named Conscience, who belonged\\nin Swansea. Thither he was led, while bitterly lament-\\ning the fate of his people, and sold to a master of his\\nown choosing.\\nAs the towns of Bristol, Little Compton and Tiverton\\nare now included in Rhode Island, their history properly-\\nbelongs to that State.\\nreposed in its honor, and ordered the whole party to the nnmlxir of IGO\\nto be sold as slaves and transported out of the country.\\nt It was at Metapoisett, also, now kno\\\\\\\\-n as Gardner s Neck, that the\\nbody of Weetamoe, the squaw sachem of Pocasset, was found floating\\nin the water. Her head was cut off and set on a pole at Taunton, to the\\ngreat grief of many of her subjects, who were there as prisoners.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0124.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nFreetown, the present city of Fall Eiver, the villages\\nof Assonct and Freetown, were originally embraced\\nuithin the territory of Freetown, then known as Asso-\\nnct. These lands Tvere obtained by the -nhite people\\nthrough a regular purchase.\\nAlthough this territor} was purchased at so earlj a\\ndate, yet Freetown was not incorporated until 1G83.\\nThe first settlers were principally from Scituate, Marsh-\\nfield, and Plj-mouth. The early names were Cudworth,\\nWinslow, Morton, Eeed, Ilathawaj and Tcny. There\\nwas no church organization there at the termination of\\nthe colonial government.\\nOrganization or the County.\\nFrom the termination of King Philip s war to the divi-\\nsion of Plymouth Colonj- into counties, the condition of\\nsociety was in some sections very deplorable. In no\\npartof the Colony had the ravages of war been so severely\\nfelt as in that part afterwards known as Bristol Count}\\nWithin this territory was the stronghold of the Wam-\\npanoags, and here, when the struggle commenced, the\\ntorch of destruction was lighted, nor did its flame die out\\ntill the head of Philip was brought in triumph to Raynham.\\nAs a result of that contest many families were broken\\nup, some towns were utterly ruined, and their local gov-\\nernments disorganized. Added to this, the great debt\\ncreated by the war weighed heavily upon the whole peo-\\nple, and constantly harassed them in their eflforts to re-\\nstore former prosperity. But the characteristic energy\\nof the early settlers, many of whom were yet living, was\\ntransmitted to their offspring, and at the formation of\\nthe county judiciary in 1G85, many of the greatest ob-\\nstacles to success had been surmounted.\\nAlthough education had received some encouragement,\\nyet only two schools were established in the county one\\nof these was at Taunton, the other at Rchoboth. Com-\\ning as they did from the finest institutions of learning in\\nthe Old World, it is not remarkable that we find, under\\nthis order of things, the ministry embodj ing nearly all\\nthe higher intelligence of the community, f\\nIn 1G85, Nicholas Peck, Thomas Leonard, and Joseph\\nChurch were appointed to hold, in Bristol Count} courts\\nsomewhat similar to the ancient court of Common Pleas.\\nThe first term of the court holden in Bristol Count} of\\nwhich there is any record, coromenced Oct. 13, 1702, and\\nthe last term in June, 1774.\\nA royal decree, which was brought over in the autumn\\nof 1746, fixed new boundar}* lines for the Provinces of\\nThe deed, bearing date April 2, 1659, was duly attested by Wam-\\nsitta and Tattapanuin.\\nt Ilcnce we are not surprised that, at this period, parties were hon-\\nMassachusetts and Rhode Island. By that decree Bris-\\ntol, Tiverton, Saconct and a part of Rchoboth and Swan-\\nsea passed under the juriodiction of the latter Pro\\\\ ince.\\nAn act of the Massachusetts General Court, enacted\\nin November, 1740, made Taunton the shire town of\\nBristol County. The first court opened, under the new\\norder of affairs, was holden at Taunton, Dec. 9, 1740-\\nDuring all these year s a military organization was in\\nexistence in the county. The war of 1C90 was con-\\nducted by Col. Church. At the capture of the fortress\\nof Louisburg, June 17,1745, Joseph Hodges of Free-\\ntown, who was major of the Bristol County regiment, lost\\nhis life. His son, Capt. Joseph Hodges, was killed in\\n1756, in the French and Indian war. In 17G2 there was\\nalso a militia regiment in the county, composed of com-\\npanies from Taunton, Raynham, Easton, Norton, Mans-\\nfield, and Attlcborough. March 25 of that year, Samuel\\nWilde of Taunton was appointed colonel, superseded in\\n1774 by George Godfrey of Taunton. This organization\\ncontinued until the Revolution. In the distribution of\\nhonors that was made at that period. Col. GodCrcy was\\nraised to the rank of brigadier-general, and was the first\\ncitizen of Bristol County to whom such a commission\\nwas granted. His rank gave him the command of all\\nthe militia in the county.\\nIn October, 177G, a Train of Artillery was organ-\\nized, known as the Norton Artillery, an organization\\nwhich performed invaluable seiwice in the Revolution.\\nTaunton has the honor of having passed, early in the\\nIndependence agitation, most eloquently patriotic and\\nringing resolutions in favor of colonial independence of\\nGreat Britain while, on the other hand, Freetown en-\\njo} s the reputation of having been, during that memor-\\nable struggle, the stronghold of the Tories in Bristol\\nCounty. At a town meeting, held there in 17G8, to send\\ndelegates to a convention in Boston, called for the pur-\\npose of condemning the measures of the king, 33\\nvotes were cast, of which 23 were Tory. In 1775, Gov.\\nGage, at the request of Col. Thomas Gilbert, sent arms\\nto Freetown, whereupon a company of royalist militia\\nwas mustered in with the avowed intention of putting\\ndown the Whigs of the town. Their actions at length\\naroused the anger of the rebels in the remainder of\\nthe county, and Gilbert was compelled to fly to Boston.\\nTowns.\\nFall River. This important manufacturing city\\nis situated on somewhat elevated ground at the\\nored yrith a seat upon the bench, not so much for their legal attainments\\nas for their good judgment and sound sense, and their unquestioned\\nprobity.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0125.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "HISTOKY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nmouth of Taunton Eivcr, and near the head of\\nMt. Hope Bay. The harbor is safe and commo-\\ndious, affording anchorage for vessels of the largest\\nsize. The town was incorjjorated under its present\\nname, Feb. 26, 1803. The next j-ear the name was\\nchanged to Troy, but in 1834 the original name was re-\\nsumed. This latter is derived from the Indian word\\nQuequechan, meaning Falling Water, and designating\\na small stream which takes its rise in a chain of long\\ni and narrow ponds known as Watuppa, or Place of Boats.\\nThese ponds are fed by perpetual springs, and afford a\\nvolume of water that is ever constant, never liable to ex-\\ncess, and of sufficient power for the largest manufacto-\\nries. The Quequechan derives additional force from its\\nrapid descent, which, in the course of half a mile,\\namounts to 132 feet. In 1803, there were eighteen\\ndwelling-houses and one hundred persons in Fall River.\\nThe first building of any note erected in the new cor-\\nporation was the town house, completed in 1805. It was\\nbuilt at Steep Brook, then the centre of business, and\\nserved its purpose imtil 1825, when a new one was erect-\\ned on the land now occupied by the North Cemetery.\\nThe first regular mail was received Feb. 12, 1811, and\\nthe same j^ear Col. Jos. Durfee, in companj with others,\\nliuilt a cotton mill in Globe Village. This mill was a\\nsmall wooden structure, and stood on the ground which\\nis now the corner of Main and Globe streets.\\nIn October, 1813, a structure three stories in height?\\nCO feet in length, and 40 feet in breadth, known as the\\nFall Eiver Mill, was erected on the Quequechan at the\\nhead of the third falls from tide water, and manufactur-\\ning was begun the following year. The dressing of yarn\\nfor the looms was, at first, the source of much annoj\\nance, and it was some years before the present satisfac-\\ntorj method was obtained. The total number of per-\\nsons employed in this mill in 1819, did not exceed 35.\\nIt was not until 1820 that the enterprise began to yield\\nany appreciable gains to the stockholders but after that\\ntime the results were ver} satisfactorj Successive en-\\nlargements became necessary in 1827 and in 1839. In\\n1868 the factory was burned to the ground, and in the\\nsucceeding year the present mill was erected. This\\nstructure is of stone, five stories high, 275 feet long, 73\\nfeet wide, and contains 600 looms and 25,992 spindles,\\noperated by two turbine wheels of 140 horse power, and\\na Corliss engine of 300 horse power. For a number of\\nj-ears the company has placed 7,000,000 j-ards of cloth\\non the market annually. The Troy Cotton and Woollen\\nManufactory, another of the older establishments in Fall\\nEiver, contains 932 looms, 38,928 spindles, producing\\nmore than 10,000,000 yards of print cloth annually.\\nFrom the time of the incorporation of the above men-\\ntioned mills, great changes have taken place in Fall\\nRiver. Between 1820 and 1830, several large corpora-\\ntions were organized. By the tariff bill of 1824, a new\\nstimulus was given to the energies of the people, and the\\nwhole count} rejoiced over its beneficial effects.* While\\nin 1820 the population of the town was but 1,594, in\\n1830 it had risen to 4,159.\\nThe first newspaper printed in Troy, as the town was\\nthen called, was issued Jan. 6, 1826, by Nathan Hall,\\nand called the Fall River Monitor. At that date, but\\nfour churches were in existence here. The Congrega-\\ntionalists, with Re^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0. Mr. Read pastor, worshipped in a\\nhouse on the site of the present Annawan Street school-\\nhouse. The Baptists still worshipped in the old meeting-\\nhouse near the buttonwood tree, with Rev. Job Borden\\nas pastor. The Methodists held meetings in the old\\nschool-house at the comer of South Main and Annawan\\nstreets. Of the places of worship of other denomina-\\ntions we are not advised. That the Catholics, who now\\nform so large a portion of the population, had no church\\nhere, we are positive, as, for many years subsequent,\\nthey were obliged to seek spiritual advice and consola-\\ntion from a priest in Taunton, nearlj twenty miles awaj-.\\nAt the present time the Catholics have six chm-ehes in\\nFall River. The number of churches and missions, of\\nall denominations, is twenty-nine.\\nA writer, who sailed up the river to Somerset, speaks\\nof Fall River as being at this time a city of the\\nwilderness rising in the midst of trees, hills, waterfalls,\\nand rural sceneiy. It then contained 36 stores, a\\ntavern, with a stone post 36 feet high, three physicians,\\none lawyer, and a bank, with a capital of $100,000.\\nPrevious to 1825, the only means of communication\\nbetween Fall River and the neighboring towns was by\\nmeans of private carriages, but in that year a stage line\\nwas established froni Pro^ddence and New Bedford, and\\nhad its tci-minus at Slade s Ferry. There was also\\nanother line which ran to Boston, Bristol, and Newport\\nvia Bristol Fcrr}-. In 1826, a horse boat was put on at\\nSlade s FciTy, and by this means the stages crossed to\\nFall River. This primitive transfer boat was superseded\\nin 1847, by the steam ferry-boat Faith. In 1827, the\\nsteamer Hancock commenced running regularly be-\\ntween this place and Providence. On May 19th, the\\nThere are now nearly thirty manufactories in Fall River, devoted to\\nthe production of cotton, linen and woollen goods, and prints. Besides\\nthese, there are numerous machine shops, a bleachery, a lai-go iron and\\nnail works, cooper shops, a carriage factory, marble works, c. Good\\noutlets for the products of these varied industries are afforded by a\\nrailroad to Providence, another to Boston, and by a fine steamboat line\\nto New York.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0126.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nsteamer Marco Bozzaris was advertised to run be-\\ntween Dighton and New York, stopping at Fall River,\\npassengers to be taken b} stage from Dighton to Boston.\\nSlany prosperous dajs had shone through long jcars\\nupon Fall River but at length a severe blow was given\\nits interests bj the conflagration which occurred in the\\nsummer of 1843. The fire, the origin of which was acci-\\ndental, broke out in a carpenter s shop on the north side of\\nBorden Street, on the afternoon of Sunday, Julj- 2, of the\\nj-ear above named. The flames, aided by a strong south\\nwind, spread rapidl}- in a northerly direction, and, in the\\ncourse of seven hours burned over twenty acres in the\\nvery heart of the village. The value of the propert}\\ndestroyed was estimated at over half a million of dollars.\\nThis disaster to the town, however, served but to stimu-\\nlate the inherent energies of the people, and not a great\\nwhile elapsed ere beautiful edifices adorned the scene of\\ndesolation.\\nThe very latest, and, in some of its aspects, by far the\\nheaviest and saddest blow that has ever befallen Fall\\nRiver still fresh in the memory- of all is, it were\\nhardly necessary to mention, the stupendous defalcations\\nof three men, occupjing at the time of their fall, promi-\\nnent and highly responsible official and social positions\\nS. Angier Chace, George F. Hathaway, and Charles V.\\nStickney all of whom arc now, as convicted felons,\\npa3 ing the penalt}- of their ill-judged acts.\\nIn 1854, Fall River was incorporated as a city, and\\nMay 6th of that year, James Buffinton was elected\\nmaj-or.\\nIn the dark hours of the Rebellion, which came on dur-\\ning the next decade, the people of the new cit^ were\\nunsurpassed in their devotion to the cause of freedom.\\nPromptly her sons responded to their countr3 s call, and\\nmany a battle-field was consecrated with the blood of her\\nsons. At the conclusion of the late war the population\\nof this place had risen to 17,525, and, in the next\\ntwelve 3 ears, the census rose to 45,113.\\nOf public buildings in Fall River, those that present\\nthe most pleasing appearance are the new Central Con-\\ngregational Church, erected in 1875, and built of brick\\nand sandstone in the early English Gothic style the\\nEpiscopal Church, Borden s Block, and the city hall.\\nThe Public Library and Reading-room is located on the\\nlower floor of the city hall, and contains upwards of\\n15,000 volumes.\\nThere are two public parks in Fall River, one located\\nin the north-east and the other in the southern part of the\\ncity. The latter, overlooking as it does Mt. Hope Bay,\\nand afl!br(ling a splendid view of the surrounding coun-\\ntry, promises to be, when the newly planted trees and\\nshrubbery shall have attained a sturdj growth, one of the\\nmost dehghtful spots in New England.\\nOak Grove Cemetery, comprising seventj-five acres of\\nland, is situated in the north-easterlj- part of the city. It\\nis, indeed, a beautiful resting-place for the dead. The\\nground, somewhat elevated, is well laid out with grav-\\nelled roadways and wallcs, mai-ked by manj monuments\\nof a high order of artisUc merit.\\nThe splendid water-works system with which this city\\nis supplied, went into operation Jan. 5, 1874, and the\\nfirst water was supplied to the citj- on January- 8th of the\\nsame j-ear.\\nBiorjraphical Sketches. Hon. James Buffinton, the\\nfirst maj-or of Fall River, was born in that city March\\n16, 1817. He received manj- honors from his fellow-\\ncitizens, and held eminent positions in the service of the\\ngovernment. He was for mauj- j-cars a member of\\nCongress general ti-easury agent under President John-\\nson, and revenue collector for the First Massachusetts\\nDistrict from 1864 to 1870. He died while a member of\\nthe lower house of Congress, March 6, 1874.\\nHon. Edward P. Buffinton, for some years mayor of\\nFall River, and one of the leading business men of that\\ncitj-, was born in Westport, Mass., Sept. 16, 1814. His\\ndeath occurred Oct. 2, 1871.\\nXew Bedford. This beautiful and prosperous city\\nis situated on the westerly side of Acushnet River, a small\\nestuar}-, near the western end of Buzzard s Baj-. It was\\noriginally a part of Dartmouth, from which it was set ofi\\nand, including the present town of Fairhaven, was incor-\\nporated in 1787. Bedford, the earl3- name of the old\\nvillage, was given it in honor of Joseph Russel, who\\nbore the family name of the Duke of Bedford. Jlr.\\nRussel was a descendant, in the fourth generation, of\\nRalph Russel, who earl^ came to Taunton, and helped\\nestablish an iron forge there, but subsequently came to\\nDartmouth, where he became engaged in the same busi-\\nness at a place now known as Russcl s Mills. After-\\nward, when it was ascertained that there was another\\nvillage of Bedford in the State, the present city of New\\nBedford took the name by which it is now designated.\\nNew Bedford is 55 miles south-east from Boston, and\\n228 north-cast from New York. The land rises grad-\\nually from the river, and, as the streets are well laid out,\\nand some of the buildings quite handsome, an excellent\\nview is afforded from the harbor. Although continuing\\nto be a part of the ancient Dartmouth until after the\\nRevolution, jet the village of Bedford was as distinctly\\nknown through a long number of years prior to the pas-\\nsage of the act of incorporation, as if it were a place", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0127.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "HISTOKY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nenjojing its own municipal privileges. Therefore manj\\nof the important events which have occurred in this\\nneighborhood will be given as part of the history of the\\npresent city.\\nThe struggles for existence of the first settlers in this\\nsection of the Old Colony were manifold and bitter.\\nBeing for the most part Quakers, their religious views\\nwere at variance with those of Pl^-mouth Court, and\\nearned for them the distrust of the greater portion of\\ntheir Puritan brethren. The rockj nature of the land\\nobliged them to locate only in those places which ad-\\nmitted of casj- cultivation, so that the commencement of\\nKing Philip s war found the homes of the people scat-\\ntered at long intervals one from the other, and an easy\\nproy to the Indians. Yet, in the harvest of their sor-\\nrows were sown the seeds of future prosperitj-. The\\nunjielding character of the soil, together with the recol-\\nlection of their fonner labors, and their almost barren\\nresults, at length compelled the inhabitants of this por-\\ntion of Dartmouth to seek other modes of living. The\\nwhale fishery, with its large profits, had for man}- j-ears\\nattracted the attention of maritime countries, and into\\nthis enteqirise the people of Bedford entered with a\\nspirit worthj- of their progenitors. The first ship\\nlaunched was the Dartmouth, in the 3 ear 17G7. She\\nmade her first voyage to London with a cargo of whale\\noil.* The early ventures of the Xcw Bedford people in\\nthe whaling business were necessarily- small, but success\\ncrowning their first etforts, other and larger vessels were\\nput into the business.\\nThe wars of the Revolution and 1812,1 however,\\nbrought ruin to many whose wealth was principally in\\nmarine property but, notwithstanding these obstacles,\\nthe prudence, skill, and daring of Xew Bedford sailors\\ntriumphed, and in the end achieved for their native city\\nthe honor, -which she wears to-day, of being the largest\\nwhaling port in the world. During the struggle for\\nindependence, the harbors of Buzzard s Baj- were not\\nalone resorts for whaling vessels thej- were also ren-\\ndezvous for privateersmen and prizes taken from the\\nenem\\\\-. This fact coming to the knowledge of Sir\\nHenry Clinton, he dispatched, in 1778, a fleet imder\\ncommand of Maj. Gen. Charles Earle Gre}-, for the\\ndestruction of property- in that part of the New England\\ncoast. I\\nThe good people of Bedford village were f\\nThis ship afterwards came into Boston freighted with tea, which\\nhistorians say was disposed of in rather a peculiar manner.\\nt It (the v.ar of 1S12) was a sad war for our little commnnitr,\\nremarks Mr. Crapo, for the commerce of the country was swept from\\ntlie ocean, and it was on the ocean alone that the inhabitants of New\\nBedford depended for their support. It was tliis disagi-ecablc fact,\\nof the first naval battle of the Revolution. On the otli\\nof Ma3 (1775), Capt. Linzee, of the Falcon, captured\\ntwo provincial sloops at Bedford. He intended to send\\nthem to Martha s Mneyard, and freight sheep to Boston\\nbut the Bedford people fitted out two sloops, with thirty i\\nmen, and retook the captured vessels, with fifteen men on\\nboard. In the action three of the Falcon s crew were\\nwounded, and one of them mortally. Thirteen prisoners\\nwere sent to Cambridge. Frothingham s Siege of\\nBoston.\\nThe command in this gallant action was divided be-\\ntween Capt. Egery and Nathaniel Pope. As manj- of\\nthe people of Bedford had at that time conscientious\\nscruples about throwing otf their allegiance to George j\\nIII., the prisoners were hastily sent to Taunton, in order\\nto pat them beyond the reach of a writ of habeas corpus.\\nWhile these noble exploits were being performed at\\nhome, there were those who, in divers places, reflected\\nhonor on their native town, and the records at the State\\nHouse point to the names of manj- of the sous of ancient\\nDartmouth, who made a cheerful oflTcring of their lives\\nfor the freedom of their countrv. It has before been\\nintimated that at the cessation of hostilities the whahng\\nbusiness, with the progress of which the histoiy of New\\nBedford is so intimately connected, was almost prostrate.\\nY et it is impossible, at this date, to fully rcahze the\\ndeplorable condition of affairs that then existed. Manj-\\nmerchants were bankrupt others had all their vessels\\ndestroved while those more fortunate were seriouslj\\ncmban-assed bj- the duty imposed hy the British govern-\\nment on oils shipped from foreign ports. Though sadly\\ncrippled, yet it was with stout hearts these merchants\\nbent themselves to the work of rcpaii-ing their fortunes.\\nAs an evidence of their enterprise and energy we will\\ninstance the fact that the ship Rebecca, of New Bed-\\nford, Joseph Kearslej master, was the first American\\nvessel that doubled Cape Horn, and obtained a cargo of\\noil in the Pacific Ocean.\\nThe number of dwelling-houses in the village of Bed-\\nford in 1801 was 185. The public builliiigs were a\\nmeeting-house for Friends, one for Congicgationahsts,\\ntwo large school-houses, one for each of these soci-\\neties, an almshouse, and a small market-house. In\\n1803, there were owned in New Bedford, 32 ships and\\n31 brigs. House lots sold at from S500 to $2,000 each,\\naccording to location.\\nas much as the peace proclivities of the people, that led to\\ntheir decidedly unpatriotic deliverances, July 21, 1814, in town meet-\\ning, unquaUfiedly disappro\\\\-ing, by formal vote, of the war then in\\nprogress.\\nX The loss of property by this visit of the British has been pretty\\ngenerally estimated at \u00c2\u00a320,000.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0128.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nAmong those who took a prominent part in the ad-\\nvancement of the affairs of the town at this period none\\nlabored more earnestly than the Eotch famih-. Their\\nefforts were characterized by a spirit and zeal truly\\nadmirable. On Tuesday, Nov. 27, 1792, was issued the\\nfirst newspaper published in Kcw Bedford. It was\\nentitled The Medley, or New Bedford Marine Jour-\\nnal, and was printed and published bj John Rotch,\\nat his office near Eotch s Wharf. How, or when, its\\nexistence terminated, we cannot determine. The suc-\\ncessor of The Medley was The Columbian Courier,\\nedited by Abraham Sherman, at the Four Comers. It,\\nlike its predecessor, was a weekly paper, and continued a\\nlittle more than five years. The first number appeared\\nDec. 8, 1799. In 1803, to meet the pressing wants of\\nbusiness, the first banking institution of the village was\\nincorporated. It was styled The Bedford Bank, and\\nstarted with a capital of $G0,000, which was subse-\\nquently increased to $160,000. Thomas Howland,\\npresident.\\nThe Bedford Marine Insurance Companj- was\\nestablished in 1805, with a capital of $150,000.\\nIn 1847, New Bedford received its city charter.*\\nWith their advancement in wealth the merchants of New\\nBedford have evinced a spirit of enterprise commendable\\nto other localities in the county. Taught b3 sad experi-\\nence the folly of placing their reliance on one industry\\nalone, they have, with an increase of money-power,\\nbuilt up around them manufactories of various kinds, f\\nOf that class of sterling men, men of clear heads,\\nstout hearts, and strong arms, to whom New Bedford\\nis indebted for her present proud position, there is, per-\\nhaps, no better example tlian Cornelius Grinnell. His\\nancestors came over from England in 1710 and settled in\\nLittle Compton, R. I., where Capt. Grinnell was born\\nFeb. 11, 1758. At an earlj age he removed to New\\nBedford, and served his time at the hatter s trade with\\nIts population was then, exclusive of Fairhaven, 15,000. Three\\nyears previous, the value of oil and bone brought into the toivn was\\n$3,003,324. In 1S.33, the products of tlie whale fishery realized gllO,-\\n703,107.83; but it was in 1Sj7 that this Industry reached its highest\\npoint in capital, vcss-cls, and tonnage. During the latter year the New\\nBedford whaling fleet of 329 ships and outfits was worth more than\\n$12,000,000, and requured the services of 10,000 seamen. In the w.ar for\\nsecession the ships and outfits belonging to this port, destroyed by\\nConfederate privateers, amounted in value to about $1 ,300,000. In Sep-\\ntember, 1871, thirty-three ships had to be abandoned in the ice of\\nthe Arctic Ocean. Twenty-nvo of the numljcr belonged in New Bed-\\nford, and were valued, regardless of the oil and bone on board, at\\n$1,090,000.\\nt Beside the manufacture of the products of the whale fishery, there\\nare at present two shipyards, five boat-building establishments, three\\nmatt and spar yards, and a cordage factory in the city. There is also a\\nrolling, slit:ing. and nail mill, two hollow ware and casting fur-\\nnaces; establishments for the manufacture of steam-engines, iron rail-\\nhis brother-in-law, Joseph Austin. At the termination\\nof his apprenticeship he started in business for himself,\\nbut was left bankrupt by the burning of the town by the\\nBritish in 1778. Being a person of great determination\\nof character he soon sought other methods to mend his\\ncircumstances, and shortly we find him, yet a young\\nman, acting in the capacitj of shipmaster. From the\\ntime that he obtained command of a vessel fortune\\nseemed to smile upon his labors, and ere long he became\\nthe possessor of ample means and a wide reputation.\\nHe died in the cit3 of his adoption April 19, 1850, leav-\\ning to posteritj^, besides his large wealth, an unsullied\\nname. J\\nA noted merchant of New Bedford was George\\nHowland, for manj- years president of the Bedford Com-\\nmercial Bank. He died the possessor of great wealth.\\nMay 21, 1852, at the age of seventj-. Among his be-\\nquests were $15,000 to a Friends School at Ilaverford,\\nPa. $5,000 for a school in North Carolina and $50,000\\nin trust for a school for young females.\\nThroughout a great portion of the last century New\\nBedford was the home of the celebrated Dr. Samuel\\nWest. He was born at Yarmouth, March 4, 1730;\\ngraduated from Harvard College in 1754, and was\\nordained as a minister in 17G1. Four j-ears later, hav-\\ning become a strong Whig partisan, he was chosen a\\nmember of the convention for framing the Constitution\\nof Massachusetts, and subsequently a member of the con-\\nvention for the adoption of the Constitution of the United\\nStates. Dr. West was the author of several books, and\\nwas a memljor of the Academy of Science at Philadel-\\nphia and Boston. He died Sept. 24, 1807.\\nHon. Jabez D. Hammond, LL. D., a distinguished\\njurist and author, member of Congress from New York,\\nand also State senator and county- judge, was born in\\nNew Bedford Aug. 2, 1778, and died Aug. 18, 1855.\\nHon. John Hem y Clifford, whom Massachusetts hon-\\ning, and fence, chemical preparations, metal sheathing for vessels, yel-\\nlow sheathing, a copper manufactory, and two brass foundries. Added\\nto these is a large establishment for the manufacture of linEced oil, and\\ncarriage-shops that turned out $183,100 worth of work in 1875. There\\nis also an immense amount of work done in flouring mills, copper-bolt\\nfactories, boot and shoe shops, looking-glass and pictm-e-frame estal\\nlishments. In 1S75, the amount of capital invested in the manufacture\\nof cotton cloth was $3,100,000, and the value of goods made and work\\ndone the same year was $2,836,703.\\ntilis son, Joseph Grinnell, bora in 1788, became a distinguished\\nmerchant, and represented his district in Congress from 1844-52.\\nAnother son was Moses H. Grinnell, born in New Bedford Nov. 3,\\n1803. After finishing his studies at a Friends Academy he be-\\ncame engaged in mercantile affairs, and was frequently sent abroad as\\nsupercargo. He was elected a member of Congress in 1839-41. In\\n18G9, Mr. Grinnell was appointed collector of the port of New York\\nbut it was as a promoter of Dr. Kane s Arctic Expedition that he was\\nmost distinguished.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0129.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nored-n-iththeLighcst office in ber gift, was for the greater ancient iion-workers, engaged, under the firm-name of\\nportion of his lile a resident of New Bedford. Leonard Crockers, in a branch of the favorite industrj\\nNew Bedford has a population of ^^,,.^=___^^ of their forefathers, in the village of\\n26,000. Manj of the private resi- Hopewell, in the northern part of\\ndences are quite beautiful, while N. the town. The slitting and nail\\nsome of the public buildings evi- ^^p -X mills of these parties not only fur-\\ndence a fine architectural taste. I employment to hundreds of\\nThe custom-house, city hnll, and l,. finniUes in this vicinity, but also\\npost-office are imposing structuns j gave to the products of Taunton\\nof native granite. Tlie latter build- manufacture a repute which justly\\ning was erected in 1836, at a cost increased in succeeding years,\\nof $31,700. The customs huildiii- In 1807, after the death of Samuel\\nwas completed in 1830, at an ex- Leonard and VTilliam A. Crocker,\\npense of $00,000. New Bedford, A V Samuel Crocker having associated\\nwhile earnest in trying to satisfv ^XM. itb himself Thomas Bu3h and\\nthe material aspirations of her peo- ^J^Wj^ St^-SaSfifR-J Richmond, the business was\\npie, has not been negligent of their ^^|ig^\u00c2\u00bb,iB j^ ^^^jfej^nw continued under their management\\nintellectual needs. Under the will bfllnS tH I^^^^^^BhH for a number of years. At a sub-\\nof Sylvia Ann Howlnnd, the city of R-i^||^^H^LLa|H^^HB sequent period, on the decease of\\nNew Bedford was b ^queathcd tlie ^^^^^^^^^^KUKK/Kk business was con-\\nsum of $100,000 for the promo- Te^||l|^^^^^lf-1PHPriHESS^ ducted by the remaining members\\ntion and support, within the city, (n lijabi*. j gf t^g gj-m.\\nliberal education and the oilargc- J IMessrs. Crocker Richmond not\\nment, from time to time, of the Free ^^S^^^^^ only engaged in the manufacture of\\nPubUc Library. The latter build- c ii m i m n bi di oi copper and iron, but, in 1823, they,\\ning was completed in 1857, at a co^t of $10,000. It l T\\\\ithotlui Mcie empowered tocarry on the businessof\\ncontains 33,000 volumes, besides numerous pamphlets, bleaching and printing cottons, mushns, and silks. By\\nand has an annual income from trust funds of $3.1.56. their enterprise, many foreign mechanics, mostly EngUsh,\\nNew Bedford was made a shire\\ntown for holding courts in\\n1827. Most of the religious\\ndenominations have erect^^ 1\\nedifices in New Bedford 1 ut\\nthose alone worthy of spc(\\nmention are the Lnitiii\\nCongregational, Fpiscoj\\nand Roman Catholic churc Ii\\nThe Methodist and Bi ti t\\ndenominations are not TMth\\nout a fair representation in\\nthis thriving city by the s\u00c2\u00b0a\\nTaiinton. The iion en-\\nterprise, initiated by the\\nLeonards in 1652, was des\\ntined to be the basis of the\\nwealth and world-^ ide celeb-\\nrity of the present city of\\nTaunton. About the begin-\\nning of the present century, Samuel Leonard, Samuel I parts. The copper-works\\nand William A. Crocker, all lineal descendants of the Brothers in 1825, and incorporated with\\nwere called to the place, and\\nTaunton acquired the reputa-\\ntion of being one of the larg-\\nest mnnufacturirg towns in\\nthe State.\\nWlien W. A. Crocker died,\\nin 1807, he bequeathed to his j\\nsons, Samuel L., William A.\\nand George A. Crocker, be-\\nsides a goodly share of wealth,\\nnot a little of the character-\\nistic tact and energy of his\\nprogenitors.\\nIt is not surprising, there-\\nfore, that these young men\\nshould be found devoting\\nthemselves with all their in-\\nhcritcd vigor to the develop- 1\\nment of an industry which\\nhad received, as yet, but in- j\\ndifferent attention in these\\nwas originated bj-the Crocker\\ncapital of i", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0130.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\n$200,000 the following j ear. The machinery of the\\ncompany was located in Norton, but the office was\\non irain Street, in Taunton, in rooms over the Taunton\\nBank. From the start the enterprise was a positive suc-\\ncess. Besides manufacturing a large amount of other\\ncopper material for the General Government, Crocker\\nBros., from 1830 to 1853, furnished coin to the United\\nStates Mint of the value of $75,000 annually. The\\nimmense increase in their business, and the better facili-\\nties for transportation afforded by Taunton, at length\\ndetermined the companj to remove the greater part of\\ntheir works to the latter place, where they are now in\\noperation. From time to time, other stockholders have\\nbought in, and the capital stock increased, until it is at\\npresent $900,000. The onlj surviving member of tlie\\nCrocker Bros., is the Hon. Samuel L. Crocker, now in\\nhis 75th year. He represented his district two terms in\\nCongress.\\nIn 1827, Albert Field, then a j oung man of thirty,\\nconstructed his first machine for the manufacture of\\nbrads. His place of business was on the east side of Spring\\nStreet, near the site of the present extensive works of\\nA. Field Sons. Three years later, he purchased one\\nof Reed s tack-machincs, and employed E. S. Caswell to\\ntake charge of it. Under the combined inventive genius\\nof employer and employee, and the judicious management\\nof the former, the business prospered. One machine\\nafter another was built, the buildings were enlarged, im-\\nprovements in the methods of manufacturing were origi-\\nnated or adopted, until now the tack-works, started by\\nAlbert Field in 1827, is th^ leading concern of its kind\\non the Western Continent.\\nAnother local industry merits particular notice in the\\nhistory of Taunton. This is the manufacture of britannia,\\nintroduced b3 Isaac Babbitt in 1824. Six j-ears later the\\nTaunton Britannia Manufacturing Company was organ-\\nized, and commenced operations on the present site of\\nReed Barton s works. From this beginning has grown\\nthe present establishment for the manufacture of britannia,\\nalbata, silver and silver-plated ware, conducted by Messrs.\\nReed Barton, the oldest and largest in the United States.\\nIn good times, about 500 hands are employed.\\nWilliam Mason, whose splendid mechanical genius\\nhas made him conspicuous in the business annals\\nof our country, came to Taunton from Connecticut,\\nwhen Crocker, Richmond Co. were at the height of\\ntheir prosperity. It was while employed in the machine-\\nshop of Messrs. Leach Keith that he brought to per-\\nfection the great invention of his life. This was the\\nself-acting mule, the manufacture of which has added\\ngreatly to the material prosperity of his adopted city.\\nMr. Mason began, in 1845, the erection of Mason s\\nMachine Works. The main shop was 315 feet long and\\nthree stories high, but a rapidly increasing business has\\ncompelled the erection of building after building, until\\nnow the works cover an area of sis acres. At first, Mr.\\nMason confined himself to the production of cotton and\\nwoollen machinery, in the manufacture of which he was\\neminently successful. Subsequently he modified and\\nenlarged his plans, and, in 1853, brought out his first\\nlocomotive, which immediately elicited warmest praise\\nfrom mechanics for its beauty and remarkalile s\\\\imnctry\\nof design. During the Rebellion, Mr. Mason did quite a\\nbusiness in the manufacture of firearms for the govern-\\nment, producing, for a short period, as many as 600\\nSpringfield rifles per week. Some years ago he made\\nan improvement in car wheels, and erected a foun-\\ndry for their production. In prosperous seasons, ]\\\\Iason s\\nMachine Works give employment to 700 men.\\nMr. Mason s locomotive, meanwhile, was not the first\\nproduced in Taunton. This piece of mechanism came\\nfrom the shops of the Taunton Locomotive Company,\\nincorporated in 1847. This company sent out the first\\nlocomotive that ran west of the Mississippi. Their loco-\\nmotives have been so distinguished for speed and pov.cr\\nas to attract attention in England. Two hundred and\\nfifty hands are usually emploj ed at this establishment.\\nThe Taunton Paper fllauufacturing Company was in-\\ncorporated in 1847. Other corporations, of which space\\nforbids a more extended account, ai-e the Dean Cotton\\nManufacturing Company, incorporated in 1815 Dean\\nCotton and Machine Company (1848) Taunton Cotton\\nand Machine Company (1874) Bristol Print Works\\n(1833) Crocker Manufacturing Compan}- Taun-\\nton Iron Company (1837) Old Colony Iron Company\\n(1844) Phenix Manufacturing Company (1850) Taun-\\nton Iron Works Company (1854) Taunton Tack Com-\\npany (1854) and Stearns, Son Hall Silver-Plate\\nCompany (1879). Beside these there are many com-\\npanies manufacturing cotton fabrics, machinists tools,\\nstove linings, stoves, hollow ware, print rolls, stationary\\nengines, c.\\nAnother industrj of Taunton towards the close of the\\nlast century was the manufacture of brick.\\nThe first banking institution known in Taunton was\\nincorporated June 23, 1812. It was located in the lower\\npart of the building on Main Street, now used for a shoe\\nstore bj II. L. Peck. It was called the Taunton Bank.\\nJudge Samuel Fales was the first president.\\nThat this hnsiness was carried on to a considerable extent is appar-\\nent from the foct that not less than ten sloops, of thirty tons each, were\\nemployed in the exportation of this article.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0131.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW EXGLAN D.\\nThe first savings bank in Taunton ivas organized\\nFeb. 6, 1827. It was styled tlie Trovident Institu-\\ntion for Savings, and was located in a room of the late\\nWilliam Crandall a house, comer of Howard Street and\\nCity Square. This institution, in 1840, passed into the\\nhands of receivers.\\nJacob Chapin was editor of the first newspaper pub-\\nlished in Taunton. This was a weekly sheet, whose\\nearliest number appeared in 1821. The Old Colony\\nJournal and Columbian Reporter, as the paper was\\nstyled, has been continued, under several names, to the\\npresent time, and has absorbed several other papers. It\\nis now the Bristol Count} Republican, published by\\nthe Hon. Ezra Davol.\\nOther newspapers are\\nthe Daily Gazette,\\nstarted by Edmund An-\\nthony in 1849, and the\\nHousehold Gazette.\\nThe Taimton Police\\nCourt was organized\\nMarch 21, 1834, and\\nJames EUis was the first\\njudge.\\nIn 1853, gas was in-\\ntroduced into the city by\\nthe Taunton Gaslight\\nCompan} incorporated\\nFebS-uarj- 11th of that\\nyear.\\nTaunton was incorpo-\\nrated a city in 1SG4, and\\nin Januarj of the ensu-\\ning year, the municipal\\ngovernment was inaugurated\\nas mayor.\\nPublic Binlding.f, ScJiools, c. In 1854, this town\\nwas selected as the one in which the second State\\nLunatic Hospital should be erected. This is an impos-\\ning structure, built much in the style of similar institu-\\ntions, is beautifully bordered by river, farming-grounds,\\nand woodlands, and is considered one of the best man-\\naged asjlums in the countiy. Beyond this and the Epis-\\ncopal, St. Mary s (Catholic) and the Unitarian churches,\\ntliere are no buildings in Taunton deserving particular\\nnotice. Attention is called to the two former, on account\\nof their architectur.al beauty, and to the latter because of\\nthe associations with which its history is interwoven,\\nfor this church has come down to us through a long\\nMr. Baylies savs that Henry Uxley was the first schoolmaster in\\nTaunton, but gives no further information al)out hlin.\\nh H lUnnctt\\navenue of years as the representative of that other\\nchurch in which worshipped the early settlers of ancient\\nCohannet.\\nThe first schoolmaster in Taunton,* of whom any\\nmention is made, was one Master Bishop, who probably\\ncame here with some of the proprietors in the original\\nor Tetiquet Purchase. Very little is known concerning\\nhim, yet that he was a person of no mean ability, is\\nmade manifest by Lechford, who states that he assisted\\nat the ordination of Rev. William Hooke. A school\\nwhich man}- in this and neighboring places regard with a\\nrespect approaching veneration, is the Bristol Academy.\\nThis institution was incorporated May 30, 1792, for\\nthe promotion of piety,\\nmoralitj-aud patriotism.\\nThe act of incorporation,\\nobtained through the in-\\nstrumentality of Gen.\\nCobb, was accompanied\\nb}^ a grant of a town-\\nship, six miles square, in\\nthe district of Maine.\\nThe academy was opened\\nwith an address by the\\nfirst principal. Rev. Wil-\\nliam Daggett, July 18,\\n1706. The present school\\nsystem embraces twcnt}--\\neight schools, including\\none high and five gram-\\nmar schools. The Taun-\\nton Public Library was\\nestabhshed in 18G6, It\\ncontains over 15,000 vol-\\numes, pamphlets, .c Mr. S. B. King, at his death,\\nkit m trust to the city the sum of $1,000, the interest\\nof which is applied, as was designed it should be, to the\\npurchase of books for this library.\\nIn the western part of the city proper is situated\\nMount Pleasant Cemetery, incorporated in 1836. The\\ngrounds cover an area of about twelve acres, traversed\\nby beautiful avenues, shaded by wide-spreading trees.\\nWithin this cemeterj- stands the monument erected by\\nthe ladies of Taunton to the memory of Elizabeth\\nPoole.\\nThe churches of Taunton j are seventeen in number.\\nThe Unitarian is the oldest, being organized in 1G37.\\nBiographical Notes. Judge Thomas Leonard, son\\nof James Leonard, one of those who established the\\nt Of these, five are Congregationalis\\nhrcc Catholic, and one Episcopal.\\nfour Methodist, two Baptist,", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0132.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\niron worlis at Taunton, was the first phjsician in that\\ntown of whom we have any record. He was a native of\\nWales, but came to this countrj- while quite 3 0ung. He\\nheld several positions of honor, and died in 1713, in the\\nenjoj-ment of universal esteem.\\nGen. David Cobb, son of Thomas Cobb and Ljdia\\nLeonard of Taunton, was born while his mother was\\nvisiting some friends in Attleborough, Sept. 14, 1748.\\nHis i^arents were wealthy for those days, and he was\\nreared in accordance with their circumstances. Edu-\\ncated at Harvard University, and studying medicine\\nwith Dr. Perkins, a celebrated physician of Boston, ho\\nbegan the practice of the medical profession in that city,\\nwhere his great talents won him distinction. Returning\\nto Taunton at the urgent request of his father, he con-\\ntinued in practice there with marked success. But, in\\nthe early days of the Revolution, he espoused the patriot\\ncause, and, as a soldier, achieved distinction. He was\\nthe confidential friend of Knox, Greene, Lincoln, and\\nHamilton, and aid-de-camp to Washington. He sub-\\nsequently served in the legislature of his native State,\\nin the National Congress, as judge of the Court of\\nCommon Pleas, and major-general in the Massachusetts\\nmilitia. In 1795 he removed to Maine, and, in 1802,\\nwas cliosen president of the State Senate. He was\\nafterwards a member of the governor s council, lieuten-\\nant-governor, chief justice of the Court of Common\\nPleas, and major-general of the militia. He returned\\nto Taunton in 1815, and died April 17, 1830.*\\nHon. Samuel White, the first lawyer in Taunton,\\nwas born in Braintree in 1710. During the days of\\nthe Stamp Act, while speaker of the Massachusetts\\nHouse, he signed the circular which called together the\\nfirst Amciican Congress. He died in Taunton in 1769.\\nRobert Treat Paine, one of the signers of the Decla-\\nration of Independence, was for many years a resident\\nof Taunton. Born in Boston, in 1731, and educated at\\nHarvard University, he became an able and successful\\nadvocate. As speaker of the Jlassachusetts House,\\nattorney-general, and judge of the Supreme Court, he\\nfulfilled the high promise of his earlier j ears. His death\\noccurred May 11, 1814.\\nThomas Paine, son of the above, born in Taunton,\\nWhile judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Bristol County, an\\nincident occurred wliich displays an element of his character in its\\nstrongest light. Tlie event transpired during Shays Rebellion in 1780.\\nSuits had been entered in the previous couit, and when the time anivcd\\nfor recording the judgments in the cases, much excitement arose in Taun-\\nton, where court was to bo convened. On one side of the Green,\\narmed men thronged the streets declaring their intention to resist the\\nlaw. When the situation was made known to Gen. Cobb, he arrayed\\nhimself in his uniform of major-general, and stepping into the street,\\nDec. 9, 1773, was a man of splendid talents, but of\\nrather erratic habits. Upon the death of his brother,\\nRobert Treat Paine, Jr., he, with the authority of the\\nMassachusetts legislatm-e, assumed that person s name,\\ndesiring, as he expressed it, to have a Chi-istian\\nname. He was in mercantile business, and afterwards\\na lawyer in Boston, and died in that citj* Nov. 13, 1811.\\nHe was the author of the famous song, Adams and\\nLiberty, and other poems.\\nGen. James Williams, son of Judge James Williams,\\nwas born in Taunton in 1741. Y or fifty-six years he was\\nregister of deeds for Bristol Count}-, a position which his\\nfather had previously held. He commanded a company\\nof minute-men at the beginning of the Revolution. In\\n1778, when the British landed on Rhode Island, he was\\nin command of a Taunton companj and took part in\\nthe battle that ensued. After the war he was activclj-\\ninterested in the cause of education. He died in Taun-\\nton in 1826. His son Alfred succeeded him in the office\\nof the registry of deeds, and held that position for\\ntwenty years. Thus it will be seen that, for ninet3--five\\nj-ears, the office of register in this county remained in\\nthe Williams family.\\nHon. John Mason Williams, LL. D., son of Gen.\\nJames Williams, born in Taunton in 1780, and a grad-\\nuate of Brown Universitj-, was a prominent lawyer in\\nhis native town, and in New Bedford. He was after-\\nwards associate justice and chief justice of the Court of\\nCommon Pleas, and died in 1808.\\nHon. Henry Williams has long been a prominent and\\ninfluential citizen of Taunton. He is a native of the\\ncitj-, and about 73 j-ears of age. Graduating from\\nBrown Universitj-, he chose the profession of law, and\\nrapidly rose to distinction. As a member of both\\nbranches of the State government, representative to\\nCongress, and in other important official positions, he\\nhas reflected honor upon his constituents. Throughout\\nhis life-time he has taken an active interest in the growth\\nand prosperity of Taunton. He is a direct descendant,\\nby his father and mother, of Richard Williams, the\\nfather of Taunton.\\nHon. Marcus Morton, LL. D., born in Freetown, Feb.\\n19, 1784, was for a long period a resident of Taunton.\\nformed what militia he could muster into line, with cannon in front\\nof them, on the opposite side of tlio square. Then, sword in hand,\\nho advanced into the common and drew a line upon the gicen-\\nswai-d, saying to the leader of the mob, Pass that lino and I fiic;\\nthe blood be upon your own head. His bravery was well known\\nto them, for they had served under him, and realized the terril le\\nconsequence of trifling with such a man at such an hour. The\\nmob quietly withdrew, court was held, and the dignity of the l; .w\\nmaintained.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0133.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nHe gi-adiiated from Brown University, and was admitted\\nto the bar in 1807. He was subsequently clcrli of tlie\\nMassachusetts Senate, member of Congress, lieutenant-\\ngovernor, Supreme Court judge for fourteen years, gov-\\nernor of Massachusetts, collector of the port of Boston,\\nand a leader in the Free-soil movement. He died in\\nTaunton in 1864.\\nHon. Francis Baylies, bom in Dighton, Oct. 16, 1783,\\nachieved special distinction in literary pursuits. He\\nwas at one time a member of Congress, and subse-\\nquently United States Cliarcje cT Affaires to Brazil. His\\nMemoir of Plymouth Colony. published in 1828, and\\nrepublished with notes and additions, by Drake, in 18G6,\\nis pronounced one of the best works of its kind extant.\\nMr. Baylies died in Taunton, Oct. 28, 1852.\\nAttlebokough, formerly a part of Rehoboth, and\\nhaving at present a population of 9,224, was set oflT and\\nincorporated Oct. 19, 1694. It was named from a mar-\\nket town in the county of Norfolk, Eng. The fii st\\nminister was Matthew Short, settled in 1712 the sec-\\nond, Ebenezer White, in 1715 the third, Habijah Weld,\\nin 1726. The last-named gentleman preached here fiftj-\\nyears. The principal industry of Attleborough has been\\nfor many j-ears the manufacture of jewelry, as manj as\\nthLrt3 -six establishments, with a million and a half of\\ncapital, being engaged in this branch of trade alone.\\nAmong the distinguished men bom in this town, was\\nRev. Napthali Daggett, D.D., a graduate of Yale Col-\\nlege, and subsequently professor of divinity and acting\\npresident of that institution. When the British attacked\\nNew Haven, in 1779, he shouldered his fowling-piece\\nand joined in the fight. Being taken piisoner, he was\\ncompelled to act as guide to his captors, and, while per-\\nforming this reluctant service, received wounds from the\\nbayonets of the bi^utal soldierj from which he never\\nrecovered. He died Nov. 25, 1780, at the age of 53.\\nHis son Hcnrj was an officer in the patriot army.\\nHon. David Daggett, LL. D., an eminent jurist, born\\nin this town in 1764, was at one time a member of the\\nUnited States Senate. He was also maj or of New\\nHaven, and died in that city in 1851.\\nOther noted men, natives of this town, were Jonathan\\nIn 1875 print-cloth sheeting to the value of \u00c2\u00a7695,000 was made.\\nThe total value of the goods made in this town, the same year, was\\n$3,485,018. There are in Attleborongh eight churches, one national\\nand one savings bank, and one weelily newspaper. An agricultural\\nsociety, recently formed, holds yearly meetings here, and has built a\\nhall in the town at an expense of \u00c2\u00a725,000.\\nt Upon the easterly bank of Taunton River, about seven miles from\\nthe present city of Taunton, stands a rock measuring some nine or ten\\nfeet at its base, and about four feet in height, on whose face are graven\\ncharacters which have proved to antiquarians a subject of deepest inter-\\nMaxcey, D. D., an eloquent divine, president succes-\\nsively of Brown University, Union College, and Columbia\\nCollege, S. C. (died in 1820) andEzekielG. Robinson,\\npresident of Brown University.\\nBerkley, originally a part of Taunton, and afterwards\\nof Dighton, was incorporated April 18, 1735, and named\\nin honor of Bishop Berkeley. The famous Dighton\\nRock t is located here. The first minister of this town\\nwas Rev. Samuel Tobey, settled in 1737. Rev. William\\n]\\\\Iason Cornell, LL. D., author of A^arious works, was born\\nin Berkley Oct. 16, 1802. Some shipbuilding was formerh\\ncan-ied on in this place, but the people are now princi-\\npallj engaged in fishing and agriculture. Population, 781.\\nDabtmouth. The present village of Dartmouth\\ncomprises but a smaU portion of the territorj- embraced\\nby the ancient town. The principal products of industry\\nare oil, spermaceti, whalebone, lumber, Indian com,\\nc. Population, 3,434. Henrj- H. Crapo, govemor of\\nJliehigan, from 1865 to 1869, was born in Dartmouth,\\nMay 24, 1804, and died in Flint, Mich., July 23, 1869.\\nDighton, a town of 1,755 inhabitants, lies in the\\ncentral part of Bristol County, on the western bank of\\nTaunton River. It was embraced in the South j\\nPurchase of Taunton, and was named in honor of\\nFrances Dighton, wife of Richard Williams, the father\\nof that town. Dighton was incorporated Ma}- 30, 1712.\\nWilliam Baylies, M. D., born in Uxbridge, Mass., Dec.\\n5, 1743, died here June 17, 1826. He earlj came to\\nDighton, and was a successful practitioner there. A\\nman of rare mental endowments, he was a member of\\nthe Academj of Arts and Sciences, of Massachusetts i\\nHistorical Societj-, and a founder of Massachusetts j\\nMedical Society. He was also a member of Congress\\nfrom 1805 to 1809.\\nEaston, population 3,898, the Indian name of which\\nwas Hockamock, was also a part of Taunton until 1725,\\nwhen it was incorporated. The town was named in\\nhonor of John Easton, who was govemor of Rhode\\nIsland from 1690 to 1694. A weekly paper is\\nest for nearly two centuries. As a result of their studies, some of\\nthe savans have maintained that the inscription was traced by a party\\nof Phoenicians who, diiven by stress of weather to our shores, w.andercd\\nup this quiet river to lay by and repair damages. Again, there are\\nthose who assert that the hieroglyphics arc the work of some ancient\\nIndian tribe who formerly dwelt hero, and who removed, or were\\ndestroyed at some remote period by the ravages of war, pestilence, or\\nfamine. If the first of these conjectures be correct, then, as Baylies\\naptly remarks, Dighton Rock, as it is called, has a greater antiquity\\nthan anv similar rehc in Europe.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0134.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\npublished here. Easton manufactures one-half the\\nshovels made in all the world. Eev. David Reed, editor\\nand founder of The Cliristian Register, was born\\nhere in 1790. His death occurred June 7, 1870. Oakes\\nAmes, M. C, was born in Easton Jan. 10, 1804, and\\ndied May 8, 1873.\\nFairhaven, originally a part of Dartmouth, and\\nafterwards of New Bedford, was incorporated in 1812.\\nThe village was laid out in 17C4 on Acushnet River,\\nwhich here forms a beautiful harbor, or fair haven, of\\nnearly a mile in breadth. Formerlj Fairhaven was\\nmuch interested in the whale fishery but of late the\\nattention of the inhabitants has been turned more\\ntowards manufacturing. Tlie value of goods made, and\\nwork done in 1875 was 8387,000 There are fi-\\\\e\\nchurches here, besides a\\nbeautiful resting-place for\\nthe dead, called Riverside\\nC(-meterv, dedicated in\\n18.-30. Population, 2,768.\\nR A Y N n A M population\\n1,687, a part of the ancient\\nTetiquet Purchase, was in-\\ncorporated in 1731. In this\\ntown, the first iron forge in\\nAmerica was built. Here,\\nalso, was Fowling Pond,\\na favorite resort of King\\nPhilip, and here was kept\\nunder a doorstep for sev-\\neral weeks the head of that famous chief. The first minis-\\nter settled in this place was Rev. John Wales, in 1731.\\nFor some time preceding the Revolution, Raynham was\\nthe home of Benjamin Church, M. D., great-grandson of\\nCol. Benjamin Church. Dr. Church was born in Newport,\\nR. I., in 1734. He came to Raynham about 1768,\\nwhore he built an elegant mansion, and led an extrav-\\nagant and licentious life. An ardent Whig in the years\\nprior to the struggle for independence, his eminent\\nabilities won for him a place in the Provincial Congress,\\nand the office of phj sicinn-general to the patriot armj-.\\nSubsequently, having been detected in treasonable cor-\\nrespondence with the enemy, he was expelled from\\nCongress and imprisoned. Ho died in England in 1788.\\nRehoboth. The ancient town of Rehoboth, on\\naccount of subdivisions, has lost much of its original\\nterritory. The population is 1,827. The eminent p-r-\\nsons born here were Benjamin West, LL. D. (1700-\\n1810), famous as an astronomer; Daniel Reed (1757-\\n1836), a musical composer, author of Greenwich,\\nWindham, and other popular tunes; Nathan Smith\\n(1762-1820), a distinguished surgeon; and George W.\\nPeck (1817-1859), an author and editor.\\nFreetown. The early history of this ancient town\\nhas already boon given. The present inhabitants are\\nchiefly emplo3ed at farming. The population is 1,396.\\nNoted persons born here Rev. William R. Alger (1822)\\na distinguished author and divine Gen. Ebenezer Pierce\\n(1822), soldier, historian, and genealogist; and Gov.\\nMarcus Morton.\\nIMansfield, originall}- a part of Taunton North Pur-\\nchase, an 1 latci a portion of Norton, was incorporated in\\n1770. There was a coal\\nmine opened here in 1836,\\nbut the yield not proving\\nprofitable, the enteqorise\\nwas alsandoncd. Recently\\na deposit of ochre has boon\\ndiscovered, which promises\\nrich results. Mansfield has\\nnine public schools, inclu-\\nding a high school four\\nchurches, and a Society of\\nFriends. The population\\nis 2,656, and the value\\nof manufactured products,\\n$555,159. Tlie following\\neminent persons were born\\nin this town Asa Clapp, a benevolent merchant\\n(1762-184t;) Rev. Samuel Deane, historian and poet\\n(1784-1834) William Reade Deane, scholar and anti-\\nquary (1807-1871).\\nSomerset. The Indian name of Somerset was Shew-\\namet, and the lands which it embraced were known as tlie\\nShewamet Purchase. It continued a pa:t of Swan-\\nsea until Fob. 28, 1790, when it obtained its own mu-\\nnicipal rights. Somerset contains large iron works, ami\\na population of 1,940.\\nNorton, population 1,595, obtains its name from\\nNorton in England. The town was a part of Taunton\\nNorth Purchase until, 1711, when it acquired its own\\nmunicipal privileges. William Wetherell, who located\\nnear the outlet of Winnecunnct Pond, in 1669, was\\nprobably- the first settler here. A forge and bloomaiy\\nwere erected in this town by the Leonard family as early", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0135.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEV/ ENGLAND.\\nas 1G96. The first minister settled in Norton was Rev.\\nJoseph Averj-, in 1714. The Wheaton Female Scminar3\\nfounded bj Hon. Laban Wheaton in 1834, is located\\nhere. Distinguished men Hon. George Leonard. Hon.\\nL.aban AVheaton (1754-1846) Rev. Gardner Perry,\\nD. D. (1783-1869).\\nSwansea. Ycry little, comparativel3 speaking, re-\\nmains of the ancient territory of Swansea. Shipbuilding\\nwas at one lime carried on here, but the inhabitants are now\\nprincipally engaged in agriculture. Population, 1,308.\\nNathaniel Paine came from Swansea to Bristol, of\\nwhich he was one of the first settlers. He succeeded\\nJudge B3 ficld as judge of probate in 1710, and was\\nmade a judge of the court of common pleas. Judge\\nPaine was greatlj- identified with the politics of his time,\\nand among the offices he held was that of counsellor of\\nthe Province. He was the ancestor of the Paine fam-\\nilies in Worcester.\\nWestport. (Acoakset.) The early history of this\\ntown is connected with that of Dartmouth. It was in-\\ncorporated July 2, 1787. The largest number of sheep\\nof any town in Bristol County is raised by Westport.\\nThe population is 2,912.\\nSeekonk. The early history of Seekonk is identified\\nwith that of Rohoboth, of which it continued a part\\nuntil 1812. The population is 1,167.\\nAcusHNET, formerly a part of Fairhaven, was incoqio-\\nrated in 1860. It took its name from the Acushnct\\nRiver, which flows through the town. The population\\nis 1,059.\\nDUKES COUl^TY.\\nBY HEBRON VINCEXT, A. M.\\nFew sections, if any, along the New England coast,\\nwith the exception of the great emporiums of business,\\nhave been regarded as of greater importance, real and\\nhistorical, than the island of Jlartha s Vineyard and its\\nenvirons. The discovery of this island antedated the\\nlanding of the Pilgrims bj some eighteen or nineteen\\nyears, and Edgartown was settled b3 white men, as we\\nthink, but a few years later than that first landing upon\\nthe rock-bound coast. The reminiscences of the first\\ncenturj of civilization on this sea-girt isle would afford\\ndescriptions quite as pleasurable to tJie antiquarian, the\\nphilologist, and the Christian, as most of those relating\\nto the localit} named. These headlands and harbors\\nhave almost a world-wide notoriety-. There is but one\\nGay Head in America.\\nOur island was discovered by Capt. Bartholomew\\nGosnold on the same voyage with, and immediately after,\\nthe discovery of Capo Cod, in the jcar 1602. It is\\nsaid that ho first espied the little island of Neman s\\nLand, about four miles from Chilmark beach, and gave\\nto that the name of Jlartha s Vineyard, which name\\nwas afterwards transferred to the main island, the\\nIndian name of which was Nop or Capawock. Wh^-\\neither should have been denominated a vineyard is\\nnot quite apparent. It could not, in its rude and\\nuncultivated state, have borne much resemblance to\\nthe vineyards of the East, ancient or modern although\\nit may have been, and doubtless was, aliundantly\\nmore prolific in the growth of the wild grape then\\nthan now.\\nThere are some representations of a fabulous kind as\\nto the origin of the names of this and neighboring\\nislands, in which, romantic as thej may bo, we have no\\nconfidence. It is suflTicicnt to say that this island was -at\\none time called Martin s Vineyard, probably from Ma\\\\-\\ntin Pring, who made a vo3-age hither the next year after\\nthe discover}- by Gosnold. The name was soon changed\\nto Martha s Vineyard. Gosnold landed at Cuttyhuuk,\\nwhich he named Elizabeth Island, which name was\\nsubsequently transferred to the whole group, and they\\nhave ever since been called the Elizabeth Islands.\\nThe name was undoubtedlj- given cut of respect to the\\nreigning queen. On Cuttj-hunk, which was the most\\nwestern of the group, Gosnold, finding the soil fertiL\\\\\\nbuilt a little fort and a store-house, designed for such of\\nhis company as should remain. The store-house is said\\nto have been the first English house known to have been\\nbuilt in New England. Differences arising among the", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0136.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\ncompanj- from some cause, thej- broke up, and all re-\\nturned to England.\\nThe main island, Martha s Vineyard, is tiventy-one\\nmiles long, and has an average width of aliout six miles,\\nalthough in one part it is nine miles or more. Its trend\\nis from east to west. The eastern part is quite level,\\nwhile the western, as we approach it, becomes hillj and\\nrock} some of the elevations being some 1 JO feet above\\nthe level of the sea. It has the broad Atlantic Ocean\\non the south, and the Vineyard Sound, which separates\\nit from the Elizabeth Islands and the main land, on the\\nnorth. Its nearest approach to the main land, at Wood s\\nHoll, is about four miles, and the distance from Boston,\\nfrom which it lies in a south-south-easterlj direction, is\\nabout eight} -five miles.\\nWithin the memory of the writer there remained evi-\\ndences that, on this island, now mostly- given to the oak,\\npines prevailed to a very considerable extent and in his\\nj-outh, the old men of that time were accustomed to relate\\nthat such had been the fact. It may have been so on Xau-\\nshon, but of later years there has been a variety in the\\ngrowth. Bordering the south side of this, the main island,\\nare large ponds, which, in the long past, were undoubtedl^-\\nfiords of the sea, although now separated from it by a\\nlong beach. The evidence that they were such is, that\\nwhen, by some great outbreak liy the forces of nature,\\nor work by the hands of men, channels are opened\\nthrough the beach to the sea, so that the accumulations\\nof fresh water run off, reducing these ponds to the ocean\\nlevel, the heads of the coves around them are laid bare,\\ndisclosing to the view numerous stiunps of trees in their\\nnormal positions, which trees never could ha\\\\e grown\\nunder water, but must have grown above the wash of the\\nsea-water in such localities.\\nAs the result of long centuries of the deposition of\\nvegetable gi-owths in swamps and low lands, especially\\nin the western part, extensive beds of peat have been\\nfound to exist, which tlie inhabitants have been accus-\\ntomed to utihzQ, to some extent, for fuel. Another of\\nthe native resources of the western and north-western\\nparts of the island, which, in the later years, has been\\nmade available, is the extensive fields of various clays,\\nassuming different colors, especially- in the cliffs of Gaj-\\nHead. Soon after the discovery of those islands, the}\\nbecame noted, among other things, for the growth of\\nsassafras great quantities of which were said to have\\nbeen gathered and shipped to the mother country. It is\\naverred that this article formed the chief part of the first\\ncargo transported from the Xew World to the Old.\\nThese islands, at the time of their discovery, were, like\\nother portions of this western wild, inhabited by Indian\\ntribes, usually more or less warlike. Here they had their\\nsettlements, as a general thing, near the neighboring\\nwaters, as the immense beds of shells in the uplands in-\\ndicate, but roamed the forests at will. At the time of\\nthe settlement by white men, the Indian population of\\nMartha s Vineyard and Nantucket was estimated at\\n3,000. It is said that near Great Harbor, now Edgar-\\ntown hai bor, the Indians were friendly, but that at Cai)e\\nPoge, they were verj- savage which, if a fact, with re-\\ngard to the latter, suggests that it was probablj- there\\nthat in 1619, Capt. Thomas Dermer and his men, on land-\\ning, were attacked by the natives and where, after a\\ngallant defence with tlieir swords, they escaped, leaving\\nseveral Indians killed in the fray.\\nAt first, this and the neighboring islands, including\\nNantucket, were not under the jurisdiction of any of the\\nNew England governments. In those early years, the\\nchanges transpn-ing in the government of the mother\\ncouutrv, caused things to be a little mixed here. The\\nclaim of the Maj-hews over the native rights of the Ind-\\nians was, as in other cases, based on the right of the\\nBritish crown, which, in turn, was based on the fact of\\ndiscovery. On the score of this right, William, Earl of\\nSterhng, laid claim, under a grant from the cruwn, not\\nonly to these islands, but to all the islands between Cape\\nCod and the Hudson River. Of the grounds on winch\\nSir Ferdinan lo Gorges laid any claim to Martha s Vine-\\nyard, the writer is not apprised. Lord Sterling s title is\\nthus set forth in Hayward s Massachusetts Gazetteer\\nWilliam, Earl of Sterling, in consequence of a grant\\nfrom the crown of England, laid claim to all the islands\\nbetween Cape Cod and Hudson s River. He adds\\nJames Forcett, agent of the Earl, in October, 1G41,\\ngranted to Thomas Mayhew, of Watertown, and Thomas\\nMa\\\\hcw, his son, Nantucket, Martha s Vineyard and\\nthe Elizabeth Islands, with the same powers of govern-\\nment which the people of Jlassachusetts possessed by\\ncharter. This gi-anting of such powers, Holmes\\nAnnals says, was according to the opinion of the\\nday; and adds: Hence it was that Maj-hew was\\ncalled governor of the islands.\\nIn 1044, Martha s Vincj-ard was annexed to the juris-\\ndiction of Massachusetts. There were subsequently\\nother changes under the English supervision, bj- which\\nJIatthow Ma3-hew, grandson of the governor, became\\nthe most important ci\\\\ iUan of the island. One of the\\nmost noteworthy of these was the measure by which the\\nincome of the island was to be expended for the propa-\\ngation of the gospel among the aborigines.\\nFollowing the English Commonwealth, under Cromwell\\nI and others, Charles ths Second gave to his brother, the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0137.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nDuke of York, afterwards James the Second, a grant of\\nNew York, including Long Island, Martha s Vineyard,\\nNantucket, and the adjacent islands, which had pre-\\nviouslj- been purchased b}- Henr^-, grandson of William,\\nEarl of Sterling, who pre-v-iouslj- resigned, and assigned\\nthem to the Duke. It was thus that these islands became\\nconnected with New York and it was under this con-\\nnection that, in 1683, these islands, including Nantucket,\\nwere constituted a country, very naturallj- receiving, from\\nits reputed owner, the name of Duke s County. The\\ncolonial population is stated at 2,822. This undoubtedly\\nincluded the aborigines. By the charter of William III.\\nand Jlary II., who succeeded to the crown in 1689,\\nwhich charter arrived in 1692, these islands were taken\\nfrom New York, and re-annexed to Massachusetts, in\\nwhich connection thej* have ever since remained. In\\n1695, the jear of the decease of Mary, Martha s Vine-\\nj-ard, the Elizabeth Islands, and Noman s Land, were\\nseparated from Nantucket bj the provincial legislature,\\nand made a county b3 themselves, still retaining the\\nname first given to the whole Duke s County.\\nThey who judge solely from records now extant, are\\naccustomed to fix the time of the first settlement here bj-\\nthe whites at 1642. This, if the island was, as is claimed,\\nfirst settled by the Mayhews, and those who came with\\nthem from Watertown, would undoubtedl} be true. His-\\ntorical accounts in printed form, and newspaper articles\\nwritten bj visitors to the island, point to this period.\\nThey very natiu-allj- do so, for the reason that no written\\nrecord now known to exist, dates back of that period.\\nWhether there may not have been an anterior settlement\\nand record, has been, and is, a hving question with a\\nlarge portion of the inhabitants, and is, therefore, one to\\nwhich it would seem fitting to give, at least, a passing\\nnotice in this connection.\\nThe oral, or traditionar3 history of the first settlement\\nof Martha s inej ard b} white men, dates back some\\nten or twelve j-ears, more or less, prior to the purchase\\nof it, and settlement by the Mayhews. To substantiate\\nthis tradition we have not only the current talk from the\\nearliest boj-hood of the oldest people now living, but the\\naccount as given by some of the oldest inhabitants,\\nsome sixty years ago, who had it from an immetliate\\nancestry-. The statement in brief, was, that at about the\\ntime above indicated, a vessel on her waj from Pl^nn-\\nouth, bound west, or south, stopped and anchored in or\\nnear the outer harbor of what is now Edgartown that a\\nboat s companj mostlj passengers attempted a land-\\ning near where the town now is that a large number of\\nthe Indians, with their chief, appeared on the bunk near\\nthe boat, apparently peaceful, but suspicious, to whom the\\nwhites made signs of friendship, designed to secure their\\nconfidence that one of the company b} the name of\\nJohn Pease, having done militarj service in England,\\nand having with him his red coat, made a present of it\\nto the chief, and shov.ed him how to put it on that\\nwhen put on, the Indians were so elated, so wild with\\njoy at the sight that they set up a great shout that such\\nwas the kindl}- feeling inspired bj- this honor bestowed,\\nthe chief, in whom, as it is held bj- different writers, the\\ntitles of the Indian lands, so far as tho.se tribes could\\nclaim them, were vested, gave to Pease and others a\\nlarge section of land, including the site on which Edgar-\\ntown is now built that thereupon four of these men\\nPease, Vinson, Trapp, and Browning decided to dis-\\ncontinue their voyage and risk their fortunes for life\\nhere.* The account still further states, that some others\\ncame soon after and stopped here, so that before the\\nMaj-hews came the number of men was about a dozen,\\nbetween whom the section given bj- the Indian chief\\nwas divided that John Pease, who was a man of some\\neducation, kept the record of the settlement in a book\\ncalled the Black Book, from the color of the ma-\\nterial from which the cover was made that subsequently,\\nwhen others came, as thcj- did from Watertown with\\nthe Maj hews, none of whom had become sharers in\\nthe gift lands, a very natural unrest was engendered\\nthat about this time John Pease died that while he was\\nlying dead, two men of the new comers names not\\ndefinitely stated came to the house of the deceased\\nand desired of the man in charge to see the book of\\nrecords that he complied, and, leaving the room for a\\nwhile to attend to other duties, upon his return the\\nbook was no where to be seen, and has not been seen bj\\nthe public from that day to tliis that the record evi-\\ndence of the settlement and of the division of the lands\\nhaving been thus destroj ed, matters were thrown into\\nchaos, and the chief man being dead, those early men were\\ndeprived of their rights, such as thej- had, the charter\\nrights under the crown controlling any new disposition\\nof the lands acquired, and any additional lands upon\\nwhich the whites entered, obtained with perhaps some\\nlittle formality of purchase from the Indians, and that\\nhence the record of the settlement, on such basis, could\\ngo no further back than the 2 urchasc and settlement b3\\nThomas Ma^ hew and his sons and their associates. f\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2There are traces of aro-id, andinparts the road still exists,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 now,\\nas from time immemori-il, called Pease s Point Eoad, which led from a\\npoint or headland, near the village, where it is understood the first four\\nlanded, to lands by the Great Pond, some Uvo or three miles distant.\\nt Though we are not without material eridcnce of this earlier settle-\\nment, yet the more important portion of the history of this county mani-\\nfestly begins wiih the advent of the Mayhews.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0138.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nThe purchase of the British right by virtue of dis-\\ncoyer3 made by Thomas Mayhew, then of VVatertown,\\nformerly a merchant of Southampton, Eng., and his son\\nThomas, to be enjojcd by them and tlioir associates,\\nwhich purchase occurred in 1G41, and their subsequent\\nremoval hither, with others, in 1G42, and that tlie said\\nThomaa Majhew, senior, became governor of these\\nislands, are all universally accredited and undisputed\\nfacts. While the father thus became the ruler, the son,\\nbeing pious and well educated, officiated as preacher to\\nand pastor of the settlers, and soon extended his labors\\namong the Indians, as a missionarj-. These people\\nwere, of course, in the darkness of heathenism, given to\\nthe worship of demons. It is well attested, that the\\nlabors of this youthful minister among these children of\\nnature, while seeking to win them to the tnifh of ilio\\nGospel, and to the profession\\nand practice of true pietj\\nwere very effective. His\\nuseful life, however, early\\nterminated. After a service\\nhere of about fifteen years,\\nhaving a desire to visit En-\\ngland, he started on the toj--\\nage in 1C57, much to the re-\\ngret of the natives, who had\\nbecome greatly attached to\\nhim. Ofthis attachment they\\ngave very strong demonstra-\\ntions. The voyage proved\\nto be a fatal one, the ship oldest huisk\\nbeing lost with all on board.\\nSome time subsequent to this event, the father. Gov.\\nJlnyhew, took up the work left by the son, and became\\npreacher and missionary as well as ruler.*\\nEdgartown, incorporated in 1671, and the shire town\\nof the county, is on the east coast of the island. Its\\nharbor, called Whitson s Bay by IMartin Pring, is safe\\nand commodious. The wlmling business was at one\\ntime a verj important interest, and four ships are still\\nThere were in the list of the men of this name of Mayhew five in\\nall, coming down through as many generations. The son of the\\nyounger Thomas, the first missionary, was the Rev. John Mayhew,\\nbom in 1G.52, settled in Tislmry. Rev. Experience Mayliew w.as the\\noldest son of tlie preceding, somewhat of a writer, and an energetic\\nworker in his chosen vocation. Rev. Zachariah Mayhew, youngest son of\\nthe last named, was also a zealous, devoted minister, who died in 1805,\\naged eighty-nine years. There have been, later, two others who have\\nbecome preachers, but of less note. The people of the name, as those\\nof some other names, have become quite numerous.\\nThe Christian efforts of these devoted ministers, especially among\\nthe Indians, were crowned with great success. Quite a number of the\\nemploj-cd in that capacitj Large numbers of the men\\nof this, and of the other towns on the island, formerly\\nsailed in Nantucket and New Bedford ships, mainly\\nthe latter, making some of the most successful ship-\\nmasters. The name of Clement Norton, the rapidity\\nand success of whose voj-ages on the Brazil Banks were\\na marvel, and of many others contributing by their very\\nvaluable voyages to enrich their owners, will long be\\nremembered.\\nThe famous IMartha s Vineyard Camp Ground and\\nMeetings, with Oak Bluffs, Vineyard Highlands, and vi-\\ncinity, being all within the limits of the township,\\nattract large numbers of visitors during the siunmer\\nmonths.\\nAmong the reminiscences of the past of tliis com-\\nparatively ancient town, is the fact, recently tmeed b}\\nRichard L. Pease, Esq., of\\nthis place, that a man by the\\nname of Birchard, an early\\nresident here, was an ances-\\ntor of Rutherford Birchard\\nHayes, President of the\\nUnited States. A small\\nchurch was founded here in\\n1G42. Although it appears\\nthat there was but little, if\\nany, recorded e-v-idonce of its\\nexistence until in 1717, there\\ncan yet be little doubt of the\\nfact. After the missionary\\nMajhew left for England, it\\nis said that Peter Folger, who,\\nwith his father, John Folger, came to this coimtry from\\nEngland, and, soon after arriving in Portsmouth, settled\\nhere, and who, afterwards, with his father, removed to\\nNantucket, and there became the ancestor of Benjamin\\nFranklin, made himself useful here for some time by his\\nteaching, and by his Christian labors.\\nThe first Methodists on the island, so far as known,\\nwere John Sanders and his wife, who, having been slaves\\nin Virginia, succeeded in purchasing their freedom, and\\nnative converts became preachers, the first and foremost of whom was\\nIliacoomes. Great numbers of others were exemplary and useful\\nChristians. It should be added that the early ministers extended their\\nlaliors into other parts of the island, and probably also to other islands.\\nTlie history of those early times informs us, such had been the sue\\ncess of the missionaries, aided by the countenance and support of tlie\\ngovernment, and blessed by Providence, that in 1G9.5 there were not\\nless than three thousand adult Indian converts in the islands of Mar-\\ntha s Vineyard and Nantucket. Probably, however, very many ho\\nwere reckoned in the above number were but nominally Christian.\\nThe present remains of those tribes, we may add, afford but slight\\ncharacteristics of the erect and agile red man of other days.\\nIN EDGAllTOWN.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0139.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ncame north in a vessel. Thej landed at Holmes s Hole,\\nnow Vineyard Haven, in 1787. They afterwards\\nsettled at a place called Farm Neck, near where the\\nCamp Ground now is, where was a small neighborhood\\nof colored people, to whom John preached, ha-\\\\-ing been\\na preacher among the slaves, but he formed no society.\\nIn 1795, the celebrated Jesse Lee, the pioneer of Meth-\\nodism in New England, visited the island, and preached\\na few times.\\nIn 1835, while Methodism on the island was in its\\ndajs of strength, the Martha s Vineyard camp-meeting,\\nthe germ of what is now called the Cottage City, came\\ninto existence. This now celebrated camp-meeting\\nsprang from most humble be\\nginnings. The pastor of the W\\nEdgartown cimrch and a few\\nothers, at the suggestion ol\\nJeremiah Pease, Esq., visit-\\ned a beautiful oak-grove, six\\nmiles north-west of the vil-\\nlage, and decided on a site for\\na minister s stand and seats for\\nthe people. The gathering\\nwas at first small, only nine\\ntents gracing the circle, but it\\nincreased in number from year\\nto year, and in course of time,\\nclergymen, and members of\\nother denominations, lent it\\ntheir aid and influence. Noth-\\ning beyond a camp of tents\\nwas originally contemplated,\\nbut these finally increased\\nto several hundreds. In due\\ntime, and after manj improve-\\nments had been made upon\\nthe grounds, the era of cottage-building commenced, at\\nfirst on the camp-ground, but afterwards at the Bluffs,\\nthe Highlands, and elsewhere.\\nA summer house of worship was built on the Bluffs-\\nside called Union Chapel, where service was held\\nduring the season of rustication, including camp-meeting\\nweek. AVithin a j-ear or two last past, there have been\\nbuilt the Baptist chapel, already named, on the Bluffs\\nthe Methodist chapel, a fine structure, in the Camp\\nCircle and on the Highlands, where the Baptist denom-\\nination now annually hold a meeting similar to that of\\nthe Methodists, a spacious wooden tabernacle has re-\\ncently been erected. The Methodists who, since the\\nfailing of the shade by the oak-trees, have worshipped\\nunder a tabernacle of canvas, have in contemplation, as\\nthey have had for some time past, the erection of one\\nsimilar to that of the Baptists. The two chapels lately\\nbuilt are suited to winter as well as summer, being in\\npart for people who reside here, and in the vicinity,\\nthrough the year. Thus the place, where once was a\\ncomjjarativcly small gathering of people for purel} re-\\nligious services, living in a sort of primitive waj in\\ntents, under the shade of the oak foliage, has become,\\nin addition, one of the greatest watering-places in the\\ncountry,* and the parent of cottage camps the religious\\nelement and the religious senices exerting their salutary\\ninfluences, to a good extent, upon the masses. Many\\nsummer visitors also find homes at Edgartown village,\\n_ _ Katama, Vinej-ard Haven,\\ni and elsewhere.\\nI In the summer of 1878,\\nthere was organized at this\\nnew settlement, by Col. Hom-\\nI er B. Sprague of Boston, and\\nothers, the Martha s Vine-\\nyard Summer Institute, a\\nschool for literary and scien-\\ntific purposes, with lectures\\nwhich proved to be such a\\nsuccess that it is to be re-\\npeated, and will, doubtless,\\niK Comea permanent annual.\\nThere is now a narrow-gauge\\nrailroad between Oak Bluffs\\nwharf and the South Beach,\\nvia Edgartown village and\\nKatama. It is mainly- for the\\nsummer travel, and affords a\\nfine opportunity for visitors\\nto come to the points named.\\nEdgartown has good schools,\\npartially graded, a lyceum, and other literary means,\\nincluding a weekly newspaper, the Vineyard Gazette,\\nestablished thirty-two years since by the late, Edgar\\nMarchant, Esq., a native of the town.\\nA custom-house, court-house, jail, and national bank\\nare also located here. This is the terminus of the route\\nof tlie New Bedford and Martha s Vineyard line of\\nsteamers. The population of the town is 1,707.\\nTisBURT, the central town on the island, includes Vine-\\nyard Haven, West and North Tisbury. The sm-face on\\n*This place boasts one of the largest and best summer hotels to be\\nfound in the countiy, also tlie most superb of concrete drives in all\\ndirections while its cottages of almost every conceivable device, rival\\nquite, for grace, beauty, and all charming appointments, the creations\\nof fancy in the most ingenious of fairy tales. Ed.\\nION CHAPEL.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0140.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nthe north-westerly side is undulating, hillj and rocky.\\nIt has much good farming land. Ponds, as in Edgar-\\ntown, border the southern side, a beach forming the outer\\nlimit. The town was earlj settled by the whites. Its\\ninhabitants have been very enterprising, a part of them\\nas cultivators of the soil, and a part on the sea, either in\\nthe mercantile marine or in the whaling business the\\nthrift of the latter centering at what was Holmes s Hole,\\nnow Vineyard Haven. This village is very eligibly loca-\\nted on an ascent of ground, affording a fine ^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0iew of the\\nharbor and of the neighboring waters. It has communi-\\ncation with the main-land by steamers. About two miles\\ndistant from the head of the harbor is the well-known\\nWest Chop Light-house. This harbor has become\\nincreasingly a waiting place for vessels of all kinds\\nand drafts, for winds and tides, when making passages\\neither way on the Vineyard Sound. The village con-\\ntains excellent schools, a reading-room for seamen and\\nthree churches.\\nIn West Tisbury is a woollen factory a flour mill,\\nbuilt and owned b} the late Dr. Daniel Fisher the\\nMartha s Vineyard Agricultural Society s hall and\\ngrounds, and the Dukes County Academj This part of\\nthe town, as well as North Tisbury, is largely a farming\\ndistrict. The pond and pound fisheries are sources of\\nrevenue.\\nThe earliest records of the first church organization in\\nthis town, in West Tisbury, have been lost. The Rev.\\nJohn Maj hew, not then ordained, began to preach here\\nin 1673. He was followed by Rev. Josiah Torrey in\\n1701, and by Rev. Nathaniel Hancock (nephew of the\\ncelebrated Gov. John Hancock), iu 1727.\\nChilmakk adjoins Tisbury, and includes all the remain-\\ning part of Martha s Vineyard, with the exception of\\nGay Head. The central and northern parts are hilly\\nand rock^-. It has some of the best grazing and farming\\nlands in the county, and the inhabitants are usually large\\nowners of stock especially neat cattle and sheep-\\nThere are also fishing interests here, largely connected\\nwith the small island of Neman s Land, which forms a\\npart of this town. In this township, also, are the hard}-\\nand successful sons of the ocean, many of whom have\\nrisen on their own merits to the first place on the ship s\\nquarter-deck, and have accumulated a comfortable\\ncompetency.\\nOn the north side of the town, near the Sound, is an\\nextensive section embedding useful clays,* large quanti-\\nScientific men tell ns that this is a part of a bed that runs through\\nLong Isl.and and into New Jersey, and which, in a remote age, was the\\nfront ridge of the Continent.\\nties of which have been exported. In the vicinity are\\nthe Vineyard Brick and Tile Works, owned hy Hon.\\nNathaniel Harris of Brookline, and costing $55,000.\\nNot far distant is a large paint mill.\\nA church, with a settled pastor, was early established\\nin this town. Among the strong men of the town in-\\ntellectuallj-, fifty j-ears ago, was John Hancock, Esq.\\nnot the Governor John, of course, but another, prob-\\nablj- a relative. Still earlier was Hon. Benjamin Bas-\\nsett, one of the justices of the county couit. The\\ntown was incorporated in 1714, and has a population\\nof 508.\\nGay Head, in the exti-eme western part of the island,\\nacquired its name from the gay cliffs in that section. It\\nis a promontorj some four to five miles in length, having\\nthe water on nearly all sides. The lands, which are quite\\nfertile, are undulating, ending in the beautiful, variegated\\ncliffs of gorgeous colors, some parts rising to the height\\nof about one hundred and fifty feet. Gosnold, when he\\ndiscovered these cliffs, called them Dover Cliffs. on\\naccount of their resemblance to the cliffs of that name in\\nEngland. They were undoubtedly an upheaval at some\\nremote period and the marine fossils they unbosom to\\nthe view, especially after a heavy rain in spring has\\nwashed their sloping sides, render the place a great\\nattraction to scientific men. The sunset and earl}-\\nmorning views are admired by mariners and all others\\nenjoying them.\\nThe people of this town constitute the largest settle-\\nment of the remains of the Indian tribes once so numer-\\nous on this island. There is a small number on Chappa-\\nquiddic, and another small settlement at a place called\\nChi-istiantown, in Tisbury. They have, bj- immigrations\\nof persons of the negro race, and bj intennarriages,\\nbecome far more characterized bj other bloods than bj-\\nthat of the aborigines. The reriinant of the three tribes\\nnamed were formerly wards of the State, under appointed\\nguardians. Gay Head was some time a District, but\\nwas incorporated as a town in 1870. It has a popula-\\ntion of 216. A good highway has been constructed at\\nthe State s expense, through this town to the Head.\\nOn this elevation stands a government light-house, one\\nof the finest as well as one of the most important on the\\ncoast.\\nThe inhabitants till their lands to some extent, having,\\nas others, cattle and sheep. Some of the j ounger men,\\nas in other localities, go out on sea voyages. A good\\nschool is maintained here, by a State provision, and at\\nthe State s expense. A church of the Baptist denomina-\\ntion has existed here from an early date.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0141.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "HISTOET OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nGosNOLD, composed of the Elizabeth Islands, is a re-\\ncentlj- incorporated town, bearing the name of the first\\ndiscoverer of all these islands. They were formerl}-\\nincluded in the township of Chilmark, but were set apart\\nas a town in the yeai- 1864. Commencing at the eastern\\nend of the town, which forais the western side of the\\nwater passage, or gate, called Wood s IIoU, it extends\\nwesterly to Cuttyhunk.* At the west end of Naushon,\\nwhich is the largest island of the group, we come to a\\nshallow passage of water, separating it from the island\\nof Pasque, between which and Nashawena, is a wide and\\ndeep ship-channel, Quick s Hole, through which both\\noutward and inward bound Xew Bedford ships not un-\\nfrequently pass. On Penikese, it will be recollected, was\\nestablished by Prof. Agassiz, the famed summer school\\nfor young men. On Cuttyhunk, the most western island\\nof the group, and the one on which the great discoverer\\nfirst landed, has long stood a government hght-house.\\nNaushon is well wooded, and, like most of the other\\nislands, has fine pasturage for sheep, cattle, and horses.\\nWild deer are still found there. About five or sis miles\\nfrom Wood s HoU, on the south side of this island, is the\\nwell-known Tarpaulin Cove, at which vessels, passing\\nthrough the Sound, often have occasion to stop.\\nNaushon has been called Bowdoin s Island, it hav-\\ning been for many j-ears in the possession of men bear-\\ning the name of Bowdoin. It is now the property of\\nR. B. Forbes, Esq., of Boston, who makes it a summer\\nhome. The population of the town is 115.\\nGeneral Remakks.\\nAll the older towns in this county have long been dis-\\ntinguished for their adventurous and eflfective men, both\\nthose employed in the merchant marine, and those engaged\\nin the whaling business. There being within the limits\\nof the county, along the coast, many places of great\\nhazard to vessels coming in, manj of our men, ac-\\nquiring experience, and accurateness of knowledge of\\nreefs, rocks, and shoals, as well as the safe entrances\\ninto harbors, have obtained a deserved reputation as\\npilots.\\nThe people of Martha s Vineyard suffered much during\\nthe Revolution. Two thousand cattle were taken from\\nthem at one time by the British war-ships. Some of the\\ninhabitants of this island, moreover, were captm-ed bj-\\nOn Cuttyhunk are located the lands and buildings of the Neiv\\nYork Club, of seventy-five gentlemen, who spend several months of\\nthe year there in rel.ixation firom active business. Ou this island also\\nreside a majoritj- of the fixed population of the town. They have here\\na school nine months of the year. Although they have the services of\\na clergyman but part of the time, religious meetings and a Saljbath\\nschool are maintained through the year.\\nthe enemy, taken to England, and incarcerated in the\\nloathsome Dartmoor Prison.\\nThe agricultiu-al interests of the county have been\\ngreatly promoted bj the formation of the Martha s Vine-\\nyard Agricultural Society- some twenty years since, antl\\nthe encouragement given by the State bounty. The rais-\\ning of grains, roots, bulbs, hay, c., have been more sue- j\\ncessfullj accomplished, and breeds of cattle and sheep have\\nbeen improved although, owing to the fact that the work\\nof the team is now done more by horses, there has been\\nsomewhat of a decrease in the number of working oxen.\\nThe clip of wool is about the same as formerly, but\\nof far better quality. The cultivated lauds have been\\nbetter cared for and managed, and the growing of nice\\norchard and garden fruit greatly increased. The cultiva-\\ntion of the cranberry has also received considerable\\nattention.\\nFrom very early times, great attention has been paid\\nin this county to education. In addition to the ordinary\\nfacilities for its promotion in the earlier stages of its\\nprogress, a county educational association, formed some\\nthirty j-cars since under a law of the State, still retains\\nits freshness and vigor, and is doing good work by its\\nannual sessions, conducted somewhat after the manner of\\nthe teachers institute.\\nThe county has been marked for the raising-up of pro-\\nfessional men clergymen, lawyers, physicians, teachers,\\nlimners, and others. It can boast of its Spaulding, for\\nman^- years a representative in Congress from a western\\nState of its Walter Hiliman, Jr., LL. D., late president\\nof a college in Mississippi and of its Maj.-Gen. Worth,\\nthe hero in command at the taking of the city of Mexico.\\nU. S. Senator Dawes claims to have had a maternal an-\\ncestor on this island. Many of less distinction, but still\\nsuccessful and of good repute, might be named.\\nThe greatest population of the county, so far as the\\nauthorized census shows, was in the year 1850, at which\\ntime the business enterprises of the people were pros-\\nperous. It was then 4,540.\\nWithin the recollections of men now living, this island\\nof Martha s Vineyard, Mith its surroundings, has been\\nundergoing great changes physically. While the south-\\neastern portions seem to have been formed in a remote\\nantiquity by the wash of the ocean that bounded them,\\nand bj- its tides, it is believed that the north-western\\np.irts were, at some period in the distant past, severed\\nfrom the continent, having from that time been subject to\\nthe ever-wearing tides, winds, and waves, which have\\ncontributed to the formation of the great marine high-\\nway-, the Vinej ard Somid, upon and through which a\\nlarge share of the w^ealth of the Atlantic States is", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0142.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nannually borne. The south-eastern parts, also, singularly\\nenough, are manifestly being worn away, their limits\\ncontracted, and the separated debris and sands thrown\\ninto neighboring bars and shoals. Within a compar-\\nativelj recent period, something like a quarter of a mile\\nin width for a distance of nearly twelve miles on this\\nsoutherly side, has been lost to the island. Small ponds\\nhave been annihilated, larger ones very much lessened in\\nsize, while arable lauds and meadows have been either\\ncovered with beach-sand, or submerged under the dash-\\ning waves. Near the south shore of Chappaquiddic\\nin the same range where once were meadows, there is\\nnow a depth of water sufficient to float a ship. Still\\nthe island stands, and will doubtless long contuaue to\\nstand probably as long as time itself shall endure.\\nThe rolling in of the waves upon the South Beach,\\nwhich, with the view of the open, unbounded expanse of\\nthe ocean, Edward Everett pronounced as exceeding, in\\ninterest, a sight of the Falls of Niagara, and the ever-\\nflowing tide of the Vine^-ard Sound on the north will still\\nsweep on, bearing upon its bosom its freights of wealth\\nand of human beings and so will the tide of time, the\\nmarch of human thought, and the activities of human life,\\nmove on to the end.\\nESSEX COUNTY.*\\nBY CYRUS M. TRACY, ESQ. t\\nThe history of Essex County is that of small begin-\\nnings and great ends. One of the smallest counties in\\nthe State, it nestles, isolated and alone, in its north-\\neasternmost corner. More densely populated than any\\nother county, full of thrift and industry, it has a some-\\nwhat famous record, both mercantile and historical;\\nembracing, as it does, some of the largest and oldest\\ncities and towns in the State. Its topograjihy has noth-\\ning remarkable or very picturesque about it the plains\\nbeing low, level, and sandy, and the elevations only\\nmoderate, though often rock} Yet, even in this respect,\\nit does not lack interest. Its southern border, resting\\non Massachusetts Bay, though irregular, exhibits much\\nof beauty. From the north of the Merrimac to the rocky\\npromontorj of Cape Ann, the encroachments of the sea\\nare compai-atively few but from that point to its south-\\nernmost limit, the irregularity is very marked. Scattered\\nalong the coast are harbors which, with the exception of\\nthat of Nuwburyport, are noticeable rather for their\\ndepth than for their commodiousness. Bays, inlets, and\\nharbors of various degrees of importance are found\\nalong the coast, together with numerous sandy beaches,\\nwhich add mirch to its beauty. Plum Island, a narrow\\nstrip of land about seven miles in length, stretches, like\\nEssex is largely a manufacturing county. The total value of the\\ngoods made, and work done in 1875 was $93,482,744, and the amount of\\ninvested capital ^3,785,188.\\nt Tlie aiulior acknowledges his obligation to Frederick B. Graves,\\nEsq., of Lynn, for valuable assistance.\\na huge thing of the sea, from Great Neck in Ipswich, to\\nthe mouth of the Merrimac River at Newburjioort. The\\npretty peninsula of Nahant extends into the bay near\\nthe southern border, and is connected with the city\\nof Lynn by a hard, sandy beach two miles in length.\\nOther islands and peninsulas, of less importance and\\nsignificance, lie along the coast, particularly south of\\nCape Ann.\\nAway from the coast, the surface of the county is very\\ndiversified, and shoots up to the summit elevation in the\\ntown of Boxford, where eight or ten small lakes give\\norigin to many streams. In the large vaUey, which\\nextends across the northern part of the county, courses\\nthe Merrimac River, the greatest stream in the county,\\nand in the State, with the exception of the Connecticut.\\nThe small valley, a few minutes south, bears the Ips-\\nwich River; and one smaller still between these two,\\ncarries the small stream known as the Parker River. In\\nthe north-western part of the county, in a peculiar,\\ndiagonal vallej runs the Shawshine River, a small con-\\nfluent of the Merrimac. There are other rivers, better\\ndesignated, however, as streams. Bass River, of some\\nhistorical notoriety, rises in the north parish of Beverly,\\nand empties into the North River at Salem. Chebacco\\nRiver, starting on the boundary of Hamilton and Essex,\\nfalls into Chebacco Bay. Spicket River and Little\\nRiver both flow south into the Merrimac, the first in\\nthe town of Methiien, and the other in Haverhill. There\\nare five lakes Ijing in the northern and western portions", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0143.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "HISTOKY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nof the county which connect with the Merrimac River,\\nGreat Pond in North Andover, Kunball s Pond in Ames-\\nburv, Kenoza Lake in Haverhill, Haggett s Pond in\\nAndover, and Johnson s Pond in Groveland while\\nuniting to swell the modest flow of the Ipswich River\\naie AVenham Lake in Wenham, Middleton Pond in\\nJliddleton, and Suntaug Lake in Lynufield, Pilhngs\\nPond in Lynufield, and Fkx Pond in Lynn, find their\\nway ultimately to the Saugus River.\\nEssex County, like some others in the State, can\\nboast of no large mountains within its limits. Never-\\ntheless, there are manj pleasant and picturesque hills,\\nserving to relieve the dreariness of the plain, though\\nthey cannot be dignified hy the name of mountain.\\nHolt s Hill in Andover attains an elevation of 423 feet.\\nSuch is the topogi-aphy of Essex County, and such,\\nin general, it will always be. Civilization may build\\nroads and highways, and industry maj- dot its landscapes\\nwith well-tilled farms, yet it will always be substantially\\nthe same as when, in 1611, Edward Hai lie and Nicholas\\nHobson landed at Ipswich, the fii-st Europeans who set\\nfoot on the soil of Essex County.\\nThis region was discovered by Europeans in the year\\n1602. It was not, however, until nine years afterwards\\nthat other men than the natives trod its soil. During\\nthe subsequent thirteen years, frequent visits were made\\nto the region, but no settlement was attempted.\\nThe earliest settlers of this county were the Cape\\nAnn colonists, sent out in 1624, under the auspices of\\nthe so-called Dorchester Adventurers, and organized, a\\nlittle later, under the efBcient direction of the valiant\\nand faithful Roger Conant. Endicott s Colony, sent out\\nhy the Massachusetts Company, to carry on the planta-\\ntion alreadj- successfullj- initiated bj- Conant at Naum-\\nkeag, or Salem, arrived Sept. 6, 1628. The Colony of\\nGov. Winthi-op, consisting of 900 persons, reached these\\nshores June 12, 1630.\\nAmid the many trials and adversities naturally inci-\\ndent to a new settlement, the Colony of Massachusetts\\nBay, of which the towns embraced in Essex County, at\\nits incorporation, constituted an important part, con-\\ntinued, from the first, to enjoy a very fair measure of\\nprosperity. Not a little annoj-ance, however, was\\noccasioned, from time to time, by Indian raids. The\\nmurder of the Indian trader, Oldham, by the Pequots,\\nespecially, roused the whole settlement. In consequence,\\nin 1636, Gov. Vane, sent 99 men, under Endicott and\\nthe famous Capt. Uuderhill, to retaliate upon the Pe-\\nquots. The expedition, though sanguinary, was yet\\ncomparatively inelfectual, its only eflect, apparently,\\nbeing to incite the brief (though in its effects on the\\nhostile tribes, finally-exterminating) Pequot war. In\\nthis war, Essex County generously participated, furnish-\\ning her full quota of the 190 men levied (April, 1651)\\nby the General Court to assist in the prosecution of the\\nsame.\\nIn 1643, eight towns; viz., Salem, Lynn, Wenham,\\nIpswich, Rowley. Newbury, Gloucester, and Andover,\\nwere set apart and incorporated as Essex Count}\\nThere had been over a score and a half of years of\\npartial peace, when Philip, the intrepid and powerful\\nsachem of the Pokanokets, engaged in his unprovoked,\\nfierce, and well-nigh successful struggle with the whites\\nfor supremacy on this continent. During this war,\\nEssex County enlisted brave soldiers, and provided able\\nand gallant leaders, men who distinguished themselves\\nat Deerfield, Hatfield, and at other points. Theirs were\\nthe troops so mercilessly slaughtered at Bloodj Brook,\\na body of ninety picked, well disciplined, coui-ageous\\nsoldiers, known as the Flower of Essex. under the\\nlaoiented Capt. Lothrop of Ipswich, having been sur-\\nprised by the treacherous savages, and almost utterly\\ncut to pieces.\\nWhen Sir William Phips, the first governor of the\\nMassachustts Colony under the new or provincial char-\\nter, ai-rived in New England, in May, 1692, he found the\\npublic mind in the greater part of Essex County in a\\nfear-fully distracted condition on account of the preva-\\nlence of that woful delusion known as the Salem Witch-\\ncraft. During the same j-ear certain members of the\\nfamily of the Rev. Samuel Parris, the minister of Salem\\nVillage, now Dan vers Centre, were believed to be aflSicted\\nby witches. t His little daughter, Elizabeth, scarcely-\\nnine years of age, and his niece, Abigail Williams,\\neleven, acted ver^- strangely at times. Other children in\\nthe neighborhood presently caught the contagion. These\\nfinally complained of being tormented by certain indi-\\n%iduals, whom, in due tune, they were encouraged for-\\nmally to accuse. One of the first specifically charged with\\nthis misdemeanor was one Tituba, an Indian woman,\\nand a servant in the family of Mr. Parris. It would\\nseem that she had been trying, by her Indian incanta-\\ntions, to relieve the chUdi-en of theu- ti-ouble, and so,\\nnot-unnaturaUy, became a subject of suspicion. Others\\nwere soon accused, among the earliest being two friend-\\nless, hag-like women, one actually insane, and the other\\nbed-ridden fit targets, truly, of such a cruelly helUsh\\ncraze. The excitement spread, and at length, adults, as\\nwell as children, complained of being bewitched or tor-\\nSome authorities place him at Beverly.\\nt A witch was one who, throngh collusion, or a compact, with evil\\n5puits, was held to be able thus to torment others.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0144.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nmented, accusing those against whom they chanced to\\nhave some pique. Meanwhile, Cotton Mather, Judge\\nStoughton, and Rev. Mr. Noj es of Salem, and Increase\\nMather, president of Hansard College, as well as many\\nothers of culture and position, encouraged the arrests,\\nand gave to the prosecutions the benefit of the whole\\nweight of their great influence.*\\nThe result was, that in one short year, not only had\\nthe frightful delusion been communicated to, and had\\ninvolved all the surrounding towns in its consuming\\nflame, but not less than twenty had been actually exe-\\ncuted nineteen b^ hanging (on Witch or Gallows\\nIlill and one by pressing, t Among the more notable\\nof these victims were Rebecca Nourse, a venerable and\\nmost excellent woman, mother of a large and respectable\\nfamily, an exemplary church-member, and residing in\\nwhat is known as the Witch House at Danvers\\n(Taple3\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^^lle) Sarah Good, who, when Rev. Mr. Noyes\\nattempted, even at the gallows, to persuade her to con-\\nfess her guilt and so save her life, witli commendalilc\\nspirit replied, You are a liar. I am no more a witch\\nThese men londly announced that this commotion was the reenlt of\\nan effort on the part of the powers of darkness to gain the victory over\\nthe saints.\\nThe first settlers of this country bronght with them from Europe a belief\\nin witchcraft and between 1648 and 1655 six or eight witches had been\\nI already executed. Agreeable to what was supposed to be Scripture\\nprecept, that a witch ought not to be permitted to live, the statntcs\\nof Christendom very generally recognized witchcraft as a capital\\noffence; albeit, by confessing their guilt the offenders were allowed\\nusually to escape the fearful penalty of their crime.\\nt Giles Corey, whose wife Martha had been torn from his side, and,\\nas he firmly beUcved, and fearlessly declared, judicially murdered,\\nhaving been himself, doubtless on account of these very denunciations,\\naccused, determined to meet his fate in a way to proclaim at once his\\nutter abhorrence and defiance of the prosecutions. Eefasing to plead,\\nand so to put himself on trial, tradition says that he was laid naked upon\\nthe bare floor of his prison and gradually crushed by huge weights\\nplaced upon bis breast.\\nI t By night, and stealthily, her body was snatched, by members of her\\nI family, from its shallow grave on Gallows Hill, and, on horseback,\\nconveyed to her late home, and furtively buried, It is supposed, in some\\npart of the old family burial lot.\\nOriginally built by Townsend Bishop, in 1635 hence, one of the\\noldest, if not the oldest, occupied houses on the continent. It was quite\\na mansion in its day, and together with the adjacent farm, was bought\\nby Gov. Endicott for his son John.\\nII Tradition says that the uncanny prophecy was fulfilled, inasmuch as\\nMr. Noyes death was occasioned by the bursting of a blood vessel.\\n11 His own wife baring been accused, and finally conricted. Proctor\\nspoke his mmd with au energy inspired by affection, as well as convic-\\ntion. Indeed, armed with a sense of the awfully cruel outrage inflicted\\nupon him, he entered upon the defence of his nife with a manly earn-\\nestness and downrightness that soon brought down upon his own de-\\nvoted head the avenging i^Tath of the whole church and prosecuting\\nparty. And so, though the wife finally escaped, as b.v the skin of her\\nteeth, the noble husband paid for his temerity by his life.\\nAfter the trial and condemnation. Burroughs was driven in a cart\\nthrough the streets of Salem to the place of execution. Arrived at the\\nthan you are a wizard, and if you take my life God will\\nyet give you blood to drink John Proctor, a leading\\ncitizen, a man of great probity and intelligence, and\\nwhose \\\\igorous understanding led him at once, and\\nalmost alone, clearly to perceive the unsubstantial and\\ndelusive character of the mania, and accordingly to\\ndenounce it in unmeasured terms as utterly, unpardon-\\nably cruel and wicked a clergyman named George\\nBurrotighs, a former pastor of the Salem Village church,\\na man of unusual phj^sical strength, of many odd fan-\\ncies and eccentric habits, but of undeniable scholarship\\nand piety Elizabeth How f f of Topsfield, a woman of\\ngreat loveliness of character, and whose own heroic\\nqualities shone out amid the darkness of her times with\\na resplendence equalled onlj- bj the unexampled devo-\\ntion, during this season of trial, of the members of her\\nown family and an old man by the name of Jacobs. I J\\nAt the time this maniacal furor reached its height,\\nand the tide of public sentiment began to turn against\\nit, besides those actuall) executed, eight had been con-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a250 persons were still in prison awaiting trial\\nscaffold, he mounted the ladder with a firm step, and proceeded to make\\na pathetic and stirring appeal to the gathered multitude. In the fulness\\nof his faith he was powerful, and boldly declared his innocence, closing\\nhis appeal by offering a simple and fervid petition to God, repeating,\\nsolemnly and reverently, the Lord s Prayer. Some of the spectators\\nwept; others loudly protested their belief in his innocence, and the\\nofliccrs and executioners grew afraid that the multitude would prevent\\nthe execution by force. But just then came forward, riding amid the\\ncrowd on a spirited steed, the well-known figure of Cotton Mather. In\\nfront of the scaffold he stayed and addressed the people, asserting his\\nbelief that Burroughs was guilty, declaring him an unordained minis-\\nter, and with a sophistry fitted to the prevalent superstitious feeling\\naflirmed that the devil oftentimes appears as an angel of light. The\\nexcitement subsided. The innocent Burroughs was swung off, and the\\nhypocritical Mather went away satisfied. It is asserted, that, as if these\\nthings were not enough, the body was cut down and shamefully mal-\\ntreated by the improvised grave-diggers.\\n1 1 Greatly as we are amazed at the credulity of the public at this time,\\nwe cannot be less so in view, not only of the heartless recklessness with\\nwhich accusations were made knowing, as the accusers did, that to\\naccuse was to convict and destroy but of the remorselessness with\\nwhich even families and friends usually turned against the accused.\\nReference has already been made to a few noble exceptions to this rule.\\nMeantime, what scene more touching than that of the blind husband of\\nElizabeth How, accompanied by his two young daughters, journeying\\non horseback, twice a week, along narrow, difficult, and sometimes\\ndangerous roads, all the way from Topsfield to Boston, to visit and to\\nminister to the comfort of the wife and mother in her prison cell.\\ntt It is said that the grave of Jacobs, located on the old homestead,\\nnear Salem (the old house is still standing), is the only one of all those\\nof the witchcraft victims that has ever been positively identified. There\\nis, in the Salem Athenseum, a painting, said to be intended to represent\\nthe trial of this man Jacobs.\\nIt is an interesting and significant fact that it was not until the finger\\nof suspicion and of accusation came finally strangely to be pointed at\\nmembers of the families of the prosecutors themselves that the eyes of\\nthe latter worthies got suddenly and wonderfully opened to the atroci-\\nties of the practices in progress and that hence this tempest of mad-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0145.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\n200 othi is Imcl been accused, while a considerable num-\\nber of the suspected, including some of the most\\nreputable members of the communit}-, had fled the\\ncountry. Nor do these statistics by any means ade-\\nquately indicate the full extent of the disaster. In con-\\nsequence of expensive trials, rapacious confiscations,\\nand the utter prostration of business, scores, not to say\\nhundreds, were utterlj impoverished. Farms were for-\\nsaken, business was neglected, while most of the\\nchurches were in a sadlj-, and even hopelessly, distracted\\ncondition. Long years of toil and sorrow and sacrifice\\nfollowed ere Essex Coimty recovered fully from the\\nelTects of this terrible blow.\\nDuring the Revolution Essex County did her full and\\nearnest dut}-. \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\Mien the spirited letter was sent out to\\nthe towns in the Colony, calling for an open and sincere\\nexpression of their opinions as to the course that should\\nbe pursued towards the British government, as to whether\\nthej- should submit or resist, all the towns, both large\\nand small, within her borders, replied with one patriotic\\nvoice against the usurpations of the crown. The feehng\\nwas spontaneous and heartfelt. Gloucester, Salem,\\nNewbury, Newburj port, and Ipswich gave their power-\\nful support to the determination to resist to the last;\\nwhile Salisbury, Beverl} Lynn, Danvers, and Rowley\\nre-echoed the sentiment. The hardy fishermen of Mar-\\nblehead declared themselves ready to unite for the re-\\ncovery of their -siolated rights. The soul of the county\\nwas fired the universal desire of her towns was for a\\nsolid and permanent union, a closing up of the ranks of\\nthe Colonies against a most cruel, unjust, and \\\\indictive\\noppression.\\nTowns.\\nLawkence was chartered as a city in 1853. It was\\nness, passion, and superstitious terror began sensibly to abate. No\\nsooner had suspicion been cast on the wife of Rev. Mr. Hale of Bev-\\nerly, and on the lady of Gov. Phips, than very naturally the cry went\\nup, Hang the girls, it apparently m.iking an important difference in\\nthe logical and theological perceptions of these august personages\\nwhose was the ox that was gored. Some of tlie judges and ministers,\\nhaving been brought to see their error, humbly and publicly made due\\nacknowledgment of the same. Judge Sewall rose before the congrega-\\ntion in the Old South at Boston, and asked the prayers of God s people\\nthat the guilt of the errors he had committed at Salem might not fall\\non his country, his family, and himself Others, like Mather and\\nStoughton, with an insanely contemptuous disregard of facts, and of\\npublic sentiment, continued, even to the lai-t, to cling to their fanatical\\nfolly, and, though secured in defiance of all ordinary established rnlcs\\nof evidence the simple charge of the accuser sufficing beyond all con-\\ntroversy, to convict\u00e2\u0080\u0094 nevertheless persistently justified the executions.\\nAmong those who, in the height of the excitement, on the other hand\\nmaintained level heads, and, though at the imminent peril of their\\nlives, resisted the demand for the execution of the alleged witches, and\\nare hence descrying of all honor, were the Rev. Samuel Willard, Rev.\\nMr. Jloody, ex-Gov. Bradstreet, Thomas Danforth, and especially\\nRobert Calef of Boston.\\noriginall} a part of Andover and Methuen, but by an\\nact of the legislature in 18-17, it was set off from these\\ntowns, and made one by itself. When it became a city,\\nthe name of Lawrence was selected in honor of Hon.\\nAbbott Lawrence and other members of that family.\\nThe natural attractiveness of the New City as a fa-\\nvorable location for immense industries was not great\\nit required the powerful assistance of art to utilize all\\nthe means, and draw hither an industrious, laboring pop-\\nulation. In olden time, eel-fishing was almost the only\\nindustry that yielded a good revenue at this place. In\\n1845, a company was formed known as the Essex Com-\\npany, which was authorized by legislative enactment to\\nconstruct and maintain a dam across the Merrimac j\\nRiver, either at Deer-Jimip, or Bodwell s Falls, or\\nat any point between these falls. This company was to\\nremove obstructions from the river, and create a water-\\npower, to use, sell, or lease to other corporations or\\npersons for manufacturing or mechanical purposes.\\nAbbott Lawrence, Nathan Appleton, and others were\\nappointed directors, and Charles S. Storrow was chosen\\ntreasurer. The dam was commenced in September,\\n1845. It is fortj feet in height at the maximum, and is\\none of the most substantial structures in the countrj-.\\nNorth of the river is a canal, a trifle more than one mile\\nin length, running parallel with the river, and about four\\nhundred feet distant from it. It is between the river and\\nthis canal that those busj hives of industry and labor\\nare located. From this company starts the spirit which\\nhas ever characterized the life of this enterprising and\\nprosperous city.*\\nLawrence possesses all the advantages of a great\\ncity such as parks, banks, railroads, churches, soci-\\neties, an excellent fire department, and well-managed\\nIt will always, of course, be a matter of profound amazement that so\\nmany of the best minds of an intelligent community, including repre-\\nsentatives of all the learned professions, could ever have been so de-\\nluded, and have been led so far astray, as in this case. This can be\\nunderstood only when it is considered, not only that in all ages the\\npublic mind is susceptible to such sudden and fatal crazes as this, but\\nthat this delusion occurred, not simply in a period when a belief in\\nwitchcraft was an established doctrine of orthodoxy, but in an utterly\\nunscientific age and when, moreover, the very newness of the country,\\nthe vast solitudes of the forests, and the perils and alarms to which,\\nbecause of prowling s.avagcs and wild beasts, the people were con-\\nstantly liable, conspired to engender a popular mood clearly, eminently\\nfavorable for just such a destructive moral epidemic.\\nThe most notable mills in the city are the Pacific, Atlantic Cotton,\\nWashington, and Everett Mills, and the famous Pembeiton Mill.\\nAll of these have a large capital invested, and employ many oper-\\natives. The aggregate wealth of these corporations is very large,\\namounting to ahput eight and a half millions. The other and smaller\\ncompanies nmning arc the Lawrence Duck Company, Arlington\\nWoollen Mills, Lawrence Woollen Company, Russell Paper Com.\\npany, Lawrence Flyer and Spindle Works, and the Lawrence lumber\\ncompanies.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0146.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nand economical civil departments. Its population is\\n34,916.\\nHistorically, this citj is noted for the terrible calamity\\nof Jan. 10, 18C0, when the -n-hole structiu e of the Pem-\\nberton MiU fell down in a minute, as it were, burning\\nbetween 700 and 800 persons in the burning ruins, of\\nwhom about 100 perished.\\nLynx is, with one exception, the oldest town in Essex\\nj County, the settle-\\nment having been _\\ncommenced in 1629.\\nIn the following year,\\nits freemen were ad-\\nmitted as members\\nof the General Court,\\nwhich privilege incor-\\nporated it a town.\\nUntil 16.37 it was\\ncalled S august, but\\nin that year, perhaps\\nin compliment to Mr.\\nWhiting, who had\\nlived a little whUe in\\nLynn Eegis, Eng., it\\nwas changed. As the\\nrecord of the General\\nCourt reads: /Saw-\\ngust is called Lin.\\nBefore the settlement\\nof LjTin, the Indians\\ndwelt there in large\\nnumbers. Monto-\\nwampate was the sa-\\nchem of LjTin, and\\nlived on what is now\\nknown as Sagamore\\nHill. In 1644, the\\nfirst iron foundry in\\nthe United States was established in Lynn, at a spot\\nnow included in Saugus. Ten years afterwards, the\\nselectmen of Boston contracted with Mr. Joseph Jenks,\\nAbout the year 1670, says Lewis, shoes began to be cnt with\\nbroad straps, for buckles, which were worn by women as well as by\\nmen. In 1727, square toed shoes, and buckles for latlics, went out of\\nfashion; though buckles continued to be worn by men till after the\\nRevolution. The sole leather was all worked with the flesh side out.\\nIn 17 JO, John Adam D,ig -r, a Welshman, gave gieat unpulse and noto-\\nriety to the business by producing shoes equal to the best made in Eng-\\nland. From that time the craft con.-inued to flourish, unlil it became\\nthe principal business of the tovrn. Fathers, sons, journeymen, and\\napprentices worked together, in a shop of one story in height, twelve\\nfeet or so square, with a fiieplace in one comer, and a cutting-board in\\nOLD TUNNEL CHUKCH, LTNN.\\nof the Iron Works, for an Ingine to carry water\\nin case of fire. This was the first fire-engine con-\\nstructed in the United States. In 1652, a mint was\\nestablished at Boston, and the dies for coinage were\\nmade at the Iron Works in Ljom by the same Joseph\\nJenks.\\nSlioemaking, for which Lynn is so famous, began as\\nearly as 1636. The first shoemakers known in Lynn\\nwere Philip Kertland and Ecbnund Biidges, both of\\nwhom came over in\\n1635. In the begin-\\nning, the shoes were\\nmade of woollen cloth\\nor neats leather. A\\nnicer shoe of white silk\\nwas made for special\\noccasions, such as a\\nwedding.\\nFrom ISOO this in-\\ndustrj- has gradual-\\nly but steadily in-\\ncreased, t\\nThe population of\\nthe city in 1875 was\\n32,600, and its total\\nvaluation was $28,-\\n077,793, the largest\\nof anj- city or town\\nin the county.\\nSince its incoipo-\\nration, Lynn has lost\\nterritorj- by the sepa-\\nration of Lynnfield,\\nSaugus, and Swamp-\\nscott, and Nahant.\\nIt was organized as a\\ncity May 14, 1850.\\nThe patriotic char-\\nacter of Lynn is wide-\\nly known, and to her honor she had 170 men in the\\nRevolution, four being killed at Lexington. She fitted\\nout one privateer in the war of 1812, which did good\\nanother. The finer quality of shoes were made with white and msset\\nrands, stitched very fine, with white waxed thread. They were made\\nwith very sharp toes, and had wooden heels, covered with leather, from\\nhalf an inch to two inches in height, called cross-cut, common court,\\nand Wuitemburg heels. About the year 1800, wooden heels were dis-\\ncontiiiucd, and lca;::cr heels were nsed instead.\\nt In 1S75 there were 151 establishments engaged in the manufacture\\nof bij ts, shoes, and slippers, with an aggregate capital of 82,712,300.\\nTlie value of the leather nsed annually amounts to about $7,000,000.\\nThe whole nuiulicr of employes in 1875, for whom wages were returned,\\nwas 10,838, with wages amounting to #5,287, 1C5.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0147.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nservice. Whou the Rebellion\\nburst on the country, she had\\nthe first men in the field after\\nMarblehead; and her memo-\\nrable response to the call Wo\\nhave more men than guns 1\\nWhat shall we do -will never\\npass out of patriotic history.\\nSalem, incorporated as a\\ntown June 24, 1629, is ihe\\nchief historic city in the county.\\nThe first permanent settlement\\nin the old Massa-\\nchusetts Colony\\nwas at Salem.\\nThe chief por-\\ntion of the city\\nrests on a long\\nnarrow peninsu-\\nla, which extends\\ntowards the sea,\\nand termiuatesiu\\ntwo headlands,\\nwhich are divid-\\ned by Collins s\\nCove. On the\\nnorth, the North\\nRiver divides the\\ncity proper from\\nNorth Salem and\\nBeverly, and on\\nthe other side,\\nSouth River di-\\nvides South Sa-\\nlem from the city\\nproper. It has\\nl)een more exten-\\nsive, but towns\\nhave been set oil\\nfrom the original\\nterritorJ^\\nAug. 6, 1629,\\nO. S., a Congre-\\ngational Church\\nwas organized in\\nSalem, and was\\nundoubtedly the\\nfirst Protestant\\nchurch farmed in\\nAmerica. The\\nNEW CITY HAI-L, LYNN.\\npastors previous to 1640 were,\\nFrancis Iliggiuson (1629), Sam-\\nuel Skelton, Roger WilUams,\\nand Hugh Peters. The latter\\ndid not confine his attention to\\nthe ministry, but directed his\\ngreat powers, with zeal, to na-\\ntional afl airs, being one of the\\nRegicide Judges. Returning\\nto England after the restoration\\nof the monarchy, he was tried\\nand executed in 1660, aged 61\\nyears.\\nStrange!} this\\nparent Puritan\\nchurch of Sakiu,\\nthis church, that,\\nin the beginning,\\nhad had such a\\nhorror of heresy,\\nis to-day, and for\\nmanj j-ears has\\nbeen, a church\\nnot indeed of the\\northodox, but\\nof the Unitarian\\norder. It is a\\nsomewhat signif-\\nicant fact that\\nthe first actual\\nconflict of the\\nRevolution after\\nthe arrival of\\nGage, took place\\nat Salem in Feb-\\nruary, 1775, in\\nthe famous en-\\ncounter with Col.\\nLeslie. The first\\ncongress to con-\\nsider the ques-\\ntion of indepen-\\ndence also met\\nhere. In 1740,\\nWhitefield, the\\ncelebrated Meth-\\nodist evangelist,\\npreached to an\\naudience of near-\\nly 6,000 people\\non the Common.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0148.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nThe first printing office established at Salem was in 17G8\\nby Samuel Ilall, and on the 2d of August of the same\\nyear the publication of the Essex Gazette, a weeklj-\\npaper, began. An important feature of this city is\\nits fine cemetery, Hannonj- Grove, lying between\\nSalem and Peabody. George Peabody, the eminent\\nbanker, is interred here.\\nThe churches of the city are numerous, and the various\\ncivil departments of the municipalitj* are excellent. An\\nUnited States custom-bouse is located here. The popu-\\nlation of the city has been steadily on the increase. In\\n1790 it was 7,921 and 1875, 25,958. Tlje valuation in\\n1875 was 826,312,272.\\nHon. Nathaniel Bowditch, LL. D., F. R. S., one of\\nthe most celebrated mathematicians of the age, was a\\nnative of Salem. He was born March 26, 1773. In\\n1823, he removed to Boston, where he continued to\\nreside until his death on the IGth of March, 1838. Dr.\\nBowditch stood at the head of the scientific men of this\\ncountrj and no man has contributed more to his coun-\\ntiy s reputation. His fame, resting on the union of the\\nhighest genius with the most practical tulent, and the ap-\\nplication of both to the good of mankind, is of the most\\ndurable kind. Everj- American ship crosses the ocean\\nmore safely for his labors, and the most eminent mathe-\\nmaticians of Europe have acknowledged him their equal\\nin the highest walks of their science. Barber s Historical\\nCollections.\\nGloucester,! was the first place occupied by the\\nEnglish north of Massachusetts Baj-. The topograph} of\\nGloucester is bold, rock}- and uneven, occasiunall}- re-\\nlieved b}- small tracts of level land. Indomitable indus-\\ntry has, to some extent, changed this barrenness into\\nfertility. Previous to the incorj^oration of Rockport in\\n1840, Gloucester embraced the whole promontory of\\nCape Ann. In Maj-, 1642, it was incorporated as a plan-\\ntation, and named Gloucester, a name attached at the\\nrequest of some of the inhabitants who came from\\nThe following are the principal societies of Salem, with their several\\ndates of incorporation. The Social Library- was formed in 1760; the\\nS.-ilem Evangelical Library was formed in 1818, with 600 volumes; on\\nMarch 3, 1801, the East India Marine Museum was incorporated; this\\nmuseum in 1867 was united with the Peabody Academy of Science, an\\ninstitution founded by the munificence of George Peabody. He donated\\n8140,000, of which \u00c2\u00a740,000 was to be used to purchase the East India\\nMarine Hall, and properly fit it up $100,000 was to be a permanent\\nfund, the interest of which was to be used for the advancement of\\nscience and useful knowledge in the county of Essex the Essex His-\\ntorical Society was incorporated June 11, 1821 on Feb. 12, 1836, the\\nEssex County Natural History Society was incorporated the Athe-\\nnxum, March 12, 1810, and Mechanics Hall, March 7, 1839; the Salem\\nMarine was instituted in 1766, and incorporated, 1772 it has a fund of\\n815,000, and the income of Franklin building, bequeathed in 1831, by\\nGloucester, England. The interests of Gloucester are\\nalmost wholly commercial. It has a greater amount of\\ntonnage engaged in domestic fisheries than any other\\ntown in the United States, and ranks third in foreign\\ncommerce in l^Iassachusctts, being surpassed onl} b}-\\nBoston and Salem. It is, indeed, asserted to be tlie\\nlargest fishing port at present in the world. It imports\\nsugar, molasse^, c., from Surinam and coal, wood,\\nsalt, and lumber from the British Pro\\\\ inces. For over\\none hundred years, tlie cod fishery has been carried on\\nsuccessful!}-. The annual fleet sent out from 1 7G5 to\\n1775 was 146 vessels, employing nearly 900 men. In\\n1865, Gloucester had 358 vessels engaged in commerce,\\nwith an aggregate tonnage of 25,670. The harbor of\\nGloucester is spacious and deep. The town is beauti-\\nfully situated, and the views of the sea are magnificent.\\nIn the West Parish of the town there is an old church,\\nstanding like a grim sentinel on the summit of a high\\nhill. It is one of the oldest in New England. During\\nboth the Revolutionary War, and the war of 1812,\\nGloucester was attacked by the enemy. In all the wars\\nit has contributed largely to the navy of the United\\nStates. A city charter was granted to this place. May\\n26, 1871 but not being accepted by the town, a second\\nwas afterwards obtained, under which she became in-\\ncorporated as the sixth city in the county. The popula-\\ntion is 16,754.\\nHaverhill (Pentuckett) was settled in 1640 by\\ntwelve men from Newbury and Ipswich. They settled\\nwithout a title. It was not until 1642 that the deed was\\nnegotiated with the Indians. The new settlement was\\ncalled Haverhill in honor of the English birthplace of\\nMr. Ward, who was the master-spirit of the enterprise.\\nTwo years after the settlement, there were 32 land-hold-\\ners in Haverhill. The first regular town meeting was\\nheld in 1643, and two years afterwards the first church\\nassembled, and IMr. AVard was ordained the pastor. In\\nthe autumn of 1648 the first meeting-house was erected\\nThomas Perkins, a merchant the Salem East India Marine was founded\\nin 1799, and incorporated in 1801 and the East India Marine Hall Cor-\\nporation was chartered in 1821 the Salem Seamen s Orphans and\\nChildren s Friend Society was formed in 1839, and incorporated in\\n1841; in 1823 the Charitable Marine was formed; and in 1844 com-\\nmenced the Ladies Seamen s Friend Society.\\nIt has been, from time to time, but especially within the past few\\nyears, subjected to very disastrous losses from the wreck and de-\\nstruction of many of its fishing fleets.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ed.\\nt On the 8th of August, 1775, the British ship.of-war Falcon bom-\\nbarded it for several hours. The people offered a gallant resistance,\\nand nearly half of the crew of the Falcon were either killed, wounded\\nor captured. The British frigate Tenedos, on Sept 8, 1814, also at-\\ntacked the town, but did no serious damage, though the frigate suffered\\nmuch, losing a barge and 13 men.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0149.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nand in the same 3 ear a fcny was established at the place\\nstill called the old ferrj -waj a little east of the foot\\nof Kent Street. In 1660 the first public school was es-\\ntablished.\\nIn 1697, was enacted that fearful tragedy of which\\nMrs. Dustin of Haverhill was the heroine. The details\\nmay be found in any history of the town.\\nWhen the Colonies were divided into four counties in\\n1643, Haverhill was included in Norfolk County, but in\\n1676, with Amesbury and Salisburj it was transferred\\ninto Essex County. The salmon fisheries were at one\\ntime an important industry of Haverhill. It is recorded\\nthat, in 17G0, bj-one draught of the net, 2,500 shad were\\ndi awn. Washington, in 1789, visited this place, and\\nwas received with a hearty welcome. HaverhiE is a\\nlarge manufacturing place, and annually increasing in\\nimportance. It was incorpo-\\nrated as a city, Mar. 10, 1869. J^^I^\\nPopulation, 14,628. =^e-\\nNewbuktport, in the matter\\nof trade and business, was once\\nthe glory of Essex. It was\\nsettled in 1635, when it formed\\na part of the town of Newburj\\nBut in 1764, one square mile\\nof Newbmy, 640 acres, was set\\noff, and incorjiorated with the\\nnameof Newburyport. Thister-\\nritorj- has since been increased,\\nin 1851, when, also, a city\\ncharter was obtained. From\\nthe j^ear 1764 up to 1775, the\\ngrowth of Newburyport was marvellous. Shipbuilding\\nwas the principal industry- vessels being constructed\\nhere as early as 1680. During periods of prosperity,\\nas many as ninety vessels have been on the ways at\\none time. In a large and enthusiastic town meeting,\\nNewburj-port, anticipating the Declaration of Indepen-\\ndence, resolved that if the Honorable Congress should,\\nfor the safety of the United Colonies, declare themselves\\nindependent of the Kingdom of Great Britain, this town\\nwill, with their lives and fortunes, support them in the\\nmeasure.\\nFor eight years, Mr. Tracey was the principal owner of 110 mer-\\nchantmen, which had an aggregate tonnage of 15,660, and were valued,\\nwiih their cargoes, at $2,733,000. Of these, but 13 were left at the\\nend of the Revolution; the remainder being either captm-ed by the\\nenemy or lost. Mr. Tracey owned also 24 cruiser. carrying 340\\nguns, and navigated by 2,800 seamen. All these, save one, were lost.\\nThese vessels did invaluable service to the struggling government-\\nThey captured property from the British that sold for $3,9.50,000 in\\ngold.\\nPIBLIC LIBRARY, NEVBCRYPOHT\\nIn August, 1775, the first privateer fitted out in the\\nUnited States, owned bj Nathaniel Tracey, sailed from\\nthis port. The first vessel that flung the American\\nflag from her peak in the Thames was from Newbury-\\nport t and this town despatched the first vessel to\\nLabrador.\\nThe commerce of Newburyport flourished amazingly\\nfrom the close of the Revolution until 1807. Wealth\\nseemed to rise trom the sea, and fall spontaneously into\\nher ready lap. But the heavy embargo crushed her\\nprosperity, though not the spirit of the people. Then\\ncame a local calamity, the great fire of 1811, which\\ndestroyed a million and a half of property in a few\\nhours. Last of all, the Middlesex Canal, which was\\nbuilt soon after, paralyzed her prosperitj-, by diverting\\nher traflic, and made the vital thrust at her enterprise.\\nNewburyport to-day is one of\\nthe most beautiful, but hardlj\\none of the most enterprising,\\ncities in the count} Its pop-\\nulation is 13,323.\\nThis place is remarkable for\\nthe number of noted people\\nho have resided here Jacob\\nPerkins, the celebrated inven-\\ntor Thcophilus Parsons, the\\njurist Edmund Blunt, the navi-\\ngator George Lunt, the au-\\nthor William Lloyd Garrison,\\nthe philanthropist Hannah F.\\nGould, the poetess and Har-\\niiet Prcscott Spofford, the au-\\nthoress Hon. Caleb Cushing,\\nthe statesman; Rev. George Whitefield, the preacher,\\nand many more. The remains of Mr. Whitefield rest\\nunder the Federal Street Church.\\nMarblehead is one of the choicest places of native\\nseaside beauty in the county, if not in the State. Lying on\\na peninsula, it has a fine harbor, accessible at all times to\\nvessels of the deepest draught. This town was detached\\nfrom Salem, May 2, 1649. At that time there were only\\n44 families; to-day there are 1,881, with 7,677 inhabit-\\nants. The main portion of the town is situated at the\\nt An honor also claimed by Nantucket.\\nX There were four cotton factories there in 1875, with an invested\\ncapital of $1,200,000; making goods annually valued, with the work\\ndone, at $1,235,511. The capital invested in shipbuilding in that year\\nwas only $149,500; yet this is more than formerly $96,000 is invested\\nin the manufacture of boots, shoes and slippers.\\nIn 1837 the town manufactured over 1,000,000 pairs of shoes, em-\\nploying for it nearly 1,200 operatives. There are at present e.xtensivc\\nshoe factories in the town. There are two national banks and one sav-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0150.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nhead of a short and narrow arm of the sea, while to the\\nsouth hcs the peninsula known as the Great Neck.\\nThis neck is a favorite summer resort, both on account\\nof the beautj of the scenery, and the coolness of the\\nbreezes that are constant!} blowing from the sea. There\\nare here two excellent hotels, and many pleasant and at-\\ntractive cottages. The pursuits of the people are shoe\\nmanufacturing, market-gardening and Cshing. The latter\\nwas once tbe chief pursuit of the citizens of the town.\\nJust pre-\\\\-ious to the Kevolution, the vessels of INIar-\\nblehoad rocked in nearl} ever} harbor, and sailed in\\nalmost every sea. The patriotic heroism, and almost\\nreckless daring of the seamen, were the theme of univer-\\nsal conversation. Marblehead was then the second town\\nin the Colony.\\nParticularly worthj of men-\\ntion is the patriotism of Mar-\\nblehead. The old town is,\\nand alwaj s was, lo3 al to the\\ncore. During the Revolution,\\nwhen she lost almost 1,000\\nmen, the War of 1812, and\\nthe Rebellion, her great heart\\nbeat with loyal pulse. She\\nspared neither men nor money\\nfor the honor and glory of the\\ngovernment both were freely\\ngiven for its support.\\nMarblehead has produced\\nmore great men than most\\nother cities or towns in the\\ncounty. There was Gen. John\\nGlover, who led that famous\\narmy across the Delaware, on the bitter night of Dec.\\n25, 177G. Gen. Glover also conducted the surrendered\\narmy of Burgoyne through New England. He was an\\nable, brave soldier, and a friend of Washington. Hon.\\nElliridge Gerry is another of Marblehead s illustrious\\nsons. He was one of the signers of the Declaration\\nof Independence, and a member of Congress. He was\\nsent as ambassador to France, was Governor of Massa-\\nchusetts, and flnall} became Vice-President of the United\\nStates. Then there are others: Joseph Story, LL.D.,\\nings hank in the to-rni; and also a high school, besides several inter-\\nmediate and primary schools. An excellent newspaper, The Mes-\\nsenger, is published here. There are eight chnrches of all denomi-\\nnations. By the bcqnest of Benjamin Abbott, a beautiful public build-\\ning, called Abbott Hall, has been erected on the Common at a cost of\\n#75,000.\\nLate one afternoon in 1861 she received notice of the call for troops\\nand at eight o clock the next morning she had a company of men in\\nFancuil Hall. They were the first troops there. An hour later two\\nJohn Gallison, Azor Ome, Edward A. Holyoke, Isaac\\nStory, Rev. Samuel Sewall, and Samuel Hooper.\\nThough no recognized poet seems native to Jlarble-\\nhead, yet she has not wanted pens to celebrate her\\nbeaut} and her patriotism. Longfellow, on the beach\\nnear old Fort Sewall, wrote his Fire of Driftwood.\\nLucy Larcom, with her characteristic tenderness, wrote\\nHannah Binding Shoes, in Marblehead. The muses\\nof Whittier and Holmes, and the genius of Hawthorne,\\nhave touched, as with fire, the old town, so rugged and\\nrocky, that Whiteficld wondered where they buried their\\ndead. There are many interesting landmarks in Marble-\\nhead. Among the more importnnt are the Old North\\nChurch, St. Michael s Church, built in 1714, the town-\\nhouse erected in 1728, the old\\npowder-house, and the house\\nin which Elbridge Gerry was\\nbom.\\nDanvers, containing a pop-\\nulation of 6,024 persons, so\\ncalled, it is said, from Earl\\nD Anvers, f a nobleman in\\nthe north of England, and fa-\\nmous as being the town in\\nwhich Gov. Endicott was the\\nfirst landholder, he having\\nestablished himself there (at\\nthe Port as early as 1830,\\nwas formerly a part of Sa-\\nlem, and known as Salem Vil-\\nlage. The settlement was\\nincorporated as a district in\\n1752, and as a town June 16, 1757. It has at present\\nsix postal centres. The principal, though latest, settle-\\nment, Danvers Plains, is a large, thickly settled, and\\npleasant village, occupying, for the most part, a very\\ncligibb plain from which it takes its name, which, on\\nits rear, stretches away very picturesquely up on to the\\nslopes of Lindall Hill. The to\u00c2\u00abii is supphed with\\nhotels, banks, and a newspaper office.\\nDanversport, once called New Mills Village, the early\\nhome of Gov. Endicott, situated at the head of naviga-\\nother companies from Marblehead arrived. Likewise, in the war of\\nIndependence, she saw and did her duty. After its close, it was found\\nthat the tonnage of Marblehead had decreased from 12,000 to 1,500;\\nfrom 1 ,200 voters she had declined to less than 500. Thus vi-as there\\nleft a sadly crippled industry, with more than 500 widows and more\\nthan 1,000 oqihans.\\nt In honor, according to one account, of Sir Danvers Osbom.\\nt It is said that a pear tree, planted by Gov. Endicott, m.ay still be\\nseen, on the old Kudicott eslatc, 243 years old.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0151.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ntion on Porter River, in the north-eastern part of the\\ntownship, was settled at a very early date. During the\\nRevolutionary war, four twenty-gun ships, and eight or\\nten privateers were built here. It is, at present, the seat\\nof quite a large lumber trade.\\nDanvers Centre, formerly Salem Tillage proper, was\\nthe earliest settled portion of the town, and was the site\\nof the first church edifice, a very humble structure, and\\nbuilt in 1C72, noted as the building in which were held\\nthe preliminary hciiincs of the more important witch-\\ncnft cises A second chuich, located at the Plains,\\nwj.a organized iii 1713,\\nBIRTHPL.VCn OP ISr.AEL PI T f AM, DANTEIIS.\\nRev. James Bailey was the first pastor of this historic\\ncolonial church. He was settled in 1671, and resigned\\n1G80. His successor was Rev. George Burroughs (1G80-\\n1G83), subsequently (Aug. 19, 1G92) executed for witch-\\ncraft on Gallows Hill, Salem. He ^was succeeded by\\nRev. Dcodab Lawson (1683-1688). The next in order\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2was Rev. Samuel Parris (1G89-1696), in whose family-,\\nIn 1701, a somewhat larger and more commodious structure was\\nput up in its place constructed after the primitive colonial pattern,\\nsquare, with pointed roof. Unpretentious as it was, this edifice yet\\nanswered the religious needs of the settlement for upwards of eighty-\\nyears when it, in turn, was superseded by a still larger ar.d more\\namhitions temple, having a very lofty steeple. This li.ing burned in\\nISOG, a brick church was erected, which, in 1S39, gave place, finally, to\\nthe pi esent commanding structure.\\nOne of the old Revolutionary landmarks of Danvers, the Collins\\nHouse (now the beautiful summer residence of Mr. Peabody of Bos-\\nton), is a memorial of the patriotic zeal of the fathers. At one time,\\nthis house was the headquarters of Gcii. Gage.\\nas elsewhere stated, the witchcraft excitement first made\\nits appearance.\\nThe first town meeting in Danvers was held March 4,\\n1752, the population at the time being 400. The town\\nwas divided into Danvers and South Danvers Maj 18,\\n1855. The principal industry is the boot and shoe\\nmanufacture, though brick-making has, in times past,\\nbeen a lucrative and thriving business. Danvers Ceme-\\ntery can hardly be surpassed for taste and rural beautj-.\\nThe town has an abundant water-supply, with its sources\\nin Middleton Pond\\nThv, mil iliitants of Danvers, saj s Mr. Barber,\\nhnve always been distinguished for\\nthi ir patriotism, and its citizens bore\\ntheir full share in the great contest\\nof the Revolution. Gen. Israel\\nPutnam, so celebrated for his courage,\\nand his important services in the\\nFicnch, Indian, and Revolutionaiy\\nwais Col. Hutchinson, another Revo-\\nlutionary commander, and who re-\\nceived the marked approbation of\\nishington for his ser\\\\-ices in cros-\\nsing the Delaware I Capt. Samuel\\nand Jeremiah Page, both of whom\\nfought at Lexington, and were com-\\nm mders of companies in the Revo-\\nlutionary army, were from this town.\\nOf those who fell at Lexing:on, one-\\n.ixth p.art were inhabitants of this\\nto^^n.\\nIn 1861, Danvers enlisted 800\\nsoldiers. A noble granite monument\\nbe irs the names of those who were\\nslain.\\nAmong the noted men in Danvers, besides those\\nalready named, maj- be mentioned Nathan Reed, Judge\\nSamuel Hoiten, and Samuel P. King, all former members\\nof Congress. Rev. Dr. Putnam (eminently a town\\nname), a distinguished divine of Brooklyn, N. Y., is a\\nnative of this town. John G. Whittier is at present a\\nresident of this place.\\nHe also commanded a company at the siege and capture of Quebec,\\nand was at Lake George, and at the defeat of Ticonderoga with Gtu.\\nAbcrcrombie. At Lexington he commanded a company of miuute-\\nA monument to their memory, standing, it is claimed, on the identi-\\ncal spot, at the junction of Main and Wiishingtj. U sti-ccts, Peabody,\\nwhere the young patriots rallied, and whence they mai-ched to Lex-\\nington, w.as erected in 1835. Gen. Gideon Foster, one of the snrvivors\\nof that battle, delivering the address upon the occasion. The religious\\nscriices on this occasion were held in the same old church in which,\\nsixty years before, funeral services had been held over the remains of\\nthe slain. Ed.\\nf}JS^M{", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0152.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nThe Pcabod3- Institute contains, hesidos a fine hall, a\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0well-choson library of 8,3.j0 volumes. The now State\\nLunatic Asylum, on Hawthorne Hill, and visible from a\\ngreat distance, is the largest building in Essex County,\\nand is 2o7 feet above the sea level.\\nAndover is situated on the south-east side of the\\nIMcrrimac Eiver, about sixteen miles north-west of\\nSalem. Along its whole north-west side flows the\\nMerrimac. Its agriculture is important, one writer\\nreckoning it as one of the best fanning towns in\\nMassachusetts. The exact date of the settlement of it\\nis difficult to determine. It is known, however, that the\\nland was purchased of Cutsham-\\naehe, the sagamore of Massachu-\\nsetts, for \u00c2\u00a36 and a coat. Mr.\\nWoodbridge made the bargain in\\nDchalf of the inhabitants of Coch-\\nicowick, the Indian name of An-\\ndover. The court ratified this pur-\\nchase in 1G4:6, and Incorporated\\nthe town with the name of Ando-\\nver, after the old English town\\nbjr that name in Hampshire, from\\nwhich a large number of the set-\\ntlors came. The first settlements\\nwere on the pleasant tract of laud\\nnear Cochicewick. Among the\\nearly settlers were Mr. Bradstreet,\\nJohn Osgood, and Joseph Parker.\\nIn 1G44, Simon Bradstreet, after-\\nwards deputy-governor, erected the\\nfirst mill in the town. The first\\ndisturbance from the Indians oc-\\ncurred as late as 1076, v.Iicu they\\nkilled Joseph Abbott, to jk Timothy Abbott, his brother,\\nprisoner, and burned Mr. Faulkner s house to the ground.\\nIn 1G98, a party of thirty or forty Indians surprised\\nthe town, killed fi\\\\ e persons, burnt two houses and two\\nbarns, with the cattle in them, and set another dwelling-\\nhouse and the mccting-house on fire. The first town\\nmeeting was hold in IG06, at the house of John Osgood.\\nFifty sons of Andover fought at the battle of Bunker\\nHill. There were, in 1777, four militia companies in\\nthe town, numbering with what was called the alarm-\\nlist, a muster-roll of 670 men.\\nAndover is the seat of many worthy institutions of\\nlearning. Phillips Academy, instituted in 1778, and,\\nIn 1S7.5 there were ten carriase e.stablishmcnts, with an invested\\ncnpitiil of $!163,0nn tlic value of goods made and work done amounted\\nto \u00c2\u00a7393,200. There was only one establishment which manufac-\\nconsequently, the oldest academy in the State, is here.\\nThe Andover Theological Seminar^ founded in 1807,\\ndoes its modest but gi-eat work here also. In 1829\\nanother school was established here, called the Abbot\\nFemale Acadoni}-. Twenty-seven j-oars afterwards, in\\n1856, the Punchard Free School was founded but,\\nshortly afterwards, it was destroyed by fire. There are\\ntwo large and valuable libraries in the town the Ando-\\nver Theological Seminary Library, and the Old South Sab-\\nbath-school Library. The population of Andover is 5,097.\\nBoots, shoes and slippers arc the principal mapufactures.\\nAmesbuhy* was once a part of the town of Salisburj-.\\n^TiiLiip^ \\\\ciDFJfY, \\\\vno-\\\\Tr\\nM a t(j\\\\vu meeting of the inhabitants of SaU=buiy in\\nlG-12, it was ordered that thirty families remove to the\\nwest side of the Pow-wow River before 1643. This was\\nthe territory of Amosburj In 1664, the population on\\nthis spot had become so large that a vote was passed to\\nImild a meeting-house, and a committee appointed to\\nchoose a minister. Eight j-ears afti^rwards this committee\\nwere successful in securing the services of Rev. Thomas\\nWells. In 1666 the inhabitants petitioned the General\\nCourt for the grant of a township. It was not until\\n1668, however, that the General Court granted leave to\\nname the town Amesbury. In 1725 the town was\\ndivided into the West and East Parishes. During the\\ntured woollen goods proper, but that had \u00c2\u00a71,000,000 of invested cap-\\nital, and the value of g(K)ds made and the work done amounted to\\n$1,432,512.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0153.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nRevolution the feeling of patriotism and devotion to the\\ncolonial cause was universal throughout the town. In\\nMarch, 1775, the town voted to raise fifty able-bodied\\nmen, to serve one year. They were eommandod bj-\\nCapt. John Currier, and fought at the battle of Bunker\\nHill. Josiah Bartlett, one of the signers of the Declara-\\ntion of Independence, was born in this town. After the\\nclose of the war of 1812, in which the town seems to\\nhave taken no deep interest, the industry became largelj-\\nmanufacturing; whereas, heretofore, it had been agri-\\ncultural. Woollen and carriage manufactures are the\\nprincipal industries.\\nAs early as April, 1861, a compan}- was already\\norganized and drilling. In the following July it was\\nmustered into sendee under the command of Capt. Jos.\\nW. Sargent. The Soldiers Record contains tlie names\\nof 342 citizens of Amesbury, who served their country\\nwell. This town has the distinction of being, for manj\\nyears, the home of the delightful poet, John G. Whittier.\\nIts population is 3,816.\\nBeverly,* situated north of Salem, and an offshoot of\\nthat city, is separated from the latter b3 a part of the\\nNorth River wliich forms the harbor of the town. The\\nsoil is rather thin, and not over-productive, and the land\\nis hill3 and rocky. John and William Woodliury, with\\nother companions of the famous Roger Conant, having\\nremoved hither from Salem, and being soon followed by\\nConant himself in 1630, the settlement was incorpo-\\nrated as a distinct township with the name of Beverly, in\\n1668; but it was not until 1753 that a small tract of\\nterritorj Ipng between Danvers and Beverly was\\nannexed to the latter. This tract was known by the\\nromantic title of Ryallside. The first town meeting\\nwas held Nov. 23, 1668.\\nThe first cotton-mill in the United States was erected\\nin Bevcrl3 in 1 778. It was built of brick, and was locat-\\ned in North Beverly, near Baker s Comer. A periodi-\\ncal describing this saj s An experiment made with a\\ncomplete set of machinery for carding and spinning\\ncotton met with the warmest expectations of the proprie-\\ntors. In his tour through the countrjMn 1789, Wash-\\nington visited this mill.\\nBeverly has a capable fire department, one military company, a\\ntiank of discount, a public library, a lyceum, farmer s club, an excel-\\nlent system of public schools, and a weekly journal called The Bev-\\ncily Citizen. The population is 7,271.\\nt This section of the town is largely devoted to country-seats on the\\npart of the citizens of Salem and Boston. These estates, Including\\nmansions and grounds, are often superb, while the ocean scenery from\\nthese points is probably quite unsurpassed.\\nX At this place there is an old church in which Rev. John Chipman\\nprcacned for nearly 60 years, and in which George Whitefield is said also\\nFrom the date of tlie settlement of Beverlj-, until\\n1649, its inhalntants worshipped with the First Church\\nin Salem. The first meeting-house was erected in 1656\\non the site of the present Old South Meeting-house, at\\nthe comer of Cabot and Hale streets. The first minister\\nwas Rev. John Hale. There are churches here now of\\nalmost all the usual denominations. The military record\\nof the town is patriotic. During the wars against the\\nsavages, the Revolution, the war of 1812, and especially\\nduring the Rebellion (when the town enlisted 988 men,\\nof which number over 100 were lost), it was ever on the\\nalert and contributed its full share of soldiers and money.\\nThe cod-fisher3 was carried on with great success from\\n1789 up to the beginning of the Rebellion. It was\\nseriously, though temporarily, affected 1)3 the embargo,\\nand injured by the war of 1812. Tanning, and the\\nmanufactiu-e of pottery, were among the earl3 industries\\nof Beverly. There is now but one establishment for the\\nmanufacture of pottery in the town. Beverly has three\\npostal centres Beverh Beverh Farms f and North\\nBeverl3 J and a population of 7,241. The most thickl3--\\nsettled portion is nearest to Salem, supported largely by\\nboot and shoe manufactories. The town hall, and Odd\\nFellows hall, and Briscoe school-house, the powder-house\\nand common, are the principal points of interest. One\\nof the most prominent and sightl3- elevations in town is\\nCherry HiU, North Bcverl3-, crowned by the estate and\\nelegant mansion of Richard Palmer Waters, Esq.\\nRev. John Chipman, a graduate of Harvard College,\\n1711, was ordained over the church at North Beverly\\n(which had been constituted the same day) Dec. 28,\\n1 715, and continued pastor until his death, in 1775, aged\\n85 years. His colleague, Rev. Enos Hitchcock, (ordained\\nMa3 1, 1771), some four years subsequent to his settle-\\nment, received an appointment as chaplain in a Massachu-\\nsetts regiment continuing with the same, for the most\\npart, during the whole Revolutionarj War not having\\nbeen dismissed from his pastorate, meantime, until 1780.\\nHis regiment was at West Point, Yalle3- Forge, and at\\nother equall3 memorable and historic points.\\nEssex was one of the junior members of the famil3 of\\nthe parent count3 from which it has its name, not having\\nto have discoursed. The old Chipman manse, a building of good, old-\\nf.ishioncd proportions, though now sadly dilapidated, is yet standing,\\nand occupied by descendants of the venerable pastor. In this building\\nis a portrait, in oil, of Whitefield, said to be authentic.\\nThis estate is memorable as having been the property of Mr. Joseph\\nWhite, of Salem, murdered by Crowningshield, through the instigation\\nof the Knapps (of Wenham), and on the occasion of whose tiial\\nDaniel Webster made the famous plea, familiar to every school-boy.\\nMr. Waters well remembers this Mr. White, having seen him as he lay\\nin his bed the morning after the murder. Ed.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0154.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nhad an incorporation till Feb. 18, 1819. Before that\\ntime it had reckoned as Ipswich Second Parish, or more\\ncommonly as (by its Indian name) Chebacco. It is a\\nlovely place, but in a secluded position, partly on which\\naccount it had had no railroad till within a very few\\nyears. It lies on the sea-coast, immediately north of\\nCape Ann. By means of several deep creeks and\\nestuaries, it has good communication with navigable\\nwaters, and has for years been noted for its enter-\\nprise in shipbuilding, for which its situation is well\\nadapted.\\nIn the western part lies Chebacco Pond, a charming\\nlake of 260 acres, from which flows Esses River, giving\\nfine variety and much convenience to the town. In some\\ndirections, the village is hidden by deep forests in\\nothers, concealed among numerous and picturesque hills.\\nBumham s, White s and Perkins Hills, may be taken as\\nspecimens, affording fine ^aews.\\nAgriculture is good here, but does not lead. Salt hay\\nis largely cut on the marshes, and the gardens are pro-\\nductive, but the land is better for pasturage than tillage.\\nClams are abundant, and form a valuable article of trade.\\nShoes are extensively made also shingles, and some\\nother similar products. But the shipbuilding of Essex\\nhas made her reputation. Dr. Kane made an Arctic\\nvoyage in a vessel built here.\\nEssex had 200 soldiers in the war of the Rebellion, of\\nwhom she lost 30. Her record is also honored by the\\nnativity of Hon. Rufus Choate, born Oct. 1, 1799 also\\nhis brother, David Choate, a man of different tastes, but\\nhardly less ability.\\nSeveral churches are found here, the oldest being the\\nCongregational, where Rev. John Wise was ordained in\\n1682. Population, 1,713.\\nPeabodt,* (population, 8,066), previous to 1855, was\\nembraced in Danvers. The town was named in honor\\nof George Peabody, the philanthropic London banker,\\nwho established in the town an institute in 1852, with an\\nendowment of $200,000. The institute provides for an\\nannual course of free lectures, and a free librarj\\nPeabody is closely alhed to Salem. It is largely engaged\\nin the manufacture of leather indeed, its annual pro-\\nduction is larger than that of Salem. In 1875, the value\\nof leather manufactured in Peabody was S3, 345, 618.\\nThe town contains a large bleacherj and extensive glue\\nmanufactories.\\nIn the old burial-ground of this place, it is said, lies buried\\nthe remains of the woman Elizal)cth Whitman a temporary resident\\nof tliis town, whose singular and rather melancholy history constituted\\nthe foundation of the story which, in other days, has excited so much\\ninterest with readers of romance, and is called Eliza Wliarton.\\nGrovelaxd is one of the beautiful towns of the lower\\nMeri lmac series, and almost the latest one in municipal\\nexistence, having been incorporated so latel}- as JNIarch 8,\\n1850. Its surface is prettily diversified, with many bits\\nof choice woodland, interspersed with ponds and streams\\nthat add much attractiveness to the scene. This town,\\nwhose euphonious name is neither imitated from an Ind-\\nian barbarism, nor copied in servility from the English,\\nlies with its north-west side along the Men-imac River.\\nThe eastern section is watered bj Parker River, and the\\nwest by Johnson s Pond, with its brisk outlet stream\\nfalling into the Merrimac. Water-power is abundantly\\nfurnished, and fishery, as of bass, salmon, shad and the\\nlike, is profitably carried on.\\nUntil its incorporation this was the East Precinct of\\nBradford. It had a church as early as June 7, 1727,\\nwhen Rev. William Balch was pastor and at the pres-\\nent time there are Baptist, Methodist, and Episcopal\\nsocieties as well. The industry is first, agriculture, and\\nafter that, boots and shoes. Woollen goods are likewise\\nlargely made, there being three factories in the place.\\nA remarkably fine iron bridge spans the Merrimack here,\\ntaking the place of an ancient ferrj-, and connecting\\nwith Haverhill on the north bank. The Newburj-port\\nbranch of the B. M. R. R. assists communication. A\\ntasteful monument commemorates the fact that 117 sol-\\ndiers went from here to help subdue the Rebellion, of\\nwhom 24 never returned. The population is 2,084.\\nSalisbukt is the most northerly town in Essex\\nCountj and is indeed the most northerly town in Mas-\\nsachusetts, finding that extremity in Grape Hill, on the\\nNew Hampshire line. This is one of the oldest of the\\ntowns the first grant of the town was made in 1638, to\\nDaniel Dennison and others, and it was called Merri-\\nmac. A j ear after, it had a new name, and was en-\\ntitled Colchester; and by another year, Oct. 7, 1640,\\nit arrived at an incorporation, and still another name, to\\nwit, that of Salisbury.\\nPrior to the definition of the State Une with New\\nHampshire, Salisbury was associated with Hampton,\\nPortsmouth, Exeter and Dover, which, with Haverhill,\\nmade the county of Norfolk. This was set aside\\nafterward, and the line of the Rosewell Patent confirmed,\\nrunning parallel to the Merrimac, and three miles to the\\nnorth of it. These limits became settled in 1679. The\\nfirst church was organized here at the original set-\\ntlement, in 1638, with Rev. William Worcester as pastor.\\nThis town has a peculiarly mixed topograph) all the\\neastern part being marked with every character of the\\nseaside, while the remainder is equally well seen to be-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0155.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nlong to a river town onl_y. One of the most peculiar\\nbeaches in the State forms the whole eastern line, three\\nmiles long, yellow, and hard as a floor. It is a great\\nresort in the summer, and is built along its whole length\\nwith cottages. Behind it are extensive tracts of salt\\nmarsh and these graduall}- harden into sandy plains,\\nwhich again rise, in the west, into man^ hills, some of\\nlarge elevation. The tallest is Powwow Hill, close to the\\nwestern boundary, and 323 feet in height.\\nA slow stream, called Heale3- s Canal, or Dead Creek,\\nruns behind the beach, into the Memmac. The west-\\nern boundary is formed by the Powwow Elver. This,\\nflowing soutli-eastcrh from New Hampshire, has a sud-\\nden fall of about 70 feet in a distance of some 50 rods,\\njust before reaching tide water, which has been converted\\ninto valuable water-power, and has furnished a location\\nfor the chief village, that of Salisburj- Mills. Here are\\nsix or eight valuable wooUen factories, formerlj- in high\\nactivit}-, but of late mostlj out of employ. Another\\nimportant village is at the mouth of the Powwow, and is\\ncalled Salisbury Point and East Salisburj is a postal\\ncentre in the seaward part of the town, of a more scat-\\ntered character than either.\\nThe industry of the town is mostly given to farming\\nbut the importance of cottons and woollens has been\\nconsiderable, and caniage-building continues to be prof-\\nitable. Besides, fishing, coasting, and ship-building\\nhave always had good attention, and some other branches\\nare well followed. The tovra has a national and a sav-\\nings bank, an insurance ofl3ce, and a weekly newspaper.\\nSeven churches are found here. Railroad facilities are\\nafforded by the Salisbury Branch of the Eastern Rail-\\nroad, and by the Newburyport Street Railroad. The\\nMerrimac is spanned by three bridges one of which, at\\nDeer Island, is the first chain suspension bridge built in\\nAmerica. The Salisbury end, however, is a pier bridge,\\nwith a draw.\\nThe industrial statistics are verj interesting, there\\nbeing fourteen leading manufactures in a town having\\nonly 4,078 inhabitants.\\nIpswich (population, 3,674) was settled in 1633 by\\nJohn Winthrop, Jr., and was called Agawam until\\n1634, when it was incorporated. A body of freemen,\\nknown as Commoners, owned the land, and thej- gianted\\nlots to those who wished to settle. In 1788, the Com-\\nmoners made a grant of all their personal and real proi\\nertj to the town for the purpose of pajing its debts.\\nHamilton and Essex were foimerlj included in Ipswich.\\nUntil 18.50 it was a shire town. In 1771, a post-office\\nwas established, and in 1642, free schools were created.\\nThe Ipswich Female Seminary was established in 1828,\\nby Miss Zilpah P. Grant and Miss Marj- Lyon. A grist-\\nmill wae built in 1635, and a saw-mill in 1656. In 1827,\\na cotton factory was erected, and it; 1864, a woollen\\nmiU. Ship-building was commenced in 1668, and was,\\nfor a short time, a leading industr3-. The manufacture\\nof hosiery is the industry in which the most capital is at\\npresent invested. The first meeting-house was erected,\\nin all probability, soon after the settlement of the town\\nand the first church was organized in 1653.\\nManchester, a town of 1,560 inhabitants, lies about\\neight miles north-east of Salem, and is 25 miles distant\\nfrom Boston on the Gloucester Branch of the Eastern\\nRailroad. It was originally known as Jeffrey s Creek, in\\nhonor of William Jeffreys, its first settler and it was\\nseparated from Salem, May 14, 1G45. For many years it\\nwas a large, if not the largest, fishing-port in the coun-\\nty. The principal industry to-day is the manufacture of\\ncabinet furniture, and in this branch it has no superior.\\nThere are 13 establishments for this purpose in the\\ntown. There is one tannery in the village and market-\\ngardening is made quite a profitable pursuit. Three\\nchurches, eight schools, and two hotels are in the town.\\nManchester is a favorite summer resort its natural\\nbeautj- being almost uiisuipassed. It has latterl} been\\ntermed Manchester-bj--the-Sea. There are ample fa-\\ncilities for bathing, boating, and fishing. Among those\\nwho have summer residences in Manchester, are Rev. C.\\nA. Bartol, D.D., of Boston James T. Fields Richard\\nH. Dana, Jr. J. B. Booth, the tragedian Russell Stur-\\ngis R. G. Boardman Dana Boardman Dr. O. S.\\nFowler E. E. Rice, and Walter Cabot.\\nSatjgus, formerly an important part of L3-nn, was set off\\nand separately incorporated, Feb. 17, 1815. Some of the\\nmost interesting antiquities of Lynn now lie in this town,\\nwhere the first iron works in America were established\\nin 1642 the first tavern between Salem and Boston in\\n1635, or thereabout and almost the first river fisheries,\\nas of alewives and bass, taken at the head of tide-water\\nand dried, as early as 1633. The southerly part of\\nthe town is formed of broad, salt marshes, through\\nwhich the Saugus River, running southerlj from Wake-\\nfield Pond, bj- the middle of the town, at last finds exit.\\nThe town lies in four principal illages, in which the\\nmaking of shoes and cigars form the leading indus-\\ntries, both graduall3 increasing. The shoe business\\nhad invested in it in 1875 $25,000, producing goods\\nworth \u00c2\u00a7152,000. The population at the same date was\\n2,578.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0156.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nSwAMPScoTT -was a part of Lynn until March 21, 1852,\\nwhen it was incorporated as a separate town, retaining\\nits Indian name. It is one of the most beautiful places\\non the New England coast. There are three fine beaches\\nin the town, Phillips Beach, one mile in length;\\nAVhale Beach and Blane3- s Beach. It has some of the\\nbest farms to be found any where, and is a famous sum-\\nmer resort for the wealthy, particularly Bostonians. The\\nfirst tannery ever erected in New England was built here,\\nin 1629, by Francis Ingalls the old vats remained until\\n1825. The population is 2,128. A large business has\\nlong been done here in shore-fishing, A ast quantities of\\ncod, and other fish, being taken within sight of land.\\nThese are mostly sold fresh. Lobster-catching is also\\nlargely followed.\\nNahant, in territory, is the smallest town in Essex\\nCount} otherwise it is one of the most remarkable. It\\nconsists of three small islands, connected together, and\\nwith the main land, by a curious series of le\\\\el sandy\\nbeaches, which form delightful drives. The famous Capt.\\nJohn Smith discovered Nahant, or The Nahants,\\non one of his voyages along the coast, and he named\\nthem on his map The FuUerton Islands. This was in\\n1G14 and in 1G24 the Council of New England granted\\nthese islands to Eobert Gorges; but that he ever\\nvisited his possession is doubtful. In 1G29 it was still\\noccupied by the Indians. The second settler on Nahant\\nwas James Mills. In 1088, Edward Randolph, Secretary\\nof State for Massachusetts, petitioned Gov. Andios for\\na grant of the whole peninsula. It was complied with,\\nbut the real proprietors, to whom had been granted the\\nland bj- a vote of the town of L3-nn, resisted. Andros\\nwas deposed and imprisoned, and Randolph jielded his\\nclaim. Until 1 706 there was peace but in that j ear,\\nthe old grants of 1657 were annulled, and the land was\\nre-granted. Nahant is verj famous as a watering-place,\\nand has the siunmer residences of a great many distin-\\nguished persons. It was set off from Lj-nn, March 29,\\n1853, and has since then enjoyed the reputation of as-\\nsessing the lightest taxes in Massachusetts.\\nRocKPORT, a town of 4,480 inhabitants, was incor-\\nporated and set off from Gloucester in 1840. Its princi-\\npal industry is the quarrj-ing of granite. Very beautiful\\nsea-side locations are here found, furnishing an open\\nview of the Atlantic. A more sterile or rockj ground\\nfor inhabitation can hardly any where be found, yet\\nthese stern rocks are the wealth of the place. Fishery is\\nlargely and profitably followed, and a steam cotton-mill\\nhas long been in successful operation.\\nMethuen, population 4,205, was incoqjorated a town\\nin 1725. A school-house was erected in 1742, though\\nthe town had supported schools for a period of 11 years.\\nValuable water-power is afforded bj tlie Spicket River,\\na tributary of the Mcrrimac, which runs south-easterly\\nfrom New Hampshire through the middle of the town.\\nThe stream has a fall of some 50 feet in the midst of the\\nvillage, a feature of much beauty in wet seasons. It is\\ncalled Spicket Falls, and is the only cataract in Essex\\nCounty.\\nRowley, a town of 1,162 inhabitants, was settled in\\n1639 by Mr, Ezekiel Rogers. In his honor it was\\noriginally called Rogers Plantation, but it was sub-\\nsequently changed to Rowlej the name of the town in\\nYorkshire, Eng., where Mr. Rogers had resided. The\\nact of incorporation occurred July 7, 1639. In his\\nWonder-working Providence, Johnson sajs, speaking\\nof the old settlers: They consisted of about three-\\nscore families. Their people being very industrious\\nevery waj soon built as many houses, and were the first\\npeople that set upon making cloth in this western world,\\nfor which end they built a fulling-mill, and caused their\\nlittle ones to be very diligent in spinning cotton-wool,\\nmany of them having been clothiers in England. The\\noriginal territory has been materially diminished by the\\nseparation of Boxford, Bradford and Georgetown from\\nit. The scenerj is much diversified by the remarkably\\nextensive salt marshes that form all the eastern section.\\nTopsFiELD. This town, incorporated in 1650, was\\noriginally known as New Meadow but it was afterward\\nnamed Topsfield from a town in England. It is said\\nthat the name is eight hundred years old. In 1663 the\\nfirst church was regularly constituted in the town, and\\nRev. Thomas Gilbert was ordained the pastor. The\\nfather of the founder of the Mormon faith, Joe Smith,\\nwas a native of Topsfield. It is a most excellent farm-\\ning town, lying in a valley with beautiful hills rising\\naround it, with the Ipswich River winding about their\\nnorthern base. Its population is 1,221. It has always\\nshown gi eat interest in education, long had a famous\\nand very flourishing academy, and sent out more school\\nteachers than any town in the region.\\nNewbttky, the oldest town on the Merrimac, was set-\\ntled and incorporated in the spring of 1635, and contained\\nabout 30,000 acres. When the terrible witchcraft delu-\\nsion spread so rapidly in 1692, Newbury was not in the\\nleast affected by it. In 1764, that part of Newbury now\\ncalled Newburyport, was set off and incorporated.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0157.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nFollowing this incorporation of Newbur^-port, in 1819,\\nWest Newburj- iras set apart as a distinct municipalitj-.\\nThe honor of building the first chain-suspension bridge\\nin America, crossing the Merriniac about three miles\\nabove Newbur^-port, belongs to Newburj On Slarch 2,\\n1762, was begun the erection of Dummer Academ}-,\\nlocated in Byfield parish, an institution of great worth,\\nand one of the oldest in the State.* This old town is\\nnot without its mineral wealth. f The population of\\nNewburj is 1,426.\\nWest Newbury. When this town was set apart from\\nNewburj-, it was incoi-porated under the name of Par-\\nsons but, soon after, the name was changed to West\\nNewbury. The town has manj- beautiful prospects, and,\\nin its vicinity, are some of the most pleasant drives in\\nthe county. An excellent bridge connects the town with\\nEast Haverhill, which has been called, ever since it was\\nbuilt in 1795, The Rock s Bridge. It was 1,000 ft.\\nin length, and the longest bridge across the Merrimac.\\nIt was swept away by ice in 1818, but rebuilt in 1828.\\nPopulation, 2,021.\\nBradford was incorporated a town in 1673, and, in\\n1682, the first Congregational Church was organized,\\nRev. Zachariah Sj-mmes, pastor. During the great\\nfreshet in 1818 this town sustained great loss.\\nBradford is near to Haverhill, and connected with it\\nby a bridge. The town is beautifully located on the\\nsouth bank of the Merrimac its surface is pleasantly\\ndiversified. Population, 2,014.\\nGeorgetown, like Boxford, was originally a part of\\nthe town of Rowley. It was not incorporated until\\n1833. The topograph} of the town is equal, in general\\nbeauty, to any in the countj It boasts the highest\\nelevation in the county, Bald-pate Hill, situated in the\\nsouth-western part of the town. The boot and shoe\\nbusiness is a growing industry- here, and farming is car-\\nried on quite extensively. Parker s River affords good\\nwater-power. During the Rebellion, Georgetown lost\\n49 men. It is said that she was represented on twelve\\nbattle-fields. Population, 2,214.\\nNorth Andover, originallj- a part of Andover, and\\nknown as the North Parish, was separated and incorpo-\\nrated as a town in 18.55. It is one of the best agricul-\\nThis institution was founded by Lieat. Gov. Dummer in 1756,\\nthough not incorporated till October, 1782.\\nt About 1875, a reraarliable discovery of silver ore was made in this\\ntown, not far from the famous mineral locality of the Devil s Den.\\ntural towns in the county everything in the form of!\\nfield products, from potatoes to mangoes, being produced. I\\nEast of the village lies Great Pond, the largest sheet of\\nwater in the county, whose outlet into the Merrimac\\naffords excellent mill facilities. Population, 2,981. I\\nLynnfield, formerly called Lynn End, was incorpo-\\nrated as a district July 3, 1782 obtained full incorpora-\\ntion, Feb. 28, 1814. A church was jjlanted there, under\\ncharge of Rev. Nathaniel Sparhawk, Aug. 17, 1720, and\\nhas continued to prosper ever since.\\nAbundant water suppl}- is had from the Ipswich River\\non the north, the Saugus River on the west, and Suntaug\\nLake in the eastern part. The last is a lovely expanse\\nof water, almost circular, and covering 210 acres. Ex-\\ntensive forests are here and peat is cut in the meadows\\nto a depth of fifteen feet.\\nA more perfectly quiet and rural town than Lynnfield\\nwere hard to find. The lover of solitude will have noth-\\ning here to disturb him and to the invalid the salubrit}-\\nof the air is found often quite as beneficial as that of the\\ndistant interior. Farming is the chief industr\\\\ but\\nsomething is done in ice, granite, and ground dyewoods.\\nThere is a development of fine serpentine rock here,\\nwliich at one time was hoped to be profitable for work-\\ning. South Lynnfield was the outgrowth of the famous\\nNewburyport Turnpike enterprise. A large -hotel was\\nerected in connection with it, but was never successful.\\nDaniel Townsend, killed at Lexington, belonged here.\\nHis grave is shown in the old bur^-ing ground, with a\\npoetic epitaph, often quoted.\\nMerrimac, the West Parish of Amesbury, which had\\nhad a separate organization to a certain extent for manj-\\nyears, was set off and incorporated as a distinct town,\\nApril 11, 1876. The new town took the name of Merri-\\nmac, and was made to include almost one-half the orig- i\\ninal area of the town of Amesbury. Two important\\nvillages were comprised in the new municipality that of\\nWest Amesbur} and that known as the River Vil-\\nlage. The former place is the special seat of the car-\\nriage manufacture, and both are notable for entei-prise\\nand thrift.\\nIt is understood that about 2,500inhabitants went with\\nthe new town. The villages are supplied with water\\nfacilities by a fine little stream called Cobbler s Brook,\\nand are places of much attractiveness.\\nAt first it was largely accompanied by lead but, latterly, it appears\\npurer and better for working. Several mines are now successfully\\nworked. The ore is quite rich, and the discovery is one of the most\\nremarkable ever made in New England.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0158.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nWenham has the name of being tkc first town set off\\nfrom Salem, the date being Mar. 10, 1G43. Its old name\\nTvas Enon, but it was changed to Wenham, in memorj- of\\nj the town of Wenham, SuffoUc County, Eng. The cele-\\nbrated Hugh Peters was the first preacher here in 1G36\\nand he spoke from a small knoll by the pond side, his\\ntext being At Enon, near to Salem, because there was\\nmuch water there.\\nAt present there are two churches in the town. Con-\\ngregational and Baptist. Farming is the principal in-\\ndustry but some are engaged in the manufacture of\\nshoes. An important industry- of this town is the ice\\nbusiness. The population is 911.\\nThe topography of Wenham is beautiful. Wenham\\nLake, one of the largest sheets of water in the countj\\nis the source of water suppl}- to Salem and Beverly-.\\nIpswich Eiver touches its northern boundary, and Miles\\nIviver flows from the lake, along the southern.\\nHamilton, consisting of the south-western angle of old\\nIpswich, formerljr calbd the Hamlets, incorporated\\nJune 21, 1793, is named after the statesman, Alexander\\nHamilton. It is a ver} quiet, pleasant, rural place, well\\nbuilt, and of the highest respectability. The surface\\noccasionally rises into a tall elevation, as Brown s Ilill,\\nor Sagamore Hill. A considerable share of Chebacco\\nPond lies in this town.\\n]\\\\Iuch attention is given to this place by summer resi-\\ndents and pleasui-e-seekers, who have here two attractive\\npicnic groves and summer hotels, and also the celebrated\\nAbbur} Grove, the location of the annual camp-meeting\\nof the Methodist people, where many of them also dwell\\nall through the warm season. The old church, or Third\\nChurch of Ipswich, was founded here Oct. 27, 1714. Its\\nmost noted pastors have been Rev. Manasseh Cutler,\\nperhaps the earliest botanist of New England, and Rev.\\nJoseph B. Felt, an historian and annalist of great breadth\\nof research.\\nLittle is done here save in agriculture, though there is\\na manufactory of woollen cloths. Total population, 797.\\nBoxFORD, a town of 834 inhabitants, was originally a\\np.art of the town of Rowley, but, in 1685, it was incor-\\nporated under the name it now bears. The industry of\\nthe town is mainly agricultural. In 1680, the manufac-\\nture of iron was commenced in this town. At the battle\\nof Bunker Hill, eight Boxford men fell.\\nThis town occupies the highest land in the countj and\\nis full of ponds, from which many important streams\\ndescend.\\n]MiDDLETON is pleasantly situated on the Ipswich\\nRiver. Its principal manufactures are shoe knives, soap,\\nglue and starch. The town was originally a part of\\nSalem, Boxford and Andover, from which it was separated\\nin 1 728. In olden times, the people of Middleton were\\ncalled Will s Hill Men, from an eminence in the\\ncentral portion of the settlement. The population is\\n1,092. A beautiful pond lies near the village, and an\\nenterprising paper-mill is found at the southern boundarv.\\nFKANKLIN COUNTY,\\nBY WM. E. GRAVES, ESQ.\\nFranklik ComrrT is the home of a generally peaceful\\nand prosperous people, who seem by their varied indus-\\ntrial pursuits well worth} to share the fame of the im-\\nmortal statesman and sage in honor of whom it received\\nits name. The county occupies an important position in\\nthe northern and western centre of the State, with New\\nHampshire and Vermont on its northern boundary, the\\ncounty of Hampshire of which it was formerly a part\\nlying directly south, Worcester County bordering it\\non the east, and Berkshire County on the west. Its\\nsuperficial area of 650 square miles embraces 26 towns.\\nThe total valuation of the county is $16,579,435. Its\\nact of incorporation bears date June 24, 1811.\\nA quiet glance over its territory shows how much\\ngrandeur and beauty the Green Mountain range and the\\nConnecticut or Long River, as its Indian name\\nimpUes, have imparted to the section which they trav-\\nerse. Hill, valley and river these broad meadows and\\nthose rapid tributary streams have evidently shaped the\\nlabor of the county, and determined its industrial char-\\nacter. In the language of Dr. Holland, there is\\nhardly a farm or a workshop, a dwelling or a church, a", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0159.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SEW ENGLAND.\\nroad or a mill, but is connected in some waj- with Con-\\nnecticut Eivcr. The streams that gather on the moun-\\ntain-sides turn the wheels of lonely or clustered manu-\\nfactories, herds and flocks feed upon the sweet grasses\\nthat grow among the rocks and upon the smoother\\nslopes, while many a favored home-lot nestles down\\nupon a broad inten al, watered by a stream that has\\nfound a smooth path, and shut out from bleak winds by\\nthe elevations that rise on every side.\\nOriginally the northern portion of the largest count}\\nin the State, and generally mountainous in its aspect,\\nmore particularly in the western sections, where, amid\\nrude Alpine sccnerj rises many a lofty elevation covered\\nfrom base to summit with a hcavv growth of timber, it\\nis nevertheless a somewhat remarkable feature of this\\ncounty that every town within its borders, almost\\nwithout exception, is well watered. Various objects\\nof curiosity abound in the hilly, broken lands where\\nspring the sources of its never-failing brooks and\\nstreams. Its picturesque elevations comprise conical\\nhills of red sandstone as well as wood-crowned heights\\nand the eye wearied with gazing on rude ledges of\\ntrap rock turns with relief to the softer cornelian, or the\\nmore brilliant specimens of agate and amethyst found in\\nits geological formation. The banks of the broad and\\nbeautiful Connecticut River, which first enters the State\\nof Massachusetts in this county, and flowing southerly\\nwith an average width of an eighth of a mile, divides\\nthe county into nearly equal p.^irts, arc adorned with\\nfertile mcadou s and rich alluvial lands bordering well-\\ncultivated farms dotted here and there with graceful\\nelms. Fine grazing grounds are also found on the hilly\\nridges rising above the luxuriant Deerficld meadows,\\nforming the productive basin of that romantic river.\\nHere abound all sorts of grain and grasses, the moun-\\ntain sides yielding rich pasture for flocks and herds.\\nThe wild Deerfield, with its powerful volume of water\\npouring in from the west, and Miller s River, with its\\nrapid current from the east, swell the noble Connecticut,\\njoining it near the heart of the count} and passing on to\\nthe ocean, produce a gigantic motive-power whose extent\\nand value are almost illimitable, and whose complete\\nutilization would nearlj- revolutionize the industrial inter-\\nThe rude fortifications of this frontier town were built of squared\\ntimber, laid horizontnlly, interlocked at the angles, and with loopholes\\npierced on every side for firing on an enemy. The walls of framed\\nhouses were lined with brick, the upper story projeetlnj;, with open\\nspaces here and there to annoy or wound assailants and mounts, or\\nelevated block-houses, affording a view of the neighboring country,\\nwcro erected at exposed points, while sentry-ljoxcs for a similar pur-\\npose were sometimes placed on roofs. The fort itself was a large\\nenclosure, sometimes embracing the chin-ch and several dwelling-\\nhouses,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and was surrounded by palisades of cleft or hewn timber\\nests of this section of the State. Affluents of these\\nrivers, including manj- rapid streams running circuitousl}\\nthrough narrow valleys flanked bj rocky and wooded\\neminences abound, almost in the rude state of lGG-2,\\nwhen this territory, inhabited onlj b} wild beasts and\\nIndians, was incorporated as a part of Hampshire\\nCounty. Here a continuation of the Green Mountain\\nrange presents some of the wildest and most picturesque\\nscenery in Massachusetts. But the romance and the\\nloneliness of nature in these western soUludes are sur-\\npassed by her lovehness in the gentler grass-lands of\\nthis favored Franklin Count}-, where gi-acefully-winding\\nstreams gleam through green meadows like silver threads\\nin the sunshine.\\nThe first settlement made in this county, the first\\nchurch formed, and the first minister ordained, were in\\nits oldest town, Dccrfiold. The place was called Po-\\ncumtuck by the Indians, who dwelt peaceably with the\\nwhites till King Philip s war in 1G75, when, the\\nfidelity of the Indians being suspected, they were\\nordered to deliver up their arms, which they promised to\\ndo, but secretly fled. They were piursucd and twenty-\\nsix of their number were killed near Sugar Loaf Hill,\\nthe remainder joining Philip. Six days afterward, Sept.\\n1, 1675, the Indians captured Deerfield, killed one per-\\nson and burned nearly the whole village, leaving a large\\namount of grain which had escaped the conflagration\\nstacked in the fields. Capt. Thomas Lothrop, with\\neighty-four soldiers, guarding men and teams, was de-\\ntailed to secure these stores for the use of the garrison\\nin the neighboring town of Hadlcy, where a fort was\\nmaintained to protect Deerfield and other frontier settle-\\nments from Indian outrage and atrocity. On returning\\nwith his convoy, while crossing a small stream bordered\\nby swamp laud thickly covered with brush, in which a\\nbody of more than seven hundred Indians lay in ambus-\\ncade, he was suddenly surrounded, overpowered by the\\nrelentless savages, and mercilesGly slain with nearly his\\nwhole force. The blood of the wounded and dying\\nstained the wet earth, and dyed the surrounding waters.\\nOnly seven or eight of the settlers escaped and, as the\\nmassacre of Bloody Brook, Sept. 18, 1675, the fatal\\nattack will ever be known in history. A marble monu-\\nplanted perpendicularly in the ground, and without ditches. Single\\ndwellings were sometimes protected by stockades, which proved of ser-\\nvice against slight attacks. But the settlers, harassed by calls for mili-\\ntary serrice, and the incnrsions of the Indians, found it hard work to\\nclear land enough for their own support, and the former sought his field\\nwith a gun in one hand and some implement of husbandry in the other.\\nLike the Pilgrims at Plymouth, and the early Bay colonists, these hardy\\nmen of the frontier literally lived by faith, where, it has been often\\nsaid, a less fearless and persevering race would have yielded to despau-\\nand abandoned the contest.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0160.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nment in memorj of Capt. Lothrop and his men was\\nerected near the south point of Sugar Loaf Hill, Deer-\\nfield, in 1838.\\nJohn P)-nchon, Esq., of Springfield, received a deed\\nof this territorj- from the Indians, Feb. 21, 1665. The\\ndocument was witnessed by Wequonock, who helped\\nthe Sachem in making the bargain, and, as usual in all\\nIndian transfers of land, reserved to them the right of\\nfishing in the rivers and waters hunting deer or other\\nwild animals the gathering of walnuts, chestnuts, and\\nother nuts and things on the commons. The legisla-\\nture, or General Court of the Province of Massachu-\\nsetts, in 1669, sanctioned this grant of land to Ensign\\nDaniel Fisher and others of Dedham, for whom the deed\\nwas originally secured. Deerfield Ijegan to be settled by\\nwhite people in 1670-71, and was incorporated May 24,\\n1682.\\nThe slaughter of 300 Indians during the famous\\nFalls Fight, May 18, 1676, by the brave soldier Capt.\\nTurner, whose name has since been given to the falls,\\nand who lost only 37 of 1.50 men, was a serious blow\\nto Philip, because it broke up the fisheries on which he\\nhad largely depended for supplies, and cost him the lives\\nof many important sachems and able warriors. En-\\nfeebled by previous sickness, Capt. Turner lost his own\\nlife during the retreat across Greenfield meadows. Philip\\nhad before this dealt treacherousl} with the Mohawks\\nand when Capt. Turner at early morning surprised the\\nj Indians, they supposed the Mohawks were upon them.\\nSome were killed in their cabins, others were cut down\\nunder the shelving rocks of the river s bank, where thej^\\nhad fled for shelter while many leaped into canoes, for-\\ngetting their paddles, and 140 passed over the falls, but\\none of whom escaped drowning. Turner s Falls are\\nsituated between Greenfield, Gill, and Montague. The\\ndam constructed here for the canal is at a point where\\nits upper locks were stationed in 1793-5, and was origi-\\nnallj erected in part by capitalists from Holland. It\\nis about 1,000 feet long, resting near the centre upon\\ntwo small islands. Over the dam the water leaps more\\nI than thirty feet perpendicular, and for a mile continues\\ndescending rapidly, and foaming along its course. A\\nthousand rods below, the stream strikes directlj against\\na lofty greenstone ridge, when it changes its course\\ntowards the south nearly a quarter of a circle. From\\nthe elevated ground on the Gill shore the cataract may\\nbe seen to good advantage. Sixtj- years elapsed after the\\nfight in this vicinity before the General Court of Massa-\\nchusetts, in 1736, granted to the sunivors and their\\ndescendants the whole of the present town of Bernards-\\nton, elsewhere mentioned.\\nDuring the year following the death of Philip the\\nfarmers of Deei-field were annoyed by straggling parties\\nof Indians emigrating from the East, and crossing the\\nConnecticut Valley on their way to the West and bj a\\nfew plundering squads who came from their northern\\nabodes to wreak vengeance upon the holders of their old\\nhomes and hunting-grounds. It was suspected that the\\nFrench in Canada were aiding the Indians. This after-\\nwards proved correct. Attacks and repulses frequently\\noccurred, and the settlers became discouraged. A tem-\\nporary peace ensued, and the people prospered. Deer-\\nfield sufiered throughout King William s War, and\\nduring the reign of Anne, who succeeded William at his\\ndeath in 1702, it encountered still severer hardships. Dur-\\ning the so-called Queen Anne s War the unfortunate\\nsettlers learned that the French people in Canada in-\\ntended to destroy Deerfield, and thus annoy England\\nthrough her Colonies.\\nIn the cold night of Feb. 29, 1704, the town being\\nthen guarded mainly by four feet of snow, drifted in\\nsome places over the tops of the palisades suiTounding\\nthe fort, Maj. De Rouville, with a force of 342 French\\nand Indians, scaled the stockade over the deep snow,\\ncapturing or massacreing all within the enclosure, which\\nembraced the church and several dwelling-houses. Forty-\\nseven persons were killed, and 112 taken prisoners,\\nmost of whom were marched to Canada. Among these\\nwas the Rev. John Williams, born in Roxbury. At the\\nage of nineteen, he had graduated at Harvard College,\\nin 1683, and, three years later, was settled as the first\\nminister in Deei-field. Two of his children and a ser-\\nvant were murdered at the door. His wife, who was\\nin feeble health, and unable to keep up with the Indians,\\nwas tomahawked two days afterwards, in Greenfield. A\\nsimilar fate befell all who were unable to follow their\\nforced march. A touching account of his sufferings\\nwas published in a book called the Redeemed Captive,\\nsoon after his return, in 1706, to Boston, where a flag-\\nship, sent to Quebec for that purpose, landed himself\\nand fifty-six others who had been carried into captivity,\\nincluduig four of his children, two of whom, at a later\\nperiod, became ministers of the gospel. His daughter,\\nEunice, remained in Canada, where she became the\\nbride of an Indian, once or twice afterwards visiting\\nDeerfield, but always returning to her Canadian homo.\\nMany years after, a descendant of hers, the Rev. Eleazer\\nWilliams, caused great excitement in the community,\\nby the senseless supposition that he was the son of\\nLouis XVI. of France.\\nDuring this attack on Deerfield, the shot from a mus-\\nket pushed through a hole made by tomahawks in the 1", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0161.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ndoor of Capt. SheWon s house, killed Mrs. Sheldon\\nwhile rising from her bed. Failing to break in the door,\\nthe Indians set fire to the house but the flames Tvere\\nafterwards extinguished. The door, still carefully pre-\\nserved as a relic, now hangs in the hall of the Pocura-\\ntuck House in that town. The Rev. John Williams\\nresumed his foi-mer charge, and died at the mature age of\\nsLstj -four, while pastor of the church at Deerfleld. A\\nyear pre^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ious (1728), he preached the convention ser-\\nmon in Boston. His successor, the Rev. Jonathan\\nAshley, a graduate of Yale, was a tall, well-proportioned\\nspecimen of the old-time clergy. During his fortj--eight\\nyears ministiy at Deerfield, he officiated at 2 JO marriages,\\nand at more than a thousand baptisms. On account of\\nhis supposed Torjism, or undue sympathy with\\nEnglish interests, the meeting-house in Greenfield was\\nonce closed against him, for an afternoon sen-ice. At\\nanother time, the door of his own pulpit in Deerfield\\nwas shut against him, and fastened with spikes. One of\\nhis deacons, a blacksmith, being asked to aid in opening\\nthe door, quietly replied that he never used tools on\\nthe Sabbath whereupon Mr. Ashley sent for an axe,\\nwith which he spht down the door of the pulpit before\\nthe eyes of the congregation, and held the sen-ice.\\nDuring his last sickness, occurred the memorable dark\\nday, Maj 19, 1780. He died, pastor of the church, in\\nthe following August, and was buried in Deerfield. On\\na monument in the old burj-ing-ground in that town is\\nrecorded the death of Lieut. Hinsdell, who was the first\\nmale child born in Deerfield, and was twice captivated\\nby Indian Salvages.\\nLieut. Hinsdell was probably a descendant of Robert\\nHinsdale, who, with Sampson Fi-ary and Godfrey Nims,\\nwere known as settlers there when the town plot was\\nlaid out. The grant was made to Dedham, it is sup-\\nposed, as a compensation for the lands conveyed to the\\nApostle Eliot. For half a century, Deerfield was the\\nleading town in northern Hampshire. South Deei-field\\nbegan to be settled about 1750 and, three years later,\\nGreenfield, foiTQerly a part of Deerfield, being then\\ncalled Green River, was incorporated in 1753. The\\nlimits, or boundaries, of the twent3 -acre tracts of\\nland, at first laid out in this place, many years before,\\nhad been very carelessly defined. Among the owners of\\nthese lots, appear the names of John Allyn, Joseph and\\nRobert Goddard, Jeremiah Hull, Ebenezer Wells, Sam-\\nj uel Smead, Nathaniel Brooks, Philip Mattoon, Nathaniel\\nCooke, and Edward Allyn, who appears to have been\\none of the principal men, and kept the first records of\\nthe town. Some of these town lots were afterwards for-\\nfeited for non-pa3-ment of taxes, and other causes, the\\ntown rates, in 1G95, being pajable in good merchant-\\nable pork and com. Afterwards, all who had property\\nwere assessed in monej-. Land was regarded as worth,\\nthen, about ten dollars an acre. A cow was valued at\\nabout ten dollars a horse, fifteen dollars and an ex,\\nthirty dollars. Every householder was also required to\\nkill a certain number of crows and blackbirds, under a\\npenalty-. If he killed more than twelve in a season, he\\nwas allowed for it in his taxes if he killed less, he was\\ncharged for the deficiency. Finallj-, the village lots\\nbecame smaller, comprising but a few acres. Many of\\nthe old deeds describe these lands as bounded by the\\ncomer of a barn, bj a big tree, or by somebodj- s water-\\ning-trough and one ancient deed limits the propertj* to\\nso far round as the good land goeth, a better\\ndescription, of course, than could be de\\\\-ised of certain\\nkinds of land, of which the more a man has, the poorer\\nhe is.\\nThere was a fort at Adams one on the highlands, now\\nRowe, called Fort Pclham and another at Heath, called\\nFort Shirlej-. Several houses were stockaded at Coh-ain,\\nBernardston, Norlhfield, Deerfield and in other parts of\\nthe county. For years pre-\\\\-ious to the Falls Fight,\\nparties kept ranging from Fort Dummer to Adams, on\\nthe lookout for Indians, and to discover their trails.\\nCompanies of large dogs were emploj-ed in this sen ice,\\nso that Indians could not well pass the line without dis-\\ncover}-. Although different statements have been made,\\nthe records of Dedham show that the Indian titles to the\\nlands in Greenfield and Deerfield were extinguished by\\npurchase.\\nThe first legal town meeting in Greenfield was held\\nJuly 3, 1753, at which Benjamin Hastings was chosen\\nmoderator, town clerk, constable, and sealer of leather.\\nThe Rev. Edward Billings, a native of Sunderland, and\\na graduate of Har\\\\ ard College, in 1731, was selected\\nand settled as the first minister of the town in 1754.\\nHe died, while pastor, in 1760, but no stone marks the\\nspot where he lies in the old burial-gi-ound. In the north\\nbur3-ing-ground is a monument to the memor}- of Jlrs.\\nJlary Neweomb, last surviving child of Gen. Joseph\\nWarren. The town was always patriotic. When the\\nnews of the battle of Lexington, or, as Bancroft calls\\nit, the Lexington murder, and the Concord fight,\\nreached Greenfield, on the aftemoon of the same day, a\\ncompany of volunteers enUstcd in less than half an hour,\\nand marched to the scene of conflict the next morning\\nbefore sunrise Its chosen captain, Benjamin Hastings,\\nat once yielded the office to Capt. Timothy Child, who,\\nhe modestl}- said, was a man of greater experience, while\\nhe himself became second in command. During the", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0162.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nwhole war of the Eevolution, the people of Greenfield\\ntook an active interest. In the Eebellion, Greenfield was\\neminently patriotic, furnishing more than her quota, in\\nall, upwards of 600 soldiers, of whom sixty were lost.\\nAt cue time, a portion of the town s people in all\\nother respects patriotic sj-mpathized with the insurrec-\\ntion known as Shays Rebellion. It is a remarkable\\nfact that all those killed and wounded in connection\\nwith that famous, but disgraceful fiasco, came from\\nFranklin County.\\nEeUgious controversies have not greatly prevailed in\\nthis count} Fifty years ago, there were some discus-\\nsions between the Orthodox and Unitarians respecting\\ntheir religious systems, nearly all previous difficulties\\nbeing in regard to terms of admission to the church.\\nThose were times when the long-drawn blowing of a\\nconch, or the stirring drum-beat summoned the pious\\nsettlers from their log-houses to the place of worship,\\nand when the big wig of the parson nodding forcibly,\\nor impressively was as good as a gospel mandate to\\neager Ksteners seated in church, by age, dignity, or\\nestate. Many curious facts are recorded in connection\\nwith the earh- ministry. The He v. Jacob Sherman, a\\nYale graduate, was ordained pastor of the First Con-\\ngregational Church in Aslifield, in 1763. Next to its\\nformer Indian owners, Capt. Ephraim Hunt was the\\noriginal proprietor of all the territorj in this town, hav-\\ning received it as a gift for his sen-ices in the Canada\\nexpedition of 1G90. The property- was actually con-\\nveyed to his heirs in 1736, and was for many years\\nknown as Hunt s Town, until 1765, when, as a mark\\nof respect, probably for Lord Thurlow of Ashfield, and\\nof the king s council, it was incorporated under its\\njjresent name. Richard Ellis, a native of Ireland, was\\nthe first settler, followed by Thomas Phillips, his brother-\\nin-law, about 1745, Small military garrisons were\\nstationed here in 1750, but, on account of the French\\nand Indian wars, were abandoned for a season in 1755.\\nThe Baptists, then called Separatists, organized a\\nchurch here in 1761, and the Congregationalists in 1763.\\nAfter Mr. Sherman s ordination, both societies claimed\\na lot of land of several hundred acres, which was to\\naccrue to the one who first settled a pastor. A lawsuit\\nfollowed, and the case was decided in favor of the Con-\\ngregationalists, causing great conflict of opinion, and\\nmuch hard feeUng.\\nMr. Sherman s successor in Ashfield, Rev. Nehemiah\\nPorter, who was a chaplain in the American army at the\\nsurrender of Burgoyne, lived till 1820, and, at the time\\nof his death, lacked 22 days only of completing his 100th\\nJ ear.\\nThe Rev. Jonathan Lea^itt, a graduate of Yale in\\n1758, who was theologically sound, but whose prayers\\nincredible as it may seem were often more than an\\nhour long, was settled and preached for many years in\\nthat part of Charlemont, now included in Heath. Buck- i\\nland, formerly called Xo Town, was also once a part\\nof Charlemont, and was incorporated in 1779. A j\\nMr. White and Capt. Nahum Ward were among the first\\nsettlers. Its first meeting-house was built in 1793, pre-\\nvious to which the congregation met in a barn. This\\nterritory was on the frontier during the French and\\nIndian wars and, in the limits of Charlemont were three\\ngarrisons, projected by Col. Williams in 1754.\\nIn June of the next year, while at work in the meadow\\nnear Rice s fort, Capt. Moses Rice and Phineas Rice were\\nkilled by the Indians. A monument has been erected to\\ntheir memor) In honor of James Caulfield, created\\nEarl of Charlemont a j-ear or two previous, the town\\nreceived its present name, and was incorporated in 1765.\\nFrom Charlemont to Cokain was then a wilderness.\\nThe town last named was settled about 1740, by emi-\\ngrants from Londonderry, X. H., supposed to be part\\nof the 100 families who had come there from the Prov-\\nince of Ulster, in Ireland, in 1719. They first intro-\\nduced the spinning-wheel and the culture of potatoes.\\nDeacon Thomas McGee, a Protestant from Ireland;\\nJames Steward, afterwards town clerk Hugh McClellan,\\nits first magistrate John Cochran, from Pelham John\\nClark, of Irish descent, whose father was killed in one of\\nthe French and Indian wars and Hugh Morrison, after-\\nwards captain of one of the four garrisoned forts main-\\ntained in the town, were among the first comers, and Capt.\\nJohn ood, from South Hadley, kept the first tavern.\\nThe first meeting-house commenced was never completed,\\non account of its location. The first minister. Rev.\\nAlexander McDowell, bom in Ireland, but a graduate of\\nHarvard, was settled in 1753. Rev. Daniel McClellan,\\nbom in Pennsylvania, but educated in Edinburgh, Scot-\\nland, afterwards came back to this country, and the\\nchurch in Colrain twice sent to Philadelphia to obtain his\\nservices. He had two calls at this time, and decided the\\ndoubt by setting up a stick of wood perpendicularly, and\\nletting it fall. It fell towards Colrain, and he went there.\\nHe was an excellent Hebrew scholar something extraor-\\ndinary for the ministers of that day, and his Hebrew\\nBible, pubUshed in 1609, is still prescned by his descend-\\nants. This territorj- was called Boston Township till in-\\ncorporated in 1 76 1 and received its present name in honor\\nof Lord Colrain, created a Baron in that year, or,\\nas some suppose, from Colrain, a seaport town in\\nIreland.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0163.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nCoNWAT, SO named from Heniy Sej-mour Conway, a\\nsecretaiy of state in England, was originallj the south-\\nwest part of Deerfield, and was incorporated in 1767.\\nTsvo years later, the Kev. John Emerson, a Harvard\\nj graduate, was settled as its first minister. He preached\\nhis first sermon iu Conway in a bam, jocosely saying\\nI it was literally John preaching in the wilderness.\\nj His ministry lasted fiftj -seven years. He died in 1826,\\naged 80. At a town meeting in Conway, in Revolu-\\ntionary times, Aug. 1777, a few people appeared dis-\\naffected to the American cause. It was voted to set a\\ngard over those enemical persons. Subsequentlj- thej-\\nwere warned out of town l^y the constable, who had a\\nwarrant from the selectmen to bring them before a justice\\nof the peace. This officer in ye oldenne tj-me, was a\\nterror to evil-doers, as well as an oracle of information\\non all subjects. Whenever and wherever he moved,\\npeople gazed upon the great man with a respect amount-\\ning to reverence.\\nThough the early ministers in Franklin Count} were\\nwell educated, and men of eminent virtues, yet thej-\\nwere not all perfect. Some were unworth} pretenders.\\nA notable example of the latter class was William Dor-\\nrell, founder of the fanatical sect called Dorrellites.\\nThe town of Orange had for its first minister, in 1782,\\nthe Rev. Emerson Foster, f The first settler in this town\\nwas Jacob Hutchins, who sold out to Abner Morton\\nand Benjamin Dexter began to build on the hill west in\\n1770. At that time, there was no other house between\\nthis and the Connecticut River. Samuel Ruggles came\\nin 1776, and Leonard Ruggles soon after, in 1780. The\\ntown was not incorporated till 1810.\\nIn the town of Warwick, about the period of the Revo-\\nlution, appeared one Elder Hicks. For a considerable\\ntime, he created a wide-spread religious excitement.\\nThis town was named in honor of the Earl of Warwick,\\nand was incorporated in 1763. Of 39 soldiers who went\\nHe lived in Lcyden, a to-mi set off as a dish-ict of Bemardston, in\\n1784, and incorporated in 1809. Dorrcll, the son of a Yorkshire farmer,\\ncame to America as a soldier, and was captured with Burgoync after-\\nwards removing to Leydcn. He was illiterate, and could neither read\\nnor write, hzt had a retentive memory. He had committed a large por-\\ntion of the Bible by hearing it read by his wife. In his habits he was far\\nfrom temperate. He began to have followers in 1794, and, at one time,\\ntwenty- or more families some as respectable as any in town\u00e2\u0080\u0094 joined\\nhim. His doctrines were non-resistance abstinence from animal food\\nthat life should never be taken under any cu-cumstances that all days\\nwere alike that there was a Messiah for every generation, and that ho\\nwas the Messiah of his and that no arm of flesh could hurt him. The\\nceremonies to be obseri cd were drinking, dancing, and listening to his\\nlectures. All property was held in common, and he was the self-con-\\nstituted treasurer. His sect was at last suddenly brought to an end.\\nAt one of the meetings, says Dr. HoUiind, Ezekiel Foster of Lcy-\\nden attended as a spectator, and when Dorrell, in his harangues, dwelt\\nfrom Roxbury and Brookline, under Capt. Gardner, in\\nthe expedition to Canada, in 1690, aU but one, named\\nEwing, perished. As a partial recompense for this ser-\\nvice, the town of Warwick was given to their descend-\\nants in 1736, and, for many years, bore the name of\\nRoxbur3--Canada. Its old Indian name was Shao-\\nmet. Among the earliest white settlers in 1744, were\\nJoseph Goodell, Moses Leonard, Samuel Bennett, Deacon\\nJames Ball, Amos Marsh, Solomon Enger, Thomas\\nRich, and Capt. John Goldsmith. Near the centre of\\nthe town rises a beautiful elevation, known as Mount\\nGrace. The origin of the name is thus given After\\nthe destruction of Lancaster by the savages, Mrs. Rov.-\\nlandson and her child were carried into captivity by the\\nretreating Indians. Little Grace Rowlandson died on\\nthe march, and her mother carried the dead bod} of her\\ninfant until she reached the base of this mountain, when,\\ncompelled b} fatigue, she reluctantly consigned the child\\nto its grave. The mountain has ever since borne the\\nname of Mount Grace.\\nThe Rev. Rufus Wells, a Harvard gi-aduate, was settled\\nas the first minister in the town of Whately, in 1771, at\\nwhich time it was incorporated, and named in honor of\\nThomas Whately, a friend of Thomas Hutchinson. It\\nwas originally a part of Hadlej-, from which it was sepa-\\nrated with Hatfield, remaining for a hundred years the\\nnorth part of the last-named town. A part of Deerfield\\nwas annexed to Whately in 1810. Lieut. Ebenczer\\nBardwell, Sergt. John Wait, Benjamin Scott, Joseph\\nBelding, and David Graves, were known as the first set-\\ntlers, about 1735. Although a church had been organ-\\nized, no meeting-house was opened for worship till\\n1773. It remained unfinished for many years, and\\nwas not publicly dedicated till 1797. The town went\\nearly into the movement for the Revolution, sending\\nOliver Graves as its representative to the first Pro\\\\ incial\\nCongress.\\nupon his mysterious powers, and stated that no arm of flesh could hurt\\nhim, Foster, a man of giant frame, disgusted with his imposture,\\nstepped up to him, and knocked him down. Dorrell, almost senseless,\\nattempted to rise, but received a second blow, at which he cried for\\nmercy. Foster promised forbearance on condition that he would re-\\nnounce his doctrines in the hearing of his dupes, which he immediately\\ndid.\\nt About twenty years after the Rev. Mr. Foster s first settlement, his\\nhealth failed, and he felt compelled to use opium for his stomach s\\nsake and his often infirmities. In short, he was unable to preach a\\nsermon without it. On a certain occasion, when he was expected to\\ndeliver a discourse, he found that his faculties had failed him for want\\nof his usual stimulant. Ensign Tnthill immediately mounted a horse,\\nand rode over to the neighboring village. Soon after his return with a\\nsatisfactory supply, Mr. Foster, it is said, preached one of his smartest\\nsermons. It cost his parish so much to furnish him with opium, that they\\nafterwards felt a degree of relief when released from their engagement.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0164.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nWendell was incorporated in 1781, and named from\\nOliver Wendell, Esq., of Boston, for many j ears presi-\\ndent of the Union Bank, the second institution of the\\nkind in Massachusetts. The first church was organized in\\n1 774. Eight j ears afterwards, the first meeting-house was\\nbuilt. After a ministry of thirty-two years, the Rev.\\nJos. Kilburn died, while pastor of the church, in 1816,\\naged 61.\\nThe Rev. Joseph Willard was the first minister settled\\n(Jan. 1, 1718) in the town of Sunderland, formerly a\\npart of Hadley, and called Swampfield. This town\\nwas first settled in 1673, by farmers from Hadley and\\nHatfield. These settlements were broken up during\\nKing Philip s war, when the houses were plundered and\\nthe buildings given to the flames. Fortj 3-ears after-\\nwards, the former clearings were found overgrown with\\nbrush, and large trees were seen forcing their way through\\nthe charred roofs and walls of ruined homes. The town\\nwas incorporated in 1714, and named in honor of Charles\\nSpencer, Earl of Sunderland, and prime minister of Eng-\\nland. Three years later, a meeting-house was built, a\\nchurch organized, and its pastor ordained. Accounts\\nvary in describing later periods in the life of the Rev.\\nJoseph Willard his name having been erroneously\\nwritten Josiah in the town records of Sunderland,\\nin the American Quarterlj Review, and in Barber s\\nHistorical Collections, where the impression is given\\nthat he lived till near the close of the last centurj and\\ndied at the age of 90.\\nDeerfield was the onlj- town in the countj- incorpo-\\nrated in the seventeenth century, all others having come\\ninto legislative existence during the eighteenth, except-\\ning the comparatively new towns of Erving, Loyden,\\nOrange and Monroe. Greenfield was the scene of\\nmany savage horrors, and Northflcld suffered most\\nseverel} during the French and Indian wars. This\\ntown, the Indian Squakeag, was first settled in 1673,\\nby a few people from Northampton, Hadley and Hat-\\nfield, the names of Lieut. William Clark, Wilham Hol-\\nton, Lieut. Samuel Smith, Cornet William Allys and\\nIsaac Graves appearing on the records as those of per-\\nsons who laid out the plantation. To avoid attacks\\nThe closing scene in his life furnishes a sad picture of the perils of\\nthe early ministi-y. Unanimously chosen as the pastor of the Rutland\\nchurch, his installation was deferred on account of Indian hostilities in\\nthe neighborhood. Before the day for his ordination arrived, a savage\\nforay was made upon the town, and, during the onslaught, he fought\\nwith great bravery for his life. Being attacked by two Indians, one\\nof whom he wounded, he closed with the other, and had nearly over-\\npowered him, when three more of the enemy rushed to the rescue of\\ntheir companion. After a protracted struggle, Mr. Willard was killed,\\nand his scalp was carried to Canada. His death occurred when about\\n31 years of age.\\nfrom the French and Indians during King William s\\nWar, in 1689, and Queen Anne s War, which soon\\nfollowed, the settlers buried their goods in wells, and\\nweut to Hadley. The northern boundary of Massachu-\\nsetts being then unknown, Korthfield s original area of\\nsix miles b3 twelve extended into New Hampshire and\\nVermont. When the true line wa,s run in 1740, the town\\nlost more than a third of its territory. Fourteen years\\nailer its first settlement, the Indians sold their title for\\ntwo hundred fathoms of wampum, and fifty-seven\\npounds worth of trading-goods. Then the planters\\nbuilt small huts, and covered them with thatch made a\\nplace for pubUc worship and built a storehouse and\\nfort. The first child born in the town was Lj dia,\\ndaughter of Remembrance Wright. Her birth occurred\\nin 1713. A few j-ears after its first settlement, the town\\nwas laid waste. The inhabitants returned in 1685, and\\nfive years later the place was again destro^-ed. It lay\\nwaste manj years, when, in 1713, after the erection of\\nFort Dummer, the inhabitants again returned and rebuilt\\nthe town. Its first preacher was Elder Janes, ancestor\\nof Bishop Janes, the audience gathering under an oak\\nand the first settled minister was Rev. Benj.amin Doolittle,\\nin 1718. His grandfather, Abraham Doolittle who came\\nfrom England, to New Haven, Conn., in 1640-42, is\\nsupposed to be progenitor of all bj^ the name of Doo-\\nlittle in this country-. Beers Mountain, in this town,\\nmarks the spot where fell, mortally wounded, in 1675,\\nCapt. Richard Beers, fighting bravely on his retreat,\\nwith thirtj^-six men, from an Indian ambuscade in the\\nswamp below, still known as Beers Plain. Of a com-\\npan} of thirty-six, only sixteen men escaped. The\\nheads of the slain were elevated on poles and, as a\\nsample of Indian atrocitj-, one man was suspended to\\nthe limb of a tree by a chain hooked to his under jaw,\\nprobably when he was alive The daj before, nine or\\nten of the inhabitants were massacred in the woods.\\nSubsequent slaughters and depredations occurred and\\nas late as 1748, Aaron Belding was killed in the village\\nby the Indians. The town was incorporated in 1713,\\nthe jear in which its first minister was settled. He was\\nan excellent physician, as well as pastor, and died,\\ngreatlj- revered, in 1 748.\\nOn account of the unsettled state of the times, or,\\nin other words, because the people were unable to pay\\nhim his saLir\\\\-, the Rev. John Norton, first minister\\nof the church in Bcniardston, after a four years settle-\\nment, was dismissed, in 1745. He was afterwards\\nchaplain at the Massachusetts Fort.\\nBernardston so named in honor of Gov. Bernard,\\nthe provincial governor of Massachusetts was incor-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0165.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nporated into a township in 17G2. Originally including\\nwhat is now Bcrnardston, Leydcn, and a part of Col-\\nrain, it was granted, in 1735 or 1736, to the officers and\\nsoldiers who were in the Fall Fight at Turner s Falls,\\nin the town of Gill, in 1G76. Hence the town, for\\ntwenty years, was called Fall Town. Atherton,\\nLyman, Smead, Wells, and other names, appear among\\nthose of the original proprietors, who numbered 97.\\nThe town began to be settled in 1738, Slajor John\\nBurke,* S.amuel Connable, Deacon Sheldon, and Lieut.\\nEbenezer Sheldon building the first four houses of logs,\\nwith port-holes through the sides for defence against the\\nIndians. The first meeting-house was built on Huckle\\nHill, about 1740, when a committee was appointed to\\ncut and burn the brush about 10 rods round the meeting-\\nhouse.\\nNear the site of Fort Shirlej-, built and garrisoned in\\n1774, in the town of Heath, as a defence against the\\nIndians, is still to be seen the grave of a young girl\\nwho died there while the fort was occupied. Jonathan\\nTaylor was the first settler in Heath, then a part of\\nCharlemont. The Rerolutionary period came on soon\\nafter settlements were commenced, but through the in-\\nfluence of Col. Maxwell, a prominent and patriotic\\ntownsman, who was wounded at the battle of Bunker\\nHill, it is said there was not a single Tor^- in the town\\nduring the Revolutionarj- war. The nortli-east part of\\nCharlemont, including some wild forest-land known as\\nthe Green and Walker Tract, was incorporated as the\\ntown of Heath in 1785, and named from Gen. William\\nHeath of Roxbury, then an influential member of the\\nGeneral Court. The first town meeting was held in\\nMarch, and a church was organized in April, of the same\\nyear. The first physician in the town was Dr. Joseph\\nLothrop, and its first minister was the Rev. Joseph\\nStrong, settled five j-ears later, in 1790. The absence\\nof Torj-ism assumed a different fonn in Northfield,\\nwhere, in 1770, this town voted almost unanimously to\\nuse no more tea. In Shutesbur\\\\-, the feeling was still\\nmore marked. The Rev. Abraham Hillf was ordained\\npastor of the church in that town in 1742, a meeting-\\nhouse having been commenced about two years before,\\nupon a tract of land known as the Government Farm.\\nThis building was never thoroughlj- finished, and after\\nstanding eighty years was demolished. Most of the\\nearl}- settlers came from Sudbury in 1738, and the place\\nwas known as Road Town till 1761, when it was\\nincorporated, and named Shutesburj in honor of Gov.\\nMajor John Burke participated in Johnson s expedition to Lalce\\nGeorge. He died in 17S4.\\nt Near the close of a ministry of thirtj--five years, Mr. Hill was dis-\\nShute, who gave the town an elegant Bible, which is\\nstill preserved.\\nAmong the ardent patriots and champions of colonial\\nrights stands prominent the name of Joseph Hawley, a\\nleading lawyer of Northampton, whose fame is perpet-\\nuated in an honored town in the western part of Frank-\\nlin County. In the words of Dr. Holland, his name\\nwill descend to posterity in most honored companionship\\nwith those of James Otis, Samuel Adams, John Adams,\\nJosiah Quinc}-, and Samuel Dexter. The town of Haw-\\nley, formerly known as Plantation No. 7, welcomed\\nits first settlers in 1770; formed its first church eight\\nyears afterward was incorporated four j-ears later, in\\n1792, and in two jxars from that time, built its first\\nmeeting-house. The Rev. Jacob Sherwin was the first\\npreacher, and the Rev. Jonathan Grout its first settled\\nminister.\\nMoNTAGTiE deserves honorable mention for the part\\nshe bore in the struggle of the Revolution. The names\\nof Marsh and Taylor appear as its first settlers in 1726.\\nDr. Moses Gnnn, a prominent townsman in Revolution-\\nary times, drafted all the resolutions and documents\\nnow on record. The town was first called Hunting\\nHills was originally the north parish of Sunderland;\\nand, when incorporated in 1753, was named in honor of\\nCapt. Montague, commander of the Merm.aid at the\\ntaking of Cape Breton. He brought home news of the\\nvictor}- of Louisburg. Montague abounds in Indian\\nrelics, and the neighborhood of Turner s Falls in that\\ntown was once the gi-and fishing-ground of the Indians,\\nand the fields around were much frequented by moose\\nand deer, as well as by bears and wolves. An act in\\nforce in early days proviiled that two sufficient woulfe\\ntrapps should be constantly bay ted and daily attended,\\nin every township, under the penaltie of five pounds.\\nThere was a bounty of twenty dollars on wolves, and the\\nolden-time exploits of James Corss, a famous hunter,\\nare worthy of mention. He destroyed hundreds of\\nwolves, and realized a snug fortune for those da}s. A\\nmonument in the old burial-ground at Greenfield bears\\nhis name, and date of death in 1783, at the age of 90\\nyears.\\nMartin Gnnn was Montague s first postmaster, and\\nthe Rev. Judah Nash its first minister, settled in 1752.\\nFor several years the customary shell, blown on Sabbath\\ndays, called the communicants to church.\\nMonroe, situated on the high lands north of the Hoo-\\nsac River, and formed from a part of the territory of\\nmissed from the pastorate, in 1738, in consequence of imbibing senti-\\nments hostile to American liberty. At the period of his dismissal, the\\nchurch had become reduced to one member", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0166.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nj Rowe, including a gore of unincorijorated land north\\nof the town of Florida, was named in honor of President\\nJames Monroe, and incorporated in 1822. A settle-\\nment was commenced here in the year 1800, by Daniel\\nj C aneda}- of Colrain. The onl}- meeting-house in the\\nplace is the town-house, a far better building than the\\ntown of Rowe could claim in 1770, when the Rev. Cor-\\nnelius Jones preached in a small building made of split\\nplanks, in Myrifield, as he then called the tract of\\nwild land, four miles square, which he had bought and\\npaid for, and which included most of what is now Rowe,\\nand a part of Monroe.* The ruins of old Fort Pelham,\\nwhich was one in the line of fortifications put up for\\nprotection against the French and Indians, in 1774, are\\nstill to be seen on Pelham Brook, the only stream pass-\\ning through the town. In the following year, almost\\nevery man in town went to Cambridge and, during the\\nbattle of Bunker Hill, the first wounded man brought\\ninto Cambridge was Aaron Barr of Myrifield. It was a\\npatriotic place, the Rev. Mr. Jones bearing arms till\\nBurgoyne s surrender. In 1779, Mr. Jones sold all the\\nproperty he owned for about S.50,000, receiving his pay\\nin Continental monej-, which the government never re-\\ndeemed, and he died a poor man. Myrifield became\\nRowe bj act of incorporation in 1 785 and, two years\\nlater, the Rev. Preserved Smith, a Baptist preacher, was\\nsettled as its first minister, f\\nBefore settlements commenced in Shelbume it was\\nfamiUarly called Deerfield Pasture, the land being\\nthen so rocky and poor it was deemed uninhabitable, and\\nthought to be fit only for fuel and pasture. When it\\ngrew to be a small village it became known as Deer-\\nfield North-west, its territorj being a part of Deerfield\\nfor fifty-six years. The place began to be settled near\\nShelburne Falls, in 1756, the first two families coming\\nfrom Deerfield. These settlements were abandoned\\nearly in the French and Indian wars. Six years after its\\nfirst settlement, there were fourteen families in the place.\\nThe legality of slavery was unquestioned at this period\\nin the Province of Massachusetts, and a few of these\\nfamilies held slaves as did also several of the early\\nministers in Franklin County. The Shakers came here\\nin 1782, remaining about three 3-ears, when they removed\\nto New Lebanon. A Mr. Wood was their elder, or\\nleader. The town was incorporated in 1708, and named\\nPart of Zoar, in Berkshire County, was annexed to Rowe, and part\\nto Charlcmont, in 183S.\\nt Of bis wedding it is told, when the nnptial day arrived, he tooli his\\nbride behind him on horscljacli, travelling from Ashficld (then Hunt s\\nTown) to Deerfield, where the ceremony was performed, no minister\\nor magistrate being nearer, his father riding another horse before\\nthem, with his gun, to guard them from the Indians.\\nShelbume, in honor of Lord Shelbume of England.\\nThe first town meeting was held the last day of October,\\nthe same year, at the house of Daniel Nims. The first\\nmeeting-house in the place was built of logs, in 1769.\\nIn the following year, the town voted to pla.ster up the\\ncracks with mortar, to obtain three windows and a door\\nfor the meeting-house, and to get a pulpit made The\\nfirst church was organized the same year and the Rev.\\nRobert Hubbard, the first minister, was ordained in\\n1773.\\nAnother town whose territory originally belonged to\\nold Deerfield, and afterwards formed the easterly part of\\nGreenfield, was with a portion of Northfield known as\\nGrass Hill -incorporated in 1793, and named in\\nhonor of Lieut. Gov. Moses Gill. The date of its first\\nsettlement is not known, but it was probably prior to the\\nfamous Fall Fight on the Gill shore of the river, in\\n1G76. On account of Indian hostilities, there was no\\npermanent settlement till nearlj^ a centurj^ afterward\\nand, for several years, religious meetings were held in\\nprivate houses and in barns. The first house of worship\\nwas not occupied till 1798, when the Rev. John Jack-\\nson, its first minister, was settled but the meeting-\\nhouse remained unfinished, and was not completed till\\n1805. [Goat Island was annexed to the town in the\\nsame year. A part of Northfield had been joined to it\\nin 1795.] Gill was a favorite resort of the Indians,\\nwho called it the best fishing-place on the Connecticut\\nRiver. The town abounds in Indian reUcs, and is a\\nplace of great interest to geologists. Shays Rebellion\\nfound manj- sympathizers here.\\nLike many other towns trul3- patriotic during the Rev-\\nolution, the town of Leverett was also in favor of the\\ninsurgents in Shays Rebellion. Joseph Hubbard was\\nprobably the first settler in this place. The town was\\noriginally a part of Sunderland. It was incorporated\\nMarch 5, 1774, and named from John Leverett, presi-\\ndent of Harvard College. The Rev. Henry WilUams\\nwas ordained as the first pastor in the town. His twen-\\nty-seven years of faithful ministerial service were ended\\nat last by his death in 1811.\\nThe dangers incurred by worshippers in the olden\\ntime must have seemed serious to the inhabitants of\\nNew Salem, when building their first meeting-house in\\n1738-9. It was a period of Indian troubles; and with\\nother precautions, the walls of the church were hea\\\\-il_y\\nplanked to render them impervious to musket-balls. The\\noriginal owners of this territory lived in Salem. They\\nwere sixty in number according to one account and\\nobtained a grant of the township in 1734. The first\\nsettler was Jeremiah Meacham, who received a bounty of", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0167.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nfift3- dollars in 1737, for assuming the hanlships of a\\npioneer. Others from the eastern part of the Province\\ncame soon after. The first minister was the Rev. Sam-\\nuel Kendall, who died in 1792. The place was named\\nfrom Salem, in Essex Count\\\\-. and incorporated June\\n15, 1753.\\nNearlj all the territor3- now known as the town of Er-\\nving, and for manj j ears called Erving s Grant, was\\npurchased in 1751 hy individuals who sold it to John\\nEr%-ing of Boston, to whom the grant was confirmed bj\\nthe General Court. The territory- was incorporated as a\\ntown April 17, 1838. A part of Nortlifield, known as\\nHack s Grant, was annexed to it Feb. 10, ISCO. The\\nfirst settler in Erving-shire was Col. Asaph White, from\\nHeath. For a residence, in 1802, he built a log-house,\\nwhich was used as a public house till 1819. Besides\\nkeeping a hotel, Col. White erected a dam and a saw-\\nmill in 1803 and, as contractor, built the fifth Massa-\\nchusetts turnpike. There was preaching bj- the Bajj-\\ntists, occasionallj-, from 1818 to 1830 but no religious\\norganization previous to 1832, when a Congregational\\nchurch was formed.\\nThe limits of a brief compilation preclude special\\nnotice of manj choice spirits of the Revolution, who\\nwere alwaj-s activeh engaged in suppressing Tor}ism,\\ndirecting popular opinion, and leading the patriot cause.\\nThese were times when labor wrought from sun to sun\\nwhen a substantial tavern dinner and a good night s lodg-\\ning could be had for the price of a mug of flip or toddy\\nmade from New England rum Alas, for the good\\nold da3-s whose evenings, at the close of village toil,\\nwere passed in simple neighborl}- exchanges of good\\nfeeling and quiet mirth. Yet, whenever the Committee\\nof Safety called for their services, the men of Franklin\\nCounty wore on the march before dajbreak. Thus they\\nmoved one bright morning in September, 1777, and par-\\nticipated in the capture of Burgoyne.\\nIn 1778, the inhabitants of Greenfield, in town meet-\\ning assembled, voted to approve the confederation of\\nthe United States. The hard winter of 1780, and\\nthe 19th of ;Maj- in the same year memorable in the\\nannals of New England as the dark day, followed\\nin regular order.\\nThe lading out of a road from Smead s inn, north,\\nin 1 788 petitions for a lottery for building a bridge over\\nDeei-field River in 1 790 and the efforts for a free bridge\\nin 95, were exciting periods in the history of Greenfield.\\nThe smaU-i ox prevailed in 02 and in 9G a hospital for\\ninoculation was licensed. During this j car, also, a peti-\\ntion was forwarded to the General Court for an act to\\nincorporate Daniel Wells, Elicl Gilbert and Abner Smead\\nas a company to introduce good and wholesome water\\ninto the town street, by pipes. The great sickness\\nof 1802, attributed to a scarcity of fruit, and defying\\nthe power of medicine, caused another season of excite-\\nment. Some families lost five of their number others,\\nthree and several lost all of their children. Every in-\\nhabited house in the place had one or more sick or dead.\\nIn 1808, a long memorial for the suspension or repeal of\\nthe Embartro Law was forwarded to Congress and,\\nin 1811, the county was divided, and Greenfield became\\nthe shire town.\\nIn 1816 came the cold summer, when there was\\nfrost every month, and few fields of com ripened and,\\nin due time, followed the very remarkable winter of\\n1819, when lands were ploughed in January, and when\\nflies and grasshoppers were seen abroad, and ever3thing\\nhad the appearance of spring. Another remarkable pe-\\nriod was the dry summer and drought of 1S20, when\\ngrasshoppers ate the standing corn, and farmers were\\ncompelled to feed their cattle with hay to keep them\\nalive. Since then, the inhabitants of the count3 have\\nperiodically experienced similar sudden and extreme\\nchanges of temperature, which are now summarily dis-\\nposed of as marked characteristics of our peculiar New\\nEngland climate\\nThe later history of the count3- is more familiar.\\nIMainly an agricultural people, many are engaged in man-\\nufacturing but the hope of the count3 rests on the\\nsuccess of the farmer. His work must ever be the basis\\nof its prosperity. Hitherto the immense water-power of\\nthe county has been but partl3 improved. In connec-\\ntion with its industries may bo mentioned the six reser-\\nvoirs in the count3 for manufacturing purposes, having\\na total acreage of 2G0 its 24 paper engines and four\\npapor-machincs the 45 runs of stone in its grist and\\nflouring mills the 67 vats in its tanneries and the 318\\nsaws in its lumber-miUs. Pertaining to agricultural in-\\nterests are about 75,000 acres of woodland, and nearl3\\n80,000 acres of cultivated land.\\nThere arc about 4,000 farms in Franklin Count3-, with\\nan average value of a little less than $3,000.\\nA general air of thrift and pro?perit3- characterizes the\\ncounty. Within the borders of its picturesque and pleas-\\nant towns, are found comfortable hotels, commodious\\nchurches and convenient town halls. One of these, in\\nGreenfield, is a noble structure built of brick. The peo-\\nple gcnerall3- enjoy the advantages of public libraries.\\nThe private collections in the county- show an aggregate\\nof more than 20.000 volumes. In the various towns and\\nvillages the dwelling-houses wear a neat look, with an\\nair of comfort in their surroundings, often extending to", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0168.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nbroad meadows and well-tillcd farms. la many of the\\nvillage streets are seen elegant private residences peer-\\ning through the dense summer foliage of loft^ elms and\\nmaples. Many of these have been cultivated with great\\ncare.*\\nThe local papers have proved valuable aids to the edu-\\ncational interests of the count} Its first newspaper was\\nestablished in Greenfield by Thomas Diekman, a native\\nof Boston, in February-, 1793. He served his time with\\nBenjamin Edes Son. It was called the Impartial In-\\ntcUigoneer. The name was soon after changed to that\\nof Greenfield Gazette. The facilities by mails and\\nstages in 1 792 were limited to once a week, provided the\\nweather was not unfavorable, and some improvement on\\nthis was realized in 1796; but for some years previous\\nto 1809, the mail from Boston was brought once a week,\\non horseback, and in 1810 in a covered carriage.\\nThere are 219 public, and seven incorporated private\\nschools within the county. Excepting these private in-\\nstitutions, the public district-school is evidentl} the main\\nedueator. While no claim is made that the inhabitants\\nof Franldin County lead in literary culture, in general\\nindustry and purity of character, in honesty of purpose\\nand patriotic impulse, their record is as unimpeachable\\nas it is exemplaiy.\\nTowns.\\nGreenfield, the shire town of Franklin Count} is one\\nof the most delightful towns in the Connecticut Valley.\\nTraces of a continuation of the Deerfleld mountains are\\nseen in some of the beautiful eminences in the eastern\\npart of the town but generally the land is level, and\\nthe soil, especially in the intervals of Green River, rich\\nand productive. The farmers are intelligent, thrifty\\nand independent. The water-power is supplied by\\nGreen River, which winds through the town to the\\nDeerfield River by Fall River, which separates it from\\nGill on the east and by the Connecticut River, which\\nwashes its southern border. In connection with its\\nmotive-power the town has eight steam-engines, a larger\\nnumber than is found in any other town in the county.\\nF(jur establishments are engaged in printing and pnb-\\nhshing, the capital invested being about $43,500 and\\nthere are six manufactories of metals and metallic goods,\\nwith a capital of $71,000. Here is also a gas company,\\nwith a capital stock of $50,000. The town contains\\n3.540 inhabitants. The Gazette and Courier, a weekly\\njournal established in 1782 and the Franklin County\\nAccording to Willard s History of Greenfield, several of the tall\\nand beautiful elms which are now the pride and onianicnt of that place,\\nwere planted and watered by the hand of William Coleman, a native\\nTimes, also a weekly, established in 1872, are the local\\npapers.\\nThe village of Greenfield is built on two picturesque\\nstreets, flanked by many elegant buildings, and orna-\\nmented with elm, maple, and other shade trees. On the\\nnorth side of the public square stands the new Congre-\\ngational chiu ch, built of red sandstone near it, the\\ncourt-house and, just below the square, the substantial\\nstructure known as the town hall. The high school was\\nestablished in 1856, and its building erected in 1857.\\nThe churches are the Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist,\\nCongregational, Roman Catholic, and Unitarian.\\nEastward from the village rises Rocky Mountain, from\\nwhose summit may be seen Mt. Grace, in Warwick, the\\nhills of Leyden and Shelburne, and Old Deerfield hid-\\nden among its elms. The Bear s Den is a romantic spot\\nin the southern part of this rocky ridge. In memory of\\nher soldiers who fell in the late war, the town erected, in\\n1870, a beautiful monument upon the common, in the\\ncentre of the village, at a cost of $7,000. Upon it is the\\nfollowing appropriate inscription\\nGreenfield erects this Monument in grateful honor to licr\\nPatriotic Sons who offered their lives in suppressiug the Great\\nRebellion, aud for the Preservation of the National Union.\\nGeorge Ripley, a distinguished scholar and critic, is v\\nnative of Greenfield. Ho was born here in 1802. Ex-\\nGov. W. B. Washburn of Massachusetts is a resident of\\nthis beautiful town.\\nDeerfield, the oldest town in the county, is one of\\nthe most fertile and beautiful. Its broad meadows and\\nrich alluvial intervals rise here and there into picturesque\\neminences, while Pocomtuck Rock, near the geographical\\ncentre of the town, overlooks both the valley aud the\\nvillage. The Deerfleld River gracefully pursues its wind-\\ning way through the centre of the town, and the Con-\\nnecticut River Railroad, running parallel with the river,\\ndivides the place into nearly ctjual sections, and crosses\\nthe Deerfield River by a bridge 750 feet in length, and 90\\nfeet above the water. The Troy and Greenfield Railroad\\nfollows the course of the Deerfield River to its junction\\nwith the Connecticut River road near the Greenfield\\nline. Some of the best farms in the county are in Deer-\\nfield, where its annual tobacco crop exceeds half a millon\\npounds the value of its hay crop alone exceeds $100,000.\\nThe total value of its farm property is more than a\\nmillion and a half of dollars and for a Western Massa-\\nof Boston, who studied law at Worcester with Judge Paine. He after-\\nwards went to New York, was the partner of Aaron Purr, and the\\nintimate friend of Alexander Hamilton.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0169.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nchusetts town, many of its farmers are wealthy. Large\\nestablishments in the town of Montague have temporarily\\naffected the manufacture of cutlery in Deerfield, where it\\nwas formerly the principal manufacturing interest,\\namounting in some years to more than $400,000. The\\ntown has 3,414: inhabitants; two post-offices, one at\\nDeerfield, the other at South Deerfield sis churches a\\ngood hotel, the Pocomtuck House an incorporated\\nacademy two high schools, and other graded schools\\ntwo public libraries a lyceum, called The Adelphi\\ntwo farmers clubs and a memorial association (incor-\\nporated 1870, Mr. George Sheldon, president), for the\\npurpose of preserving the local relics of the aborigines\\nand the early settlers. Deerfield furnished for the Grand\\nArmy of the Republic 320 soldiers and to perpetuate\\nthe memory of those who were lost, it erected, of Port-\\nland sandstone, a beautiful monument.\\nGen. Hoyt, the historian, author of Hoyt s Indian\\nWars, was born here in 1765. His death occurred in\\n1850. The Rev. Dr. Hitchcock, an eminent clergj-man\\nand geologist, who died in 1864, was born in Deerfield\\nin 1793. Richard Hildreth, journalist and author, was\\nalso a native of this town. He was born in 1807, and\\ndied in 1865.\\nJIoNTAGUE, the busiest and most iirosperous town in the\\ncounty, is on the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad,\\nand contains 3,380 inhabitants, and five postal villages,\\nMontague Centre, Montague City, Lock s Village, Tur-\\nner s Falls, and the rapidly-growing village of Miller s\\nFalls (known also as Grout s Corner Willis Hill\\nand Chestnut Hill, are conspicuous eminences in the\\neasterly part of the place. Lake Pleasant, a beautiful\\nsheet of water, near the centre of the town, has an\\ninviting gi-ove, well fitted with buildings for pleasure-\\nparties, and attracts man^- visitors. Besides the numer-\\nous active industries in its various villages, the farmers\\nare bj no means idle. Heavy crops of Indian corn,\\ngrain, broom-corn, and tobacco, are raised from the\\nrich soil of Montague, and its timber-growth is rapid.\\nThe company of capitalists, including Thomas Talbot,\\nBenjamin F. Butler, and others,- who, a few years\\nsince, purchased 1,200 acres of land at Turner s Falls,\\nin this town, and caused it to be surveyed and laid out\\nfor a new city, have hopes that in time it maj- become\\nthe Lowell of Franklin County. Its manufacturing\\ninterests are already large. The John Russell Cutlerj-\\nComijan}- have the largest and best arranged establish-\\nment of the kind in this country. When running at its\\nfull capacity, it gives employment to .ibout 1,200 jiorsons.\\nSmall concerns in adjoining towns have removed here\\nand consolidated. A pnlp-mill, in which poplar-wood is\\nreduced to a clear, white pulp, for the manufacture of\\npaper, is in active operation, and 20 paper-engines (the\\nonly ones in the county), with a capacity of 10,400\\npounds, and four Foudrinier paper-machines are required\\nin its large mills, where 304 persons are employed in the\\nvarious manufactures of paper and paper goods. As\\nmotive-power, besides three steam-engines, Montague\\nhas 28 water-wheels, with a nominal horse-power of\\n2,820. Here are annually made lumber and bricks,\\nwood-pulp, writing-paper, printing-paper, and cutlery.\\nThe town has a bank of discount, and one for savings\\na good town hall, and a public library a high school,\\nand 12 school districts a lively public journal, called\\nThe Turner s Falls Reporter, established in 1872, and\\nfive churches. The New London Northern Railroad\\npasses centrally through the town. Montague s gain of\\n1,806 since the pre\\\\-ious census, gives it the largest in-\\ncrease in population of any town in the county.\\nLuther Severance, a noted politician and journalist,\\nborn here in 1797, died at Augusta, Me., in 1855. He\\nwas a member of Congress from 1843 to 1847. Hon.\\nJonathan Hartwell, who settled in Montague in 1817, as\\nits first lawyer, is said to have originated the system\\nof school-district libraries now adopted throughout the\\nCommonwealth.\\nOrange, a sprightly manufacturing and farming town,\\nhas 2,497 inhabitants. Miller s River, here a swift and\\nvaluable stream, with the Vermont and Massachusetts\\nRailroad following its course. intersects the town, which\\nhas a post-office at the Centre and at North Orange\\nfive churches a public library 15 schools, including a\\nhigh school; and a good newspaper, The Journal of\\nIndustry, established in 1872. Few villages in Massa-\\nchusetts present a more picturesque appearance thcin\\nOrange Centre, with its white clustering cottages and its\\npleasant gardens rising from the banks of Miller s River,\\nha^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ing the wooded hills fur a background. Three est.ab-\\nlishmcnts for making furnitui e, machinery, and sewing-\\nmachines, are located here. The whole capital invested\\nin these manufacluring interests is $355,000, and the\\nvalue of goods made is more than half a million doUurs.\\nSince the last census, the town has gained 588, in popu-\\nlation, by development of manufactin-es. A soldiers\\nmonument, erected by the town at a cost of $4,000,\\ncommemorates the heroism of her sons who fell during\\nthe late war.\\nNoRTHFiELT) is a rich agricultural town, whose prin-\\ncipal street, adorned with neat buildings, and bordered", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0170.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nby ornamental trees, rans along an elevated plain, par-\\nallel with the river, presenting in earlj summer a scene\\nof quiet beauty almost unsurpassed. The town has 1 ,G41\\ninhabitants, ^dth postal facilities at Northficld, Northfield\\nFarms, and West Northfield. It has a town hall, two\\nchurches, and ten school districts. There is also an\\nIndian burial-place in the town. The institution of the\\nSocial Library in 1813, and the planting of a beautiful\\navenue of trees in the illage, are worthy mementos of\\ntlie taste, enterprise, and public spirit of Thomas Power,\\nafterwards for many j ears clerk of the Police Court of\\nBoston. Some of the best farms of the county are found\\nin Northfield, and Indian com and tobacco are prominent\\nproducts. The patriotism of the people was manifest in\\nthe Eebellion of 1861 and, during the war of 1812, the\\ntown sent a company of artillery for the defence of Bos-\\nton. Joel Munsell, historian, and publisher of antiquarian\\nworks, was born here in 1808.\\nCoLRAiN (so spelled by State and United States officials,\\nbut formerly known as Coleraine is a mountainous\\ntown of 1,699 inhabitants, and five postal villages; 418\\npersons find emplo3-ment in the manufacture of cotton\\ngoods, in which this town excels. It has three churches,\\nnone of whose communicants now approve the act of their\\npredecessors, who, in 1764, voted to color the meeting-\\nhouse blue\\nDr. Deane, the naturalist, who discovered fossil foot-\\nprints in the red sandstones of the Connecticut Vallej-,\\nwas a native of this town. The Rev. Samuel Taggard,\\nits third minister, settled in 1777, was a member of Con-\\ngress from 1804, for 14 j-ears.\\noccupies a central position in Franklin\\nCountj% and has four postal villages, Shelburne Cen-\\ntre, Shelbume Falls, East Shelburne and Bardwell s\\nFerr}-. Of these Shelburne Falls is the most flourishing,\\nand is one of the leading villages of the county. Its\\nrapid growth and prosperity are mainly due to its water-\\npower, the village hing in a vaUey and upon its slop-\\ning hillsides, near a point where the Deerfield River\\nplunges over a precipice more than fortj feet in depth,\\nforming one of the most beautiful cataracts in the State.\\nThe town contains 1,590 inhabitants. The industries of\\nShelbume are various. In the manufacture of tobacco\\nand smokers supplies, of millstones, marble and other\\nstone goods, Shelbume has no superior in the count)\\nThe town has four churches one national, and one\\nsa^nngs bank the Arms public libraiy, and the Arms\\nministers library, and abundant school pri\\\\ ilegcs.\\nThe Rev. Theophilus Packard, Jr., who pultlished a\\nhistory of the Churches and Ministers of Franklin\\nCount3 in 1854, was born in Shelbume in 1802. The\\nRev. PUny Fisk, missionarj to Palestine, was born here\\nin 1792. He died at Beirout, Syria, in 1825.\\nCoNWAT is a hilly town of 1,452 inhabitants, accom-\\nmodated by the Troy and Greenfield Railroad which winds\\nalong the left bank of the Deerfield River on its north-\\neastern border. The village is beautifully situated in a\\nvalley, and several powerful mill-streams furnish valu-\\nable manufacturing privileges, more than half a million\\ndollars worth of woollen and cotton goods being made\\nhere annually. The town has three churches, a national\\nbank, one high school, and twelve district schools.\\nChester Harding, a distinguished portrait-painter, who\\ndied in 1866, was born here in 1792. This town was\\nalso the birth-place in 1803 of Rev. Dr. Dwight, mis-\\nsionarj to Constantinople, whose death occurred in 1862.\\nBucKLAND is a picturesque farming town of three\\nchurches, and 1,921 inhabitants. Shelbume Falls are\\non the boundar} line between this town and Shelbume,\\nthe village of that name lying partly in each town.\\nMary Lyon, afterwards a celelirated teacher, was bom\\nin Buckland in 1 797. Dr. Holland speaks of her as a lady\\nwhose influence was greater and better than that of any\\nother woman who ever lived in AYestern Massachusetts.\\nAsHFiELD has 1,190 inhabitants, two postal \u00e2\u0096\u00a0v illages\\n(Ashfield and South Ashfield), and owns more merino\\nsheep than any other town in the count}\\nAlvan Clark, known as a telescope-maker the world\\nover, was born here in 1804. As a practical astrono-\\nmer, in 1863, he discovered the new star near Sirius.\\nChaklemont. Lumbering and farming are the prin-\\ncipal occupations of the people of this town. The Deer-\\nfield River Agricultural Societj in connection with which\\nis a lyceum, has a large and convenient hall in the cen-\\ntral village. The maple-sugar crop is one of the most\\nimportant. In the number and value of its apple-trees\\nit excels all other towns in the county. The highest\\npoint of Pocomtiick Mountain, in the extreme north-\\neastem part of the town is 1,888 feet above sea-level.\\nCharlemont has 1,029 inhabitants, eight public schools,\\nand throe church edifices. Work on the Troj and Green-\\nfield Railroad has proved a material aid to the prosperity\\nof the town.\\nBernakdston, whose principal settlement lies in the\\nbeautiful valley of Fall River, a powerful mill-stream", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0171.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nrunning southerlj through the centre of the town, has\\n991 inhabitants, a good public library of 3,289 volumes,\\nan excellent free academj- called Power s Institute, six\\nschool districts and five churches. The Connecticut\\nRiver Railroad passes through the southern section of\\nthe town, opening a market for the wood and lumber of\\nits forests.\\nThe Hon. Samuel C. Allen, an able politician, who\\ndied in Northfleld at the age of 70, was born here in\\n1772. He was formerly a member of Congress. The\\nHon. Henry W. Cushman, Lieutenant-Governor of Mas-\\nsachusetts in 1851-52, was also a native of this town.\\nHe was born here in 1805, and died at Bernardston,\\nNov. 21, 1863.\\nThe remaining towns of Franklin County are Erving\\n(population 794), Gill (673), Hawley (588), Heath\\n(545), Leverett (831), Leyden (524), Monroe (190),\\nNew Salem (923), Rowe (661), Shutesbury (558), Sun-\\nderland (860), Warwick (744), Wendell (503), and\\nWhately (958) The most of the foregoing are moun-\\ntain towns and devoted to agriculture. Leverett. how-\\nI ever, Erving, Gill, Warwick, Ashfield and Wendell have\\nimportant manufactures.\\nAmong the eminent personages native of the above\\ntowus are Henry Kirke Brown, an eminent sculptor\\n(Leyden, 1814); John L. RiddeU, M. D., inventor of\\nthe binocular microscope and magnifying glass (1807)\\nRev. Moses Ballon (Monroe), Hon. Paul Dillingham\\n(Shutesbury), Rev. Jonas King, D. D.,* many jears a\\nforeign missionary- (Hawley, 1792) Le^-i Hedge, LL. D.,\\na successful teacher and writer (Warwick, 1776) Sum-\\nner Lincoln Fairfield, poet and teacher (1803), and Mrs.\\nAnneT. (Wilbur) Wood, authoress (Wendell, 1817).\\nEphraim Pratt, a resident of Shutesbury, died in\\n1804, aged 116 years and 5 months.\\nIn Leyden is a remarkable natural curiosity known as\\nThe Glen. Not far from its entrance, the place is\\npointed out where Mrs. Eunice Williams was murdered\\non the march to Canada.\\nHAMPDEJs C0U:N^TY.\\nBY ROBERT O. MORRIS, ESQ.\\nHampden is the southernmost of the three counties\\nwhich the Connecticut River bisects in its course through\\nMassachusetts. The halves of this county are again\\ndivided by the Chicopee River which runs into the Con-\\nnecticut on the east side, and the Agawam, or Westfield\\nRiver, which comes down from the Berkshire hills on\\nthe west. The valleys of these three rivers contain the\\nrichest farms, and also most of the manufacturing and\\ncommercial enterprises of the count}-. Railroad lines\\nrun by the side of the three streams, and form a junc-\\ntion at Springfield, -which is the county seat. The\\nearliest settlements in Western Massachusetts were\\nmade within the limits of this county, but the subsequent\\nhistory is uneventful, except for the burning of the vil-\\nlage of Springfield in 1675, and the Shays Rebellion of\\n1785, until the introduction of- railroads, in 1839, gave\\na sudden and lasting impetus to the business growth of\\nIn a brief sketch of his remarkable career, it is mentioned, as an\\ninteresting coincidence, that the three first American missionaries to\\nJerusalem were bom within twenty-five miles of each other in what\\nwas then the same county, and within thirty-five days of the same\\nthe section. The county is fifty-two miles long from\\neast to west, and its width varies from nine to twenty-\\nfour miles.\\nThe first English settlement on the Connecticut River\\nwas a trading post at Windsor, Conn., in 1633, and\\ntwo yenTS later, settlements were made simultaneously\\nat Agawam, now Springfield, by a part}- from Roxbury\\nat AVindsor bj- Dorchester people at AVethersfield by\\nWatertown and at Hartford, by Cambridge people.\\nThe first settlers at Agawam, the only one of these\\nplaces now within the bounds of Massachusetts, were\\nWilliam Pynchon, Nath. Mitchell, Henry Smith, Jehuc\\nBurr, WiUiam Blake, Edmund Wood, Thomas UfTord,\\nand John Cabel, with their families. Allotments of land\\nwere also made to Thomas Woodford, John Reader,\\nSamuel Butterfield, and James Wood. It is a singular\\nfact that none of the twelve died iu the hamlet which\\ntime, viz. Kev. Pliny Fisk, bom in Shelbumc, June 24, 1792\\nRev. Levi Parsons, bom in Goshen, July 18, 1792 Rev. Jonas King,\\nhorn in Hawley, July 29, 1792. He died at Athens, Greece, May 22,", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0172.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nthey founded. Jlr. Pvnchon, the leader of the enter-\\nprise, was a man of considerable education and influence.\\nHe had been one of the corporators of the Massachu-\\nsetts Colonj-, and afterwards its treasurer, was one of\\nthe founders of the town of Roxbur} and probably\\nremoved to the Connecticut River in the hope of extend-\\ning the beaver trade in which he was engaged. He was\\nelected magistrate of the new settlement, and exercised\\nthe office until his return to England, in 1652, with his\\nson-in-law, Henry Smith, and was succeeded in the\\nthe magistracy by his son John. The name of the\\nplantation was changed fi om Agawam to Springfield in\\n1G40, as a compliment to Mr. Pynchon, who came from\\na place named Sijringfleld, near Chelmsford, in Essex,\\nEngland. Massachusetts at first exercised jurisdiction as\\nfar south as Weathersfield, but, in 1638, the present\\nboundary line at the Connecticut River was fixed.\\nThere was, also, in the first years of the settlement, a\\ncontrovers} between the two Colonies whether the\\nSpringfield people should paj toll to the owners of the\\nfort at Saybrook, for the privilege of bringing their\\ngoods up the river. The Connecticut authorities bought\\nthe fort and the claim for several j-ears toll, in 1644.\\nThe Commissioners of the United Colonies decided that\\nthe claim was just. The Springfield people still refused\\nto pay it. The Massachusetts authorities attcmptrd to\\nretaliate bj charging toll on all vessels entering Boston\\nHarbor and the difficult} which was never adjusted,\\nmight have caused a serious rupture between the Col-\\nonies, but that thej were threatened by a common\\ndanger.\\nThe first development of the new settlement was aided\\nby forty years of peace. No fort was built at Spring-\\nfield until 1660, when John Pynchon built the first brick\\nhouse in the village, which stood until 1831. The settle-\\nments in the neighborhood progressed rapidlj particu-\\nlarly to the northward. Hampshire County, which then\\nincluded all the Connecticut Valley, in Massachusetts,\\nwas established in 1662, courts being held, after a few\\nyears, at both Northampton and Springfield. The\\nplantation of Woronoco was bought and settled in 1631,\\nand incorporated, in 1669, as Westflcld, being at that\\ntime the westernmost settlement in the Colony. Japhet\\nand Henry Chapiu settled within the present limits of\\nChicopee about 1640, being sons of Deacon Samuel\\nChapin of Springfield, from whom, it is thought, most,\\nif not all, the Chapins in the United States are descended.\\nA settlement was made at Masacksick, now Long-\\nmeadow, in 1644, bj Benjamin Cooley, George Cotton,\\nand John Keep, whose names still survive in many\\nresidents of the town. The settlement was at first made\\nin the strip of bottom land, from the shape of which the\\ntown derived its present name but the annual inundations\\nof the river drove the citizens to move their residences\\nto the brow of the adjoining hill in 1703. Agawam\\ncontains the site of the first house in Western Massa-\\nchusetts, which was built in 1634, or 1635, just south of\\nthe Agawam River, by John Cabel, or Cable, and one\\nJohn Woodcock, in the expectation that the coming set-\\ntlement would be made on that side of the Connecticut.\\nThe first permanent settlements on the west side of the\\nriver were made in 1654 and 1655, although land there\\nhad previously been cultivated. In these years, allot-\\nments in the present site of West Springfield, were made\\nto Francis Pepper, Hugh Dudley, John Dumbleton,\\nMiles Morgan, John Stewart, Obadiah Miller, and Simon\\nSackett. The first settlers below the Agawam were\\nThomas Cooper, Abel Leonard, and Tliomas Merrick.\\nThe first settlers of Springfield bought their land of\\nthe Indians, and lived peaceably with them for several\\nyears, the savages soon recognizing the authority of the\\nmagistrates over those of their own number that injured\\nthe settlers in person or property. King Philip s war\\nbegan in 1675, and, instigated by that wily chieftain,\\nwithout any sufficient cause for ill-feeling, the Imlians\\nliving near Springfield treacherously and cruellj assisted\\nin burning the village, and would have slain the inhab-\\nitants but that they found shelter in fortified houses until\\ntroops arrived. The settlement at this time contained\\nsome forty-five dwellings, chiefly along the line of the\\npresent main street and although the Indians had\\nalready burned the village of Brookfleld to the east, had\\nattacked Deerfield and Northfield, and were said to be\\nhovering about Hadley on the north, no apprehension\\nwas felt for Springfield, and all the troops of the village\\nand vicinity had been sent to Hadley, under command\\nof Maj. John Pj-nchon, who was as much the leader of\\nthe people in civil as in military matters, having suc-\\nceeded to his father s iniluence and honors. Tlia plot of\\nthe Indians against the village was revealed on the night\\nof the 4th of October (corresponding to the loth of the\\npresent calendar) by an Indian living in the family of\\nMr. Wolcott at Windsor, and the messenger sent to\\nalai-m the village arrived at about midnight. Word was\\nat once sent to Maj. Pj-nchon, and the families, with\\ntheir valuables, were gathered in the three fortified\\nhouses but no attack occurred during the night. Many\\nof the people became confident that none was to be\\nfeared, and Rev. Pelatiah Glover, the pastor of the\\ncommunity, moved his library back to his study. Lieut.\\nCooper and Thomas Miller mounted their horses, and\\ndrove toward an Indian fort, at the south end of the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0173.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ntown, to reconnoitre, but rode into fin anibuscaile, and\\nwere fatally shot, Coojjer living barelj- long enough to\\ndrive back and give the alarm. The savages at once\\nbiu-st upon the town but the people had fled to the\\nforts, and all escaped except one other man, who was\\nfatally wounded, one woman who was killed outright,\\nand three other persons who were wounded. There was\\nnothing, however, to prevent the Indians from devastat-\\ning as much of the town as was beyond the reach of the\\nmuskets of the forts, and in a very short time they\\nbui-ned thirty- two dwellings and twentj -five bams, besides\\nthe house of correction, also Maj. Pynchon s grist-mill,\\nsaw-mill, and most of the com and gr.-iin that was stored\\nup for consumption during the approaching winter.\\nSome Connecticut troops, under Maj. Treat, an-ived on\\nthe opposite side of the river during the burning, and\\nthe beleaguered inhabitants managed to send them a\\nboat; but the Indians gathered on the bank in such\\nstrength that the troops could not land. Finally, at\\nabout three o clock in the afternoon, the two hundred\\nsoldiers, under Maj. Pynchon, arrived at their homes,\\nafter a hurried and anxious march, to find their village\\nin ashes. The band of Indians, which probably con-\\nsisted of about fifty Springfield Indians, with two hun-\\ni dred of Philip s men, withdrew at the approach of Maj.\\nI Pynchon s force, and retreated to the neighborhood of\\nthe present site of Indian Orchard and Jenksville. No\\npursuit was attempted, soldiers and citizens ha-vdng\\nenough on their hands in repairing their desolate homes.\\nKing Philip s war lasted nearlj a year longer, but\\nscarcely any other important event in connection with it\\noccurred within the present Hampden County. Groups\\nof Indians hovered about the frightened settlements all\\nthe winter. Three j-oung men from Springfield were\\nkilled while prospecting for iron ore near Westfield.\\nThe settlers at Longmeadow were unable to attend\\nchurch all winter, and when a band of eighteen, under a\\nsmall guard, attempted to come to Springfield one Sun-\\nday in March, they were waylaid near Pecowsic Brook,\\nand John Keep, a prominent man of the town, was\\nkilled, with his wife and child.* One of the Springfield\\nplanters who crossed the river in the spring to look after\\nhis corn stored in a house there, was shot down and his\\nhouse burned. Moses Cook, a Westfield planter, was\\nalso killed while out with a scouting partv. These\\nassaults and assassinations, which were prevalent in the\\nsettlements farther up the river as well, seem to have\\nimpressed the Massachusetts council with the notion that\\nA waterfeU, on the Chicopee River at Ludlow, bears the name of\\nIndian Leap, from a tradition bearing the date of King Philip s \u00c2\u00abar,\\nbut probably without authority. It is to the effect that a camp of\\nthej- were unable to protect so large a territor) They\\naccordingly called upon the smaller settlements to retire\\ninto the larger ones, specifying particularly that the\\nWestfield people should betake themselves to Spring-\\nfield. The order was received with indignation by the\\nWestfield settlers, who refused to obey the command\\nimmediately, because several of their number were sick.\\nThey also presented considerations why the consolida-\\ntion should not take place, to the efi ect that Springfield,\\nsince its burning, did not have accommodations for more\\ninhabitants, and the hand of Providence seemed, more-\\nover, to be against the settlement on the Connecticut.\\nThere was also, in the remonstrance, a hint of securing\\nreinforcements from Connecticut, and a vague intimation\\nthat the Hartford council would be glad to receive and\\nshelter the settlement. This diplomatic threat of with-\\ndrawal seems to have accomplished its purpose, for\\nWestfield and the other outlying towns were allowed to\\nretain their own locations, and peace came within a jear,\\nbringing prosperity with it. The settlements of this\\nregion contributed their quota of soldiers to the subse-\\nquent Indian wars, but the scene of operations was gen-\\nerally so far to the north that these towns were not\\nmolested. The one notable exception was in July, 1 70S,\\nduring Queen Anne s war, when a part}- of Indians\\nattacked the house of Lieut. Wright at Skipmuck, near\\nChicopee Falls, and killed old Mr. Wright, Aaron\\nParsons and Barijah Hubbard, a couple of soldiers,\\nknocked two children on the head, one of whom after-\\nwards died,\u00c2\u00bband took Henry Wright s wife captive, and\\nprobably killed her. There is another Ludlow tradition\\nthat the Indians killed a female captive at a place in that\\ntown called Facing Rocks, and the two events may have\\nhad some connection with each other.\\nDuring the century that intervened between King\\nPhilip s war and the American Revolution, the progi-ess\\nof the settlements in the vicinitj- of Springfield was that\\nof peaceful development, although other communities in\\nwestern Massachusetts were much of the time retarded\\nin their growth by incursions of Indians. The colony\\non the west side of the river grew rapidly, and as early\\nas 1673, they ijctitioucd for the establishment of a ferry.\\nIn the year 1695 they numbered 32 famihes and upwards\\nof 200 persons, and asked for and obtained the privi-\\nlege of settling a minister, all their church and municipal\\nrelations having before been on the east side of the\\nriver. The town was not incorporated until 1774,\\nand then included the present territory of Holyoke and\\nIndians, surprised by a company of white soldiers, escaped by jumping\\nthe river fiom the high overhanging rocks, the last to make the leap\\nbeing the cliief, Koaring Thunder, with his child in his arms.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0174.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nAgawam. Up to the time of the introduction of rail-\\nroads, this town was, perhaps, the cliief town in the\\nlimits of the old Hampshire County-. Longmeadow was\\nincorporated as a separate parish in 1713, having some\\n40 families. The town of Brimfield, including the\\npresent towns of Monson, Wales and Holland, was\\nj laid out in 1701 by a committee of five Springfield men,\\nI of whom Maj. John Pj-nchon was the chief, who were to\\nhave charge of the settlement for five j ears. The enter-\\nj prise progressed slowlj however, from Indian troubles\\nand other causes, and in 1723 the General Court declared\\nthe preceding grant void, and appointed another com-\\nmittee to perfect the settlement of the town, who re-\\nported, in 1729, adversely to the first grants. The\\nGeneral Court settled the controvers3-, however, in 1731,\\nby confirming the grants of the first committee, of 120\\nacres of land to some 55 persons. There were other\\nspecial grants, and all the remaining lands were decreed\\nto belong to the grantees, to be divided proportionately.\\nMonson was set aside as a district, but still connected for\\nrepresentative purposes, in 1 7G0 and the same action\\nI was taken, in 1762, in regard to Holland and South Wil-\\nbraham, now Wales. The inhabitants of this town were\\nat first troubled by Indians, but no notable conflicts took\\nj place on its territoiy. The site of Wilbraham was\\ndivided into allotments as earl} as 1685 under peculiar\\ncircumstances, the first settler not appearing until fort}--\\nfive 3 ears later. It laj* in what was called the out-\\nward commons of Springfield, and was laid out to\\noverreach the declaration of the English Court of Chan-\\ncer}- that the Massachusetts charter was forfeited. The\\nact of annulment contained, however, a provision that\\nthe rights of individuals should not be molested, and\\nthis territor} was di\\\\ ided among the inhabitants of the\\ntown to remove it from the operations of the act. It\\nwas, under these circumstances, laid out in narrow and\\ninconvenient strips, that hindered its settlement. Na-\\nthaniel Hitchcock, the first settler, sowed a couple of\\nacres of land in 1 730, and built a cabin for his familj-,\\nwho moved thither the following J ear. In 1741 there\\nwere 24 settlers, who were incoq^orated as the fourth\\nparish of Springfield. Wilbraham was incorporated as\\na district in 1763, but did not have the privilege of send-\\ning a representative until 1780.\\nThe district was represented for three j-ears, from 1772,\\nby John Bliss, who was elected on the ticket with Col.\\nThe original name of the place was New Glasgow, but when it was\\nincorporated in 1741 Gov. Shirley changed it to Blandford, in honor of\\nthe ship that brought hiin safely over the ocean. The place was also\\nknown as the Sufflcld equivalent, being confen-cd upon the inhabitants of\\nthat town by the Massachusetts legislature in 1732. Aftcrthe settlement\\nJohn Worthington, by a coalition against the voters on\\nthe west side of the river, who proposed to drop Wor-\\nthington. The setting off of V/est Springfield as a\\nseparate town, in 1774, put an end to such contests.\\nThe inhabitants of Wilbraham, at the time of its incor-\\nporation, objected strenuously, but vainly, to the\\nname attached to them, which has the significance of\\nWild Boar s Home. Palmer was settled as early as\\n1727, b\\\\- a considerable colony of emigi-ants who were\\ndescended from a colony of Protestants which migi-ated\\nfrom Argyleshire in Scotland and settled in the north of\\nIreland about 1712. These were the first Presbj-terians\\nin the country, and thej- were looked upon with disfavor\\nbj the Congregationalists. The place where thc}- settled\\nwas known as the Elbows, from a curve in the Chico-\\npee Eiver, and their title was not at first good. The\\nfirst saw-mill in the town began running in 1730, and the\\nfirst grist-mill in 1737.\\nThis period of such active growth for the eastern half\\nof the count} was also an important era in the develop-\\nment of the western poilion. The first highway from\\nWestfleld to the settlements in Berkshire County was\\nbuilt in 1735, and the first settlement was made at Bland-\\nford in the same year. The site of this town was owned\\nin undivided quarters by Christopher Jacob Lawton,\\nFrancis Wells, John Faye and Francis Brinlej who in-\\nduced a colon} of families to settle upon it. The town\\nbeing upon the frontier, suffered some by Indians in the\\nFrench and Indian wars, and was the site of an impor-\\ntant government fort.\\nGranville was first called Bedford, and was bought of\\nToto, an Indian, by one Anthony Mather. The first\\nsettler was Samuel Bancroft of Springfield, who lived to\\nrepresent the town in the legislatui-e in 1775. In the\\nfirst half of the century as many as eighty-nine persons\\nbearing the name of Bancroft lived in East Granville\\nand the names of most of the other first settlers are still\\nperpetuated. The town is a very healthy one, and it is\\nclaimed that one in thirty of the inhabitants reach the\\nage of ninety years.\\nSouthmck, which was within the bounds of Westfleld j\\nuntil 1770, was also first settled in 1734, Samuel Fowler\\nbeing the first inhabitant.\\nTolland was at first the third parish of Granv-ille, and\\nwas settled in 1750. The town is said to contain the\\nhighest land of the latitude between the Connecticut and\\nof the boundary line had thrown them into Connecticut, Christopher\\nJacob Lawton of Sufficid became purchaser of the tract, and afterwards\\nsold undivided fourths to Francis Wells, John Faye, and Francis Brin-\\nley. They induced forty-live families from Ilopliinton to settle in the\\ntown.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0175.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nHousatoiiic rivers, the C atskill llouutains being visible\\nfrom some points.\\nCliester was one of the ten towns sold at auction by\\norder of the General Court in 17G2, and was bought bj-\\nWilliam Williams for \u00c2\u00a31,500, the first settlement occur-\\nring about this time. The settlei s were mostlj- Irish.\\nThe place was incorporated under the name of Jliiira}\\nfield in 17G2, continuing under that name until 1783.\\nAt the time of the American Revolution the count3 com-\\nprised, it will be seen, a dozen or more thriving agricul-\\ntural communities, which were located too far inland to be\\nthe scene of any military movements, but which, with\\nevery other section of the C olonj-, contributed frcclj of\\nmen and means to secure the nation s independence.\\nAs early as 1 773 Brimficld town meetings passed patriotic\\nresolutions of protest against the assumptions of power\\non the part of the Biitish government. Ludlow had a\\npopulation of only about 200, but sent 29 recruits to the\\narm} All the other towns seem to have taxed them-\\nselves very freely to equip and support those of their cit-\\nizens who enlisted, and there was also little trouble in\\nsecuring volunteers. There were some Tories in the\\ncount}-, the most prominent being Col. John Worthing-\\nton of Springfield, a lawj-er of pre-eminent ability and\\nstanding, who would have been the most influential man\\nof his daj but for his political views. There were also\\nadherents to the royal cause at Blandford, which was set-\\ntled largely by British subjects and some of these were\\nforbidden by the Committee of Safetj- to leave their farms.\\nThe safe location of Springfield at a distance from the\\nactive operations of the war, induced the government\\nto establish a storehouse for munitions of war at that\\npoint, and afterwai ds a shop for the manufacture of\\narms.\\nThe close of the war left the county in an unhappy\\nfinancial condition, through the excessive private debts\\nunder which almost everybod} labored and also by the\\ndepreciation of the currenej-. This discontent culminated\\nin the Shays Rebellion, which was very strong in some\\nsections of the count}-, and which received its chief blow\\nin an encounter with the State troops on Armory Hill in\\nSpringfield. The leader, from whom the insun-ection\\ntook its name, came from Pclham, but Luke Day of West\\nSpringfield was as prominent in fomenting discontent,\\nand about as influential in directing the demonstration.\\nThe first affront to the government occurred at Spring-\\nfield, in 1782, when a mob released from prison one\\nThe works were removed from their first location on Main Street\\nabout 177S, to the place on the liill where the United States Armory is\\nnow such a prominent feature in the landscape, and an addition to the\\nbeauties of the city. During the late Civil war the capacity of the\\nSamuel Ely, who had been guilty of disturbing the courts\\nat Northampton.\\nIn the fall of 1786 a large mob gathered to prevent the\\nholding of the Supreme Court at Springfield, September\\n26. The insiu-gents numbered about 1,200 men, about\\nhalf of whom had muskets, while the court was protected\\nby about 800 militia-nicn. The opposing hosts had\\ncamps about three-quarters of a mile apart, and for four\\ndays the inhabitants of the town were momentarily in fear\\nof a collision that would result in death or wounds to\\nmany. The court went through the form of organizing,\\nand adjourned after three days without transacting any\\nbusincss, and each party claimed to have accomplished\\nits end. Luke Day had before this time been drilling a\\ncompany of his followers on the West Springfield com-\\nmon, and, in December, he led 100 men from Wcstfield,\\nWest Springfield and Longmeadow, to assist Sha} s in\\nhis schemes at AVorcester.- A company of 50 more who\\nstarted to follow, were driven back by a snow-storm.\\nAgain in December the presence of a mob prevented the\\nsession of the court at Springfield, but without any vio-\\nlent acts. To prevent a continuance of such outrages,\\nthe goA ernment called for a force of 4,400 men, to be\\nunder the command of Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, and to\\nrendezAous at Boston, Worcester and Springfield. A\\nterm of court was to be held at Worcester Jan. 22, 17S7\\nbut the military force was so strong that the rebels could\\nnot hope to interfere successfully, and Shays accordingly\\ndetermined to seize the United States Arsenal at Spring-\\nfield, if possible, before Lincoln and his troops could ar-\\nrive from the east. Day had a force of 400 men, whom\\nhe had billeted on the citizens of West Springfield.\\nA force of 400 Berkshire men, under Eli Parsons, was\\nstationed at Chicopee, and Shays led a force of 1,100\\nfrom the east, it being his design to have the three forces\\nattack the arsenal at once from diflTerent directions. Gen.\\nWilliam Shepard of Wcstfield, an able and successful\\nofljcer in the Revolutionary army, had command of the\\narsenal, with some 1 100 troops. Shays reached U ilbra-\\nham on the evening of January 25, and quartered his\\ntroops on the inhabitants over night. Several friends of\\nthe government in the village consulted together, and\\ndecided that the duty of conveying information to Gen.\\nShepard of the movements of the hostile force, belonged\\nto the deputy sheriff, Asaph King. Accordingly when\\nShays set out the next morning for Springfield, this mes-\\nsenger outstripped him by a shorter course, and reached\\nworks was increased, so that 1,000 muskets were made daily, but only\\nabout 800 men are now employed, producing aljout 75 rifles a day. Tlie\\nSpringfield rifle, as perfected, is claimed by army officers to bo the best\\narm furnished to anv soldiers in the world.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0176.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nthe arsenal in forty-five minutes from the time he left\\nWilbraham. Shays had sent a messenger to Day, ex-\\nj plaining his plan, and Daj- had sent a reply, asking that\\nthe attack on the arsenal be postponed for a day for some\\nunknown cause, but the messenger bearing this word was\\nintercepted, and the two leaders were thus acting on dif-\\nferent plans. Shays and his force did not appear before\\nthe arsenal until four o clock. Gen. Shepard warned\\nthem not to advance but they persisted, and he then\\nordered his cannon to be discharged against the centre\\nof the column, killing three of the insurgents and mor-\\ntally wounding a fourth. The line was thrown into con-\\nfusion. Shays tried in vain to rallj- his supporters, who\\nturned and fled, resting only when the}- reached Ludlow,\\nten miles distant, where thej- slept that night. Lincoln s\\narmy was but a day s march distant, and on its arrival,\\nthe present territorj- of Hampden Count} was speedily\\ncleared of the insurgents, the union of Shaj s forces\\nbeing prevented by prompt measures, and Daj- s force\\nstampeding after a verj- sMght show of resistance.\\nThe gradual return of prosperity stimulated the mate-\\nrial development of the county, and several important\\npublic enterprises were carried through during the 3-ears\\nimmediatelj following the suppression of the Shaj-s\\nRebellion. The chief of these was the construction of\\nthe canal and dam at South Iladley Falls, the original\\nobject of which was to render the Connecticut River\\nna^-igable. The dam was built to supply the canal with\\nwater, and was rebuilt in 1803, the funds being raised bj-\\na lottery, and was strengthened and increased several\\ntimes later.\\nThe growth of the region necessitated improved means\\nof communication, and this period was accordingly\\nmarked bj- the laying out of a large number of roads,\\nparticularly in the western part of the count} connect-\\ning the towns with each other, and also with Berkshire\\nCount}-. Bridges already existed over some of the\\nsmaller streams of the county, but they were now in-\\ncreased in number. The bridge between Springfield\\nand West Springfield was first built in 1805, but only\\nlasted until 1814, and its successor only until 1818, after\\nwhich the present structure was put up. The last two\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2were partly built by the proceeds of lotteries.\\nThe war of 181-2 did not profoundly stir the citizens of\\nthis region, as the fighting was at a distance. A regi-\\nment of infantr} mostly from the present Hampden\\nCounty, under command of Col. Enos Foot of South-\\nAlpheus Colton of Longmeadoiv, was one of those sentenced to death\\nfor his participation In the treason. All were suliscquently pardoned.\\nThis is clearly illustrated by the fact thr.t, while the population of\\nthe county has gro\u00c2\u00bb-n from 37,360 to 94,304 since 1840, there has during\\nwick, and a company of artillery from Springfield, were\\namong the troops called out by Gov. Strong, but they\\nsaw no fighting.\\nFrom this time the growth of the county was peaceful,\\nunmarked by any particular incident until the introduc-\\ntion of railroads made new channels and centres for\\ntrade, gave an impetus to manufacturing, and revolution-\\nized the entire commercial interests of the county. The\\nfirst railroad was the Western, which was a continuation\\nof the Boston and Worcester. This was opened as far\\nas Springfield in 1800, and to the Hudson River in 1842,\\nbeing now included in the Boston and Albany Railroad.\\nVarious schemes had been discussed during the twenty-\\nfive years preceding for building a canal, or a horse-power\\nrailroad, over this route, but when the feasibility of steam\\nlocomotion was proved, this, of several routes surve} ed,\\nwas selected, largely through the enthusiastic advocacy of\\nGeorge Bliss of Springfield, a prominent lawyer, who\\ngave up his practice to become the first general agent of\\nthe road. The Connecticut River Railroad was opened\\nfrom Springfield, as far as Northampton, in 1845, and to\\nGreenfield the following year. The Hartford and Spring-\\nfield Railroad, now a part of the Xew York, New Haven\\nand Hartford Railroad, was opened in 1844. The New\\nLondon Northern Railroad, which crosses the eastern end\\nof the county, was opened from New London to Palmer\\nin 1850, and to Amherst in 1853, the two sections being\\nat first under different managements. A canal was built\\nfor navigation from New Haven to Westficld in 1830,\\nwhich was continued to Northampton in 1834, but was\\nnot profitable, and the owners built a railroad in its place,\\nwhich was opened in 185G. The Ware River Railroad,\\na branch of the Boston and Albany road from Palmer to\\nWinchendon, was built in 1870, the Springfield, Athol\\nand North-eastern from Springfield to Barrett s Junction\\nin 1872, and the Connecticut Central from Springfield to\\nHartford and Rockville in 1875. The eflfcct of the intro-\\nduction of railroads cannot be over-estimated. Once\\npojiular stage-routes were superseded, and river nsLviga-\\ntion entirely suspended, although there is at present an\\neflfort being made to revive the latter. Towns which had\\nformerly rivalled in size and importance the county-scat,\\nfound themselves away from the lines of traffic while\\nnew centres of trade and manufactures were opened.\\nThe largest water power in the State, if not in the\\nworld, is at Holyoke, where the Connecticut River is\\ncrossed by a dam 1,017 feet long. The Westfield and\\nthe same period been an actual decrease in the population of the towns\\nof Bbndford, Bri:ulicld, Chester, Granville, Holland, Ludlow, Mont-\\ngomery, Russell, Southwick and Tolland. Ludlow, however, is now\\nincreasing, through the growth of its manufacturing villages.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0177.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nChicopee rivers also run over several dams, In their\\nrespective courses through the county, and there are\\nnumerous water-powers on smaller streams, the number of\\nwater-wheels already existing being 285, with a total of\\n14,472 horse power, there being opportunit} for the in-\\ndefinite multiplication of these figures. There are in the\\ncounty 633 manufacturing establishments, with an aggre-\\ngate capital of $19,765,118, producing goods annually\\nvalued at 832,584,175. The county makes more paper\\nthan any other in the country, and Holyoke more than\\nany other city, the yearly total for the county being\\n\u00c2\u00a76,146,705, and for Holyoke, $3,199,407. The county is\\nalso the first in the State in the manufacture of tobacco,\\nturning out $1,302,894 worth yearly, of which $854,416\\ncomes from Westfield, this last being in excess of anj\\nother town. Aside from the product of the United States\\nArmor}-, the county sends out arms and ammunition\\nyearlj^ worth $670,141, Springfield leading all the towns\\nand cities of the State in this item with $582,750. Of\\ncotton goods, the county produces $8,296,112, being\\nfourth in the State, of which Holyoke, the fifth place in\\nthe State, furnishes $3,039,050; Palmer, $1,320,017;\\nand Springfield, $771,432, most of this last amount\\nbeing produced at the village of Indian Orchard, in the\\noutskirts of the city limits. Holyoke stands seventh in\\nthe State in the matter of woollen goods, producing them\\nannually to the amount of $1,394,035, while Monson\\nsends out goods worth $862,000. The value of the stone\\nquan-ied in the connty j early is $107,910, and Cliicopee\\nalone makes agricultural implements valued at $80,000.\\nThere are in the count}- 3,736 farms, containing 316,015\\nacres, the total value of land and buildings being\\n$14,496,445. The total value of the products is\\n$2,774,297.\\nSpringfield, Westfield, Holyoke, West Springfield and\\nAgawam are all supplied with water from aqueducts\\nthe Springfield reservoir, which is the largest, being\\nlocated in Ludlow, twelve miles distant, and covering\\n445 acres. Springfield, Holyoke, Westfield and Chico-\\npee have public gas-works. Bridges stand prominent\\namong the public improvements of the county and of\\nthe ten bridges that span the Connecticut in Massachu-\\nsetts, seven touch the banlts of Hampden County.\\nGoing back now, some facts remain to be stated con-\\ncerning the settlement, division and incorporation of the\\ntowns. Monson, which was set aside as a district in\\n17G0, Wilbraham, which had likewise been incorpo-\\nrated in 17C3, and Southwick, which became a di.itrict\\nin 1770, became towns b} the operation of a general\\nlaw passed in 1786. Holland and Wales, which, with\\nMonson, were included in the original territory of Brim-\\nfield, became districts in 1762 and towns in 1796. The\\nlatter was first called South Brimfleld, and assumed its\\npresent name in 1828, it being the family name of a\\nnumber of the inhabitants. Holland was settled as early\\nas 1720, the prominent names of the first settlers being\\nLyon, Blodgett, HoUoway, Belknap, Cram, Nelson and\\nBond. Ludlow was incorporated in 1774, about twenty-\\nfive years after its first settlement. Montgomery was\\nincorporated as a town in 1780, and Russell in 1792\\nboth having previously been included in Westfield. West\\nSpringfield, although settled about twenty years after\\nSpringfield, was not incorporated until 1774, the act then\\nbeing the result of rivalry for political power between\\nthe inhabitants on opposite sides of the river. Holyoke\\nwas incorporated as the third parish of West Spring-\\nfield, in 1786, and became a city in 1873, most of its\\ngrowth having occurred since 1850. This place was the\\nscene of the disastrous burning of a French Catholic\\nchurch, in 1875, by which eighty persons lost their lives.\\nThe second parish, at the south end of the town, was\\ndivided in 1800 into the two parishes of Agawam and\\nFeeding Hills, and in 1855 these two were together in-\\ncorporated as the town of Agawam. Some Stockbridge\\nIndians lived in West Springfield as late as 1783, and\\nwere the last of their tribe. Tolland, which had pre-\\nviousl} been a parish of Granville, was incorporated as\\na town in 1810. Hampden County itself was incorpo-\\nrated in 1812, being the last to be set off from the old\\nHampshire County, which formeriy covered the present\\nfour western counties of the State. The villages of\\nCabofriille, Willimansett, Chicopee Falls and Chicopee\\nStreet were set off from Springfield as the town of Chico-\\npee, in 1848, and finally the town of Hampden was sep-\\narated from the mother town of Wilbraham in 1878.\\nWilbraham celebrated its centennial in 1863, and Lud-\\nlow and West Springfield theirs in 1874. Westfield cel-\\nebrated its bi-ccntennial in 1869 and the two hundredth\\nanniversar}- of the burning of Springfield was commemo-\\nrated by an historical address by Judge Hemy Morris,\\nformerly of the Court of Common Pleas.\\nDuring the late Civil war the spirit of patriotism ran\\nhigh in Hampden County, as in all other parts of the\\nCommonwealth. Out of a population of about 60,000,\\nsome 6,239 men are recorded as having entered the anny\\nof the Union, while the number was doubtless much\\nlarger. This, however, was a surplus of 486 over the\\nnumber required. Among them were 222 commissioned\\nofficers. The tenth, twenty-seventh and forty-sixth\\nregiments were recruited in this immediate locality,\\nbeing in camp first at Springfield. These regiments\\nwere in active ser\\\\ice in all the armies and in almost", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0178.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nevery campaign of the war, and iniiforml}- ccndncted\\nthemselves crcditaljl}-, many of the officers winning pro-\\nmotion. They were sustained by patriotic utterances\\nfrom their friends at home, every town in the county\\noffering a bountj for recruits, and agreeing to look after,\\nand, if necessar} minister to the wants of their families.\\nThe county spent $G30,031 for the prosecution of the\\nwar, besides $34,851 raised by private contributions. A\\nSoldiers Rest was maintained at Springfield, and the\\nsanitary commissions of the county united in a very\\nsuccessful and profitable fair at Springfield in 18G4.\\nSeveral of the towns have memorial monuments for those\\nof their sons who fell during the war.\\nThe countj-, although it is the seat of no college or\\ntheological seminarj has plaj ed an important part in\\nthe theological development of New England, its doc-\\ntrinal dissensions being confined to no one communitj or\\ngeneration. The first pastor at Springfield, Rev. Mr.\\nMoxon, had a well-defined case of witchcraft in his own\\nfamily in 164.5, which was the first to occur in New\\nEngland. He is suspected of having left for his home\\nin England in disgust, because the alleged witch, one\\nGoody Parsons, was acquitted on her trial at Boston.\\nWilliam P3 nchon also, the founder of the settlement,\\nwas driven out of the Colonj because of the heretical\\nnotions of a book he published. The General Court\\ndeposed him from the magistracj-, ordered the book to be\\npublicly burned, and appointed a divine to write a replj\\nto it. After he had returned to England, Mr. P3-nchon\\npublished another edition of his book, which seems to\\nhave been quite an able production. A still greater stir\\nwas caused in the years from 1734 to 1736, concerning\\nthe installation over the Springfield parish of Rev.\\nRobert Brcck, whom some of the ministers considered\\nunorthodox. One council refused to ordain him, and\\nanother, called for the purpose, was broken up hy the\\nsheriff who arrested LIr. Breck on a warrant for heresy,\\nwhich required him to appear at New London for trial.\\nHe was, however, admitted to bail was afterwards\\nacquitted on the trial, and installed in 1736, when the\\nexcitement had quieted down. His lovable disposition,\\nand wise management, soon united the church in his\\nfavor, and he remained in the pastorate fort3--nine years,\\nor until his death. In the present centurj the same church\\nwas shaken by the Unitarian controversy, which resulted\\nin the withdrawal of a large colony to found the present\\nChurch of the Unity. The Baptist Church in Gran\\\\-ille\\nis due to a split in the Congregational Church of the\\ntown, in the middle of the last centurj in regard to\\nStoddardeanism, or the question whether the sacra-\\nment of the Lord s Supper was a converting ordinance.\\nAn Episcopal Church was organized at Blandford, about\\n1795, bj- a faction of the Congregationalists who differed\\nfrom the pastor s views on the subject of unconditional\\nelection. The Ludlow churches were for many years\\ninvolved in a lawsuit concerning the disposition of cer-\\ntain funds for the support of preaching, all of which\\ngoes to the Congregationalists. The discussion of the\\nsubject of eternal punishment which extended through\\nthe whole countrj- in the winter of 1877-8 originated\\nin the refusal of a Congregational council to instal a\\npastor over a church at Indian Orchard in Springfield,\\nwhose views on this subject did not meet their approval.\\nThe first churches in the county were, of course, of the\\nPuritan, or Congregational faith but all denominations\\nare now represented. The first settlers at Palmer were\\nPrcsbj-terians, and established a church of that sect\\nthere in 1730, which, however, became Congregational\\nabout 1806. Most of the church-goers in Wales are\\nBaptists. The church is still standing on Beech Hill, in\\nthe south part of Blandford, in which the first ]Mcthodist\\nconference east of the Hudson was held. Springfield\\nis the episcopal residence for the large Roman Catholic\\ndiocese of Western Massachusetts. Christ Episcopal\\nChurch in Springfield has had no less than three rectors\\nwho have afterwards become bishops: Henry W. Lee,\\nA. N. Littlcjohn, and Alexander Burgess.\\nHampden County contains no institutions of learning\\nof the highest grade, but it furnishes unsurpassed facili-\\nties for obtaining a common, or preparatory education\\nAll of the towns support the common schools, and mos\\nof them high schools as well, Southwick and AVest\\nSpringfield having funds for the support of their schools,\\nThe Roman Catholics maintain separate denominational\\nschools at Springfield, Holyoke and Chicopee. West-\\nfield had an academy from 1800 to 1857, which was\\n.started by a town appropriation of $2,000, a subscrip.\\ntion of $1,000, and a legislative grant of half a town-\\nship in Maine. It was an important factor in the intel-\\nlectual training of most of the towns in the western part\\nof the county, and was discontinued because of the\\nproximity of other more generously endowed institu-\\ntions. Its funds arc accumulating interest, and may yet\\nbe found useful. The State Normal School at Westfield\\nwas established there in 1844, having been located for\\nfive years at Barre, and was the second school of the\\nkind in the State. A school of observation is maintained\\nin connection with it, and the recent erection of a new\\nboarding-hall furnishes the school with an excellent set\\nof buildings. Monson Academy was incorporated in\\n1804, and the building erected in 1806 by contributions\\nof the citizens of the town. This also received a half", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0179.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ntownship of Maine land from the legislature, and is well\\nequipped with libraiy, observatory and laboratory.\\nThere is a fund to aid students preparing for the min-\\nistry, and a large number of its graduates have entered\\nthat calling. The State Primary School is also in the\\nnorthern part of Monson, not far from the Palmer depot,\\nand is designed for the education and training of the\\nchildren of State paupers. It has about 500 inmates,\\nand a large farm is nm in connection with the school.\\nThe Hitchcock Free High School at Brimfield was estab-\\nlished in 18.55, being endowed by the late Samuel A-\\nHitchcock to the amount of $80,000. The school is free\\nto all, including non-residents. Wesleyan Academy, at\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Wilbraham, claims to be the oldest existing literaiy in-\\nstitution under the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch in America, being established by the New Eng-\\nland Conference at New Market, N. H., in 1818, and\\ntransferred to Wilbraham in 1823. The first principal\\nwas Rev. Wilbur Fisk, D. D. Both sexes are admitted\\nto the benefits of the school, and the institution holds a\\nverj warm place in the hearts of Methodists over a large\\nregion. The large boarding-hall was twice burned down,\\nin 1856 and 1857. There are 214 public schools in the\\ncounty, with buildings valued at $1,119,787. Besides\\nthe numerous church and school and private circulating\\nlibraries, there are public libraries at Springfield, Chico-\\npee, Holj-oke, Monson, Palmer, Wilbraham, West\\nSpringfield and Westfield, containing, altogether, 51,5G8\\nvolumes and 1,750 pamphlets, and having a 3 earl3\\ncirculation of 69,822 books. Two dailj newspapers are\\npublished at Springfield, the Republican and the\\nUnion, the former of which has a national reputation.\\nHolj-oke supports two semi- weekUes, the Transcript\\nand the News Westfield two weeklies, the Times\\nand the Advertiser, and Palmer also has a weekly,\\nthe Journal. A weekly agricultural paper, the New\\nEngland Homestead, is published at Springfield, where\\nalso are issued the Fancier s Jomiial, and Sundaj-\\nAfternoon, both monthly.\\nThe list of distinguished men who have originated in\\nHampden County, or have been closely connected with\\nits historj-, is a long and brilliant one, beginning with\\nthe first settlers. William Pynchon, the leader of the\\nColony, has been already alluded to as a man of educa-\\ntion and ability. His son John, who was called The\\nworshipful Major Pynchon, had even more stiiking\\ntalents in some respects than his father. He was re-\\nspected as a magistrate, and was a man of remarkable\\nbusiness energ}-, being connected prominently with all\\nthe schemes of his daj- for the development of the region.\\nDea. Samuel Chapin, one of the earl} settlers, is notable,\\nif for nothing else, by the fact that he is supposed to be\\nthe ancestor of all in America bearing his name. A\\nlarge reunion of the family was held at Springfield in\\n1802. The county has been paiticularly fortunate in se-\\ncuring clergj-men of high ability. Besides Mr. Moxon\\nand Mr. Breck, the Springfield Church had Pelatiah\\nGrover, Daniel Brewer, and Bezaleel Howard, all of\\nwhom stood high among their clerical brethren and\\nthese were succeeded by Rev. Dr. Samuel Osgood,\\ntheir sis pastorates reaching to 1854, or 218 years from\\nthe founding of the church. Dr. Osgood was possessed\\nof great energy, and conducted his church through the\\ntrying days of the Unitarian controversy and the Anti-\\nSlavery agitation, being himself an ardent Abolitionist.\\nRev. W. B. O. Peabody, the first pastor of the Unitarian\\nChurch in Springfield, to which he preached for 27 years,\\nhad rare poetic ability, and left a lasting memorial in the\\nbeautiful cemeter} which was secured through his efforts.\\nThe South Congregational Church, of Springfield, had,\\nfor its first pastor. Rev. Dr. Noah Porter, now president\\nof Yale College, and his successor. Rev. Dr. S. G. Buck-\\ningham, is still serving after a term of more than 30\\njxars. Dr. Stephen Williams, the first minister of Long-\\nmeadow, was the son of Rev. John Williams of Deer-\\nfield, and was earned into capti^ity by the Indians when\\nhe was 11 j cars old, and his sister, who was captured at\\nthe same time, became so enamored of the savage life\\nthat she could not be induced to return to civilization.\\nHe was settled at Longmcadow in 1716, and continued\\nas pastor 66 years, when he died in his ninetieth year.\\nHe was succeeded hy Richard Salter StoiTS, whose pas-\\ntorate extended over the other third of a centurj-. His\\nson was an eminent minister, and lived to an advanced\\nage at Braintree, and his grandson is the present famous\\npreacher of Brooklyn, New York, all three having the\\nsame name. Dr. Joseph Lathrop, of West Springfield,\\nwas one of the most remarkable divines that has lived in\\nthe Connecticut Valley, both in the quality and amount\\nof his work. He was ordained over the church in 1754,\\nand continued as pastor until 1818, when he asked for a\\ncolleague. He wrote 5,000 sermons, of which seven\\noctavo volumes were published. He was succeeded for\\n10 3 ears bj Rev. Dr. W. B. Sprague, afterwards of Al-\\nbam-, who, besides the duties of a busy and fruitful\\nministerial life, performed a large amount of excellent\\nliterary work. Rev. Dr. Timothy M. Coolcj-, a native\\nof Granville, was pastor of the Congregational Church in\\nthat town from 1 795 to 1854. The same town also pro-\\nduced Rev. Lemuel ILaj-nes, a colored preacher, who\\nSpraguc s Pulpit Annals are well kno-mi.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0180.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\ndied in 1833, at the age of 80, and is said to have\\nbeen marvellously- eloquent. Rev. Gordon Hall, one of\\nthe pioneers in American Foreign Missions, was born\\nin the part of Granville that is now Tolland, and\\ndied in India in 182G, at the age of 42. His son\\nhas been a pastor at Northampton since 1852. Another\\neminent missionary was Rev. Justin Perkins, who was\\nborn in Ireland Parish, now a part of Holj oke, in 1805,\\nwas ordained as a missionary in 1833, and spent 36 j-ears\\nin the Nestorian field, where he translated the entire\\nBible into modern Syriac, and published a number of\\nbooks. Among the preachers that have occupied the\\npulpit of the Ludlow Congregational Church was Elijah\\nIledding, afterwards senior bishop of the Methodist\\nChui ch, who made his residence at Ludlow during the\\n3 ear 1811 while serving as presiding elder. N. E. Cob-\\nleigh, afterwards president of Appleton University in\\nWisconsin, and editor of Zion s Herald, organized\\nthe Methodist Chm-ch at Tliomdike, in Palmer, in 1847.\\nDr. Mark Trafton, a prominent Methodist preacher, has\\nhad a number of appointments in the count3-, and was\\nonce representative to Congress from the eleventh district.\\nRev. Dr. Emerson Davis of Westfield was an important\\nfigure in that vicinitj for many years. He was connected\\nwith the Westfield Academy from 1824 to 1835, when he\\nleft to become the colleague of Mr. Knapp in the pas-\\ntorate of the First Congregational Church, in which posi-\\ntion he continued until his sudden death in 1866, being\\nalways a prominent adviser in the cause of education.*\\nThe Hampden Count} bar also presents a list of names\\nthat are justly a matter of pride. Col. John Woi-thing-\\nton has already been mentioned, whose transcendent\\nability was counteracted by his Tor} principles during\\nthe Revolution, in the estimation of his fellow-citizens.\\nIsaac C. Bates was a native of Granville, and was a\\ngraceful, convincing orator, either before a jury or on\\nthe rostrum. He served several terms in the national\\nHouse of Representatives, and five years in the Senate.\\nWhile a member of the latter bod}-, in 1845, he delivered\\nan impassioned address against the admission of Texas,\\nthen sank down, and lived but a few days. George\\nBliss was a native of Springfield, born in 1 764. He was\\na deeply studious lawj er, served in both branches of the\\nlegislature, and was a member of the Hartford Convention\\nof 1814. He left two valuable addresses on local his-\\ntory. His son, of the same name, was largely instru-\\nmental in getting the railroad route from Boston to\\nAlbany laid through Springfield. Oliver B. Morris was\\na native of Wilbraham and a graduate of Williams. He\\nIn this list of Hampden County notables, it would seem that Dr.\\nIde, for many years the popular pastor of the First Baptist Church in\\nwas prosecuting attornej-, register of probate, and then,\\nfor more than a quarter of a century, judge of probate,\\nin which office his fairness shone forth conspicuously.\\nHe was fond of antiquarian and literary pursuits, and\\ndevoted his closing years entirely to these, d^-iug in\\n1871, at the age of 88. John Mills, a native of\\nSandisfield, married a daughter of Col. Enos Foot of\\nSouthwick, and settled in that town, being admitted to\\nthe bar in 1815. He finally left his profession to engage\\nin commercial pursuits. He was president of the State\\nSenate, and was talked of for the United States Senate,\\nbeing popularly known as Honest John Mills. Pat-\\nrick Boise, a native of Blandford, was a graduate of\\nWilliams, and was admitted to the bar in the same year\\nwith Mr. Mills. He served as sherifi also in both\\nbranches of the legislature, and in the governor s coun-\\ncil. He spent the last thirty years of his life at West-\\nfield, where he died in 1850. George Ashmun, who died\\nat Springfield in 1870, was admitted to the bar in 1830.\\nAfter a few years his attention was diverted from his\\npractice by politics and other employments. He served\\nseveral terms in Congress. He was chairman of the\\nRepublican n.ttional convention of 1860 which nominated\\nLincoln for the presidency and, curiously enough, Mr.\\nAshmun received from the President the last line that be\\nwrote before leaving for the theatre where he was assas-\\nsinated. Reuben Atwater Chapman was born at Rus-\\nsell in 1801. With no more preparation than could be\\ngained in the district schools, as pupil and teacher, and\\nin a debating society, while clerk in a store at Bland-\\nford, he began the study of law, and was admitted to\\npractice in 1825. After failing to get enough business\\nat either Westfield or Monson, he moved to Ware in\\n1829, but went to Springfield a year later to enter into a\\npartnership with George Ashmun, which lasted until\\n1850. Mr. Chapman became a judge of the Supreme\\nCourt in 1860, and chief justice in 1868, d3 ing in 1873\\nat Lake Luzerne, Switzerland, having shown by his\\ncareer the splendid results attainable b} industry and\\nperseverance. Caleb Rice, admitted to the bar in 1819,\\nsettled in West Springfield, represented the town in both\\nhouses of the legislature, was sheriff from 1831 to 1851,\\nand then moved to Springfield, where he was elected the\\nfirst mayor under the city charter. WUliam B. Calhoun\\nwas also drawn from the practice of the law by a love of\\npolitics. He was a representative in Congress for many\\nyears, was speaker of the State House of Representa-\\ntives from 1828 to 1835, was president of the Senate for\\ntwo years, and was mayor of Springfield. John Wells,\\nSpringfield, should he mentioned. He wag a prominent man in his\\ndenomination, and an exceptionably able and eloquent preacher. Ed.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0181.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\na graduate ofWilliams College, settled in Chicopee in\\n1841. For twentj -five years he was a prominent member\\nof the Hampden Count} bar, and judge of probate and\\ninsolvencj from 1858 to 1866, when he was appointed a\\njustice of the Supreme Judicial Court. He was a man\\nof great kindness, well-digested learning, and fearless\\nindependence. He died in 1871, at the age of 56.\\nGen. William Shepard of Westfield, who acted so\\ncreditably in crushing the Shays Rebellion, showed ad-\\nmirable qualities as a soldier and citizen. He ser\\\\-ed six\\nyears under Gen. Abercrombie, and, at the breaking out\\nof the Revolution, was commissioned as lieutenant-\\ncolonel. He was wounded at the battle of Long Island,\\nand went through twenty-two battles during the war.\\nHe was afterwards a State representative, senator, and\\ncouncillor, and several times a member of Congress, and\\na commissioner to treat with the Penobscot Indians.\\nNotwithstanding the many offices he held, his honesty\\nwas incorruptible, and he lived, and died, in moderate\\ncircumstances. Oliver Phelps a native of Granville,\\nand at first a servant boy, became a commissary in the\\nRevolutionary army, and rendered seridces of which\\nWashington made distinct acknowledgment. Mr. Phelps\\nafterwards, with Nathaniel Gorham, bought the county\\nof Genesee in New York State, opened it up for settle-\\nment, and represented the district in Congress. Another\\npioneer enterprise from Gran-Nalle was the settling of\\nGranville, O., by a colony under the leadership of\\nTimothy Rose. The western namesake of the Hampden\\nCounty hill-town contains a college and two academies,\\nand is an unusually intelligent and well-behaved com-\\nmunity Gen. William Eaton of Brimfield filled a large\\nportion of the public eye in his day, being a verj- bril-\\nliant but eccentric militarj hero. After serving in the\\narmy sis years, he resigned his commission, and was\\nappointed consul to Tunis in 1798, where he remained\\nfor four years, conducting negotiations for the protection\\nof commerce on the Mediterranean, and receiving a\\ntribute from the King of Denmark for services rendered\\nthat country. When war was declared against Tripoli,\\nhe returned to Africa in 1805, and organized an expedi-\\ntion in the interest of Hemet Bashaw, the rightful sov-\\nereign of Tripoli, which involved a march of 600 miles\\nacross the the desert of Barca. By the co-operation of\\nthe fleet, the city of Deme was taken, and the American\\nconsul made use of the panic which followed to conclude\\na treaty with the Bashaw, much to Eaton s disgust,\\nwho wanted to see Hemet restored to the throne. On\\nhis return to this countrj Aaron Burr offered Eaton the\\nsecond post in his projected kingdom, which offer he dis-\\nclosed, and was a witness for the government at the trial\\nfor treason. John Brown, the anti-slaverj martjT, was\\na resident of Springfield from 1846 to 1849, being\\nengaged in the wool business, and also doing consider-\\nable work on the underground railway. Dea. A. W.\\nPorter of Monson, who died in 1877, was a life-long friend\\nof abolitionism, and also of education. He contributed\\nliberally to Mt. Holyoke Seminary, Monson Academy,\\nand other institutions. Whiting Street, a miserly bache-\\nlor of Holj oke, who died in 1878, left a large sum of\\nmonej to charities, $106,000 going to various towns for\\nthe benefit of the worthy poor. Perhaps the most emi-\\nnent citizen that Springfield ever produced was Samuel\\nBowles, editor of the RepubHoan, who died in 1878,\\nat the age of fifty-two, having had charge of the dailypaper\\never since its issue was begun, thirty -three years before.\\nHis father founded the weekly Republican, and the\\nchief part of his education was obtained in the news-\\npaper office. He esteemed the position of journalist\\nhigher than any public honor. Bj- the almost universal\\ntestimonj of his contemporaries at his death, he was the\\nfoi emost journalist of his day, and did more to elevate\\nthe profession than an} other man. Dr. J. G. Holland,\\nthe well-known writer, was associated with Mr. Bowles\\nin the management of the Republican, for manj\\n3 ears. Chester W. Chapin, the millionaire, ex-president\\nof the Boston and Albanj- Railroad, is a native of Ludlow.\\nHe began life bj trading in a small way at Chicopee, and\\ntrucking at Springfield. He became interested in stage\\nlines, and afterwards in steam-boat na^-igation between\\nSpringfield and Hartford, which business paid immense\\nprofits. When railroads were introduced he was one of\\nthe first to be interested. His profits have been invested\\nin various directions, and he own shares in several\\ntransportation companies and manufacturing concerns.\\nHe was elected to Congress in 1874 at the age of seventy-\\nsix, and was the oldest member of the House. He held\\nthe presidency of the Western or Boston and Albany\\nRailroad from 1854 to 1878.\\nTowns.\\nSpringfield, the capital of Hampden County, is a\\nbeautiful, industrial, and progressive cit} ninety-eight\\nmiles south-west of Boston, by the Boston and Albany\\nR.iilrond, having a population of 31,053. It is finely\\nsituated on the left bank of the Connecticut River, and\\nembraces many elegant public buildings and private\\nresidences, together with the ample grounds and struct-\\nures of the United States Armory, established here in\\n1795. There are several handsome ponds at Indian\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2.The following description of the towns of Hampden County is\\ntalien from Nason s Gazetteer of Massachusetts. Ed.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0182.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nOrchard, which find an outlet into Chicopee River and\\nMill River, with its branches, drains the central parts of\\nthe citj-, and furnishes important motive-power.\\nSpringfield is the grand railroad and commercial cen-\\ntre for the western section of the State, and is admirably\\nsituated for the transaction of mercantile or industrial\\nbusiness. The Boston and Albanj-, the Hartford, New-\\nHaven and Springfield, and the Connecticut River rail-\\nroads, come together here, and give the citj immediate\\nand direct communication with every other city in the\\ncountry-. An immense amount of freight and tra\\\\-ol\\npasses through or terminates at this central point. The\\nprincipal avenue, and seat of business, is Main Street,\\nwhich extends along the\\nriver to tlie distance of\\nabout three miles. It is a\\nbroad and beautiful ave-\\nnue, shaded with trees,\\nand flanked with hand-\\nsome buildings, generally\\nof brick. In the centre\\nof the cit} there is a beau-\\ntiful square for prome-\\nnade, adorned with shade-\\ntrees, and with winding\\nwalks and alleys. Among\\nthe conspicuous buildings\\nare the new court house\\n(of granite) the city hall,\\nthe city library (a hand-\\nsome structure, built of\\nbrick, with yellow-stone\\ntrimmings, and containing\\nabout 40,000 volumes),\\nthe Unitarian and Memo-\\nrial churches, the vaiious\\nschool-houses, the Massasoit House, and the Ilaynes\\nHouse, together with the solid brick structures of the\\nArmory. The industries of the place are remarkably\\nvaried, almost every trade and mechanic art being\\nrepresented. Among tlie manufactures may be men-\\ntioned cotton and woollen goods (to a limited extent)\\nmechanics tools, hollow-ware, hand-cards, steam-engines\\nand boilers, railroad-coaches, locks, buttons, paper col-\\nlars, jewelry, military goods, photographic albums, pis-\\ntols and other fire-arms, cartridges, bricks in large\\nquantities, boxes, sashes and blinds, India-rubber goods,\\nand numerous other articles. The Smith Wesson\\nPistol Company, and the N. E. Card and Paper\\nCompany, are very large establishments. The United\\nStates Arsenal and Armory-, situated on Arsenal Hill,\\nPUBLIC LIBRARY, SPBlNGFIEI.l).\\nabout half a mile east of Main Street, is enclosed in a\\nsquare of about 20 acres. The buildings are sub-\\nstantially constructed of brick, and contain vast stores\\nof fire-arms, arranged in perfect order, and ready for\\nimmediate use. From the tower of one of the buildings,\\na magnificent view of the city and the suburbs may be\\nhad. The workshops, comprising about 20 water-\\nwheels and 30 forges, are on Miller s River, in the\\nsouthern part of the cit^\\nSpringfield has an excellent sj stem of public schools,\\nnow mider the superintendence of Mr. A. P. Stone.\\nThe city has seven banks for discount, two for savings,\\nvarious civic and benevolent institutions, and two very\\nably conducted public\\njournals The Repub-\\nlican and The Union.\\nTlio churches, more than\\n20 iu number, are gener-\\nally well constructed and\\ncommodious.\\nAmong the eminent\\nmen, not previousl} men-\\ntioned, who have origi-\\nnated in Springfield, are\\nEnos Hitchcock, D. D.\\n(1744-1803), an able di-\\nvine and author Calvin\\nChapin, D. D. (17G3-\\n1851), an eloquent and j\\nearnest preacher Wil-\\nUam Harris, D.D. (17C5-\\n1829), president of Col-\\numbia College for eighteen\\nyears Rev. Francis War-\\nriner (1805-1S66,) an\\nable writer VVorthington\\nHooker, M. D. (1806-1867), an author David A. Wells\\n1828 an editor and author and the late Hon. Benjamin\\nF. Wade, a distinguished United States Senator.\\nHoLYOKE is a new, enterprising, and rapidly-increasing\\ncity, lying on the right bank of the Connecticut River, in\\nthe extreme north-central part of Hampden County, and\\ncontains a population of 16,260 inhabitants. It was\\nformerly the northern section of West Springfield, and\\nwas incorporated as a town March 11, 1850; and as a\\ncity Jlay 29, 1873.\\nThe remarkable growth and prosperity of this city are\\ndue almost wholly to the great hyckaulic power derived\\nfrom the Coimccticut River.\\nIt is only within a few years that this power has been", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0183.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ncontrolled, and made subsenuent to the will of man.\\nUntil 1847, the fall of. the Connecticut at South Hadlcy,\\nwhich is about sixtj feet, was neglected. At that time\\na party of capitalists from Boston obtained the uicorpo-\\nporation of the Hadley Falls Company, the purpose of\\nwhich was to construct a dam across the river, and one\\nor more locks and canals, by means of which a water-\\npower might be created for the use of this company in the\\nmanufacture of articles from cotton, wool, iron, wood,\\nand other materials, and for the purposes of na-\\\\ngation.\\nFour million dollars was the capital stock of this corpo-\\nration, divided into shares of $000 each.\\nIt also had authority to hold real estate not exceeding\\nin value $500,000. This company bought the entire\\nproperty and franchise of the Proprietois of the Locks\\nand Canals on the Connecticut River, and purchased the\\nfishing-rights above, and 1,100 acres of land where now\\nstands the city of Holyoke. The dam was constructed\\nin 1848, but in sucli an unsubstantial manner, that, in a\\nfew hours after the gates were shut, it was swept away.\\nThe next j ear, the company, nothing daunted, con-\\nstructed the present dam, which is a grand triumph of\\nskill and art in the control of a magnificent natural\\npower. The length of this structure is 1,017 feet, or\\nabout one-fifth of a mile. The abutments at either end\\nare of solid masonry, both together measuring 13,000\\nsquare rods. Four million feet of timber are contained\\nin the structure all of which, being under water, is pro-\\ntected from decaj\\nDuring the construction of the dam, the water was\\nallowed to flow through gates in it, 16 by 18 feet, of\\nwhich there were 46 in all. When the work was finished,\\nat twentj--two minutes before one o clock in the afternoon\\nof Oct. 22, 1849, the engineer gave the signal, and half\\nthe gates were closed. Another signal immediatel} fol-\\nlowed, and the alternate gutes were also closed. The\\nriver ceased its flow, until its waters, gradually collecting,\\nrose upon the face of the dam, and finally fell in a broad\\nsheet over its crest.\\nSince the construction of this dam in 1849, the town\\nand cit}- of Holyoke have come into existence and the\\ncit}- is now one of our most important inland manufactur-\\ning centres, containing some of the largest, most costly,\\nand well-arranged modern mill*, with the latest improved\\nmachinery, to be found in the country. From these busy\\nBy the last statistical report on the industry of the State, this town\\nhad seven cotton-mills, with 114,208 spindles, employing 1,218 persons;\\none woollen-mill, with one set of machinery, and 23 persons one fiu-\\nnace, cmployini? 40 persons two brass-foundiics, employing 400 per-\\nsons one establishment for making military equipments, mail-ljags, c.,\\ncarried on by 250 hands one also for small-arms, giving employment to\\n2-50 persons; one lock manufactory, to 41 persons; aud four tin- ware\\nworkshops great quantities of cotton and woollen cloths,\\npaper, thread, and other textile goods, are annually sent\\nforth. The number of mills is five cotton, fifteen paper,\\nthree woollen, and two thread, affording steady employ-\\nmeat to a large number of male and female operatives.\\nA writer sajs, The city, celebrated for the fine paper\\nmade there, has fourteen paper mills, with a nominal\\ncapital of $1,500,000, which give employment to 2,000\\nopera! ives. Tliree large cotton factories, whose aggre-\\ngate capital is $1,930,000, employ 1,900 hands and two\\nthreatl-mills, with $950,000 capital, employ 800 opera-\\ntives. Three woollen mills, employ 450 men and the\\nHolyoke Ma -hine Works give work to 250 men. Tlio\\nHolyoke Water-power Company also gives emplo^Tuent\\nto many persons. The Holyoke Lumber Company is\\nalso in successful operation, its first drive of 15,000,000\\nlogs having been brought down in July, 1872.\\nThe city has two national and two savings banks.\\nThe Hadley Falls National Bank and the Holyoke\\nNational Bank have each an aggregate capital of $400,-\\n000.\\nThere are nine religious societies having churches,\\nmany of them commodious and tasteful structures.\\nTiie city has a new and elegant city hall, one high\\nschool and thirty-two graded schools, a public library of\\n5,000 volumes, a lyceum, a farmers club, and two\\nnewspapers. The Ingleside House, on the margin of\\nthe river, is a quiet retreat, which commands a \\\\ievf of\\nsome very charming scenen,-.\\nThe railroad lines passing through the city are the\\nConnecticut River, and the Holyoke and Weslfield. The\\nwater-supplj- is pure and abundant.\\nCmcoPEE, one of the most important manufacturing\\ntowns of Hampden County, contains 10,335 inhabitants.\\nThe land is generally level, and the soil productive.\\nThe Chicopee River, which here unites with the Connecti-\\ncut, affords a very superior hydraulic power, to which the\\ntown is mainly indebted for its prosperit}- and wealth.\\nThe manufacturing interests of this place are very\\nimportant, and multitudes of people, among whom there\\nis a strong foreign element, find emplo^-ment in the ex-\\ntensive industrial establishments whoso varied machinery\\nis driven by tiie motive-power of the Chicopee River.*\\nThe town has three postal centres, Chicopee, Chico-\\nestablishmcnts, in which 11 hands were laboring; together with estab-\\nlishments for making power-loom harnesses, boots and shoes, clothing,\\nbrooms, hair-pins, soap, and other articles. The Dwight Manufactming\\nCompany have now seven large cotton-mills the Ames Manufacturing\\nCompany make bronze statues of excellent quality and the Chicopee\\nManufacturing Company make cotton-flannels and other textile goods,\\nwhich stand high in the market.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0184.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\npee Falls, and Willimansctt, a thriving village opposite\\nthe eit3 of Holj-okc, and is accommodated b^ the Con-\\nnecticut Eiver Railroad, -which runs along its western\\nborder, crossing the Connecticut at Willimansett and\\nalso bj a branch railroad -which extends from C hicopce\\nalong the left bank of Chicopee Eiver to Chicopce Falls.\\nThe vie-w of this village from the high bluffs on the right\\nbank of the river is remarkably beautiful. A recentlj--\\nerectcd cotton-mill is the largest in the western part of\\nthe State. The structure is 425 feet long, 195 feet deep,\\nand has a capacity of about 600 horse-po-wcr. The\\nBelcher Taylor Company, at the Falls, manufacture\\na remarkable variety of agricultural implements.\\nThe town has twent3 -flve public schools, of which two\\nare high schools a bank of discount (with a capital of\\n$150,000), a bank for savings, an efficient fire depart-\\nment, an elegant town hall,\\nand nine churches. The first\\nminister, Eev. John McKin-\\nstry, ordained in 1752, sus-\\ntained the relation of pastoi\\n61 3 ears.\\nWestfield is a large and\\nflourishing town, of 8,431 in-\\nhabitants, on Westfield Eiver.\\nin tlie westerlj part of Hamp-\\nshire Count}-, 10 miles from\\nSpringfield. The Boston and\\nAlbany and the New Haven\\nand Northampton railroads\\nintersect each other at the\\nCentre. The most prominent elevation is Pochassic Hill,\\na beautiful and sightl} eminence north-west of the Centre.\\nThe Westfield Eiver, a clear and rapid stream, flows\\nthrough tlie central section, giving valuable hydraulic\\npower. The scenic aspect of the place is verj- beautiful.\\nThe Centre occupies a valley, or basin, encircled by\\nwooded hills and bluffs, and is supposed to have been, in\\nforni -r times, the bed of a lake, whose waters broke\\nthrough the IMount Tom range of highlands, and dis-\\ncharged themselves into the Connecticut Eiver. The\\nabrupt declivit} the forest-crowned heights, the river,\\nand the glen, conspire to form a landscape of unusual\\nbeauty. There are seven saw-mills, which have prepared\\nas many as 895,000 feet of timber and 475,000 shingles\\nfor market in a j-ear. The manufactures consist of\\nwliips, organs, parts of piano-fortes, writing and wrap-\\nping papers, trunks, coaches, clothing, powder, brick,\\ncigar-boxes, and many other articles. There are in\\nthis flourishing town two banks of discount and two\\nbanking-houses, a good town hall, a pubhc librarj-,\\nand two well-edited public journals. The educational\\nadvantages of the place are excellent. The town is\\ndivided into twenty school districts, and sustains an\\nefliciont high school. Oue of the State normal schools is\\nestablished at this place. The town has five handsome\\nchurch buildings. Many of the public and private edi-\\nfices are of beautiful architectural design. The streets\\nare ornamented with ancient trees, and the sidewalks\\npaved with concrete. The water supply is excellent.\\nA monument has been erected to the soldiers who lost\\ntheir lives in the service of the countrj during the late\\nwar.\\nEdward Bancroft, a writer of considerable abilitj was\\nborn in this place Jan. 9, 1744, and died in England,\\nSept. 8, 1820. Thomas Bangs Thorpe, a painter and\\nauthor of some celebrit} was\\nborn here March 1, 1815.\\nW E 3T Speingfield extends\\nnlong the right bank of the\\nConnecticut Eiver, embracing\\na n h alluvial valley, flanked\\nb\\\\ wild and wooded eminences\\non the west. A bridge over\\nllip Connecticut River cou-\\nnt cts the town with Spring-\\nfull on the east. BlackBrook,\\nm outlet of Ashley s Pond in\\nHohokc, and on which there\\nIS I paper-mill, drains the\\nwesterly section of the town.\\nThe number of inhabitants is 3,739. The culture of\\ngarden vegetables for market, and of tobacco, engrosses\\nmuch attention. The town has one cotton mill of 20,000\\nspindles, employing about 300 persons, and two paper-\\nmills, with an aggregate capital of $200,000. Wagons,\\nsleighs, and carriages are also manufactured here. The\\ntown has a new town hall, a public library of 1,300\\nvolumes, a good high school, and six church edifices.\\nMoNSON is a verj large and beautiful town, of 3,733\\ninhabitants, situated in the south-easterly part of Hamp-\\nden Count} It is accommodated by the New London\\nNorthern Railroad, which passes through its centre. The\\nBoston and Albany Riukoad runs tlirough its northern\\nsection. Large quantities of gneiss, known as gran-\\nite, are quarried here, and used for building purposes.\\nThe scenic aspect of the town is very fine. Moon Moun-\\ntain, in the south-west, is a handsome eminence, and\\nPeaked Mountain, in the same quarter, rising to the j\\n^^^^^M^^^^", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0185.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nheight of 1,239 feet, commands a prospect of great\\nextent and bcaut3-. A narrow valley, abounding in rich\\nmeadows and streamlets, extends from north to south\\nentirely through the township.\\nA pleasant streamlet flows northerlj draining the cen-\\ntral part of the town, and allording good nnll ])ii\\\\ lU ses.\\nThe Chicopee River, which wa^^lu 1 w i i i n in\\nborder, is here a swift\\nand valuable stream.\\nIn addition to agri-\\ncultural, lumbering,\\nand quarrying inter-\\nests, Monson has six\\nwoollen mills, having\\ntwo sets of machinery\\neach, and a verj large\\nhat and bonnet manu-\\nfactory. It has a\\nnational bank, three\\nchurches, a farmers\\nclub, eleven public\\nschools, and a first-\\nclass institution, known as Monson Academy. The\\nState Primarj School, formerly the State Almshouse, is\\nlocated in this pleasant town.\\nMonson was a favorite resort of the Indians, and\\narrow-heads are fre- _ _ _ ,-^^_\\nquently found. The\\nremains of an Indian\\nwere exhumed sev-\\neral years ago in the\\nvalle3 on the left bank\\nof the Chicopee River\\nHe was found in a sit\\nting position, with a\\ngun and bottle by his\\nside.\\nJames Lj-man Mer-\\nrick, a missionarj\\nand author, was born\\nhere Oct. 11, 1803,\\nand died in Amherst, June 1.^, IsbO. This town was\\nthe residence of the late Chief Justice Reuben A. Chap-\\nman, who died, greatly lamented, in 1873.\\nMonson is noted as having been long the residence of\\nMrs. Phoebe Hinsdale Brown, author of the well-known\\nsacred Ij-ric, I love to steal awhile away,\\nThis institution was long in charge of that eminent instructor, the\\nlate Rev. Charles Hammond, A. M. Mr. Hammond was bora in\\nUnion, Conn., June 15, 1813 was graduated from Yale in 1S39, and at\\nonce took charge of Monson Academy, where, excepting a few years\\nBOABBQJQ-UOCaE, 1VXLBHAHASI ACADOIT, wtthraham\\nand other hj-mns. A son is a missionary to Japan, and a\\ntranslator of the Bible into the Japanese language.\\nWiLBRAHAM lies in the south-eastern part of Hampden\\nCounty, on the Boston and Albany Railroad.\\nThe local scenery is rtmaikably beautiful; the land\\nling glades and valleys, or rising\\ninto picturesque emi-\\nncnces, from or near\\nwhich small stream-\\nlets flow in various di-\\nrections through the\\nterritory. The Chic-\\nopee River washes\\nthe entii-e northern\\nborder. Rattlesnake\\nHill, which has an\\naltitude of 1.077 feet,\\nrises grandly on the\\nConnecticut line. A\\nrange of hills extends\\nfrom this point north-\\nerly and centrally nearly through the town. The number\\nof inhabitants is 2,576. The principal business of the\\npeople is agriculture. There is a large paper-mill\\nat Collins Depot. The Wesleyan Academy, a flourish-\\n=_\u00e2\u0080\u009e,-_ -_.,\u00e2\u0080\u009e.\u00e2\u0080\u009e^_^\u00e2\u0080\u009e ing literary institu-\\ntion, is located here.\\nThe Rev. Rufus P.\\nStebbins, D.D., adis-\\ntinguished preacher,\\nis a native of AVilbra-\\nham. John Stearns,\\nM.D., a noted phy-\\nsician, was bom here\\nin 1770, and died\\nMarch 18, 1848.\\nPalmer is a pop-\\nulous and thriving\\ntown, occupjang the\\nnorth-west extremity of Hampden County, and contain-\\ning 4, .572 inhabitants. Its form is quite irregular, and\\nfrom this circumstance it originally bore the name of\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2The Elbows. The New London and Northern, the\\nWare River, the Belchertow^n and Amherst, and the\\nBoston and All^any railroads, meet at Palmer Depot, in\\npassed at Andover in theological study, and eleven years devoted to the\\ncause of education as the principal of the Lawrence Academy at\\nGroton, he continued successfully to labor until his death, which took\\nplace Nov. 7, 187S.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0186.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nthe southerly part, and afford unusual facilities for travel\\nand the transportation of merchandise. There is a\\nmineral spring of some celebritj on the right bank of the\\nChicopoe River, in the easterlj part of the town and\\nPattaquattic Ponds, on the left banks of Ware River, are\\nvery beautiful. Colonel s Mountain rises to the height\\nof 1 1 72 feet in the extreme north-east. Tlie water-power\\nis vcrj- valuable, and well employed. It is formed by the\\nChieopee River (which sweeps for several miles around\\nthe southern border) and the Ware and Swift rivers\\n(which meet the Chieopee at the village of Three Rivers\\non the western line). Few towns have such an affluence\\nof river scenerj^ and water-power, and, as a result of it,\\npleasant manufacturing villages have sprung up in differ-\\nent localities through the town. Bj the last statistical\\nreport, there were three cotton mills, having an aggre-\\ngate of 40,128 spindles, and emplojing 411 persons one\\nwoollen miU, one scythe manufactorj-, one furnace for\\nhollow ware, and four saw -mills. The other manufactures\\nare clothing, coaches, medicines, boots and shoes, churns\\nand reeds, and cabinet ware.\\nPalmer has a public high school, and fifteen schools\\nof a lower grade, a bank for savings, and a well-con-\\nducted newspaper.\\nThe Rev. Zephaniah Swift Moore, D. D., first presi-\\ndent of Amherst College, was born here Nov. 20, 1770,\\nand died at Amherst, June 30, 1823.\\nAgawam, a very beautiful town of 2,248 inhabitants,\\nlies in the southern part of Hampden County, on the B.\\nand A. R. R. The land in the eastern part is level or\\nundulating in the western, hilly and broken. Proven s\\nHill, rising to the height of 6G5 feet in the north-western\\nsection, affords a magnificent view of the valley of the\\nWestfield River, of the city of Springfield, and the towns\\nadjoining. An affluent of the Connecticut River, nui-\\nning through the central village, furnishes valuable mo-\\ntive-power. The soil is rich, and of easy cultivation.\\nTobacco is one of the most valuable productions. The\\nprincipal manufactures are paper and woollen goods.\\nThe town has eleven public schools and three churches.\\nFeeding Hills is a pleasant village in the western\\npart of the town.\\nThe other towns in the county are mainly agricultural,\\nand are as follows: Longmeadow (population, 1,4G7),\\nLudlow (1,222), Granville (1,240), Chester (1,30G),\\nBrimficld (1,201), Southwick (1,114), Wales (1,020),\\nBlandford (964), Russell (643), Tolland (4y2), Mont-\\ngomery (304), and Holland (334). Hampden, formerly\\nSouth Wilbraham, was set off from Wilbraham in 1878.\\nIt has a small population and some manufactures.\\nLudlow has important manufacturing establishments\\nin the thriving village of Jenksville, on the Chieopee\\nRiver.\\nAmong the eminent persons, natives of the above-\\nnamed towns, are Col. Timothy Danielson, a Revolu-\\ntionary officer (Brimficld, 1733-91) Hon. Eli P. Ash-\\nmun, U. S. senator (Blandford, 1770-1819) Rufus P.\\nRanney (1813) and Gamaliel S. Olds, a scholar and\\ndivine (Granville, 1777-1848).\\nHAMPSHIRE COUNTY.\\nBY MRS. S. F. WHITE.\\nHampshire Codnty, named from Hampshire, Eng.,\\nwhen first organized, in 1662, included the whole of\\nWestern Massachusetts, embracing the Connecticut Val-\\nley\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Eden of New England and the beautiful\\nmountains which gird the western portion of the State.\\nFor many years its boundaries were very indefinite. In\\n1731 Worcester County was formed, taking a portion of\\nHampshire County on the east, and thenceforth giving it\\na definite eastern boundary. In May, 1761, the western\\npart of Hampshire County was set off, and became\\nBerkshire County. Again, in 1811, the dissecting-\\nknife of State authority was applied to old Hampshire,\\nand Hampden County was formed from its southern\\nsection. In 1812 Hampshire was divided yet a fourth\\ntime, and the northern portion was made Franklin\\nCount}\\nHampshire is thus the honored mother of Worcester,\\nBerkshu-c, Hampden, and Franklin. The hills which lie\\nthickly scattered over the western half of the county\\nseem like detached and broken links from the main\\nGreen Mountain chain, and, if less grand, are not infe-\\nrior in rugged beauty to their more elevated northern", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0187.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nkindred. The most widelj known, though not the\\nhighest within the county, are Mount Tom, west of the\\nConnecticut, 1,214 feet high, and Jlount Ilol^okc, on\\ntlie east side of the river, 1,120 feet high. The latter\\nhas been pronounced tlic gem of Massachusetts moun-\\ntains. It has long been a favorite resort of excursion-\\nists, especiallj of all lovers of nature. Conveyance up\\nits steep ascent is provided bj a kind of railway, and a\\nhotel on its summit affords the numerous visitors rest\\nand refreshment. These magnificent natural observa-\\ntories overlook that whicli, to her myriad lovers, is\\nThe sweetest stream that flows.\\nWinding and willow-fringed Connecticut,\\nits broad vallej covered with thriving villages and culti-\\nvated fields, and threaded with highways and railways.\\nThe first settlement in tlie present Hampshire Count}\\nwas made at Northampton, in 1654. Eigliteen j-ears\\npre-saous, a little company from Roxbury, obtaining\\nfrom the General Court permission to remove, took up\\ntheir line of march for the far west, then the rich\\nvallej of the Great River of New England. This Uttle\\nband of adventurers made Springfield Iheir home, and\\nbecame the nucleus of ci\\\\dlized society in Western Mas-\\nsachusetts. Northampton was the first outgrowth of its\\npioneer spiiit. The territory in which the new settle-\\nment was embraced was known as Nonotuck, and in-\\ncluded the present towns of Northampton, Easthampton,\\nSouthampton, Westhampton, and a portion of Hatfield\\nand Montgomer}\\nAccording to the custom usually adopted by the earl}\\nsettlers of New England, the Indian title was extin-\\nguished by formal purchase. The deed was given in\\n1G58, by Wanhillona, Nenessahalant, Nassieochec, and\\nfour other Indians, to John Pynchon, Elizur Ilolj oke,\\nand Samuel Chapin, Springfield commissioners. The\\nprice paid for the entire territory of Nonotuck was one\\nhundred fathoms of wampum, ten coats, some small\\ngifts, and plowing up of sixteen acres of land on the\\neast side of the river.\\nIt is supposed that Northampton was incorporated as\\na town in the first j ear of its settlement, in 1654. The\\nrecords show that in the following year, town officers\\nwere elected called townsmen, a board answering\\nto our selectmen, though with larger powers and wider\\ndiscretion.\\nThe settlement of Hadley was five j-ears later than\\nthat of Northampton, and was made by an organized\\nbody of men from Hartford, Conn., the special occasion\\nAn instance is given of a good deacon who vigorously protested\\nwhen arrangements were in process for warming the church, and not\\nbeing able to convince his brethi-en of the absurdity of thcu: procedure,\\nof tlicir removal being an unhappj- diflference as to the\\nproper qualifications for the ordinance of baptism and\\nchurch membership. For the sake of peace, one party\\nto the controversy concluded to leave Hartford and plant\\nthemselves together in a new settlement. To this end,\\nunder the lead of John Webster, the governor of Con-\\nnecticut, and Rev. John Russel of Weathersfield, sixty\\npersons resolved to remove from Connecticut to Massa-\\nchusetts.\\nThe territorj allotted to them by the General Court,\\nall included in the original town of Hadleigh, com-\\npassed in its ample bounds the present towns of Hadley,\\nHatfield, South Hadley, Amherst, and Granbj The\\nfounders of the Hadley settlement were men of means,\\ncharacter, and exi^erience. They employed Capt. P3n-\\nchon to complete their title to the plantation bj- purchase\\nof the Indians.\\nOn the 9th of November, 1659, seven townsmen,\\nor selectmen, were chosen, William Westwood, Na-\\nthaniel Dickinson, Lemuel Smith, Thomas Studlej\\nJohn White, Richard Goodman and Nathaniel Wai d,\\nthose of the companj- who had not then removed from\\nHartford, as well as the actual settlers, participating in\\nthe election. These worthy pioneers, though burdened\\nwith toil and surrounded by danger, were not forgetful\\nto make earlj provision for public worship. As thev\\nwere able, thej began with little log meeting-houses, in\\nwhich a fire was unknown, even in the coldest season,\\nsave onlj in the foot-stoves of the more fortunate ladies.\\nThe poor men had no other escape from freezing than a\\nresort to a general clatter of heavj boots. Rev. Sol-\\nomon Williams, when pastor at Northampton, used\\nsometimes to preach in a blue great-coat, with a ban-\\ndanna handkerchief about his neck, and woollen mittens\\non his hands.\\nIn 1655, a local government was established for\\nNorthampton, and Thomas Bascom, Edward Elmore,\\nand William Holton were appointed to try the more\\ncommon misdemeanors. In those times, the dut} of a\\nmagistrate included not only the administration of civil\\nlaw, but extended into the more minute details of pri-\\nvate affairs, which, in later times, would be regarded as\\nan infringement on personal liberty. Legislation often\\nfixed the price of labor, as well as various kinds of\\nproduce.\\nFor nearly forty years after the first settlement of the\\nConnecticut Valloj the inhabitants lived in peace with\\nthe red men. The Indians were treated with justice and\\nexclaimed, in righteous indignation, A fire in a church, a fire in a\\nchurch if you had enough of tho lovo of God in your hearts, you\\nwouldn t need any fire", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0188.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0191.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0192.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\ngenerosity, and wero allovred nianj- privileges. Tlicy\\nhad their villages of wigwams on land belonging to the\\ntowns, and set apart for theii- use, and liberties were\\ngranted them for hunting and fishing.\\nThe policy adopted by the settlers from the first was,\\nto keep fire-arms and intoxicating drinks from the sav-\\nages. Laws were strict on the subject, and violations\\nbeing numerous, hea\\\\y fines were paid. Northampton\\nformed its first regular corapanj- of militia in 16G1,\\nseven j ears after its settlement.\\nThe first military company at Hadlcy was formed fom-\\nyears after its settlement.\\nThe wisdom of these preparations and precautions be-\\ncame apparent on the bi-eaking out of King Philip s war.\\nHadlc}- was made the headquarters of the English forces\\non the Connecticut Eiver. In the fall of 1C75 an attack\\nwas made on Hatfield by several hundi ed Indians.\\nThe town at this time was garrisoned by two com-\\npanies, one commanded bj Capt. Mosely, the other by\\nCapt. Pool. Capt. Appleton, with his forces from Ilad-\\nley, soon appeared on the scene of conflict.\\nThe attack was made on all sides. The battle was\\ndesperate, but the superior numbers of the Indians proved\\nno match for the militai-j discipline and skill of the\\nEnglish.\\nThe loss of the Indians could not be estimated, as\\nnightfall covered Iheir retreat, and the3- strictly adhered\\nto their custom of carrying off their dead.\\nOn the 14th of March, 1C7G, a furious but unsuccessful\\nattack was made on Northampton. During the ever-\\nmemorable Falls fight, wliich occurred May 19, 167G,\\nnear the place now known as Timier s Falls, Capt. John\\nTurner, and 14 others from Northampton, were killed.\\nDuring this war the Indians made a fierce and well-\\nplanned assault on Hadlcy, and succeeded in breaking\\nthrough the palisades. At this crisis a stranger appeared\\nin the midst of the affrighted villagers his manner gave\\nevidence of practice in militarj affairs; he rallied, ar-\\nranged, and, where it was necessarj-, commanded the\\nEnglish forces his presence was an inspiration, and\\nThis stranger was subsequently believed to have been none other\\nthan Goffe, one of the twenty-eight resicido judges at the trial of Cliailes\\nI. of England, -who, on the accession of Charles II., with Iiis father-in-\\nlaw Whallcy, sought refuge in America. They are believed to have\\nlived in concealment for m.iny years in the tamily of Mr. Rusccll, the\\nminister. Goflo had formerly been an officer of liish rank in Cromwell s\\narmy, and he retained so much of tlio Cromwcllian spirit as to enable\\nhi;ri, on this occasion, to change impending defeat into complete victory.\\nThe truthfulness of the statement that these distrnguishcd refugees\\nwere concealed in lladley, has been doubted. Ei;t in the present stage\\nof inqnirj-, unquestionably Hadlcy has the first claim as having been\\ntheir place of refuge. Chester Gaylord, who was born in 17S2, and lived\\nfor many years on the old Russell homestead, has left a desa-iption of\\nwhen the enemy were thoroughly- routed, the stranger\\ndisappeared as mysteriously as he made his advent. The\\npeople were ready to regard him as an angel sent from\\nHeaven, on that special occasion, for their rescue*\\nAfter the excitement connected with Philip s war had\\nsubsided, the witchcraft mania reappeared in the Con-\\nnecticut Valley, although in a comparatively mild form.\\nA poor woman in Hadlejs on being accused of torturing\\nin various waj s a hj pochondriac neighbor, was taken\\nfrom her liouse bj a fanatical mob, and hung on a tree\\ntill nearl3- dead, then rolled and buried in the snow but\\nshe finallj- escaped from her tormentors.\\nTliere is no evidence t!i.at the witchcraft persecution\\nreceived the sanction of law in Massachusetts.\\nIn the early historj of the count} physicians were few,\\nand their services seem to have been less required than\\nat the present d.ay. A single fact will serve as an illus-\\ntration of the times in this regard. George Filer ob-\\ntained permission of the Count} Court to practice as a\\nchirurgeon. He remained a short time, then removed\\nto Westfield. Except this temporary residence of Mr.\\nFiler, Northampton had no physician for 72 years after\\nits settlement.\\nOne of the most thrilling events of later times within\\nthe bounds of Hampshire County, is the fatal calamity so\\nwidely known as the Mill Eiver disaster, which has left\\nan almost irrecoverable blight upon the thriving villages\\nthrough which the desolatmg deluge swept.\\nEarly on the morning of May 16, 1874, the ill-fated\\nreservoir, located about three miles north of Williams-\\nburg Village, covering an area of 111 acres, with an aver-\\nage depth of 24 feet, broke from its insecure fastenings,\\nand rushed, like an avalanche, upon the beautiful villages\\nin the valley below. Words are inadequate to portray\\nthe disastrous consequences. Only an eye-witness could\\nrealize the fearful devastation that was wrought, t\\nThe State legislature, then in session, promptly voted\\nan appropriation for rebuilding the roads, the sum ex-\\npended not to exceed $1.50,000. Only $92,000 were\\nused. Of the principal villages devastated, Haydenville\\nthe southern portion of the house, which, in his childhood, remained in\\nits original condition. Ho speaks of a dark under-closet, which Avas en-\\ntered only by removing a board from the chamber-floor. This closet\\nwas in close proximity to the large old-fashioned chimney, and there is\\na tr.adition that it was the hiding-place of the judges when their pur-\\nsuers passed through the house. In rebuilding the house a portion of\\nthe cellar-wall was removed, and the worI;mcn discovered the grave of a\\nman of large size, though only a few bones and teeth remained. This\\nwas confidently claimed as the grave of Gen. AVhalley.\\nThe wasted and dcath-sWclccn villages were Williamsburg, Skin-\\nnervillc and Haydenville m the town of Williamsburg, and Leeds in\\nKorthampton. It has been estimated that the lofscs in thore fov.r\\nplaces alone amount to fully \u00c2\u00a71,000,000, without including damages to", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0193.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF KEW ENGLAND.\\nand Leeds speedily regained their former prosperity.\\nWilliamsburg Village, though deprived of some of its\\nthriving manufacturing interests, has j ct also shown the\\nvitality which even a great disaster cannot utterly de-\\nstroj and is now an enterprising place.\\nTowns.\\nNorthampton was incorporated Oct. 18, 1654. A\\nsettlement was commenced a few months previous b}\\ntwenty-one planters, principally from Springfield and\\nWindsor. Tlie great event of the first year, at least to\\nDavid Burt and Marj- Ilolton, the happj pair, was the\\ncelebration of the first marriage. At that time, and for\\nmany years after, marriages were performed only b}\\nmagistrates. In the following j-.ear (ICj, occurred the\\nfirst birth, Ebenczer Parsons being the name of the\\nnewly-arrived citizen. Townsmen, or selectmen,\\nwere chosen and the first mecting-liouse was built. It\\nwas completed April loth, and served its original purpose\\ntill 1662, when it was converted into a school-house, and\\na more commodious house of worship was erected.\\nRev. Eleazer Mather, of Dorchester, a graduate of\\nHarvard, was ordained as the first pastor in June,\\nland and highways. The whole number of lives lost was 138. Be-\\nyond Leeds, the on-rushing flood, though with abated fury, took in its\\npath the ch.-irming village of Florence, destroying property to the\\namount of many thousand dollars. Kor had the angry tide so spent\\nits force and fury when it reached Northampton, 11 miles from its\\nsource, but that it wrought sad h.ivoc even there. Georpre Cheney,\\nthe gate-keeper, living a short distance from the reservoir, on discov-\\nering the breaking away of the dam, rode in haste to Williamsburg\\nTillage, to report the fact to his employer, little realizing thiit the on-\\ncoming torrent was already at his heels. Collins Graves, amilk-pcd-\\ndler, carried the half-credited report on his route from Williamsburg\\nVillage to Haydenville. When Graves turned about to return to the\\nformer place, he was confounded to find the flood close upon him, and\\nhe with difficulty escaped by climbing a bank. MjTon Day carried the\\ntidings on to Leeds, barely reaching the village and gaining a place of\\nsafety before the arrival of the rushing waters. Robert Loud, of Wil-\\nliamsburg, deserves honorable mention for his earnest and real sen-ice\\nin rousing the people to a sense of their danger. Hearing the roaring\\nflood, and comprehending at once the situation, he started on foot,\\nand ran at his utmost speed a distance of two miles along the doomed\\npathway, warning all whom he could reach to flee to places of safety.\\nIt is known that many valuable lives were saved through his prompt,\\ntimely, and well-directed effort. Meantime many of the people could\\nscarcely credit or comprehend the warning which they received. Some\\nlost their lives through hesitation others escaped to the hillsides and\\nbecame witnesses to the heart-rending scenes below. Children were\\nseen at open windows crj ing for help friends who had gained a\\nplace of safety vainly called for others to join them. The seething\\nmass of w.aters seemed a liquid mountain, rolling, roaring, gathering\\nup everything it could reach in its merciless grasp. It was surrounded\\nby a dense spray, thick and dark like smoke. An odor, like that emitted\\nfrom stagnant pools, was perceived from a considerable distance. Trees\\nwere broken or nptom by its power, and those who sought refuge\\nin their branches, perished in the waters. Scores of buildings were\\nswept away like leaves before the wind. Some were groimd to\\natoms by the resistless tide, others were borne away like boats upon\\n1661, though he had ministered to the people for some\\ntime previous. He lived eight j-ears after his settlement,\\nand was then succeeded by Rev. Solomon Stoddard,\\nwho served the people fifty-five j oars, before he had a\\ncolleague. Mr. Stoddard is described as a man of great\\nlearning and influence, and a leader in the theological\\ndiscussions of the daj\\nIn 1854, the town celebrated its second centennial. The\\nstatement scarcel3- needs qualification, that each succeed-\\ning j-ear, since its incoiporation, has added to its culture\\nand refinement. Even the financial reverses, which it has\\nshared in common with other places, have proved but\\ntransient checks upon the steady and healthful growth,\\ninsured bj- its abounding moral and intellectu.il vitalitj-.\\nVisitors to this famous old town, the count} capital,\\ncannot fail to observe its varied attractions of location\\nand natural scenerj as well as of neatness, taste, and\\nthrift evcrj-whcre manifest. The description is not\\noverdrawn by the poet, who sajs\\nQueen village of the meads,\\nFronting the 6unri.se, and in beauty throned\\nWith jewelled homes around her lifted brow,\\nAnd coronal of ancient forest trees,\\nNorthampton sits, and rules her pleasant realm.\\nan ocean wave, and set down unbroken. A small house was taken\\nup and caiTied some distance, then drifted over a dam in an erect\\nposition, and lodged a few rods below. When the water subsided, it\\nwas found to contain a small child unharmed. The accumulations of a\\nlifetime were thus swept away in a single hour. Many of the once rich\\ngardens and fertile meadows were left a sandy waste. In some cases,\\nthe boundaries of real estate were obliterated, homes vanished, and\\nsome survivors were scarcely able to locate their former homes. Of the\\nheart-rending scenes that followed the protracted and anxious search\\nfor the bodies of the dead, often, when found, mangled almost beyond\\nrecognition the long march of funeral processions the universal\\nmourning, too deep to find expression in the loud lament it is not in\\nplace here to speak.\\nRev. Dr. Cuyler gives to the public an incident concerning the mar-\\nriage of Mr. Stoddard s daughter.\\nRev. Stephen Mix made a journey to Northampton in 1796, in search\\nof a wife. AiTiving at Mr. Stoddard s, he informed him at once of the\\nobject of his visit, and that his duties required the utmost dispatch.\\nMr. Stoddard took him into the room where his four daughters were,\\nintroduced him, and then retired. Mr. Mix, addressing Mary, the\\neldest daughter, said ho had lately been settled in Weathcrsficld, and\\nwas desirous of obtaining a wife, and conchided by offering her his\\nhand. She blushingly replied that so important a proposition required\\ntime for consideration. He rejoined, that in order to afford her the\\nneeded opportunity to think of his propos.al, he would step into an\\nadjoining room and smoke a pipe with her father. When he had fin-\\nished his pipe, he sent a message to Miss Mary that he was ready for\\nher answer. She came in and asked for further time for consideration.\\nHe replied that she could reflect still longer, and send her answer to\\nWeathersfield. In a few weeks he received her reply, which is probably\\nthe most laconic epistle of the kind ever penned.\\nNOHTHAMPTON, 1T96.\\nRev. Stephen Mix Yes.\\nMart Stoddard.\\nDr. Cuyler adds that the matrimonial Mix-ture took place soon\\nafter, and proved to be compounded of the most", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0194.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nMill River flows diagonally through the town, and\\nenters the Connecticut at the Ox Bow. On this stream,\\ntwo miles from Northampton Village, and connected\\nwith it by a horse-car railroad, is Florence, a village of\\ntaste and refinement, and the seat of extensive sewing-\\nmachine and silk manufacturing enterprises. In the\\nnorth-west part of the town, on the same stream,\\nis Leeds, successfully engaged in button and silk\\nmanufacture. Northampton publishes two weoklj jour-\\nnals, the Gazette and Courier, and the Free\\nPress. It has a population of 10,160; nine churches,\\nthree national and two sa% ings banks, a high school,\\nand fortj -cight schools of lower grades. Memorial\\nllall was erected at a cost of f 1G,000, and contains a\\nlibrary of 12,000 volumes. The Northampton bank\\nrobbery, which occurred Jan. 25, 1876, is without paral-\\nlel in the country.\\nThe State Lunatic Asylum is located on Hospital\\nHill. The grounds are finely laid out, and command a\\ndelightful view of the surrounding region. The institu-\\ntion has been for many j-ears under the successful man-\\nagement of Dr. Pliny Earlc, who has published valuable\\nworks on the treatment of the insane.\\nRound Hill, located a little distance westward from\\nthe business centre, is verj attractive, and is occupied\\nbj numerous fine residences, surrounded b} magnificent\\nlawns and gardens. This eminence is the seat of the\\nClarke Institution for Deaf Mutes, erected in 1SC7.\\nSmith College, one of the leading institutions in the\\ncountrj for the higher education of women, was founded\\nby Miss Sophia Smith of Hatfield, who bequeathed, for\\nthat purpose, property now amounting to over five hun-\\ndred thousand dollars. In her will. Miss Smith expressed\\nher design, in the establishment of the institution, of\\nfurnishing means and facilities for 3 oung women to\\npursue courses of study, as broad and complete as are\\naflbrded in the leading colleges for young men. Rev. L.\\nClark Seeley is the honored and noble president.\\nJonathan Edwards. The life of Rev. Jonathan\\nEdwards is so thoroughl} identified with the earlier his-\\ntory of Northampton as to justifj a brief sketch in\\nthis connection. He was born Oct. 5. 1703, in East\\nWindsor, Conn., where his father. Rev. Timothy Ed-\\nwards, a man of learning and talent, was pastor. He\\nearlj- showed a remarkable fondness for books began\\nthe study of Latin wlien six 3-ears old, and graduated at\\nThe site, formerly, of a famous school, of which, at one time,\\nBancroft, the historian, wo believe, was principal.\\nt Calel) Strong, afterwards governor, who was his associate in the\\nProvincial CongiTSS, returning from Boston at one time, fonnil tlie\\nni.njor at home, and greatly depressed in spirits from fear that the\\nYale College at seventeen. It is from about this time\\nthat he dates his conversion, though he had been the\\nsubject of deep religious impressions from childhood.\\nHe became the settled pastor in Northampton in 1727.\\nAfter several years successful labor, he was dismissed,\\nbecause of dissatisfaction occasioned by his efforts to\\nsecure a higher standard of Christian character, as the\\ncondition of admission to the sacrament of the Lord s\\nSupper. After his dismissal, he labored for a time as\\na missionary at Stockbridge, among the Housatonic\\nIndians. In 1 757, he was appointed president of Prince-\\nton College, N. J., where he died in 1758. Mr. Edwards\\nwas one of the greatest theologians and metaphj sicians\\nof his time, as his published works abundantly testify.\\nAs a close and subtle, yet candid reasoner, he has no\\nsuperior, and few equals and as an able, devout, and\\nearnest Chiistian pastor and educator, no man of his\\ngeneration has more stronglj impressed his life on the\\ngenerations that have followed him.\\nCol. John Stoddard, son of Rev. Solomon Stod-\\ndard, was bom in 1681. Gov. Hutchinson, in speaking\\nof Col. Stoddard, says, He shone only in great afl airs,\\nwhile inferior matters were often carried against his w-ill\\nby the little arts and crafts of minute politicians which\\nhe disdained to defeat by counter-workings. He was a\\nleader in all civil and militarj aflTairs of the town and\\ncounty. He died in Boston June 19, 1784. President\\nEdwards, who preached his funer.al sermon, ascribed to\\nhim remarkable native gifts of mind, and expressed the\\nopinion that no man in New England could more truly\\nbe called a great man.\\nMaj. Joseph Hawley was born in 1724 graduated at\\nYale in 1742 studied divinity, and was a chaplain in\\nthe Provincial army, and afterwards became an eminent\\nand conscientious lawyer. In the struggle with Great\\nBritain, he was a leader in the American cause. Early\\nin the conflict, he became afflicted with hypochondria,*\\nand retired from public life.\\nJudge Simeon Strong, born in 1736, was the son of\\nNehemiah Strong, the mathematician and preacher. lie\\nbecame a lawj-er of great eminence, and for manj- years\\nstood at the head of the Hampshire bar. In 1800 he\\nwas appointed judge of the Supreme Judicial Court.\\nHe died in 1805.\\nGov. Caleb Strong, LL. D., son of Lieut. Caleb Strong,\\nwas born in 1745 gr.aduated at Harvard in 1764 served\\nAmerican cause would fail, and he would be hung. No, replied\\nStrong, the British would not hang more than forty men, and you\\nand I would escape. Indignant at the low estimate thus expressed, of\\nhis position and influence, he exclaimed, I would have you know, sir,\\nthat lam one of the first three!", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0195.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW EXGLAND.\\nas count \\\\-attomcy for twent3--four jears -was a delegate\\nin the convention \u00e2\u0096\u00a0which framed the United States Constitu-\\ntion in 1788 -was chosen United States senator in the\\nfirst Congress, and again in 1793 and was first elected\\ngovernor in 1800. Such was his popularity, where he\\nwas best known, that, in seven or eight towns, of which\\nNorthampton was the centre, not a single vote was cast\\nagainst him. He first served as governor for seven\\nsuccessive years, and was chosen again in 1811, holding\\nthe office for a period of four j-ears more, at the close of\\nwhich he retired from public life. He died in North-\\nampton in 1819.\\nRev. Timothy Dwight, D. D., LL. D., a grandson of\\nJonathan Edwards, was bom in 17j2. He graduated at\\nYale in 1 7G9 was a chaplain in the Revolutionary army\\nafterwards pastor of a church in Greenfi ^ld and. in\\n1 795, was elected pres-\\nident and theological\\nprofessor of Yale Col-\\nlege. He remained in _\\nthis position tUl his\\ndeath. He was an able Z\\ntheologian, and, byhib\\npublished works, as\\nwell as by his influence\\nas a living teacher, he\\ndid much to guide the\\nthought of his gen-\\neration.\\nTheodore Dwight, a\\nyounger brother of the\\npreceding, was born in\\n17G4. He was an able journaUst, an eminent lawyer,\\nand a brilliant political writer. He was a member of\\nCongress in 1806-7, and secretary of the Hartford Con-\\nvention in 1814. He died in 1846.\\nAmherst is first referred to as a town in 1776, although\\nits incorporation as such did not take place till ten years\\nlater. The first church was located on the hill where the\\ncollege buUdings now stand. The first pastor, Rev.\\nDavid Parsons, Jr., was ordained in 1739, and continued\\nin office till his death in 1781. His son, David Parsons,\\nD. D., succeeded to the pastorate in 1782, and ministered\\nto the people f r tliirtj- Sevcn jxars, when he became\\nprofessor of theology in Yale College.\\nAmherst YUlage is situated on an elevation which\\naffords a beautiful outlook in every direction. Various\\ncauses hr.ve contributed to the prosperity of the town,\\nthe fertility of the soil, general healthfuhiess, rai .road\\nfacOities, and the rare beauty of its natural scenery.\\nJAiSACUUSETTt. S. I IC I Lll HAI COLL\\nBut the chief cause of its rapid growth, doubtless, is\\nthat it is the seat of one of the leading colleges in the\\ncountry.\\nAmherst College was established in 1821. At that\\ndate, the village had but twenty-five dwelUng-houses,\\none store, and 150 inhabitants. Now, within a radius\\nof three-quarters of a mile from the Amherst House,\\nthere are 3G0 dwelling-houses and 40 stores, with a\\npopulation, including students, of 2,500. The popula-\\ntion of the entire town is 4,035. The town has nine\\nchurches, one national and one savings bank, and two\\nnewspapers.\\nIn 1867, new attractions and advantages were added\\nto this already fa%-ored town, bj making it the seat of\\nthe iNlassachusetts Agricultural College.\\nThe multiplied erhicational facilities, added to the natu-\\nral advantages of loca-\\ntion and sceneiy, have\\ni made Amherst an at-\\ntractive place CI resi-\\ndeuce for families of\\nwealth and culture.\\nThe town celebrated\\n_ *j its first centennial in\\n1876.\\nThe two colleges lo-\\ncated here claim each\\ndistinct notice.\\nAmherst College.\\nThe comer-stone of\\nthe first college build-\\ning was laid Aug. 9,\\n1820, the j-ear before the college went into operation,\\nby Rev. Dr. Parsons, then president of the board of\\ntrustees.\\nThe address on the occasion was made by Noah\\nWebster, the distinguished lexicographer, then a resident\\nof the town, and a vigorous projector and generous\\nbenefactor of the institution. In May, 1821, Rev. Z.\\nS. Moore, D. D., was elected president. He was\\ninaugurated the September following, at the opening of\\nthe institution.\\nThe students then enrolled and arranged in the four\\nregular classes numbered 53. After four years faithful\\nservice Dr. Moore was removed by death, a loss severely\\nfelt bj the infant college. His place was filled by Rev.\\nHeman Humphrey, D. D. During Dr. Humphre3 s\\nsuccessful presidenc} of twenty-two years, the institution\\npassed through its severest struggles aud greatest finan-\\ncial depression but, at his retirement, he left it on the\\nhigh road to success. Rev. Edward Hitchcock, D. D.,", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0196.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nLL. D., -wlio had for many years been a distinguished\\nprofessor in the college, succeeded Dr. Humplirey, and\\nfilled the office with honor, from 1845 to 1854. He was\\nsucceeded by Rev. Willi.am A. Stearns, D. D., LL. D.,\\nwhose efficient administration continued till his death in\\n1876. Eev. Julius H. Seelye, LL, D., the present able\\nand popular president, was then chosen. The founders\\nof the institution had prominently in view the gi atuitoiis\\neducation of J oung men preparing for the ministry, and\\nnumbers annually receive benefit from a fund established\\nfor this purpose.\\nThe Massachusetts Agricultural College, established\\nin 18G7, has no corporate connection with the Amherst\\nCollege, but was located near it that it might have the\\nbenefit of its seienlific treasures. The real estate belong-\\ning to the college cost $200,000. The farm contains\\n383^ acres. The insti-\\ntution, besides the nee- _^^\\nessary farm -buildings, _\\nhas three college -halls,\\ntwo boarding-houses,\\nthe Durfee plant-house,\\nand a botanical mu-\\nseum, in which may be\\nseen plants from every\\nclime, representing al-\\nmost every botanical\\nfamily.\\nThe graduation of the\\nfirst class occurred in\\n1871.\\nAmong the earlier\\nsons of Amherst who by their talents and public ser-\\nvices became men of mark, were Ebenezer Mattoon, Jr.,\\na graduate of Dartmouth, an officer of the Revolution,\\nmember of Congress, and major-general of the State\\nmiUtia; born in 1755, died in 1843. Solomon Strong,\\na graduate of Williams, State senator, member of Con-\\ngress, and judge of the Court of Common Picas born\\nin 1780, died in 1850 and Silas Wright, Jr., a graduate\\nof Middleburj senator in New York, his adopted State,\\nmember of Congress, comptroller of the State, United\\nStates senator, and governor of New York born in\\n1795, died in 1847.\\nWake. The western part of the present town was\\nThe Ecrai-centcniiial of tlic college was celebrated in 1871. The\\nalumni then nuiiibeied 1, J3G, of whom 1,450 were living. The whole\\nproperty of the in^titlItion, including funds, professorships, c., amounts\\nto not less than one million dollars. This has been received largely in do-\\nnaiions from friends and patrons. The State lias appropriated $50)000.\\nTHE MOUNT-HOI.rOKE SEMINARy, SOUTH llADIXT.\\nformerly known as Equivalent Lands. It was con-\\nveyed to John Reed by the State of Connecticut, about\\nthe year 1713. According to Trumbull it was estimated\\nat less than a farthing per acre.\\nThe value of the territory was decreased by its being\\nburned over by the Indians for the purpose of securing\\ngame. The Brookfield settlers were accustomed to use\\nthe Ware lands for pasturage. A tract of five hundred\\nacres in the south-east corner of the town, a part of\\nwhich is now included in the village, was granted, in\\n1673, to Richard Hollingsworth, in consideration of the\\nservices of his father as the first shipbuilder in the\\ncounty. The first settlement made on this grant was by\\nCapt. John Olmstead, who went from Brookfield, prob-\\nably a3 early as 1729, and erected mills near the falls.\\nHe built a house, which was called the great house,\\nand was afterwards used\\nas a tavern. The house\\nwas standing in 1813,\\nwhen the first move-\\nment was made towards\\nerecting factories. The\\nWare River affords fine\\nwater-power, wliich is\\nwell improved. At\\nWare village the stream\\nfalls seventy feet in less\\nthan seventy rods. It\\nreceived its name from\\nnumerous weirs, con-\\nstructed in the stream\\nfor the purpose of tak-\\nThe orthography has since been changed\\ning salmon\\nto Ware.\\nNo town m the county exceeds this in the extent of\\nits manufactures. Its population is 4,259. The town\\nhas seven churches, two banks, two newspapers, five\\nextensive factories, and a hbrary of 2,000 volumes.\\nAspen Grove is the name of its beautiful cemetery.\\nSouTn Hadlet was made the second or south precinct\\nof Hadley in 1720, and settlements were made upon its\\nterritory the following year.\\nThe first cltureh was completed in 1737, and contained\\nnine pews in tiie body of the house. Rev. Grindall Raw-\\nson, the first pastor, was settled in 1733. A spirit of\\nHon. Samuel AVilliston of Easthampton, and Dr. \u00e2\u0096\u00a0William Walker of Bo\\nton have been generous bcnel aciurs. The annual income is now 8)50,00\\nThe Hitchcock Ichnological Cabinet, the Adams collccliun\\nconchology, and the Shcpard mineralogical and meteoric collections a:\\nknown the world over as of unsurpassed value and excellence.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0197.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nstrong opposition rose against him, and a committee was\\nappointed to prevent bis entering the meeting-house un-\\nless he -would desist from preaching.\\nSouth Hadley is the scat of Mt. Holj oke Female Sem-\\ninary, the earhest institution for the education of young\\nladies of so advanced a grade in the country. Foi-tunatelj-\\nthe pubUc are in possession of all needed information in\\nregard to this institution.\\nMiss Marj- Lyon, the eminent founder of Mt. Ilolyolce\\nSeminary, was born in Buckland, Mass., Feb. 28, 1797.\\nHer father died when she was five years of age, she be-\\ning the fifth of seven childi-en left in care of a mother\\nwith slender means of support. Her early educational\\nadvantages were verj limited. When seventeen or\\neighteen years old she commenced teaching near Shel-\\nburne Falls, rccei^-ing seventy-five cents per wcolv and\\nboard. At the age of twenty she attended Sanderson\\nAcademj at Ashfiold, where, as her means would allow\\nher to remain but a short time, she slept but four\\nhours in the twent3--four, giving the remainder of the\\ntime to studj-. She became an eminent and successful\\neducator.\\nWhile engaged in teaching at Ipswich she matured the\\nplan of establishing an institution for the education of\\nwomen, where expenses should be so moderate as not\\nto debar those of limited means, and advantages so great\\nthat the wealth}- could find no superior elsewhere. The\\nfunds for the erection of the buildings were obtained\\nchiefly by donations, and the rooms of the new school\\nwere ready to receive pupils in the autumn of 1837.\\nMiss Lyon remained principal till her death a period\\nof twelve years.\\nA prominent feature of the institution is, that it is a\\nfamily school in which no domestics are employed, the\\nlabor of the establishment being divided among, and\\nperformed hy, the students.\\nPrevious to 18G2 the course of studj occupied but\\nthree j-ears. Since that time it has been four ears. The\\nclioice librarj- of 10,000 volumes is the gift of jMrs.\\nHenrj Durant of Boston.\\nThe L3Tnan WilUston Hall, recently- erected, affords\\nample accommodations for the pursuit of art and science.\\nThe school has, from the first, been pervaded b}- much\\nof Mary Lyou s deepl} religious, and fervent, mission-\\nary spirit. Manj of its graduates have become earnest\\nand successful missionaries.\\nTradition says that tlio committee stopiicJ his mouth with a hand-\\nkerchief, and forcibly carried hint from the church. 10 were then raised\\nto defend the committee, but as Mr. Rawson resorted to no legal meas-\\nures, the money was used in the settlement of his successor, Kev. John\\nWoodbridge.\\nMiss Julia E. Ward, the present principal, has suc-\\ncessfullj- filled her position for many j-ears.\\nCol. Euggles Woodbridge, the eldest son of Eev. John\\nWoodbridge, was an officer in the Revolutionary arm}-,\\nand became a man of wealth and great influence in this\\ntown.\\nThe village of South Hadley Falls had its origin in the\\nbuilding of the canal around the falls in the Connecticut\\nRiver at that place. This was the first canal of its kind\\nin this countrj-. It was built by Hollanders with foreign\\ncapital. B} the construction of the canal the business\\nof navigation was largely increased, and the Falls soon\\nbecame a centre of trade.\\nFrom 1815 to 1825 corn was brought here in great I\\nquantities, dried in kilns, then sent to the West Indies\\nand exchanged for intoxicating liquors. When this busi-\\nness ceased the kilns were used for drjing salt, which\\nwas brought in sloops from Fahnouth, Mass.\\nThe population of Hadley is 2,843.\\nEasthajipton was originallj- included in Northamp-\\nton. John Webb erected a log-house in 1664, and lived\\nfor several j-ears, near the Indian fort at Pascommuck.\\nBut no permanent settlement seems to have been made\\ntill the year 1700, when five men, with their famihes,\\nmade for themselves homes near the foot of Mt. Tom.\\nTheir names were Moses Hutchinson, John Searl, Ben-\\noni Jones, Samuel Janes and Benjamin Janes. Four\\njxars after, their village was destroj-ed b} the Indians,\\nand twenty settlers were slain.\\nThe settlement of the west part of the present town\\nbegan about 1732.\\nEasthampton was incorporated as a district in 1785,\\nand a church was organized the same year. Rev. Pay-\\nson WiUiston, its first minister, was settled in 1789, and\\nserved the people as a faithful pastor for fortj -four years.\\nA second Congregational church was estabhshed in 1852.\\nA Methodist chm ch has also been erected.\\nThe birth in the home of Samuel WilUston of a new\\nenteiprise button manufacture has proved the germ\\nof the subsequent remarlrable growth and prosperitj- of\\nthe town. From that time the historj- of the town is\\nlargel} the historj- of Samuel WiUiston.\\nHe was born in 1 795, and was the son of the esteemed\\npastor, Rev. Payson WiUiston. Reared m a home\\nwhere econom}- was ruecessary, oung WUliston was earlj-\\nput to work to help provide for the wants of the family-.\\nHe attended school summer and winter tUl he was ten\\nyears old then only in the winter tiU he was sixteen.\\nWhen nineteen years old he went to Phillips Acadcmj\\nAndover, to avail himself of the privileges afltorded by", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0198.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nthat institution to indigent j oung men. He made part\\nof tlic journey on foot, to save travelling expenses, car-\\nr^ ing in his hand the bundle containing his outfit. In\\nless than a j-ear he was obliged to abandon his hopes of\\na college education, on account of the partial failure of\\nhis ej csight. For some j ears after, his time was di\\\\ ided\\nbetween labor on a farm, clerkship in a store, and teach-\\ning school. In 1822 he married Miss Emilj- Graves,\\nwho afterward became a prominent actor in the enter-\\nprise of button manufacture, which pelded such abun-\\ndant returns to its projectors.\\nMr. Williston had not onlj genius for business, but\\nalso that moral and Christian integrity which made all\\nhis personal successes at the same time substantial helps\\nto those about him. For thirtj -three years he was a\\ntrustee of Amherst CoUege and in the time of its great-\\nest financial distress, he came to the rescue with a liber-\\nalitj that saved it from ruin. At different times he con-\\ntributed to its funds at least $150,000.\\nWilliston Seminary in Easthampton is a monimient to\\nhis memorj having been built and endowed bj- him at\\nan expenditure of $250,000. Its curriculum provides a\\nthorough college preparatorj- course.\\nThe town has numerous manufacturing interests, and\\nis quite a centre of tr.ade. It has 3,620 inhabitants, one\\nnational and one sa-v-ings bank, a public library, a fine\\ntown hall, and fifteen public schools.\\nFrom the first the town has provided liberallj for the\\neducation of her sons. Many of them have received the\\nbenefit of collegiate training, and in all the walks of act-\\nive and professional life thej have done credit to their\\nnative town.\\nBelchertown, formerlj called Cold Spring, was\\nincorijorated in 17G1, receiving its name in honor of\\nJonathan Belcher, an extensive land-owner in the town,\\nand governor of Massachusetts from 1730 to 1740. In\\nJuly, 1731, Samuel Bascom, Benjamin Stebbins, and\\nAaron Lj-man from Northampton, and John Bradwell\\nand Jonathan Graves from Hatfield, removed to Cold\\nSpring, receiving gratuitous grants of land on condition\\nthat they made permanent settlements.\\nThe earhest records refer to the settlement of the first\\npastor, Ecv. Edward Billings, who was ordained in 1739.\\nRev. Experience Porter served tlio people as pastor from\\n1812 to 1825. During this period of thirteen years, 315\\nwere added to the church a number nearly as large as\\nhad united with it during the entire eightj years of its\\npre-s-ious history.\\nCarriages and sleighs have been ^extensively manufac-\\ntured here for many years. Population, 2,315.\\nIIadley, a town of 2,301 inhabitants, has a long and\\ninteresting histor}-, being the second settlement in Hamp-\\nshire Count} and the third in western Massachusetts.\\nFrom the date of its first settlement, by an organized\\ncompany from Hartford, it kept pace with the neighbor-\\ning towns, till Northampton, on one side, was made the\\ncounty capital, and Amherst, on the other, became the\\nhonored seat of liberal learning. These towns, as a\\nnatural consequence, attracted trade and travel, and\\nbecame business centres, while Hadley remained, as\\nfrom the first, simply a wealthy agricultural town.\\nA church appears to have been organized before the\\npart} left Hartford. Rev. John Russell, their minister,\\ncame with them. He had great influence among his\\npeople, and died after a ministry of 33 j-ears.\\nThe raising of broom corn was for many j ears an\\nimportant industrj-. It was first cultivated in the garden\\nof Le\\\\i Dickinson, in the year 1797. Some thought him\\nvisionar}- in his project, but he predicted that the broom\\nbusiness would become the greatest in the region. Less\\nthan half a centurj proved the wisdom of his sapng.\\nThe census of 1850 gave as the product of the industry\\nin brooms and brushes, 845,700, valued at $124,448,\\nand furnishing emplojTnent to nearly a thousand men.\\nWith the introduction of tobacco-raising, Hadley, in\\ncommon with other vallej towns, experienced a great\\nfinancial impetus, which re-acted in even a greater busi-\\nness depression, from which it has never fullj recovered.\\nIn matters of education Hadley holds an honorable\\nposition. In its earl} historj- a gift was received from\\nJohn Hopkins, which was enlarged bj other donations,\\nto be used for the promotion of education.\\nNear the beginning of the present century, a fine\\nbrick building, three stories high, was erected on Russell\\nStreet. This was known as Hopkins Academj-. It\\nmaintained a high character for many years and drew\\nmany students from abroad. The building was burned\\nin 18G0. Since that time the fund has been appropriated\\nto the use of public schools.\\nWilliamsburg. The date of the fii-st settlement is\\nnot known. It probably took place a short time previ-\\nous to its incorporation as a district in April, 1771. At\\na meeting held the following year, it was voted to repair\\nthe school-house so that it might serve as a place of\\npublic worship. Lieut. Joshua Tha3-er was promoted to\\nIt is not flattering, howcTcr, to the youth of the time to find, as an\\nearly recorded vote shows, that the eloquence of this godly minister\\nhad to be supplemented by some sticks set up in the meeting-house in\\nseveral places, with some fitt persons placed by them, and to use them\\nas occasion shall rcquke, to keep the youth from disorder.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0199.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe honor of summoning the people to public worship bj-\\nblowing a conch-shell, receiving an annual salarj of 15s.\\nThe shell is still preserved as a time-honored relic. A\\nchurch was organized In 1772, and Rev. Amos Butler\\nwas ordained pastor the following j-ear. In 1832, a\\nMethodist church was organized. In 1850, it received\\nthe ministrations of Rev. Wm. Butler, since a distin-\\nguished missionarj to India and Mexico. A Congrega-\\ntional church was formed at Haydenville in 1849. Hon.\\nJoel Haydcn, afterwards lieutenant-governor of the\\nState, was one of its members, and was a most generous\\ncontributor to all its interests. Previous to the great\\ndisaster in 1874, the town of Williamsbui-g contained\\nnumerous and extensive manufactures. It has a popula-\\ntion of 2,159.\\nThe pul)lic schools of Williamsburg village have been\\ngreatly improved by the legacy bequeathed bj- Dr. Collins,\\nwho was for many years a practicing physician in town.\\nHatfield. Population, 1,594. The history of this\\ntown for the first six years is identified with that of\\nHadlej of which it formed a part.\\nOf the forty families who came from Connecticut in\\n1659, to establish a settlement at Iladlej six took up\\ntheir residence on the west side of the river. The incon-\\nvenience of crossing the river to attend business meet-\\nings and religious worship was severely felt from the first,\\nand when, after a few years, as population increased,\\nthey petitioned to be made a distinct town, the people\\non the east side opposed the movement, and sharp contro-\\nversies arose. The long struggle was ended in 1G70,\\nwhen Hatfield was incorporated as a town. The same\\nyear Rev. Hope Atherton was settled as a pastor.\\nThe Smith Charity Fund, which has such peculiar\\nspecifications, and now holds over a million dollars, was\\nestablished bj Oliver Smith of Hatfield. He was born\\nin January, 1776, and died in 1845.\\nMiss Sophia Smith, the founder of Smith College in\\nNorthampton, was born in Hatfield, Aug. 27, 1796,\\nHe possessed a remarkable faculty for accumulating wealth. His\\nwill assigned tlie greater portion of his property to various charitable\\npiii-poscs, and placed it under the control of a board of three trustees to\\nbe chosen by electors, themselves elected annually, one from each of\\nthe towns of Northampton, Hadlcy, Hatfield, Amherst, Williamsburg,\\nDeerficld, Greenfield, and Whatoly. To this board was committed\\n$200,000 to be held till it should amount to $400,000, when it should be\\ndivided into three funds.\\nOne of $30,000 for an agricultural school in Northampton, which was\\nnot to be established till the fund had accumulated for 60 years after his\\ndeath. $10,000 was given to the American Colonization Society, the\\nincome to he paid over annually and a fund of $360,000 to be used for\\nthe benefit of indigent boys, guls, young women, and widows, under\\ncarefully guarded conditions.\\nwhere she spent the greater part of her life. She was a\\nniece of Oliver Smith, previously mentioned. Her\\nschool advantages were limited. She was a woman of\\ntender sensibilities, and noble Christian endeavor. The\\ndeath of her brother in 1861, left her, through his will,\\nin possession of his estate, appraised at $200,000. She\\nfelt herself unequal to the responsibility of the trust so\\nunexpectedly committed to her. Rev. John Green, at\\nthat time her pastor, was her chief adviser. She appro-\\npriated $75,000 to an academy in her native town and\\ngave liberallj- to other Christian and educational enter-\\nprises. The greater part of her property was devoted to\\nthe founding of the college which bears hor name. In\\nher will she defined the object and plan of the institution,\\nappointed the trustees, and fixed its location. She died\\nJune 12, 1870, aged sixty years.\\nHuntington is the old town of Norwich, which attained\\nthe right of representation in 1786. It was enlarged in\\n1853 by important additions from Chester and a tract\\nfrom Blandford, more than doubling its wealth and pop-\\nulation. Ten years later it received its present name\\nfrom Hon. Charles P. Huntington of Northampton, in\\nconsideration of his services in securing the desired\\nenlargement. The town has extensive water-power and\\nnumerous manufacturing interests. This was the first\\ntown in the county benefited bj a railroad.\\nThere are at present three churches. A public library\\nwas established b3 Hon. C. P. Huntington, whose con-\\ntribution constituted one-half its value. It was destro^-ed\\nby fire in 1865.\\nThe freshet of Dec. 10, 1878, did much damage to\\nprivate property and highways. The water reached a\\nhigher mark than ever before known by the present\\ninhabitants. Population, 1,156.\\nSouthampton was formerly a part of Northampton.\\nA settlement was commenced in 1732 by Judah Hutch-\\ninson and Thomas Porter. In 1748, Indian murders\\noccasioned such alarm that the people forsook their\\nhomes and sought retreat with their friends in the sur-\\nrounding settlements. Returning the following summer,\\nthej suffered severely- from sickness and the cutting off\\nof their crops.\\nIn Revolutionary times prompt and heart} responses\\nwere given to the call for recruits and supplies.\\nIn 1828, Sheldon Academ}- was established. It re-\\nceived its name from Silas Sheldon, who contributed\\nliberally for its benefit. Between 1765 and 1845, forty-\\neight men belonging to the town received a college edu-\\ncation. Rev. B. B. Edwards, a native of Southampton,", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0200.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nand for some j-ears professor in Andover Theological\\nSeminarj in speaking of the large number of educated\\nand professional men the town has furnished to the\\ncountrj-, says It is the banner town, in the banner\\ncounty, of the banner State. In the same connection\\nhe says, the county of Hampshire has furnished more\\nstudents for college, with perhaps a single exception,\\nthan other an}- county in the United States.\\nSouthampton has a population of 1,159.\\nCuMMiNGTON, SO named from Col. John Cummings,\\nthe original proprietor, and which has just celebrated\\n(June 23, 1879), with impressive ceremonies, its cen-\\ntennial, if not important commercially, or on the score\\nof its population (1,037), is yet deserving of special\\nmention on account of its fruitfulness of great men.\\nThe sunlight was first let into the primeval forest which\\ncovered the Cummington hills and valleys, by the soldiers\\nof the colonists, who cut a militarj road through the south\\npart of the town while forcing their wa} to tlie north\\nduring the latter part of the French and Indian war.*\\nIt was then that the General Court, being much in\\nneed of funds, determined to sell a large tract of land\\nbelonging to the State in the western part of its bounda-\\nries. The details were left to a committee who had the\\nterritorj- auctioned off at the Eoyal Exchange tavern in\\nBoston, June 2, 17G2. The land wasdiraled into 10 town-\\nships, and it now embraces the following towns Adams,\\nPeru, Hinsdale, Worthington, IVindsor, Cummington,\\nSavoj Ilawley, Lenox, Eichmond, Chester and Eowe.\\nSoon after tlie road was cut through settlers began to come in. Col.\\nSamuel Brc\\\\ycr was the first white man to press that sod and call it\\nhome. Ho located close by the road, a little east of where Hiram Steele\\nnow lives. Some authors say that he came as early as 1761.\\nt The geogi aphical centre of the town, where the Concord proprietors\\ninsisted the church should bo, was exceedingly high and rocky, and by\\nno means an acceptable location to all the settlers who had come to oc-\\ncupy the 60 or 70 hundred-acre lots which had been laid out. For a\\nlong time all the municipal meetings were hold at the house of Timothy\\nMower, who lived just across the road from the old grave-yard on the\\nhill, where Dr. Bryant was buried. It is said that one faction would\\nmeet there in the morning and the other in the afternoon, each voting\\nto do something contrary to the wish of the other.\\nt Concerning the location of this there has been some controvers}-.\\nSays a late writer in the Springfield Republican Dr. Peter Bry-\\nant was a native of Bridgewatcr, whence came many of Cummington s\\nsettlers, and after establishing himself in practice and marrying the\\ndaughter of Square SncU in 1792, he settled in a house opposite the cem-\\netery, which is located on the hillside a mile above the village and half\\na mile below the site of the old yellow meeting-house, which was for so\\nlong the church of the town. The traveller who, starting out from the\\neast village, takes the first left-hand road, a little before coming to the\\nBryant library, and has the patience to climb the long, steep hill, will\\nhave no difficulty in locating the field of herd s-grass and clover, that is\\nnow ever waving in the June breeze, although there is nothing to mark\\nthe exact spot. The field is the one lying above and at the left of the\\ncross-road which starts out opposite the cemetery and leads down the hill.\\nAt the auction sale alluded to above, Col. Cummings\\nbid off township No. 5 (Cummington) for \u00c2\u00a31,800. After\\nMr. Cummings had bought the land he seems to have\\nbecome associated with 27 other proprietors, so many of\\nwhom, meanwhile, had been residents of Concord, that\\ntheir township was at first called New Concord. After a\\nprotracted controversy as to where their meeting house\\nshould be located, a church was finally organized, and\\nthe first minister, Eev. James Briggs, was ordained a few\\ndays after its incorporation, t\\nOn all these hills there is hardlj* a house or lot not\\nworthy of mention because of its historic associations\\nand interest. First of all there is the Bryant birth-place X\\nA little below the latter the visitor is pointed to the de-\\nserted house of the second minister of the parish, Ecv.\\nEoswell Hawkes, who like his brethren of the time was\\na farmer as well as a minister. lie came in 1825, and\\nstayed till 39, leaving here to help Mary Lj-on raise\\nfunds for Mt. Holyoke seminary. He was the best beg-\\ngar of his time, and they travelled together in a carriage\\nabout the country, meeting with great success. Subse-\\nquently he accepted the post of seminary steward at\\nSouth Iladley, where he remained for a number of\\n3-ears.\\nContinuing along the road which passes by the spot\\nwhere the church referred to above stood before its re-\\nmoval, the visitor comes to a fork in the roads where the\\nlittle red school-house used to stand that harbored so\\nmany of the Cummington boys who have been heard\\nfrom in the battle of life.\\nIn the house which stood here, Dr. Bryant s oldest child, Col. Austin\\nBryant, was born, and then his second son, William Cullen, the latter\\non the 3d of Nov. 1794. While he w.is still a small boy his father left\\nhome for a considerable sojourn in the Isle of France. Then his grand-\\nfather. Square Snell, came and took the family to his home, the present\\nlower Bryant place.\\nProbably it is known but to a few that William Cullen Bryant and\\nHenry L. Dawes were born under the same roof. After Dr. Bryant\\nquitted his first home, it came into the possession of the father of the\\nDawes family, who moved it half a mile up the hill, and placed it nearly\\nopposite the front of the meeting-house, on the right of the road leading\\nsouthward from the church. There it was that Senator Dawes was\\nborn, although his boyhood was largely passed in a red house which\\nstands about a mile to the west and on still higher ground. After Fran-\\ncis Dawes bcgiin life for himself, he took this house and built a new one\\nfor his parents, tearing down the birthplace of Bryant and his brother.\\nAcross the road from this house there used to stand a country store,\\nhaving over it a hall in which Senator Dawes and the companions of\\nhis youth met often for debates.\\nWe give the names of some of those who were bred in the neighbor-\\nhood, all of whom are supposed to have attended that school. There\\nwas Luther Bradish, who lived a half mile or more up the hill, and be-\\ncame lieutenant-governor of New York. It is said that ho made the\\nbest presiding officer ever known in the legislative annals of the State.\\nThere was Theophihis Packard, who lived down in the valley, where the\\nnew Bryant road begins to descend toward the east village, and Thomas\\nSnell, brother of Bryant s mother, both of whom became emment doc-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0201.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nWoRTHrNGTON was settled in 1765, and incoi-porated\\nas a town three years later. It received its name from\\nCol. TCorthington of Springfield, one of the proprietors\\nof the plantation of which it was a part, and a liberal\\npromoter of its interests. The town increased more\\nrapidly in population than the majority of towns in its\\nvicinity. Before the close of the last century it contained\\na larger population than at the last census. It now has\\n860 inhabitants, largely the descendants of early settlers.\\nMany of the time-honored customs of the fathers are\\nstill retained by their sons, such as the neighborhood\\nhuskings, the boarding around of the school-teacher, and\\nthe reverent opening of town-meeting with prayer by the\\npastor.\\nHouses erected a century ago are still standing, in\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2which the old-fashioned fire-places yet remain, and the\\nlarge brick ovens, though no longer in common use, fail\\nnot to turn out their annual Thanksgiving dinner of good\\nthings.\\nAgiiculture is the leading emplo3 ment of the people.\\nMaple sugar and dair^- products are abundant.\\nA Congregational church was erected at the centre in\\n17G4. A Methodist church was formed in the south-east\\npart of the town in 1828.\\nProf. Harmon NUes is a native of the town. He was\\neducated under Prof. Agassiz, and, in his special depart-\\nment, is well known as one of the foremost scholars and\\nlecturers of his time.\\nHon. Elisha Brewster, whose counsel was long sought\\nin all important town and personal matters, and who\\nfor several j-ears held divers important oflSces in the\\nState, died Nov. 27, 1878, aged 69 years.\\nEnfield is comparatively a new town, having been\\nincorporated in 1816. It embraces the territory formerly\\ntors of divinity. There were the brothers Cnllen and Charles Packard,\\nliving nearest to the school-house on the west, both brilliant scholars.\\nCharles Packard, who is now a clergyman, is the man who Henry L.\\nDawes once predicted would make the most distinguished man of all\\nIiis school-mates. Then there were the three Trow brothers, who grew\\nup on a cross-road a little south of the school-house, and who studied\\nmedicine, and are now practicing in Buckland, Sunderland and East-\\nhampton. Then there was W. AV. Mitchell, who began to teach school\\nat 15, and has never failed to teach during some part of every year\\nsince that time, save one, although he is now over 60. The exception\\nwas because of sickness. And there must be added to the list the name\\nof one of our most honored citizens, E. A. Hubbard. The name of\\nShepherd Knapp ought not to be left out while recounting the natives.\\nHe went to New York early in life, and became a clerk for Gideon Lcc,\\nand afterwards treasurer of Kings County, and the long-time president\\nof the Mechanics bank. Mr. Lee, who in early life travelled about in\\nAVorthington and Cummington as a shoemaker, lived to be mavor of\\nNew York.\\nknown as the South Parish of Greenwich. This parish\\nincluded not only the south part of Greenwich, but also\\nportions of Bclchertown and Ware. A church was built\\nin 1786. Rev. Joshua Crosby-, the first pastor, was set-\\ntled in 17C9. A Methodist church was organized in\\n1847. For thirty j-ears previous to 1820, Quabbin whet-\\nstones were the principal article of export. Cotton,\\nwoollen, and other manufactures have since been estab-\\nlished. Population, 1,023.\\nThe remaining towns of this county, with their respec-\\ntive populations and dates of incoi-poration, are Chester-\\nfield (a. d. 1762\u00e2\u0080\u0094746), Goshen (1781\u00e2\u0080\u0094349), Granby\\n(1768\u00e2\u0080\u0094812), Greenwich (granted in 1732\u00e2\u0080\u0094606), Mid-\\ndlefield (1780\u00e2\u0080\u0094603), Pelham (1743\u00e2\u0080\u0094633), Plainficld\\n(1807 481), Prescott (1822 493), and Westhampton\\n(1778\u00e2\u0080\u0094006).\\nThe first pastor of the church in the latter place was\\nRev. Enoch Hale, grandfather of Rev. Edward Everett\\nHale, D. D. He retained his connection with this church\\ntill his death, a period of 58 years. The ordination ser-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0vice was held in a bam. Mr. Hale, a man of Puritanic j\\ntji^e of character, was proverbial for his promptness. It\\nis said that the people of the neighborhood could regulate\\ntheir clocks to a minute by the precision with which he\\nmet his appointments.\\nCaleb Strong, aftenvards, for several years, governor\\nof the State, was one of the first settlers of Westhampton.\\nPelham was, for a time, the pastorate of Stephen Bur-\\nroughs, the notorious imposter and counterfeiter. Rev.\\nMoses Hallock, the first pastor of Plainfield, and for 55\\nyears the incumbent of this parish, was also a school-\\nmaster, WUliam Cullen Brj-ant, and several who after-\\nwards became foreign missionaries, having been his\\npupils.\\nMost of these men were students of Cummington Academy, and\\nmany of them went from it to college. The academy was opened in\\n1824 or 182. and continued in operation only 15 years but no one will\\ndare to measure the influence it has exerted on the community and the\\nworld from the day of its establishment, an influence that will be felt,\\nit may be, while time shall last. The teachers were Rev. Francis J.\\nVamer, an Episcopal clergyman who is buried in town, Rev. Oren\\nCoolcy, Rev. Thomas Rawson, and Zalmon Richards. The building\\nwhere the school was kept stands in the east village, and has been used\\nfor a dwelling almost 40 years.\\nAt one time w hen his Association was held 75 miles from his home,\\nand he had not reached the place five minutes before the meeting was to\\nopen, speculation became rife as to the probability of his arrival within\\nthe time. One clergyman, who knew him better than the rest, said if he\\nwas not there at the appointed time, it would prove that the town clock\\nwas wrong. As minutes and half-nrinutes wore away, curiosity became\\nintense but, in the last half-minute, Mr. Hale drove up in his One-\\nHoss Shay, entered the meeting-house, and called the meeting to order.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0202.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nMIDDLESEX COUNTY.\\nBY PROF. L. F. GRIFFIN.\\nMiddlesex County contains some of the oldest settle-\\nments in Massachusetts. Onh Pl3-moiith Countj and,\\nperhaps, the city of Salem in Essex Count3 can boast\\nsettlements of an earlier date.\\nThe first division of the State into counties occurred in\\n1C43, and Middlesex -was one of the four then formed.\\nExcepting Suffolk it is the most populous county of the\\nold Bay State. It also contains within its limits the ear-\\nliest battle-fields of the Revolution, though, by the\\nannexation of Charlestown to Boston, Bunker Hill no\\nlonger belongs to it geographically yet it is still a por-\\ntion of Middlesex in all its history. The first seat of\\nlearning in the Colonies, too, is in the countj*, and her\\nmanufactures have given American industry a world--nade\\nreputation.\\nThe first permanent settlement of the county was at\\nWatertown, and it was made hj a companj of Puritans\\nearly in 1 C30. Cambridge dates from the same year, though\\nit appears to have been later iu the season when the set-\\ntlers, with their ministers, Thomas Hooker and Samuel\\nStone, located there. Its first name was New Town.\\nThose who made the first companj foi-med three settle-\\nments,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dorchester, Roxbury, and Watertown. Some\\nof Matthew Craddoek s men had alreadj visited Medford,\\nand a pennajient settlement there was begun the same\\njear perhaps bouses had already been erected and occu-\\npied bj the temporarj residents engaged in fishing.\\nThe Indians of the vicinity were few in number, as\\nthey had been nearly destroyed a few j ears before bj a\\nplague. Those left manifested a friendly disposition.\\nIn 1G31, a grant of land was made to Governor Win-\\nthrop, near the Mj-stic River and he erected a house\\nthere, and laid out a fann. He also built a small vessel\\nnamed The Blessing of the Baj-, the real beginning of\\nship-building at Medford, an interest that afterward was\\nof primary importance in building up the town. The\\nsame year Governor Winthrop induced Matthew Crad-\\ndock to enlarge the settlement alreadj- commenced and\\nthe great house was erected that year, and still\\nstands.\\nThe first winter, the settlers, not knowing the spirit of\\nthe natives, selected a site for a garrison. Since Cam-\\nbridge, or New Town, as it was then called, was selected\\nfor the residences of the rulers, that place was fortified.\\nBut as, the next year, it was decided to make Boston the\\ncapital, the fortifications at Cambridge were abandoned.\\nThe year 1640 saw two new settlements made in this\\ncountj-, one at Reading, and the other at Woburn.\\nThe people of Charlestown, believing that their terri-\\ntories were too contracted, asked and obtained a grant of\\nland farther inland May 24, 1640. The location of their\\ngrant was at a place known as a favorite residence of\\nIndians, The new grant included, besides Woburn, the\\npresent towns of Winchester, Wilmington, and Burling-\\nton. A committee was formed, Noveinbcr 4, to set the\\nbounds of the new town, and to settle such worthj men\\nof Charlestown as might be willing to reside inland and\\nthe records of Woburn commence the same year. Ed-\\nward Convers built the first house, near Convers\\nBridge. The church, however, experienced some diffi-\\ncultj in eflTecting an organization, chieflj- because no one\\ncould be found readj to settle with them as their minister.\\nBut finallj Thomas Carter was secured, a town charter\\nobtained, so separating them from the parent town, on\\nOct. 6, 1642; and Mr. Carter was ordained December\\n2d of the same j-ear.\\nOne other distinct settlement alreadj^ made deserves\\nespecial notice, since it was the first inland settlement,\\nthe ancient town of Concord. The place was known\\namong the Indians as Musketaquid, and, for many j-ears,\\nit was one of the principal villages of the Massachusetts\\ntribe. It owed allegiance to their great king, Nanepash-\\nemet, who lived in Medford, near Mj-stic Pond, in a house\\nraised upon a scaffold.\\nThe first step taken in forming the new settlement was\\nto obtain a grant of six miles square from the General\\nCourt at its session at New Town, Sept. 2, 1635. This\\ngrant named Rev. Peter Bulkcley, and Maj. Simon Wil-\\nlard, and included with them about twelve other families.\\nThen the land was purchased from the Indians, and the\\nsettlement began. Later, when, as a result of Mr.\\nEliot s labors, many of the Indians had accepted Chris-\\ntianitj provision was made for them.\\nBy the j ear 1656, the town had become a place of con-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0203.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nsiderablc importance. In that j-ear, finding their pastur-\\nI age insufficient, they aslced, and obtained, a new grant,\\nincluding the present towns of Acton and Ashby. In the\\nsame year, the Sliepard and Law families commenced a\\npermanent settlement upon this new grant. But for\\nabout three-quarters of a centmy, until 1735, the grant\\ncontinued a part of the parent town.\\nMiddlesex County was not found wanting during King\\nPhilip s war. At the time of the destruction of Brook-\\nfield, a few men from this county were present, and, after\\nthe wounding of the commander, Lieut. Simon Davis of\\nConcord assumed command. And, too, when the news\\nof the danger there reached Concord, a partj at once\\nwont to the rescue. The first events of this war\\nthat actually belonged to this county were in the\\nearly part of 1G76. In February, Abraham and Isaac\\nShepard of Concord, fearing the Indians, stationed their\\nyounger sister, about 15 j-ears of age, to keep Avatch\\nwhile they threshed the gi ain in the barn. But the Ind-\\nians came upon her unawares, and carried her off a cap-\\ntive, and then killed her brothers. However, while the\\nIndians slept, probablj^ rendered stupid by liquor, she\\nmade her escape, even taking the saddle away from the\\nhead of her keeper, and, by riding all night, returned to\\nthe settlement.\\nThe next attack was upon Groton. A body of sav-\\nages entered the town on the 2nd of March, plundered\\nseveral houses, and carried off a number of cattle. On\\nthe 9th, they ambushed four men who wore driving their\\ncarts, killed one, and took a second, but while they were\\ndisputing about the manner of putting him to death, he\\nescaped. On the 13th, about 400 of these people\\nassaulted Groton again. The inhabitants, alarmed by the\\nrecent destruction of Lancaster, had retreated into five\\ngarrisoned houses. Four of these were within musket\\nshot of each other. The fifth stood at the distance of a\\nmile. Between the four neighboring ones were gathered\\nall the cattle belonging to the inhabitants. In the morn-\\ning, two Indians showed themselves behind a hill near\\none of the four garrisons, with an intention to dccoj the\\ninhabitants out of their fortifications. The alarm was\\nimmediatcl}- given. A considerable part of the men in\\nthis garrison, and several from the next, imprudently\\nwent out to surprise them, when a large body, in ambush\\nfor the purpose, arose instantaneously and fired upon\\nthem. The English fled. The ungarrisoned houses were\\nthen set on fire. The entire town was burned, except\\nthe four garrisons, which successfully resisted all hostile\\nattempts upon them.\\nOn the 21.st of April, an alarm was raised that 1,500\\nIndians were about to attack Sudbury. They had already\\nburned several houses, and killed two citizens. A com-\\npan) from Watertowu, aided bj some citizens, attacked\\nthem on the east side of Concord River, but were com-\\npelled to retreat. Some citizens of Concord went to their\\nrelief, but were surrounded by savages near the gariison\\nhouse of Walter Haj-nes, and were destro3-ed.\\nThe attack upon Marlborough occun-ed in September,\\n1678. A party of Indians here killed many of the inhabi-\\ntants, and set fire to their houses. A company sent from\\nConcord to defend the place was totally destroj-ed, and\\ntwo other companies from Boston met a similar fate.\\nThese companies, under Capts. Wadsworth and Smith,\\nwere led into an ambuscade near Sudburj-, surrounded by\\nabout 300 natives, and destroj-ed.\\nThe attack upon Chelmsford was upon the 1st of\\nNovember following, and was made by the Indians living\\naround the Merrimac. Overpowering the inhabitants,\\nthey put all to death indiscriminatel}-, not even sparing\\nthe babes at their mother s breast. November 9th, they\\nburned the house of Mr. Ezra Eames, near Concord,\\nkilled his wife, and captured his children and on the\\nloth, they took a young woman, 16 jears of age, and\\ncarried her awaj- a captive.\\nIn 1724-5, Capt. John Lovewell of Dunstable, at the\\nhead of a companj- of 600 men, induced b3- the offer of a\\ngenerous bounty for scalps (\u00c2\u00a3100), made three expedi-\\ntions against the Indians, in the last of which, surprised\\nat a place called Pigwacket, in Maine, he lost his life.\\nSixteen of the towns at present in the count}^ were\\nchartered during the seventeenth centurj and all but\\ntwelve of the remainder during the next hundred year^.\\nSo rapidly did this locaUty develop its resources and add\\nto its population.\\nTo the call to engage in the struggle for national\\nindependence, the towns of Middlesex responded nobly.\\nNo power on earth, said tlie people of Concord, can\\nagreeably to our constitution, take from us our rights, or\\nany part of them, without our consent. Framinghara\\nreplied that it is om- absolute duty to defend, b} everj-\\nconstitutional measure, our dear privileges, purchased\\nwith so much blood and treasure. Medford, Acton,\\nStoneham, Groton, Pepperell and Shirley spoke with\\nequal decision. Death, said Marlborough, is more\\neligible than slavery.\\nThe real commencement of the Revolution belongs to\\nthis county. The towns of Lexington and Concord,\\nespecially, in this county, will be forever memorable as\\nthe scene of the fii st armed encounter between the British\\nand the American forces, in connection with that great\\ncontest. On the ni^^ht of April 18, 1G75, Paul Revere of\\nBoston, having eluded the British sentinels, and escaped", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0204.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nacross Charles River Into the countrj-, -with all despatch\\nspread abroad information of an intended inarch of a de-\\ntachment of British troops, 800 strong, commanded by\\nLieut. -Col. Smith, to seize tlie provincial stores and\\ncannon at Concord. The alarm, by means of church\\nbells, bonfires, and other preconcerted signals, was gi\\\\en\\nat once, and, by two o clock in the morning, about 130\\nmilitia-men were assembled under arms on Lexington\\nCommon, under the command of Capt. John Parlter.\\nJust at daj-break, the advanced guard of the enemy, com-\\nsilentlj stood their ground, and held their ranks. Pit-\\ncairn then commanded his men to fire. A heavj dis-\\ncharge of muskets followed, and seven men fell, f\\nAfter this volley, Capt. Parker ordered his men to dis-\\nl^erse. The British drew up on the Common, discharged\\ntheir pieces, gave three cheers, and then, after a halt of\\nabout half an hour, pushed ou towards Concord. By\\nthis time the country round about had become thoroughly\\nalarmed. On the one hand, the Concord people were al-\\nready busily employed removing and secreting the coveted\\nLli OF LL.\\\\I.\\\\GIC\\niiiitiiuuu uy luiij. xucauu, was discovered approaching\\nthe village. The alarm was sounded, and the militia-men\\nat once paraded in two ranks on the Common, a few rods\\nnorth of the meeting-house. After a brief halt, to allow\\nthe rest of the detachment to come up, the British\\nadvanced, almost on the run, Maj. Pitcairn, meanwhile,\\nriding in front and shouting Disperse, ye rebels dis-\\nperse, disperse! The rebels, however, firmly and\\nThe killed were Jonas Parker, Isaac Muzzey, Jonathan Harrington,\\nJr., Caleb Ilarrinston, RoI)crt Jlonroe, Samuel Hadlcy and John\\nBroi^-n. The last two were pursued and killed after they had left tlie\\nCommon. Asahel Porter of Wolnim, a prisoner taken by the British\\non the march, was killed while attempting to effect his escape.\\nt In 1790, a small monument was erected to mark the spot of the first\\nStores while, ou the other, the patriot military were\\nhastily gathering from near and from far. When, at\\nlength, the enemy came in sight, there were not less than\\n150 minute-men who had already reported for duty and\\na part under Col. Barrett, and a part under Maj. But-\\ntrick I a descendant of one of the oldest settlers of the\\ntown had been drawn up in battle array just beyond\\nthe North Bridge, across Concord River, and were pre-\\nbloodshed of the Revolutionary War. Recently, a more fitting memo-\\nrial of the event has been erected, consisiiu;, of a colossal hronze statue\\nof a Revolutionary minute-man, elevated upon a lofty pedestal of gran-\\nite, with appropriate sculptures in bas-relief.\\nX Maj. Puttrick, it is snid. has the honor of having issued the first\\norder to fire on the royal troops the shot heard round the world.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0205.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\npared to offer the invaders, if necessary-, a stubborn\\nresistance. During the brief, but decisive engagement\\nwhich followed, several were killed on both sides, includ-\\ning Captain Isaac Da\\\\ is of Acton. The British, mean-\\nwhile, discomfited by this unexpectedlj- warm reception,\\ndisappointed in regard to finding the stores in quest of\\nwhich they had been dispatched, and fearing, withal, lest\\nin case of further delay on their part, swarms of enraged\\npatriots might descend upon them and prevent their\\nreturn, at length commenced their disastrous retreat\\nfollowed along the road to Lexington by the provin-\\ncials, who inflicted upon them serious injury. While\\npassing through Lincoln, they were attacked b} the\\nLexington men, and sharply pursued, the latter maintain-\\ning a galling fire upon them from behind trees, buildings\\nand walls, and heading them off, and seriousl3- harassing\\nthem at every turn of the road. About a mile below\\nLexington Common, the British were saved from total\\nrout and destruction by the timelj arrival, with reinforce-\\nments, of Lord Perc} Even as it was, the roj al troops,\\non finally reaching Boston, were thoroughly exhausted,\\nand as completely demoralized.\\nSome one has said that, so far as the deliberate pur-\\npose of the Americans was concerned, the American\\nRevolution was begiui by the determination of the\\nfarmers of Middlesex County to resist British assault\\nby marching upon the North Bridge at Concord, f\\nThe people everj where bore insults and anno^-ances\\nwith the utmost calmness. Minute-men were every-\\nwhere, and the people in every possible waj were get-\\nting stores of ammunition read} for immediate use.\\nNot a red-coat could be seen anywhere but he was fol-\\nlowed, and his errand discovered.\\nFor some time it was evident that Gen. Gage was\\npreparing to occupy the heights of Charlestown or Dor-\\nchester, probably the latter. The pronncials had al-\\nready examined the ground for fortifications, and breast-\\nworks had been recommended at the present site of the\\nMcLean Asylum and on Prospect Hill, with redoubts\\nupon Winter and Bunker hills, provided with cannon.\\nThis was referred to a council of war, approved, and a\\npart of the works at once constructed. As Gage s plan\\nto seize Dorchester became known, it was at once deter-\\nmined to seize and fortify Bunker Hill.\\nOn Friday, June 16, orders were issued to Col. Wil-\\nliam Prescott, and the commanding officers of Frj-e s\\nHow impressive the crisis now reached The action at Lexington\\nand Concord roused the whole country, and precipitated the long-impend-\\ning conflict. The night before these battles, there \u00c2\u00aberc few people in\\nthe Colonies, probably, who expected that any blood would be shed in\\nthe contest. The night after, says Bancroft, the king s governor\\nand the king s army found themselves closely beleaguered in Boston, i\\nand Bridge s regiments, with a fatigue party of two\\nhundred Connecticut troops, under Thomas Knowlton,\\nand the artillery of Capt. Samuel Gridley, in all about\\ntwelve hundred men, to go, supplied with a day s pro-\\nvisions and intrenching tools, and seize and fortify-\\nBunker Hill, under the chief engineer. Col. Richard\\nGridlej The detachment paraded on Cambridge Com-\\nmon, and about nine in the evening, after prayer for\\ntheir safety and success by President Langdon of Har-\\nvard College, they marched to Charlestown, headed by\\nPrescott. After setting a guard at the Neck, they pro-\\nceeded to Bunker Hill, but considering that to be too far\\nfrom the shipping, it was decided to intrench Breed s\\nHill, as better suited to the objects of the expedition.\\nGridley marked out the plan, and about midnight the\\nwork commenced.\\nWhen the morning dawned, the British were aston-\\nished to see such works thrown up in so short a time,\\nand, as it were, almost in their face and eyes. Gage\\nwas thunderstruck, while, from the ships of war and a\\nmortar on Copp s Hill, was commenced a cannonade\\nsufficient to appall the stoutest heart. A council of war,\\ncalled immediatelj decided that the Americans must be\\ndislodged at all hazards, and their works destroyed\\nand, despite different advice, Gage determined to make\\nthe attack in front.\\nAt about one o clock, in plain sight of the Americans,\\na British force of 2,000 men bore away from Boston for\\nMoulton s Point, near Breed s Hill, Gen. Howe com-\\nmanding the right, and Gen. Pigot the left wing. On\\nthe American side, the military force under arms did not\\nexceed 1,500 men. Col. Prescott was the fii-st in com-\\nmand, Knowlton, Stark and Putnam being active and\\nefficient in various ways. The British columns under\\nPigot advanced to a simultaneous attack a little after 2|\\no clock. With their scarlet uniforms and flashing armor\\nthey presented a formidable appearance. A tremendous\\nvolley of musketry from the Americans, however, levelled\\nnearlj- the whole front rank of the British troops. Again\\nand again the latter advanced, only to recoil under the\\neffective and unremitting fire of the Americans, until at\\nlength the} staggered and retreated in more or less dis-\\norder. Howe s division, in like manner, was received\\nb}* a sheeted and deadl} fire that soon forced it into con-\\nfusion and precipitate retreat. A second attempt to\\nstorm the American position was no more successful.\\nt In 1835, a granite obelisk, 28 feet high, including the base, 5^\\nfeet broad, was erected on the spot where the first British soldiers fell,\\nwith a suitable inscription. The spot is one of great rural beauty,\\nthe road along which the troops marched having been many years\\nclosed, and the bridge over which the first volleys of the Revolution\\nflew having long since disappeared.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0206.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00a5ffi]\u00c2\u00a3 \u00c2\u00a9i^YrTlE ^\\\\Tr [BMWKE^ S MflLlo\\nA/ft/. ^Md^m-/e*tfi\\nj/tf/ /itnu/ft\\nMftf .^/f7,\u00e2\u0096\u00a0i^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\n/.f/v// f/\u00c2\u00bb/A tfi\u00c2\u00bb fA*// /h/.f^fjff^t/t/tv/fv Jo\\nPS rt iifAVTIi-K A.IT Miin Tjh.SH IiIiL;i.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0209.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0210.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nIn the face of a continuous fire the British pressed for-\\nward, but before the vollej-s, aimed with the fatal skill\\nof sharp-shooters, they again gave wa}-, and retreated in\\ngreater confusion than before. It was now discovered\\nby the Americans that their ammunition was nearly\\nexhausted accordingly when the engagement was re-\\nnewed, Prescott gave the order to retreat, which, after\\npouring with their last round of ammunition into the\\nranks of the advancing foe a parting and murderous\\nvolley, they proceeded to do in comparatively good\\norder, Prescott himself being one of the very last to\\nleave the redoubt.\\nAs they thus abandoned their position, they received\\nfrom the enemj a destructive voUej when the brave\\nWarren* fell, shot through the head with a bullet.\\nThe result of the battle, though a defeat, yet had all the\\nmoral effect of a victorj The Americans had not onlj-\\nsmellod gunpowder they had met, and had repeat-\\nedly seen superior numbers of the disciplined soldiers of\\nEngland retreat before their fire and, in consequence,\\nwere confirmed in their trust that their liberties would be\\npresen ed. Well may New England s poet exultantlj\\nexclaim\\nHail to the mom, when first they stood\\nOn Banker s height,\\nAnd fearless stemmed the invading flood,\\nAnd wrote our dearest rights in blood,\\nAnd mowed in ranks the hireling brood.\\nIn desperate figlit\\nOh, twas a proud, exulting day,\\nFor even our fallen fortunes lay\\nIn light.\\nWhen, Sept. 12, 1786, the Court of Common Pleas\\nattempted to sit at Concord, about one hundred men,\\nled by one Capt. Job Shattuck of Groton, and INIatthew\\nand Sylvanus Smith of Shu lej encamped in the vicin-\\nity, with a view to preventing the transaction of anj-\\nbusiness. On the morning when the court was to meet,\\nthey formed, but presented a wretched ai)pearance\\nindeed, they were little more than a mob. But the dis-\\nturbance was so great that the judges finallj- decided to\\nleave the place without holding a court. Similar pro-\\nceedings occurred in several other counties in the State.\\nAfter a few months, however, tlie wholesome presence\\nof the militia, under Maj. Gen. Lincoln, effectually dis-\\npersed these mobs, and put to a perpetual end the infa-\\nmous so-called Shays RcbelHon.\\nThe growth of this county has been marvellous. Its\\ncitizens have always generously participated in whatever\\nhas interested or concerned the whole countr) When\\nThe death of Warren, one of the most gnileless as well as gallant\\nof patriots, was the occasion of profound and universal sorrow. In the\\ncentre of the grounds included within the redoubt of the old-time battle-\\nthe Rebellion broke out in 1861, her sons were first on\\nthe field. The first northern men slain in the memorable\\nriot at Baltimore belonged to old Middlesex, the gal-\\nlant sixth being the veiy earliest regiment to respond\\nto the President s call to ai ms, and to fly to the defence\\nof the beleaguered capital. And all through that long\\nand cruel war it will be found, we think, that Middlesex\\nnever failed to do her duty.\\nTowns.\\nLovTELL, a city of 40,928 inhabitants, owes its ex-\\nistence to the vast water-power fm-nished hy the Mer-\\nrimac River. This locahty was once a favorite fishing-\\nground for the Indians, and one tribe had its village,\\nnamed Wamesit, near the site of the present city.\\nIn 1821, Messrs. Nathan Appleton and Patrick Tracy\\nJackson, the proprietors of successful cotton-mills at\\nWaltham, were attracted by the great unemploj ed\\nwater-power fimiished bj- Pawtucket Falls, and soon the\\nidea of gaining all the power of the Merrimac River\\ncompletely possessed them. So they purchased the\\nstock of the old Pawtucket Canal Company, and four\\nfarms of about four hundred acres, where now stands\\nthe most densely populated part of Lowell, for from one\\nto two hundred dollars per acre. Shortly a hundred\\nnew houses stood on these farms, and in 1822, a line of\\nstages was estal)lished with Boston. The first paper,\\ncalled the Chelmsford Courier, was started in 1824,\\nand the Mechanic Phalanx, the first military company, was\\norganized JUI3- 4, 1825. The Central Bridge Company\\nwas formed the same year. Near tlie close of that year,\\nthe Middlesex Mechanics Association was also incorpo-\\nrated. Thus the town sprang into existence, with all its\\nleading institutions, almost immediatelj after the pur-\\nchase of the water-power.\\nThe town of Lowell was chartered as a separate com-\\nmunity March 1, 1826, with a population of about 2,000.\\nIn 1835, because of the want of executive power, and\\nthe loose and irresponsible manner in which money for\\nmunicipal purposes is granted and expended, a committee\\nwas appointed to draft a city charter. Luther Lane was\\nchairman, and the charter proposed was adopted April\\n11, 1836. In the ten years since its organization as a\\ntown, the population had increased to 17,633. The\\nRailroad Bank was established in 1831, and the Police\\nCourt two years later.\\nIn 1830, Patrick T. Jackson undertook the Boston\\nLowell Railroad, one of the earUest to carry both freight\\nfield on Breed s Hill, now stands the obelisk known as Bunker Hill\\nmonument, a square shaft of Quincy granite, 221 feet in height, 31 feet\\nsquare at the base, and 15 at the top.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0211.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF KEW ENGLAND.\\nand passengers. When completed, in 1835, this lauda-\\nble enterprise had cost the sum of $1,800,000.\\nerected in Monument Square in 18G4, and is cher-\\nished as one of Lowell s most precious memorials.\\nThe Lowell Cemetery dates from\\narea of about 45 acres. This\\ngarden of graves, largely the\\nwork of Oliver M. Whipple, is\\nsituated on the east bank of Con-\\ncord Eivcr, one mile from the city.\\nIt is laid out in the French style,\\nwith long, serpentine avenues,\\nshaded by forest trees, and is one\\nof the most beautiful burial-places\\nin the State.\\nDuring the Rebellion, Lowell\\nfurnished 5,022 men, of whom\\n450 were in the navj-. The first\\nin the field came from Lowell,\\nand this city was the first to make\\nprovision for the families of vol-\\nunteers. Of the old sixth regi-\\nment, which was ordered out im-\\nmediately after the fall of Fort\\nSumter, four companies came\\nfrom this city, and Addison 0.\\nWhitney, Luther C. Ladd, and\\nCharles A. Taylor, killed at Bal-\\ntimore, belonged in Lowell. A\\nmonmnent to their memory was\\na 1 and has an Lowell owes its origin and sufisequent growth to the\\nI introduction of cotton manufac-\\nJ tures.\\nJ; The first corjjoration formed\\nwas the Men-imack. This was\\nincorporated Feb. 5, 1822, with j\\nWarren Dutton as president, and 1\\na capital of $000,000 but it has\\nbeen increased to $2,500,000.\\nThe corporation first built a\\ndam across Pawtucket Falls, then\\nwidened and deepened the canal,\\nand erected miUs. The first was\\ncompleted and started Sept. 1,\\n1823, and the first return of cloth\\nwas made in November. Kirk\\nBoott was the first treasurer and\\nagent, and Ezra Worthen super-\\nintendent he, however, died in\\n1824, and his place was supphcd\\nbj Warren Colburn, famous for\\na series of arithmetics. The\\nfounders had, from the first, con-\\ntemplated calico printing. Allen\\nPollard made here the first at-\\ntempt at this line of goods in this", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0212.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "countrj but it pro-\\\\ ed a\\nfailure. Henry Burrows\\nbecame superintendent of\\nthis enterprise in 1855\\nHis skill, supplemented bj\\nthat of his chemist, Sim-\\nuel L. Dana, gave then\\nprints a fame that is woild\\nwide. The company haA c\\nfive mills and print-woiks\\nIn 1825, the old Locks\\nand Canal Company was\\nrc-organized, aiid into its\\nhands was committed the\\nsole control of the water-\\npower. Their business has\\nbeen to furnish land and\\nwater-power build mills,\\nand fill them with machin-\\neiy. They constructed all\\nthe canals to convey water\\nto the several miUs, and,\\nfor twenty years, kept in\\noperation two machine-\\nshops and a saw-mill. In\\n1845, the Lowell Machine\\nCompanj was organized to\\ndo this last work.\\nList of LoioelVs Maniifacturinff Corporaii\\nNAME.\\nIncnrpo-\\nCapital.\\nThe Hamilton jranufacturing Company,\\n1825,\\n1600,000 00\\nAppleton Company,\\n1828,\\n600,000 00\\nLowell Company,\\n1828,\\n2,000,000 00\\nMiddlesex Company,\\n1830,\\n500,000 00\\n1831,\\n600,000 00\\nTremontMffls,\\n1831,\\n600,000 00\\nLamrence\\n1831,\\n1,500,000 00\\nLowell Bleachery,\\nBoott Cotton MUls,\\n1832,\\n300,000 00\\n1835,\\n1,200,000 00\\nMassachusetts,\\n1839,\\n1,800,000 00\\nThese are the large corpor-\\nations. There are also some\\nsmaller companies, among which\\nmay be mentioned the Sterling\\nMills, with 40 flannel looms the\\nFaulkner, with 38 looms and\\nthe Hosiery Company, engaged\\nin making women s hose. The\\nAmerican Bolt Company employ\\none hmidred hands. Wood, Sher-\\nwood Company manufacture\\nfine plated goods the Thorn-\\ndike Manufacturing Company\\nMASSACHUSETTS.\\nelastic goods and the Bel-\\nvidere Woollen Companj-,\\nCharles A. Stott, agent,\\nran 86 looms. These are\\nnot all, but the most im-\\nportant of the industries of\\nthis busy city.\\nThe scenery around the\\ncity of Lowell presents\\nmany points of marked in-\\nterest to every lover of the\\nbeautiful. From the heights\\nof Centrah-ille on the left\\nbank, and from Bclvidere\\non the right, especially,\\nthe whole panorama of the\\ncitj appears spread out be-\\nneath, with the river wind-\\ning its way between sur-\\nrounding hills, while for a\\nbackground to the picture,\\nWachusett, and the moun-\\ntains of New Hampshire,\\ntower in grandeur.\\nThe citj^, too, can boast\\nmany handsome buildings.\\nThe county jail is usually\\nconsidered to be the finest,\\nthough the court-house is\\nnot far behind in architectural beauty. Built at a cost of\\n$100,000, this stands on an elevated site in a shaded en-\\nclosure, on Gorham Street. The city has good schools,\\n64 in number six banks, with an aggregate capital of\\n$2,350,000, and six savings banks a public library of\\n13,000 volumes and a course of lectures is maintained\\neach season, usually in Huntington Hall. There are three\\npapers, the Lowell Daily Courier, which succeeded\\nthe Chelmsford Courier, now published by Marden\\nRoweU; the Vox Populi, a\\nsemi-weekly, started in 1841,\\npublished by Stone Huse and\\nthe Times, published by E. A.\\nHills.\\nThere are 27 religious denom-\\ninations in the city. The first\\nfoi-med was St. Anne s, Episco-\\npal, and it possesses a substantial\\nstone structure that was conse-\\ncrated by Bishop A. V. Griswold,\\nTo Warren Colbum, the mathemat-\\nician, and Dr. Edson, Lowell is indebted\\nEPtSCOPAX. CHURCH, LOWELL. P ^y^^ P", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0213.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nMarch 26, 1825. The first rector was Rev. T. Edson,\\nD. D., who still remains, and has always exerted a\\npowerful influence in the city.\\nKirk Boott was the first treasm-er and agent of the\\nMerrimack corporation. He was bom in Boston in 1791,\\nand educated at Rugby School, England. He entered\\nHarvard, but did not complete his course. He served\\nfive years in the British army, and fought under Welling-\\nton. He so infused his spirit into the place, that, for\\nfifteen years, its history was practical^ his own. He\\nwas the leading man of Dr. Edson s parish. His death\\noccurred in 1837.\\nBenjamin F. Butler, one of Lowell s most eminent law-\\nyers, was born in Deerfield, N. H., Nov. 5, 1818\\ngraduated at Watenolle (Colby University) in 1838\\nand was admitted to the bar in 1840, and, in 1860, was\\na member of the Democratic National Convention. Dm--\\ning the wai* he displayed great executive ability, and rose\\nto the rank of major general. At its close he was elected\\nto Congress, and has been a member nearly all the time\\nsince.\\nDr. J. C. Ayer, actively identified for many years with\\nthe material interests of the city, came to Lowell when a\\nmere boy, and was first employed as a drag clerk. In\\n1838 he began his experiments with patent medicines,\\nand soon obtained a degree from the Universitj- of Penn-\\nsylvania. He was part owner of several corporations, and\\nof -the New York Tribune. He died, July 3, 1878,\\nfrom insanity.\\nCajibridge, so called from Cambridge, Eng., is the\\nseat of Harvard University, one of the shire towns of\\nthe county, and the second in size. Population, 39,634.\\nIt comprises four sections, North Cambridge, Cam-\\nbridge proper, where the University is located East\\nCambridge, formerly Lechmere s Point and Cambridge-\\nport. East Cambridge is connected with Charlestown\\nby Prison Point Bridge, and with Boston by the Lowell\\nRailroad and Cragie s Bridge. CambridgejDort is con-\\nnected with Boston by West Boston Bridge, 6,190 feet\\nlong, a fine structiu-e, finished -nith a draw. There are\\nalso bridges connecting the city with Brookline and\\nBrighton.\\nEarly in 1631, Lieut.-Gov. Dudley, and Secretary\\nBradstreet, in accordance with the agreement, commenced\\nthe erection of houses in Cambridge. The next year,\\nthe Braintree company removed to New Town. These\\nwere Mr. Hooker s compan}-, and Rev. Thomas Hooker\\nbecame the first settled minister.\\nIn 1639 the first printing-press in America was set up\\nby one Day, at the charge of Mr. Glover, who died\\non his passage, to this country. Its first production\\nwas the freeman s oath, and the next an almanac for\\nNew England, by Mr. Pierce, mariner and then the\\nPsalms turned into metre. From this beginning has\\ngrown Cambridge s world-wide renown for printing\\nbooks.\\nThe first license for an inn was given to Andrew\\nBelcher in 1652, and in 1656 the inhabitants consented\\nto pay each his share of a rate to the sum of \u00c2\u00a3200\\ntowards the building a bridge over Charles River.\\nThe bridge called the Great Bridge was erected about\\n1660. A House of Correction was erected at nearly the\\nsame time.\\nIn 1642 Cambridge embraced Menotomy, now As-\\nlington the Farms, now Lexington the lands on\\nthe Shawshine, now BUlerica and Nonantmn, now\\nNewton. In 1668, several respectable men were chosen\\nfor katechising the youth of this towne. During\\nthe Revolution, Cambridge evinced an unwavering\\nIJatriotism, and whUe the army occupied the place\\nduring the siege of Boston, the inhabitants submitted\\nto the necessary privations without a murmur. The\\ninfluence of the University too was powerfully for\\nfreedom, and dming the war of the RebeUion, her fame\\nwas unsuUied. Cambridge furnished 3,600 men for the\\nUnion service, of whom 470 were lost. A beautiful\\nmonument has been erected on the Common to perpet-\\nuate then- memory. Parts of Charlestown were annexed\\nto Cambridge in 1802, 1818, and 1820. The city charter\\nwas passed by the legislatui-e March 17, 1846, and ac-\\ncepted by the inhabitants March 30. The motto is\\nLiteris antiqvis novis institvtis decora. Its growth\\nhas been exceedingly rapid and with an honorable\\npast, and an admirable present, it promises a brilliant\\nfuture.\\nThe surface of Cambridge is, for the most part, level,\\nand along the streams it is low and marshy. In addition\\nto Charles River and a branch of the M\\\\-stic, the city\\ncontains part of Fresh Pond, furnishing the city at once\\nits water-supply- and ice. ]\\\\Iiller s River is a noxious\\ntidal stream rising in SomerviUe.\\nThe manufactures are steam-engines, glass (for mak-\\ning which there are two large establishments at East Cam-\\nbridge, one of which, the New England, is as extensive\\nas any in the country) soap, fiu-niture, tin-ware, brushes,\\nchemicals, brass and ii-on castings, clothing, confection-\\nery, bricks, musical instniments, c. There are also\\nextensive slaughtering establishments, of which that of\\nMr. J. P. Squire is the most important.\\nThe city has six banks, and four savings banks an\\neflicient police, and a fii-e department, with the telegraph-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0214.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nalarm system a fine city hall, containing a public\\nlibrary an excellent sj stem of graded schools, the high\\nschool being one of marked excellence an horticultural\\nassociation dat-\\ning from 1860;\\nand the Dowse\\nInstitute, which\\nfurnishes a j early\\ncourse of public\\nlectures. The\\nCambridge Cit}-\\nGuard is a fine\\nmilitary organi-\\nand picturesque Mount Auburn, with its shaded avenues\\nand storied monuments, its sacred associations and hal-\\nlowed influences, must stand pre-eminent. This is one\\nof the earliest,\\nmost extensive,\\nand finest rural\\ncemeteries, and\\nwas dedicated on\\nSept. 24, 1831.\\nIt contains an\\narea of about\\n125 acres, and\\nits highest point\\nis about 1 75 feet\\nabove the level\\nof the Charles.\\nIts natural scen-\\nery consists of a\\nremarkable vari-\\netj of wooded hill\\nand shaded dale,\\ninterspersed with\\nsmaU lakes, to\\nwhich the land-\\nscape gardener\\nLT LONGFELLOW, cAMBHiDGF added mauy\\nother attractions.\\nOct. 11, 1633,\\nthe First Church\\nof Cambridge\\nwas organized,\\nwith Rev. Thos.\\nHooker, pastor,\\nand Sam l Stone,\\nassistant. They,\\nwith the church,\\nremoved to Hart-\\nford, Conn., in\\n1636, and the\\nchurch was re-\\norganized the same 3 ear, with Ke\\\\. Thomas Shepard, I A chapel of stone for funeral services stands conve-\\nminister. There are now 28 churches within the city, niently near the entrance, while a stone tower crowns\\nsome of them remarkable\\nfor architectural beauty.\\nThe Shepard Memorial\\nChurch is probably the\\nmost costly.\\nCambridge has many\\npoints of interest be-\\nsides its celebrated Uni-\\nversitj some of them his-\\ntoric. The poet, Henry\\nW. Longfellow, resides\\nin the fine old mansion\\non Brattle Street, that\\nserved for Washington s\\nhead-quarters and the\\nWashington ehu is\\non one side of the com-\\nmon, where, July 3, 1775, the Father of his Country\\ntook command of the Continental Army. The Ralph\\nInman place on Main Street, Cambridgeport, was Gen.\\nIsrael Putnam s headquarters.\\nBut in point of interest in Cambridge, the beautiful\\nMEMOKLAL HALL\\nthe highest eminence\\ncommanding a view of\\nall the surrounding coun-\\ntrj\\\\ The gateway is mas-\\nsive, built from an Egyp-\\ntian model, and there are\\nwithin the sacred enclo-\\nsm es many fine monu-\\nments to commemorate\\nthe departed. The first\\nto attract attention, on\\nthe left of the main en-\\ntrance, is that of John\\nGaspar Spurzheim, who\\ndied Oct. 10, 1832, and\\nis an exact copy of the\\ntomb of Scipio Africanus.\\nHai-vard University, the oldest, and perhaps the best\\nendowed institution in America, was founded in 1636,\\nand named for Rev. John Hai-vard of Charlcstown, who,\\ntwo years later, bequeathed to it about \u00c2\u00a3780 and 300\\nvolumes of books. The college grounds, with an area\\nJ\\nVN-IVERSITY.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0215.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nof 22 acres, are nearly covered with the University\\nbuildings. Prominent among these is Memorial Hall,\\none of the finest structures in the State, erected in honor\\nof the sons of Harvard who fell in the late war. The\\ncourse of study is largely elective. Under the adminis-\\ntration of Pres. Eliot, the number of students has largely\\nincreased, and a high standard of scholarship is main-\\ntained.\\nThe University includes, besides the college proper,\\nthe Theological, Law, Medical and Dental schools the\\ntwo last located in Boston the Lawrence Scientific\\nSchool, the Bnssey Institution, the Museum of Natural\\nHistorj-, the Botanic Garden, and the Observatory.\\nThe Divinity School, under the patronage of the Uni-\\ntarian, denomination, has a corps of able professors.\\nThere is also an Episcopal Theological School. The\\nLaw and Medical Colleges have gained a national repu-\\ntation, and have the merit of being the first institutions\\nof the kind to insist upon passing thorough examinations\\nto secure the degi-ee. The Lawrence Scientific School\\nhas post-graduate courses in preparation for special\\nscientific labor. Thus Harvai-d meets the idea of an\\nuniversity more fully than any other institution in the\\ncountry. The Observatory, upon an eminence some\\nhalf mile from the college, is under Prof. E. C. Pickering\\nas director. It is pro\\\\dded with all modern apphances\\nfor extended study of celestial phenomena.\\nCambridge has been the residence of many distin-\\nguished men. Thomas Oakes (1644-1719) was a noted\\nphysician and able counsellor. Bartholomew Green,\\ndied 1732, was the printer of the first newspaper in the\\ncountry. Jonathan Belcher, died 1732, was for several\\nyears governor of the Colony. William Brattle, F. R.\\nS. (1702-177(5), was an able legislator in the colonial\\nperiod. William Eustis, LL. D., died in 1825, was an\\neminent physician, and for the last two years of his hfe\\ngovernor of the State. Amos Whiltemore was the\\ninventor of a machine for making cards, which displays\\nmuch mechanical skill. Charles K. Williams, LL. D.,\\nand Jonathan Sewell, LL. D., were both noted jurists.\\nJoseph Willard, died 1865, was a noted antiquai-y.\\nPresidents. Ker. Henry Dunster (resigned 1654) Rev. Charles\\nChauncey (inaugurated 1G54) Rev. Leonard Hoar (1672) Rev. Urian\\nOalies (1675) John Rogers (1681) Rev. Increase Mather (1685)\\nRev. Samuel Willard (1701) John Leverett (1707) Rev. Benjamin\\nWadsworth (1725) Rev. Edward Holyoke (1737) Rev. Samuel Locke\\n(1770); Eev. Samuel Langdon, D.D. (1774); Rev. Joseph Willard\\n(1781) Prof. Samuel Webber (1805) Dr. John S. Kirkland (1810)\\nJosiah Quincy (1829) Edward Everett (1846) Jared Sparks (1849)\\nJacob Walker (1852) Cornelius Conway Felton (1860) Thomas Hill\\n(1862) Charles William Eliot (1869).\\nt Following from the north, these hUls are a part of Walnut, upon\\nwhich stands Tufts College Wmter Hill, upon which was a Ime of\\nEzra Stiles Gannett, D.D., born in 1801, was an eloquent\\ndi^-ine killed on the Eastern Railroad at Revere, in\\n1871. Arthur B. Fuller was chaplain of the Sixteenth\\nMassachusetts Regiment, and was shot while crossing\\nthe Rappahannock at the battle of Fredericksburg in\\n1862. Besides these there are many noted authors among\\nwhom may be mentioned Richard H. Dana, died 1807\\nGeorge B. Enghsh,*died 1828; Frederick H. Hedge,\\nD.D. Ohver WendeU Hohnes, M. D. Sarah M. Fuller,\\ndied 1850 R. H. Dana, Jr. James Russell Lowell\\nand T. W. Higginson.\\nSoMEKViLLE was detached from Charlestown and char-\\ntered as a town March 3, 1842, and was made a city\\nApril 14, 1871. Population, 14,685. It is three miles\\nnorth-west from Boston, with which it is connected by\\nthe Eastern, the Boston and Maine, the LoweU, and the\\nFitchburg railroads, and by a horse railroad. The Mystic\\nand Miller s rivers are navigable to the city for sloops,\\nand piu-e water is supplied from Mystic Pond.\\nThere are seven eminences in the city, mostly covered\\nwith beautiful residences, but which were the scenes of\\nsome of the most stining events of the Revolution.!\\nThe McLean Asylum for the insane stands upon\\nCobble Hill, where Gen. Israel Putnam planted his\\ncannon during the seige of Boston.\\nThe city has a good police force, an efficient fire\\ndepai-tment, and excellent public schools, with buildings\\nof tasteful architectm-e. Brick-making is an important\\nindustry glass is made for lamps and table ware brass\\nand copper tubes and spikes are also made. There is an\\nestablishment for printing caUco and delaines, with a\\ncapital of $100,000, and a well-edited paper, the\\nSomerville Journal.\\nThe first church organized was the Baptist, in 1845.\\nTen other churches have since been established here. j\\nJohn McLean (1759-1823), a merchant, by his will\\ngave $100,000 to the Massachusetts General Hospital,\\nand $50,000 to Harvard College.\\nCol. R. H. Conwell, a noted correspondent, a vigorous\\nwriter and lectui-er, resides here.\\nbreastworks during the siege of Boston Ten Hills Farm, where the\\ntroops landed when they removed the powder to Castle William, and\\non which the left of the army rested for a season Mount Benedict,\\ncalled in Revolutionary times Ploughed Hill, upon which stands the\\nruins of the Ursuline Convent, but which has been nearly levelled to\\nfurnish better building facilities; Prospect Hill, which was fortified\\nbefore Bunker Hill, on which was lighted the first beacon to inform\\nthe iuhabitants of the movements of the British on the morning of\\nthe memorable April 19, 1775; Spring Hill, where some of the m-\\ntrenchments still remain and Central Hill, surrounded by the other\\neminences, and now surmounted by some of the finest buildings in the\\ncity.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0216.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "JNLASSACHUSETTS.\\nNewton is a flourishing city in the south-east part of\\nthe county, with a population of 12,825. It was incor-\\nporated as a town Dec. 15, 1691 originally Cambridge\\nVillage, then New Town. Incorporated as a cit3 Oct. 14,\\n1873. The B. A. R. R. accommodates the northern,\\nand the N. E. R. R. the southern portions. The surface\\nis exceedingly varied, and the soil is under a high state\\nof cultivation. Many beautiful subm-ban residences are\\nlocated upon the various eminences, while the pictur-\\nesque Charles winds through the cit3 furnishing abund-\\nant water-power at the Upper Falls, where it plunges\\nover a rocky descent of upwards of 20 feet and also at\\nthe Lower Falls. Several small streams and ponds,\\namong which may be mentioned Baptist and Hammond s\\nponds, each covering about 33 acres, add much to the\\nscenic beauty. Chestnut Hill, partly in this city, sur-\\nmounted by the reservoir, is one of the most sightly and\\nbeautiful localities within easy reach of Boston.\\nThe principal manufactures are cotton goods, paper,\\nhosiery, hoUow ware, machineiy, musical instruments\\nand furniture. Agriculture is an^important industry, the\\nfertile soil being especially adapted to market gardening.\\nThe city consists of the several villages of Newton,\\nvery compactly built Newton\\\\ ille, with the high school\\nand many elegant residences West Newton Aubm-n-\\ndale, the seat of Lasell Seminary Newton Centre,\\nlargely upon elevated ground, and the seat of the Theo-\\nlogical Seminarj- Newton Upper and Newton Lower\\nFalls, industrial villages on Charles River Chestnut\\nHill and Newton Highlands, each with charming loca-\\ntions for suburban homes. There are 53 public schools\\nand two academies a lyceum, an horticultural society,\\nand two papers, the Journal and the Repubhcan.\\nA library and reading-room, established in 1869 at a cost\\nof $55,000, and maintained at an annual cost of $4,000,\\ncirculates 40,000 vols, yearly.\\nThe first church was organized May 5, 1664, and Rev.\\nJohn Eliot, Jr., the first pastor, was ordained soon after.\\nThe second minister. Rev. Nehemiah Hobart, was or-\\ndained in 1674. Rev. John Cotton, gi-eat-grandson of\\nthe celebrated Rev. John Cotton of Boston, was ordained\\nas the third minister in 1714. The fourth and last min-\\nister of the whole town was Rev. Jonas Memam, ordained\\nin 1758. This church, the Congregational Church at the\\nCentre, has had a succession of pastors to the present,\\nRev. D. L. Finber, D. D. Of these, Rev. Jonathan\\nHomer, ordained in 1782, and Rev. Wm. BushneU,\\nclosed their pastorate by their death. At present there\\nare nearly thirty churches in the city, some of very\\npleasing design.\\nThe Revolutionary record of Newton is excellent.\\nThe minute-men were at Lexington on April 19, 1775,\\nin command of Lieut. Michael Jackson, and pursued the\\nBritish to Lechmere s Point. Diu-ing the war 23 men\\nwere officers. The town showed a good record during\\nthe late Civil war. A handsome monument has been\\nerected to the honor of those who fell.\\nNewton Centre is the seat of the Newton Theological\\nInstitution, incorporated February, 1826, under the care\\nof the Baptist denomination. It has alreadj had as its\\nprofessors some of the most noted biblical scholars in\\nthe countrj among whom maj be mentioned Horatio B.\\nHackett, D. D. Its present faculty, with Rev. Alvah\\nHovey, D. D., as president, enables it not only to occupy\\na commanding position in its own denomination, but to\\ntake rank with any other in the entire countr}\\nThe Lasell Female Seminary, located at Aubumdale,\\nis the only institution for the higher education of ladies\\nin New England, under the care of the Methodists. It\\nwas built by Prof. Edward LaseU of Williams College,\\nwho died soon after its completion.\\nNewton has produced a large number of noted men.\\nCapt. Thomas Prentice, bom in England in 1620 or\\n1621, was one of the influential earlj settlers, and a cap-\\ntain in King Philip s war. William WUliams and Jo-\\nseph Park were noted clergj men. Col. Ephraim Wil-\\nliams was a commander in both French wars. Roger\\nSherman (1721-1793) was oue of the signers of the Dec-\\nlaration of Independence. Col. Joseph Ward was one\\nof Gen. Ward s staff during the Revolution. William\\nJenks, D. D., LL. D., was the author of a commentary\\nupon the Bible. WiUiam Jackson (1783-1855) was\\ntwice a member of Congress. Rev. S. F. Smith, D. D.,\\nwas one of our best sacred lyric poets, a writer of some\\nnote, and author of the national hymn, My countr}\\ntis of thee. Alexander H. Rice, born 1818, an emi-\\nnent merchant, has been a member of Congress and gov-\\nernor of Massachusetts.\\nWaltham, ten miles from Boston, on the Fitchburg\\nRaikoad, and one of the pleasantest of subui ban towns,\\nwas separated from Watertown and incorporated Jan. 4,\\n1737. It has a population of 9,065, thu-ty public schools,\\nincluding a high school, and an incorporated academy.\\nThe town is built upon both sides of the Charles River,\\nwhich stream pursues a de\\\\ious coxu-se through the\\ntown, and furnishes good water-power. Stony Brook\\nand Beaver Brook are tiibutaries the latter the outlet\\nof Means Pond.\\nThe land near the river is very fertile, but away from\\nit, uneven and rocky. There are two ponds near the\\nvillage, the larger Mead s being a mile in length", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0217.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nand more than talf a mile in breadth. The Waltham\\nCotton and Woollen Blanufacturing Company was incor-\\nporated in 1812, and the Boston in the following year.\\nThese establishments have by superior management\\nalways proved highly profitable. The cotton-miU has\\n40,000 spindles and employs 700 hands. There are also\\ntwo foundries, cmploj-ing 175 hands a bleacheiy, hosiery-\\nmill, caipct-lining factory, and six large machine shops.\\nThe American Watch Company here commenced the man-\\nufiicture of watches and chronometers by machinery, and\\ntheir success has led to similar establishments in other\\nparts of the country-. Their fine main building is more\\nthan SOO feet long. They employ about 800 hands,\\nmostly females, and make 44,000 watches per annum.\\nDehcate machines, invented in this country, make everj-\\npart of the watch, and the most perfect order is maih-\\ntained everj^where.\\nThe town has three able journals, the Sentinel,\\nFree Press, and the Olive Branch a literary as-\\nsociation called the Rumford Institute, a farmers club,\\na savings bank, seven churches, and a public librarj of\\n7,000 volumes.\\nCyrus Pierce (1 790-1860) was a distinguished teacher\\nJonathan B. Bright, born in 1800, a merchant, was the\\nauthor of The Brights of Suffolk and Oliver S. Le-\\nland, died in 1870, was an author and critic. Gen. Nathan-\\niel P. Banks, ex-govemor and late member of Congress,\\nis a resident of the town. He was first elected to Con-\\ngress in 1853, and remained until 1857, and became\\nmajor-general in the armj during the RebeUion. He has\\nbeen speaker of the House.\\nM^VKLBOROUGH, the Indian Okamakamesit, was settled\\nin 1C54, and was then a part of Sudlimy, from which it\\nwas separated and incorporated in IGGO. Among the\\nearly settlers were John How, Edmund Rice and Thomas\\nKing. The first minister was Rev. Wilham Brimsmead,\\nwho commenced preaching here in IGGO. John Ruddocke\\nand John IIow bought the land for the first meeting-\\nhouse in 1GG3, of Anamaks, an Indian.\\nOn March 20, 1676, during King Philip s war, the\\ntown was attacked by Indians, and nearly destroyed.\\nAfter this the inhabitants left then- farms until more\\npeaceful times.\\nThe place was one of the seven praying towns\\ninhabited by natives, under the care of Rev. John Eliot.\\nDaniel Goolrin, in 1674, thus describes the Indian settle-\\nment: This village contains about ten families, and\\nconsequently about 50 souls. The quantity of land\\nappertained to it is 6,000 acres. It is much of it good\\nland, being well husbanded, and yieldeth plenty of corn.\\nIt is sufficiently stored with meadows, and is well\\nwatered. Thus early, Ehot s labors bore good fruit.\\nTlie town now contains 8,474 inhabitants. The Marl-\\nborough branch of the B., C. F. R. R. furnishes\\ncommunication with Boston. The land is varied with\\nhills, covered with fine farms, and valle3-s, beautified with\\nstreams and lakes, and the soil is fertile, producing a fine\\nand varied flora. Spoon HiU, in the north, overlooks a\\nbeautiful sheet of water, covering 250 acres, with Fort\\nMeadow Brook for its outlet. Indian Head HiU is con-\\nspicuous in the east. Ockoocangansett Hill was the\\nIndian planting-field, and its northern slope was their\\nburying-ground. Sljgo Hill is the highest eminence in\\ntown, and commands a charming prospect of the villages\\nof tliis and neighboring towns. The elegant mansion of\\nSamuel Boj-d, one of the leading manufacturers of the\\nplace, stands on Fair Mount, near the centre of tlie\\ntown.\\nThe town has always been noted for a thri\\\\ ing farming\\ncommunity But latterlj the introduction of the manu-\\nfactm-e of boots and shoes has stimulated rapid growth\\nand material prosperity. There are two well-edited\\npapers, a public librarj of 3,000 volumes, two banks, a\\ngood fire department, and seven churches. The town lost\\n89 men in the RebelUon, and has erected a fine monu-\\nment to their memory.\\nWoBUEN, a pleasant town in the eastern part of the\\ncounty, ten miles from Boston, has a population of\\n8,560. It was first settled as Charlestown Village, the\\ngi-ant being made to Charlestown by the General Court,\\nMay 24, 1640. It original!}- included Winchester, Wil-\\nmington and Burlington. A committee was chosen,\\nNov. 4, 1640, to set the bounds of the town, and the\\ntown records commence with their doings in that year.\\nEdward Convers house, near Convers bridge, was im-\\ndoubtedly the first built in the town. The date of incor-\\nporation was Oct. 6, 1642, and it was the twentieth in\\nthe Massachusetts Ba} Colony. The most important of\\nthe earlj settlers were Thomas Graves, the three Rieh-\\nardsons, Edward Convers and Edward Johnson. The\\nlast named, a very prominent citizen, wrote a somewhat\\ntedious history- but valuable for the facts preserved\\ncalled The Wonder Working Providence of Sion s\\nSa-\\\\-ior in New England.\\nThe First Congregational Church was gathered, after\\nmuch difficult}- in finding a minister wilhng to settle so\\nfar inland, Aug. 24, 1642, and Mr. Thomas Carter or-\\ndained by the elders of the church, Dec. 2, 1642. The\\ndate of the building of the fii-st meeting-house is not\\nknown; the second was built in 1672, and the third in", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0218.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "ISlfSliSB P^\\nPUBLIC LIBRARY BUILDING, WOBURN, MASS.\\nFor this beautiful edifice, the town is indebted to the generous bequest, of nearly $180,000, by Charles Bowers Winn.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0219.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0220.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\n1752. Mr. Carter was succeeded by Eev. Jabez Fox,\\nordained in 1679. He was succeeded bj his son, Rev.\\nJohn Fox, ordained Nov. 17, 1703. There are at present\\nse\\\\en churches 1q Wohum.\\nThe suifaco of the town is uneven, and there are three\\nbold eminences, Whispering Hill, Zion s Hill, and\\nHorn Mountain (the last has a reservoir) thus afford-\\ning beautiful scenery, while two branches of Blystic\\nEiver afford good drainage. The Lowell Railroad passes\\nalong the eastern part of the town, and sends a branch\\nto the centre, and the Mystic Vallej^ Railroad will also\\npass through Wobum. Horn Pond, with an area of\\nninet^ -one acres, a noted resort, is well stocked with\\nfish, and furnishes the town an abundant supply of pure\\nwater.\\nManufacturing is the principal interest. There are\\nestablishments In different parts of the town, emplojing\\nlarge capital, for tanning, making glue, clothing, enam-\\nelled leather, chemicals, boots and shoes, shoe stock and\\nmechanics tools. The town has a bank, two journals,\\na lyceum, town hall, and a superior high school, with\\nan excellent building. The town furnished 775 men for\\nthe last war, and has erected a fine monument, costing\\n$10,000, surmounted by a bronze soldier by Milmore, to\\nthe honor of the 82 who died.\\nWarren Academj-, a flourishing institution, was founded\\nin 1828, and has a fine building.\\nSamuel Blodget, an eminent inventor, was born at\\nWobum in 1724, and died in 1817. Gen. James Reed\\n(1724-1807) was one of the oflicers at the battle of\\nBunker Hill, and did good sendee later in the Revolu-\\ntion. Jeduthan Baldwin (1732-1788) was an able\\nengineer, and laid out most of the towns in Middlesex\\nCounty. Col. Loammi Baldwin (1745-1807) was a\\nnoted survej or and a prominent officer in the Revolution.\\nRoger M. Sherman, LL. D. (1773-1844), was a noted\\njurist. But no one of the sons of Wobum has been\\nmore noted than Benjamin Thompson, born in 1753, and\\ndied in 1814. He early gave promise of especial interest\\nin natural laws, and, when a mere lad, went to Concord,\\nN. H., where he made a number of important experi-\\nments. He afterwards went to England, and first demon-\\nstrated the law which now forms the basis of the theory\\nof conservation of force. He was honored by the title\\nof Count Rumford.\\nMaxden is a prosperous town of 7,367 inhabitants,\\nin the eastern part of the county, four miles from Boston,\\nwith which it has connection by the B. M. and the\\nSaugus Branch railroads. The southern part of the town\\nis low and marshy the northern, a range of high hLUs.\\nA small outlet to Spot Pond in Stoneham flows from\\nMekose, and broadens into Maiden River, na^-igable for\\nboats to the centre. Edgeworth, Maplewood, Glendale\\nand Linden villages are fine places for suburban resi-\\ndences.\\nMany of the inhabitants are business men of Boston,\\nbut the town has establishments for the manufacture of\\ndress trimmings, metallic pipes, britannia ware, chemi-\\ncals, patent leather, lasts, perfumery, pahn-leaf hats, and\\nrubber goods. The d3 e-house has been long celebrated,\\nand tanning and brick-making are important industries.\\nThe public buildings of the place possess much architect-\\nural beauty. A high school house, costing $30,000, a\\nmodel building, was dedicated in 1872. Water is sup-\\nplied from Spot Pond, and the town is Ughted with gas.\\nThere are two banks, seven churches, and two pubUc j\\njournals.\\nThe place was originally a part of Charlestown, but\\nwas incorijorated Ma^- 2, 1649. A church was organized\\nthe same year, and in 1682 a town bell was placed on\\nBell Rock. Eev. Michael Wigglesworth was ordained\\nin 1656, and remamed until his death, in 1705. He was\\na noted poet, and a metrical version of the passages of\\nScripture, relating to the final judgment, called The\\nDay of Doom, and published in 1GG2, went through\\nnine editions here, and two in England. In 1702,\\nJohn Sprague was appointed schoolmaster for the year\\ninsuing, to learn childi-en and youth to read and wright\\nand to refmetick, according to his best skiU and he is to\\nhave \u00c2\u00a310 paid him by the town for his pains.\\nJacob Green (1722-1790) was an able divine, a noted\\nscholar and a patriot. Daniel Shute, D. D. (1772-1802)\\nwas a distinguished clergjTnan, and author of some works\\nof temporary value. Peter Thacher was a celebrated\\njurist, and John Bigelow, born in 1817, was author of\\nJamaica in 1850, and other works, and has been editor\\nof the New York Times since 1869. Adoniram\\nJudson, D. D., born here in 1788, died in 1850, has a I\\nworld-wide celebrity as the fli-st missionary to Bimnah.\\nNatick is a flourishing town in the south-west part of\\nthe county, with a population of 6,404. The name is of\\nIndian origin, signif^-ing a place of hills. It is con-\\nnected with Boston by the B. A. R. R.\\nThe Charles flows through the town, winding along a\\nvalley so beautiful, as to draw from Washington the\\nexclamation, Nature seems to have lavished all her j\\nbeauties here Pegan Hill, in the south-east part of\\nthe town, commands a view of at least sixteen A-illages,\\nand enables the observer to distinguish Bunker HiH\\nMonument, nearly 17 miles distant. Broad s, Tom s and", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0221.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nFisk s hills are also fine eminences, the latter command-\\ning a charming view of Lake Cochituate, -with its broad\\nexpanse.\\nAbout 1830, the manufacture of brogans for the South-\\nem trade was commenced in tliis town. Soon machinerj-\\nwas introduced, and, under the leadership of such men\\nas the Messrs. Walcot, Hon. Henry Wilson and Isaac\\nFe.ch, the business increased, and gave a new impetus to\\nthe place. Now there are elegant residences, six hand-\\nsome churches, a high school, a public library, with a\\nbuilding erected by means of a bequest by the late\\nMiss M. Morse a sha led jiark and a beautiful cemetei v\\nand the value of the\\nboots and shoes made\\nyearly is upwards of\\none million dollars.\\nThe town has a flour-\\nishing society of nat-\\nural history, and a\\npublic journal, the\\nNatick Bulletin.\\nThe first Indian\\nchurch was estab-\\nlished here in 1660,\\nby John Ehot, the\\nApostle to the In\\ndians. Three yc ii\\nlater, his Bible in tin\\nNipmuck language\\nwas printed at Cam-\\nbridge, with the un-\\npronounceable title,\\nMamusse Wunnee-\\ntupanatamwe Up Bi-\\nBLUM God. Nanees-\\nwe NuKKOKE Testa-\\nment Kah Wouk Wasku Testament, a work that no\\nliving person can read. His church had fifty members\\nin 1670. The oak-tree where Eliot preached still stands\\nat South Natick, and a momunent has been erected to his\\nmemorj with the inscription Up Biblum God.\\nThe late Hon. Henry Wilson, for many years United\\nStates senator, was a resident of this town. He was\\nelected vice-president in 1872, and died before his term\\nof office expired. William Bigelow, born here in 1773,\\ngraduated at Harvard 1794, died 1844, was an editor,\\npoet, and historian of the town. Calvin Ellis Stowe,\\nD.D., celebrated as a professor at Andover, and a writer,\\nwas born here in 1812.\\nMedfoed is one of the oldest, and perhaps the oldest\\ntown in the county, as it was settled previous to 1630.\\nThe name, originally Meadford, signifies the great mead-\\nows. The first grant of land was made to Gov. Winthi op\\nin 1631, and he induced Matthew Craddock to build a\\nsubstantial house of brick, still standing, and supposed\\nto be the oldest house in the State. The date of incor-\\nporation cannot be definitely detennined.\\nThe town contains 6,717 inhabitants, and comprises\\nthree villages, East Medford, Medford Centre, and\\nWest Medford. The eastern and central portions are\\nconnected to Boston by a branch of the Boston and\\nMaine Railroad, and the Boston and Lowell has three\\nstations to accommo-\\nd ite the western por-\\ntion, while the Mystic\\nlUey road is to pass\\nthrough the entire\\nlength of the town.\\nIhe Mystic, the out-\\nlet of Mjstic Pond,\\nflows thi-ough the\\ntown, by a devious\\ncourse, and the town\\nIS pleasantly built\\nalong its banks. The\\ncentral village stands\\nupon rising ground,\\nmd the two portions\\nlie connected by a\\nbudge containing a\\ndiaw. These eleva-\\ntions furnish as manj-\\nfine views as can be\\nlound in any place\\nnt ar Boston, and in\\nthe \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\dcinity of Rock\\nHill, Walnut HUl, Pine Hill, and the hiUs near Maiden,\\nthe scenery is exceedingly picturesque.\\nThe town has a public library, with a fine building,\\nthe gift of Mr. Thatcher Magoun a high school, a\\njournal, the Medford Chronicle, a town hall,\\na sa\\\\Tngs bank, and ten fine chui ches. Rev. Aai on\\nPorter, ordained in 1712, was the first minister.\\nTufts College, under the auspices of the Universalist\\ndenomination, is located on Walnut Hill, and consists of\\nthi-ee elegant and commodious buildings. The surround-\\ning scenery cannot be surpassed for beauty.\\nThe citizens of Medford have been but little interested\\nin manufactures, except in making brick. Nearly the\\nwhole town is underlaid with fine claj-, and the working\\nof this has long been an extensive industry. Ship-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0222.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nbuilding was commenced as early as 1631. Between\\n1800 and 1855, 513 vessels were built in the town. The\\nfirst fisheries in the Colony were established here as\\nearlj as 1G30. Distillation, commenced about 1735, has\\nbeen a prominent industry.\\nOak Grove Ccmeterj-, on the road to Winchester, was es-\\ntalilished in 1852, and is bcautifiill}- ornamented with paths\\nand drives. A nionumont to the honor of the soldiers who\\nfell in the late war, stands opposite the entrance.\\nFeamingham, a pleasant town of 4,968 inhabitants,\\nconsists of three distinct villages, Framingham, South\\nFramingham, and Saxonville. The Boston and Albany,\\nBoston, Clinton and Fitchburg, and Lowell and Framing-\\nham railroads, atford easy communication with sur-\\nrounding towns. The surface is undulating, with\\nseveral eminences. The Sudbui-y River flows through\\ntlie town, affording good water-power at Saxonville.\\nStony Broolf is its largest tributary Farm Pond, area\\nSrAlE NORMAL SCHOOL, FK^\u00e2\u0096\u00a01II^GHAM\\nMany distinguished persons have been residents of\\nMedford. Dr. Simon Tufts (1700-1747), was an emi-\\nnent physician John Tufts was noted as a divine, and\\nwas an author of some eminence died in 1750. Samuel\\nHaU (1740-1807), was a noted editor. The Essex\\nGazette, Salem Gazette, and Massachusetts Ga-\\nzette, were founded by him. Samuel McClintock, D.D.\\nwas a noted divine. John Brooks, M. D., LL. D.\\n(1752-1825), was a soldier in the Revolution, a states-\\nman and governor of the State for seven years Rev.\\nCharles Brooks (1795-1872) was influential in develop-\\ning the present sj-stem of education in the State. Lydia\\nMaria Child has won renown as a writer.\\n168 acres, Shakum Pond, and Learned Pond, all well\\nstocked with fish, add much to the beauty of the town.\\nThe first, together with Lake Cochituate, which lies on\\nthe southern side of the town, furnishes a part of Bos-\\nton s water supply.\\nThe soil is fertile, and many of the inhabitants are\\nengaged in farming. At SaxonvUle, there are extensive\\nwoollen-mills, where blankets are manufactured. South\\nFramingham has three large straw-hat manufactories,\\nemploying about 150 persons, a carriage-wheel and a\\nbox manufactory.\\nHarmony Grove, on the shore of Farm Pond, has\\nlong been a noted picnic-ground, and a camp-ground on", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0223.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nMount Wait and a State parade-ground add to the\\nvaluation of the town.\\nThe first church was organized Dec. 8, 1701, Rev.\\nJohn Swift, pastor. The town was incorporated June\\n25, 1800. The churches of the present town are nine\\nin number.\\nThe State NoiTnal School is situated on Bare Hill, and\\nis most beautifully surrounded.\\nFeb. 1, 1676, a partj- of Indians, under Netus, sur-\\nprised the house of Mr. Thomas Eames, killed Mrs.\\nEames and three of the children, and destroj ed all the\\nproperty\\nGen. John Nixon, Col. Thomas NLson, Col. Jonathan\\nBrewer and Col. William Buckminster, natives of the\\ntown, were all officers in the Revolution, and the last two\\nwere wounded at Bunker Hill. Moses Hemenwa}-, D.D.,\\nwas an able clergjTuan and author. John Reed, D. D.\\n(1751-1831), was a member of Congress for six j ears.\\nCjTus Eaton was a successful teacher and Charles R.\\nTrain, was, untU recently, attorney-general of the State.\\nStoneham, originally a part of Charlestown, was made\\na separate town Dec. 17, 1825. Population, 4,573.\\nIt was settled about 1645, bj- thi-ee brothers named\\nHolden, though a man named How probably built one\\nhouse pre\\\\Tiousl3 The first meeting-house was built in\\n1726, and Rev. James Osgood was ordained in 1729.\\nThe surface of the town is very uneven. Spot Pond,\\nwith an area of about 220 acres, is a broad and clear\\nsheet of water, 143 feet above sea level. It contains\\nseveral beautiful islands, and its wooded shores are a\\nnoted jjleasure resort. Many fine residences border this\\npond.\\nThe town has a savings bank, a town hall, a free\\npublic library and two public journals. There are five\\nchurches, the Congregational, the original first church,\\nbeing organized in 1739. The town sent 404 men to\\nsuppress the Rebellion, and has erected a beautiful\\nmonument to the memoiy of the 49 who perished.\\nHoPKiNTON, incorporated in 1715, contains 4,419\\ninhabitants. It is about 30 miles from Boston, by\\ntlie Boston and Albany and Hopkinton and Milford\\nrailroads, and is located upon rocky and elevated lands,\\nwhich form the source of the Charles, Blackstone aud\\nSudbury rivers. The latter flows from Whitehall Pond,\\na beautiful sheet of 620 acres in the west part of the\\nThe town was purchased of the Praying Indians of Magunco,\\nwith the Hopkins fund of Han-ard College, and rented to tenants at a\\npenny per acre until 1823. A company from Londonderry, Ireland,\\nlocated here.\\ntown, and furnishes good water-power. North Pond, of\\n81 acres, is formed by Mill River. Both these ponds\\nabound in fish. There are three large swamps covered\\nwith cedars, and several quarries of good building stone.\\nMineral springs, discovered in 1816, containing carbonic\\nacid, carbonate of lime and ii-on, are found in the west-\\nern part of the town.\\nThe principal employment is farming, though many\\nare engaged in making boots and shoes. The town has\\na good sj stem of schools, a savings and a national banlc,\\nand four churches. The first church was organized\\nSept. 2, 1724, and Samuel Barrett ordained. He was\\nsucceeded in 1772 bj^ Rev. Elijah Fitch, author of\\nBeauties of Religion. The third minister was Rev. j\\nNathaniel Howe, ordained in 1819, and the original of\\nRev. Mr. Pendexter in Longfellow s Kavanagh.\\nAn Episcopal church, established about 1750, was en-\\ndowed with a glebe of 170 acres by Roger Price, rector\\nof King s Chapel, Boston.\\nCapt. Daniel Shays, the leader of Shays rebellion,\\nwas a native of the town. He was an ensign at Bunker\\nHiU, and afterwards became captain in the army. He\\ndied at Sparta, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1825. Dr. Appleton\\nHowe, an eminent physician of WejTnouth, and John\\nBarrett, a teacher, and author of an English grammar, I\\nwere also natives of this town. Hon. Lee Claflin, a man\\nof great probity and benevolence, was long a resident of\\nthis place, and died here. His son William, the ex-\\ngovernor and present member of Congress, is a native of\\nthe town, f\\nWatektowx. This town is one of the oldest in tlio\\nState, having been settled in 1630. Its Indian name\\nwas Pigsgusset. It is eight miles from Boston on a\\nbranch of the Fitchburg Railroad, and the Charles River\\nis navigable to the dam. Its area is small, yet it includes i\\nseveral eminences upon which some of the ^finest resi-\\ndences in the State ha\\\\e been erected. The population\\nis 4,326. The inhabitants are engaged in market garden-\\ning, and in manufacturing paper, woollens, drugs, dye-\\nstuffs and iron castings.\\nThe U. S. arsenal, established in 1816, occupies about\\n43 acres, and employs 600 or 700 persons manufacturing\\narms and munitions of war. The Union Cattle IMarket\\nis also located here. There are also national and\\nsavings banks a public library, a fine higli school a\\npaper, the Free Press and five churches.\\nt Hopkinton was once the seat of a magnificent mansion erected\\nand owned for many years by an English nobleman, Sir Henry\\nFrankland. See a poem by Oliver Wendell Holmes, entitled\\nAlice.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0224.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nThe first church was organized in 1630, and Eev. Geo.\\nPhillips was pastor. The Pro^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0incial Congress met in\\nV\\\\ atertown at the breaking out of the Revolution, and\\nGen. Joseph T^ arren presided. He left the assembly for\\nthe battle of Bunker Hill. The Boston Gazette was\\nremoved to Watertown and published from June 5, 1775,\\nto the evacuation of Boston.\\nBenjamin R. Curtis, LL. D., and George T. Bigelow,\\nLL. D., both eminent jurists, George T. Curtis, the\\nauthor of the Life of Washington, and the distin-\\nguished sculptress, Haniet G. Hosmer, were all born in\\nWatertown.\\nGroton. This handsome town is situated in the\\nnorth-west portion of the county. The scenery is di-\\nversified, and Gibbet\\nHill in the centre,\\nChestnut Hills in the\\nnorth, Bear Hill and\\nthe Throne, are eon\\nspicuous eminences\\nThe principal ponds\\nare Martin s, near the\\ncentre, Whitney s and\\nBaddacook these\\nwith the Squannacook\\nand Nashua rivers,\\nand James, Gratuity,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Wrangling, Cowpond\\nand Unkety brooks,\\nrender the soil well\\nwatered, and furnish\\ngreat variety of scenery. The inhabitants, 3,584 in num-\\nber, are principally engaged in farming. There are sev-\\neral paper manufactories, a farmers club and three\\nchurches.\\nGroton was settled soon after Concord, granted to\\nThe Lawrence- family has been one of the leading families. John\\nLawrence settled as early as 1663. Col. Wm. Lawrence, his son, occu-\\npied prominent positions in the town. Dca. Samuel Lawrence was an\\nofflcer of the K.cvolution, and his hat was pierced by a ball at Bunker\\nHill. Amos Lawrence, who died in 1S52, was an eminent merchant.\\nAbbott Lawrence, LL. D., was minister to England from 1S49 to 1S52.\\nThe following anecdote not only illustrates a family ti-ait, but withal\\nthe promptness with which the men of the Revolution responded to the\\ncall of their country\\nAt the beginning of our War of Independence Maj. Samuel Law-\\nrence, the father of Boston s two great merchants, Amos and Abbott\\nLawrence, lived in Groton, Mass. He was the commander of a com-\\npany of minute-men, who held themselves ready to march against\\nthe enemy at a moment s notice.\\nThe major was engaged to be married to Miss Susanna Parker. The\\nlady s mother suggested that in view of the uncertain fortunes of war,\\nthe marriage should take place forthwith.\\nL\\\\WRFVCE \\\\C\\\\nFM\\nDeane Winthrop and others, and incorporated May 29,\\n1GG5. Being a frontier settlement, it suffered much\\nfrom the Indians, was destroyed in King Philip s war,\\nMarch 13, 1C76, and again suffered in King William s\\nwar, July 27, 1G94. The first meeting-house was built in\\n1GG6, and the second, to replace the one burned by the\\nIndians, in 1G80 the third, in 1730 and the fourth in\\n1754, which still stands. The first church was gathered\\nJuly 13, 1GG4, and Mr. Samuel Willard ordained. He\\nwas afterwards pastor of the Old South, Boston, and\\nvice-president of Harvard. The next minister was Rev.\\nGershom Hobart, who accompanied the settlers whpn\\nthey rebuilt the town in 1678 and Dudley Bradstreet\\nsucceeded him.\\nThe Lawrence Academy was foimded as Groton\\nAcademj- bj- subscrip-\\ntions from the inhab-\\nitants, amounting to\\n\u00c2\u00a3o25, in 1793, and\\nHenry Moor of Lon-\\ndonderrj-. New Hamp-\\nshire, a graduate of\\nDartmouth College,\\nwas the first prin-\\nipal. Mrs. Hannah\\nBrazer, at her death,\\nleft the trustees about\\n$2 000. In 1846, the\\nname was changed,\\nm honor of munificent\\ndonations from Wm.\\nand Sam l Lawrence.*\\nAt present, the in.stitution has a commodious building\\nfor school purposes, well furnished and possessing good\\napparatus, and a boarding-house for students.\\nCol. William Prescott, the commander at Bunker Hill,\\nwas bom in 1726 and died in 1795. Samuel Dana was\\nI s widow, she said, t\\nforlorn\\nSusie had better\\ndamsel.\\nSusie and the major being willing, the parson was called in. While\\nhe was tj ing the nuptial knot, a mounted orderly interrupted the cere-\\nmony by handing sealed orders to Maj. Lawrence. They directed him\\nto march his men immediately to the headquarters of the American\\narmy.\\nThe major delayed obedience long enough to complete the ceremony,\\nand then, giving the bridal and the farewell kiss, assembled his men\\nand marched.\\nOn reporting himself to his commanding officer he was compli-\\nmented upon his promptness. Learning the circumstances under\\nwhich the major hiid marched, the offlcer procured him a furlough.\\nFor a few days the major enjoyed a honeymoon, and then returned\\nto duty.\\nTIio major lived to see fifty years of American independence, and to\\nraise an honored family.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0225.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\na member of Congress lion. George S. Boutwell, LL.\\nD., has been member of the U. S. Senate and Secre-\\ntary of the U. S. Treasury.\\nAVakefield. Population, 4,135. This is a prosper.-\\nous and beautiful town 10 miles from Boston, on the B.\\nand M. Railroad. The surface is undulating. Green-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0n-ood ]Mount and Round Hill are rocky eminences in the\\nsouthern part. The beautiful Quanai^owitt Pond, with\\nan area of 264 acres, is the source of the Saugus River,\\nand CiTstal Lake is a beautiful sheet of water in the\\ncentre of the town. There are two villages, handsomel3-\\nand compactly built, the Centre and Greenwood. The\\ntown is largely engaged in agriculture, but there are also\\nseveral shoe manufactories, a foundrj and a shop for\\nmaking mechanics tools. The large establishment of\\nthe late Cyrus Wakefield, for making rattan into furni-\\nture, baskets, carnages, c., is the most extensive\\nindustrj-, and employs 1,000 persons. The town has a\\nsplendid town hall, given by Mr. AVakefield a bank, a\\npublic library, three papers, and six churches.\\nWakefield was settled prior to 1640, by persons from\\nLynn, and called Lynn Village. These purchased the\\nland from the Indian sagamores George and Quana-\\npowitt. The first church was organized Nov. 5, 1645,\\nand Rev. Henry Green became pastor. The place was\\nincorporated as Reading May 29, 1644, as South Read-\\ning Feb. 25, 1812 and the name was changed to Wake-\\nfield June 30, 1868.\\nCyrus Wakefield, for a long time the leading citizen,\\nwas born in Roxbury, N. H., Feb. 7, 1811, and died\\nOct. 26, 1873. He built up a large fortune by his own\\nindustry, gave Harvard College $100,000 for a hall\\nwhich bears his name, built the Wakefield town hall, and\\ngave largely towards the Memorial Hall erected in honor\\nof the 47 who died in the Rebellion.\\nMelrose, a beautiful town seven miles from Boston,\\non the B. and M. Railroad, contains 3,414 inhabitants.\\nIt was separated from Maiden and incorporated May 3,\\n1850. The village lies in a pleasant valley surrounded\\nby high lands. L Pond adds much to the beautj of the\\ncentre, and an outlet of Spot Pond dashes down through\\nthe village. Shoes to the value of $300,000 are manu-\\nfactured each year.\\nThe town has a public library, a high school, and a\\npaper, the Melrose Journal. The churches, eight in\\nnumber, were all organized during the present century,\\nthe oldest being the Methodist (1815).\\nPhineas Upham, who resided in what is now Melrose,\\nwas an active officer in King Philip s war, and was\\nwounded at Narragansett Fort. Hon. D. W. Gooch,\\nand the popular lecturer, Mrs. Mar} A. Livermore, are\\nresidents of the town.\\nHudson, incorporated March 19, 1866, is a new and\\nflourishing town, with a population of 3,399. It was\\nformerly known as Feltonville. The Assabet River fur-\\nnishes considerable water-power. The principal indus-\\ntries are the manufacture of shoes, lasts, children s toys,\\nand iron-work. The town has a public librar}-, a\\nfarmers club, a savings bank, a high school, and four\\nchurches.\\nArlington was formerly a part of Cambridge, and\\nknown as Menotomy. It was made a separate town,\\nFeb. 27, 1807, and called West Cambridge, and the\\nname was changed April 30, 1867. It is five miles from\\nBoston, with wliich the Middlesex Central Railroad fur-\\nnishes easy communication, and contains 3.261 inhab-\\nitants. The laud is level in the southern part, bat in\\nthe northern is undulating, and Arlington Heights fur-\\nnishes an extensive prospect of all the surrounding\\ncountry. Spy Pond is a popular pleasure resort, and\\nsupplies large quantities of ice. Market gardening is a\\nprominent industiy. The town consists mainly of one\\nlong, wide and beautiful street, and has a bank, a public\\nlibraiy, a high school, and a good public journal.\\nThe First Chm-ch, now the Unitarian, was organized\\nin 1733. There are four other churches in the place.\\nThe town was the location of many of the stirring\\nevents of April 19, 1775, the famous Black Horse Tav-\\nern standing here. Five beautiful granite monuments\\nwere erected in 1878 to mark historic spots.\\nHoLLisTON was originallj a part of Sherborn, but was\\ndetaclied and incorporated, in honor of Thomas HoUis,\\nthe benefactor of Harvard, Dec. 3, 1724, Population, j\\n3,073. The surface is uneven, divided into upland and\\nmeadow and Long Hill, near Ashland, and Mt. Hollis t\\nand Powder-house Hill, at the centre, are handsome ele- j\\nvations. The soil is rockj but fertile, and agriculture\\nand the production of milk are the leading industries.\\nThere are also manufactories of boots and shoes, pumps,\\nnails and wrenches. The town has a library, two\\nbanks, a high school, and four churches. The first\\nchurch was organized Nov. 20, 1728, Rev. James Stone,\\npastor.\\nConcord was one of the first inland towns settled in\\nthe old Ba}- Colon}-. It is in the central part of the\\ncounty, and is one of the quiet country towns whose", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0226.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCE OF EDWIN S. BARRETT, CONCORD, MASS.\\nThis residence, of the Elizabethan or Colonial order of aniiitcetiire, stands upon historic ground, it licing tlic scene of the Concord Fight. Col. James\\nBarrett, wlio commanded the Americans, was tlie great-great-grandfather of tlic present occupant, and his son, Capt. Nathan Barrett, commanded a company\\nof militia, and was wounded. Mr. Barrett has in his possession five commissions of the last-named ancestor, from ensign to colonel, dating from 1766 to 1781\\nalso his sword rarried on that eventful day.\\nCapt. Barrett came into possession of Maj. Pitcaim s pistols, and afterwards presented them to Gen. Israel Futnam, and, quite recently, one of the descend-\\nants of Gen. Putnam gave the pistols to the town of Lexington. They are now placed with other Revolutionary relics in the town hall.\\nMrs. Barrett also comes of Rcvoliitionary stock, her grcat-great-grandfathcr, John Ilayward. being first lieutenant of Capt. Isaac Davis s company of Acton\\nminute-men, and having command after Capt. Davis was killed. James Hayward, who was killed hy a British soldier at Lexington, and who killed his adver-\\nsary at the same moment, was of this foniily.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0227.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0228.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nOLD NORTir BRIDGE\\ncharm is incredible to all but those who, by loving it,\\nhave found it worthj of love. Its Indian name was\\nMusquetequid, meaning grassy brook. It was in-\\ncorporated Sept.\\n2, 1635. Pres-\\nent population,\\n2,412.\\nThe land is\\ngenerally level,\\nbut Annursnack,\\nPunkatasset and\\notherhills,addto\\nthe scenic beau-\\nty, while Bate-\\nman s Pond in\\nthe north. White\\nPond in the\\nsouth, and Wal-\\nden s Pond, are\\nbeautiful sheets\\nof water. Con-\\ncord River, joined by the Assabet, moves through the\\ntown. Upon the plains, the soil is sandy along the\\nrivers, the meadows furnish abundance of hay. Farminp;\\nis the principal em-\\nployment.\\nThe town has an\\nelegant town hall, i\\npublic library, an 1\\na high school V\\nmemorial hall hi^\\nbeen erected to thi\\nhonor of the thut\\\\\\nfour who penshc tl\\nin the late ^ii\\nMr. Wm. Munioe\\nhas given an ck\\ngant fire-proof li\\nbrary building, co^t\\ning $75,000. Then\\nare three churchc-\\nUnitarian, Con\\ngregational and Ru\\nman Catholic.\\nIn 1774, the Pro-\\nvincial Congress met here, and the town was the object\\nof the expedition of the 19th of April, 1775. At that\\ntime, the property of the town was damaged to the\\nextent of \u00c2\u00a3274, and Capt. Charles Miles, Capt. Nathan\\nBarrett, Jonas Brown and Abel Prescott, Jr., were\\nwounded. Two British soldiers, killed at the bridge,\\nOLD UANSE, CONCOBD\\nthe scene of the principal fight, were buried on the spot,\\nand their graves marked bj- rude stones. On the monu-\\nment which marks the spot of the fight, on the right\\nbank of the Con-\\nLOi 1 River, is the\\nlljwinginscrip-\\nII(i-c, on the\\nI Hhof April, 1775,\\nIS made tbe first\\nr rcil le resistance\\nt BufisU aggrcs-\\nn On tliooppo- j\\nbank stood tho\\nVmciicaii militia.\\nI I ro stood the iu-\\nling army; ami i\\nthisspotthefirst\\nt the enemy fell\\nthe war of the\\nKi\\\\olatiou, which\\ngive independence\\nto these United\\nStates. lu gratitude to God, and in the love of freedom, this\\nmonnmcnt was erected, A. D. 1836.\\nAmong the many noted sons of Concord may be mcn-\\ntioned Samuel Wil-\\nlard, president of\\nHarvard, Jonathan\\nHoar, colonel of a\\nprovincial regiment\\nin 1755, Timoth}\\nFarrar, chief justice\\nof New Hampshire\\nin 1802; and the\\nfollowing noted au-\\nthors Benj. Pres-\\ncott, born in 1G87,\\ndied in 1777; Wil-\\nliam Emerson, Nath-\\naniel Wright, John\\nA. Stone, William\\nWhiting, natives\\nand Heniy D. Tho-\\nreau, Ralph Waldo\\nEmerson, Nathaniel\\nHawthorne, and A.\\nB. Alcott, residents. Louisa May Alcott, tlie well-\\nknown writer, also resides here. E. R. Iloar, born here\\nin 1816, is a distinguished jurist.\\nReading originally included Wakefield and North\\nReading, and was known as Lynn Village. It was", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0229.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nincorporated Maj 29, 1644, and is twelve miles from\\nBoston, by the B. and M. R. R. The land is uneven,\\nbut fertile and well adapted to farming. The principal\\nindustries are shoe and cabinet making, with an organ\\nfactorv, and an establishment for making neckties. The\\ntown has 2,664 inhabitants, a public journal, a good\\nhigh school, and five churches, the Old South being\\norganized Feb. 21, 1770. Among the several noted\\nmen born here may be mentioned Aaron Bancroft, D. D.,\\nauthor of a Life of Washington Jacob Flint, Timothy\\nFlint, Charles Prentiss, noted authors and Daniel Tem-\\nple, a missionary.\\nChelmsford is an ancient town Mng between par-\\nallel ranges of hills, with Lowell on the north. Between\\nthese flow several streams, furnishing considerable water-\\npower, the most important of which are Stony Brook\\nand River Meadow Brook. Agriculture is the leadin\\nindustry. Some granite is quarried, and considerable\\ncapital is employed in various manufactures. The place\\nhas five churches and a population of 2,374. The Ind-\\nian name of the town was Pawtucket. It was incorjio-\\nrated May 29, 1655, and Rev. John Fiske settled as\\nminister. Benjamin Pierce (1757-1839) was an officer\\nof the Revolution, and governor of New Hampshire in\\n1827. Jeffries Wj-mau, M. D., a distinguished anato-\\nmist, and John C. Dalton, a noted physiologist, were\\nnatives of the town.\\nEverett. Population, 2,220. This beautiful and\\nflourishing town was separated from Maiden, and incor-\\nporated March 9, 1870. Its nearness to Boston has\\ngiven it a rapid growth. From the highest points, the\\nviews of surrounding towns are delightful. The town is\\nsupplied with Mystic water, has a high school, a public\\njournal, and four churches. Woodlawn Cemetery, a\\nbeautiful bui-ying-ground, lies in the north part.\\nLexington, famous as the spot dyed with the first\\nblood of the Revolution, now contains 2,277 inhabitants,\\nand is tea miles from Boston, on the Middlesex Central\\nRailroad. The land is undulating, and the elevated\\nground near the centre is the water-shed between the\\nCharles and the Shawshine. Farming is the leading\\nemployment. The v-illage at the centre contains manj\\nfine residences, has a new town hall, in which are a me-\\nmorial tablet to the men lost in war, and two finely-\\nj executed memorial statues, \u00e2\u0080\u0094one of a soldier of the\\nRevolution, and the other of 1861, a library, a high\\nschool, and a spirited paper, the Minute-Man.\\nThe town was originally settled as Cambridge Farms,\\nand John Bridge and Herbert Pelham had grants here\\nas early as 1642. It was incoiporated March 29, 1712,\\nbut the church was gathered Oct. 21, 1696, and Rev.\\nBenjamin Estabrook ordained.\\nJohn Hancock, father of the patriot, and Theodore\\nParker, an able and noted divine, were bom in Lex-\\nington.\\nAsHiAND. This town, containing 2,186 inhabitants,\\nis on the B. and A. Railroad, about midway between\\nBoston and Worcester. The inhabitants are mostlj-\\nengaged in farming, but there are several shoe manufac-\\ntories, a last manufactorj box, planing, shoddy, and\\nwoollen mills, and the Dwight Print Works.\\nThe illage was formerlj called Unionville. It was\\ngranted to Hon. William Crowne, for services rendered\\nin England, and by him sold to Savill Simpson, a\\ncordwainer, of Boston, July 4, 1687, and the Indian\\ntitle released Dec. 20, 1693.\\nMagunco, where Eliot had a native church, is a wooded\\neminence on the west. A Congregational church was\\norganized Jan. 21, 1835. There are two other churches\\nin the place. The town was incorporated Blarch 16,\\n1846. Wildwood Cemetery occupies a beautiful grove\\non the right bank of Sudbur} River. There was an old\\nIndian burial-place near the residence of Mr. Andrew\\nValentine.\\nSuDBUET, an ancient town, possessing many spots of\\nhistoric interest, was incorporated Sept. 4, 1G39. Its\\nearly settlement and exposed position rendered it espe-\\nciall3 liable to attack from the savages. A monument\\nof granite now marks the spot where Capt. Wadsworth s\\ncompany, coming to the assistance of Sudbury, threat-\\nened by the Indians, was surrounded and cut to pieces,\\nand bears the inscription This monument is erected\\nby the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and by the town\\nof Sudbury in grateful remembrance of the sen-ice and\\nsuffierings of the founders of the State and espeeiallj- in\\nhonor of Capt. S. Wadsworth of Milton, Capt. Brockle-\\nbank of Rowlej and Lieut. Sharp of Brookline, and\\n26 others, men of their command, who fell near this spot\\non the 18th of April (an error for the 21st of April),\\n1676, while defending the frontier settlement against the\\nallied Indian forces of Philip of Pokanoket. 1852.\\nThe inhabitants are engaged in farming, in making\\nleather-board, zinc nails and tacks, and confectionery.\\nThe town has a public library, founded by a bequest of\\nMr. J. Goodnow, who designated $2,500 for a building,\\n\u00c2\u00a720,000 for books, and three churches. The old Waj--\\nside Inn, or How Tavern, first licensed in 1666, and", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0230.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0231.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0232.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nimmortalized by Longfellow, is in a secluded locality,\\nabout three miles from the centre. Population, 2,091.\\nDracdt was incorporated in 1701, and then contained\\n25 families. The population is now 2,078. The first\\nchurch was organized March 29, 1721, and the Paw-\\ntucket church Aug. 31, 1797. Two sons of Samuel\\nVanium were shot by Indians, during Philip s war, while\\ncrossing the Merrimac. Capt. Peter Colburn, and a\\ncompany of Dracut men, were in the battle of Bunker\\nHill, and Gens. Joseph B. and James M. Varnimi were\\nprominent officers during the entire war.\\nThe town is separated from Lowell by the Merrimac\\nRiver, and is connected with the city by a bridge.\\nBeaver River flows into the Merrimac below the falls,\\nand furnishes good water-power for the Merrimac wool-\\nlen mills and the paper-mill of the Lowell Wadding\\nand Paper Company. There are three Congregational\\nchurches in the town.\\nWiNCHESTEE, a town possessing many fine residences,\\neight miles from Boston, was originally a part of Woburn,\\nbut was incorporated April 30, 1850. The Mystic River\\nflows through the centre. Wedge Pond, in the centre,\\nis noted for the abundance of water-lilies. A large por-\\ntion of the residents are Boston business men, but there\\nis considerable capital employed in manufactures. The\\ntown contains a high school, and four churches. Pop-\\nulation, 2,045.\\nTowNSEND, in the north-western portion of the county,\\nhas a population of 1,962. Besides farming, the coop-\\nering business is carried on extensivcl} some 2,000 to\\n3,000 barrels being made daily. Tlie town was formerly\\na part of Turkey Hill, and was named and incorporated\\nJune 29, 1732, in honor of Viscount Charles Townsend,\\none of the king s privy council.\\nTewksbury (Wamesit) originally a part of Billerica,\\nwas detached and incorporated Dec. 23, 1734. Popula-\\ntion, 1,944. The State Almshouse is located upon a\\ncommanding site near the centre of the town.\\nPepperell, named for Sir William Pepperell, and\\noriginally the Second Precinct of Groton, was incor-\\nporated April 6, 1753. The Nashua River and its\\ntributaries furnish considerable water-power, and the\\nmanufacture of paper is the most important industr}\\nPopulation, 1,842.\\nThe town was settled early. The first church was or-\\nganized Jan. 29, 1747, and Rev. Joseph Emerson was\\nordained February 25. He went to Cambridge with his\\nparishioners, and offered the first public prayer in camp\\nin the Revolution. William Prescott, LL.D., a noted\\njurist, and father of William H. Prescott, the historian,\\nwas born here, Aug. 19, 1762.\\nBillerica, the Indian Shawshine, was named from\\nBiUericay, Eng. It is in the north-east part of the\\ncounty, and contains 1,833 inhabitants. The Concord\\nand the Shawshine flow through the town, nearly parallel,\\nand along their borders there is excellent meadow laud.\\nThe town has two woollen and one logwood mill, a ma-\\nchine-shop, a chemical, a cabinet, and a soap manufactory.\\nIt also contains a well-endowed academy, the Howe\\nSchool, named for its founder, Dr. Zadoc Howe, a\\nlyceum, and five churches.\\nThe territory was granted to Cambridge in 1641, and\\nfirst settled about 1653, by John Parker, John Kittredgc,\\nJohn Rogers, Rev. Samuel Whitney, and others. The\\nfirst chui-ch was built in 1660. Aug. 5, 1695, the Indians\\nentered the town during the night, and killed John\\nRogers, and captured his son and daughter. They also\\nkilled Capt. Thomas Rogers and his son, and the entire\\nfamily of John Levistone. The first person killed at\\nBunker Hill, was Asa Pollard, of this town. Gov.\\nThomas Talbot, the present efficient chief-magistrate of\\nINIassachusetts, is a resident of Billerica. His energy\\nand liberality have largely aided in the material anil\\nsocial improvement of the place.\\nStow, situated in the western part of the count}-,\\n30 miles from Boston, has 1,813 inhabitants. Farming\\nis the principal occupation, though there are some shoe\\nmanufactories, and a woollen-mill employing 90 persons.\\nThe town was incorporated May 16, 1G83, and Rev. John\\nEveleth, settled in 1700, was the first minister.\\nWestfoed, a farming town of 1,803 inhabitants, has\\na public library, an academy, incorporated 1793, and two\\nchurches. Originally a part of the Chelmsford grant, it\\nwas incorporated as a town Sept. 23, 1729. Thomas\\nChurch BrowneU, D.D., LL.D., bishop of Connecticut,\\nand first president of Trinity College, was born here in\\n1779.\\nShirley, a town of 1,451 inhabitants, was separated\\nfrom Groton, and incorporated Jan. 5, 1753. The name\\nwas given in honor of Gov. William Shirley of Groton.\\nA settlement was commenced about 1720, and the first\\nmeeting-house erected in 1754, and the second in 1772.\\nThe town is largely engaged in manufactures, and there", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0233.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nare four cotton-mills, two paper-mills, and other indus-\\ntries. Besides the Unitarian church mentioned above,\\nthe town has three other churches. There is a village of\\nShakers, founded b^ Elijah Wilds, in the town. Mother\\nAnn Lee first taught her doctrines in this town.\\nBelmont was incorporated March 18, 1859. Fresh\\nPond, containing 175 acres, the source of Cambridge s\\nwater supply, lies principally in the town. Population,\\n1,513.\\nActon contains 1,393 inhabitants, and the several aH-\\nlages of Acton, South Acton, West Acton and Ellsworth.\\nThe centre is upon an elevated site, and is very beautiful.\\nThe Monument House, a good hotel located here, is\\nnamed from the granite monument to Capt. Isaac Da^-is,\\nkilled at Concord, April 19, 1775. The town lies entirel}\\nwithin the limits of ancient Concord, and was granted to\\nthe early inhabitants for feeding. The settlement was\\nmade as early as 1G56, bj the Shepard and Law families.\\nIt was incorporated in 1735, and the first minister. Rev.\\nJohn Swift, was ordained in 1 738.\\nRev. William G. T. Shedd, D. D., an eminent divine,\\nan author, and professor in Andover and Union the-\\nological seminaries, was born here June 21, 1820.\\nWeston, a beautiful town of 1,2G1 inhabitants, was\\nincorporated Jan. 1, 1712. There are in the town some\\nrough ledges, and a romantic gorge, the De-vdl s Den,\\nnear Waltham. The first minister was Rev. William\\nWiUiams, settled 1709.\\nSheeborn is an old farming town, with a population of\\n1,062, in tlio southern part of the county, and was incor-\\nporated May 27, 1674. There are several noted emi-\\nnences. In Peter s Hill, there is a chasm 50 feet deep in\\na mass of sienite, called the De-vars Cartwaj The\\nfirst minister was Rev. Daniel Gookin, settled about 16S1,\\nand died in January, 1718. He was an intimate friend of\\nthe apostle Eliot, and often preached to the Indians at\\nNatick. The Indian name of the place was Boggestow.\\nThe old Sanger mansion, where Washington took break-\\nfast on his way to Cambridge, to take command of the\\narmy, July, 1775, stands near the centre. The new\\nwomen s prison is located within the limits of the town.\\nWayland (population, 1,240) was detached from Sud-\\nbury, and incorporated as East Sudbur3-, April 10, 1780. j\\nThe name was changed in honor of Francis Wajiand,\\nMarch 11, 1835. The first free public library in the\\nState was established here. Lydia Maria Child, a very\\npopular writer, is a resident of the place.\\nAyeu, named in honor of Dr. J. C. Aj-er of Lowell, is\\na new and promising manufacturing town of 1,872\\ninhabitants. It was separated from Groton, and incor-\\nporated Feb. 14, 1871. Its fine town hall is the gift of\\nDr. Ayer.\\nMatnard, named after the leading manufacturer in the\\nplace, was taken from Stow and Sudbury, and incor- 1\\nporated April 19, 1871. Population, 1,965.\\nThe remaining towns of Middlesex Countj- are, for the\\nmost part, of an agi-icultural character. Their respective\\ndates of incorporation and population are as follow:;\\nAshby (1767, 994) Bedford (1729, 849) Boxborough\\n(1836, 338) Burlington (1799, 626); CarUsle (1780,\\n569) Dunstable (1673, 471) Lincoln (1754, 791)\\nLittleton (1715, 983) North Reading (1853, 942)\\nTyngsborough (1789, 629), and Wihnington (1730. 806).\\nTimothy Walker, LL. D., an able jurist; Sears C.\\nWalker, a noted astronomer and Joseph Rej-nolds, M. D.,\\nan author, were natives of Wilmington. Bedford is the\\nnative town of Rev. Samuel IL Stearns, father of the late\\nPresident Stearns of Amherst College. Samuel Hoar,\\nLL. D., a distinguished lawyer; and John Farrar,\\nLL. D., an eminent philosopher, were born in Lincoln.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0234.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nNANTUCKET COUNTY.\\nBY ARTHUR ELWELL JENKS.\\nOn the south-easternmost coast of New England is an\\nisland, of an irregular triangular form, about fifteen\\nmiles long, east and -nest, with an average breadth of four\\nmiles, and which, together with the small islands of\\nTuckanuck, Muskcget and\\nthe Gravel Islands, lying in\\nthe Atlantic Ocean, make up\\nthe county of Nantucket.\\nThe principal island, Nan-\\ntucket, has a level surface\\nto the south, and is hillj- in\\nthe north. The soil is gen-\\nerally fertile, and much of\\nthe land has been held in\\ncommon. One hundred and\\nfifty acres of these islands\\nare said to be fresh ponds,\\nand about 750 peat swamps.\\nThe stratum of peat is from\\none to fourteen feet deep, of\\na good qualit}-, and much\\nused for fuel. The climate\\nis mild and healthy. On the\\nsouth-east of the principal\\nMAI OF CAPE COD, NANTUCKET, AND MARTH\\nisland are the well-known\\nNantucket Shoals, about 50 miles long by 45 wide, on\\nwhich manj vessels have been wrecked.\\nIt may be added that the ofl:ieers of the county are\\nidentical with those of the town of Nantucket, the\\nselectmen of the town having the powers and performing\\nthe duties of county commissioners, the treasurer of\\nthe town also serving as treasurer of the county. Popu-\\nlation in 1855, 8,064 1870, 3,201,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 nearly all included\\nin the town of Nantucket.\\nThe records of probate proceedings date from 1706.\\nThe first registrar of probate was Peter Folgcr the last\\n(1869), Samuel Swain. The one longest in office was\\nElcazer Folger (1707-1754), though his immediate suc-\\ncessor, Frederick Folgcr, served 36 j-cars. The first\\njudge of probate was James Coffin; the last (1873),\\nThaddeus C. Defriez. The judge longest in office was\\nJeremiah Gardner (1744-67), his immediate successor,\\nhowever, Grafton Gardner, nearl}- equalling him, serving\\nfrom 1767 to 1789.\\nThe capital of the county is the town of Nantucket,\\nsituated on the north side of the island (latitude 41\u00c2\u00b0 16\\n56 north, longitude, 70\u00c2\u00b0 00\\n12 west), 50 miles south-\\neast from New Bedford, and\\n105 miles south, or a little\\neast of south, from Boston.\\nThis island town has a deep\\nand secure harbor, formed\\nb}- two projecting points of\\nland, on one of which is a\\nlight-house, with an entrance\\nabout one-fourth of a mile\\nwide. The bar, however, at\\nlow water, has only seven\\nand one-half feet of water,\\na shallowness imposing on\\nmany of Nantucket s whaling\\nvoyagers, in those days when\\nthe whale fisheries were so\\nprosperous, the necessity fre-\\nquentlj of sailing from, or at\\nleast of discharging their car-\\ngoes at other ports. The village of Siasconsct, at the\\nsouth-cast extremity of the island, seven miles from the\\ntown of Nantucket, is a noted watering-place, and is\\nmuch resorted to in the summer b}- invalids.\\nThe history of Nantucket township dates back to the\\nearlj part of the seventeenth century. At the time of\\nthe -s-isit of Gosnold in 1602, the island was densely\\ncovered with oak trees, and was inhabited by natives,\\nknown as the Eastern and Western tribes. These dwelt\\ntogether amicably, until 1630, when the only war of\\nwhich there is any mention, seems to have been the\\noccasion of the deadliest hostilities between them.\\nIn 1659, the whole island, save one-tenth, together\\nwith Maisquatuck, familiarh- known as Quaise, was\\ndeeded by Thomas Majliew to ten purchasers, for a con-\\nsideration of \u00c2\u00a330, and two beaver hats. Maj-hew s\\nright to sell rested in a deed which had been conveyed", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0235.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nto him eighteen j-ears previouslj-, bj Lord Sterling of\\nEngland.\\nThe Indians could laj prior claim to every portion of\\nthe island, having been most accurate in its divisions and\\nboundary lines. Yet the original settlers, although hav-\\ning as good a claim to the teiritory as a deed from an\\nEnglish earl s patent could confer, decided to buj- desir-\\nable land-portions of their Indian brethren.\\nIt was in this year (1659), that the good Thomas\\nMacy of Salisbury, a man of great courage, and of j\\nstrong humanitarian impulses, to escape persecution for\\nhaving shielded from a tempest a\\nfew Quakers, took refuge, with his\\nfamih and one Edward Starbuek,\\non our shores. One year elapsed,\\nwhen the latter visited the town of\\nSalisbur3-, and returned to Nan-\\ntucket with eight or ten families.\\nFour years afterwards, Peter Fol-\\nger moved to the island, receiving\\nhalf a share of land (the island was\\ndivided into 27 parts, or shares),\\non condition that he would serve\\nas miller, weaver, interpreter and\\nland-surveyor. The occupation of\\nthe islanders was fishing, alternat-\\ning with farming. The inhabitants\\nbeing generally illiterate, Mr. Fol-\\nger, very naturally-, was a won-\\nderful man among them.\\nThe 27 shares into which the\\nisland was divided, excepting the\\nreserve given to llayhcw, were\\nstocked with sheep. This stock-\\ning privilege of the proprietors, al-\\nlowing 720 to the share, amounted\\nto 19,440 sheep. When Macy wrote his History of Nan-\\ntucket, the Commons included about 11,000 acres,\\nand pastured 10,000 sheep. Becoming more numerous,\\nthey invaded the quiet of the town limits, foraging upon\\nprivate gardens and flower-beds until the resulting an-\\nnoyance was such as to occasion the erection of the\\nhigh fences which one sees to-day. This public nuisance\\nat once started a Proprietor s Argument, or Sheep\\nIn correspondence and memoranda placed in the hands of lion.\\nSamuel H. Jenks, editor of the Nantucket Inquirer, as early as 1S34,\\nwc find the following relating to the family of Peter Folger, grandfather\\nto Dr. Benjamin Franklin, whose mother was a native of Nantucket\\nPeter Folger, whom Theodore Parker once said was the greatest man\\nAmerica ever produced, married Mary Merrill, the mother of Abiah\\nFolger, who was the wife of Josiah Franklin. Among these very valu-\\nable papers, there is a long letter from Peter Folger to his Bon-in-law,\\nQuestion, which created the bitterest family feuds before\\na decision was reached in 1848, that no more sheep stock\\nshould be allowed to run at large on unenclosed grounds.\\nThis overstocking of the land destroyed all the timber\\nin consequence, firewood and lumber are now imported\\nfrom the main land. In 1G65, King Philip -visited the\\nisland, and, during the year following, the Jirst mill for\\ngrinding corn was built.\\nIn the year 1671 the town was incorporated, and\\nnamed Sherburne f one year later bj* order of Gov.\\nLovelace of New York. In 1676, the county not onlj\\nembraced the town, but the fish-\\ning villages of Sesacacha and Sia-\\nsconset. The site of Sherburne\\nwas upon the well-known Trott s\\nHills, but it was afterwards 1\\nchanged to its present desirable\\nlocality. i\\nIn 1693, at the request of the\\nrightful owners, the island became j\\na part of Massachusetts. It had\\nbeen up to that date a portion of\\nNew York.\\nThe Wicde Fishery. Nantucket\\nwas once the rival of every Ameri-\\ncan seaport in the matter of the\\nwhale fishery. Nantucket whale-\\nmen, if not the first to sail away\\nfor the huge leviathan, were pio-\\nneers in tlie establishment of a\\ngreat maritime industry. From\\na period before the time generally\\naccepted as the first venture from\\nthe shore in boats (1673), down\\nto the last lone bark that sailed in\\n1870, no adequate conception of\\nthe magnitude and importance of this business can be\\nrealized by the rising generation.\\nIt was a Proviucetown man who gave the islanders\\ntheir first insight into this most productive labor. Small\\nsloops were fitted out, and whales caught in the Atlantic\\nocean near the coast but energy, daring and enterprise\\nwere soon enlisted, and large vessels were despatched to\\nfar-off seas. Wharves and store-houses for oil were\\nJoseph Pratt, dated Nantucket, March 6, 1677-S. This letter is full of\\nmoral instruction the seed, doubtless, of that stamina, and proverbial\\nstability of character which have been the imperishable inheritance of\\nNantucket s sons and daughters ever since The letter concludes with\\nthis remarkable sentence: Do not lay these lines where you may\\nnever see them more for you may have occasion to look ou them when\\nI may be far enough from you.\\nt In 1795 the name of the town was changed to Nantucket.\\nQrADY, THE I.A. !T INDIAX ON KANTICKET.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0236.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "MASisACHUSETTS.\\nbuilt, and as earl}- as 1723 the first pier, now known as\\nStraight Wharf, was constructed.\\nFor man}- years the town increased greatlj- in wealth.\\nIts prosperit}- was marked. The North and South At-\\nlantic oceans, the coasts of Brazil and Africa, and the\\nmost distant waters were visited bj our vessels.\\nThe sperm-whale fisherj- was then the chief business\\nof Nantucket, of which industry indeed, as already inti-\\nmated, she had come doubtless to be the leading mart in\\nthe world. As if by magic, candle factories, and re-\\npositories for oil sprung up on ever}- hand. Remnants,\\nmemorials of these centres of marine traffic, f are now\\nA-isible in various localities of the town, whose thorough-\\nfares once resounded with the fl3-ing feet of honest, in-\\ndustrious laborers, with the noise of track and dray, and\\nwithal, with a more glorious than Patrick Gilmore s\\nanvil chorus the sound of coopers hammers\\nAt the time of the breaking out of the war of the Rev-\\nolution, there were not less than loO vessels afloat belong-\\ning to this island, and engaged in this business. And it\\nis an interesting fact, that after that warliad closed, it was\\nfirst at the mast-head of a Nantucket ship that the flag\\nof the new republic was seen flying on the Thames.\\nThese hardy sci-rovcrs h.id a taste for specimens, for rare and sug-\\ngestive mementos of the remote and barbarous clinics they liad visited.\\nJlcanwhilc, Massachusetts can hardly boast, I think, a finer private\\nmuseum than is to be seen at the residence of tlio widow of tlie late\\nCapt. Robert MeCleave, another respected and prosperous seaman. In\\nthis rare cabinet are many hundred varieties of shells brought from\\nevery part of the globe! In addition to a collection of the coins of dif-\\nferent nations visited by Capt. JlcCleave, are beautiful specimens of\\nJapan wares and Chinese handiwork. Many families in town have\\nmore or less of these unique relics, and descriptions of their history\\nwould fill a volume.\\nt As late as ISJo the town contained seven establishments for the\\nmanufacture of oil and sperm-candles, producing 970,828 gallons whale,\\nand 67,516 gallons sperm oil, value $768,529, and 142,450 pounds of\\nsperm candles, value $17,405.\\nIn 1855 the receipts of sperm oil were 175,700 gallons, value $251,572;\\nof whale oil, 261,739 gallons, value $140,049; of whalebone, 81,752\\npounds, value $32,306. There were 44 vessels employed, with a ton-\\nnage of 14,266, and a capital of \u00c2\u00a71,432,600.\\nI In the comfortable home of one of our oldest and most fortunate\\nvoyagers, Capt. Nathaniel Cary, 1 have seen a portrait of one of his\\nancestors, Samuel Cary. This picture has a rare historical value, .ind\\nI venture to call attention to it, in this connection, as a most interesting\\nRevolutionary relic. Mr. Cary was an ardent patriot, living in Boston\\nat the time that town was in possession of the British. lie was com-\\nI pelled to leave his home quite summarily, one day. escaping through the\\nj back door of house, as his pursuers came in at the front. It was an\\nescape as narrow as the door-way Mad at their discomfiture by\\nI the Yankee foe, they thrust their swords through the portrait that now\\nhangs upon Capt. Cary s wall. The sword-cuts were repaired in an ar-\\ntistic manner but the scars of the Britons arc to be clearly distinguished\\nnow, giving the portr. .it an intensely dramatic interest.\\nOne of the descendants of the Starbuck family, now living, has\\nembodied this fact in a beautiful poem called, An Idi/l of the Sea.\\nThus the form and errand of the fearful foreign frigate, like the Pi/-\\nMeanwhile, during this war, this town J was constantly\\nsubject to alarms. The people, the majority of whom\\nwere Quakers and non-resistants, were apprehensive of\\nthe capture of tlieir whalers bj the British men-of-war\\nprowling around in our waters.\\nAn alarm was occasioned, especially b}- a British in-\\nvasion of tlie town in 1779, when the soldiers complete 1}^\\nriddled the stores, and impoverished the citizens. With\\nthe Sound swarming with English cruisers, provisions\\nwere cut off, although not a few blockade-runners plied\\nto and fro from tlie Cape, exchanging oil and fish for the\\nactual necessities of daily living.\\nTruly patriotic, j-et crippled in resources, it was\\ndeemed expedient, on the part of the town, to declare\\nneutrality, which resulted in the issue, )jy the British,\\nof an order i^rohibiting all armed vessels of the crown\\nfrom interfering with our island, or her legitimate com-\\nmerce. Even after this, an English sloop-of-war hovered\\nlike a vulture at the bar, frightening our home residents\\nwith fear for the safety of their inward-l)ound vessels.\\nPassing safely, comparatively speaking, through the\\nwar of 1812, Nantucket pushed along the bighwaj of\\nlucrative employment. In 1815 the olden energy re-\\nffrirr. Ship, are embalmed in poesy. We quote a few verses from Miss\\nStarbuck s historical poem\\nTwas near a hundred years ago\\nThe time, the date, is past recall\\nWhen through the town a deadly fear\\nCrept to the heart of one and all\\nFor just without the harbor bar,\\nWhere moaned the tide with stifled breath,\\nThere lay at forced anchorage\\nA British frigate armed with death.\\nIn vain the people planned defence,\\nNo bulwarks walled the Quaker town,\\nKg battlements, no ancient keep,\\nNo strength to beat invaders down.\\nThey saw the captain s stern command\\nTo man the boats, and well they knew\\nNo mercy for their hearths and homes,\\nWould harbor with the hostile crew.\\nBut stay A passing gleam of hope\\nThe wind was blowing from the shore;\\nAll safe until its breath should change;\\nThen from each sad and anxious heart,\\nFrom linary sire and maiden fair.\\nThere rose, uiiclieckcd by form of words,\\nAn earnest bui st of sobbing prayer.\\nA prayer to Him who rules the winds,\\nAnd holds the waters in His hand.\\nTo s.ive them in their island home,\\nAnd keep the wind from off the land.\\nAnd then from Heaven the answer came.\\nThe gale, unchanging, day by day,\\nSwept out to sea defiantly.\\nAnd held the dreaded foe at bay.\\nAnd iiovir once a cliange of sky.\\nGr.jwn tired at length of power denied.\\nAnd hopeless watching of the prey.\\nWith miiltered curse it raised the siege,\\nAnd from the harbor sailed away.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0237.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nvivccl, and ships were agnin fitted for sea. The fleet\\nsteadily enlarged. Eor thirty j-ears the business was\\npursued successfullj But, finally, the sudden fall in the\\nprice of oil damaged the whale fishery beyond the power\\nof recover}\\nA spasmodic efTort was made, after the gold fever\\nhad taken to California large numbers of able-bodied\\nmen, to fit ships for the North Pacific, where right\\nwhale oil and whalebone offered munificent returns to\\nthe adventurers. But long voj ages, successive dis-\\nasters, and large expenses, at last finished the precarious\\nbusiness of whaling and it was finall} abandoned.*\\nThe decline of the whale fishery f naturally involved\\nthe destruction of Nantucket s great industrial pursuit\\nher sole dependence her whole\\nsupport. It is to be hoped, how-\\never, that some other remunerative\\nactivity may jet offer its aid, and\\nthat the hum of thrift accordingly\\nmay be once more heard in her\\nstreets.\\nNantucket Clinrches. Nothing of\\nhistorical importance relative to re-\\nligious observances on the island, du\\nwe find in our researches prior to\\n1704, at which time there were, per-\\nhaps, 700 white inhabitants. We\\nlearn that the Indians, having the\\nNew Testament translated into their\\nown language, had four meeting-\\nhouses, and had become earnest\\nChristian believers under the whole- windji\\nsome influence of the Mayhews. It was during the year\\n1704 that the Friends Societ}- J was formed.\\nThe Congregationalists are the oldest religious organi-\\nzation in town. As long ago as 1711 the First Congre-\\nThe discontinuance of the whale fishery released, of conrse, a large\\nnumber of men from maritime pursuits, and involved, to the same ex-\\ntent, the ncecssity of these same devoting themselves to other avoca.\\ntions. It is no uncommon thing, therefore, in all our larger New\\nEngland coast towns and cities, to find men engaged in the various oc-\\ncupations common to all communities, who were formerly sea captains,\\nwho, in other days, sailed from Nantucket, masters of their several\\nCKifts; who, indeed, wiU be found to be personally familiar with all the\\nmaritime gcogiaphy of the globe, and who are, doubtless, as truly as\\nany that sail to-day, accomplished, practical navigators.\\nt The complete history of this industry has been admirably written\\nby Mr. Alexander Starbuck of Waltham, Mass.\\nt The Hick-ite (Quaker) meeting-house was erected in 1832. The\\nFair Street (Quaker) meeting-house was built in 1S38.\\nBy one of its Inte pastors, that scholarly and Christian gentleman\\nand friend. Rev. Samuel D. Hosmer, now of Natick, Mass., I am in-\\nformed that Rev. Timothy White preached as early as 1732, in June\\nthat he was bom in Haverhill, JIass., was a gr.aduate of Harvard\\nin 1720, and came from the Vineyard to teach school in Nantucket\\ngational, or North Church, was built. The names of its\\noriginal membership, or of its ministers, are unknown,\\nas its church annals do not extend farther back than\\n1799.\\nThis truly ancient meeting-house was framed out of\\nthe rugged oak trees that grow in the island soil, and\\nwas erected on land westward of the North burial-\\nground. It was subsequently removed to Beach Hill,\\nwhere it novy stands, and was rebuilt in 17G5, the\\noriginal plate, bearing the date of its erection, being\\nstill seen upon the old gallery.\\nIn 17G1, Rev. Joseph Mayhew succeeded Mr. White,\\npreaching until 176G.||\\nIn 1795 the old North Tower was raised. Fifteen\\nj cars from the dismissal of Rev.\\nJas. Gurney, the new North Church\\nwas built. The ministerial succes-\\nM sion is perfect down to the present\\n^B incumbent. Rev. L. H. Angier.\\ni The Second Congregational, or\\nUnitarian Church, was formed in\\nthe year 1809. Rev. Seth F. Swift\\nwas the first pastor. Many able\\ndivines of the Unitarian faith have\\ngraced its pulpit, and its line of\\npastors is an honorable one.\\nAbove the church building is the\\nI old tower, a pleasing rendezvous\\nfor visitors. It is reached by climb-\\ning up a dusty, winding stairway,\\npast the quaint belfry with its Span-\\nLL, NA.XTLCKET. jgij bcll,* to the brcczy lookout.\\nThe view is enchanting. You look down upon queer old\\nstreets upon roofs of the quiet town awaj- to the silent\\nwharves, off towards the beacons on Brant Point and\\nGreat Point, and across the harbor, far out at sea.\\nthat he married here in 1728. From the establishment of the North\\nChurch in 1711, until 1781, there was but one settled clergyman on the\\nIsland.\\nII The white population, 3,220; Indian, 358. An Indian plague swept\\noff a lai-gc number of the natives, leaving but 136. Thus were their\\nranks decimated, until 18.54, when, with the death of Abram Quady, a\\nonce powerful race became utterly extinct.\\nII This church tower is the eyrie of the town-crier, one of the most in-\\ndustrious and important men in our midst. It is his observatory.\\nHere he daily heralds the arrival of the incoming steamers. The\\nmusical bell that keeps its wekd place below, has a history of its\\nown.\\nIt was brought from Lisbon, and bears an Inscription m Portuguese.\\nTranslated, it reads\\nTo the good Jesta of the Mount.\\nThe devotees of Lisbon, in fulfilment of their vows, offer to Him\\nthis one to complete a chime of six bells to call the people to adore Him\\nin His sanctuary.\\nJose Donimques Dc Costa made it in Lisbon, A. D. 1810.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0238.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nLandward, j-ou gaze over miles of brown pasture lands\\nthat remind one of the Scottish moors.\\nThe Episcopal Church on Nantucket has a romantic\\norigin. Rev. Moses Marcus, of New York, came to the\\nisland in 18 to marry his son, who, years before, had run\\naway from home to try his fortune on board of a whaleship.\\nHis quarters at a sailor boarding-house, however, not\\nbeing in accord with his early home associations, he\\nabandoned the sea, and, by advice of ]Mr. S. H. Jenks,\\nsought an appointment to teach school in Polpis, one of\\nthe outl^-ing villages.\\nThe visit of Rev. Mr. Marcus was opportune. With\\nthe favor of ]Mr. Jenks, he formed a society after the\\nEpiscopal order. The first meeting was held in Ath-\\nenaeum Hall.\\nThe old Quaker church building was hired for their\\nworship, and Rev. Mr. Marcus was invited to preach.\\nAfter a while it was voted to purchase the building, with\\nthe one in the rear. The site was on Broad Street, east\\nof the Ocean House.\\nThe building was of solid oak frame, 42 feet long, and\\n50 or 60 wide, the whole presenting the appearance of a\\ngranite Gothic structure.\\nTrinity Church was consecrated to the rights and\\nusages of the Protestant Episcopal Church, on Wednes-\\nday, the 21st day of August, 1839, by Right Rever-\\nend Alexander V. Griswold, D. D., bishop of the\\ndiocese.\\nSt. Paul s Church was organized September 3, 1846.\\nOn the nth of October, 1846, Rev. Ethan Allen reported\\nthe name of the church to be Messiah. It was sub-\\nsequently changed to St. Paul s. The church applied\\nfor admission to the convention of the diocese, held in\\nBoston, June 9, 1847.\\nAt pi-esent the church is flourishing under the accept-\\nable ministrations of Rev. I;evi S. Boyer.\\nThe York Street Baptist Church was recognized\\nMay 24, 1831.\\nThe Nantucket Athenaeum, which was destroyed bj\\nfire, was built as a Universalist church. Rev. Hosea\\nBallon, the great apostle of Universalism, preached here\\nseveral times. As there were but few of that faith upon\\nthe island, the society soon waned, and has no representa-\\ntion at present in the town f\\nIn the great fire of 184G I stooil .and snw Trinity Clnircli burn to\\nt;;-: ground. It was an irreparable loss to Nantuclict. Altliough but a\\nboy then, I can now hear the ceolian music of the Gothic tower, and see\\ntlie spirals of cruel flame as they closed about the stately structure.\\nThis snd picture is apostrophized by Mrs. Martha W. Jenks, in her\\npoem published in Seaweeds from the Shores of Nantucket.\\n1 Three hundred and fifty buildings were destroyed, valued, with their con-\\ntents, at $900,000.\\nTlie Metlwdist CJnirch. The earliest Methodist preach-\\ning in this place was by Jesse Lee, Joseph Snelling, and\\nGeorge Cannon. The Methodist society was organized\\nJuly 25, 1799, by Rev. Wm. Bcauchamp, with 19 mem-\\nbers, in a dwelling-house. The progress of the society\\nwas rapid. In 1819, some 282 members were reported\\nfive years later, 417. In 1843, under the pastorate of\\nthe late Dr. Patten, there were 410 members. From\\nthat time the church has necessarily shared the drooping\\nfortunes of the place. The present number of members is\\nIGO. The first church edifice was dedicated Jan. 7, 1800,\\nand was called the Fair Street M. E. Church. The\\npresent building, whose seating capacity is 1,000, and\\nwhich under the pastorates of Drs. Patten and Wise was\\nfilled to its utmost capacity, was dedicated in the fall of\\n1823, sermon by the famous John N. Maffit. This\\nseason was marked by an extensive revival. The\\nchurch, notwithstanding the times, is still prosperous.\\nDuring the palmy days of Nantucket, no other church\\nprobably drew such congregations as the Methodist. In\\n1850 there were nine churches on the island.\\nSocieties and iHstitiitions. From the 3-car 1800 to\\n1823 the academy was incorporated, the Pacific Bank\\nand insurance offices established, the Social Libraiy\\ninstituted, and the Columbian Library Association.\\nIn 1820, The Nantucket Mechanics Social Librarj-\\nSociety was established. In 1823, The Columbian\\nLibraiy Society was formed. In 1827, these two associ-\\nations were united, and called The United Library\\nAssociation.\\nIn 1836, Mr. Joy proposed to join Mr. C. G. Coffin,\\nin giving to the society a lot of land on Main Street,\\nwhich was to sell for $1,800. BIr. Coffin agreed to this,\\nand the land was offered on conditions that the socict}\\nwould raise $3,500, and erect a suitable building for\\nlibrary, lecture and curiosity rooms. They raised $4,200,\\neach subscriber of $10 having an equal right with all\\nother donors. Finding the lot too small, they exchanged\\nit with the proprietors of the Universalist church, and\\nfitted that up and the society was incorporated as The\\nNantucket Athenaeum. The present building was erected\\nwith money obtained from the insurance on the first build-\\ning, which was burned in 1846.\\nIn 1827, public schools were established, and the\\nt This denomination, however, has an able preacher in Rev. Mrs.\\nP. A. Hanaford, who is a native of N.-mtucket, and a woman of\\nrare intellectual endowments. Mrs. Hanaford was ordained and in-\\nstalled pastor of the First Universalist Church, iu Ilingham, in 1S6S,\\nand hers is the honor of being the first woman ordained for the Chris-\\ntian ministry in Massachusetts.\\nt The high school was opened in 1837, Cyrus Pcirce, principal. Mr.\\nPcirce was one of the best educators in Massachusetts.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0239.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nCoffin School built with a fund given by Admiral Sir\\nIsaac Coffin.*\\nEducation on Nantucket has ever been a notable fea-\\nture of its history. Its schools have ranlced among the\\nbest in the Commonwealth. They have furnished some\\nof the most accomplished teachers in the United States,\\nand their names add a brilliant lustre to the historical\\nrecord of the island. Hon. S. H. Jcnks was foremost\\nin the permanent foundation of public instruction he\\nwas a firm, enlightened advocate of education, and pos-\\nterity will accord to him the lasting credit which is his\\ndue.f\\nCemeteries. The first recorded death on the island is\\nthat of Jane, wife of Richard Swain, who died Oct. 31,\\n1CG2. Tradition says she was buried by her hu^lnnd\\nunder the door-stone. Jethro, son\\nof Edward Starbuck, and a son o*\\nThomas Macy, died earl3 after\\nthe settlement. A careful examm-\\nation of early records may bnng\\nto light when the ancient buiial-\\ngi-ound, as such, was established\\nIt was probablj at an eailj pi\\nriod, set apart by authontj- fc i\\nthat purjiose. Early officials bui u d\\nthere were Eichard Gardnci, Si\\nwho died Jan. 28, 1688, and hib\\nbrother, Capt. John Gardner, who\\ndied May 6, 1706. They had both\\nbeen chief magistrates undei the\\nNew York government. Also,\\nJoseph Gardner, who died in 1701 Peter Folgor, 2d,\\nregister of probate, who died in 1707; William Gaj-er,\\nEsq., who died in September, 1710 Eleazer Folger, Sr.,\\nIt -was during the year 1826 that the Admiral, Sir Isaac CoflBn, vis-\\nited the island. Mr. Jenks took his British guest to Si.isconsct, and on\\nthe way out he made known the object of his visit. Full of the enthu-\\nsiasm and zeal with which he had so long been excited on the subject of\\nschools, Mr. Jenks replied thus to the Admiral s questions, Shall I\\nbuild a church, or raise a great monument, or purchase a ship for the\\ntown s benefit\\nIf you raise a monument. Sir Isanc, it will not be looked at by more\\nthan a hundred people once a year if you build a church, as 3-ou are\\nan Episcopalian, it will neither be supported nor attended, for there is\\nscarcely one besides myself of that order in the place and as to the\\npurchase of a vessel, if done at all, it should be for the purpose of nau-\\ntical instruction. The best thing you can do\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the deed that will make\\nyou forever remembered in the island is to establish and endow a free\\nschool. The Admiral, having kinsfolk upon the island, adopted the\\nise suggestion of Mr. Jcnks, and the original fund of \u00c2\u00a32,500 was\\ngranted for that purpose. The act of incorporation came under the\\nheading of Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin s Lancasterian School, whose\\npurport was to promote decency, good order and morality, and to\\ngive a good English education to youth who are descendants of the late\\nTristram Coffin. Under the charge of Mr. E. B. Fox, its present\\nTHE COFFIV SCHOOI,, ^A^T^CK\\nwho died in 1716 Hon. James Coffin, who died in\\n1720, and probably several other officials of an early\\ndate, under the goverrmaents of New Y ork or of Massa-\\nchusetts Ba}- Colonies. Jonathan Coffin, Esq., and wife,\\nwho died in 1773, are said to be the last of English an-\\ncestrj- wlio were interred in this most ancient burial-place.\\nThe Friends First Burial-Ground seems to be a neg-\\nlected and forgotten spot. Probablj- it was set apart for\\na burial-ground in 1711, when their first meeting-house\\nwas built. In it were interred Mary Starbuck, in 1717\\nand Nathaniel, her husband, in 1719; Nathaniel Bar-\\nnard, and Nathaniel, Jr., Stephen Ilussey, James Gard-\\nner, and Sarah, his mother; probablj- also, James Coffin,\\nJr., and most of the Friends who died between 1711\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ind 17 2, when Charles Clasby was bui ied in the\\nFiiend^ present burial-ground, he\\nbeing the first buried therein.\\nThe first person buried in the\\nGaidners Burial-Ground was\\nAbigail, wife of Nathaniel Gard-\\niHi, Si., and daughter of Hon.\\nJ Lines Coffin, judge of probate.\\nShe ditd in 1709. Her husband\\ndiLd m England in 1712 or 1713,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0nhile o.i a religious visit, he be-\\ning a minister among Friends.\\nFachaid Gardner, Jr., Esq., judge\\nof piobate, was buried there in\\n1728. According to Franklin,\\nthey were buried in the south-west\\npart of said ground. The first per-\\nson buried in the Unitarian, now Prospect Hill Cem-\\netery, was John Hazleton Bailej in 1811.\\nNewspapers. In 1816, the first Island newspaper\\nprincipal, this private institute of learning is second to none in all New\\nEngland.\\nt Hon. S. H. Jcnks was the sole origmator and early and most\\nardent advocate for both the Coffin and the town s public schools in\\nthis isolated community.\\nFrom a letter to a personal friend and honored citizen of the town,\\nHon. Wm. R. Easton, I learn that in the year 1S19 Mr. Jcnks adopted\\nNantucket as a residence. Educated as he was under the free-school\\nsystem of Boston\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a system made universal (with only one exception)\\nthroughout the State, by long standing and positive legal requirement\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094ho was astounded and grieved to find th.it Nantucket, with a popula-\\ntion of some 10,000, should have set at naught the laws requiring every\\nton-n to furnish instruction, without cost, to children of all classes,\\nlie sought to arouse the people through newspapers, and at town\\nmeetings, to a sense of their duty, and of their legal liabilities. He\\nmet with repeated rebufis. Nor was it until he threatened to pros-\\necute the to\u00c2\u00abTi for misdemeanor that a small sum was voted, which\\nserved for a beginning; and thus originated the excellent school\\nof Nantucket. The pride of our island is, that her sthool-\\nsy\\nteachers are sought after, and ably fill the highest\\nUnited SUtes.\\nall over the", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0240.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nwas printed, styled the Nantucket Gazette, Tonnatt\\nTapper, publishers. It was of a few months dm-a-\\ntion. Then the Kantuckct Inquirer was started b}\\nJoseph Melcher, and continued under different publish-\\ners Samuel II. Jenks, Charles Bunker, Esq., George\\nF. Bemis, and again under the veteran editor, S. H.\\nJenks. In 1840 he relinquished the publication of the\\npaper, having received an appointment as postmaster\\nunder President Harrison. It was conducted by his son,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\Villiam A. Jenks, for a period then by E. W. Cobb,\\nand others, until 1865, when Messrs. Hussey Robin-\\nson, of the Nantucket Mirror, merged it into the\\nInquirer and Min-or. The Nantucket Journal was\\npublished between the years of 1827 and 1830, by John\\nThornton. In 1840, the Islander appeared, managed\\nb} Charles C. Hazewell, now of the Boston Traveller.\\nThe Telegraph followed, A. Robinson, iiroiiriotoiv\\nand his was tlio first\\noflice on the island\\nthat ever issued a\\ndaily. Just prior to\\nthe great fire of 1846,\\nThe AVarder came\\nforth, S. H. Jenks\\nits vigorous editor-in-\\nchief. The Nan-\\ntucket Mirror was\\npublished, in the year\\n1840, by John Mor-\\nrissey, Esq., contin-\\nued by him until 1 849\\nwhen it was purchased by Messrs. Ilussey Robinson,\\nof the Inquirer and Mirror of to-day. These en-\\nterprising gentlemen have recently moved into a new\\npublishing house on Main Street, and their local paper\\nis a familiar, ever-welcome face in the homes of the\\nislanders. It is a singular fact, that its present cir-\\nculation far exceeds that when Nantucket was in her\\nprime, and numbered ten thousand inhabitants. In\\n1874, the Island Review was launched upon the\\nwa^e of patronage, growing steadily from a very small\\nsheet to a journal of fair size among its fellows.\\nBiograpliical. The name of Walter Folger is one of\\nthe brightest among America s master mechanics and\\nphilosophers. He was born on Nantucket in June, 1 7C5.\\nHis opportunities for education were very meagre. The\\ndistrict school was his only college. He mai-ried a\\nNantucket woman in 1785, and was the father of ten\\nchildren, the eldest of whom now bears his name.\\nWalter Folger was a busj- man. Apprenticed to his\\nfather, he worked at tin-plating, alternating with clock-\\nSTCDIO OF EASTMAN JOHNSON, NANTTCKET,\\nmaking. His great knowledge of figures, and of astron-\\nomy, learned nobodj knows where, coupled with famil-\\niarity with all the sciences, th.oroughly furnished him\\nfor the work of his astronomical clock. This clock is\\nnow in the possession of one of his sons, Mr. Edward\\nR. Folger, and is to-day a marvel of workmanship.\\nMr. Folger began its construction in 1788, and on the\\n4th day of July, 1790, like Galileo, he exclaimed,\\nmoves I\\nWhen a boy, my father took me to see the old clock-\\nmaker, and I remember how much amazed I was, while\\nlooking at its rising sun in a mimic sky\\nThere is one wheel in the clock, m} little fellow,\\nsaid ho, that turns round once in a hundred years!\\nPerhaps j ou may live to see it.\\nI can behold the face of that great man now but I\\nlitfl tliMivjr ^f lint 1 should ever write a biogi aphic.al\\nsketch of his life. In\\nJ addition to giving the\\nhour of the day, like\\ni:^m any ordinary clock,\\nit gives the dates of\\nthe months and the\\nyears as they roll.\\nThe sun and moon\\nrise and set, with\\ntheir solar compan-\\nions, and the latter\\nhas its phases, in\\nperfect accord with\\nits sister planet. To\\nkeep the motion of the moon s nodes in the ecliptic re-\\nquires 18 years and 225 days. The wheel that carries\\nthis ingenious appliance is as many j-ears in its revolu-\\ntion, movnig all the while.\\nJlr. Folger was also the maker of telescopes of con-\\nsiderable power. But the most famous one, now on\\nexhibition in the Nantucket Athenaeum, he finished in\\n1821. It has superior magnifying power, and when\\nfirst used, was admitted by the scientists of that time to\\nbe the finest in America. Spots on planets have been\\ndiscerned by this telescope that have not been seen\\nthrough Herschel s. Even among all modem inventions,\\nit now occupies a distinguished place.\\nHon. Walter Folger was once a student of law, and at\\none time a practitioner was a representative served\\ntwo terms in Congi-ess six j-ears as senator was\\nalso chief justice of Nantucket s courts of Common\\nPleas and Sessions. What he aecomphshed else would\\nfill a vohune. His observations upon the comet of\\n1811, ho forwarded to Harvard College, and ehcited", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0241.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nfrom the Cambridge savans a cordial and emphatic\\nrecognition.\\nNantucket has given to the world one of tlie noblest\\nwomen of the nineteenth centuiy,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the venerable Lucre-\\ntia Jlott, who is a native of the island.\\nNathaniel Barney, a Quaker gentleman and philanthi-o-\\npist, was bom on Nantucket, Dec. 81, 1792, and died at\\nPoughkcepsie on the 2d of September, ISCO, in the 77th\\n3-ear of his age. Nantucket was one of the first battle-\\nfields for the defeat of the slave power, and among the\\nmost influential and imwearied coadjutors thereon was\\nNathaniel Barne_y. To him, after an eventful, stormy\\ncampaign of anti-slavery meetLr gs on the island, was\\naddressed, as its numerous readers will remember, that\\nmost effective and startling little anti-slaverj pamphlet,\\nby Stephen S. Foster, with its terrifj-ing title, The\\nBrotherhood of Thieves or a True Picture of tlie Ameri-\\ncan Church and Clergj-. In that trying period, when\\nthe dark cloud of slaverj overshadowed the whole laud\\nwhen the slave-masters of the South were as completelj-\\nthe masters of the masses of politicians, clergjincn,\\nchurch members, merchants and scholars in Northern\\nsociety- as of the negroes on their own plantations when\\nmobs and martjTdom attended the anti-slavery move-\\nment, Nathaniel Baniej- was one of its conscientious,\\nsteadfast supporters. Such he has continued to be\\nthrough the inter\\\\ ening jcars of progress to the dav of\\nliis death, and the hour of a weU-nigh completed vic-\\ntory.\\nIn 1820 he was mairied to Eliza, daughter of Joseph\\nStarbuck of Nantucket, with whom he lived a long and\\nuseful life, in liappv associations, and a union of interest\\nand labor in all the beneficent reforms of the age, and in\\nthe work of life. A son and daughter, and the wife\\nand mother remain to carrj- forward his life s work, and\\nto bless and honor his memory.\\nTo conclude Nantucket, saj-s a late writer, will\\nyet be to New England what the beautiful Isle of Wiglit\\nis to Old England a delightful sanitarium and summer\\nresort. The place is beautiful for situation, with a har-\\nbor of good capacity, and one can hardly doubt that\\nthere is a bright and prosperous career for tliis town in\\nthe future. Charminglj located, thirty miles out at sea,\\nwdth the blue canopy of heaven above, and the waters of\\nthe bay and the broad Atlantic encircling it, the salubri-\\nous climate, society of noted refinement and culture, and\\nschools of the best class, this town makes one of the best\\nsimamer resorts in the country-.\\nKOEFOLK COUI^TY.*\\nBY HENRY O. HILDRETH.\\nThe county of Norfolk, as first incorporated, in-\\ncluded all the original territory of Sulfolk, except the\\ntowns of Boston and Chelsea. May 10, 1G43, the\\nColony of Massachusetts Bay was di\\\\ idcd into four\\ncounties; ^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\z., Esses, Middlesex, Sutfolk and Norfolk,\\nthe latter comprising the towns of Haverhill, Salis-\\nbury, Hampton, Exeter, Dover and Portsmouth. The\\nfour last-named towns having been set off to New\\nHampshire on its separation from Massachusetts in\\n1G80, the remaining towns were set back to Essex\\nThe total population of the county iu 1875 was 88,321. The total\\namount of capital invested in manufactures was \u00c2\u00a710,056,442, and the\\nvalue of goods made and work done, \u00c2\u00a726,905,040. The value of\\nfarm property was \u00c2\u00a712,006,443, and of domestic and acrricultural pro-\\nductions, $2,059,435. In 1S78, the toul valuation of the real estate and\\npersonal property was \u00c2\u00a785,078,891\\nt AVithiu the present century the following important changes iu the\\nrcl.it ion of the to\\\\\\\\-ns comprised in Norfolk County, at the time of its\\nincorporation, have taken place Canton set off from Stoughton, in\\n1797 i part of Dorchester annexed to Boston, (1804) part of Dorchester\\nFeb. 4, 1680, and the original county of Norfolk ceased\\nto exist.\\nAn act re-incorporating the count} of Norfohi was\\napproved by Gov. Hancock March 26, 1793.\\nThe towns thus set off from Suffolk Countj- were Bcl-\\nlingham, Braintrco, Brookline, Cohasset, Dedham, Dor-\\nchester, Dover (then a district), Foxborough, Franklin,\\nIlingham, Hull, Medfield, Medway, Milton, Needham,\\nQuincy, Randolph, Roxbury, Sharon, Stoughton, Wal-\\npole, Weymouth and Wrentham. t At the June session\\nannexed to Quincy, (1814) Thompson s Island set off from Dorchester\\nand annexed to Boston, (1S34) Dover, formerly a district, incoi-poratcd\\nas a town, (1S36) Roxbniy chartered as a city, (1343) West Roxbury\\nset off fi-om city of Roxburj (1351) part of Dorchester annexed to\\nBoston, (1355) Roxbury annexed to Boston, (13GS) Hyde Park set\\noff from Dorchester, Dedham and Milton, (ISSS) Dorchester anr.c-cd\\nto Boston, (1870) Norfolk set off from Wrentham, Fran .Llin, Med.vay\\nand Walpole, (1870) part of Brookline annexed to Boston, (1G7C)\\nNoi-wood set off from Dedham and Walpole, (1872) Holbrook set off\\nfrom Randolph, (1872) and West Roxburj annexed to Boston, (1874).", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0242.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nof the legislature of the same year, the towns of Hing-\\nhani and HuU were set back to Suffolk County, where\\nthey remamed until their incorporation into Plymouth\\nCount}\\nOf the towns thus brought together, Weymouth was\\nthe oldest, having been settled in 1G22, being the second\\nsettlement of white men in New England.\\nThe following-named towns were set off from the\\noriginal territory of Dorchester Milton, part of Wren-\\ntham, Stoughton, Sharon, Foxborough, and Canton. A\\nportion was also set off to Dedham in 1739, and por-\\ntions were set off to Boston in 1804, and again in 1855.\\nDedham, settled in 1G36, included tlie territories after-\\nwards set off to the following-named towns Medfield,\\nWrcntham, Needham, Medwaj Bellingham, Walpole,\\nFranklin and Dover. The ten-itory also included the\\npresent town of Natick, and a portion of the town of\\nSherborn.\\nBraintree was occupied by Capt. WoUastou in 1625,\\nbut no permanent settlement was made until 1G34. This\\nterritor} included the towns of Braintree, Quincy and\\nRandolph, from which Holbrook has since been set off.\\nBrookline was settled the same year with Boston.\\nThe militar} service rendered by the people of these\\ntowns from their earliest settlement down to the war of\\nthe Rebellion, was not surpassed by that of any other\\nsection of the countrj*.\\nThe first actual outrage of Philip s war was committed\\nin Dedham woods, where a white man was found shot\\nthrough the bod} During the war, nearly every man\\ncapable of bearing arms was called into sen ice. Feb. 2 1\\n1G75, Medfield was attacked b}- a band of 300 Narra-\\ngansett Indians, led by King Philip, and 18 persons\\nwere killed, and upwards of 50 dwellings burned. In\\nthe early part of the following j ear, eight houses were\\nburned by the Indians at Weymouth. In April, 1G76,\\nCapt. Samuel Wadsworth of Milton, at the head of a\\ncompanj of 80 men, raised in that vicinity, marching\\nto the defence of Sudbury, was ambuscaded by the\\nIndians, and Capt. Wadsworth, Lieut. Sharpe of Brook-\\nline, and 65 men, were slain.\\nAttacks upon Medway and Wrentham were repulsed\\nat the latter place the Indians suffering considerable loss.\\nPomham, the leading sachem of the Indians under Philip,\\nwas killed by a party of Dedham and Medfield people,\\nJuly 25, 1676, and 50 of his band were made prisoners\\nNote. From Koxbury emigrated the origin.il founders of Dedbam\\nin 1G35 Springfield, in 1636 New Roxbury, now Woodstock, Conn.,\\nin 1683; Lambsto^vn, now Hardwick, in 1686; Pomfret, Conn., in 1687;\\nDudley, in 1731; Bedford, N. H., in 1732; Warwick, in 17\u00c2\u00ab;\\nWorcester, Colrain and Oxford, besides others chiefly settled by her, as\\nScituate, Braintree, Newbury, Sec\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Drake s IHslory of Roxbury. From\\nbut he, refusing to be taken alive, Was slain, raging\\nlike a wild beast.\\nIn the ill-fated expedition to Canada in 1690, these\\ntowns were largely represented. In the disastrous attack\\nupon the Spanish West Indian settlement in 1741, for\\nwhich Massachusetts furnished 500 men, a large majoritj\\nwere from Dorchester, Roxbur} Dedham, Braintree and\\nWeymouth, and noarlj all perished. These towns also\\nsent a large number of men with the famous Louisburg\\nexpedition in 1745, and many were engaged in the sub-\\nsequent French wars.\\nResistance to the oppression of the mother country was\\nearlj developed in these towns of Norfolk, then Suffolk.\\nOn the IGth of August, 1774, as Bancroft informs us,\\na count} congress of the towns of Suffolk, which then\\nembraced what is now Norfolk, met at the Dot} Tavern,\\nin Stoughton, now Canton (a building now standing at\\nthe base of Blue Hill). At this meeting, Joseph Warren\\nwas present, and, after grave and deliberate discussion of\\npublic affairs, the congress decided to call special meet-\\nings in every town and precinct iu the county, to elect\\ndelegates, with full power, to appear at Dedham on the\\nfirst Monday in September. On the 6th of September,\\n1774, the county convention assembled at the house of\\nRichard Woodward in Dedham (in this house, not now\\nstanding, Fisher Ames was born), everj- town and dis-\\ntrict in the county being represented. Their business\\nwas refen-ed to a committee, of which Joseph Warren\\nwas chairman. The convention adjourned to meet on\\nFriday, Sept. 9, at the house* of Daniel Vose in Milton,\\nwhere were presented the famous Suffolk Resolves, which\\nwere unanimouslj adopted. The Resolves attracted great\\nattention. They were sent by special messengers to our\\ndelegates in the Continental Congress, where they were\\nread with delight. Joseph Galloway, a loyalist, at\\none time a member of the Continental convention, in his\\nHistorical and Political Reflections of the Rise and\\nProgress of the American Revolution, London, 1780,\\nsaid those Suffolk Resolves contain a complete\\ndeclaration of war against Great Britain.\\nThe battle of Lexington found the people not un-\\nprepared for war. Dedk-Jira had five companies of militia,\\nand an association of veterans who had done service in\\nthe war against the French, who met the Britisii on their\\nretreat near Cambridge, where also were companies from\\nDorchester, Needham, and other towns. In a letter to\\nDorchester, the first settlers of Windsor, Conn., iu 1635 Dorchester,\\nS. C, in 1696; and Medway, Ga., in 1752. From Dedham, the settlers\\nof Deerfield, in 1663. From Braintree, the settlers of New Braintree,\\nin 1713 Braintree, Vt., in 1780. From Weymouth, the first settlers of\\nAshficld, in 1736.\\nThis house is still standing at Milton Lower Mills.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0243.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nHon. Harrison Graj Otis, dated Roxbury, April 21,\\n1798, Gen. Heath sajs, The first company of minute-\\nmen raised in America in 1775, preparatory to tlie defence\\nof their inalienable rights and libei-ties, was raised in this\\ntown (Roxbmy) and that companj-, with others, distin-\\nguished itself in the battle of Lexington, on tlie 19th of\\nApril, 1775. Three companies of Roxbury minute-men\\nresponded to their countrj- s call on the 19th of April, and\\ndid good sen-ice. Heath, Warren and Greaton were\\nactively employed during the daj in assembling the scat-\\ntered guerilla parties of minute-men, and posting them\\nadvantageously, the former, on account of his rank,\\nexercising command.\\nDuring the time inten^ning between the battle of\\nLexington and the evacuation of Boston, the men of\\nNorfolk showed special activity in the countiy s ser\\\\ ice.\\nIn the organization of the army under Washington, and\\nin the protracted siege of Boston, and its subsequent\\nrescue from the British armj-, Roxbuiy and Dorchester\\nwere positions of great importance, and the landmarks,\\nrendered famous in the gi-eat struggle, thickly strew the\\nsoil of those ancient towns.\\nIn the war of the Revolution, the war of 1812, and in\\nthe last great contest for the supremacy of the govern-\\nment, the same heroic spirit was manifested, and thou-\\nsands of her sons laid down their lives on the altar of\\nthe countiy,\\nNorfolk County claims the honor of initiating manj of\\nthe leading enterprises and branches of manufacture,\\nwhich have since grown to such large proportions. The\\nfirst canal in the country was cut in Dedham in 1639,\\nand the first railroad constructed in America was at\\nQuincy in 1826. The first wator-mill in New England,\\nand probably in the country-, was built on the Neponset\\nRiver, at the Lower Mills, in Dorchester, in 1634, and\\nthe first iron-forge at Quincy in 1643. The first powder-\\nmill was located at the Lower Mills, in Milton, in 1675,\\nand the first slitting-mill was erected in the same town\\nin 1710. The first paper-mill in the countrj was built\\nat Jlilton in 1728, and the first chocolate-mill in the\\nsame town in 1765. The manufacture of glass and the\\nqimrrj-ing of granite were both commenced in Quinc} in\\n1752, and, in 1789, the ship Massachusetts, then the\\nlargest vessel ever constructed m the country, was\\nlaunched in that town. The first copper works in the\\ncountry were established bj Paul Revere at Canton in\\n1801.\\nFor many years Norfolk County has been regarded as\\nthe garden of New England. In no portion of the wide\\ncountry can be found greater beauty of natural situation,\\nor more tasteful and scientific cultivation. From the\\nalmost mountain tops of the Blue Hills of Milton and\\nCanton, from Moose Hill in Sharon, and Fox Hill\\nin Dedham, and from the beautiful, verdure-covered\\nheights of Brookline, Milton, Quincy and Dover, are to\\nbe seen landscapes that vie with those celebrated in both\\nthe New and the Old World. The rock-bound coast of\\nCohasset, famed for its rugged beauty, and the picturesque\\nand indented shores of Quincy and We3mouth, are the\\npride of the dweller and the admiration of the stranger,\\nwhile to the appreciative taste of tlie artist and the lover\\nof nature, the quiet and rural loveliness of the interior\\ntowns is not less attractive. On every hand are to be\\nseen ancestral homes, many of which are connected by\\nhistorical associations with every stage of the country s\\nprogress, and within whose venerable walla were bom\\nsuccessive generations of men and women eminent in\\nevery walk in life.\\nFrom its first settlement, the towns comprising the\\ncounty of Norfolk, as incorporated in 1793, have been\\nnoted for their productive farms and fine gardens, and in\\nno section of the country have agriculture, horticulture\\nand pomology made greater progi-ess. Prominent among\\nthe agriculturists and hoi-ticulturists of the county were\\nLowell, Quincy, Walker, Dearborn and Wilder, the\\nlast-named of whom, by his lifelong labors in horti-\\nculture and pomology, has well earned the position of the\\nleading American authority in those departments, and\\nwho now, at the advanced age of more than eight} j-ears,\\nstill takes the deepest interest in everything pertaining to\\nhis favorite pursuits. I\\nThe educational advantages enjoj ed by the citizens of\\nNorfoUv, are not surpassed by those of any other section\\nof the State. Of the higher institutions of learning, the\\nmost prominent are Welleslej College at Needham, in-\\ncorporated in 1870, for the purjDose of giving to young\\nwomen opportunities for education, equivalent to those\\nusually provided in colleges for J oung men, and wliich,\\nat its opening in 1873, entered upon a career of almost\\niniprecedented success; Dean Academy at Franklin,\\nAdams Academy- at Quincy, and Thayer Academy at\\nBraintree.\\nBy the last report of the State Board of Education,\\nthere were in the comity, in 1878, 22 high schools, and\\n397 other schools.\\nBiographical Notes. Rev. John Allin came from\\nEngland and settled in Dedham in 1637, and, after a\\nniinistiy of 84 years, died in 1671. In the words of\\nCotton Mather, He was a man of sweet temper, a\\ngenteel spirit, a diligent student, of competent learning,\\na humble man, and sincere Christian. Maj. Eleazer\\nLusher came to Dedham with Mr. Allin. During the", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0244.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nwhole of his useful and honored life he was the leading\\nman of the town, and directed its most important affairs.\\nHe was, for many years, a deputy to the General Court,\\nwhere he took a leading part. He died Nov. 13, 1672.\\nHis eulogium in the Wonder-Working Providence is,\\nthat he was a nimble-footed captain, a man of the right\\nstamp, and full for the country. Capt. Daniel Fisher,\\nadmitted to the Dedham church in 1639, and, until his\\ndeath in November, 1683, much employed in public\\nbusiness, was, for many years, deputy to the General\\nCourt, speaker of the Assembly, and assistant, in which\\nofBce he died. His very spirited conduct in defending\\nthe infant Colony\\nagainst the mach-\\ninations of Ran-\\ndolph, the agent\\nof King James,\\nnearly caused his\\nbeing carried to\\nEngland to an-\\nswer for alleged\\nhigh crimes and\\nmisdemeanors,\\nCapt. Dan l Fish-\\ner, son of the old\\npatriot, inherited\\nhis father s spirit,\\nand of him the fol-\\nlowing incident is\\nrelated When\\nSir Edmund An-\\ndros was captured\\non Fort Hill, by\\nthe people of Bos-\\nton, in 1689, he\\nsurrerdered, and\\nTHE OLD FAIRBANKS HOI\\nfather, John Dwight, brought him to this country in\\n1635, was an active and public-spirited citizen, and a\\ndeputy to the General Court. He was the ancestor of\\nthe Dwight family in this country, the late Dr. Timothy\\nDwight, president of Yale College, being one of his\\ndescendants. He died Jan. 31, 1717, and the last of his\\nsix wives was buried on the same day with himself. His\\ngravestone may be seen in the Dedham Cemetery.\\nMichael Metcalf, the emigrant ancestor of the family\\nin this country, and one of the first settlers of Dedham,\\ncame here in 1637, and died 1664, aged 78.\\nAmong others of the first settlers of Dedham, may be\\nmentioned Rich-\\nard Evered, an-\\ncestor of the Ev-\\nerett familj in-\\ncluding the late\\nGovernor Edw d\\nEverett, whose\\nfather was born\\nin Dedham; John\\nEllis, John Par-\\nker, John Fair-\\nbanks,! Deacon\\nFrancis Chicker-\\ning, John Bul-\\nlard, Nath l Col-\\nbum, and others.\\nThe Dexter\\nFamily. Rev.\\nSamuel Dexter,\\nborn in Maiden\\nOct. 22, 1700,\\nwas graduated at\\nHarvard Univer-\\nsity in 1720, He\\nwent unarmed to Mr, Usher s house, where he remained was settled in Dedham May 6, 1724, where he con-\\nunder guard. When the news of the event reached\\nDedham, Capt, Daniel Fisher, the j ounger, a stout,\\nstrong man, possessing his father s hatred of the tyrant,\\nand his resolute spirit, instantly set out for Boston, and\\ncame rushing in with the country people, who were in\\nsuch a rage and heat, as made all tremble again. Noth-\\ning would satisfy the country party but binding the\\ngovernor with cords and carrj-ing him to a more safe\\nplace. Capt. Fisher was soon seen among the crowd,\\nleading the pale and trembling Sir Edmund by the collar\\nof his coat, from the house of Mr. Usher, back to Fort\\nHill.\\nCapt. Timothy Dwight, who was a child when his\\nWorthington s History.\\ntinued until his death, Jan. 29, 1755. Oneof his daugh-\\nters married Rev. Jason Haven, his successor in the Ded-\\nham church, who was settled Feb. 5, 1756, and, after\\na ministry of forty-eight years, died May 7, 1803. Mr.\\nDexter s son, Samuel, resided for many years in his\\nnative town. He died at Mendon in 1810, During\\nhis residence in Dedham, he was a man of much in-\\nfluence, and held many offices of trust in the town and\\nchurch. He was the father of Hon. Samuel Dexter,\\neminent for many j-cars as one of the most distinguished\\nt The house hnilt by Mr. Fairbanks, probably fixjm about 1640 to\\n1650, is still standing in an excellent state of preservation. It has never\\nbeen out of the family, and is now occupied by the eighth generation,\\nin regular descent, from John, the first settler.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0245.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nlawj-ers and statesmen in the country, having been a\\nmember of both branches of the national Congress, secre-\\ntary of war, and of the treasury, during the administration\\nof tlie elder Adams, and who died in 181G.\\nFisher Ames was born in Dedham April 9, 1758, and\\ndied there July 4, 1808. He was graduated at Harvard\\nUniversity in 1 774, having entered college at the age of 12.\\nHe early disjolayed great power as an orator and political\\nwriter. After serving for a brief time in the State legis-\\nlature, he was elected to Congress, against the competi-\\ntion of Samuel Adams, and continued in that body during\\nthe whole of TVashingtou s administration (1789-97).\\nHis able speech on the British treaty, April 28, 1795,\\nwas regarded then as the greatest ever made in Congress.\\nHe was the most eloquent debater in the House, and was\\nthe author of the address of that body to Washington on\\nhis retiring from the Presidency. He was chosen presi-\\ndent of Harvard University, but declined on account of\\nill-health. He died at the age of 50 j-ears, and was\\nburied in the cemeterj- of his native town.\\nMaj.-Gen. Richard Gridle3 a distinguished soldier, was\\nborn at Canton in 1711, and died there June 20, 1796.\\nHe had great reputation as an artillerist; was chief\\nengineer in the reduction of Louisbui-g in 1 745 again\\nentered the army as chief engineer and colonel of infan-\\ntry in 1755 was engaged in the expedition to Crown\\nPoint in 1756, under Gen. Winslow and planned the\\nfortifications around Lake George. He served under\\nAmherst in 1758, and, with Wolfe, ascended to the\\nPlains of Abraham, and fought the French at the capture\\nof Quebec. For his sen-ices the British government gave\\nhim Magdalen Island, with half-pay, which was to con-\\ntinue to him during his life. He espoused the patriot\\ncause with ardor in 1775, and was appointed chief engi-\\nneer and commander of the the artillery of the Colonial\\narmy. He it was that laid out so skilfully the works on\\nBunker s Hill the night before the battle of June 17,\\n1775. In that engagement he was exposed to the\\nseverest fire of the enemy, and was wounded. He was\\nactive in planning the fortifications around Boston com-\\nmissioned major-general by the Provincial Congress,\\nSept. 20, 1775, and commander of the Continental\\nartillery, but was, in November, superseded by Knox.\\nTlie Dudley Family. Thomas Dudley, second gov-\\nernor of Massachusetts, was the son of Capt. Roger\\nDudley, who was slain in the wars. He early devel-\\noped great intelligence, courage, and prudence, which\\nqualities procured for him, at the age of twenty-one, the\\ncaptaincy of an English company, which he led at the\\nsiege of Amiens, under Henry of Navarre. A Pui itan,\\nHe was the first native of New England to sit in that body.\\nhe, with four others, undertook, although then flftj- years\\nof age, the settlement of the Massachusetts Colony, and\\ncame over with the charter as deputy -governor in 1630.\\nHe first settled in Newton, but soon removed to Roxbury.\\nlie was governor in 1634, 1640, 1645, and 1650. He\\ndied July 31, 1653.\\nHis daughter, Anne Dudley, who married Gov. Brad-\\nstreet, was celebrated as a poet, and among her descend-\\nants are Oliver AVendell Holmes and Richard II. Dana.\\nJoseph, son of Gov. Thomas Dudley-, was born in\\nRoxbuiy Julj- 23, 1647. He was educated for the niinis-\\ntrj but earlj turned his attention to public affairs. He\\nwas commissioner for the United Colonies from 1677 to\\n1681 chief justice of the Supreme Court in 1687 to 1689\\nand a member of the British Parliament* in 1701. He\\nfinally closed his long official career as governor of\\nMassachusetts from 1702 to 1715. He died at Roxbuiy\\nApril 2, 1720.\\nPaul, son of Gov. Joseph Dudley, born in Roxbury in\\n1675, and a graduate of Harvard C ollege, was an emi-\\nnent jurist. He died Jan. 25, 1751.t\\nWilliam Heath was born in Roxbury, March, 2, 1737,\\non the estate settled b}- his ancestors in 1636, and was\\nbred a farmer. His fondness for military exercises led\\nhim, in 1754, to join the Ancient and Honorable Artil-\\nlery Companj-, which he commanded in 1770, having\\npreviouslj- been made a captain in the Sufl!blk regiment,\\nof which he became a colonel in 1774. He engaged with\\nzeal in the Revolutionarj contest was a delegate to the\\nProvincial Congresses of 1774-75 and was a member of\\nthe committees of correspondence and safety. Before\\nthe close of 1776 he had risen to the rank of major-gen-\\neral in the Continental army. He rendered great service\\nin the pursuit of the British troops from Concord, April\\n19, 1775, and in organizing the rude and undisciplined\\narmy around Boston and, with his brigade, was sta-\\ntioned at Roxbury during the siege of Boston. He was\\nthe first judge of probate of the county, in which office\\nhe died Jan. 24, 1814.\\nIncrease Sumner was born in Roxburj- Nov. 27, 1746.\\nGraduating from Harvard College, he studied law with\\nSamuel Quincy, and was admitted to the bar in 1770.\\nHe was chosen, in 1782, to a seat in Congress, and was\\nsoon after appointed associate justice of the Supreme\\nJudicial Court. In 1797 he was elected governor of\\nMassachusetts, and was re-elected for two successive\\nterms, the last time by an almost unanimous vote. Gov.\\nSumner died on the 7th of June, 1799, mourned and\\nlamented by the whole people.\\nEbenezer Seaver, born in Roxbury July 5, 1763, and\\nt Drake s History of Roxbury.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0246.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\na graduate of Harvard College, was a prominent and\\nrespected citizen. He was a member of Congress ten\\nyears. He died March 1, 1844.\\nHenrj A. S. Dearborn, the son of Gen. Henry Dearborn,\\nof the Revolutionary army, was born in Exeter, N. H.,\\nin 1783. He was educated at the college of William\\nand Marj-, and entered the profession of the law. In\\nearly life he became a resident of Eoxbuiy. He was for\\nmanj years collector of the port of Boston a member\\nof the Massachusetts Senate and House, and of the\\nexecutive council and member of Congress in 1831-3.\\nTo his public spii it and fine taste in rural pursuits, the\\npublic are mainly indebted for their beautiful resting-\\nplaces for the dead, Mount Auburn and Forest Hills.\\nHe died July 29, 1851.\\nEobert Williams, the emigrant ancestor of one of the\\nmost prolific families in America, came to Roxbiuy from\\nNorwich, Eng., in 1638, and died at a great age in 1G93.\\nAmong his distinguished descendants were Col. Ephraim,\\nfounder of Williams College Rev. Elisha, president of\\nYale College William, governor of Connecticut, and a\\nsigner of the Declaration of Independence Col. Joseph,\\nof the Revolutionarj army, and others.\\nRev. Nathaniel Emmons, D.D., was born in East\\nHaddam, Conn., May 1, 1745, and was graduated at\\nYale College in 1767. He was settled in Franklin, then\\nthe second precinct in Wrentham, April 21, 1773, and\\nthere continued until May 28, 1827 a period of nearly\\n54 years. He died Sept. 23, 1840, in his ninet^ -sixth\\nj-ear. He was one of the most distinguished theologians\\nin the country, and during his long life exercised great\\ninfluence throughout New England.\\nAlexander Metcalf Fisher was born in Franklin July\\n22, 1794, and was graduated at the head of his class\\nfrom Yale College in 1813. In 1817 he was chosen pro-\\nfessor of mathematics and natural philosophj in that insti-\\ntution. Desirous of familiarizing himself with European\\nmethods of instruction, he sailed from New York for\\nEurope in the ship Albion, which was lost off the\\ncoast of Ireland April 22, 1822. So strong an influence\\nhad he made upon his contemporaries during his brief\\nbut brilliant career, that the whole country- mourned his\\nloss.\\nJabez Fisher was born in Franklin Nov. 19, 1717.\\nHe received only a common-school education, but from\\nhis early years was distinguished for ready and strong\\ncommon sense, intuitive perception and inflexible in-\\ntegrity He was a representative to the General Court\\nunder the provincial charter for many jears, and a mem-\\nber of the house of delegates that assembled at Salem\\nin October, 1774, and formed themselves into a Provin-\\ncial Congress. He was one of the famous twenty-oiglit\\ncouncillors elected upon the disannulment of the State s\\nallegiance to Great Britain to exercise the executive\\npowers of the government, exerting in this important\\nand responsible position a great influence. He subse-\\nquently held high official positions, and died Oct. 15,\\n1806, in his eight3--ninth year.\\nHorace Mann was born in Franklin May 4, 1796. He\\ngraduated from Brown University in 1819, at the head\\nof his class. After a thorough course of legal study he\\ncommenced the practice of law in Dedham, and soon\\ntook a leading position. In 1827 Mr, Mann was chosen\\nrepresentative from Dedham to the legislatiu-e by the\\nWhig party, and at once became a prominent and influ-\\nential member, retaining his place by successive elec-\\ntions until he removed to Boston in 1833. While in the\\nlegislature he took strong grounds in favor of the eleva-\\ntion of the public schools and in support of the then\\nfeeble railroad interest. He was an earnest advocate of\\nthe cause of temperance instituted and carried through\\nthe bill for establishing a State lunatic hospital, and was\\nchairman of its first board of trustees.\\nIn 1834, Mr. Mann was chosen State senator for\\nSuffolk County, which office he held for four years, dur-\\ning the last two of which he was president of the body.\\nHe was also chosen with Judge Metcalf to edit the\\nRevised Statutes, for which he wrote the marginal notes\\nand references and judicial decisions.\\nBut the great work of Mr. Mann, and upon which his\\ngreat fame rests, was that in behalf of the common-\\nschool system, which had long held a leading place in\\nhis thoughts and studies. On the election of the board\\nof education in 1837, he was chosen its first secretary, a\\nposition -which he continued to occupy for eleven years.\\nWhile holding this office, on the death of John\\nQuincy Adams, in 1848, he was, by a very large majority\\nof the popular vote, elected to fill that statesman s place\\nin Congi-ess a position to which he was twice re-elected.\\nIn 1852, he received the nomination of the Free Soil\\nparty for governor, and on the same day was chosen\\npresident of Antioch College at Yellow Springs, O. He\\nfailed of an election as governor, but accepted the presi-\\ndency of the college, which he retained until his death,\\nAug. 2, 1859.\\nTheron Metcalf was born in Franklin Oct. 16, 1784,\\nand was graduated at Brown University in 1805. Ad-\\nmitted to the bar, he removed to Dedham in 1809, where,\\nwith eminent success, he practised law for more than\\nthirty j-ears. For a season he edited the Dedham\\nGazette. In 1828, he opened a law school, the lectures\\ndelivered in connection with which being subsequently", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0247.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\npublished in a volume entitled Principles of the Law\\nof Contracts as applied hy Courts of Law. In 1839,\\nhe was chosen reporter of the decisions of the Supreme\\nCourt, and removed from Dedham to Boston. His\\nreports have been called the model and the despair of\\nreporters, and have been cominended bj high authoritj-\\nfor their great precision, terseness and pmity of style,\\ncombined with accuracj clearness, completeness and\\ncondensation of statement.\\nIn 1848, Mr. Metcalf was appointed associate justice\\nof the Supreme Court, which office he held until I860,\\nwhen, at the age of 80 he resigned, after seventeen j-ears\\nof eminent usefulness and fidelity He received the degree\\nof LL. D. from Brown and Harvard universities. He\\ndied in the full ijossession of his faculties in Boston Nov.\\n13, 1875, at the age of 91.\\nDr. Nathaniel Miller, for many 3 ears one of the most\\ndistinguished surgeons in the State, was a native of\\nSwansea, where he was born April 23, 1771. He set-\\ntled in Franklin in 1799, and until his death, which\\noccurred June 10, 1850, occupied the foremost rank\\nboth as a phj-sician and a surgeon. Two of Dr. Miller s\\nsons, both natives of Franklin, became noted surgeons\\nviz., Dr. Lewis Leprellette Miller, for many years presi-\\ndent of the Ehode Island Medical Societj-, and Dr.\\nErasmus D. INIiller, who settled in Dorchester.\\nGen. Sj lvanus Thaj er was born in Braintree June 9,\\n1785. He was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1807\\nwith the highest honors of his class. Before his gi-adua-\\ntioa he received an appointment as cadet to the West\\nPoint Military Academy. In 1817, he was appointed\\nsuperintendent of that institution, where he remained\\nseventeen j-ears, and, by his zeal, energj afid unwearied\\nefforts, raised it to a high degree of efficiency. For\\nseveral years he was employed in superintending the\\nerection of the fortifications in Boston Harbor. He died\\nSept. 7, 1872. In 1877, at the request of the West\\nPoint cadets, his remains were disinterred from their first\\nresting-place in Braintree, and removed to West Point,\\nwhere they were buried with military honors, near those\\nof Gen. Scott, his life-long friend. At West Point a\\nfine life-size portrait of Gen. Thayer adorns the walls of\\nthe academy. Gen. Thaj er received the title of LL. D.\\nfrom four colleges, including HaiTard University. He\\nwas a member of many of the leading scientific societies\\nin this and other countries. He lefb nearly $300,000 to\\nhis native town, and a very large sum to Dartmouth\\nCollege.\\nJohn Hancock was born in Braintree (now Quincy),\\nJan. 12, 1737. He was the son of Rev. John Hancock\\nof Braintree, after whose death he was educated bv his\\nuncle Thomas, a wealth^ merchant of Boston, whose large\\nfortune and extensive business he inherited. A mem-\\nber of the Prc incial Legislature from 17G6, he warml}\\nopposed the measures of the British ministrj-, and, to-\\ngether with Samuel Adams, was exempted from pardon\\nin Gov. Gage s proclamation. Chosen president of the\\nProvincial Congress, in October, 1774, he was sent to the\\nGeneral Congress at Philadelphia in 1775, of which body\\nhe was president, being the first to sign the Declaration\\nof Independence. Feb. 6, 1778, he was appointed\\nfirst major-general of the Massachusetts militia, and in\\nAugust took part in Sullivan s expedition against Rhode\\nIsland. He was member of the State Constitutional\\nConvention of 1780, and governor of Massachusetts\\nfrom 1780 to 1785, and from 1787 to his death, Oct. 8,\\n1793.\\nJohn Adams, second jsresident of the United States,\\nwas born in Braintree, now Quincj Oct. 19, 1735. He\\nwas graduated at Harvard Unive\u00c2\u00bbsitj in 1755. He com-\\nmenced the practice of law at Braintree in 1758, and\\nsoon took high rank as a lawyer and writer on the excit-\\ning political topics of that day. He moved to Boston in\\n1768, drafted the instructions to its representatives, and\\nin 1770 was chosen to the General Court, and from this\\ntime became the chief legal adviser of the patriots, and\\na leader among them. He was chosen a delegate to the\\nCongress of 1774, and to the Provincial Congress. In\\nthe Continental Congress of 1775, he exercised gi-eat\\ninfluence, and first proposed Washington for the chief\\ncommand. Placed on the Committee on the Declaration\\nof Independence, and also on that on Foreign Relations,\\nhe bore the brunt of the three days debate, and secured\\nthe adoption of that immortal instniment. He was com-\\nmissioner to France in 1778, minister to Great Britain\\nin 1779, ambassador to Holland in 1782, and the same\\nyear, with Franklin and Jay, negotiated a treaty of\\ncommerce with Great Britain. In 1785 he was sent as\\nminister to the Court of St. James. Recalled in Febru-\\nary, 1788, on his arrival home he was reappointed a del-\\negate to Congress, but did not take his seat, having been\\nelected vice-president of the United States, receiving\\nthe next highest number of votes to Washington in the\\nfirst presidential election. He was chosen president bj\\na small majority over Jefferson, for the terra beginning\\nMarch 4, 1797, but was defeated at the next election,\\nand his subsequent life was passed in retirement at\\nQuincj He lived to see his son president, and died\\nJuly 4, 1826 in the ninety-first year of his age.\\nJohn Quincy Adams, sixth President of the United\\nStates, was born at Braintree, now Quincy, July 11,\\n1767. After graduating at Harvard with distinguished", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0248.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\n^m^- .i\\nhonor, he studied law with Theophilus Parsons, and prac-\\ntised at Boston, where he gained distinction as a politi-\\ncal writer. From 1794 to 1801, he was successively\\nminister to Holland, England and Prussia, receiving, in\\n1798, a commission to negotiate a treaty of commerce\\nwith Sweden. From 1803 to 1808, he was United States\\nsenator. From 1806 to 1809, he was i^rofessor of rhet-\\noric at Har\\\\-ard College. He was one of the commis-\\nsioners to negotiate the treaty of Ghent iu 1814, after\\nthe signing of which he, with Gallatin and Claj-, nego-\\ntiated, at the Court of St. James, a commercial treaty\\nwith Great Britain, signed July 13, 1815. From 181 7 to\\n1825, he was secretary\\nof state to President j^,\\nMonroe, and was elect- ,-i*\\ned president in 1825, _,\\nholding that office four /-t^*?:-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 __^\\nyears. In 1831 he was ^^KIESq\\nelected as a representa-\\ntive in Congress, where\\nhe remained by succes-\\nsive re-elections, until\\nhis death, Feb. 23,\\n1848.\\nTJie Quincy Family.\\nEdmund Quincj-, the\\nfirst of the name in this\\ncolony, came from Eng-\\nland with the Rev. John\\nCotton, and arrived in\\nBoston iu September,\\n1C33. In 1635, the\\ntown of Boston granted\\nlands at Mount Wollas-\\ntou to William Codding-\\nton and Edmund Quincy, who took possession of them\\nin the following year. Edmund Quincy died soon after\\nat the age of 33.\\nHis only son, Edmund, was born in England in 1627.\\nHe inherited and settled on his father s estate at Mount\\nWoUaston, became a magistrate of the county, and lieu-\\ntenant-colonel of the Suffolk regiment. He died in 1697,\\nhaving had two sons, Daniel and Edmund. Daniel, the\\neldest, died before his father, leaving one son, John,\\nborn in 1G89, who became one of the most distinguished\\nmen of that period. He held the office of speaker of\\nthe House of Representatives longer than any other per-\\nson, during the charter of William and Mary; and\\nserved as representative from the town of Braintree, and\\nas member of the Executive Council of the Pro\\\\ ince for\\nforty successive years. His paternal estate became the\\n\u00c2\u00abmi-\u00c2\u00abi\\n:sfc\u00c2\u00bb\\nTHE HOME OF JOHN QUINCT ADAMS, QUINCY\\nproperty of his great-grandson, John Quincy Adams,\\nwho was named for him. From him the town of Quincy\\nalso derived its name. He died July 13, 1767, aged 78\\nj-ears.\\nEdmund, the youngest son of Edmund Quincy, was\\nborn in Braintree, in October, 1681, and was graduated\\nat Harvard College in 1699. He was representative\\nfrom the town and afterwards member of the Executi-^e\\nCouncil. He was judge of the Supreme Court of the\\nColony from the year 1718 until his death. He died of\\nsmall-pox in England, Feb. 23, 1 738. He left two sons,\\nEdmund and Josiah. Edmund, the eldest, was born in\\nBraintree in 1703, and\\n1^ was graduated at Har-\\nvard College in 1722.\\nHe was for many years\\na merchant in Boston,\\nand died iu July, 1 788.\\nHis brother Josiah was\\nborn iu Braintree in\\n1709, was graduated\\nat Harvard College in\\n1728, and entered into\\nbusiness as a merchant\\nin Boston. He retired\\nfrom business in 1756\\nand resided in Braintree\\nuntil his death in 1784,\\nat the age of 73. He\\nwas an ardent patriot,\\nand enjoyed the person-\\nal friendship of Wash-\\nington, Adams, Frank-\\nlin and other eminent\\nmen of that time.\\nEdmund, Ms oldest son, was born in Braintree in Oc-\\ntober, 1733. He was graduated at Harvard College in\\n1752, and entered into business in Boston. He took a\\ndeep interest in political affairs, but died at sea while on\\na voyage to the West Indies, in March, 1768. Samuel\\nQuincy, the second son, was graduated at Harvard Col-\\nlege in 1754, and became eminent as a lawj-er. He was\\nappointed solicitor-general of the Province under the\\ncrown, and held the office until the Revolution, when he\\nespoused the cause of the mother comitr}-, and on the\\ntermination of the siege of Boston in 1776, with other\\nloyalists, left the country. He was appointed attorney\\nfor the crown for the Island of Antigua, which office he\\nheld until his death in 1789. The j oungest son, Josiah,\\nwas born in Boston, Feb. 23, 1744, and was graduated\\nat Harvard College in 1763. He studied law, and soon", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0249.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nrose to distinction, botli in his profession and as a writer\\non political topics. Having been abroad in the interests\\nof the patriot cause, he died in sight of his native shores\\nat the early age of 31. No name connected with the\\nRevolutionary struggle has been more tenderly cherished\\nthan that of Josiah Qumc} Jr.\\nJosiah Quincy, the only son of Josiah Quinc^-, Jr.,\\nwas born in Boston, Feb. 4, 1772, and was graduated at\\nHarvard College in 1790. He studied law and began\\npractice in Boston in 1 793. He was a member of Con-\\ngress from 1805 to 1813 mayor of Boston from 1823 to\\n1829, and jjresident of Harvard University from 1829 to\\n1845. He died at Quincy July 1, 1864, at the age of\\n92 years.\\nJosiah Quincy, the oldest son of Josiah Quincy,\\nwas born in Boston, Jan. 17, 1802, and was graduated\\nat Harvard College in 1821. He was major of Boston\\nthree years. It was during his mayoralitj that the\\nCochituate water was introduced into Boston. For manj\\nj-ears his summer residence has been at Quincy.\\nEdmund Quiucy, j oungest son of Josiah Quincy, was\\nborn in Boston, Feb. 1, 1808, and was graduated at Har-\\nvard College in 1827. He early identified himself with\\nthe Abolition partj-, and was a frequent contributor to the\\nleading literary periodicals and political newspapers of\\nthe day. He was one of the most finished writers of\\nthe countrj and his memoir of his father is regarded\\nas a model biography. He died suddenly at his resi-\\ndence in Dedham, in May, 1877.\\nTowns.\\nDedham, the shire town of Norfolk County, was in-\\ncorporated Sept. 8, 1G3G. The Indian name was Tiot,\\nand on its settlement, in 1G35, it was called Content-\\nment. Its present name was derived from Dedham,\\nEng. The town is watered by Charles Eiver on the\\nnorth, and Ncponset River and Mother Brook on the\\neast. Buckmaster and Wigwam Ponds are beautiful\\nsheets of water, from which there are outlets to the\\nCharles and Neponset rivers. Mother Brook, by means\\nof which about one-third of the water of the Charles is\\ndiverted to the Neponset River, the first canal cut in the\\ncountry-, was opened within ten years of the settlement\\nof Boston. It affords important motive-power, and\\nenters the Neponset at Hyde Park. Two large woollen-\\nmills are located on this stream, and there are several\\nother manufactories in the town. The soil is light and\\nsandy, but highly productive vmder good cultivation.\\nThe streets in the main village are shaded by beautiful\\nAmerican elms, many of which were set out nearly a\\ncentui-y ago by the eminent statesman, Fisher Ames, a\\nnative of the town. The public buildings are commo-\\ndious and elegant structures. The court-house, origi-\\nnaUj built in 1826, and subsequently enlarged, is built\\nof Medfield granite, with four massive columns on each\\nfront. The Dedham jail is a fine building of hewn\\nQuincy stone. The town hall, a spacious building of\\nDedham granite, was erected in 18C7 as a memorial\\nof the sons of this town who fell in the war of the\\nRebellion. St. Paul s Episcopal Church, consecrated in\\n1858, is an elegant granite structure, surmounted bj- a\\nsolid stone spire. The village cemeterj-, one of the\\noldest in the State, is the resting-place of many men\\nwho were eminent in their daj and generation. Within\\nthe past two years, Brookdale cemetery, beautifully\\nsituated in the eastern portion of the town, has been\\nlaid out.\\nDedham is connected with Boston, ten miles distant,\\nby two branches of the B. and P. R. R. There are four\\nvillages Dedham A ^illage, East Dedham, West Dedham\\nand Islington. There are eleven churches, a high\\nschool, and twenty-nine other schools, a public library\\nof 6,500 volumes, a national and a savings bank, and a\\nlocal newspaper. Population, 5,756.\\nBrookline, incorporated Nov. 13, 1705, was origi-\\nnally a part of Boston, and bore the name of Muddj-\\nRi\\\\ er Hamlet. Its incorporated name was derived from\\nthe fact that two brooks formed a part of its boundary\\nIt is foiu- miles south-west of Boston, and the Boston\\nand Albany and the western division of the N. Y. and\\nN. E. railroads pass through the town. Brookline is\\nremarkable for its varied surface, the high state of culti-\\nvation of its farms and gardens, its elegant villas, its\\ncountr\\\\--seats, its excellent roads, and its rich and pic-\\nturesque scenery. The views obtained from its many\\nhill-tops are almost unrivalled in beauty and extent, and\\nthe reservoir connected with the Boston water-works\\nadds its charm to the beauty of the landscape. For\\nmany j ears Brookline has been the favorite residence\\nof manj- of the most opulent merchants and professional\\nmen of Boston, and has beoe noted for the large num-\\nber of elegant estates witliin its borders. Many of its\\npublic buildings are fine specimens of architectural\\nbeauty, among which maj- be mentioned the town hall,\\nbuilt of Dedham rose granite, at an expense of $150,000,\\nthe principal hall of which will seat 1,200 persons;\\nthe public librarj built of brick, with an interior\\nfinish of butternut, and containing a choice library\\nof 20,000 volumes the Harvard Church edifice,\\nbuilt of stone, at an expense of more than $100,000\\nand two Episcopal churches. Brookline has an elab-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0250.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\norate system of water- works, the supplj for which is\\ntaken from Cliarles River, a savings bank, and a local\\nnewspaper. It has nine churches, a high school and\\ntwenty-nine other schools. Population, 6,675.\\nDistingulshtd J!fe\u00c2\u00ab. Zabdiel Boylston, F. R. S.\\n(1680-1766), a physician, eminent as the first to inocu-\\nlate for the small-pox in America William Aspiuwall\\n(1743-1823), a celebrated pliysician, and prominent in\\npublic affairs; and George\\nSewall Boutwell (1818\\ngovernor of Massachusetts\\nin 1851-52, secretary of the\\nboard of education, secre-\\ntary of the treasury, and\\nmember of both houses of\\nCongress.\\nQuiNCT was formerly the\\nnorth precinct of Braintree,\\nand named in honor of Col.\\nJohn Quincy. It was in-\\ncorporated Feb. 23. 1792.\\nThe surface of the town is\\nvaried, a portion being wild\\nand picturesque, and that\\nsection bordering on the bay\\nbeing indented with many at-\\ntractive promontories, from\\nwhich fine sea views are ob-\\ntained. Squantum, Hough s\\nNeck and Germantown have\\nbeen for many years noted\\nplaces of summer resort.\\nThe famous granite quarries\\nof this town have furnished\\nmaterial for the construction\\nof an immense number of\\npublic buildings and ware-\\nhouses, and the stone busi-\\nness continues to employ a\\nlarge number of men. A considerable amount of cap-\\nital Is invested in the manufacture of boots and shoes.\\nFormerly much attention was gi\\\\-en to shipbuilding, the\\nship Massachusetts, then the largest vessel in the\\ncountry, ha^-ing been launched at Germantown, as long\\nago as 1 789. A large area of land is devoted to farm-\\ning and the dairy. The Old Colony Railroad runs\\nthrough the town.\\nQuincy is especially rich in its historical associations.\\nHere were born two presidents of the United States,\\nand here, with their wives, are they buried. Here, also,\\nwas born John Hancock. It was also the home of the\\nQuincys. During the Revolution it took a leading part,\\nand in later times manj^ of the most prominent men\\nin the country have made it their residence. Adams\\nAcademy, amply endowed by the first President Adams,\\nha^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ing a fine building of stone, was opened for pupils in\\n1872, and is one of the most flourishing schools in the\\nState. Prominent among the public buildings are the\\nUnitarian Church and the\\ntown hall, both constructed\\nof Quincy granite. The\\nNational Sailors Home, and\\nthe Sailors Snug Harbor,\\nboth charitable institutions\\nfor seamen, are located in\\nthis town.\\nQuincy has two national\\nbanks one savings bank and\\na public library of more tlian\\nfifteen thousand volumes.\\nThere are twelve churches,\\none high school and thirty-\\nseven other schools. Popu-\\nlation, 9,155.\\nWeymouth. Incorpora-\\nted Sept. 2, 1635 Indian\\nname, Wessagussot first\\nsettled in 1622, and named\\nfor Weymouth, England,\\nfrom which town some of\\nthe first settlers came. The\\nsurface is agreeably diversi-\\nfied, and the shore scenery\\nis picturesque and attrac-\\ntive. There are four laige\\nvillages Weymouth Land-\\ning, accessible by Weymouth\\nFore River to vessels of con-\\nsiderable size East Wej\\nmouth, where there are extensive iron and nail works\\nNorth and South Weymouth. The manufactm-e of boots\\nand shoes is the leading business of the town, and\\ngives employment to about two thousand persons. Wey-\\nmouth is one of the most thriving towns in the State.\\nThe Old Colony Railroad affords good business facil-\\nities, the main line running through the southerly, and\\nthe South Shore branch through the northerly portion.\\nWeymouth has two national banks, three sa^dngs banks,\\nand one newspaper. There are fifteen churches, two high\\nschools and forty-three other schools. Population, 9,819.\\nCIIURCn, BKOOKLDJE.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0251.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nEminent Persons. Gen. Solomon Lovell (1733-\\n1801), a distinguished officer in the Revolutionary War\\nAbigail Smith (1744-1818), wife of John Adams, and\\nmotlicr of John Quincy Adams William Cranch (1769-\\n1855), an able judge and Joshua Bates (1788-1864), a\\ndistinguished financier, for many j-ears a member of the\\nfirm of Baring Brothers, London, and a leading ben-\\nefactor of the Boston Public Libraiy.\\nNeedham, incorporated Nov. 5, 1711, was once a part\\nof Dcdham, and named for Needham in England. It\\nhas four villages, Needham, Wellesley (formerly West\\nNeedham) Grant- ^^_^\\nville, and High- -_\\nlandvillc, andisl2\\nmiles distant irom\\nBoston by the B\\nand A. and N. Y.\\nand N. E. rail-\\nroads. The sur-\\nface is agreeabl}\\ndiversified, affoid-\\ning elegant build-\\ning-sites, man} of\\nwhich have been\\noccupied bj spa-\\ncious and beautilul\\nmansions. The es-\\ntate of Mr.. H\\nII. Hunnewell, m\\nWellesley, of about\\n400 acres in es tent, is one of the finest in the\\ncountry, and far excels in beauty and elegance\\nany private giounds in New England The\\nfamous Ridge IIill faim of William E Bikci,\\nwhich is also in this p ii t of the town, furnishes\\na popular resort foi thousands of Msitors during the b^u.-\\nmer months. Wellesley College, mainly the creation of\\nMr. Henry F. Dm-ant, whose gifts to the institution\\nalready largely exceed a half a million of dollars, and\\nintended for the collegiate education of young ladies,\\noccupies a situation of unrivalled natural beauty. The\\ncollege building is on an elevated plateau, overlooking\\nLake Waban, and giving charming and extended views\\nof the surrounding country. In architectural beauty,\\nboth of the exterior and interior, it is without a rival in\\nthe country. Since the opening of the college, it has\\nbeen filled with students from all parts of the country,\\nand elaborate and costly additions are in process of\\nerection.\\nCharles River, which forms 14 miles of the boundary\\nof Needham, with its tributaries, furnishes extensive\\nwater-power. A large amount of capital is invested in\\nmanufactures, including paper, hosiery, shoddy, machin-\\nery, paints, boots and shoes, and hinges. There are\\nnine chm ches, two high schools and 24 other schools.\\nPopulation, 4,548.\\nHtde Pakk, incorporated April 22, 1868, from parts\\nof Dorchester, Dedham and Milton, was named for\\nHj-de Park in London. This town is remarkable for its\\nrapid growth, all made within the past 18 years for\\nmuch of which it is indebted to its excellent railroad\\nconnections with\\nBoston (distance\\nseven miles), by\\nmeans of the Bos-\\nton and Pro\\\\ i-\\ndenee, and the N.\\nY. and N. E. rail-\\nroads. Read%4Ue,\\nso well-known du-\\nring the war, is\\nm this town, the\\nI elebrated camp-\\ngrounds being half j\\nin H3-de Park and\\nhalf in Dedham.\\nMother Brook,\\nwhich conveys a\\nlarge portion of the\\nwater of Charles j\\nRiver through East\\nDedham, unites at\\nHyde Park with\\nthe Neponset, and\\nsupplies, With that\\n11. er, ..x^^lkiit watei-pv^-n^r. The well-known Tileston\\nand Hollingsworth paper-mills are located on the Nepon-\\nset, and there are also in the town two large cotton-mills,\\nthe foundry of the American Tool Compaii}-, and the\\nBrainard Milling Company.\\nThe scenery of the town is fine, the manj- hills afibrd-\\ning delightful views. There are seven churches, a high\\nschool, 24 other schools, a public library of 6,000 vol-\\numes, a savings bank, and a newspaper. Population, j\\n6,316.\\nBraintree, incorporated May 13, 1640, settled in\\n1625, was called b} the first settlers Mount Dagon,\\nMeiTj Mount, and Mount WoUaston. Its incorjjorated\\nname was taken from Braintree, England, from which j", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0252.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\ntown some of the first settlers came. It formerly\\nincluded the territory now contained in the towns of\\nQuincy, Eandolph and Holbrook. It is distant ten\\nmiles from Boston, with which it is connected by the\\nOld Colony Railroad. Good water-power is supplied bj\\nthe Monatiquot River. The leading mechanical industrj-\\nis the manufacture of boots and shoes, but there are also\\ntwo manufactories of woollen yarn, two of paper, and\\none of tacks. Excellent granite is quarried in the town,\\nthe material of which King s Chapel, Boston, was con-\\nstructed, having been obtained here as early as 1752.\\nIt has a spacious and convenient town hall, and a public\\nlibrary situated in a beautiful brick building, the gift of\\nthe late Gen. S3-lvanus Thayer. The Thayer Academj-\\nin this town was also endowed by Gen. Thaj^er. The\\nbuilding is an elegant and commodious edifice of brick,\\nwith stone trimmings, and cost about $60,000. It was\\nopened for the reception of pupils in 1877.\\nThere are five churches, a high school, and 16 other\\nschools of a lower grade and one savings bank. Popu-\\nlation, 4,156.\\nHon. Ehenezer Thayer (1746-1809), the first sheriflT\\nof Norfolk County, and the son of Hon. Ebenezer Thayer,\\nheld all the leading town offices, and was a State senator,\\nmember of the executive council, and brigadier-general\\nin the militia.\\nStodghton. Incorporated Dec. 22, 1726. This town\\nwas detached from Dorchester, and then embraced the\\npresent towns of Canton, Sharon, and a part of Fox-\\nborough. It was named in honor of Lieut.-Gov. William\\nStoughton of Dorchester.\\nThe leading manufactures are of boots and shoes, in\\nwhich a large amount of capital is invested, and of wool-\\nlen goods. A large area is devoted to woodland, and\\nconsiderable attention is given to agriculture. There are\\nseven churches, three schools, and a public librarj of\\n2,500 volumes. Population, 4,842.\\nGen. Benjamin Tupper (1738-1792), a distinguished\\nofficer in the Revolution, and subsequentlj^ judge in\\nOhio, was a native of this town.\\nCanton, formerly the northern part of Stoughton, was\\nincorporated Feb. 23, 1797. The Indian name was\\nPonkipog, and its incorporated name was derived from\\nCanton, China. It is 14 miles south-west of Boston,\\nand on the Una of the B. P. R. R. Blue Hill, 635 feet\\nabove the level of the sea, and which is the first land\\nseen by mariners approaching the coast, is situated\\npartly in this town and parti} in Milton. From its\\nsummit, which is a few rods from the Canton line, there\\nis a magnificent view of Boston and vicinity, the islands\\nin the harbor, the ocean beyond, and also of the serpen-\\ntine courses of the Neponset and Charles rivers. The\\nFowl Meadows, the largest portion of which are in Can-\\nton, extend seven miles in length, with varying breadth,\\nand contain peat of excellent quality. Ponkipog Pond,\\na beautiful lake of 208 acres, which lies in the northern\\npart of the town, has an outlet in the Neponset River.\\nYork Brook and Steep Brook, which also flow into the\\nNeponset River, furnish valuable motive-power at South\\nCanton.\\nThe manufactories of Canton are, one copper-works,\\none cotton-mill, six fancy woollen mills, two iron foun-\\ndries, one twine factorj-, one manufactory^ of shoe tools,\\none of fish lines, one of stove pohsh, one of paper\\nboxes, and two of cotton-spinning rings. There are five\\nchurches, 18 public schools, a national and a sa\\\\ing3\\nbank. Population, 4,192.\\nMedwat, incorporated Oct. 24, 1713, was set oflTfrom\\nMedfield it is supposed to have derived its name from the\\nMedwaj River in England. The Charles River, which\\nforms more than one-half of the boundar\\\\- line, gives ex-\\ncellent water-power at Medway village, and several mill-\\nstreams in other portions of the town are utilized for manu-\\nfacturing purposes. There are four postal villages, viz.,\\nMedway, East Medway, West Medway and Eock^ ille.\\nThe principal manufactures are cotton and woollen goods,\\nstraw goods, boots and shoes, boxes, bricks, paper, bells,\\nchui-ch organs, canned fruits and vegetables. West\\nMedwaj is extensively engaged in the manufacture of\\nboots and shoes, and has grown rapidly within the past\\nfew years.\\nSanford Hall, the gift of Milton Sanford, a native of\\nthe town, and used as a town hall, is a neat and commo-\\ndious edifice. There are six churches, nine schools, a\\nsa^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ings bank, and a public library of 2,000 volumes.\\nPopulation, 4,242.\\nJoel Hawes, D. D. (1789-1867), an able preacher and\\nwriter, was born here.\\nRandolph, incorporated March 9, 1793, and origi-\\nnally the south parish of Braintree, was named in honor\\nof Pej-ton Randolph of Virginia. The principal busi-\\nness of the town is the manufacture of boots and shoes.\\nThe public library, of 4,000 volumes, is located in a\\nbeautiful granite building, both the gift of the heirs of\\nthe late Col. Royal Turner, a native and resident of the\\ntown. The town hall, a commodious building of wood,\\nwas the gift of the late Amasa Stetson, a native of the\\ntown, who left a liberal endowment for the Stetson High", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0253.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF KETT ENGLAND.\\nSchool. There are thi-ce churches, 18 schools, two\\nbanks and a newspaper. Population, 4,064.\\nCoHASSET, formerly the second precinct of Hingham,\\nwas incorporated April 26, 1770. Its name was derived\\nfrom the Indian Connohasset, which signifies a fishing\\npromontory. It is twenty miles south-east of Boston bj-\\nthe South Shore Railroad, and is bounded on the north-\\nCohasset, with its r\\neast b^- Massachusetts Bay\\ncoast, is one of the most beautiful\\nseaport towns in New England,\\nand has loug been a favorite sum-\\nmer resort, commanding, as it\\ndoes, a magnificent view of the\\nocean, and affording every facil-\\nity for gunning, fishing and sail-\\ning. The Cohasset rocks, so\\nbeautiful and picturesque in fair\\nweather, have been the scene of\\nmany fatal shipwi-ecks. The iron\\nlight-house on Minot s Ledge was\\nswept away, with its two keepers,\\nin the great gale of April 16,\\n1851. A stone light-house, since\\nerected on the same spot, renders\\nefficient senice in warning mar-\\niners off the dangerous coast.\\nFarming and fishing constitute\\nthe chief business of the town.\\nFiAe chui ches, 13 schools, and\\na savings bank, are among the\\ninstitutions of the place. Pop-\\nulation, 2,197.\\nJoshua Bates, D. D. (1776-\\n18.54), minister of Dedham and\\nDudley, president of Middlebnry\\nCoUege, Yt. Joshua Flint Bar-\\nker (1801-1864), surgeon and\\nmedical writer and Benjamin\\nPratt (1710-1763), jurist, and chief justice of New\\nYork, were born in Cohasset.\\nFRA .-KLn\u00c2\u00ab. IncorporatedMarch2, 1778. Formerly the\\nwestern part of Wrentham, and named in honor of Dr.\\nBenjamin Frankhn. There are several woollen and\\nshoddy mills, wMch do a large business and the value of\\nthe straw goods manufactured amounts to more than\\n81,000,000 annually*. The town is steadily increasing in\\nwealth, population and manufactures, and may be re-\\ngarded as one of the most prosperous communities in\\nNew England. The town has good railroad advantages.\\nTH\u00c2\u00a3 MOiOT S I.E13GE LIGBTBOUSE, COHASSST\\nthe N. Y. and N. E. E. R. passing through the centre, and\\nthe Mass. and R. I. R. R. connecting it with Providence.\\nThe Dean Academy was founded in 1865 by Dr. Oliver\\nDean, a native, and for many years a resident of the\\ntown, and who gave nearly S300,000 to the institution.\\nThe first building erected was burned in 1872, but was\\nat once replaced by another edifice of similar propor-\\ntions, which was dedicated in 1874. The building has a\\nfr.int of -2-20 feet. The architecture is Gothic. The\\ninternal arrangements are not sur-\\np I .sed by those of any other edu-\\ntioiial institution in the State.\\nThe Oilhodox Church, erected\\nin 1871, and Grace Church (Uni-\\n\\\\(rsalist), erected in 1873, are cle-\\nmt structures.\\n)vj The nucleus of the present pub-\\nlic Ubrary, which now contains over\\n3 000 volumes, was the gift of Dr.\\nFianklin, who, in acknowledgment\\nof the compUment bestowed on\\nhim in the naming of the town,\\nsi nt a well-selected library of 500\\nvolmnes, some of which are still\\nm existence.\\nFranklin has six churches, 15\\npublic schools, two banks and\\none newspaper oflice. Population,\\n2,933.\\nThe centennial celebration of\\nthe incorporation of the town of\\nFianklin took place on the 17th\\nof June. 1878.\\nMrLTOx. Incorporated May 7,\\n1()C2. Formerly a part of Dor-\\nchester, and called bj- the Indians\\nLnquetey or Uncataquisset, and\\nnamed after Milton in England.\\nIt is one of the most beautiful towns in New England.\\nThe Blue Hills form oue of the most striking features of\\nthe eastern coast of Massachusetts, and afford a -view\\nof one of the finest landscapes in the country. Less in\\nextent, but not inferior in beautj-, is the famous pros-\\npect from Milton Hill. Scores of beautiful country-\\nseats and villas, with elaborate and highly ornamental\\ngrounds, present a rare combination of rural and arch-\\nitectural beauty.\\nThe great natural advantages of Milton have, within a\\nfew years, placed it in the front rank of New England\\ntowns in point of wealth, and among its leading citizens", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0254.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nare to be found many of the prominent men of the east-\\nem section of the State.\\nMilton has a beautiful and commodious town hall, and\\na public library of 7,000 volumes. Its manufactures\\nconsist of paper, chocolate, leather-dressing, and con-\\nsiderable gi-anite is quarried. Two branches of the Old\\nColony Raih-oad connect the town with Boston. There\\nare three churches and 14 schools. Population, 2,738.\\nBenjamm Wadsworth (16G9-1737) son of Capt. Samuel,\\nwho was killed by the Indians at Sudbury in King\\nj Philip s war, clergj man and\\npresident of Hai-vard College\\nJoseph Vose (1738-1816),\\ncolonel in the Revolutionary\\narmy; Peter Thacher (1752-\\n1802,) an eminent Congrega-\\ntioualist clergyman and politi-\\ncal writer, and Edward Hutch-\\ninson Robbins (1758-1829), an\\nable jurist, were born here.\\nI HoLBROOK was incorpoTatod\\nFeb. 29, 1872. It was formerlj\\nthe east parish of Eaudolpb,\\nand was named in honor of\\nElisha N. Holbrook, a natnf\\nand resident of the town. At\\nthe incorporation of the 1own\\nin 1872, Mr. Holbrook, -nlio\\nwas a wealthy shoe manufic\\nturer, gave, in ackuowledg nit nt\\nof the honor confeiTed upon\\nhim, the sum of 850,000, to be\\nexpended in the construction\\nof a town hall, and the found-\\ning of a pubUc library. The\\nfine building erected in com-\\npliance with the terms of the gift, and the valuable\\nlibrary contained therein, were destroyed by fire in 1878\\nbut a new hall has since been built, and was dedicated in\\n1879. The leading industry is the manufacture of boots\\nand shoes, in which a large amount of capital is invested.\\nHolbrook has two churches and ten schools. Popula-\\ntion, 1,726.\\nMedfield, incorporated May 23, 1651, and formerly\\na part of Dedham, derives its name from the extensive\\nmeadows which border on Charles River. It is one of the\\nmost beautiful rural towns in the State, the river and\\nmeadows affording views of rare beaut3- and loveliness.\\nFeb. 21, 1675, the town was attacked by the Narragan-\\nWTl\u00c2\u00bbTHBOP\\nset Indians under King Philip, and eighteen persons\\nwere killed, and about fifty dweUings burned.\\nCheneiy Hall, a fine brick building, for the use of the\\ntown and for the pubUc librarj-, was the gift of the late\\nGeorge Chenery, a native and resident of Medfield.\\nThough the leading industry is agriculture, there is in\\nthe place a first-class manufactory of straw goods.\\nThere are four churches and sis schools. Population,\\n1,163.\\nHannah Adams (1755-1831), historian of the Jews,\\nauthor of numerous works and\\nLowell Mason (1792-1872),\\ndistinguished as a musical\\nteacher and composer, were\\nnatives of this town.\\nFoxBORorcH was incorpo-\\nrated June 10, 1778, from\\nparts of Wrentham, Walpole,\\nStoughton and Stoughtonham\\n(Sharon). It was named in\\nho or of Charles James Fox,\\nthe great defender of the Amer-\\nicui Colonies in the British\\nP 11 [lament. The Neponset\\nRner takes its rise in this\\ntowQ, and flows into Walpole\\non the north. The leading in-\\ndu-itiy of the town is the man-\\nul icture of straw goods, the\\n1 iiion Straw Works being the\\n1 (ijjest straw manufactoiy in\\nthe country. The Boston and\\nPiovidence Railroad passes\\nthiough the eastern, and the\\nnorthern division of the Old\\nColouj Railroad through the\\ncentral, portions of the town. Memorial Hall, a hand-\\nsome building of stone, erected in memory of the soldiers\\nfrom Foxborough who fell in the war of the Rebellion,\\ncontains the public library of 2,500 volumes.\\nThere are four churches, one savings bank, and 18\\nschools. Population, 3,168.\\nSeth Boyden, a noted Inventor, was bom here in 1788,\\nand died in 1870.\\nFoxborough celebrated the centennial anniversarj of\\nits incorporation, June 29, 1878, at which an historical\\noration was given by Hon. Erastus P. Carpenter, a\\nnative, and one of the leading citizens of the town.\\nAddresses were also made by Hon. Otis Gary, president\\nof the day, Hon. Alexander H. Rice, governor of the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0255.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nState, Hon. Henry W. Paine, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder\\nand others.\\nWeentham. Incorporated Oct. 15, 1673. Formerly\\na part of Dedham. The Indian name was Wollomono-\\npoag, and its present name was taken from Wrentham,\\nEng., whence came some of the early settlers.\\nWrentham Centre, with its fine dwellings, and broad\\nand well-shaded streets, is one of the pleasantest villages\\nin the eastern section of the State. Two beautiful sheets\\nof water, known as Archer s Pond and Whiting s Pond,\\nRed-brush Hill, 456 feet high, and Joe s Rock, 486 feet\\nhigh, are among the many natural attractions of the\\ntown. The principal manufactures are straw goods,\\njeweh-y, and shoddy. There are four churches. Popu-\\nlation, 2,395.\\nJames Mann (1759-1832), eminent as a surgeon and\\nmedical writer; Enoch Pond (1791), an able Congi-e-\\ngationalist preacher and wi-iter, and for nearly fifty years\\nconnected with the Bangor (Me.) Theological Seminary,\\nof which he is now, at the age of eighty-eight, the active\\npresident, were born in this town.\\nNorwood. Incorporated Feb. 23, 1872, from the part\\nof Dedham called South Dedham, and a small portion of\\nWalpole. The N. Y. and N. E.R. R. afl ords good raikoad\\naccommodation. The town is watered by the Neponset\\nRiver and its tributaries. There are two large tanneries\\nand leather-dressing establishments, and an iron foundry\\nprinting-ink, oil-carpets, pasteboard, and carriages are\\nalso manufactured. The extensive machine and repair\\nshops of the N. Y. and N. E. R. R. which are located\\nhere, give employment to a large number of men.\\nThere are four churches, nine schools, and a public\\nlibrary of 3,000 volumes. Population, 1,749.\\nSharon. Incorporated June 20, 1765, formerlj- Stough-\\ntonham, the second precinct of Stoughton. Its scriptural\\nname was doubtless suggested by the beautiful and pic-\\nturesque scenerj for which the town has long been noted.\\nSharon occupies the summit of land between Massachu-\\nsetts and Nan-aganset bays. Moose Hill, in the westerly\\npart of the town, commands a magnificent prospect, and\\nwas taken as a station in the trigonometrical survey of\\nthe State. Massapoag Pond has long been a favorite\\nplace of resort, and its outlet, Massapoag Brook, aflfords\\nvaluable water-power. Sharon is connected with Bos-\\nton, 22 miles distant, by the B. and P. R. R. It has\\nmore than 5,000 acres of woodland, from which large\\nquantities of wood, charcoal and bark are annually\\nsent to market. The principal manufactures are cot-\\nton-duck, cutlery, boots and shoes, and carriages. There\\nare four churches, and eight pubhc schools. Popula-\\ntion, 1,330.\\nWalpole. Incorporated Dec. 10, 1724, foi-merly part\\nof Dedham, and named in honor of Sir Robert Walpole,\\nthen prime minister of England. The N. Y. and N. E.,\\nand the northern division of the Old Colony railroads\\nintersect at the centre, affording excellent transportation\\nfacilities. The Neponset River, with its tributaries, fur-\\nnishes good water-power. The leading manufactures\\nconsist of cotton and woollen goods, paper, iron castings,\\nmachine-cards, and boots and shoes. At South Walpole\\nis located the Alden Emery Mills. There are four\\nchurches, eleven schools, and a public library of 1,500\\nvolumes. Population, 2,290.\\nPhillips Payson, D. D. (1736-1801), an active patriot\\nof the Revolution, a fine scholar and distinguished clergy-\\nman SethPayson (1758-1820), a clergj-man, a brother\\nof Phillips, and father of Dr. Edward Payson of Port-\\nland, Me., and Eleazer Smith, a distinguished inventor,\\nwere natives of Walpole.\\nBellingham (incorporated in 1719), Norfolk (1870),\\nand Dover (1836), are mainlj^ agricultural towns, but\\nthey have some manufactures. Thej have a respective\\npopulation of 1,247, 920, and 650.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0256.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nPLYMOUTH COUI^TY.\\nBY REV. CHARLES W. WOOD.\\nPlymouth County being a part of the original Plym-\\nouth Colonj^ its history dates back to the landing of the\\nPilgrims in 1620. The more important events of this\\nearly history are given elsewhere under the Colonial\\nHistory of Massachusetts.\\nThe old Colony embraced the territory now included\\nin the three counties of Plj-mouth, Barnstable and Bris-\\ntol. It was a separate Colony until the appointment of\\nSir Echnund Andros, governor-general, in 1685. In\\nthis year it was divided into the three counties above\\nmentioned. In 1692, it was permanently united with\\nthe Colony of Massachusetts.\\nPlymouth Countj- lies in the south-east part of the\\nState, and is bounded b} Norfolk Count} and Massacliu-\\nsetts Bay on tlie north-west, bj Massachusetts Baj on the\\nnorth-east, b^ Barnstable County and Buzzard s Bay on\\nthe south-east, and b^- Bristol County on the south-west.\\nIt contains an area of about 720 square miles. It re-\\nceived its name from Plymouth, its shire town, and the\\nplace of its first settlement.* The north-west boun-\\ndary is nearly the original line between the Colonies of\\nPlymouth and Massachusetts Bay, the onlj- difference\\narising from the fact that Hingham and Hull originally\\nbelonged to Massachusetts Bay, and were annexed to\\nPlymouth upon tlie formation of Norfolk County.\\nThe shores of Plymouth County had been visited by\\nEuropeans, but no permanent settlement had been made\\nuntil the landing of the Pilgrims. Some years before\\nthis a shipmaster. Hunt, enticed some twenty of the\\nnatives here on board his ship, carried them away and\\nsold them for slaves. One of these, having been liber-\\nated by a Spanish monk, was brought back by Capt. H.\\nDermer and restored to his native land and afterwards,\\nIt is generally thought that the name Plymouth was given to the\\nfirst settlement of the Pilgrims because Plymouth in England was the\\nlast town they left at the Ijeginning of their voy.ngc, and they had re-\\nceived many liinJnesses from the Christians tlicrc. But it would seem\\nthat tlic name was given to this region some years before. In Davis s\\nedition of New England s Memorial it is said, Capt. Smith explored\\nthe coast from Penobscot to Cape Cod in 1G14, and gave the country the\\nname of New England. His description of New England was published\\nin 1616. In his map of the coast we find the name of Plymouth applied\\nto this place. It is one of the few names given by that distinguished\\nnavigator that remains unchanged.\\nfrom the knowledge of the English language which he\\nhad acquired, furnished valuable aid to the Pilgrims in\\ntheir intercourse with the Indians.\\nThe Plymouth colonists being deceived, as is believed\\nby some, by their captain, failed, providentially, to\\nreach their expected destination; but instead, found\\nthemselves in the present roadstead of Provincetown,\\nfrom whence, after some explorations they sailed to\\nPlj-mouth and began their settlement Dec. 21, 1620.\\nThe sevcrit}- of winter exposures, with food inadequate 1\\nin quantity and quality, threatened utter failure to their\\nenterprise, if not the extermination of the Colony, nearly\\none-half of their number succumbing to their hardships in\\nabout four months. It was a most fortunate circum-\\nstances that there were very few Indians to molest them,\\nthe whole region having been depopulated a year or two\\nbefore by a most fatal plague. For two or three years the\\ncolonists suffered much from the failure of their crops, so\\nthat upon the visit of some friends to the governor the\\nbest dish he could present them with was a lobster or\\npiece of fish, without bread or anything but a cup of fair\\nspring water.\\nIn the summer of 1623 the colonists were reduced to\\ngreat extremities, suffering more than at any previous\\ntime. Tlie last distribution of corn, which, it is stated,\\nconsisted only of a single pint, gave to each person fi\\\\e\\nkernels, which were parched and eaten. To keep this\\nfact in memory, it has been customary at the dinner in\\ncommemoration of the landing of the Pilgrims, to place\\nupon each plate five kernels of parched corn. These\\nare to be eaten first, that all may be reminded of the\\nprivations our forefathers endured that their descendants\\nmight have enough and to spare.\\nIn May of this year an unusual quantity of corn had\\nbeen planted, and we may well imagine that they went\\nforth weeping to cast that into the earth which seemed\\nso necessary to meet the immediate wants of their fami-\\nlies. A vessel with supplies had been expected for\\nmonths, and they looked in vain for its arrival. The\\nabsence of rain for six weeks, in an oppressively hot sea-\\nson, made the earth as ashes, and threatened the entire\\nruin of the crops. In this extremity they tm-ned to the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0257.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nGod of heaven for relief. On an appointed daj- thej\\ncontinued eight or nine hours in fervent pubHc praj-er\\nand worship. During the daj- the sky was perfectly\\nclear at night, however, the clouds gathered, and the\\nnext morning showers descended and continued at inter-\\nvals for fourteen daj-s. The corn revived, the grass\\nsprung up afresh, and an abundant harvest followed.\\nFrom this time the condition of the colonists rapidlj\\nimpro^ ed, until Bradford could send to his friends the\\ninformation that the countrj- was producing vegetables\\nand fruits in abundance, and in nearly as great variety as\\nwas found in the mother country- and that the comforts\\nof life were rapidly taking the place of their former want.\\nThe prosperity of the Colon}- was greatly impeded by\\nthe war with King Philip. The loss of men and monej-\\nimposed a verj- heavj- tax upon their limited resources.\\nMany public enterprises were necessarily abandoned or\\nsuspended until time should be given for recovery from a\\nwar most fearful in its results, though terminating in the\\ncomplete overthrow of the enemj\\nPlymouth was invaded at Eel Eiver, a garrisoned\\nhouse there being burned, and eleven persons killed.\\nThat part of Plymouth which is now the town of Hali-\\nfax, suffered the loss of eighteen houses and seven barns.\\nMiddleborough was burnt and abandoned. In Scituate,\\ntwelve houses, with their barns, and one saw-mill, were\\nconsumed. Bridgewater was attacked, but was bravel^-\\nand successfully defended.\\nBesides the losses inflicted by the direct attacks of the\\nsavage foe, the men and money required in the prosecu-\\ntion of the war, constituted a burden which none but\\nsuch brave men as the colonists could have borne. Thej-\\nwere far, however, from yielding to discouragement, but\\naddressed themselves manfull}-, not only to the recover^\\nof what had been lost, but also to an advance along the\\nseveral lines of enterprise to which thej had already so\\nhopefully put their hand.\\nIn 1G92 the union of the Old Colony with Massachu-\\nsetts Baj-, terminated its mdependent existence which\\nhad continued for 71 years.\\nThe people of Plj-mouth County, after their imion with\\nMassachusetts and down to the present time, have mani-\\nfested in a good degree the spirit of their fathers, and\\nhave performed well their part in promoting the interests\\nof the Commonwealth. In the French and Indian wars\\nthey joined heartily with their brethren in maintaining\\nthe integrity and honor of the English nation, and they\\nwere one with them also, in resisting the encroachments of\\nthe British government upon the rights of the Colonies.\\nThe first company which appeared in Boston for the\\nexpedition against Louisburg, was enlisted in Plj-mouth.\\nThe town of Pembroke was the first in the Colonies to\\nrebel against the British crown, having in 1740 adopted\\na resolution to adhere to their rights and privileges anj-\\nroj-al instructions of his majestj to the contrary notwith-\\nstanding. In May, 1776, Plj-mpton voted unanimously\\nin favor of independence of Great Britain, thus preced-\\ning the National Congress in their proclamation of liberty\\nto the world while Pl3-mouth instructed the town rep-\\nresentatives in the Provincial Congress: That j-ou,\\nwithout hesitation, be readj to declare for independence\\nof Great Britain, in whom no confidence can be placed,\\nprovided the honorable Continental C ongi-ess shall think\\nthat measure necessary, and we, for our part, do assure\\nyou that we will stand by the determination of the Con-\\ntinental Congress in the important and, as we think,\\nnecessary measure, at the risk of our lives and fortunes.\\nThis language was expressive, not onlj of the senti-\\nments of this town, but of those also of the other towns\\nof the county. And through all the war of the Revolu-\\ntion the people of this countj- bore well their part in\\nfurnishing men and means to cany to a successful issue\\nthe struggle for independence.\\nShays rebellion received here no support or coun-\\ntenance. The courts were not interrupted, as they were\\nin other parts of the State. The county furnished mate-\\nrial aid to the authorities for the suppression of this or-\\nganized resistance to the government.\\nIn the war of the Rebellion the record of this county- is\\na brilhant one. In the language of Judge Russell, It\\nwas once the boast of the Halifax Light Infantry that\\nthey received their charter from the hands of John Han-\\ncock. It was now their prouder boast that on the mid-\\nnight call of John A. Andrew, they mustered with full\\nranks at dawn of day. Manj an Old Colony town shared\\nin the gloi-y of that night and day. I dare not say how\\nmany towns Capt. Harlow visited to summon his men,\\nbut I do dare to saj that when the tramp of Lis horse\\nroused the slmnbering villages of Pl3-mouth County,\\nBradford and Carver, Brewster, Standish and Winslow,\\nlooked down and rejoiced over the approaching triumph\\nof liberty.\\nMilitary Affairs. From the very first the able-bodied\\nmen of the Old Colony from sixteen to sixty j ears of\\nage, were formed into companies for military drill. In\\n1653 a council of war, consisting of eleven persons, was\\nestablished, to whom all mihtary matters were to be en-\\ntrusted. In 165i sixty men, to be commanded b}- Miles\\nStandish, were enlisted to act against the Dutch at New\\nYork. In 16 75 it was ordered that every person attend-\\ning meeting on the Sabbath should be ai-med with mus-\\nkets, with a good supply of powder and balls.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0258.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "JL4SSACHUSETTS.\\nMany a battle was fought with the Indians under the\\nleadership of Standish. The Colony was well represent-\\ned at the great victory at Narraganset, and its young\\nmen were ahnost decimated in the disastrous expedition\\nof Capt. Peirce.\\nlu 1C90 a body of troops was raised in the towns of\\nj Plpnouth, Duxbury, Scituate, Marshfield, Bridgewater\\nI and Middleborough, to march under Capt. Church against\\nthe Indians ravaging the frontier in Maine.\\nIn the French and Indian war everj^ town was prob-\\nablj represented. Plymouth sent one whole company\\nScituate furnished nearly a hundred men. These towns\\ndid not probably very much exceed others in proportion\\nto their population. Capt. John Winslow of Marshfield\\nled the Kew England troops in the first captiu-e of Louis-\\nburg. In the Revolution the town of Bridgewater, con-\\ntaining less than a thousand men capable of bearing\\narms, furnished for the Continental service more than\\n400 soldiers. Other towns were not less patriotic. In\\nsome of them almost everj man able to do militarj duty\\nwas in the sei-vice for a longer or shorter time.\\nIn 1786 the authorities of the county were ready to\\naid in the suppression of the insurrection instigated by\\nDaniel Shaj-s, although there were individuals who had\\nsome sympathy with the insurgents. Gen. Nathaniel\\nGoodwin marched at the head of a large detachment of\\nmilitia gathered from the different towns of the county,\\nto oppose the insurgents gathered at Taunton for the\\npurpose of preventing the sitting of the court at that\\nI place. rift3--four of these soldiers were from Korth\\nBridgewater, now Brockton. The result was the total\\ndispersion of the lawless gathering, and a session of the\\ni court without molestation or bloodshed.\\nIn the war of 1812 the town of Halifax furnished a\\ncompanj under the command of the so-called Tall Cap-\\ntain Capt. Asa Thompson, who measured six and a\\nhalf feet. Most of the towns furnished companies, or\\nparts of companies to defend the seaports exposed to\\nI attack bj the enemy.\\nIn the Great Rebellion the county sustained its former\\nreputation for earnest devotion to the national flag, many\\ntowns furnishing a much larger number than was de-\\nmanded bj the government. The oldest company in the\\nState, chartered I13 John Hancock in 1792, belonging to\\nHalifax, the same organization as the one mentioned\\nunder the war of 1812, was one of the very first to re-\\nspond to the call of the president, April 16, 1861. A\\nwhole company from Abington, as well as the one from\\nHalifax, was on its way to the defence of Washington\\nwithin twenty-four hours after the first call of 75,000\\nmen. Between 5,000 and 6,000 soldiers and sailors\\nwere furnished during the war, of whom about 800 were\\nlost.\\nTowns aitd Population. For the first ten years, the\\ncolonists were confined almost wholly to the town of\\nPlymouth, and at the end of that period numbered\\nonly three hundred. A few persons resided at Mano-\\nmet, in the present town of Sandwich. Ten years\\nafter this, there were eight towns in the Colonj of which\\nfour only were within the limits of the present county,\\nviz. Pl^-mouth Duxburj-, incorporated in 1637 Scit-\\nuate, incorporated in 1636 and Marshfield, incorjio-\\nrated in 1640. Bridgewater was added in 1656, and\\nMiddleborough in 1669. At the incorporation of the\\ncounty, in 1685, it consisted of the above-mentioned\\ntowns, and Accord Pond Shares, and Ford s Farm Plan-\\ntations, embracing parts of Scituate and Hanover, and\\nthe whole of Abington. The population is estimated to\\nhave been about 4,000. It would have been much\\nlarger had not so many removed to other places, beyond\\nthe limits of the county.\\nFrom time to time new towns were formed from the\\ncommon territorj-, as Rochester in 1686, Abington In\\n1712, Wareham in 1739; and others were formed from\\nportions of the older towns, as from Plymouth, Plymp-\\nton in 1707, Kingston in 1726, Carver in 1790, a part of\\nHalifax in 1734, and a part of Wareham in 1739 from\\nDuxbury, Pembroke in 1711, Hanson in 1820; from\\nScituate, Hanover in 1727, South Scituate in 1849 from\\nBridgewater, Brockton in 1821, West Bridgewater in 1822,\\nEast Bridgewater in 1823 from Rochester, Marion in\\n1852, Mattapoisett in 1857, and a part of Wareham in\\n1739; from Middleborough a part of Halifax in 1734\\nfrom Abington, Rockland in 1874, and South Abington\\nin 1875. Hingham and Hull were annexed to the county\\nin 1793. The present number of towns is 27. The\\npopulation of the county in 1776 was 29,113 in 1875,\\n69,362.\\nEcclesiastical History. The first church in New Eng-\\nland, founded at PljTnouth in 1620, was a part of the\\nchiu-ch which went from England to Holland, where it\\nhad remained for eleven years. It was founded upon\\nthe belief that the Church of Christ has the exclusive\\nright of self-government in matters of religion, account-\\nalile onlj^ to the great Head of all Christian churches\\nthat the inspired Scriptirres only teach with authority the\\ntrue religion, and nothing is binding in faith or worship\\nbut what is taught in them and that every man has a\\nright to judge for himself what the Scriptures teach. The\\nofficers of the church were the pastor, ruling elder to help\\nthe pastor, and deacons, who were to take care of the treas-\\nury- of the church. This church frequently sent out its mem-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0259.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nbers, who planted other churches in different towns and\\nsettlements. One of the fli-st things sought in every new\\nsettlement was the establishment of a church. As one\\nof the objects of the emigration of the Pilgrims to this\\ncountry was the conversion of the natives to Christianity,\\nwe find them early presenting the gospel to the Indians,\\nand gathering them into churches. At the commence-\\nment of Philip s war, there were tliree Indian churches\\nwithin the limits of Middleborough, and a number in\\nother parts of the Colony. Besides the members of\\nthese chm ches, there were many Indians connected with\\nother churches, until the number, at this time, was esti-\\nmated to be fifteen hundred. The spirit of indepen-\\ndence in the Colony soon showed itself in the formation\\nFIRST NORMAL\\nIILDINO, BKIDGE\\\\\\\\ATEK,\\nof other churches than those of the established order,\\nvarious religious denominations having from time to\\ntime spnmg up and become more or less prosperous on\\nthe territory. There are now in the county 114 churches.\\nCongregational, 8G Methodist, 20 Baptist, 16 Uni-\\ntarian, 11 Universalist, 8; Catholic, 6; Episcopal, 4;\\nNew Church, 4 Friends, 2 Christian, 2 Lutheran, 1\\nAdvent, 1 Union, 1 Independent, 1 Free, 1.\\nEducation. The people of Pljinouth County have\\nalways manifested a deep interest in the cause of educa-\\ntion. Instruction before 1663 was given in famihes and\\nby private teachers. In 1 6 70 a free school was established\\nat Plymouth. The profits of the fisheries at Cape Cod,\\nand a portion of the public lands at Agawam and Sip-\\npican, were early appropriated to free schools. In 1677,\\ntowns of fifty families, after receiving a portion of the\\nCape Cod money, were to be taxed for the support of\\nschools, while those of one hundred families were to\\nhave a master able to fit youth for college. We read\\nearly of school- gate money, which was doubtless\\nmoney taken at toll-gates.\\nIn 1672, the General Court earnestly recommended a\\nliberal contribution for Harvard College.\\nThe earlj settlers were many of them well-educated\\nmen, having been in good circumstances in England.\\nThe hardships they had to contend with prevented them\\nfrom giving as good an education to their children as\\nthey themselves had received. It was their desire that,\\nas soon as possible, the privileges of their children here\\nmight be equal to what they had themselves enjoyed in\\nthe old country. Academies were\\nearly estabUshed in different parts of\\nthe county-, as at Bridgewater, Mid-\\ndleborough, Hingham and Duxbury,\\nand the public schools have been im-\\nproved until the need of academies is\\nnot now very much felt.\\nWhen the State made provision for\\nthe establishment of Nonnal Schools,\\nPlymouth County was the first to\\najiply for the location of one within\\nits limits, and the board of edu-\\ncation voted to grant the application.\\nThere was delay, however, in com-\\nplying with the required terms, and\\nin consequence normal schools were\\ndliened at Lexington and Barre a few\\nmonths before the school at Bridge-\\nwater but these schools were soon\\nremoved, while the one estabUshed\\nat Bridgewater has retained the loca-\\ntion in which it was first planted.\\nThe whole number of public schools in 1875 was 263,\\nwith 509 teachers, and an attendance of 12,700. The\\nvalue of iJublic school buildings and other property was\\n$521,395. The value of property of academies and\\nprivate schools was 845,435.\\nSurface. ^The smface of this county is quite level,\\nand the scenery unattractive, yet there are elevations\\npresenting widely-extended prospects of gi-eat beauty.\\nThe views of laud and sea from Coleman s HiU in Scit-\\nnate, from Prospect Hill in Hingham, from Captain s\\nHiU in Duxbmy, from Biuial Hill and Manomet HiU in\\nPlymouth, are exceedingly fine. Alden s HiU in Lake-\\nville presents a charming scene of lake, meadow and\\nwoodland.\\nBays, Rivers and Ponds. The sea-coast, about fortj^", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0260.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nmiles in length, and the shores of Buzzard s Baj afford\\na mnnber of harbors of sufficient depth for vessels\\nengaged in the fisheries and in the coasting trade. Of\\nthese are Scituate, Duxbury, Pl3 mouth and Kingston,\\non Massachusetts Bay and Wareham, Marion and Mat-\\ntapoisett, on Buzzard s Baj^ Tlie Taunton River and\\nits tributaries drain the western part of the countj and\\nfurnish important mill-privileges, and from the earliest\\ntimes have, from their alewife and shad fisheries, added\\nto the resources of the county.\\nIn the northern part of the count; the\\nNorth River, uniting with the South Ri\\\\ er,\\nenters Massachusetts Bay, furnishing, es\\npecially in fonner times, many facilities\\nfor ship-building. In the southerly piit\\nof the county are the Weweantic, the\\nWanliinlvo and the Agawam rivers, fui-\\nnishing valuable water-power. The coun-\\ntj- is noted for the large number of its\\nlalves and ponds, which are objects of\\ngreat beauty, and are withal very useful\\nin moistening the atmosphere, fertilizing\\nthe soil, and supplying healthful food\\nand large motive-power. The most iin\\nportant of these are those in Middle\\nborough and Lakeville Assawampsi. t\\nLong, Pocksha and Great and Little\\nQuiticas. These are all connected, and\\nconstitute the largest collection of fiesh\\nwater in the State, making an ana of\\nabout five thousand acres. These itcib\\nwere a favorite resort of King Philip md\\nhis chiefs for purposes of hunting and\\nfishing. Other ponds are Billington Sea\\nin PljTnouth, Momponset in Halifax,\\nSnipatuit in Rochester, Tispaqnm in\\nMiddleborough and Silver Lake in Ph mp\\nton, which has become a noted place of\\npopular resort for the summer moni hs\\nSoil and Productions. The soil of the county is\\ngenerally light and sand} and inferior to that of most\\nother parts of New England yet in many places\\nthere are productive farms. The farms, about 3,600\\nin number, are owned by their occupants, and though\\nmost of them are small, 100 of them contain more\\nthan 200 acres each 30 of them contain 500 acres\\neach five over 700 acres each and one contains over\\n1,000 acres. The value of farm property is $10,580,-\\n704. Over 30,000 bushels of corn, 30,000 tons of hay,\\n160,000 bushels of potatoes, and over 360,000 pounds\\nof butter are produced by these farms.\\nTrees and Forests. The forests of PljTnouth Countj\\nin the early days of its history furnished every kind of\\nwood needed for domestic use, and much for exportation.\\nShip-building from native timber has been a very impor-\\ntant branch of business. The ship-yards of the North\\nRiver were numbered by the score, and have been famous\\nfor the education of shipwrights, who have estabhshed\\ntheir business along the whole New England coast. The\\nfirst ship which visited the north-west coast was built\\nhere. Although the primeval forests have been felled,\\n^\u00c2\u00ab.krX\\nimm^^\\nJ-Mii^\\n^rVTE NOHMVL SCH\\nand but little ship-timber rL-mains, yet in the more\\nthan 100,000 acres of woodland, there are found a great\\nmany kinds of trees, valuable not only for fuel, but for\\nmany other useful purposes. The area of woodland has\\nbeen increasing for the last 30 j ears, and, in certain por-\\ntions of the county, the traveller may pass through many\\nmiles of unbroken forest almost as wild as when fii st\\nvisited by the Pilgrims.\\nManvfactures and Commerce. The manufactures of\\nthe county are extensive, producing a great variety of\\ngoods. In 1875, there were 1,007 establishments, having\\na capital of $7,224,521, with a product of $20,590,132,", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0261.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ne.mploj-ing 51,571 persons. The iron business was im-\\nportant in the early history of the county, the bogs and\\nponds fiu-nishing large quantities of ore. The anchors\\nof Old Ironsides were forged here, and more recently\\nsome of the heaviest work in the world has been turned\\nout. But the most important manufacture is that of\\nboots and shoes. There are 1C3 establishments, with a\\ncapacitj of \u00c2\u00a71,805,703, making goods to the value of\\n$10,945,924.\\nSixty manufactories of metallic goods, with a capital\\nof $2,479,840, show products amounting to $3,978,210.\\nIn 1875, 46 vessels were engaged in the fisheries with a\\nproduct of $149,009, and 18 A-essels were engaged in com-\\nmerce with a tonnage of 3,475, valued at $178,000.\\nBailroads and Telegraphs. The county is well accom-\\nmodated by the Old\\nColony Eaih-oad and its\\nbranches, and the Fair-\\nhaven branch of the\\nBoston, Clinton and\\nFitehburg Railroad\\nThe Old Colony road to\\nPl3Tiiouth was opened\\nin 1845 the road from\\nSouth Braintree to\\nBridgewater about the\\nsame time another soou\\nafter from Bridgewater I\\nto jMyricks to meet there\\na road from Fall Eiver.\\nIn 18G4 these were all\\nunited under the name\\nof the Old Colony and\\nNewport Railroad. The\\nPlymouth division passes through Abington, South Abing-\\nton, Hanson, Halifax, Plympton, and Kingston. The\\nmain line bj w.ay of Bridgewater accommodates Brock-\\nton, the Bridgewaters, Middleborough and Lake^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ille.\\nThe South Shore branch passes through Scituate, Marsh-\\nfield and Duxburj the Hanover branch through Rock-\\nland to Hanover and the Fairhaven branch from Ware-\\nham through Marion and Mattapoisett. The roads\\nextend over 90 miles in length. Telegraph lines extend\\nalong these railroads, giving rapid communication with\\nahuost every town.\\nTowxs.\\nBrockton, formerlj- North Bridgewater, and the larg-\\nest town in the county, is 20 miles from Boston on the\\nOld Colony Railroad. It was formerly a part of Bridge-\\nwater, but was set ofi as a parish in 1738, and incorpo-\\nrated as a town in 1821. It is remarkable for its enter-\\nprise and rapid growth, increasing in ten years from\\n6,332 to 10,578. It is engaged chiefly in the boot and\\nshoe business. Micah Faxon, the first manufacturer,\\ncarried his goods to market on horseback. There are\\nnow 71 establishments with a capital of $835,629,\\nmaking goods in 1875 to the value of $5,587,465. It\\nhas nine handsome churches, a high school and 40 other\\npublic schools, a bank, public library and music hall.\\nThere are two newspapers, The Brockton Gazette\\nand The Brockton Advance. It has three principal\\nvillages, though they are rapidlj- becoming one, the\\nCentre, Campello and Sprague Village. The last was\\nnamed from the late Chandler Sprague. Its main street\\nis one of the finest a^-enues in this part of the country.\\nUnion Cemetery is a\\nspot well adapted by\\nnature to its purpose,\\nand rendered very\\nbeautiful by art. Cam-\\npello embraces quite a\\npopulation of emigrants\\nfiom Sweden. The\\nbuilrbng of their church\\nwas materially aided b^-\\nthe celebrated Nilsson,\\nwho gave a concert in\\nIts behalf.\\nDr. Peter Bryant, the\\n1 Uher of Wm. C. Bry-\\nant, the poet, and Eev.\\nEhphaletPorter, D.D.,\\nan able clergyman, were\\nborn here.\\nMmuLEBOROUGH, one of the old towns of the Col-\\nony, interesting in its early history, visited bj white men\\nsome years before the landing of the Pilgi-ims, inhabited\\nbj powerful Indian tribes, its fii-st settlement burnt in\\nPhilip s war, a resting-place of the Pilgi ims in their way\\nto aud from Mount Hope, was incorporated as a town\\nin 1669. It is 35 miles from Boston, and has direct rail-\\nroad communication with Boston, the Cape, Fall Eiver\\nand Taimton, by the Old Colony Railroad and its\\nbranches has manufactures of straw, iron and woollen\\ngoods, and of boots and shoes eight churches, and an\\nelegant town hall, a newspaper, a sa\\\\-ings bank, a pubUc\\nlibrar} Peirce Academy, which has been one of the\\nmost popular in the State a well-known family school,\\na high school, and some 25 other public schools.\\nLuke Short died here aged 116. Cephas G. and\\nJerome B. Thompson, the distinguished painters Oliver", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0262.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "IVIASSACHUSETTS.\\nShaw, a noted musician\\nTom Thumb, and her sis-\\nI ter, Minnie, who died in\\n1878 Deacon L. Porter,\\nnoted for his liberalitj-,\\nespecially to Hol^-oke Fe-\\nmale Seminary Z. Eddy,\\na distinguished lawyer\\nEzra Samijson, author of\\nBeauties of the Bible\\nPeter H. Peirce and Levi\\nPeirce, successful mer-\\nchants, were born here.\\nPopulation, 5,023.\\nPlymouth, the most\\ninteresting town of the\\ncounty to the historian, is\\n37 miles from Boston. It\\nis built upon a declivitj-\\nabout two miles in length\\nand a half-mile in breadth.\\nIt contains the court-\\nhouse, a verj- handsome\\nbuilding, the jail, Pil-\\ngrim Hall, the Samoset\\nHouse, several chm-ches,\\ntwo national and two sav-\\nings banks, a newspaper,\\nthirtj- public schools.\\nIt has an excellent\\nwater supply from\\nSouth Pond. There\\nare iion and cotton\\nmills, and boot and\\nshoe establishments.\\nEight iron- works pro\\nduced goods worth\\nSG78,394 in 1875\\nFifteen vessels aie\\nengaged in the fibh\\ncries, whose products\\nare \u00c2\u00a735,193. Tht\\nview from Burial IIill\\nis one of rare beaut\\\\\\nLeyden Street, e\\\\\\ntending from nea the\\nRock to Buual\\nHm, was the first\\nstreet laid out A\\npart of the Rock\\npublic\\nthe wife of Gen. has been transferred to PUgrim Hall. Over the re-\\nmainder a beautiful stone\\ncanopy has been erected.\\nA grand national mon-\\nument commemorative of\\nthe virtues of the Pilgrim\\nFathers stands upon Mon-\\nument Hill. The Cush-\\nman monument, a granite\\nobelisk 27 feet high, is an\\nImposing object.\\nCol. Benjamin Church,\\nof Indian war memory,\\nGen. James Warren of the\\nRevolution, Charles T.\\nJackson, M. D., geologist, j\\nOakes Ames, member of\\nCongress, and Hon. Thos.\\nRussell, were natives of\\nthis town. Population,\\n6,370.\\nHekgham, a fine town\\nabout 17 miles from Bos-\\nton, has three postal cen-\\ntres, Hingham, Hing-\\nham Centre, and South\\nHingham. Its harbor ad-\\nlibrary and about mits sloop navigation, engaged in fisheries and the cany-\\ning trade. A mag-\\nnificent prospect of\\nsea and land is given\\nfrom Prospect Hill,\\nan elevation of near-\\nly 250 feet. The\\ntown has bands of\\nmusic, a newspaper,\\na national bank, a\\nsa^dugs bank, an in-\\nsurance company, a\\npublic libraiy a town\\nhall, nine or ten fine\\nchurches, and a cem-\\netery tastefuUj deco-\\nrated, containing the\\nremains of the la-\\nmented Gov. An-\\ndrew.\\nDerby Academy\\nwas incorporated in\\n1797, deriving its\\nI-ETDEN STREET, PLYMOUTH.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0263.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nname from Madam Derby, l\\\\y Tvhom it was endowed.\\nIt has the oldest meeting-house in New England, oc-\\ncupied from 1682 un-\\ntil the present time.\\nDuring Philip s war,\\nthree forts were erect-\\ned within its limits.\\nA monnmont in the\\ncemetery in( soi\\\\( -the\\nnames of 70 soldui--\\nand sailois lost in thi\\nlate war. Population,\\n4,G54.\\nSays Nason s Ga/\\netteer of Massachu-\\nsetts This lo\\\\\\\\u\\nhas given to the i^ oild\\nColonel John Otis,\\nan able law^-er and\\njudge Noah Hobart,\\na learned minister\\nEzekiel Hersey, a fa-\\nmous physician Gen.\\nBcnj. Lincoln, a verj^\\ndistinguished Revolu-\\ntionary ofHcer, secre-\\ntar}- of war 1781-4,\\ncollector of Boston\\nLevi Lincoln, acting\\ngovernor Andrews Norton, an eminent scholar and\\nwriter; Henry Ware, D. D., an able cltTgyman, 1794;\\nogist Winekworth Allan Gay, a fine landscape painter\\nCharles Henrj- Bromedge Caldwell, an efficient captain\\n~ft United States Navy\\nRichard Heniy Stod-\\ndard, a prolific writer\\n5 and popular poet, and 1\\nHon. Solomon Lin-\\ncoin, an able writer.\\nr Brtdgewater, one\\nH-i _, of the pleasantest\\ntowns of the county,\\n7 miles from Boston,\\n(Ml the Old Colon}-\\nK iilroad, was origi-\\nn illy a plantation\\n_i mted to Duxbury\\nb^ the Indian chief\\nMassasoit. It was\\ntin first settlement in\\nllu interior of the Col-\\non} H.ajward, Wil-\\nli Bassett, Wash-\\nbum, Ames, Mitchel,\\nKeith, and Edson,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2weio names of early\\nsc ttlers, and main* of\\nthen descendants re-\\nmain, bearing the\\nsame names. The town contains some ven,- fine farms.\\nbut is noted for its iron manufactui-es. Small-arras and\\nJohn Ware, a distinguished physician and author, 17\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00bbj-\\n18G4 William Ware, an author and clerg3Tnan Joseph\\nAndrews, 1806-73, one of the best line engravers in\\nthe countrj-; James Hall, 1811, New York State geol-\\ncamion were made here at the commencement of the\\nRevolution, supposed to have been the first ever made\\nin the country. Quite a number of vessels were early\\nbuilt here, and launched upon the Taunton River. The", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0264.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nBridgewater Iron Manufacturing Company is the most\\nextensive of any in the State, making some of the\\nhea\\\\ iest work in the world. The forgiugs of the cele-\\nbrated Monitor, were done here. Bridgewater Acad-\\nemj was incorporated in 1799. A State normal school\\nwas estabhshed in 1840. The town sent a surj^lus\\nof 60 men above its quota to the late war, of which\\n27 were lost. Popu- _-\\nlation, 3,969.\\nAbington, 20 miles\\nfrom Boston, on the\\nPl^-mouth branch of\\nthe Old Colony Rail-\\nroad, was, before its\\nrecent division, the\\nmost populous town\\nin the count} Its\\npresent population is\\n3,241. Its Indian\\nname was Manamoo-\\nskeagin, many bea-\\nvers. The first grant\\nof land was made, in\\n1648, to Nathaniel\\nSouther, the first sec-\\nretary of the Colony,\\nand one was given to\\nPeregrine White, the\\nfirst white man born\\nin the Colony. Set-\\ntlements were made\\nin 1668. It was in-\\ncoriDorated in 1710.\\nThe land is somewhat\\nelevated, forming the\\nwater- shed between\\nthe North and Taun-\\nton rivers. Thisi^lace\\nwas early the great\\nlumbering region for the surrounding country. The\\nfrigate Constitution was built, in large part, of oak\\nfrom this town. The town was noted for the manufac-\\nture of church-bells as early as 1769, and cannon and\\nshot during the Revolutionary war. It is affirmed that\\nPaul Revere was taught, by one from the manufactory\\nhere, to mould and cast his first bell. The town is some-\\nwhat noted for the manufacture of tacks, but its principal\\nbusiness is the making of boots and shoes. There were\\n17 establishments in 1875, with a capital of $276,200,\\nmaking goods to the value of $1,098,712.\\nTHE MILES BTANDISH\\nThe citizens of Abington, and the new towns of Rock-\\nland and South Abington, have never fallen behind in\\nthe demand made upon them in the different emergencies\\nof the country. They manifested their patriotism in\\ncolonial times, in the Revolution, in 1812, and especially\\nin the war of the Rebellion when, having lost more\\nthan a million of dollars in debts at the South, they\\n_ furnished more than a\\nregiment of soldiers\\nfor the war. In part-\\ning with portions of its\\nterritorj^ to form the\\nnew towns of Rock-\\nland and South Abing-\\nton, it lost 6,659 in\\npopulatio,n.\\nRockland was a\\npart of Abington un-\\ntil its incorporation in\\n1874. It constitutes\\na large and flourishing\\ntown, engaged cliicflj\\nin the boot and shoe\\nbusiness, in which\\nthere are nine estab-\\nlishments, producing\\ngoods, in 1875, to the\\namount of $1,180,-\\n728. The central vil-\\nlage contains many\\nelegant public and pri-\\nvate buildings, and is\\naccommodated bj the\\nHanover branch of\\nthe Old Colony Rail-\\nroad. Its history is\\nconnected with that\\nofAbington. Popula-\\ntion, 4,203.\\nDdxbcky, one of the oldest towns, is six miles north\\nof Plymouth. It received its name from Duxbury Hall,\\nof the Standish family, in England. Of the early settlers\\nwere Miles Standish and John Alden. An imposing\\nmonument to the memory of Standish has been erected\\non Captain s Hill. The terminus of the Atlantic Tele-\\ngraph is here. The landing of the cable was effected\\nJuly 23, 1869. Population, 2,245.\\nEast Bridgewater, taken from Bridgewater, was in-\\ncorporated in 1823. It is 25 miles from Boston, on the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0265.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nBridgewater branch of the Old\\nColony Railroad. Its Indian\\nname was Satucket.\\nThe first machines for card-\\ning, roping and spinning cotton,\\nand the first nails bj machinery,\\nwere made here. Population,\\n2,808.\\nHon. Nahum Mitchell, an able\\nlawj-er and musician, joint au-\\nthor with B. Brown, Esq., of the\\nBridgewater Collection of Church\\nMusic, and Ezekiel Whitman, a\\nJudge and member of Congress,\\nwere born here.\\nSocTH Abington, taken from the old oaken i\\nAbington, was incorporated 1875. It forms a very pleas-\\nELCKET, BCITUATE.\\nfrom\\nj ant town, well furnished with railroad faciUties, and of U\\nj promises to incn ise\\nrapidl} in popul ition\\nand wealth. It has\\n13 boot and shoe es-\\ntabhshments, makmg\\ngoods to the value of\\na milhon and a quar-\\nter annuallj- se\\\\er il\\ntack factories, one f\\nwhich is 183 b^ J^\\nfeet, with an L 8 t\\nby 67 feet. Popul i\\ntion, 2,456.\\nWareham, at the\\nhead of Buzzard s\\nBay, 50 miles from\\nBoston, on the Cape\\ndivision of the Old\\nColonj Railroad, was\\nj incorporated in 1739.\\nIts Indian name was\\nj Agawam, frequently\\nj mentioned in earlj\\ncolonial history-. It\\nhas four churches, a\\nnational and savings\\nbank, and extensive\\niron-works, making\\ngoods in 1875 to the value of $749,391. Population, 2,818\\nWest Bridgewater, the mother of the Bridgewaters\\nand Brockton, is 25 mUes from\\nBoston. It has some of the very\\nbest farming land. The How-\\nard school-house, recentlj- built\\nby the liberaUty of one of its\\nformer citizens, now deceased,\\nis one of the finest in the State.\\nIncori^orated in 1822. Popula-\\ntion, 1,756.\\nSciTUATE derives its name from\\nan Indian word meaning cold\\nbrook. It is 25 miles from Bos-\\nton, on the South Shore Railroad.\\nIt was one of the most important\\ntowns in the early historj of the\\nOld Colony. Settled bj men\\nthe county of Kent, Eng. V\\\\ ilUam Cushing, judge\\nS. Court; Samuel Woodworth. author of the Old\\nOakeu Bucket and\\nK( Chas. T. Terry,\\n^\\\\ere natives of this\\ntown. Incorporated\\nm 1636. Population,\\n2,463.\\nMabshfield, so\\nmmed from the na-\\nme of a considerable\\njrtion of its soil,\\nN IS incorporated in\\n11 41. By the South\\nShore, it is 30 miles\\nfrom Boston. It is\\nnoted as ha% ing con-\\ntained the fine old\\nmansion of Daniel\\nWebster, which was\\nrecentlj burnt. The\\nWinslow burial-place\\nholds the remains of\\nthe first child of the\\nPilgrims, the first\\nmother, the first bride,\\nand the first native\\ngovernor of the Col-\\nony. The population\\nnumbers 1,817.\\nKingston, about four miles from Plymouth, named\\nfrom the Duke of Kingston, was a part of Plymouth until\\nits incorporation in 1726. It is distinguished for the", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0266.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nlarge number of its college graduates, and other educated\\nprofessional men. Population, 1,5G9.\\nHanover is 26 miles from Boston, on a brancli of the\\nOld Colonj Eailroad. It is the birthplace of Col. John\\nBailey, conspicuous in the campaign against Burgoj-ne,\\nand of Joseph Smith, rear-admiral of the U. S. navj\\nPopulation, 1,801.\\nMattapoisett, on a harbor of Buzzard s Bay, formerly\\na parish of Rochester, was incorporated in 1857. It is\\nsix miles from New Bedford by the Fairhaven Eailroad.\\nPopulation, 1,361.\\nHull lies in the extreme north-west comer of the\\ncount3 nine miles bj* water from Boston. It was incor-\\nporated in 1644, when there were in it but 20 dwelling-\\nhouses. It is the smallest town in the county, and the\\nsmallest in the State, with the exception of Gosnold and\\nGay Head. Population, 316.\\nPlympton, a farming town of 755 inhabitants, 30 miles\\nsouth-east from Boston, was incorporated in 1707.\\nDeborah Sampson, who ser\\\\ ed three years in the Revo-\\nlutionar} war, and afterwards received a pension, was\\nborn in this town.\\nRochester, one of the old towns of the countj\\nreceived its name from a town in England. It is a farm-\\ning town, 50 miles from Boston. Incorporated in 1G86.\\nPopulation, 1,001.\\nPembroke, incorporated in 1711, Hanson (1820),\\nCancer (1790), Lakeville (1853), Marion (1852), and\\nHalifax (1734), are farming communities, with a respective\\npopulation of 1,399, 1,265, 1,127, 1,061, 862 and 568.\\nSUFFOLK COUNTY.\\nBY REV. Z. A. MUDGE, A. M.,\\nAuthor of Views from Plymouth Kock, Witch Hill, Foot-Prints of Roger Williams,\\nThe di-vision of the Massachusetts Colony into counties\\nwas made b}- the General Court in 1043. They were four\\nat this time, and were called Essex, Middlesex, Suffolk,\\nand Norfolk, after the shires of the same name in Eng-\\nland.\\nSuffolk contained Boston, Roxburj-, Dorchester, Ded-\\nham, Braintree, Weymouth, Hingham and Nantasket\\n(Hull), This county at present contains Boston, Chel-\\nsea, Winthrop and Revere but Boston, the court town,\\nembraces South Boston, East Boston, Roxbuiy, Boston\\nHighlands, West Roxbury, Dorchester, Brighton and\\nCharlcstown.\\nOn the 12th of June, the Arbella, the ship of John\\nWinthrop and his company, arrived in Salem.\\nGov. Winthrop, with a select few, at once visited the\\nregion about the junction of the Charles and Mjstic\\nrivers, with a -v-iew of finding an eligible place for a set-\\ntlement. The explorers, reporting favorablj- of Charles-\\ntown, which the Indians called Mishawum, the Arbella\\nconveyed all the Winthrop company there July 1st.\\nDuring this month the greater part of the fleet which left\\nEngland with Winthop, arrived in Boston Harbor.\\nThe colonists immediatelj commenced building\\nthough manj- for some time lived in tents and wigwams.\\nBut even before their care to secure homes, was their\\nconcern for stated religious sei-vice. They immediately\\norganized a church, and chose John Wilson, a devout\\nminister of their companj-, as their pastor.\\nIn August of this year occurred the first election of\\nofficers, and John Winthrop, Esq., was chosen governor.\\nThe court being organized, the first law enacted had\\nreference to the support of their pastors. It was ordered\\nthat houses should be built for them at the public ex-\\npense, and their salaries paid in the same way.\\nThough the leading men had resolved to build their\\nchief town at Charlestown, a prevailing sickness there\\nhad caused much uneasiness among the people, who be-\\ngan to express a wish for another locality. In the mean-\\ntime the Rev. William Blackstone, an eccentric and lone\\ndweller on the peninsula known to the Indians as Shaw-\\nmut, now Boston, became acquainted with their distresses\\nand made them a isit. He afforded such aid as lay in\\nhis power, and seeing that good water was one of their\\nneeds, he invited them to remove across the river to", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0267.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nShawmut. He assured them that they would find a good\\nspring there and a cordial welcome.*\\nBy the 7th of September many had removed to Tri-\\nmonntain t (Shawmut), its three prominent hills sug-\\ngesting the name.\\nA great blow fell upon the Colony on the 30th of\\nSeptember, in the death of Isaac Johnson, whose wife\\nhad died in Salem a month before.\\nJohnson had been one of the first to remove to Boston,\\nand had made further advancement in the improvement\\nof his selected place of residence than any others. His\\nlot included what is now the King s Chapel burying-\\nground, in the upper end of which lot, at his request, he\\nwas buried.\\nThe first General Court held in Boston met October 19.\\nAt this court a regulation was established requiring that\\na man to be eligible for the rank of a freeman, must be\\njoined in fellowship with one of the churches.\\nIn consequence of scarcity of provisions, and of con-\\ntinued sickness, great distress was felt. Capt. Pierce,\\nof the good ship Lyon, had accordinglj- been sent, at\\nthe commencement of the pressing need, to England for\\nsupplies, and to his return they looked for reUef. In the\\nmeantime a boat was sent to the Indian settlements to\\ntrade for corn, which was quite successful. But by the\\n5th of February, 1C31, the Colony was reduced to de-\\npendence on mussels, ground-nuts and acorns and even\\nthese, the snow and frozen earth rendered hard to be\\nprocured. Under these circumstances a fast was pro-\\nclaimed. But the day before it was to be observed,\\nCapt. Pierce arrived at Nantasket with a sliip-load of\\nprovisions. The mourning was turned into joy, and\\ntheir purposed fast-day into oue of thanksgi\\\\ ing.\\nAmong the passengers in the Lyon at this time was\\nRoger Wilhams.\\nBoston has had a sad experience with fires. Its first\\none was a great fire measured by the people s circum-\\nstances. It occurred March 16, 1631, just as they be-\\ngan to revive from the prostration of famine and sickness.\\nMarch 23, 1631, an old chief named Chickataubut ap-\\npeared before the governor, coming not only with his\\nJust when, and where, and why, Mr. Blackstone had come to Shaw-\\nmut is not known but he had a cottage and a garden, and appeared to\\nhave been there seven or eight years.\\nt Beacon Hill on the west, witli its several spurs, towered above the\\nrest. Copp s Hill, on the north-west, and Fort Hill, on the east, com-\\npleted the Tri-mountain system. The original peninsula of Boston was\\nquite a small piece of land, the highest estimate of its acres of fai-m-\\nground being 1,000, the lowest 600. At present these hills have been\\nlevelled or lowered, the many coves encompassing the peninsula filled\\nup, the Back Bay turned to solid earth so that we may safely consider,\\nsays Mr. Drake, in his Old Landmarks of Boston, that her original\\nlimits have been trebled.\\nbraves, but with their wives, lie came moreover with a\\nhogshead of corn and friendlj- words. The governor,\\nwith becoming respect for his distinguished guests, and\\na due regard for so important a state affair, provided a\\ndinner for the whole company. It is not strange that\\nafter this good cheer at the headquarters of the white\\nstrangers, Indian visits were thereafter more frequent.\\nIn November, 1631, Capt. Pierce of the ship Lj on,\\never the bearer of good to the Colony, arrived. He\\nbrought 60 passengers, among whom were Mrs. Win-\\nthrop, the governor s ladj-, his oldest son, John Winthrop,\\nJr. and others of his children and, not the least wel-\\ncome, John Eliot, subsequentl}- so famous as the teacher\\nof the Indians. He was immediately engaged by the\\nBoston church to take the place of Mr. Wilson, who had\\nrecently returned to England. The following March,\\n1632, Mr. Wilson himself returned, accompanied by his\\nwife. The same month was remarkable for the erection\\non the most easterly hill of the town of a fort. It was\\nthenceforth known as Fort Hill.\\nThe Indians grew annoj ingly familiar as well as fre-\\nquent in their visits. In August, 1632, the chief Mian-\\ntonomo, later so famous, came with his wife and twelve\\nattendants. At about this same time, a windmill was set\\nup on the hill in the north part of the town, whose\\ncapacity for grinding their corn, a chief article of food,\\nmust have made an era of progress. The hill (now\\ncalled Copp s) thus became known as Windmill Hill.\\nAnother important event of this month was the erection\\nof a meeting-house, the settlers having previously wor-\\nshipped in private houses. The people being now pros-\\nperous, they raised, by voluntarj offerings, \u00c2\u00a3120 for a\\nchurch and parsonage. The former is described as a\\nrude structure, with mud walls and a thatched roof.\\nThis edifice stood on what is now State Street.\\nSept. 4, 1633, was a day of joy. The ship Griffin\\narrived from the mother country, bringing 200 passen-\\ngers. Among these were Messrs. Cotton, Stone and\\nHooker, ministers, besides manj laymen of good\\nestates. The coming of these men, especially of Cotton,\\nmark an era in the history of the Colony.\\nX The General Court, however, the second session of which met at this\\ndate, voted that Tri-mountain be called Boston, and that Mattapan be\\nknown as Dorchester, and the town on the Charles River be named\\nWatcrtown.\\nThe latter was the Lady Arbella, in compliment to whom the ship\\nArbella was named. She and her husband were from Boston, Eng.,\\nand it is thought by some historians that Boston received its name, as a\\nmark of respect to them.\\nII Rev. John Cotton, born in Derby, Eng., in 1585, graduated at Trinity,\\nCambridge, at the age of 21, and received, soon after, the appointment\\nof head lecturer, dean and catechist of Emanuel College. While\\nholding this honored position, Mr. Cotton became convinced of the", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0268.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nThe court at this time attempted Lj- law, strangely, to\\nregulate the price of wages and merchandise.* There\\nwas a custom adopted this year, 163.3, among the minis-\\nters, of meeting in each other s houses for the purpose of\\ndiscussing questions of importance. These meeting;?\\nare regarded as the origin of the Boston Association\\nof Congregational Ministers.\\nEarly in March, 1634, the court ordered the provision\\nof a market-place. The market day was to be Thursday,\\nlecture day. At the same time, the first tavern was\\nopened, and the first trading-house built. Hitherto, the\\nprivate houses had been used as both places of enter-\\ntainment and trade.\\nAs the principal officers of the government lived at\\nNewtown, the court, after the election in 1634, met there.\\nThe election took place in Mr. Cotton s meeting-house\\nin Boston, and he preached the election sermon, which\\nwas the beginning of the i^ractice which has come down\\nI to the present daj\\nThe first book ofrecords begins in September, 1634. It\\ngives a hint that, even so early as this date, a select\\nj number of the freemen were intrusted with the affairs of\\nthe town for the ycr.r. From this practice, doubtless,\\ncame those historic officers, the selectmen.\\nIn April, 1G35, the case of Roger Williams came\\nI before Gov. Dudley and his assistants. On his arrival\\nin Boston, in February, 1631, Williams had been gi-eeted\\nkindlj by the Boston church, and elected teacher but,\\nnot agreeing with them in some opinions concerning\\ntheir foiTner relations to the Church of England, had,\\nafter a few weeks, been released, when he removed to\\nSalem. The occasion of the consideration of his case\\nby Gov. Dudley and his associates was this He had\\nmaintained that to administer an oath to a wicked per-\\nson, or an unregenerate man, was in itself a wicked\\nact, inasmuch as it caused such a person to take the\\nname of God in vain. After repeated hearings, and\\nprotracted debates, on the part of the authorities, Wil-\\nliams still continuing obdurate, he was sentenced bj^ the\\ncourt to depart out of its jurisdiction within sLs weeks,\\na sentence which was rigorouslv\u00c2\u00bb not to say mercilessly,\\nexecuted. Among the distinguished persons arriving at\\nthis time was Henry Vane, afterwards governor.\\nIn April, 1636, the General Court ordered that a cer-\\nnecessity of a deeper spirituality, and also of the errors of the\\nEstablished Church. Too honest to smother his eonvictions, and\\ntoo candid to conceal his change of views, the avowal of his prin-\\nciples, of course, cost him the friendship of many whom he sincerely\\nloved. Yet such was his personal influence, and his happy way of\\nconciliating, while opposing, the sentiments of others, that he was\\nelected vicar of St. Botolph s Church in Lincoln, he being yet only 27\\nyears of age. So able were his ministrations, and so kindly his bear-\\ntain number of persons be chosen magistrates for life,\\nand at the next election, three Winthrop, Dudley, and\\nVane were chosen to be magistrates during their\\nlives. This movement seemed to be inspired b}- a desh-e\\non the part of some of the leading men, to induce bj\\nthe prospect of such position, certain men in England of\\naristocratic birth, whose attention had been drawn towards\\nthe Bay, to emigrate. This movement was plainly not in\\nthe line of the sympathies of the people, whose visions of\\npopular rule were constantly enlarging. The life office\\nsoon disappeared.\\nIn May of 1G36, Henry Vane was chosen governor.\\nVane was a J oung man from a familj of distinction, and\\nis said to have left the proffered preferments of the royal\\ncourt for a larger religious libertj in the New World.\\nHe seemed to have been from the first a favorite of the\\npeople of Boston and its vicinity.\\nIn the summer of this year, the people of the Bay\\nthought the)- saw a cloud of war arising on the south-\\nwest of them. Capt. Oldham, one of their conspicuous\\ntraders, was murdered at Block Island bj- some Narra-\\ngansct Indians. This tribe being neighbors to Roger\\nWilliams, he immediately interjiosod his mediation with\\nthe authorities of Boston, to save a general Indian war.\\nHe moved the Narraganset chiefs Canonicus and\\nINIiantonomo to make all possible search for the\\nmurderers. This brought about a conference between\\nthese chiefs and a deputation of leading men from Bos-\\nton. The negotiation was a success.\\nBut Boston was not satisfied to leave the Oldham\\naffair without further action. They immediately sent\\nninety volunteers, under the general command of ex-\\ngovernor Endicott of Salem, to put to death the men of\\nBlock Island, to spare the women and children, and\\nbring them away. This order was faithfullj executed,\\nso far as the Indians could be caught, fourteen only\\nbeing seen after their flight their corn and wigwams\\nwere destroyed. The expedition then wantonlj attacked\\nthe Pequots along the banks of the Pequot River, now\\nthe Thames, killing two Indians, burning wigwams and\\ndestroj-ing cornfields. This done, they returned to\\nBoston, not having lost a man, and having only two\\nwounded. But their victory, if such it might be called,\\nwas not worth even this cost. The Pequots, who prob-\\ning, that he held this important and influential vicarage nearly 22 years.\\nAbout a month after his arrival in Boston, Mr. Cotton was chosen\\nTeacher of the First Church, and Thos. Leverett was chosen deacon.\\nThe reason given for reducing the wages heretofore paid was, that\\nby such high wages men could eani enough in four days to support\\nthem a w;eck. Tliis, they thought, in leaving two days of idleness,\\ninduced the use of tobacco and liquor, and such use was a great waste\\nto the Commonwealth.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0269.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nably had no responsibilitj- for the murder of Oldham,\\nwere naturallj- exasperated b3 Endicott s attack upon\\ntheir undefended homes. The following winter the}\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0wreaked their vengeance on several towns of Connecti-\\ncut, twenty of whose men had joined Endicott s force.\\nTheir able sachem, Sassacus, then put himself at the\\nhead of an embassy of his best men and visited the\\nheadquarters of the Narragansets, and appealed elo-\\nquentl} before a council of the two nations for an Indian\\nleague against the white men. His forcible words had\\nnearl} prevailed when Roger Williams appeared at the\\ncouncil fireside. Gov. Vane and his advisers had seen\\nthe dark war-cloud gathering in the Pequot countr} and,\\nin the hour of his people s peril, had sent to request the\\ngood offices in their behalf of their banished brother,\\nRoger Williams. He could not have responded more\\npromptly and cheerfully had he received only special\\nfavors from his brethren in the Bay.\\nIn consequence of Williams s negotiations, the Narra-\\nganset ambassadors were invited to Boston by Gov.\\nVane to officially arrange the treat}-. In response to this\\ncall, the junior chief, Miantonomo, with two sons of\\nSassacus, one other chief and twenty attendants, went,\\non the the 21st of October, 1G36, to Boston. They\\nwere received with the honor due to the ambassadors of\\na nation, militar} escorts and salutes being given them\\nand when the treat} was concluded they were dismissed\\nwith the same distinction.\\nWliile these negotiations were going on, the Pequots\\ncontinued to attack the settlers in Connecticut, killing a\\ntrader from the Bay, with many others. So Boston sent\\na company of men, under the command of Capt. Under-\\nbill, and Hartford sent men under Capt. Mason. These\\nforces met at the mouth of the Connecticut River, and\\nin conference with Capt. Gardiner, commander of the\\nfort there, arranged the campaign. The victory on the\\npart of the whites was complete.\\nThe annual May election, accompanied this year\\n(1637) with unusual excitement, was held in Newtown.\\nThe Winthrop party prevailed, electing him governor,\\nDudley deputy governor, and Endicott a standing coun-\\ncillor.\\nTo the conflict of arms with Indian foes, and polit-\\nical altercations, Boston added, in some respects, the\\nmore serious disturbance of a religious dissension. We\\nrefer to the Antinomian controversy, in which Mrs.\\nAnne Hutchinson acted a chief part, aided by the\\ngreat influence of Mr. Cotton, ex-Governor Vane, and\\nher brother-in-law, Mr. Wheelwright and resulted\\nIt was not at first an artillery company but, in 1657, they began to\\nuse a field-piece, and so received that designation. Ancient and Hon-\\nin the banishment of the heroic but misguided female\\nagitator.\\nIn August, 1637, Mr. Vane, having remained in the\\nColony as long as he had purposed to do when he left\\nEngland, returned, leaving behind many warm friends.\\nIn February, 1638, an association of men were, at\\ntheir request, incorporated into a military company, yet\\nto be subordinate to all authority. This was the\\norigin of the Ancient and Honorable Artiller}- Company,\\nwhich continues to this day and is one of the antiquities\\nof the county.*\\nIn June, 1638, there occurred a no less memorable\\nevent than an earthquake. It came with the noise of\\ncontinued thunder, subsided into a rattling like that of\\ncoaches over street pavements, and was presently gone.\\nIt shook the ships in the harbor, and all the islands,\\nand extended as far as Connecticut. The noise and the\\nshaking continued about four minutes, and the earth was\\nunquiet at times for twenty days after.\\nIn September of this year, their faithful officer in the\\nPequot war, Capt. Underbill, being about to join Wheel-\\nwright s settlement in New Hampshire, called upon the\\nauthorities of Boston concerning a matter of business.\\nHe reminded them of a promise that they had made him\\nof three hundred acres of land for his military ser^^ces.\\nBut the court, instead of giving him land, called him to\\naccount for certain alleged offences against their honora-\\nble body. He was charged, on the testimony of a\\ngodly female, with having spoken against some of them\\nwhen he was in the ship lately. The offensive words\\nwere, that they were as zealous here as the Scribes and\\nPharisees were. Besides, the court remembered just\\nnow that he had affiliated with Mr. Wheelwright in the\\nAntinomian trouble and, not being satisfied with his\\nexplanations of these several matters, they first im-\\nprisoned, and then banished him. j\\nEarly in 1639, the Boston people began to agitate the\\nproject of a new house of worship. After much debate\\nas to its location, the church at length chose a commit-\\ntee of five, with Gov. Winthrop as chairman, and gave\\nthem full power to select the site. The new house was\\nfinally erected on what was called Harding s ground,\\nwhich is the lot now occupied b\\\\ Joy s Building, on\\nWashington Street, near the head of State Street.\\nNov. 5, 1639, the Boston post-office was virtually\\ninstituted, the court having fixed upon the house of\\nRichard Fairbanks as the place to which all letters from\\nbeyond the seas should be sent for deliver}-.\\nSoon after the election in 1640, the people gave Mr.\\norable first occurs in their records in 1770. They were disbanded in\\nthe Revolution, but revived in 1789.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0270.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nWinthrop a substantial proof of their good-will, \u00c2\u00a3500\\nbeing contributed to relieve his financial embarrassments.\\nA great training was held in Boston in 1642, which\\nlasted two dajs. The number of men who appeared\\nunder arms is put down at 1,200. The number of\\nlookers-on were, of course, a great multitude yet it is\\naffirmed that none were drunk, none swore, and there\\nwas no fighting and the general remark is made b}-\\nanother writer, that Profane swearing, drunkenness,\\nand beggars are but rare in the compass of this patent.\\nThe civil war, which prevailed in England in 1643,\\nembarrassed manufacturing interests, and the supplies of\\nthe Colonies ran low. So Boston and other towns fell\\nto a manufacture of cotton, whereof thej- had store from\\nBarbadoes, and hemp and flax. Thus was stimulated\\nan earlj^ beginning of an essential interest.\\nThe court, in passing a law giving a more definite form\\nto its public schools, give as a reason for general public\\neducation, that the stronghold of Satan consisted in men s\\nignorance; and that, for this reason, all means possible\\nshould be adopted to spoil this specialtj- of the old\\nDeluder.\\nThe first execution for witchcraft which took place in\\nthe Colon) occurred at Boston in June, 1648.* The\\nunfortunate woman was hanged, and the record solemnl)-\\nadds, that, the same daj- and hour she was executed,\\nthere was a very great tempest at Connecticut, which\\nblew down many trees.\\nUntil the year 1648, there had been but one meeting-\\nhouse. A move was now made for a second. Its\\nfoundation was laid the next year, at the head of what is\\nnow North Square. The first sermon was preached on\\nthe 5lh of June, 1650. Samuel Mather, a son of Rev.\\nRichard Mather of Dorchester, was its first pastor. It\\nwas called the jMather Church, as its hi-^tory inti-\\nmately connects with that most remarkable familj\\nThis second church became known as the North Church,\\nand, in time, as the Old Norih.\\nOn the 26th of March, 1649, Boston was in mourning\\nand the whole Colony sharing in its sorrow. Gov.\\nWinthrop died on that day at ten o clock, in the 62d\\nyear of his age. f\\nThe year 1652 was remarkable in the history of Suffolk\\nThe person suffering hy this commencement of the furor of later\\nyears against witches, was a female by the name of Margaret, ^^-ifc of\\none Jones.\\nt John AVinthrop was bom in Groton, Eng., Jan. 12, 1588. In his\\npersonal appearance, Mr. AVinthrop is supposed to have been erect;\\nrather spare in flesh, though muscular; somewhat long- favored, or of a\\nI onntinance regularly oral blue eyes and dark hair, and about six feet\\nin height. There are two ancient portraits of Winthrop one is still to\\nbe seen in the Capitol of the Commonwealth, and the other in the hall\\nof the Antiquarian Society at Worcester.\\nCounty for the commencement of the coinage of money.\\nThe paper-money question had been under discussion for\\nsome time, and the people concluded that thej^ did not\\nwant more, but less, of it. The) declared that this kind\\nof cuurency was very subject to be lost, rent or coun-\\nterfeited, and other inconveniences. So an ingenious\\nsilversmith of Boston, John Hull, entered into a contract\\nwith the authorities to make their hard money. J\\nAnother death occurred in the Colony which caused a\\ngeneral sorrow scarcely less than that caused b) the\\ndeparture of Mr. Winthrop. The Rev. John Cotton died\\nDec. 23, 1652. He was in his sixtj -eighth year.\\nThe historian Hubbard, as quoted b)- Drake, elo-\\nquentl}-, and no doubt truthfully, says of him: He\\nwas a famous light in his generation, a glory to both\\nEnglands one in whom was so much of what is desira-\\nble in a man, as the consciences of all that knew him\\nappealed unto, is rarely to be seen in any one conversant\\nupon earth.\\nIn Jul) of 1654, the thirty-first day, Mr. Dudley died,\\nand thus another breach was made in the ranks of the\\nfounders of Boston. He was in the seventy-seventh j ear\\nof his age. His prominence for a long time in the Colony\\nas governor, deputy-governor, and in the management of\\nall its chief interests, cause l him to be greatly missed.\\nHis fidelity to the trusts committed to him, and his great\\ncapacity for business, were conceded by all. His intol-\\nerance seemed to grow out of the spirit of the times rather\\nthan the inherent spirit of the man.\\nThe election of 1655 placed Mr. Endicott in the\\ngovernor s seat, and Mr. Bellingham in that of deputy,\\nwhich positions the} occupied for ten successive j ears.\\nThe court required from this time that the governors\\nshould reside in Boston, or within five miles of the town,\\nso Mr. Endicott took up his residence for his remaining\\n3 ears on what is now Tremont Street, in the neighbor-\\nhood of Pemberton Square.\\nIn the summer of this year the Quakers appeared in\\nBoston. The authorities, in theLf well-meant efforts to\\nkeep away those the) deemed heretics, found the bad\\nbusiness increasingly difficult. The new comers had been\\nashore but a few days when they were arrested and\\nbrought before the magistrates. They had a good supply\\nIt has been thought str.ange that the home government should hare\\nallowed tliis step of the Colony towards independence to go unques-\\ntioned, it being directly in the face of st.atate law. But the reason\\nplainly was, that its civil wars were quite as much as they could man-\\nage. It is a significant f^rct, apparent in this transaction, and appearing\\nfrom the formation of organized society in this region, th;it the autliuri-\\nties did not so much as ask, when making laws, what is the Eugll.-h\\nlaw, but what they could do safely. They needed hard money of tlieir\\nown coinage, and they believed the home rulers could not stop their\\nmint, and so they set it in operation.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0271.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nof books ill their possession wliich set forth their peculiar\\nviews, whieli their honors caused to be burned in the\\nmarket-place, and their owners sent to prison. After a\\nconfinement of a few weeks they were sent awaj- bj\\nship. As the number of the Quakers increased, the laws\\nin reference to them were made more stringent. Not\\nonly was there a severe penalty for these alleged heretics,\\nbut for those who brought them, and for those who\\nreceived them into their houses. The crime of entertain-\\ning them seems to have been esteemed one of the great-\\nest, for, if such acts of hospitality were persisted in, the\\noffender was to have one of his ears cut off, and, if\\nrepeated, he was to lose the other ear.\\nEarl} in 1057, a move was made for the erection of a\\ntown house, which, after some delay, was secured. It\\nwas built of wood, and occupied the site where the Old\\nState House now stands, at the head of State, then\\nMarket Street.\\nBoston s troubles with the Quakers increased until late\\nin the fall of 1660, when the news of the fall of the Com-\\nmonwealth, and restoration of Charles the Second, caused\\nthe authorities to pause in their high-handed course.\\nThey expected that, under the return of old rulers,\\nBoston would be brought to account, and the expectation\\nwas realized when they received a mandate from the\\nking, which required that all their laws should be\\nreviewed, and such as were contrarj- or derogatorj- to the\\nking s authority should be annulled that the oath of\\nallegiance should be administered that the administration\\nof justice should be in the king s name.\\nOn the 5th of April, 1604, Mr. Norton died. He had,\\non coming to the country, taken charge of the church in\\nIpswich, but, at Mr. Cotton s dying request, and the\\nchoice of his bereaved people, he had removed to\\nBoston.\\nMarch 15, 1665, Gov. Endicott, the most independent\\nof the Puritan fathers, died. Though unhappilj- his was\\nnot always the independence which religiously regarded\\nthe rights of others, yet, such as it was, it was acted. As\\nhonest as he was resolute and capable. Gov. Endicott was\\nadmirablj- adapted to the rude pioneer work in the settle-\\nment of New England, which fell providentiall}- to his lot.\\nAbout two j-ears after the death of Endicott, Rev.\\nIf his new friends were .is warm in their attachment to Iiitn as the\\nIpswich friend referred to in the followini; story, they must have been a\\nliappy people: A godly man in Ipswich, after Mr. Norton s going\\nto Boston, -would ordhiarily travel on foot from Ipswich to Boston,\\nwhich is about thirty miles, for nothing but the weekly lecture there,\\nand he would profess that it was worth a great journey to be a par-\\ntaker in one of Mr. Norton s prayers.\\nt Its origin, according to Mr. Drake, is traced to a synod held in 1662,\\nand appointed mainly to settle, If possible, who were the proper subjects\\nJohn Wilson died, Aug. 7, 1668, in the seventy-ninth\\nj-ear of his age. He had filled an influential place in\\nBoston from its first settlement, and his weiglit of charac-\\nter was felt throughout the county and Colon}-.\\nThe year 1668 is remarkable as the starting-point of\\nthe Third Congregational Church of Boston, known in\\nhistory as the Old South, f\\nOver this new enterprise, Mr. Thomas Thatcher was\\ninstalled, Feb. IG, 1670, J and was continued the pastor\\nof this church until his death, a period of nearly nine\\nyears.\\nThe dark war-cloud which gathered soon after this\\nperiod over all New England, and resulted in what is\\nknown as King Philip s war, began now to be seen. In\\n1670, while Philip and the Plymouth people were having\\na serious misunderstanding, the politic chief came in\\nperson to Boston. He was cunning enough, if he was\\ngoing to fight, not to want to fight both Colonies at once.\\nHe plainlj did not understand the league the Colonies had\\nentered into in reference to such cases, and he wished to\\nstand well with the Bay. But he found its officials little\\ninclined to hear his side of the story without the presence\\nof the Plymouth representatives, and he departed dis-\\nsatisfied.\\nIn 1672, England being at war with the Dutch, Bos-\\nton was thrown into so great alarm, lest she might be\\nat any time bombarded by the enem}-, that she built a\\nfortification, consisting of a wall 20 feet wide and 15\\nfeet high, extending from a point now known as India\\nWharf to the bottom of Fleet Street, a distance of some\\n2,200 feet. No ship of the enemy, however, having ever\\npassed the castle, this great undertaking came to naught\\nand the fortification soon fell to decay.\\nThough the Dutch did not trouble Boston and its\\nvicinity, the Indians, inspired by King Philip, did.\\nThe long-expected war between him and the English\\nbegan in June, 1675. When the news of the outbreak\\nreached Boston the drums were beat, and in three\\nhours time 110 men were mustered. In the same\\nspirit Boston and its vicinit}- supported the conflict until\\nthe death of Philip, in August of the following year, at\\nwhich time the war was ^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2irtually ended.\\nThe heavy loss in treasure and men caused by the war.\\nof baptism. A new pastor was to be chosen by the First Church sue.\\ncesser to Mr. Wilson. Many were strongly in favor of Mr. John\\nDavenport of New H.-iven. But ho was thoroughly committed against\\nthe majority opinion of the late synod. The church accordingly became\\ndivided on this issue into synod and anti-synod parties. A division\\nfinally ensued, and a new church was formed and thus originated the\\nSouth Church.\\nX He was considered an eminent and learned divine learned also in\\nmechanics and medicine, the latter of which he skilfully practised.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0272.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was followed three months later in Boston bj the great-\\nest fire wliich had j-et befallen it. In three or four hours\\n46 dwelling-houses, one meeting-house and many other\\nbuildings were consumed. But for a copious rain which\\ncontinued to fall while the flames were raging, a much\\ngreater loss of property would have occurred. The\\nmeeting-house referred to was that on North Square,\\nthe Mather Church, in which Increase Mather\\npreached at the time, and which was rebuilt the next\\nyear. He lost about one hundred out of his library of\\na thousand books, by the burning of his house.*\\nNot long after this occurrence, the postal arrangement\\nof the Colony was enlarged and put in a more sjstematic\\norder. Thus improvements in the town went forward in\\nspite of obstacles. Even the spirit of intolerance grad-\\nually gave way, and the Baptists, who had quietly\\nerected a meeting-house, coutrar3 to a law forbidding\\nthem, began to worship regularly and peaceably in it.\\nThe rulers had all they could well do to look after their\\nrights under the charter, as they claimed them, which\\nthe king of England by his agents was constantly threat-\\nening. When, in the spring of 1686, news arrived that\\nJames the Second had been proclaimed king, and that\\nthe charter was vacated, the town felt that all their\\nsacred rights for which thej had suflTered banishment to\\nthe New World were imperilled. The royal order to\\nproclaim James king was done at the townhouse with\\na sorrowful and affected pomp, in the presence of eight\\nmilitary companies.\\nAs the difficulties with the home government gave the\\nBoston authorities so much to do that Baptists were left\\nto worship unmolested in their humble meeting-house, so,\\nthe same j^ear, the restrained Episcopalians began to\\nassert the right of religious freedom. At first their\\nmeetings were held in private houses. A society was\\norganized in December (1686), and, being denied one\\nof the three meeting-houses, whose use, when not inter-\\nfering with other services, they had requested, the}-\\noccupied the town house. But Andros, a royal governor,\\nhad come to rule in the king s name, and in March of\\nthe next year the Episcopalians entered the South\\nChurch under his authority. But the Episcopal society\\nentered at once upon the enterprise of a place of worship\\nof their own. A house was finished in July, 1689, cost-\\nThere were no fire-engines in Boston at this time, and, of course,\\nnone in the Colony. This fire, however, prompted tlie procuring of one\\nfrom Kngland it arrived early in 1679, in time to lie used at the great\\nfire which occurred in August of that year, a fire that laid waste the\\ncommercial part of tlje town in the vicinity of the dock, consuming\\nvessels, warehouses and dwellings, causing a loss of \u00c2\u00a3200,000. It was\\nbelieved to be the work of some wicked and malicious wretches who\\nhalf-ruincd tho Colony. It obliterated old landmarks and caused the\\ning \u00c2\u00a3284, being nearly paid for when dedicated. It was\\nlocated on the present site of King s Chapel, corner\\nof School and Tremont streets, and was built of wood.\\nAbout twenty years later, it was rebuilt and made twice\\nas large a clock was given for it, and an organ, the\\nfirst in Boston.\\nThough the ro3al rulers in Boston did, in manj re-\\nspects, rule as tj-rants, j-et there came in 1687 an edict\\nfrom the throne, of universal freedom in matters of\\nreligion. Boston was jubilant at the announcement.\\nIncrease INIather, a son of one of the strictest of the\\nPuritan fathers, caused a vote of thanks to be sent to\\nthe king for his declaration of freedom of conscience.\\nIn the spring of 1G89 rumors came to Boston that the\\nPrince of Orange had landed on the English shore, and\\nthat the hated dynasty of King James had fallen. Im-\\nmediately on the arrival of this good news, armed men\\nby thousands started up in Boston, Charlestown and all\\nthe vicinity, as if thej came from the bosom of the\\nearth. Their sudden appearance was a surprise to the\\npatriotic leaders, as well as to Andros and his royal\\nadherents. In less than forty-eight hours the English\\nfrigate l^ing in the harbor, the fort and the whole gov-\\nernment were transferred to the hands of the former\\nrulers of the people. Not a shot had been fired, nor a\\nlife lost. A declaration in the behalf of the people was\\nimmediately read from the balcony- of the town house. It\\nhad the ring of the Declaration of Independence of\\n1776. It was read in the presence of a great multi-\\ntude of people, among whom were twentj companies of\\nsoldiers, who had marched into town from the vicinity.\\nA thousand more soldiers were in Charlestown who could\\nnot get over the ferry. Arrangements were completed\\nto restore nearly all the old machinery of government,\\nwhen news came. May 26, of the enthronement of Wil-\\nliam and Mary in England. The news was offlciall}\\nproclaimed with civic and military parade, and an enter-\\ntainment was given at the town hall.\\nThings now returned to their former and wonted\\ncourse. Suffolk County suffered in common with the\\npeople in general of that period in connection with the\\nwitchcraft delusion of 1692. t We give one case which\\noccurred in Boston.\\nIt is interesting, meantime, to notice how tlie parties\\nstarting of the town anew in tho track of its ravages. The procuring\\nof more fire-engines and the organizing of something like a fire depart-\\nment were a part of the immediate results of this calamity.\\nt Four years before the f;rcat oiilbrcak in Salem, four children of\\nJohn Goodwin, liviiif, in iIk- ik.iiIi jiart of Boston, were generally believed\\nto be bewitched. The party cluirgoil with bewitching them, the mother\\nof the laundress of the family, was subsequently tried, convicted and\\nhung.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0273.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwho were regarded as heretics, and persecuted as such,\\nsettled after a while into the quiet possession, in Boston,\\nof their religious rights. We have noticed how tlie\\nEpiscopalians asserted theirs. The Quakers are spoken\\nof in 16G5 as ha\\\\-ing their ordinary place of meeting.\\nIn 1694, they purchased a site on Brattle Street and\\nbuilt a brick house. The Quincy House now occupies the\\nspot. This was the first brick meeting-house built in\\nBoston. This was superseded, in 1708, by a brick\\nmeeting-house on Congress Street. Though left to an\\nunrestrained development, their numerical strength never\\nbecame great.\\nToward the close of the century (1698) Boston con-\\ntained 1,000 houses and 7,000 people. The records\\npleasantly note the constant interest of the people in\\ntheir schools and churches. About this time a new\\nschool-house was built for a writing school, and the\\nvenerable Master Cheever was given an assistant in the\\nLatin school in the person of his gi-andson, Ezekiel\\nLewes. The special event of 1699 was the founding of\\nthe Brattle Street Church. The Rev. Benjamin Cole-\\nman, a native of Boston, but at that time residing in\\nEngland, was invited to become its pastor. Mr. Cole-\\nman accepted the call, and, shortly after arriving in\\nBoston, preached his first sermon, on the 24th of Decem-\\nber. The pastors of this church have been men of\\ngreat eminence, among whom are such names as Joseph\\nStevens Buckminster, the precocious scholar and won-\\nderful orator, who died at the age of 28, but not before\\nhe had filled the countrj- with the fame of his eloquence\\nEdward Everett, the orator, statesman and scholar and\\nJ. G. Palfrey, the historian.\\nThe first church of this society was built of wood, and\\nunpainted within and without. In 1772 a new one was\\nerected.\\nIn 1700, a new free school-house was built at the\\nNorth End, in which the A oung people were taught to\\nwrite and cipher and the next step in the same direc-\\ntion (1704) was the erection of a new Latin school-house\\nfor Master Cheever. In the same year the Boston\\nNews-Letter was started, the first newspaper published\\nin North America. Its proprietor and publisher was John\\nCampbell, postmaster of Boston. It was a small, cheap\\naffair, and was so poorly supported that it was not enlarged\\nuntil it had been published 15 j^ears. But it lived, and\\ngrew in size and value until the war of the Revolution.\\nIn October, 1711, Boston was visited by another de-\\nvastating fire. About 100 dwelling-houses were con-\\nsumed, and 110 families made homeless. Many stores,\\nstocked with valuable goods, were burned, together with\\nthe meeting-house of the first church, Rev. Benj. Wads-\\nworth pastor, and the town house. Some saUors who\\nhad gone into the cupola of the church to try to save the\\nbell perished in the flames. From School Street to Dock\\nSquare, including both sides of Cornhill, all the build-\\nings were destroyed. True to its histot ic character for\\nsj-mpathj- towards the suffering, the Colony, at a gen-\\neral fast, which was observed soon after, took up in all", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0274.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nthe churches contributions for the sufferers by the fire.\\nSome \u00c2\u00a3700 were obtained.\\nThe First Church meeting-house was presently re-\\nbuilt at an expense of \u00c2\u00a34,000, the whole of which was\\nraised by voluntar} subscription. This, at a later\\ntime, was known as the Old Briclv Church. Before the\\ncompletion of this cdiflce. another society was formed\\nat the North End, lo-\\ncated at the corner of\\nNorth (now Hanover)\\nand Clark streets, by a\\ncompany of thrifty me-\\nchanics but their meet-\\ning-house was not com-\\npleted until 1714. The\\nsociety made choice of\\nRev. John Webb, then\\nchaplain at Castle Wil-\\nliam, Boston Harbor, as\\npastor. Until 1749, this\\nsocietj-, as did most others\\nof the country, support-\\ned their pastors by vol-\\nj untary contributions, the\\nI deacons standing up in\\nj their places and receiv-\\nI ing in boxes the offerings\\nj of the people as they\\npassed before them in a\\nI specified order. But from\\nthis time the New North\\nraised the minister s sal-\\nary by assessments upon\\nthe pews, a change wfiieh\\nsoon became general.\\nIn 1715 a new religious\\nj societj^ was founded at\\nthe South End, and, to\\ndistinguish it from the Old\\nSouth, was called the New South Churcl\\nmer of 1722, the Episcopalians found King s Chapel too\\nsmall for their increased numbers, and resolved to build\\nanother church. In December of the next year, the\\nChi ist Church on Salem Street was dedicated.* Eepairs\\nhave from time to time been made on this honored edi-\\nfice, but its original architecture remains.\\nIn 1727 a Presb^-terian Church was established in Bos-\\nton. It was composed\\nchiefly of Scotch emi-\\ngrants, who lived some\\ntime in Ireland. They\\nhad come with their pas-\\ntor, the Rev. John Moor-\\nhead, to New England,\\nfor greater freedom of\\nworship. After the Revo-\\nlution they relinquished\\nthe Presbyterian regimen\\nand embraced the Con-\\ngregational order. The\\ncelebrated William Ellery\\nChanning became pastor\\nof this church in 1803.\\nIn 1734 the corner-stone\\nof the Trinitj- Episcopal\\nChurch was laid the first\\nsermon was preached in\\nthe completed edifice in\\n1735.t In 1728 the South\\nChurch was taken down, it\\nhaving stood sixty years,\\nand the next j ear the\\npresent brick church (the\\nthird meeting-house on\\nthe same spot) which has\\nbecome so interesting as\\nan historic monument, was\\nbuilt.\\nIn June of 1732 the\\nIts house of Holhs Street Church was dedicated. Its later years have\\nworship, located at the intersection of Summer and Bed- been made famous by the pastorates of Rev. John Pier-\\nford streets, was dedicated on the 8th of January, 1717. pont, and the Rev. Thomas Starr King.\\nIn September, 1718, they called the Rev. Samuel Check- The West Church was gathered on Jan. 3, 1736, and the\\nley, who was ordained in April of the next year. following May, Rev. Wm. Hooper became its first pastor\\nThe churches which have since become historic, sprung I Mr. Hooper was followed in June, 1747, by the Rev.\\nup and developed rapidly from this period. In the sum- i Jonathan Mayhew, a great light of the Boston pulpit.\\nTHE OLD bOI TH CHURCH, BOSTON.\\nIn 1744 this church was furnished with a Peal of eight bells\\nthey were the gift of generous friends. On one is the inscription!\\nWe are the first ring of bells cast for the British Empire in North\\nAmerica.\\nt It was situated on the comer of Summer and Hawley streets, and\\nwas a plain wooden structure, hairing neither tower nor steeple, nor\\nwindows in the lower story of the front. The interior was more archi-\\ntectural, having an arch resting upon Corinthian pillars with carved and\\ngilded capitals. Within the chancel were paintings, beautiful and im-\\npressive. In 1828 this building gave place to the granite edifice which,\\nto the time of its destruction by the great fire of November, 1872, was\\none of the most substantial and artistic church buildings in Boston.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0275.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nIn 1741, Rev. Samuel Mather, who had been about\\nnine years pastor of the Old North Church, came off with\\nabout ninety members, organized a church, and built a\\nmeeting-house on the comer of Hanover and North Ben-\\nnett streets. This house was of wood and was dedicated\\nin the earlj part of 1742. After ISIr. Mather s death in\\n1785, it was purchased by the Universalists, and became\\nthe First Universalist Church of Boston.*\\nThe Second Baptist Church started in October, 1742.\\nTheir first meetings were held in the dwelling-house of\\nMr. James Bound, in Sheafe Street. They opened their\\nmeeting-house by a fli-st sei-mon in March, 1746 it was\\nsmall, built of wood, and stood on the site of the since\\nwell-known Baldwin Place Church. Rev. Ephraim\\nBound (or Bond) was its first pastor. Rev. Thomas\\nBaldwin became pastor in November, 1790, and soon\\nafter the house was enlarged. In 1809 it gave place to\\na new one, which was dedicated January first of the next\\nyear.\\nThe schools of Boston have ever been one of its most\\nnotable features. t By a report of a visiting committee\\nin 1739, it appears that there were at that time five\\nschools, containing 600 pupils.\\nThe committees of those daj s, being composed as now\\nof the ministers and other prominent men, their visits\\nand reports were regarded, even then, with great interest\\nb}- all. Naturally connected with the progress of the\\nchurches and the schools, is that of the press. We have\\nspoken of the News-Letter, the first newspaper. Near\\nthe close of 1718, a second one was started, called the\\nBoston Gazette. The printer of it was James Frank-\\nlin, brother of the subsequently famous Benjamin\\nFranklin. About four years afterwards (1723) Mr.\\nFranklin started a third paper, called the New England\\nCourant. The name indicates that he aimed to extend\\nits range of ideas beyond Boston, and represent all the\\nColonies. It was, in fact, what would now be called a\\nprogressive paper. Dealing liberally with men and\\nthings, we are not surprised to learn that its editor and\\nproprietor was betimes imprisoned. It was in this paper\\nthat Benjamin Franklin commenced his career as a writer, 1\\nbeing at this time an apprentice to his brother James.\\nA few years later, 1727, The New England Weekly\\nMethodism was introduced into Boston by the Rev. Jesse Lee. Sat-\\nurday, July 10, 1790, he entered the town, and on Sunday morning\\nloolicd about for a place to preach. Finding none, he borrowed a table\\nof some one living near, and carried it himself under the Old Elm on\\nthe Common. Standing on this he commenced a religious service. At\\nthe close of the sermon he had several thousand hearers.\\nA church was gathered July 13, 1792, and the first meeting-house was\\ndedicated in May, 1796. It was a small wooden structure at the North\\nEud, in what was long known as Methodist Alley, now Hanover Avenue.\\nJournal was staited this paper took decided interest in\\nthe sharp controversies of the times. Seven years later\\nThe Boston Weekly Post Boj appeared.\\nIn September of 1739, Suffolk County, as well as New\\nEngland in general, were moved by the arrival in Boston\\nof George Whitefleld. Though onh- 26 years of age at\\nthe time, the fame of his wonderful pulpit power had i\\npreceded him. He was met, on his approach to the\\ntown, by a large deputation of gentlemen. The next\\ndaj he preached in Dr. Colman s meeting-house. Brattle\\nStreet, to a vast concourse of people. The next morn-\\ning he preached in the Old South, and, the number of\\npeople outside for whom there was no room, being great-\\ner than those inside, he spoke to a great multitude in the\\nafternoon on the Common.\\nOn the following Sabbath, in the same place, he\\naddressed, as was estimated, from 8,000 to 10,000 per-\\nsons. When about to preach, subsequentlv, in the New\\nSouth, the house being densely packed, a noise was\\nheard in the gallery, which some supposed to be a gi\\\\ ing\\nway of the timber which supported it. A panic im- I\\nmediately ensued. Several were trod to death others\\nwere seriously wounded, some of whom died in a few\\ndaj s. Mr. Whitefield s farewell sermon on the Common\\nwas heard, it was believed, by 20,000 people. His many\\nsubsequent visits were attended by great crowds, and\\ncordial welcome bj man} but not with the united S3Tn-\\npathy of his first visit. He came for the last time in\\n1769, and died in November, a month after his arrival in\\nNewburyport.\\nThe 3 ear 1742 is memorable for the completion and\\npresentation to Boston of Faneuil Hall, the same being,\\nfor the most part, a present to the town b}- Mr. Peter\\nFaneuil. The building was named Faneuil Hall in tes-\\ntimony of the town s gratitude.\\nIn November of 1747, an affair occurred in Boston\\nwhich gave evidence of that same popular will in resist-\\ning aggression, from whatever source, which, a generation\\nlater, brought on the War of Independence. An Eng-\\nlish commodore was in the harbor, in command of sev-\\neral ships. Some of his men having deserted, he sent a\\npress-gang ashore, which constrained into the naval\\nservice and carried on board the ships a considerable\\nt In 1720 a very unique school was established by the town. Emi-\\ngrants from Ireland, called Scotch-Irish, because their ancestors were\\nfrom Scotland, had brought their spinning-wheels with them, for the\\nmanufacture of linen. Spinning-wheels at once became the fashion of\\nthe day with rich and poor. A large, handsome brick building was\\nerected on Treraont Street near where Ilamilton -Place now is, in which\\nthe children of the town were taught the useful, l)ut now almost obso-\\nlete, art of spinning. The special zeal, however, in this direction, was\\nnot of long c", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0276.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0279.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0280.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nnumber of sailors, ship s carpenters and apprentices,\\nwhom thej^ found about the wharves. Boston s resent-\\nment was swift and intense. A great mass of the peo-\\nple, unwisel}-, without the fonn of law, rushed together.\\nThey seized a lieutenant of one of the war-ships, and\\nput him in confinement. Learning that other officers of\\nthe offending commodore were at the governor s house,\\nthe angiy mob attempted to seize them, but were pre-\\nvented by the interposition of a sheriff. They then\\nturned upon the sheriff himself, and put Mm in the\\nstocks in front of the town hall. In the meantime the\\ngovernor called out the military to quell the mob, and\\na remonstrance was sent to the commodore against the\\noutrages of the press-gang. But the haughty sailor\\nreplied that he would draw up his ships and bombard the\\ntown, unless his officers who had been seized on shore\\nshould be allowed to return to the ships. To give effect\\nto tills threat, sail was made on his vessels. All eyes\\nwere turned to these floating batteries, but nobody\\nbegged for quarter. The General Court, which was in\\nsession, voted to stand by the governor with their lives\\nand then- estates. The armed military hastened to Bos-\\nton at the call of the commander-in-chief, the mob\\nmelted away, and legal force took its place, with a defi-\\nant spirit towards the commodore. Learning this state\\nof affairs, and receiving the officers whom the mob had\\nseized and confined, he returned the impressed men and\\nsailed out of the harbor, to the joy of the triumphant town.\\nIn 1760, another great fire occurred in Boston. It\\ncommenced on Washington Street, not far from Water\\nStreet, burning east to Long Wharf, and clearing a gi eat\\nsection of the town between State and Milk streets.\\nThree hundred and forty-nine buildings dwelUng-\\nhouses, stores and mechanics shops were burned, and\\na thousand people were bereft of their homes. The loss\\nwas estimated at \u00c2\u00a3100,000. NewYork, Pennsylvania and\\nNova Scotia promptly sent relief a generous merchant\\nof London sent \u00c2\u00a3100, and Whitefield collected and sent\\n\u00c2\u00a3250. New England was, of course, ready with her gifts\\nto the suffering capital, and the burned district was in time\\nfilled with brick instead of inflammable wooden buildings.\\nAmid the din of religious controversj and the intense\\npohtical excitement incident to the dawn of the Revolu-\\ntion, the churches increased in numbers and in catholicity\\ntowards each other as differing denominations. The\\nliterarj and educational interests of the town progressed\\nrapidly.*\\nThe little peninsula on which Boston was built was, at\\nDrake says Booksellers flourished, newspiipers increased, and a\\ncirculating library of 1,200 volumes was established. The most e.xtcn-\\nsivf bookseller of that day in Boston was the proprietor of this circu-\\nthe same time, becoming more closely connected with\\nthe distant as well as the near towns of the Province\\nthus was her intense life more and more felt beyond her\\nlimits.\\nOn the 14th of August, 1765, occurred the memorable\\nStamp Act riot. Soon after the promulgation of the\\nStamp Act, a portion of the people, wild with passion,\\nmarched through the streets of the town, shouting,\\nLiberty and Property no Stamps resorting, mean-\\nwhile, to various acts of violence upon such persons as\\nwere in any way connected with the royal revenue ser-\\nvice, hanging in efflgj and falling riotously upon the\\nproperty, particularly, of a certain peculiarly odious\\nstamp distributor, named Andrew OUvers.\\nOn the 26th another mob, more furious, if possible,\\nthan the former, and composed seemingly of the very\\nlowest of the populace, gathered in State Street, and\\nvisited and utterly despoiled the houses of several emi-\\nnent citizens, among which was the elegant mansion of\\nLieut. Gov. Hutchinson this they did not leave until\\nthey had destro3 ed, carried away, and cast into the\\nstreet everj thing that was in tlie house. They then\\ndemolished every part of it, so far as lay in their power.\\nThe governor s loss was estimated at \u00c2\u00a32,000, besides\\nvaluable papers, some of thein of great historic interest.\\nThe town was all night under a panic of fear on account\\nof the mob, the governor himself being at the castle, and\\nignorant of what was transpiring. The next day an\\nimmense number of the citizens met at Faneuil Hall, and\\nvoted their detestation of the doings of the mob. Some\\nof the known leaders in the lawless business were\\narrested. But law was powerless before the public\\nfuror, and none suffered its penalty for these riotous\\nproceedings. The stamp law was a failure in Boston,\\nand throughout the Colonies. Stamp officers resigned,\\nand were applauded for so doing. Trade revived, and\\nbusiness activity succeeded stagnation.\\nIn 1768, two regiments of British soldiers, of 500 men\\neach, had arrived in Boston harbor, in six ships. Two\\ndays later six more vessels arrived. The soldiers were\\nlanded and quartered upon the town. The ships\\nanchored, broadside to the town, with guns shotted and\\nmatches lighted. This meant that the taxes, so hated\\nand repudiated by Bostonians, were to be collected.\\nThe General Court remonstrated with their royal gov-\\nernor against this esteemed insult. But, instead of\\nremoving the soldiers from the town. Gov. Bernard\\nremoved the court to Cambridge. This, of course, in-\\nlating library. A few months later (than Feb. 1764), his advertisement\\nof books just imported covers an entke page of the Massachusetts\\nGazette, in which he says his stock comprised above 10,000 volumes.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0281.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "HISTOET OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ncreased the public irritation, and the soldiers themselves,\\nmore or less brutal and lawless, fvere intensely hated.\\nSuch was the state of feeling Ijlng back of what is known\\nas the Boston Massacre. The soldiers and the bo^s\\nand rude men about the streets, were habitually taunting\\nand provoking one another. The people were the more\\ninsulting, as it was understood that no officer was then\\nin Boston of sufficient rank to be authorized to give the\\nsoldiers a command to fire upon the people, under any\\ncircumstances. The governor only, or the lieutenant-\\ngovernor acting in his place, could do this.\\nAbout a fortnight before the massacre (February 22),\\nsome boys set up a wooden head before the house of a\\nmerchant who had, contrary to agreement, sold some\\nof the goods on which the heavy taxes were laid. They\\nhad nailed a board to the image, on which the merchant s\\nfigure was painted, and a hand pointing to his house. A\\nman by the name of Richardson, an informer, and friend\\nof the merchant s, tried to get some one to break the\\nimage down. He was soon in a wrangle with the boys,\\nto whose company older persons attached themselves.\\nThe informer fled to his house, to escape the missiles\\nhurled at him. The boys followed, and he fired upon\\nthem from his window, wounding several one of whom,\\na German boy eleven years of age, died the following\\nevening. Of course the town was astir. The funeral of\\nthe boj- was attended bj an immense concourse. The\\ncorpse was set down under the old Liberty Tree.\\nThe pall was supported by six youth. Fifty boys pre-\\nceded, and two thousand people of all ranks walked\\nin procession the streets on either side were crowded\\nwith spectators as it passed to the place of burial.\\nEichardsbn was tried and convicted of murder. But the\\nchief justice, regarding it as a clear case of justifiable\\nhomicide, refused to sign his death-warrant. He lay\\nin prison two years, and was then pardoned and set at\\nliberty.\\nThe next incident provoking the massacre, was an\\naltercation between the men engaged in a rope- walk, near\\nto which one of the regiments was quartered. Silly and\\nin-itating words, and more exciting blows had passed\\nbetween them. The friends of each, to some extent, in\\ntheir subsequent testimonj blamed both. Passion, and\\nnot reason, ruled the hour.\\nOn the evening of the massacre (March 5, 1770), a\\nclear moonlight glittered on snow-covered streets and\\nbuildings. Two youth attempted to pass a sentinel\\nwithout answering his challenge. A scuffie ensued.\\nSoldiers came to the rehef of the sentinel but the other\\nside being re-enforced by a crowd, thej- retreated to then-\\nbarracks. The excitement extended through both regi-\\nments of soldiers and over the town, and finally con-\\ncentrated in King (State) Street. The main guard,\\nwhich was quartered here, opposite the south door of the\\nState House, was the object of the especial hatred of the\\nmob. A sentinel was on dut^- at the custom-house, on\\nthe comer of the Royal Exchange lane and King Street.\\nA boy pointed him out as one who had, a short time\\nbefore, knocked him down with his gun. The mob\\nshouted, Kill him! knock him down! The sentinel\\nretreated up the steps, and tried to gain admittance into\\nthe custom-house, but failed to do so. The mob was all\\nthe while pelting him with bits of ice, snow-balls and\\nsticks of wood. Thus pressed, the soldier loaded his\\ngun. Fire and be d d shouted the boys. Stand\\nofi said the sentinel, and shouted for help from the\\nmain guard. Capt. Preston, who was commander of the\\nguard for the daj-, ordered them to turn out. A sergeant,\\nwith six men, started to relieve the sentinel. Preston\\nsoon ordered up six more. The crowd increased and\\npressed upon the guard, insulting them with oaths and\\njeers, and daring them to fire. Preston formed his men\\nin a semi-circle on the custom-house steps, where, with\\nfixed baj-onets, they endeavored to keep off the mob.\\nPreston boldly stood between his men and those who\\nwere assailing them with clubs. One of the soldiers,\\nreceiving a severe blow, stepped back and fired. Preston\\nturned to the soldier with words of reproof for firing, and,\\nwhile speaking, pan-ied a blow aimed at his head. The\\nnoise and confusion became intense seven or eight\\nsoldiers fired and three persons fell dead, two others\\nwere mortally wounded and several more slightly. The\\nbells continued to ring, and the people to flock to the\\nscene of excitement. The Ueutenant-govemor and Col.\\nCarr soon appeared at the head of the twent3--ninth\\nregiment. Mam of the prominent citizens united with\\nthese oflBeers in persuading the people to go to their\\nhomes. This, in a short time, they consented to do, and\\nthe soldiers returned to their barracks. Thus ended the\\nFifth of March, 1770.*\\nThe next morning a town meeting assembled in Faneuil\\nHall. It overflowed with people, and the meeting ad-\\njourned to the Old South. A peremptory demand was\\nmade upon the lieutenant-governor for the removal of\\nthe troops. So determined was the tone in which the\\ncitizens delivered this demand to him through their com-\\nmittee, headed by Samuel Adams, that his knees\\ntrembled, and his face grew pale. He hesitated, and\\nhints were given of ten thousand men to effect their\\nremoval, whatever the consequences. The troops were\\nUntil after the Revolution, in Boston, the anniversary of the massa-\\ncre was celebrated as a solemn patriotic memorial.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0282.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nimmediatelj ordei-ed to Castle William. Saj s Bancroft\\nThe troops came to overawe the people and maintain\\nthe laws and thej- were sent as law-breakers to a prison\\nrather than a garrison.\\nCapt. Preston was tried and acquitted his counsel\\nhad the assistance of John Adams and Josiah Quincy.\\nThe soldiers were tried, and such as were proved to have\\nfired, were convicted of manslaughter.\\nBut new cause of irritation was soon given by the crown.\\nCastle William was given up by Gov. Hutchinson to the\\nroyal troops. The castle, by the terms of the charter,\\nwas owned by the Colony, was built and repaired by its\\npeople, and had been garrisoned bj its militia and\\ncommanded by the civil governor. Now to have its\\nguns in the hands of the king s soldiers, and the harbor\\na rendezvous for all the royal ships stationed in America,\\nI stimulated in the minds of the people the thought of\\nrevolution and entire independence. Saj S Bancroft,\\nSamuel Adams continued musing till the fire within\\n1 him burned.\\nBoston was soon afforded the occasion to assert the\\nright to liberty. The East Indian Company were author-\\nized to export their teas to America and collect on them\\na revenue these teas were entirely duty-free in England.\\nIll November, 1773, the tea-shijjs were on their way to\\nBoston. The country was moved at their coming. Tea-\\ndrinkers agreed to be total abstainers and under the\\npressure of the public opinion, dealers agreed not to sell.\\nThe consignees were besought to return the teas to Eng-\\nland, and ship-masters were warned not to land their tea.\\nThe result is well known. On the evening of Dec. 16,\\ni 1773, forty or fifty men disguised as Indians, took pos-\\nsession of three tea-ships which lay at Griffin s wharf.\\nIn three hours their entire cargoes, 340 chests of tea,\\nbeing the whole quantity that had been imported, were\\nthrown into the sea. No other property was injured.\\nAll things, says John Adams, were conducted with\\ngreat order, decencj and perfect submission to govern-\\nment. The crowds who were looking on, were so still,\\nthat the noise of breaking open the tea-chests was plainly\\nheard. When the work was done, the town became as\\nstill and calm as if it had been holy time.\\nBoston and the Colonj were subjected to one more test\\nof their love of liberty before they entered upon war for\\nindependence. The Boston Port Bill became a law\\nIMarch 31, 1774. The execution of it was given to Gen.\\nThomas Gage. In May of the same year he arrived in\\nBoston Harbor with ships-of-war and troops. In due\\ntime they were in military possession of the city. The\\nliberties of the people had been taken away \\\\iy par-\\nliament, and the councillors, judges, sheriffs and other\\ncivil officers, were no longer to be chosen by the people,\\nbut to be appointed hy the governor, who was himself an\\nappointee of the crown. Only the annual town meetings\\ncould be held without the executive permission. Persons\\nmight be sent to other Colonies or to England for trial.\\nTo enforce such regulations Gage had come with a navy\\nand army. Boston, the offending metropolis, was to be\\nsubdued first, that all other towns might fear and submit.\\nJune 1, 1774, as the clock struck twelve, the blockade\\nof the harbor commenced. All the manufacturing and\\nmechanical interests were stopped. Trade ceased. Com-\\nmerce was at an end. Men roamed the streets in en-\\nforced idleness, while their families suffered for bread.\\nAll communication by water was forbidden. The fisher-\\nman could not bring to the hungrj^ town his catch of fish.\\nThe boatman could not row from wharf to wharf. No\\nscow could go to any island to land or take awa} cattle.\\nThe ferry-boats could not carry to or from the impris-\\noned town the smallest parcel of goods. How Samuel j\\nAdams, Joseph Warren and kindred spirits, first united\\nall the towns of the Massachusetts Colony to make a com-\\nmon cause of the resistance of Boston to such oppression\\nhow all the other Colonies, under the leadership of their\\nhistoric men, made the fight of New England against\\nsuch t^-rannj^ their fight how Gen. Gage did not con-\\nquer Boston, but how his successor in command had to\\nleave the city how a Continental Congrfiss was formed\\nand how independence was declared and achieved, are\\nfamiUar to every intelligent reader.\\nWhen the war of the Revolution had been brought to\\na successful close, and the blessings of peace and a free\\ngovernment were fully realized, Boston, in common with\\nits vicinitj developed rapidlj-. Long-talked-of bridges\\nwere built. The State House, which now crowns the\\nsummit of Beacon Hill, was completed before the close\\nof the centur3-. Her ships visited every commercial port.\\nThe embargo which was laid upon the commerce with\\nEngland preceding the war of 1812 crippled this com-\\nmerce, and was, as was the war itself, unpopular in\\nBoston. Yet her citizens loyally supported the govern-\\nment. In May, 1822, Boston became a city. John\\nPhillips was the first ma3-or. Mr. Drake in his Old\\nLandmarks of Boston, says, that when Josiah Quincy,\\nJr.,* became mayor, He invested the sluggish town\\nwith new life, and brought into practical use a new\\nwatchword Progress.\\nIn 1830, 200 hundred years from the landing upon the\\npeninsula of the Winthrop company, the population of\\nlioston was 61,000. During the war of the Rebellion,\\nThe Quincy Market was commenced in 1824 and finished in 1826.\\nIt cost $150,000.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0283.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe city of Boston contributed to the service of the\\ncountry 5J6,119 men.\\nThe last and by far most disastrous of all Boston\\nfires, still fresh in the memory of our readers, was that\\nof Nov. 9, 1872. It may well be called The Great\\nFire. When it was finally arrested, it had spread over\\nsixtj -three acres, and consumed one hundred million\\ndollars worth of property. Those who saw the burned\\ndistrict in its smoldeiing ashes will never forget the\\nscene of fearful desolation and those who visit the\\nsame distiict to-day -niU wonder at the amazing energy\\nand financial n -c nn uliuh In-. (C)\\\\ci( d it uitli Imsimss\\nin 1835 by the opening of the Lowell road in June of\\nthat year. Its depot is on Causeway Street. Its pas-\\nsenger station is large and commodious, built of brick,\\ntrimmed with Nova Scotia freestone.\\nThe Worcester Railroad was opened onlj a month\\nlater than the Lowell. It is now included in, and known\\nas the Boston and Albany Railroad, with its station on\\nBeach Street.\\nThe Providence commenced the same year, and the\\nMaine was opened from Wihnington to Andover in 1836.\\nThe Eastern started in 1838, running to Salem the Old\\nColony in November, 1845 the Fitchburg also in 1845,\\nSCENE Of TllE liU\u00c2\u00a3A\\nblocks of the most substantial character, and great\\nbeauty of architecture.\\nDuring the early j-ears of its settlement, Boston com-\\nmunicated with the main land oulj- by travel over the\\nnarrow strip of land on its southern end. Ferries, how-\\never, were early established. The next pulslic convey-\\nances were the stage-coaches. In due tune the great\\nbridges that now connect Boston with the various .adja-\\ncent cities were completed.*\\nThe railroad communication with Boston commenced\\nThe Charles River Bridge, the first of the kind established, was\\nopened for travel in June, 1786, and gi eat was the rejoicing at the com-\\npletion of an enterprise then considered the greatest nndertakcn in\\nAmerica. West Boston Bridge, to Cambridge, was completed in No-\\nvember, 1793 Dover Street or Boston South Bridge, in 1805 Cragie s\\nBridge in 1809, from what was known as Barton s Point on the Boston\\nand the Hartford and Erie in 1849, under the name of\\nthe Norfollc County road.\\nThe passenger station of the Boston and Providence\\nroad, on Columbus Avenue, is the most magnificent one\\nin the city, and is probably not excelled in architectural\\nbeauty by any in the United States. It cost $800,000.\\nThe Boston, Revere Beach atid Lynn Railroad runs\\nfrom East Boston, along the crest of Revere Beach, and\\nthence over the salt marshes to Lj-nn.\\nThe horse cars commenced running in 1856.\\nside to Lechmere Point in Cambridge the South Boston Bridge, from\\nthe foot of Federal Street to South Boston, was completed in 1828. The\\nWestern Avenue, or Mill Dam, was opened in July, 1821. Warren\\nBridge was opened in December of the same year. An iron bridge to\\nSouth Boston was the last constructed. Steam-ferries were commenced\\nin July, 1832.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0284.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nNo facts are, perhaps, more remarkable in the devel-\\nopment of Boston than its water-supplj-. In August of\\n1846, the ground was broken for the works connected\\nwith Lake C ochituate, and in 184S the work was com-\\ntributing pipes of this entire water-supplj- aggi egate in\\nlength 335 miles. The gross expense of this water-\\nsupply, in round numbers, is thirty-two million dollars.\\nThe annexation of Charlestown to Boston gave Bos-\\nton the possession of the Mj-stic water-works.\\nThese supplj the Charlestown district, the cities\\nof Somerv iUe and Chelsea, East Boston, and the\\ntown of Everett. The daily consumption of water\\nin the city is thirtj million gallons f\\nThe old burial-grounds of Boston cannot but\\narrest the ej-e of those inquiring what marks time\\nhas left of earlier days. The King s Chapel\\nburying-ground was the first lot set apart by the\\nfathers as the I esting-place of their dead. Situ-\\nated near the corner of Tremont and School\\nstreets, it was at first, as well as now, in a por-\\ntion of the town around which its busy life might\\nBOSTON ANU PKOVIUENCE EArLHOAD DEiOl, OUL\\npleted. This laki. is situated twenty miles horn Bobton, in the\\ntowns of Framingham, Wayland and Natick, and has a surface\\nof about eight hundred acres. In addition to the lake, there\\nare two ponds the Dug Pond and Dudley Pond which so\\nconnect as to become tributar^^ to it, ha^ ing\\nan aggregate surface of one hundred and -_ _\\ntwentj--five and one-half acres.* ^^J\\\\__\\nThe cit^- was authorized, in 1872, to coii\\nnect the water of Sudbuiy River with that\\nof Lake Cochituate, and thus secure an\\nj additional supply. The construction of the\\nnecessary conduits and reservoirs for thi-^\\npurpose is practically finished. Three dam-,\\non the river form storage basins, holding\\nnearly nine billion gallons. A brick conduit\\nconveys the water from the lower basin to\\nFarm Pond, in Framingham, and from thence\\nanother conduit convej^s it to the Chestnut Kill reser\\nvoir a distance of sixteen miles. The main and dis\\nUU1^E OV IHL MVRRIN OF THE SMAXI. RESEKVOIB\\nThe line of the water-works, from Lake Cochituate to the Brook-\\nline reservoir, is 14j miles. This reservoir has a 119,583,960 gallons\\ncapacit} There is a receiving reservoir in the Brighton district, at\\nChestnut Hill, 5J miles from the city hall, and one mile from the\\nBrookline rcsciToir. It is divided hy a water-tight dam into two\\nbasins. Its entire capacity is 730,000,000 gallons. The Parker Ilill\\nreservoir, on Parker Hill, Roxbury district, built for the high service\\nbe seen. It was, during the first thii t} years of the town,\\nthe only repository of the dead. There are twent3--one\\nsupply, will hold 7,200,000 gallons. Beacon Hill reservoir, connected\\nwith the high service pumping-works on Parker Hill, is now used in\\ncase of fire, or other special cmert cncics. It holds 2,G7S,9G1 gallons.\\nThe South Boston reservoir, cm the c:ist side of Tclcirmiih Hill, holds\\n7,508,246 gallons. It is used in tlie same manner as that on Beacon\\nHill. The East Boston reservoir, on Eagle Hill, has a capacity of\\n5,591,816 gallons. t See King s Hand-Book of Boston.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0285.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nvaults beneath the chapel, and, exclusive of these,\\nseventy-nine tombs within the j-ard. The first interment\\nwas that of Isaac Johnson, of the Winthrop company, who\\ndied a few weeks after\\nthe removal to Bos-\\nton. Around liim lie\\nmany of the eminent\\ndead, both of his o^\\\\ n\\nand a later gonei-\\nation, including (.o\\\\\\nJohn Winthrop, hib\\nson, and grand on,\\ngovernors of Con-\\nnecticut.\\nThe Old Noit\\nburying-ground uj)\\nCopp s Hill was th\\nsecond one, thouiiii\\nopened only a few\\nyears earlier than that\\nknown as the Gran-\\nary burying-ground,\\non Tremont Street, between the Park Street Church and\\nthe Tremont House. This second burial-place was opened\\nfor interments in November, 1660. Manj changes have\\nbeen made around the hill, but the dust of the dead has\\nnot been disturbed. Here is the tomb of the Mathers,\\nDrs. Increase, Cotton and Samuel, eminent ministers\\nof the North End.\\n-P\\nW\\n_i_\\nK1I4G*S CUAP\u00c2\u00a3L, BOSTON.\\nThe third repositorj* of the dead, tlie Granarj bmying-\\nground, was so called because, at the time when it took\\nthat name, in 1737, an old granary building had been\\nmoved to the present site of the Park Street Church.\\nIts earlier name was the South burying-ground. Here\\nis a monument over the tomb of the parents and other\\nrelatives of Benjamin Franklin. Eight governors of the\\nearly days were entombed here. Within this enclosure\\nwere deposited the remains of Robert Treat Paine,\\none of the signers of\\nthe Declaration of\\nj Independence, Judge\\nSamuel Sewall, Peter\\nii!^ Faneuil, and Paul\\nI Revere.\\nThe Central bury-\\ning-gi-ound is that on\\nhe Common, near\\nI Oylston Street. It\\nwas opened in 1756.\\nIt seems to have been\\nused for the burial of\\nstrangers.\\nConcerning some of\\nthe more important\\nearlier residences, a\\nword or two must suf-\\nfice. The old Prov-\\nince House, the ancient abode of the royal governors,\\nwas one of the last relics of the Colony to disappear. It\\nfronted that part of Washington Street formerly known\\nas ]\\\\Iarlborough, nearly opposite the head of Milk Street.\\nThe once stately edifice was destroyed hy fire in October,\\n1804. The Hancock house, a stone building, and one of\\nI SE, BEACON STREET.\\nFRANKLIN S Bl\\nthe noblest private mansions of the Colonial period, as\\nalso long one of the unique features of the city, stood\\njust beyond the State House on Beacon Street, facing\\nthe Common. It was demolished in 1863.\\nThe site of the birthplace of Benjamin Franklin\\nawakens pleasant associations. On Milk Street, a short", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0286.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\ndistance from Washington Street, we see on the right\\nhand, as we pass down, a large granite warehouse, be-\\nneath whose cornice, in raised letters, is the inscription,\\nBirthplace of Franklin. This building occupies the\\nlot on which stood the house in which the great man was\\nborn, Jan. 6, 1706. It was a three-story house, if we\\nreckon the gable containing the attic as a stor}-, and was\\nentered from a passage-waj-, the gable-end projecting\\ninto the street over the lower stor3-. It was built in the\\nold coloniil di^s, and destiojcd b} file in 1810\\nThe building known as the Old Coiner Bookstore\\nuary, 1763, James Otis delivering the re-opening address.\\nIn 1806 it was enlarged bj doubling its width, making it\\neighty feet, and by adding a third story. The historic\\nevents which connect with this Cradle of Liberty,\\nwould make an interesting volume.\\nThe Old State House, at the head of State Street, and\\noceupj-ing the site of the earlier town houses, was erected\\nin 1748. It has been used as a town house, as a court\\nhouse, as a State House, and as a barrack for soldiers, and\\nWIS the fiist meichantb exchange. The con\\\\ tntion to\\nntiU the Constitution of the United Stitcs held its meet-\\nis reported the oldest brick structure in Boston. The site\\nis connected with a long and varied business history.\\nThe present building was erected in 1712. In a house\\nstanding upon this spot lived the famous Anne Hutchin-\\nson, a leader in the Antinomian movement.\\nThe Old South Church, on the north comer of Wash-\\nington and ]\\\\Iilk streets, is, perhaps, the most interesting\\nold landmark of Boston. It was desecrated bj British\\ntroops in 1775-6. A regiment of Light Dragoons set\\nup a riding-school in it. The great fire of 1872 came\\nnear, but did not touch it. The smn required to preserve\\nit as an historic monument is 8400,000, only a part of\\nwhich has been raised.\\nFaneuil Hall, origina% built in 1 742, was rebuilt in Jan-\\ning here before adjourning to the Federal Street Church.\\nIn its beginning, its west end was used a post-office, and\\nagain in 1858. In it met also the patriots of the Eevo-\\nlution. It was at one time used as a city hall, but it\\nretains the name of State House. Various alterations,\\nadapting it to business purposes, have been made.\\nIn passing down State Street from Washington Street,\\nthere may be seen on the right, a few rods below the Old\\nState House, a structure known as Brazer s Building.\\nThis is on the site of the First Church, that humble\\nhouse, with a thatched roof and mud walls, in which John\\nWilson and John Cotton preached.\\nPassing from State Street to the Common, to the foot\\nof Flagstaff Hill, we ma} see the enclosure where, until", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0287.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe wintry storm of 1876, stood the great elm. Its\\nearly days undoubtedly lay back of Blackstone s coining\\nto the peninsula. According\\nto a doubtful tradition, vie\\ntims of the witchcraft delusion\\nwere hung from its liranches.\\nPublic Buildings. The State\\nHouse, on Beacon Hill, with\\nits gilded dome, is the first\\nto attract the attention of a\\nstranger. It was first occu\\npied by the legislature in Jan\\nuary, 1798. Its dome is 230\\nfeet from the sea level, and\\nfrom the lantern that sur\\nmounts it a magnificent view\\nof the surrounding country is\\nobtained. In front are the\\nstatues of Daniel Webster and\\nHorace Mann. Within are am\\npie halls and business rooms\\na library containing 30,000\\nvolumes, marble statues, battle-flags of the State regi-\\nments, and other sacred and interesting memorials.\\nThe Custom-House\\non State Street, is\\na substantial building\\nof the Doric order,\\nbuilt of granite, and\\ncosting a million dol-\\nlars. It was opened\\nin August, 1847.\\nThe Post Office\\nBuilding, fronting on\\nPost Office Square,\\nwill be, when com-\\npleted, architecturally\\ngrand, and will cost\\nmore than two mil-\\nlions of dollars. The\\nportion now finished,\\nand occupied since\\n1875, is less than half\\nof the contemplated\\nsize. It is built of\\nRockport granite.\\nThe City Hall, in\\nattractiveness of arch-\\nitecture, is one of the\\n1 THE hTATE li\\nfinest buildnigs in the\\ncity of Boston. It is built of Concord granite, in the\\nstyle of the Italian Renaissance, and cost a half a million\\nof dollars. It is situated on Court Square, fronting\\non School Street. Greenough s I\\nstatue of Franklin in front,\\nstands near the site of the j\\nLatin school-house, where the\\nphilo iopher attended in his\\nbojhood.\\nThe Public Library Building\\non Boj-lston Street, fronting\\nthe foot of the Common, is\\nbuilt of brick, and is a large\\nmd elegant edifice. Its in-\\nteiior arrangement is finely\\nadapted to the classification\\nind use of its two hundred\\nthousmd volumes.\\nThe new English High and\\nLatin School building, whieli\\nthe citj- of Boston is iww\\nerectmg on the lot fronting\\non Warren Avenue, and Mont-\\ngomery and Dartmouth streets, is a building of mag-\\nnificent proportions and appointments. It is the largest\\nstructure in America\\ndevoted to educa-\\ntional purposes, and\\nthe largest in the\\nworld used as a free\\npublic school. The\\nbuilding was begun\\nin 1877 and that\\nportion to be used by\\nthe schools will be\\ncompleted in July,\\n18^0, at a total cost\\nof about $425,000.\\nThe Common and\\nPublic Garden. Bos-\\nton Common is a eon-\\nsjiicuous feature of the\\ncitj Curiously erro-\\nneous notions have\\npit\\\\ ailed in regard to j\\nhow this magnificent\\nik became public\\njiopertj and the con-\\ntiolof the city over it.\\nIt was originall} set\\noil and used as a\\ntraiuing-field ou muster days. In 1640, in consequence of", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0288.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\na movement of certain citizens, discovered none too soon,\\nlooking toward a furtl\\na vote was passed h\\\\\\ntlic town to tlie effect\\ntliat no more land\\nsliould be granted out\\nof the Common. It\\nis solelj- bj the pow ei\\nof this vote, le-\\nmarks the author of\\nBoston Illustiated,\\nand the jealousy ot\\nthe citizens sustain\\ning it, that the Com\\nmon was kept sacred\\nto the uses of the\\npeople as a whole\\nfrom 1G40 until the\\nadoption of the citj\\ncharter, when, bj the\\ndesire of the citizens,\\nand hy tlie consent of\\ntlie legislature, the right to ahcnate an^ poition of the\\nCommon was expressly withheld from the city govern-\\nment. This park, confronting the State House on\\nBeacon Hill, contains some 48 acres of land, and is\\nspanned by an iron bridge with granite piers, and of\\nI (lesion. It-j (laiiitv flower-beds, plants, grass-\\nplats, wide stretches\\nof handsome lawns,\\nand winding gravel-\\npaths its fountains,\\nstatues of marble and\\nbionze, and rustic ar-\\nbois, present a scene\\nof varied and almost\\nunnvalled beauty.\\nllomimeiUs, Stat-\\nues, c. The army\\nand navj monument,\\ndesigned hj Martin\\nMilmore, and erected\\nbj the city of Boston\\nm memoiy of her\\nsons who fell in the\\ncnil war, stands on\\nthe noted Flagstaff\\nHiU in the Common.\\nThe ether monument, presented bj Thomas Lee to the\\ncity in 1868, located in the Public Garden, commemo-\\nrates the discovery of the anaesthetic properties of ether.\\nornc- rosTo^\\nCISTOM HOLSE, II sT JN\\nelaI)orately ornamented, abounding in lawns, walks\\nshade-trees.\\nThe Public Garden, an improvement of comparatively\\nrecent date, is one of the most attractive spots in the\\ncitj In its midst is a pond, covering several acres.\\nCIT-i HMI, BOSTON\\nAmong the more prominent statues which grace the\\ncity not hitherto mentioned, are the equestrian statue of\\nWashington by Thomas Ball, said to be the largest piece\\nof its kind in America, placed in the Public Garden the\\nEdward Everett statue, designed by Story, also in the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0289.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nPublic Garden the Alexander Hamilton statnc, pie-\\nsented to the city 1)3 Thomas Lee the Chaik* Snmnei\\nstatnc, in the Pul)lic Garden,\\ndesigned b3 Ball, and the\\nJohn Glover statue, bj Mil-\\nmore, presented to the cit} bj\\nBenjamin Tjler Reed.\\nThe Josiah Quiney statue,\\ndesigned by Ball, is now in\\nprocess of erection in fiont\\nCity Hall.\\nA statue to commcmonti\\nthe Act of Emancipation 1)\\\\\\nAbraham Lincoln, and tin\\ngift of Hon. Moses Kimbnil\\nis about to be erected on Pai 1\\nSquare.\\nEducational Institutions\\nBesides its public schools sup\\nported by the city, Boston is\\nrich in its institutions of learn-\\ning supported by the State,\\nor endowed by private munificence. The Harvard Med-\\nical School is on North Grove Street. It was removed\\nfrom Cambridge to Boston in 1810, and entered its\\npresent quarters in 1846. The Har-\\nvard Dental School is at 50 Allen\\nStreet. These schools have the ample\\neducational jjrovisions and thorough-\\nness of instruction which eharacteiize\\nHarvard University.\\nBoston Universit} was incorpoiated\\nhy the General Court of Massachu-\\nsetts in 1867.*\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2At the present time (1879) it includes sit\\ndep,ni-tmcnts I. The School of Theolog\\\\\\nformerly the General Methodist Biblicil Insti-\\ntute, founded in Concord, N. H., in 1S47, re\\nmoved to Boston, and incorporated as tlic J lie\\nBoston Theological Semin.ir.v, in 1807, tuns\\nfcrrcd to the trustees of the Boston Uunii^ity\\nin 1871. II. School of Law, opened in 1S72\\nIII. School of Medicine (first, orhomceopithic),\\n1873. IV. School of Oratory, opened in 1873\\nV. College of Liheral Arts, or Academic Depart-\\nment, opened 1873. VI. College of Music,\\nopened 1872. The New England Female Med-\\nical College has been leased to the tru .tics of\\nthe University, ind will be merged mto the\\nSchool of Medicine. Isaac Rich, Esq be-\\nqueathed to the University more than a million\\nof dollars. The whole number of professois,\\nlecturers, and instructors is already 76. Se^ eial\\nadditional departments have been projected.\\nThe Kov. William F. Warren, LL. D., is pres-\\nident. Xason s Mass. Gazetteer.\\nOS COMMON\\nBoston College was founded in 18G3 b}- the Fathers of\\nthe Society of Jesus It is located on Harrison Avenue.\\nThe value of its buildings and\\ngrounds is about $200,000.\\nIt has sixteen professors and\\nother instructors.\\nThe Lowell Institute, en-\\ndowed by John Lowell, Jr.,\\nwith a legacy of $250,000,\\nand opened in 1848, furnishes\\njearly free courses of scientific\\nlectures.\\nThe Massachusetts Institute\\nof Technology on Boylston\\nStreet, a few rods south of the\\nPublic Garden, was incorpo-\\nrated in 1861, and has 40 in-\\nstructors.\\nHomes for the Sick and\\nPoor. Boston is remarkable\\nfor its provisions, both public\\nand charitable, for all classes\\nof surtering humanity. The list of its hospitals, homes,\\nasylums, almshouse and charitable organizations, is\\none of honoralile length, and embraces some of the\\nmost notalile eleemosynary institu-\\ntions in the land, f\\nt The following arc among the most prom-\\ninent: The Massachusetts General Hospital\\nwas commenced in 1818, and incorporated in\\n1829. It occupies a line granite building on\\nBlossom Street. The Perkins Institution for\\nthe Blind is on Mt. Washington. It was in-\\ncorporated in 1839. The Home for the Aged\\nFoor is on Dudley Street, corner of Woodward\\nAvenue, Roxhury District. It was incorpo-\\nrated in 1872 by the Little Sisters of the Poor,\\na Catholic sisterhood. They now support 20,000\\nold people. The CharlcstowTi District has its\\nWinchester Home for Aged AVomen on Eden\\nStreet; and there is the Home for Aged Men\\non Springfield Street, Boston proper. Little\\nAVanderers find tender Christian care at the\\nBaldwin-Place Home.. Infants are cared for at\\nthe Massachusetts Infant Asylum, in the Ja-\\nmaica Plain District. There is a Consumptives\\nHome at Grove Hall, Dorchester District. Dr.\\nC lillis, the founder, has received from voluntary\\ncontributions, on which it depends, over $300,000\\nsince itst.artedinlS66; 1,700 consumptives have\\ncome under its fostering care. The city alms-\\nhouse for girls is on Deer Island the House of\\nIndustry at South Boston; the almshouse for\\nmen on Uainsford Island a Home for the Poor\\non the Austin farm, in the West Roxbuiy Dis-\\ntrict; and an almshouse in the Charlestown\\nDistrict, on the north side of Mystic River, near\\nthe Maiden Bridge.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0290.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nModern Church Edi-\\nfices. Among the\\nmore elaborate and\\ncostly churches of the\\ncity of Boston of re-\\ncent construction, are\\nthe new Trinity and\\nthe now Old South in\\nthe Back Bay section\\nof the city, and the\\nCathedral of the Holy\\nCross on the corner of\\nWashington and Mai-\\nden streets. Each of\\nthese is of magnificent\\nproportions and ele-\\ngant design. The im-\\nposing Cathedral is\\nthe largest church in\\nNew England, seating\\nnearly 3,000 persons.\\nOne of its towers,\\nwhen completed, will\\nhe 300 feet in height.\\nt HARLESTOWN. The Settlement of Charlestown proi\\nmay be dated from the arrival of Ralph\\nS[)rague and his two brothers, Richard and\\nWilliam, and three others, who came from\\nSalem, under the prompting of Endicott,\\nin the summer of 1628. They found tlic\\nplace occupied by Indians, whose chief\\nbade them welcome. Thomas\\nWalford, a smith, was the only\\nwhite man. In 1629 the Rev.\\nTRINITY CHTRCH, BOSTON\\nturned to England the\\nnext year, but Mr.\\nGraves left his im-\\npress upon the early\\nhistory of the town.\\nHe was an engineer,\\nand was emploj-ed by\\nthe people to survey\\nand layout their lands.\\nEach settler was at\\nfirst assigned a two-\\nacre lot, to plant\\nupon, and all to fence\\nin common. Mr.\\nGraves, under the ap-\\nproval of the govern-\\nor, laid out the streets\\nand form of the town.\\nThe people were en-\\ngaged, in the mean-\\ntime, securing suit-\\nable shelter for their\\nfamilies. While thus\\nsevere sick-\\nness was added to theh many hardships, and, by the fol-\\nlowing April, 80 had died and to insufficient shelter and\\nfood, hard work and sick-\\nness, came Indian alarms.\\nBut the town had loss to\\nfear from the Indians ni\\nconsequence of their fair\\nFrancis Bright, and Mr. Graves, agent of the company,\\nami about a hundred others arrived. Mr. Bright rc-\\nNEW OLD SOUTH CUUKCll, BOSTON.\\ndealing with them from the beginning. Tlieir right to\\nthe soil was recognized, and their claims satisfied, before", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0291.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\na foot of the land was surveyed and assigned to the\\nwhites.\\nThe summer of 1631 was short and wet, and the\\nIndian-corn crop was light, so that it is recorded of the\\nwinter that followed, that it was verj- sharp and long.\\nFor two years after the removal of the Winthrop com-\\npany, with their pastor, Mr. Wilson, to Boston, the\\nCharlestown members crossed the river and worshipped\\nwith their old friends but, Nov. 2, 1632, they formed\\na church on their own peninsula, 35 of them having\\nbeen dismissed for that purpose. The Rev. Mr. James,\\nwho had been driven from England bj* his non- conformity\\nsentiments, was chosen pastor. The little flock soon lost\\nthe sjjirit of unity. This state of things continued until\\nSeptember, 1634, at which time the Rev. Mr. Sj-mmes\\narrived in town, and was promptl}- elected teacher. But\\nthe coming of the new shepherd was an occasion for more\\nintense altercations. Mr. James gave great offence by\\ndivers speeches, for which he was dealt with by 3Ir.\\nSymmes and the brethren. Then followed the calling in\\nof the elders and messengers of the next churches then\\na council of ministers and in 1636, Mr. James s connec-\\ntion with the church as one of its ministers, was dis-\\nsolved.\\nMr. Svmmes came into the country in 1634, in the\\nsame ship with Mrs. Anne Hutchinson. In the proceed-\\nings against her and her followers, in which there was\\nintense party feeling, and concerning which the chm-ches\\nof the Colon J as well as the people at large, were\\nseriously di-vdded, Charlestown took an active part.\\nTheir pastor was one of the leaders in the suppression of\\nthe heresj as it was regarded, and its suj^portcrs.\\nProminent men, meantime, of Mr. Symmes s church,\\ndid not sympathize with him in his spii-it and measures\\nin this conti-overs} Twelve of them signed a protest\\nagainst the act of the General Court in banishing Mrs.\\nHutchinson and others of like belief from the Colony.\\nBut under pressure ten of them acknowledged theii-\\nsin in signing it, and requested that their names might\\nbe crossed out.\\nThe next year after the removal of Mr. James, Rev.\\nJohn Harvard was settled as a colleague of Mr. Sj-mmes.\\nAlthough Mr. Har\\\\-ard came to this, his first pastorate,\\nin a time of intense controversial excitement, and became\\nofficially associated with one of its violent leaders, he\\nseems to have quietlj ignored the whole matter. John\\nHarv.ard w.is interred on Unrinl Hill. Tr.idition s.iys, a gravestone\\nthe spot where bis remains were deposited, nntil tlie w.-.r of t .io\\nRevolution. It remained from that time an unlionorcd spot nntil the\\n26tli of September, 1823, when a monument was raised on tlic Iiill to his\\nmemory, with appropriate Bcrviccs. It v.-as secured by\\nQuincy Adams, almost two hundred years later, said of\\nhim He was not distinguished among the divines of\\nthe age as a disputant he took a less beaten path to the\\nveneration of after times, and a shorter road to heaven.\\nPerhaps his declining health influenced in part this\\nwise course. Though a young man, he came to the\\ncountry evidently marked as the early victim of consump-\\ntion, and died Sept. 14, 1638.*\\nSoon after Harvard s death. Rev. Thomas Allen arrived\\nin this country, and became a teacher in the First\\nChurch, wliich office he held for about eleven jears.\\nThe Town HiU was at first called WiudmiU Hill, a\\nwindmill having been built upon it in 1635. As earl} as\\n1646, the toT fn voted that it should lie common to the\\ntown forever. It was at first much higher than now,\\nlarge quantities of gravel having been taken from its top.\\nThe Training-Field was, about the same time, reserved\\nfor military purposes.\\nThe Old Burial-Ground seems to have been used for\\nthat purpose from the first settlement, and. not long\\nafter, this beautifullj -located hillock, and the road\\nleading to it, was reserved, by vote, to the town for-\\never.\\nThe first fen-y between Charlestown and Boston was\\nwhere the Charles River Bridge is, and was put in opera-\\ntion in 1631 hy Edward Converse, the court allowing him\\nto have two pennies for a single person, and one penny\\neach for more than one. f\\nWe have stated that the First Church, in their early\\nhistory, worshipped in the Great House, which stood on\\nwhat is now the Square. The next meeting-house was\\nsituated between the town and the neck, and was sold in\\n1639 for \u00c2\u00a3100, which sum was used, in connection with\\nsubscriptions, for the erection of the third house. This\\nwas located between the present town house and the\\nentrance to Main Street.\\nThe Great House, to which reference has so often\\nbeen made, has a conspicuous place in the history of the\\nErst century of the town. It was earh the governor s\\nhouse, and the place where tlie court sat and the people\\nassembled for religious service, and, about 1637, became\\nan ordinary, that is, a tavern, and was kept by one\\nLong. ]\\\\Ir. Long and his sons kept this tavern for nearly\\nthree-quarters of a century.\\nThough schools were supported from the verj^ first\\nsettling of the town, no school-house was buUt until\\nof the Hon. Edward Everett, and erected by the graduates of Harvard\\nUniversity.\\nt This was called The Great Ferry. The court soon charged rent, and\\nthe income was given to Harvard College. Penny Ferry, the second\\none, was established in 1G40, and was where Maiden Bridge is now located.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0292.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\n1648, at which time one was erected, by order of the town\\nmeeting, on Windmill Hill.\\nForts, and military organizations and drill, were\\namong the necessities of this early period. The poor\\nwere cared for by being lioardcd from house to house, at\\nthe public expense. The population of Cliarlestown in\\n1640 was about a thousand.\\nTown meetings, and general election daj-s for colonial\\nI officers, became earl^ important occasions, so the ques-\\ntion of qualification for voting was a vital one.\\nThe first ten years of Charlestown are claimed by\\nearly writers, and it would seem, with reason, as years\\ngiving occasion for special congratulation. A prosperous\\nbusiness had been commenced, whai-ves and warehouses\\nbuilt, and a shipyard established. The people bad\\nrisen, says one writer, from penury to plenty they\\nhad comfortable houses, gardens and orchards, so that a\\nstranger wondered at God s blessing on their endeavors.\\nThe people of Charlestown manifested their interest\\nfrom time to time in popular education. In 1644, it was\\nvoted that every family should give yearly to Harvard\\nCollege, one peck of wheat, or twelve pennies in monej\\nThis thej continued to do for many years.\\nIn 1679, the town voted to appropriate \u00c2\u00a350 for a free\\nschool, and to erect a convenient house for the master.\\nFrom this time, the cause of education steadily pros-\\npered.\\nMaster Cheever deserves special notice as one of\\nthe early teachers of Suffolk County. He came to Boston\\nin 1637, and wont to New Haven, where he was an\\ninstructor of youth for twelve years. In 1650, he\\nremoved to Ipswich, where he taught eleven years. His\\nnext residence was in Chnrlestown, continuing nine\\nj ears. He then went to Boston, and became master of\\nthe Latin School, in which position he remained until\\nhis death, in 1708, aged 93. Many of his pupils became\\nthe great men of their generation.\\nMr. Symmes having been the only pastor for eight\\nyears, the church chose, in 1659, the Rev. Thomas Shep-\\nard as teacher. He was the son of an eminent minister\\nof Cambridge, and was educated at Harvard College.\\nHe proved himself a good and great man, and, though\\nhe did not rise above the intolerance of the age in which\\nhe lived, was too kind-hearted to insist upon extreme\\nmeasures towards assumed heretics.\\nCharlestown had a famous contention with the Baptist\\nheresy, which commenced about four 3 ear3 before\\nMr. Shopard s settlement. It began in 1655, in the\\nrefusal of a member of the church, by the name of Gould,\\nto offer his infant child in baptism, and resulted in the\\norganization of a Baptist church, May 28, 1665 the first\\nchurch of that denomination in Charlestown. After\\nhaving suffered much vexatious treatment at the hands of\\nthe authorities, this society at length, about 1675, re-\\nmoved to Boston.\\nIn 1675, Mr. Shepard, who had been sole pastor since\\nMr. Symmes s death, which, after a pastorate of nearly\\nthirty j-ears, occurred in 1671, was given a colleague in\\nthe Rev. Joseph Browne. About two years later, Mr.\\nShepard visited one of his flock who was sick with the\\nsmall-pox, caught the disorder, and died. He was in\\nthe meridian of life, being onl} 43 years of age, and\\nin the midst of useful labors. The whole country was\\nfilled with lamentation on his decease. President Oakes\\nof Harvard College wrote\\nNext to the tears our sins do need and crave,\\nI would bestow my tears on Shepard s grave.\\nHis daughter Anna married Daniel Quincj and their\\nson John was the person after whom John Quincy Adams\\nwas named. She was his maternal ancestor.\\nRev. Thomas Shepard, son of the former pastor, was\\nsettled over this church in 1G81, preaching his own\\nordination sermon. He has passed into history as a\\nwonderful man in gifts, attainments and piety. His\\nministry, though brilliant, was brief. He died June 7,\\n1685, four j-ears after his settlement, at a very early age.\\nHis successor, the Rev. Charles Morton, a man of emi-\\nnence, was settled in 1686.\\nA few of Charlestown s prominent citizens, who held\\nhigh offices under the crown, opposed the return to\\npopular government after the overthrow of Andros, with-\\nout express sanction from England. Among those was\\nCapt. Lawrence Hammond, a man of ability, and highly\\nhonored. His protests, in connection with others of lilcc\\nspirit, against the popular movement, were so strong\\nthat they were considered seditious, and they suffered\\nimprisonment, by confinement to their houses. However,\\nthe new home rule, under the Prince of Orange, soon gave\\nits sanction to tho return of the people to their former\\nliberties, and then Hammond and his friends fell into the\\nestablished order, and quiet ensued.\\nCharlestown had one especially memorable case of\\nwitchcraft, that of Jlrs. Nathaniel Csxry. Her husband\\nwas at the head of tho board of selectmen, and later a\\nrepresentative. The family was one of the most respected\\nin town. Mrs. Cary fell under the accusations of the\\npoor afflicted girls of Salem. The court would no\\ndoubt have hanged her, but she made a timely escape to\\nRhode Island, and from thence to New York. Her\\nhusband suffered a brief imprisonment at Salem, and\\nseizure of goods on her account.\\nThe first almshouse of the town was built in 1728, and", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0293.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwas located in the Square. In 1734, a new court-house\\nwas built, which was also placed npon the Square. In\\n1 754, the old town house was repaired, and opened for a\\nschool.\\nspinnm.\\nThe historj- of\\nBunker Hill Monu-\\nment, though one\\nof general interest,\\nyet has claims to a\\nlocal sketch. The\\nI first placed on the\\nhill was erected by\\ni the King Solomon s\\nLodge of Charles-\\ntown, and was dedi-\\ncated with appro-\\npriate ceremonies,\\nDec. 2, 794. This\\nmonument stood a\\nj few rods west of\\nthe present monu-\\nment. It was a\\nTuscan pillar built\\nof wood, 18 feet\\nliigh, raised on a\\nI brick pedestal eight\\nfeet square, and ris-\\ning ten feet from the\\nground, and cost\\nabout one thousand\\ndollars. The Bun-\\nker Hill Monument\\nAssociation was ni-\\ncorporated June 7,\\n182.3. Their pui-\\npose was Tht\\nerection of an en-\\nduring monument\\nto the memory of\\nthose statesmen and\\nsoldiers who led the\\nway in the Amer-\\nican Revolution\\nThe corner-stone of BCTJkrii im\\nthe present monument \u00e2\u0096\u00a0ms hid June 17 ls_ IIil\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0oratory of Dan el Webstei, who ga\\\\e the addiess the\\nin-esence of Gen. Lafayette, the nation s guest, the im-\\nposing ceremonies, and the immense multitude which\\nThe monnment was designed liy Solomon Willard. Its entire cost\\nwas $156,000. It is 30 feet in diameter at the base, about IS feet at the\\ntop of tlie truncated pait, and 221 feet in height. The cap-stone is a\\nattended, made the occasion one of historic interest.\\nThe enterprise met with manj obstacles. It was sus-\\npended until the spring of 1827, when the work com-\\nmenced and con-\\ntinued to Januaiy,\\n1829, caiTj-ing the\\npillar about 37 feet\\nin height. The en-\\nterprise was then\\ndelayed until June\\n1834, when the\\nwork again started,\\nand the monument\\nwas raised to the\\nheight of 82 feet.\\nIt was again de-\\nlayed for want of\\nfunds. The ladies\\nthen came to the\\nrescue, and raised,\\nby means of a fair,\\nover $30,000 and\\n.1 udah Touro and\\nAmos Lawrence do-\\nnated each $10,000.\\nThe work was re-\\ncommenced Ma}- 2,\\n1841, and the last\\nstone was raised\\nJuly 23, 1842. On\\nthe 17th of June,\\n1843, its comple-\\ntion was celebrated\\nbj a grand proces-\\nsion, and an elo-\\nquent oration from\\nthe same eminent\\noi itor, Daniel Web-\\nster, whose glow-\\ning and patriotic\\nutterances at the\\nn ing of the corner\\nstone in 1823 had\\nbecome historic.\\nChiikstown wis annexed to Boston in October, 1873.\\nDorchester Ihe Mai und John, which left\\nEngland the 20th of March, 1()30, arrived in the Bay\\nafter a stormy passage of 70 days. Her ship s corn-\\nsingle stone, i feet square at the base, and 3 feet 6 inches in height, weigh-\\ning 2i tons. Within the shaft is a hollow cone, with a curcular stairway\\nwinding round it to the summit, which enters a circular chamber at the top.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0294.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\npanj-,* numbering 140 persons, arrived at Nantasket\\nPoint, Hull, May SOtli. After some delaj-, and greatl^\\nto tlieir grief and scandal, they were obliged to effect a\\nlanding on the Sabbath daj-.\\nSubsequentlj an exploring company, having exam-\\nined the Mattapan region, now known as Dorchester,\\nwere impressed that it afforded good pasturage for their\\ncattle, cspeciallj that portion near and on the neck.\\nThe whole company immediatcjly removed with their\\ncattle to this place, selecting a spot on the main land\\nnear the south side of what is now South Boston, long\\nknown as Dorchester Neck.\\nThey began at once to put up tents and huts, keeping\\nclose together, as they had been instructed to do before\\nleaving England. This precaution was, no doubt,\\nprompted by a fear of Indian attacks. For the same\\nreason, thej- built a fort near the shore. But the Indians\\nproved friendl}-.\\nThe first summer was one of great toil. Having had\\nno time to plant and gather, the winter was one of cold,\\nhunger and sickness. Tlic}^ fasted and prated, and\\nwhen relief came, b3 the arrival of provisions from\\nEngland, they turned their fastings into praise. They\\nplanted and gathered a fair harvest in 1C31, besides\\nimproving their houses, and making preparations for\\ngreater winter comfort. The arrival of several ships\\nduring the 3-ear increased their numbers, thus adding\\nto their strength and courage.\\nIn 1G35, Eichard Mather and a company of godly\\npeople landed in Boston, and soon after removed to\\nDorchester. This Jlr. IMather was the ancestor of the\\neminent ministers of the name, who have so large a\\nplace in the history of the county, as well, as of the\\nColonj at large. On the coming of the Mather compan}\\nto Dorchester, one of its pastors, Jlr. AVareham, and\\nabout half of the church, removed to Windsor, in Con-\\nnecticut, to make room for them. The church which\\nremained, had Mr. Maverick and Mr. Mather as religious\\ninstructors, and worshipped in a humble meeting-house,\\nerected the second summer of their arrival. This was\\nlocated on Allen s Plain, near the corner of what is now\\nPleasant and Cottage streets, and was the first erected in\\nthe BaJ^ As fears were at the time entertained of attacks\\nby the Indians, it was surrounded by a palisade, stored\\nwith munitions of war, and a guard set over it at night.\\nThis building answered its double purpose of fort and\\nplace for religious service for fifteen years.\\nAs earl} as 1733, a bridge was built over Neponset\\nPrevious to their departiu-c from Dorchester, Ens., they chose the\\nRev. Mr. M.avcrlck, and the Rev. Jlr. Wareliam, both ministers of the\\nEpiscopal Church, to be their religious teachers.\\nRiver, a mill set up, and a fish-weir erected. Fish-\\ning was one of the specialties of the town in its early\\ndays. It was during this year that an order was adopted\\nestablishing the form of town government, the first iu\\nthe country. This led to the law of the General Court,\\npassed in 1G36, and which is still in force.\\nThe next step in the way of public improvement was\\na cartway to the mill. An arrangement was made,\\nabout the same time, for a decent burving-place.\\nThe town was caused great sorrow by the death of one\\nof its pastors, Mr. Slaverick, during the winter following\\nthe arrival. He left a good record as a minister and\\ncitizen.\\nThere is an early record of Dorchester s interest in\\ncommon schools. It was voted, in 1609, to levy a tax\\nfor the maintenance of a school. It is believed that\\nthis was the first public provision ever made for a free\\nschool by a direct tax on the inhabitants of a town.\\nThe church, after the removal of both Wareham and\\nMaverick, seems to have had some difllculty in securing\\nan associate in the pastorate for Mr. Mather. The\\nRev. Jonathan Burr, with his wife and three children,\\nhad arrived in town from England in 1G39, and imme-\\ndiatelj united with the church. He preached to the\\ngeneral acceptance of the people, and was settled\\ndying, however, in a little over a year, at the age of 37.\\nNo stone marks the place of his burial.\\nThe inhabitants, during these earlier years, were,\\nnaturally, to a greater or less extent, subject to alarms\\nand panics on account of the Indians.\\nIn the 3 ear 1G45, a new meeting-house was built. It\\nseems that a pressui-e was brought to bear upon the\\ntown in reference to this enterprise, for the town voted,\\nearl}- in the year, that for peace and love s sake there\\nshall be a new meeting-house built.\\nIn 1G49, a coadjutor of Mr. Mather was found in the\\nperson of the Rev. John AVilson, Jr., the son of his\\nfriend. Rev. John Wilson, first pastor of the Boston\\nchurch. Young Wilson, however, remained in Dor-\\nchester only two years, and then removed to Mcdfield,\\nwhere he preached 40 years. Mr. Mather s salary,\\nin IG. JO, was \u00c2\u00a3100, a liberal compensation for those\\ndays. This sum was continued for many years. His\\nparish, also, assisted in the support of the president and\\nprofessors of Harvard College.\\nIn 1G62, Milton (Unquety) was incorporated as a\\ntownship, having to this time been a part of Dorchester.\\nIn 1GG3, Mr. Mather s salary was made \u00c2\u00a395, ar.d he\\nwas relieved of a part of his duties by an assistant, Sir.\\nStoughton.\\nIn 1665 a pressing invitation was extended to Mr.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0295.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nStoughtou to accept of a formal settlement as their\\njunior pastor. This he modestly- declined without giving\\nspecific reasons for so doing. Six times was this invi-\\ntation extended, through several years, but as often de-\\nclined, though he consented to assist Mather by preach-\\ning, as before. He was esteemed as an eloquent and\\nlearned divine, and his praise was in all the churches.\\ni But he was evidently, even at this time, being driven\\ntowards the more secular calling to which the most\\nof his life was devoted. In 1G7G he wont to England as\\none of the agents of the Colony to settle s..me land\\nclaim, which had been made against it. He rose to the\\nposition of lieutenant-governor, and then of governor of\\nthe Province of Massachusetts. But it was perhaps as\\nchief justice of its Supreme Court tl it he secured a\\ngreat, and, in one respect, a\\nsad renown. He presiik d at\\nthe court in Salem in 1()0\\nwhich tried and condemned\\nthe unfortunate persoub ac-\\ncused of witchcraft. His\\nhonest convictions of their\\nguilt, and the justice ot then\\nexecution, were intense at\\nthe time, and never subse-\\nquently modified. He u-\\ntired from the bench vith\\ndisgust, when he heaid of\\nthe reprieve of some ol the\\ncondemned.\\nHe died the 7th of July,\\n1701, in the 71st year of mk.-tixo-hoi-si; i\\nhis age. He was never married. He was quite wealthy,\\nand left bequests to tlie churches of Dorchester and Mil-\\nton, and to the poor also of each of those towns. He\\ngave UberaUy while living to the cause of education, and\\nleft a large sum for Harvard College at his death.*\\nIn 16G9 Richard Mather, the eminent early pastor of\\nDorchester, died. He had ministered to the people in\\nspiritual things for 34 years. He taught school before\\nentering college, and graduating at Oxford, was ordained\\na minister of the Episcopal Church, and preached his\\nfirst sermon when 22 years of age. He soon became\\nknown as one accepting opinions of non-conformity.\\nThis endangered the consummation of an intended mar-\\nriage, for his lady s father did not like non-con fonn-\\nIlis house was at the north-east comer of the streets now known as\\nPleasant Street and Savin Hill Avenue.\\nt The successors of Mr. Mather, until a quite recent date, have\\nbeen as follows Ilcv. Josiah Flint, ordained 1670; died 1680; Kev.\\nJohn Danforth, sole minister of the town for 47 years; Rev. Jonathan\\nable Puritans. But he did mam- the daughter, and\\nshe proved an eminently good wife and mother. They\\nhad six sons. Four of them became distinguished min-\\nisters two, Eleazer and Increase, the onlj- children born\\nin America, were settled, the former in Northampton,\\nand the last named in Boston. Their father came to the\\nNew World under the pressure brought to bear upon all\\nknown as non-confonnists. He stole away to escape\\narrest and imprisonment. He married for a second wife\\nthe widow of his friend John Cotton. Mr. Mather s\\ndeath was sudden. While attending a ministerial coun-\\ncil in Boston, April 16, 1CG9, he was taken sick, and\\nreturning home, expired a few days after. f\\nThe first meeting-house was built on Meeting-House\\nHill a spot no v associated with so much of historic\\nintdcst. A new house dis-\\nplaced the first one in 1G74,\\nb( ing dedicated onl^ four\\nda\\\\s before the death of\\nMl Danforth, who had min-\\nKttred in the old house 31\\n\\\\cai3. In 1G93, pews were\\nImilt around the meeting-\\nhouse, except where the\\nl)o\\\\i did sit. The privi-\\nk ^L of building a pew in\\nthe church was granted only\\nto meet persons. The\\nthud edifice on this spot was\\nbuilt in 1741, and borned in\\n1 744 The fourth house was\\ncompleted two years later.\\nThe belfry of this church was used during the siege of\\nBoston at the oiiening of the Revolution, as a signal\\nstation. From it was waved the joyful news of the de-\\nparture from the town of the British troops. The meet-\\ning-house being a conspicuous target, the British levelled\\nat it their cannon, piercing it in several places, one\\nball passing through the belfry. This church was torn\\ndown in 1803. The present edifice was completed in\\nJune, 1804. The next year town meetings ceased to\\nbe held in the church, and a town house was imme-\\ndiately built.\\nIn 1698 the serious young men of the town formed an\\nassociation for religious purposes. This society had an\\nexistence for 150 years.\\nBowman, pastor for nearly U years Rev. Moses Everett, pastor for\\n18 years and Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, whose pastorate continued\\n43 years.\\nX A part of their valuable library is in the keeping of the Dorchester\\nHistorical Society.\\nn.L, DORCHESTER.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0296.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nIll 1798 the town erected a brick school-house on\\nMeeting-house Hill.\\nUntil 1805 Dorchester had but one church. But the\\ntown had now increased considerably in population, and,\\nunder the ministry of Mr. Harris, there was a great want\\nof room for the worshippers. A move for a new house\\nwas now made. A site was purchased at the corner\\nof Washington and Centre streets. The building was\\nbegun at once, and dedicated Oct. 30, 180G. The church\\nwas formed Jan. 1, 1808. The Rev. John Codman of\\nBoston was chosen pastor, and was ordained Dec. 7,\\n1S08. Mr. Codman was a man of decided ability and\\nscholarly attainments, and of a wealthy and influential\\nfomily. His ministry commenced under the most flat-\\ntering auspices. But elements of division were abroad\\nin the churches, and they found their expression in the\\nSecond Church of Dorchester. An influential part of\\nthe society sold their pews,\\nand built a meeting-house in\\nthe south end of the town,\\nknown as Dorchester Lower\\nMills. It was dedicated Oct\\nC. 181.3. The first pastor was\\nthe Rev. Edward Richmond\\nThe parish built a new house,\\nof fine architectural propor-\\ntions, in 1840, and dedicated\\nit in October of the same\\nyear. The great gale of Sep-\\ntember, 1815, so injured the\\nold meeting-house of the First\\nParish, that a new one was built. It was dedicated in\\nDecember, 181 G, and is the present edifice, which is well\\nknown for its fine proportions and beaut}- of situation.\\nDorchester was annc.ved to Boston, Jan. 3, 1870.\\nRoxBURY.* A narrow neck of land originall} con-\\nnected Roxbur} with Boston. It was a mile long, and\\ncovered with trees. In its narrowest part, it was, in the\\nda3 S of the first settlers, often overflowed hy the high\\ntides. It was early improved by pavements and a\\ndike.\\nThe general physical features of Roxbuiy are a good\\nt^-jDO of those which characterize New England. It is\\nuneven and rocky its prevalent stone is conglomerate,\\nand in some places affords good quaixies for building\\nSo called, probably, from tlic fact of its m.any rocks. It was an-\\nnexed to Boston, Jan. 6, ISfiS.\\nt In 1G42 Mr. Sannicl Hayhurnc made provisions in his will for the\\nappropriation of a certain part of the yearly income from his property,\\nto tlio good canse. This was followed by an engagement by some 60\\nof the inhabitants, to pay certain sums yearly for the support of a free\\nschool. Ill 1G4(; they pledged their houses, liariis, orchards, and home-\\npurposes. The carlj- chroniclers were favorably im-\\npressed with Roxbury. Wood, in his New England\\nProspect, says of it in 1G34, It is a fair and hand-\\nsome country town, the inhabitants of it being all very\\nrich.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Roxbury was settled in IGoO. The settlers were\\nmostl} from London, a few coming from the west of\\nEngland. They were a thrift} class of people, many\\nof them farmers, and none of the poorer sort. Their\\nmoral tone, as the town appeared to an early eye-wit-\\nness, must have been excellent, for he writes: One\\nmight dwell there from year to year and not see a drunk-\\nard, hear an oath, or meet a beggar.\\nThe first year was one of suffering, the cold being\\nintense and fuel scarce. But few additions were made\\nin 1G31. Tlie following year many came, and tiie year\\n1G,j3, being a time of abundance, emigrants came\\nin gi cat numbers. The First\\nChurch was gathered in July,\\n1(32, Thomas Welde being\\nIho pastor. John Eliot, the\\nipostle to the Indians, was\\nchosen teacher in the No-\\nvember following. A meet-\\ning-house was soon built. It\\nstood where the house in which\\nDi Putnam so long preached\\nnow stands, a very humble\\nedifice it bad at first neither\\nshingles without, nor pews or\\ngidleries within. Samuel Dan-\\nforth was settled as an assistant to Mr. Eliot, in 1643,\\nMr. Welde hr.ving returned to England.\\nRoxbury, in common with the other towns of the\\nColony, gave early and generous attention to the estab-\\nlishment of free schools, f\\nMost fortunately for the schools of Roxbury, and of\\nthe Colony generally, Eliot was a wise and zealous pro-\\nmoter of their interests. The school at Jamaica Plain\\nwhich bears his name, was founded by him, and he left\\nin his will a valuable estate for its perpetual support.\\nThe first name connected with the early teachers of the\\nFree School in Roxburic is that of Father Stone\\n(1G48). Ward Chipman, a teacher in 1770, was subse-\\nquently an eminent Canadian jurist. Among other in-\\nsteads, to the same objects. Twenty pounds per annum was voted as\\nthe salary of a teacher. The property given to the school from time to\\ntime, was, in 1789, put into the ch.-irgc of an incoi-poration, called, The\\ntrustees of the Gnimmar School in the easterly part of the town of Ro.x-\\nbury. The early teachers were at, times p:iid in corn. The town in\\n16C3 set apart ten acres of hind from whidi their schoolm.aster might\\ncut timber and wood for his own use but not to sell.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0297.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nstructors of this school Tvho became eminent are Gen.\\nJoseph Warren, Gov. Increase Sumner, Judge William\\nGushing and Bishop Samuel Parker.\\nIn 1790 there were five schools, well located in vari-\\nous parts of the town, and having an aggregate of 225\\nscholars.\\nA new departure was taken in 181G in the text-books\\nused. Previous to this the teachers used such books as\\nthey liked, but now thej- were ordered bj- the committee.\\n1 he meeting-house of the Second Parish stood on\\nCentre Street, near South.* The present church was\\nbuilt in 1773. It was enlarged and beautified a few\\nyears ago. The late eminent Theodore Parker s earl}-\\nministry was in this house.\\nThe first meeting-houso of the Third or Jamaica Plain\\nParish Church, was dedicated in December, 1769. It\\nstood on land given the town bj Eliot. The present\\nhandsome clmrch, on the corner of Centre and Eliot\\nstreets, occupies the site of the first. The earliest pas-\\ntor of the Third Church was Rev. AVilliam Gordon, who\\nwas installed in Jul} 1772.\\nAt the corner of Washington and Eiistis streets is the\\nfirst burial-gi-ound of Roxbury. The first interment was\\nin 1G33. Hero the apostle Eliot, the Dudleys and War-\\nrens were buried.\\nA brief biographical notice of John Eliot, so con-\\nspicuous in the car]y historj of New England, belongs\\nespecially to the histor}- of Roxbury. He was born in\\nNosing, Essex, Eng., in 1G04, and was educated at\\nJesus College, Cambridge. He arrived in Boston, as\\nwe have noted, in November, 1G31, being but 27 j-ears of\\nage. Here, in the absence of the pastor, Mr. Wilson,\\non a visit to England, he officiated for a short time.\\nHe was earnestly entreated to continue in this church as\\nteacher, but declined the offer. He had promised some\\nfriends in England, that if the}- should remove to New\\nEngland, he would be their pastor. They came the year\\nafter his arrival and settled in Roxbur}- and, immediately\\nforming a church, they called Jlr. Eliot to be their\\nminister, and he continued as pastor of that church\\nnearly GO years.\\nEliot is speeiallj known iu history for his devoted,\\nwise and successful labors for the Indians. The year\\nafter his arrival in Boston he was man-ied to an earnestlj-\\npious 3 oung lady, to whom he had been some time\\nbetrothed, and who came to the country by appointment\\nfor that purpose.\\nEliot was an active promoter of the interests of com-\\nThe first house of this society stood\\nthe south tlic old burial-ground,\\nt .\\\\nnexcd to Boston Jan. 5, 1S74.\\n1 Walter Street, adjoinini; 0:1\\nmen schools. At the Synod which met in Boston, he\\npraj-ed that God would cause them to be established\\neverywhere. He urged bis brethren of the ministerial\\ncouncil to encourage a good school in cverj- town.\\nWest Roxbury. f West Roxbury was earh known as\\nJamaica End and Spring Street. Within it lie Jamaica\\nPlain and Pond, bordering on Brookline. Canterbury to\\nthe southj adjoining Dorchester, includes the two beau-\\ntiful cemeteries of Forest Hills and Mount Hope. In\\nthe central part are the attractive settlements of Roslin-\\ndale and Clarendon Hills. In the western portion are\\nAVcst Roxbury Village and Spring Street. The highest\\nelevation in Roxbury, known as Muddy Pond Hill, has\\nlately taken the name of Bellevue. The citj of Boston\\nhas placed on its summit an obscrvatorj commanding\\nan extensive view.\\nAVest Roxbury was incorporated as a separate munici-\\npality in 18.51.\\nThe Bussej- Farm, a large tract hing between South\\nand Centre streets, is a valuable propertj- belonging to\\nHarvard Univcrsitj Benjamin Basse\\\\ at his dea:h in\\n1842, donated it to the university for the establishment\\nof a seminary for instruction in practical agriculture,\\nuseful and ornamental gardening, botanj and such other\\nbranches of natural science as ma}- tend to promote a\\nknowledge of practical agriculture. The Bussey Insti-\\ntute went into operation in 1871. It is built of Roxbury\\nstone, with sandstone trimmings, and in the modern\\nGothic style.\\nIn the west part of the town lies Broolj Farm, famous\\nfor an unsuccessful experiment to form thereon a social-\\nist community. It was established in 1841, by the Rev.\\nGeorge Ripley, and conducted for a season by such\\nliterary gentlemen as Charles A. Dana, George William\\nCurtis, Nathaniel Hawthorne and others.\\nForest Hills.X The cemeteries in the suburbs of\\nBoston are declared by those who have enjoyed ample\\nopportunity for comparison as being, collectively, the\\nmost picturesque and beautiful resting-places cf the dead\\nto which any city in this country can lay claim. The\\nmost attractive of all these, as well as the most artistic-\\nally embellished, is Forest Hills. The first impression\\none gains of the place is from the road which sweeps up\\nthrough lawns and shrubbery to the main entrance,\\nwhich, with its Gothic architecture clad in w-oodbine, is\\nalmost mediieval in its aspect. Ever}-wherc that im-\\nprovements have been made, the idea has been to set off\\nthe rugged beauty of the place, not to obscure it in a\\nConsecrated June 2S, 1S4S. Its origin.tl area w.ns 104 acres. Its\\npresent area is 22G acres. This sketch of Forest Hills is condensed\\nfrom the Boston Herald of a recent date. Ed.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0298.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nmass of embellishinents. On the left, as one passes up\\nthe main avenue, is the new receiving tomb, built of\\ngranite, with massive Gothic arches and tessellated floor.\\nGrouped about are tropical plants, the dark green palms\\ncontrasting finely with the gray walls of the edifice. In\\nfront is a new fountain of simple yet artistic workman-\\nship. As the visitor ascends Consecration Hill his ej e\\nrests upon tlie monument of the Rice famil}-. Passing\\ndown Warren Avenue, near the grave of the hero of\\nBunker Hill, one comes to the bell-tower.\\nOn Roelc IMaple Avenue, is a new monument, erected\\nby Curtis Guild of the Commercial Bulletin. It is\\nsurmounted by an angel with uplifted hands, which is\\nmuch bcj-ond the average mortuarj statues in pose and\\ntreatment. Close b^ too, is a monument similar in\\nappearance, recently erected by C. R. Ransom, Esq.,\\nentitled Resignation.\\nAt the head of Lake Hibiscus is the Rocker^-, con-\\ntaining a grotto, and planted with various vines and\\nflowering plants. Little fountains spring up in unex-\\npected places, and a summer-house at the top, shrouded\\nin trees, affords a grateful resting-place. On the south\\nside of Lake Hibiscus is a bed, triangular in shape, con-\\ntaining 20,000 plants, principally geraniums, mountain\\nsnow and sweet alyssum. The south side of the ceme-\\ntery possesses many fine monuments. Here is Commo-\\ndore VVinslow s tomb, marked by a massive bowlder,\\nwhich was brought from Jit. Kearsarge, and which is\\nnow clad in Japanese woodbine.\\nA novelty in monumental art in this portion of the\\ncemetery is a zinc shaft, erected bj Rev. George Gan-\\nnett, D. D., principal of the Gannett school in this city.\\nNear L3 is a fine monument of Scotch granite, ordered\\nby the Japanese government and placed over the grave\\nof a student from Japan, wh came to this country only\\nto die. On Cjpress Avenue a monument has been\\nerected to the memory of the noted physician, Edward\\nH. Clark, M. D., bearing the appropriate text, Be-\\ncause I live 3 e shall live also. Near by, on the lower\\nportion of Smilax Path, repose tlie remains of the great\\nliberator, William Lloyd Garrison. Here, too, is the\\nsoldiers lot, with Milmore s fine statue of The Soldier\\nat Rest. Passing back by the lake, the visitor ap-\\nproaches the tomb built by Maj. Chadwick. It is of\\nwhite marble, and ivas erected at an expense of \u00c2\u00a740,000.\\nIncorporated as .1 town in 1807, and annexed to Boston, Jan. 5, 1S74.\\nt At the head of his regiment, of Middlesex, he was at the battle of\\nBunker Hill on the 17th of June, 1775. On the third attaelc of the Brit-\\nish forces, he advanced towards the rcdoulit, and on the way was struck\\nby a ball which inflicted a mortal wound. Ho was borac to his home\\nacross the river, and died on the 3d of July. Washington had Uikcn\\ncommand of the army at Cambridgo on the day previous to the death\\nClose by. Judge Thomas, who stood so grandly against\\nthe rebellious South, is now buried. Other notable\\nmonuments in this vicinitj-, recently erected, are those of\\nS. S. Rogers, John S. Sleeper and Moses Day.\\nThe Mount Hope Cemetery consecrated June 24,\\n1857, lies a little south of Forest Hills, partly in Dor-\\nchester. It contains over 100 acres. It has a fine nat-\\nural location, and has been highly embellished by art.\\nThe Jamaica Plain division of West Roxbury has for\\nmany jears been a favorite summer residence of Boston\\npeople. Here are elegant country-seats and beautiful\\ncottages. It is surrounded bj sloping hills, forming a\\nbasin sheltered from the east winds. Its springs and\\nbrooks and lakes give it a picturesque appearance.\\nUntil a quite recent time its well-to-do farmers culti^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ated\\nits rich soil, making it a market-garden for the metropo-\\nlis. Originally called Pond Plain, it received its\\npresent designation in 1GG7. Jamaica Pond, covering\\nIGO acres, is, in some places, GO feet deep.\\nBniGHTON.* Among the early settlers of South Cam-\\nbridge were those of the Champney, Dana and Spar- i\\nhawk familes. Elder Richard Champney, of an old, dis-\\ntinguished English family, came from Lincolnshire to\\nCambridge in 1G34-5. Ho purchased land on the soutli\\nside of the river in 1G47, and his residence henceforth\\nconnected with what is now Brighton. He bequeathed\\n40 acres of land on the south side of the river to Har-\\nvard College as an expression of his willingness to\\nfurther the education of youth in all godly literature.\\nHis death occurred in 1GG9. Richard Dana settled in\\nwhat is now Brighton in 1G40, and died in 1G90, from the\\neffects of a fall from the scaflfold of his barn. He had a\\nlarge estate bordering on the entire western side of Mar-\\nket Street, this street being laid out wholly through his\\nestate in 1G5G. He was the progenitor of the Dana\\nfamily, which has had on its family records more eminent\\nnames than any New England familj excepting peihaps\\nthe Quincys. Richard Henry Dana, lately deceased at\\nthe great age of 91, one of the patriarchs of American\\nliterature, was a descendant from Richard.\\nAnother eminent name, that of Col. Thomas Gardner,\\nis connected with South Cambridge. His estate, at the\\ntime of the war of the Revolution, was embraced in the\\nnow town of Brighton, and from his residence there, he\\nwent out to die for his country. f\\nof Gardner, and among his first orders was the following: July 4,\\n1770. Col. Gardner is to bo Ijuried to-morrow, at three o clock, p. m.,\\nwith the military honors due to so brave and gallant an offlccr, who\\nfought, bled and died in the cause of his country and mankind. His\\nown regiment, except the company at Maiden, to attend on this mourn-\\nful occasion. The place of these companies in the line of Prospect Hill\\nto 1)0 supplied by Col. Glover s regiment, until the funeral is over.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0299.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nCol. Gardner had been for some j-ears elected bj- his\\ntownsmen a member of the General Assembly he had\\nalso been chosen a member of tho Provincial Congress.\\nBy his carl3- death the cause of independence lost one of\\nits ablest and truest friends.\\nA church was organized on tlie Brighton side of\\nCharles Eiver in 1730, and was the third in its founding\\nof the three original precinct churches of the town of\\nCambridge.\\nThe Evergreen Cemetery, a beautiful ground, was\\nopened in 18.jO. The address of consecration was de-\\nlivered by Rev. Frederick A. Whitney. It is contem-\\nplated that a chapel may be erected within the enclosure.\\nBrighton has a beautiful\\npublic librar3 building, erect-\\ncd at a cost of nearly \u00c2\u00a770,000,\\nand a monument of Quincy\\ngranite to the memory of the\\nsoldiers killed in the late war.\\nBy the bequest of Jlr. Jas.\\nIlolton, of an ancient family\\nof the town, who died in 1SG3,\\nthe foundation was laid for a\\nfree public library. This Ilol-\\nton Librar_v is now the Brigli-\\nton branch of the Boston Pu\\nlie Library.\\nBrighton has seven reliL;-\\nious societies, and excelkii\\ngraded seliools.\\nThis place has long been\\ncelebrated for its cattle-fair,\\nwhich was commenced during\\nthe War of Independence.*\\nSouth Boston. Boston Neck (Mattapannock) seems\\nto have been used until 1637, as the common pasture\\ngromid for all the citizens owning cattle. After this time\\nthis privilege was granted to a limited number of per-\\nsons who probably purchased it j carly. The Neck was\\nat times an island when the tides were high, connecting\\nwith the settlement on the main land by a narrow cause-\\nway. In 1 642 the lots sold on the Neck by tho town\\nbegan to be enclosed, thus contracting the general pas-\\nThe following statements concerning its recent business are taken\\nfrom Nason s Gazetteer of Massachusetts\\nIt is stated that the freight money upon the cattle transported from\\ntho West and received at the Brighton station, amounts to the Uirge sum\\nof about $2,000,000 in a single year, the Boston and AUiany Railroad\\naccounting to the other roads between Boston and Chicago for their pro\\nrata share of the amount received.\\nThe sum of $400,000 has already been invested in the Abattoir, or\\nthe new Union Slaughtering Establishment of the Brighton butchers.\\ntare land and thus began the development of highways\\nand more pri\\\\ate streets which changed Mattapannock\\nfrom a mere pasturage to a town.\\nAs the town books, previous to 1770, were destroyed\\nby fire, it is not certainly known by whom, nor when, the\\nfirst house was built. It is believed, however, that it\\nwas erected by Deacon James Blake in 1660. In 1776\\nthere were only nine dwelling-houses and eleven families\\nat South Boston. Among the early houses were several\\nconstituting The Village, near the present site of\\nHawcs Place Church. Not far from the present location\\nof Hawes Burying-Ground, stood the house of a Mr.\\nHarrington, whose descendants are well known in South\\n_^^ Boston at the present time.\\nB^ ^^7 ^B^ Neai-ly opposite of tho last-\\n^^^^r named house, stood Deacon\\nBhkc s, the first one built.\\nOne of the earliest of the\\neminent men of South Boston\\nwas John Foster. He was a\\ngiaduate of Harvard College,\\nmd the ingenious mathema-\\nt I un and printer, who had\\nii tamed, at the eavh- age of\\nit which he died, consid-\\nilile distinction in the Colon}\\nAnother of the noted men\\nof the early days was James\\nBlake. He was the son of\\nDca. Blake, tho first settler.\\nAt his father s death, in 1732,\\nho bought out the rights of the\\nother heirs, and became sole\\npossessor of the old home-\\nstead. Ho held the offices of treasurer, selectman and\\nassessor for 25 j-ears, and that of town clerk for 24 3-ears.\\nHe was eminent as a survej or, and his labors in this\\ndirection were extensive and gave excellent satisfaction.\\nHis Annals of Dorchester are aminutc history of the\\ntown for 120 years. He died in 1750, in the sixty-third\\njear of his age.\\nThe history of South Boston for more than a half\\ncenturv after Mr. Blake s annals close, i verv Httle\\nt establishment iifTords facilities for all the slaughtering in the\\nof Bictou, and also for transmuting the refuse into valuable\\nL^\\nTITl-TIOX rOR THE BLIND, SOt TH\\nThe AVinship brothers, Jonathan and Frftncit\\nthe present century, large nurseries and flmal g;\\nand later, J.imcs Lee, L. F. Warren, William I\\nfullowcd in the same line of business, s lli\\ne3t.ablished, early in\\nrdens. Joseph Brecl;,\\nStrong, and others,\\nt the tree and floral\\nculture has, next to that of the cattlc-marUet Inisincss, distinguished\\nthe to^vn.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0300.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\n271\\nknown. The part that the Heights called Dorchester\\nHeights played in the commencement of the war of the\\nRevolution, is well known. Here Washington made\\nfortifications, and commanded Boston, which lay under\\nhis guns, and its approaches bj water. In 1804, at the\\ntime of its annexation to Boston, the Neck contained\\nbut ten families. During the following year, the Dover\\nStreet, or South Bridge was completed, at a cost to its\\nproprietors of fifty-six thousand dollars.\\nBut this bridge, though an immense improvement\\nover the old boat communication with Boston, or the\\nlong travel to it over the causeway through Dorchester\\nand over the Eoxbur} Neck, was far from satisfying the\\nSouth Boston people. After a long and heated contro-\\nversj and much delaj-, the free bridge from the foot of\\nFederal Street to South Boston, was completed This\\nmarked an era in the historj- of South Boston, and from\\nthis time its development connects with that of the city\\nproper.\\nEast Boston was early known as Noddle s Island.\\nWhen the ships Mary and John and the Arbella\\nsailed into the waters at the head of Massachusetts Bay,\\nthej found on this island a lone dweller by the name of\\nthe Eev. Samuel Maverick, an Episcopal minister, and a\\nson of the Rev. John Maverick of Dorchester. The\\nnew-comers found this solitary occupant of the Island\\nkind and courteous, and read} alwajs to give them hos-\\npitable entertainment. Mr. Maverick seems, from the\\nfirst, to have been regarded as a man of importance.\\nThough a firm adherent of the Church of England, he\\nbecame a freeman in 1632, and was subsequentlj re-\\nputed to have been one of the solid men of Boston.\\nThe jurisdiction of this island was given to the me-\\ntropolis In 1G36. Later in its history it became, for a\\nlong period, the home of the vexed and hunted Quakers\\nand Baptists.\\nIt was purchased in 1670 by Col. Samuel Shimpton\\nfor \u00c2\u00a36,000, in whose famil}- it remained for more than\\nI one hundred and sixty years.\\nIn 1711, a j-ear memorable for the English expedition\\nI to Canada, the British forces, while preparations were\\nbeing made for this expedition, were landed, and, for a\\nseason, encamped on Noddle s Island.\\nThis and other islands in the vicinity, just previous to\\nthe Revolution, were the scene of frequent skirmishes,\\nand even sharp conflicts, between small forces of the\\nBritish and Americans, in which the latter were usually\\ntriumphant, each intent upon obtaining jiossession of the\\nhve stock, beeves, hogs and sheep which in those days\\nwere allowed frcelj to roam and graze there.\\nMarch 25, 1833, the East Boston Companj- was incor-\\nporated. Its object was the improvement of the island.\\nThe latter, containing some 6G3 acres, was now owned\\nliy, and under the control of, the company.* Public\\nofficers of Boston first set foot on Noddle s Island, in\\ntheir official capacity. May 4, 1833.\\nThe first year s operations gave assurance of the effl-\\ncienc} and final success of the company. In this time\\nthey perfected their organization, and streets, squares\\nand lots had been laid out for dwellings, pubhc purposes,\\nmechanical establishments, and wharves the East Bos-\\nton Wharf Compan} had been incorporated, and had\\ncommenced operations a ferrj had been established\\nland had been sold on the island to the amount of\\neighty-six thousand dollars the subject of the Eastern\\nRailroad had been broached, and vigorously prosecuted,\\nwhile a series of imdertakings had been started which\\nwould ultimately develop the capabilities and resources\\nof the island. A free bridge was completed in October,\\n1834. The road which crossed this bridge was imme-\\ndiatelj- extended so as to connect with the Salem turn-\\npike, thus connecting the island with the populous towns\\neast.\\nOn the 13th of December, 1856, the Meridian Street\\nBridge to Chelsea was completed. This costly bridge\\nenterprise was aided by the city, and was of great\\nimportance everj way to the two centres of population\\nand business which it drew nearer together.\\nThe Eastern Railroad was another enterprise, stimu-\\nlated b} if not si)ringing from, the operations of the\\nEast Boston Company. The Eastern Railroad Companj\\nwas incorporated in April, 1836. The ground was first\\nbroken in Jul} of the same year, and the cars com-\\nmenced running to Salem the 27th of August, 1838.\\nAs is well known, it then ran through East Boston,\\nacross the ferry to its depot in Boston. On the 18th of\\nJuly, 1840, the Britannia ocean steamer arrived at\\nits wharf in East Boston, the first of the Cunard line,\\nconnecting Liverpool, Halifax and Boston. Three days\\nlater, July 21, the Cunard Festival was held in a\\npavilion erected in front of the Maverick House. The\\nsolid men and orators of Boston were present, with\\nmany notables from abroad, and the occasion was one of\\ngreat joy. Thus wonderfully did the material interests\\nof East Boston expand from its new era in 1833.\\nMeantime the educational and religious progress of\\nEast Boston has kept abreast of its secular welfare.\\nAltogether, it may be safely said that the history of\\nEast Boston is one of the moet remarkable of Suffolk\\nCounty.\\nThe old mansion-house on the Samuel Maverick estate was the only\\nhouse at this time on the island.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0301.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nTowns.\\nChelsea,* as late as 1846, embraced the territorj-\\nnow constituting nearlj- all the northern portion of\\nSuffolk County. This locality was known to the first\\nsettlers about the bay as Rumney Marsh, and the Indian\\nname, Winnisimmet. In 1G34, it was made a part of\\nBoston. In 1635-6, the land was divided and allotted\\nto citizens of Boston. Among those having land as-\\nsigned them at an early period, were John Winthrop,\\nHenry Vane, Richard Bclhngham and Edmund Quincy.\\nThe first church was gathered in 1715. The fii-st meet-\\ning-house must have been built about this time. If so,\\nas it is still standing, it is probalily tlie oldest place of\\nworship iu Suffolk County. It is occupied by the First\\nChurch of Chelsea, and, with its modern improvements,\\nwhich have not been, we judge, very radical, it looks\\nfresh and endur-\\nable. It is located _-\\nat Revere, the old\\ncentre of Chelsea,\\nand has contiguous\\nto it, after the\\nancient custom,\\nthe burial-ground,\\nwhere many of the\\noriginal founders oi\\nthe town were in-\\nterred.\\nThomas Cheever.\\nson of the historic\\nMaster Cheever,\\nwas the first minis-\\nter of this church.\\nChelsea contains a town hall costing 825,000, a spa-\\ncious and well-arranged high school building, and thir-\\nteen religious societies.\\nThe United States Marine Hospital is located on an\\nelevated site, commanding an extensive land and sea\\nview. It was built in 1827.\\nPowder-Hom Hill is 220 feet above the sea, and on its\\nsummit the Highland Park House was erected in 1873.\\nThe view from this house of the ocean and the inland\\ncities and towns is very extensive. Chelsea is well sup-\\nplied with Mystic Lake water.\\nRevere, until 1846, was a part of Chelsea. It took\\nthe name, at its incorporation at that date, of North\\nChelsea. This name was officially changed to Revere in\\n1871. When the southern part of Chelsea commenced\\nIncorporated as a town, Jan. 11, 1738; made a city, April 13, 1857.\\nIt took its present name oi Clielsea at its incorporation in 1738.\\nits rapid development about forty j-ears ago, under the\\nstimulus of a railroad and steam-fen-y communication\\nwiih Boston, its northern section, or old centre, became\\nrelatively an inconsiderable village. But its advantages\\nas a seashore resort have of late become recognized.\\nMuch of its eastern portion is a salt marsh and sandy\\nbeach. But west of these low lands, are fine elevations,\\ncommanding splendid ocean views. The Boston, Revere\\nBeach and Lynn R. R. runs along the top of its beach to\\nPine s Point, and has thus opened a section of the town\\nwhich affords sites for desirable summer residences. Its\\nbeach has fine batliing facilities, which attract thousands\\nfrom the metropolis during the heated season. The East-\\nern R. R. also runs entirely through the eastern section.\\nThere are two church edifices, that of the old First\\nChurch, Unitarian, and that of the Congregational,\\nTrinitarian, whose\\nI societ} was formed\\nn ^^K=^ m the year 1828.\\nWinthrop is a\\nfivorite sea shore\\nresort. It is situ-\\nated on a pleasant\\npeninsula, 10 miles\\nnorth-east of Bos-\\nton. It has Revere\\non the north-west,\\nand the water on\\nall other sides. It\\nearly attracted the\\nsettlers of Boston,\\nfor in 1632 they\\nvoted that it shall belong to Boston, and be enjoyed\\nby the inhabitants forever. It is separated from Deer\\nIsland by a narrow channel of water, through which the\\ntide at times rushes with great swiftness. The boats of\\nthe early fishermen were towed or pulled through this\\ncurrent, and so the peninsula was long known as Pullen\\nPoint.\\nIn 1G34, Dean Winthrop, son of Gov. Winthrop, was\\ngranted by the Court of Assistants, 120 acres of land at\\nPullen Point. James Bill, who came to the Ponit in\\n1645, became owner in 1687 of two-thirds of the arable\\nland. It is claimed in the history of Winthrop, lately\\npublished, that the residences of these two great land-\\nholders. Dean Winthrop and James Bill, are still in\\nexistence as habitable dwellings. That of Winthrop is\\nsituated near the junction of the roads leading to Revere\\nand Point Shirley, and is now occupied by Mr. Otis Floyd.\\nThe Bill mansion is owned by John Tewksbury, Esq.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0302.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nBiographical Notes. Samuel Sewall, whose name has\\na prominence in the earl_y history of Boston, was born\\nin England in 1652, and died in 1730. He studied\\ndivinity, and preached for a short time. He came into\\nthe possession of great wealth by marriage, and entered\\nupon a long and eminent career as a jurist. He was one\\nof the judges in the witchcraft trials of 1692, and was\\nmade chief justice in 1718.\\nThomas Hutchinson, born in Boston in 1711, was the\\nson of Thomas, one of Boston s wealthy and liberal\\nmerchants. The son graduated at Harvard in 1727,\\nstudied law, and earlj- became a prominent member of\\nthe General Court. He was afterwards a judge of pro-\\nbate, councillor, lieutenant-governor, and chief justice,\\nand became governor of Massachusetts in 1769. He\\ncommenced the publication of his History of Blassa-\\nchusetts in 1764. He died in Brompton, near London,\\nin 1780.\\nGen. Henry Knox was born in Boston in 1750, of\\nScotch and Irish Presbyterian parentage. He had a\\ncommon school education, and was early a bookseller.\\nMilitary science was a favorite study. He became a\\nmember of an artillery company, an officer of the city-\\ngrenadier corps, aid to Gen. Ward at the battle of\\nBunker Hill, commander of artillery in 1775, made\\nbrigadier-general Dec. 27, 1776, and was in command\\nof the artillery of the main army during the Revo-\\nlutionary war. Was made major-general in March,\\n1782, and secretary of war for ten years. He retired\\nlate in life to a farm in Thomaston, Me., where he died\\nin 1806.\\nHarrison Gray Otis, a nephew of James Otis, was\\nborn in Boston Oct. 8, 1765. Graduating at Harvard,\\nhe commenced the practice of law in 1786. He was a\\nmember of the legislature in 1796 member of Congress,\\n1797-1801 United States district-attorney, 1801 presi-\\ndent of the State Senate, 1805-11 judge of Court of\\nCommonPleas, 1814-18 United States senator, 1817-22\\nmajor of Boston, 1829-32. He was distinguished as a\\nbrilliant orator and able statesman. He died in Boston\\nOct. 28, 1848.\\nEdward Everett, LL. D., scholar, orator and states-\\nman, son of Oliver Everett, an eminent minister of\\nBoston, was born in Dorchester April 11, 1674. (Har-\\nvard University, 1811.) He was ordained a minister of\\nthe Brattle Street Unitarian Church, Boston, in 1814\\naccepted the chair of Greek literature Harvard Univer-\\nsity in 1815 visited Europe, studied two years in Uni-\\nversity of Gottingen travelled extensively returned in\\n1819, and resumed the duties of his professorship;\\nmember of Congress, 1825-35 governor of Massachu-\\nsetts, 1836-40 minister to England, 1841-45 president\\nof Harvard University, 1846-49; secretary of state from\\nNovember, 1852, to March, 1853 United States senator\\nfrom 1853 to the failure of his health in May, 1854.\\nHe was regarded as a peerless orator, and his writings\\nare models of elegance of stjde. At the breaking out\\nof the war of the Rebellion, his great influence was\\ngiven earnestly to the preservation of the Union. He\\ndied in Boston Jan. 15, 1865.\\nJohn Singleton Copley, painter, was born in Boston\\nJuly 3, 1737. Like West, he was self-taught, and some\\nof his pieces, executed, as he saj s, before he had seen\\nany tolerable picture, are thought to be equal, in artistic\\nskill, to his later productions. After acquiring eminence\\nat home bj- his portraits of Samuel Adams, Thomas\\nHancock, and others, he went to Rome by way of Eng-\\nland, where he arrived in August, 1774. He returned\\nto London in 1775. His historical paintings soon\\nrendered his name famous, and procured for it, in 1783,\\nthe honorable addition of R. A. His first painting\\nwhich attracted special attention was the death of the\\nEarl of Chatham. He died in London Sept. 9, 1813.\\nJohn Pierce, D. D., Congregational minister, was\\nborn in Dorchester July 14, 1773. (Harvard University,\\n1793 tutor, 1796.) On March 15, 1797, he was settled\\nas pastor of the First Congregational Church of Brook-\\nline, of which he remained sole pastor for half a century.\\nWas president for several years of Massachusetts Bible\\nSociety. Died in Brookline Aug. 24, 1849.\\nCharles Sumner, orator and statesman, was born in\\nBoston Jan. 6, 1811. (Harvard University, 1830 Cam-\\nbridge Law School, 1834.) He lectured to the Cam-\\nbridge Law School, 1835-7, and 1843 travelled in\\nEurope, 1837-40 in 1851 succeeded Daniel Webster in\\nUnited States Senate, of which he was continued a\\nmember to the day of his death. From March 4,\\n1861 to 1870, he was chairman of the Senate Committee\\non Foreign Affairs. He died in Washington, D. C,\\nMarch 11, 1874.\\nLucius Manlius Sargent was born in Boston in 1786.\\nHe studied law under Samuel Dexter, but early engaged\\nin literarj pursuits. He received an honorary degree from\\nHarvard University in 1842. His writings in the inter-\\nest of the temperance reform extended over 30 jears.\\nHis Temperance Tales had an immense sale, and\\none of them was published in manj- languages. He\\ndied in West Roxliury June 2, 1867.\\nSamuel Finley Breese Morse, LL. D., one of the\\ninventors of the electric telegraph, was born in Charles-\\ntown April 27, 1791. (Yale College, 1810.) Went to\\nEngland with Washington Allston in 1811 studied", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0303.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\npainting under Benjamin West exhibited his Dying\\nHercules at the Uoyal Academy in 1813, for a plaster\\nmodel of which, made soon after, he received a gold\\nmedal. He returned to America in 1815, and had a\\nsuccessful career as a painter he went back to England\\nin 1829, and remained there until 1832. On his passage\\nhome in 1832, the idea of a permanent recording tele-\\ngraph was suggested to him by his fellow passenger. Dr.\\nJackson. His invention was patented in 1837. It was\\nfurther improved in 1840, so that, in 1844, the first\\nelectric telegraph in the United States was set up between\\nBaltimore and Washington. In 1867, the principal\\nEuropean powers, assembled in Paris, presented Mi\\nMorse with 400,000 francs as a recompense for his\\ninvention. He died in 1872.\\nPopulation of Suffolk County from the census of 1875, 364,886\\nBoston 341,919\\nChelsea 20,737\\nRevere 1,603\\nWinthrop, 627\\nPublic Schools and School Property of Suffolk County.\\nSchools, 164, Buildings, $7,959,000; Property, $700,800.\\nCities and Towns.\\nSchools.\\nBuildings.\\nProperty.\\nBoston,\\nCliclsea\\nRevere,\\nWinthrop\\n151\\n9\\n2\\n2\\n87,500,000\\n432,000\\n15,000\\n12,000\\n$685,000\\n15,000\\n500\\n300\\nManufactures and Related Occupatu\\nManufactubes.\\nOCCUPATIOKS.\\nChelsea,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Winthrop,.\\no\\n1\\nValue of\\n1-\\nCapital\\ngood.\\ninvested.\\nmade.\\ns\\n2,712 $51,914,414\\n2,616 49,034,947\\n92 2,265,267\\n1 6,000\\nS 8,200\\n$116,620,259\\n112,214,147\\n4,366,612\\n6,000\\n84,500\\nE .2 Capital\\ninvested.\\nI\\n3,117 $5,702,288 $24,189,597\\n3,033 I 5,567,013 23,717,357\\n77 1 126,175 458,640\\nWORCESTEE COUNTY.\\nBY REV. ELIAS NASON, A.\\nThe County of Worcester was taken from parts of\\nMiddlesex, Suffolk and Hampshire counties, and incor-\\nporated April 2, 1731. It is the largest county in the\\nState, extending centrally entu-ely through it from north\\nto south, and ha\\\\ ing an area of about 1 ,500 square miles.\\nIt is bounded on the north hy New Hampshire, on the\\neast bj the counties of Middlesex and Norfolk, on\\nthe south bj^ Rhode Island and Connecticut, and on the\\nwest by the counties of Hampden, Hampshire and\\nFranklin. It has in all 56 towns and two cities, Fitch-\\nInirg and Worcester, the latter of which is the capital.\\nIts population in 1875 was 210,295, and its total valua-\\ntion $142,592,028. The number of acres of land taxed\\nwas 910,106.\\nThe surface of the land is undulating, hillj and\\nbroken. The scenery is for the most part varied and\\npleasing. The mountains are not lofty, but, rounded in\\nform and generally isolated, thej- impart picturesqueness,\\nif not grandeur to the landscapes. The most noticeable\\nof them are Wachusett Mountain in Princeton, having\\nan altitude of 2,480 feet above sea level Watatic Moun-\\ntain in Ashburnham, rising to the height of 1,847 feet\\nAsnebumsket Hill in Paxton, 1,407 feet; Hawes Hill i:i\\nBarre, 1.285 feet; Tuft s Hill in New Braintree, 1,179\\nfeet; Hatchett Hill in Southbridge, 1,016 feet, and\\nMuggett Hill in Charlton, 1,012 feet. From these\\nand other eminences the observer may obtain delightful\\nviews of lakes and streams, forests and glades, towns,\\nvillages and hamlets, and of some of the best cultivated\\nfai-ms in the State.\\nTlie principal rivers of the county are the Nashua,\\nflowing southerly and easterly into the Merrimac River\\nthe Blackstone, flowing southerly into Narraganset Ba}-\\nthe French and the Quinnebaug flowing into the Thames\\nthe Quaboag, the Ware, and Miller s River i-unning west-\\nerly into the Connecticut River. These streams, together\\nwith their numerous tributaries, furnish a great amount\\nof motive-power which is used for propelling the machin-\\nery of a large number of manufactories situated in the\\nvalleys through which they flow. The lakes with which", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0304.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nthe county abounds are now generally made to serve as\\nreservoirs for holding back the water-flow until the time\\nof need. The largest lakes are in Worcester, Webster,\\nLeominster and Brookfield. The soil of the county,\\ngenerally a mixture of loam with clay, or sand or gravel,\\nis, for the most part, strong and moist, and well adapted\\nto the growth of fruit and forest trees, the cereals and\\nculinarj vegetables. It is excellent for grazing, and the\\nbutter and cheese of this county command the highest\\nprices in the market. The timber growth consists mainly\\nof oak, chestnut, pine, birch, maple, spruce, hemlock,\\nwalnut, ash and poplar.\\nThe county is traversed by numerous i-aiboad and\\ntelegraphic lines, afl!brding ready communication between\\nthe different towns and the county seat, and the capi-\\ntal of the State. Since the introduction of the manufac-\\nture of the textile fabrics into this county, or during the\\nlast half-centurj the growth of the county in respect to\\npopulation, wealth and intelligence has been rapid. The\\npopulation in 1776 was 40,437, and in 1875, 210,295.\\nThe whole number of pubHc schools of the countj (1875)\\nwas 586 the whole number of incorporated private\\nschools was five the number of public libraries was 88\\nthe number of newspapers published in the county was\\n33, of which four were issued daily. The oldest of these\\npublications is the Massachusetts Weeklj Spy, estab-\\nlished in Worcester in 1775.\\nIn Worcester County the manufacturing and farming\\ninterests are happily combined, and the diversity of em-\\nploj ment tends to the mental vigor and enterprise of the\\npeople.\\nThe territory of what now forms the county was\\noriginally in possession of the Nipmuck and Nashaway\\nIndians, who led a roving, or nomadic kind of life, yet\\nstill had favorite locaUties and subordinate tribes, each\\ncontrolled bj- an inferior chieftain. The Nipmucks owned\\nthe lands along the Nipmuck, afterwards the Blackstone\\nRiver, and the Nashaways held tlie temtorj^ on the\\nNashua River and its branches.\\nThese tribes of Indians, never ver} numerous, sub-\\nsisted mainly by hunting and fishing and the natural\\nproductions of the forest yet they culti\\\\-ated with rude\\ninstruments a little maize, together with a few beans\\nand squashes. They clothed themselves in skins and\\ndwelt in huts, called im gimms. Their implements con-\\nsisted of gouges, axes, pestles and mortars, all made of\\nstone their money being shells, called wampum, and\\ntheir weapons the bow and arrow, scalping-knife and\\ntomahawk. Their canoes were neatlj- made of osiers cov-\\nered with white birch bark. As early as 1 643 the Indians\\nof this region, represented by Nashoonan, put themselves\\nunder the protection of the Colony of ISIassachusetts, and\\nseem to have given the English here but little disturbance\\nuntil the breaking out, in 1675, of Philip s war. In 1644\\ntwo sachems, Nasliacowarn and Wassamgin, near the\\ngreat hill Wachusett, came, with others, into the General\\nCoiu t, and desired to be received under the protection\\nof the government. Having learned from the court the\\narticles and the Ten Commandments, thej iDresentcd to\\nthat bodj^ 26 fathoms of wampum, when in return it\\ngave each of them a coat of two yards of cloth and\\ntheu dinner and to them and their men, every one of\\nthem, a cup of sac at their departure so they took leave\\nand went away ver3 joyful.\\nIn 1074 the Rev. John Eliot had several Indian pray-\\ning towns within the limits of what is now Worcester\\nCounty. At Manchage, now Oxford, there were about 60\\nnatives at Pakachoag, now Worcester and Auburn,\\nabout 100 at Chaubunagungamaug, now Webster,\\nabout 45 at AVeshakim, or Nashawaj-, about 75 at\\nWacuntug, now Uxbridge, a small number; and at\\nIlassanamisco, now Grafton, about 30 baptized per-\\nsons. An Indian by the name of James of this last\\nplace was bred a printer, and was of great service to Mr.\\nEliot in bringing out the Indian Bible. During Philip s\\nwar, the English, becoming distrustful of the praj-ing\\nIndians, most of tliese villages were deserted. Some of\\nthe Nipmuck Indians joined the forces of Philip some\\nwere removed to Deer Island in Boston Harbor, and a\\nfew acted as spies for the English. In order to ascertain\\nthe intentions of the Nipmuck IncUans, Capts. Hutchin-\\nson and Wheeler, with a body of troops, went, July 28,\\n1675, to meet the sachems at a certain tree in Quaboag,\\nnow Brookfield, which had been agreed upon as a place\\nof rendezvous but finding no Indians there, they pro-\\nceeded as far as Wickabaug Pond, when a body of\\nIndians rose from ambush, and fired upon them, killing\\neight and mortally wounding three, among whom was\\nCapt. Hutchinson. About the same time Philip made an\\nassault on Lancaster, during which ten of its citizens\\nwere killed. Again he entered the town, Feb. 10, 1676,\\nand burned the house of the Picv. Mr. Rowlandson, con-\\ntaining 42 persons, only one of whom escaped. Mr.\\nRowlandson was then in Boston but his wife and chil-\\ndren were carried into captivity. Of their sufferings\\nMrs. Rowlandson wrote an interesting narrative.\\nOther towns in what is now Worcester County were\\nmore or less disturbed in this, as well as in the French\\nand Indian wars that followed. Samuel Leonard, taken\\ncaptive at Worcester in 1695, was with Mrs. Hannah\\nDuston and Mrs. Mary Neff at Contookook, N. H., and\\nassisted in slaying, on the night of March 31, 1697, their", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0305.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "276\\nHISTORY OF new: ENGLAND.\\nten captors in their sleep. Leonard was a mere stripling\\nbut having learned of an Indian how and where to strike\\na fatal blow, directed the two other captives how to\\nwield the tomahawk and with such precision did they\\nseverally take their aim, that onl} two of the savages, a\\nwoman and a boy, escaped. The}- then made their wa}-\\ndown the Merrimac River, reached their homes in\\nsafety, and received \u00c2\u00a350 from the General Court for\\ntheir heroic deed. Descendants of the boy still reside\\nin Worcester County.\\nBj the act of the incorporation of the comity it was\\nordered, That the Towns Places hereafter named\\nexpressed. That is to say Worcester, Lancaster, West-\\nborough, Shrewsbury, Southborough, Leicester, Rutland\\nLunenburg, all in the count}^ of Middlesex Mendon,\\nWoodstock, Oxford, Sutton, [including Hassanamisco\\nUxbridge, the Land lately- granted to several Petition-\\ners of Medfleld, all in the County of Suffolk Brookfield\\nin the Count} of Hampshire, the South Town, laid out\\nto the Narragansett Soldiers, all other Lying within\\nthe said Townships, with the Inhabitants thereon, shall\\nfrom after the tenth Day of July, which will be in the\\nyear of our Lord 1 731 be remain one intire distinct\\nCounty, by the name of Worcester, of which Worcester\\nto be the Countj- or Shire Town. The land granted to\\nthe petitioners from Medfield was subsequentl.y incorpo-\\nrated under the name of Sturbridge, and the Narragan-\\nsett lands under that of Westminster.\\nOf the 14 towns comprised in the count}- of Worcester\\nat the time of its organization, Lancaster was the oldest,\\nha\\\\-ing been incorporated May 18, 1653 Mendon the\\nnext, incorporated May 15, 1667 and Worcester the\\nnext, incorporated Oct. 15, 1684. The others were\\norganized in the following order Leicester, Oxford and\\nRutland, 1713; Sutton, June 21, 1715; Weslborough.\\nNov. 28, 1717; Brookfield, Nov. 12, 1718 Shrewsbury,\\nSouthborough and Uxbridge, 1727 Lunenburg, Aug. 1,\\n1728 and Dudley, Feb. 2, 1731. The first town organ-\\nized after the formation of the county was Harvard, June\\n29, 1732; and the second and third were Sturbridge,\\nfrom the Medfield lands, and Bolton, both of which were\\nincorporated June 24, 1738. Division after division has\\nbeen made in the original towns, until the number now is\\nmore than four times as great as at the establishment of\\nthe county.\\nAt that period several towns, as Mendon, Brookfield\\nand Lancaster, had severally a population outnumbering\\nthat of Worcester, and consequently each contended for\\nthe honor of being constituted as the seat of justice.\\nThe proposition to make Lancaster a half-shire town was\\nopposed by Joseph AVilder of that place, on the giound\\nthat, in such an event, the morals of the people would be\\ncorrupted.\\nThe courts were first held in the meeting-house, the first\\nsession of the Court of Probate being on July 13, 1731\\nof the Common Pleas and General Sessions of the Peace,\\nAugust 10 and of the Superior Court of Judicature,\\nSeptember 22d following. The Hon. John Chandler was\\nthe chief justice. A court house, 36 feet by 26, was fin-\\nished and opened in 1734, when an address was delivered\\nby Judge John Chandler, in which he styles it a beauti-\\nful house. This building soon proving too limited,\\nanother, 40 feet by 36, was erected in 1751, and this was\\nfollowed by another, costing about $20,000, opened\\nSept. 27, 1803. The following inscription was placed in\\none of the stones beneath the building The corner\\nstone was laid Oct. 1. 1801 by Isaiah Thomas, Esq,\\nwho with William Caldwell, Esq, Sheriff of the County\\nHon Salem Towne were appointed a committee for\\nbuilding completing this [now intended] Court House.\\nThe old Court House now stands two feet south east\\nfrom this spot, 1801. The present court house, built of\\nQuincy granite, and costing about $100,000, was erected\\nin 1845.\\nA jail was erected in 1733, prisoners, prior to this\\ntime, having been confined in private houses. A second\\njail, of wood, was constructed in 1753 but this proving\\ninsecure, a prison of stone, the second of importance of\\nthat material in the State, was erected in 1788, and\\ndemolished in 1835. The county house of con-cction I\\nwas first occupied in 1819, and subsequently used as\\na jail. John F. Clark was long the keeper. The\\nlunatic hospital was in part erected in 1831. The agri-\\ncultural society of the county has a commodious hall j\\nat Worcester, in which its meetings are held and records\\nkept.\\nDuring the French and Revolutionary wars, the citi-\\nzens of this county exhibited a patriotic spirit, and sent\\ntheir full proportion of men into the service.\\nDuring the insurrection of those disaffected in respect to\\nthe State government and the administration of the law\\nin 1786-7, the county was the scene of much excitement\\nand disorder. Had not the magistrates and military offi-\\ncers exhibited great sagacity, as well as courage, blood\\nwould undoubtedly have been shed. In September, 1 786,\\nabout 200 of the insurgents took possession of the court\\nhouse. At the time of the opening of the session of the\\nCourt of Common Pleas, Chief Justice Artemas Ward,\\nat the head of the members of the court and bar, and\\nattended by the sheriff, bravely advanced in front of a\\nline of levelled muskets to the seat of justice, and, ad-\\ndressing the rebels, said: He did not value their", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0306.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nbaj-onots the}- might plunge them into his heart but\\nwhile that heart beat, he would do his duty.\\nThe soldiers- then advancing, pressed their bayonets\\nagainst his breast yet he stood as immovable as a\\nstatue, and continued his harangue.\\nIlis self-possession served to intimidate them, so that\\nno open act of violence was committed. The court then\\nadjourned, and, moving through a file of the insurgents,\\nrepaired to the United States Arms Tavern. On the\\nday following, the rebel force, which had now arisen to\\nabout 400, paraded through the streets of Worcester,\\nbearing a pine-tree, as their standard, and sprigs of\\nevergreen, instead of plumes, upon their hats.\\nAs the local troops could not then be relied on to sus-\\ntain the court, it decided to adjom-n until the following\\nterm. The insurgents, who took upon themselves the\\nname of Regulators, and were at that time com-\\nmanded by Capt. A. Wheeler of Hubbardston, soon\\ndispersed.\\nBut again, November 21-22, a body of insurgents,\\nnumbering about 160, took possession of the grounds\\naround the court house in order to prevent the assem-\\nbling of the Court of Sessions. The sheriff. Col. Wil-\\nliam Greenleaf of Lancaster, read to them the proclama-\\ntion in the riot act, to which they gave but little heed.\\nOn his referring to their grievances, one of them cried\\nout, Our greatest is the sheriff himself; and next to\\nhis person are his fees. If j ou think my fees exorbi-\\ntant, he retorted, I will hang you all for nothing,\\nwith the greatest pleasure. They then placed a pine\\nbranch on his hat, and compelled him, with the justices,\\nto retire.\\nThey again mustered in force to prevent the session of\\nthe Court of Common Pleas, the first week in December,\\nbut were resolutely met by two Worcester companies\\nunder Capt. Joel Howe. Intimidated by this armed\\nforce, approaching with fixed bayonets, they retreated to\\na neighboring hill. On the 6th instant, Capt. Daniel\\nShays arrived with a reinforcement of 350 men, raising\\nthe number of insurgents to nearly 1,000.\\nThe town had then the appearance of a military camp,\\nand the rebels were billeted on the different families, bj\\nwhom, in general, they were kindly treated. They were\\nobjects of pity rather than of fear. Contenting them-\\nselves with a declaration of what they esteemed to be\\ntheir grievances, and learning that the State forces\\nwere mustering under Gen. Shepard, they soon with-\\ndrew from Worcester and prepared to make a demon-\\nstration on the town of Springfield. The State troops,\\namounting to more than 4,000, entered Worcester\\nJan. 22, 1787; and the town was not subsequently\\ndisturbed by the unwelcome Regulators. On the\\n2d of February, however, a company was sent out to\\ndisperse a body of them who were making some dis-\\nturbance at New Bramtree, when Dr. David Young and\\nMr. Jonathan Rice were wounded hy a volley of mus-\\nketry discharged from some of them concealed behind a\\nwall that lined the highway. The companj returned the\\nnext day to Worcester, bringing with them four- rebel\\nIDrisoners.\\nThirty men from Worcester were in the expedition\\nunder Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, and were present, Febru-\\narj 4th, in Petersham, at the final dispersion of the\\ninsurgents.\\nThese men, though poor and ignorant, had, without\\ndoubt, some show of reason for their rash and ill-con-\\ncerted insurrection but the good sense of the people\\nsaw a better wa} to rectify the evils of the State, and\\nlaw and order soon prevailed.\\nOn the 2d of July, 1778, the town, as well as the\\ncountj- of Worcester, was greatly moved bj the execu-\\ntion of William Brooks, James Buchanan, Ezra Ross\\n[of Ipswich] and Mrs. Bathsheba [Ruggles] Spooner\\nfor the murder of Mr. Joshua Spooner of Brookfield.\\nThis tragedy formed a leading topic of conversation\\nthrough the count} and the State for manj years.\\nIn 1775, Isaiah Thomas established the Massachu-\\nsetts Sp3 at Worcester, and afterwards carried on the\\nprinting and publishing business extensively in that town.\\nAt onetime no less than 16 presses were running here and\\nin other places under his direction. In 1791, he brought\\nout his folio edition of the Bible, with illustrations exe-\\ncuted by Americans. It was the first folio edition of\\nthe Bible published in this country. He also published\\neditions of the Bible in smaller tj pe, and in 1800 the\\nfirst American edition of the New Testament in Greek.\\nIn order to supply his presses, he established a paper-\\nmill on the Blackstone River in 1796, which subsequently\\nwent into the possession of Mr. Elijah Burbank. In\\n1786, he published The Worcester Collection of Sacred\\nHarmony, which was the first music printed with mov-\\nable types in this country. The various publications of\\nMr. Thomas tended to elevate the taste, improve the\\nmorals and develop the intellectual energies not only of\\nthe citizens of the countj^ but of the State and nation.\\nHe was a public benefactor.\\nIn 1793, the Rev. Peter Whitney published a valuable\\nHistory of Worcester County, and in 1797 the county\\nhad, according to Dr. Morse, 50 towns, 53 Congrega-\\ntional churches, 56,807 inhabitants, mostly farmers,\\nand 207,430 acres of land under cultivation.\\nAs manufacturing interests began to engage the atten-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0307.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ntion of the people, efforts were made to facilitate com-\\nmunication between the towns and the metropolis of the\\ncounty, as well as that of\\nIt OI INDUSTBIAI, SCIENCE, WOBCESTEB.\\nTowns.\\nity of Worcester, capital of Worcester County,\\nand so named from Wor-\\ncester, Eng., was incorjio-\\nrated as a town, Oct. 15,\\n1G84, and as a city, March\\n22, 1838. It is -44 miles\\nsouth-west of Boston by the\\nBoston and Albany Eail-\\nroad. Its outlj-ing villages\\narc NortbviUe and Fair-\\nmount in the north, Tat-\\nnuck in the north-west,\\nNew Worcester in the west,\\nand Quinsigamond in the\\nsouth. The land is hilly\\nand broken, and the nat-\\nural scener}- diversified and\\nbeautiful. The water-shed\\nthe Commonwealth. The\\ncommon roads were greatl}\\nimproved and the Worces-\\nter Turnpike was incorpo-\\nrated in 1806, leading over\\nLake Quinsigamond into\\nBoston. The Blackstone\\nCanal, extending 45 miles,\\nfrom Worcester to Provi-\\ndence, was commenced in\\nthis State in 1826. It was\\nconsidered in its day a great\\nundertaking; but that was\\na day too late, for it was\\nsoon rendered useless by\\nthe opening of a railroad\\nbetween the two cities. It was completed m 1.S28, and i is towards the south, and sends tributaries into both the\\ncost about $750,000. It had 48 locks, the fall from I Blackstone and French rivers. Quinsigamond Lake\\nWorcester to tide- I stretches for several\\nThe Providence and ^Aip-- k ^^d fonns a striking\\nWorcester Railroad, fl feature in the natural\\ncompleted Oct. 20, ffi scenery. Millstone,\\n1847, diverted the f ,M Winter, Tatnuck and\\nand it soon ceased to mF^T most prominent ele-\\nbe operated. The _^^^^ B ^E nations. Covered, as\\nBoston and Worcester -^^P^ M, iffl^^ jl ^^^i ^i ^ith well-\\nRailroad was incoqjo ^^St ^m i^ m mm 1^ cultiA ated farms and\\nNorwich and Woices- ^JT^^^^U^M^^^B^^^^^I I ^^^^^^H^^ pleasing\\nter Railroad in 1833 ^^p^^^^H.=liIIl^^^^^^^^| f I^jj^^^Mffll contrast to the rich\\nthe Western Railroad, ^B #^Wy^^^^l r^=4^^ I \\\\alle^s below.\\nopening commumca- ^ilitoH B H IT ll Pf T itilf J^ f f 1 f l *.|^J^ population of\\n1833 the Worcestei ^^WM I^mI ^^^S S ^^i\\nand Nashua Raihoad ^PIi^MB^ I L=J11^^TCTaClQT.1^^^ J l^^^@!^ _iowth is due mainly\\ncester and Fitchbuig ^^l ^^^^=^J -^t^=jlJ^^^\u00c2\u00a3^];;;^ ^W^|!Ji0fe^ jf^ T^^^i Tiigl SAM ^tion, the introduc-\\nRailroad in 1846. B ^^Sk^^^^-A\u00e2\u0080\u009e ^^^tJ^^^^^^^fe*. varied manu-\\nthose lines concentrat ^^^ISl^B^totkijlfilfltitfnfiliiri iliirt ^^^C fictmmg interests,\\ning in the shire town ind the facilities for\\nand their various con- the pdelic high school, Worcester. transportation afford-\\nnections, the county has ample faciUties for travel and ed bj the different Unes of railway- radiating from this\\ntransportation at command, and its future growth in\\nrespect to wealth, intelligence and general prosperity,\\nunder these favorable conditions, seems to be assured.\\npoint. These are the Boston and Albanj-, the Provi-\\ndence and Worcester, the Norwich and Worcester, the\\nWorcester and Nashua, and the Fitchburg and Worcester", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0308.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nrailroads, which afford di-\\nrect communication witli\\nalmost everj- town in thf\\ncounty, as well as with the\\ngreat cities of the Union\\nThe new railroad depot\\nconstructed of granite in\\nthe most approved bt\\\\le\\narchitecture, will conipin\\nfavorabh with any hmldm.\\nof the kind in the counti\\nThe manufactures of tli\\ncitj- are remarkably -v anc d\\nembracing agricultural uii-\\nplements, boots and\\nshoes, blankets and\\nsatinets, beaver-cloth,\\ncassimeres, clothing,\\nsteam-cars, envelopes\\nand boxes, carpetmgs,\\nchairs, fire-arms, gas,\\niron-castings, organs,\\ncar-wheels and rail-\\nway iron, beltings,\\nmachines and machin-\\nery of many kinds,\\nscrews and wrenches,\\nsoap, wire -goods, ma-\\nchinists tools, woollen\\ncloth, and woi-sted\\njarn. The nimiber of\\nmanufacturing estab-\\nlishments of all kinds\\nin 1875 was 481 cap-\\nital invested, SlO,-\\n702,174 and the to-\\ntal value of goods\\nmade, \u00c2\u00a720,524,836.\\nThe city has 34\\npublic schools, includ-\\ning an excellent high\\nschool a seminary for\\nj-oung ladies, called\\nThe Oread Insti-\\ntute, the building for\\nwhich is of stone and\\nvery beautiful an\\nInstitute of Indus-\\ntrial Science. found-\\ned b} the munificence\\nof Mr. John Boynton\\nof Templeton, and a State\\nNormal School. It is also\\nthe seat of the College of\\nthe IIol}- Cross, established\\nby the Roman Catholics\\nof the American Antiqua-\\nrian Societ} founded b}-\\nthe liberality of Mr. Isaiah\\nThomas, and incorporated\\nOctober 12, 1.S12 and of\\nthe State Lunatic Asylum,\\nwhose extensive buildings\\nare erected upon an ele-\\nvated range of land over-\\nlooking the beautiful\\nQuinsigamond Lake.\\nThe churches are\\n23 in number. Some\\nof the church edi-\\nfices, as St. Paul s,\\nthe Piedmont and\\nGrace churches, and\\nTrinity Church, are\\nhandsome buildings.\\nMechanics Hall, on\\nMain Street, has a\\nseating capacity of\\nabout 2,500, and it\\nis provided with an\\nexcellent organ.\\nThe public jour-\\nnals are The ..^Igis\\nand Gazette, The\\nEvening Gazette,\\nThe Daily Press.\\nThe Weekly Press,\\nThe Worcester Pal-\\nladium, The Mas-\\nsachusetts AVeekh-\\nSp3 established in\\n1770, The Worces-\\nter Daih Spj-, es-\\ntablished in 1845,\\nand Le Travail-\\nf iciir, published in\\n10 French language.\\nThe citj- has seven\\nnational banks, five\\n1 lanks for sa^dngs,\\nand eight insurance\\ncompanies. It has\\nPAUL S CULECH,", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0309.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nalso a musical society-, a pulilic library, a horticultural\\nsoeiet3 and manj^ other social, ci^^c and literary organ-\\nizations.\\nThe principal avenue through the city is Main Street,\\nwhich is well shaded with ornamental trees, and flanlced\\non either side for more than two miles with elegant\\nprivate and public buildings. From this great thorough-\\nfare, cross streets extend up over the hills on either side.\\nThe streets are well lighted with gas, and the water\\nsupplj- from a reser\\\\-oir on the high land at the west is\\nabundant. As to beauty of situation, well directed in-\\ndustries, educational, social and literary privileges, intel-\\nligence, temperance and enterprise, Worcester has no\\nrival of its size in New England.\\nThe Indian name of Worcester was Quinsigamond,\\nand the land was purchased July 13, 1674, of Solomon,\\nalias WoonasTcocJm, sagamore of Tataesit, and John,\\nalias Hoorrawannonit of Packachoag, for \u00c2\u00a312 of lawful\\nmoney of New England. Six or seven houses had been\\nerected here by the English as early as 1675, but the\\nwar of Philip broke up the settlement. The buildings,\\nwhich had been deserted by the settlers, were destroyed\\nby the Indians Dec. 2, 1675. In 1684 some of the\\nplanters returned and built a blockhouse on Mill Brook.\\nIn 1 703 or 1 704, Digorj* Sargent and his wife were killed\\nby the Indians, and their children John, Daniel, Thomas,\\nMartha and Mary carried into capti^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ity. Jonas Rice\\nreturned to Worcester Oct. 21, 1713, began again the\\nsettlement, and is considered the first permanent white\\ninhabitant of the place. The second permanent settler\\nwas Gershom Rice, and the third Nathaniel Moore.\\nThe first white child born here was Adonijah, son of\\nJonas Rice, whose birth occurred Nov. 7, 1714. He\\ndied Feb. 2, 1802, aged 88 years. The Rice family was\\nfrom Marlborough, the Moore family from Sudbury.\\nWolves and rattlesnakes were then numerous in the\\ntown. A company of Scotch-Irish settled here in 1718,\\nintroducing the potato and the spinning-wheel. Among\\nthem was John Young, who died June 30, 1730, at the\\nremarkable age of 107 j-ears. During the French wars\\nand the war of the Revolution, Worcester cvmced a\\nnoble spirit of patriotism, and furnished its full quota of\\nmen for the ser\\\\ ice. It was visited b3- Gen. Washington\\nOct. 23, 1789, and by Lafaj-ette Sept. 2, 1824. During\\nthe war of the RebeUion, the city was true to its ancient\\nrecord.\\nA chm-ch was organized in 1716, and the Rev. Andi-ew\\nIt has 223 industrial establishments, employing in all 2,535 persons.\\nThe principal manufactures are machinery, steam-engines, woollen\\ngoods, paper, cotton duck, chairs, clothing, mowing-machine knives,\\nboots and shoes, and iron castings. The city is compactly and hand-\\nGardner was ordained as pastor over it in the autumn\\nof 1719. He was followed by the Rev. Isaac Burr, or-\\ndained Oct. 13, 1725. The Rev. George Whitefleld\\npreached here on the Common to some thousands of\\npeople Oct. 15, 1740. The successor of Mr. Burr was\\nthe Rev. Thaddeus Maccarty, who was installed June\\n10, 1747. He was followed bj the Rev. Samuel Austin,\\nD.D., installed Sept. 30, 1790. A second church was\\norganized, and the Rev. Aaron Bancroft was ordained\\nover it Feb. 1, 1786.\\nWorcester is the birth-place of Col. Timothj Bigelow\\n(1739-1790), a patriot and member of Congress, 1774-\\n75; Levi Lincoln (1782-1868), governor of the State;\\nCharles Allen, LL. D., a statesman; William Lincoln\\n(1801-1843), author of a History of Worcester, first\\npublished in 1837 George Bancroft, LL.D., an eminent\\nhistorian Manton Marble (born, 1835), an able editor\\nand of Dorothea L. Dix, a well-known philanthropist.\\nFiTCHBUHG, a new and flourishing industrial city, has\\n12,289 inhabitants, 18 pubUc schools, 9 churches, 3\\nbanks, and a public library. It has also two well-con-\\nducted newspapers, The Daily Sentinel, and The\\nFitehburg Reveille. The post-offices are at the Centre\\nand at West Fitehburg. The water-supplj- is excellent,\\nand the location healthful. Situated on a branch of the\\nNashua River, a rapid stream rolling down between the\\nhills, the city has a valuable motive-power which it has\\nturned to various manufacturing purposes*\\nThe ph .ce originallj belonged to Lunenburg, and was\\ncalled Turkey HLll, from the wild turkeys attracted\\nthither bj- the chestnuts and acorns which it produced.\\nIt was incorporated as a town Feb. 3, 1764, and named\\nfor John Fitch, one of its prominent citizens. It was\\nincorporated as a citj-, March 8, 1872 since which its\\ngrowth, due in a great measure to the late Alvah Crocker,\\nM. C, has been rapid and permanent.\\nA church was organized here in 1764, and Jan. 27,\\n1768, the Rev. John Payson was ordained pastor. His\\nsuccessor, the Rev. Samuel Worcester, D. D., was or-\\ndained in 1797, and continued here about five years.\\nThe Fitehburg cotton manufactory was incorporated\\nin 1807, at which period the town contained about 1,500\\ninhabitants.\\nThe Rev. Asa Thurston, missionar}- to the Sandwich\\nIslands for more than 40 years, was born here in 1787\\n(Yale College, 1816), and ched at Honolulu in 1868.\\nsomely built, and conspicuous among the buildings are the Fitehburg\\nand the Rollstone hotels, the citj hall, capable of seating 1,500 people, the\\nEpiscopal and the Rollstone churches, and several fine blocks of stores\\nand offices. A handsome railroad depot has recently been constructed.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0310.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nAsHBURNHAM, Ij iug in the extreme north-eastern sec\\ntion of the count}-, 61 miles north-west of Boston, by\\nthe Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad, is a farming\\nand manufacturing town of 2,141 inhabitants. The soil\\nis strong, but rock} Mount Watatic, rising to the\\nheight of 1 ,847 feet above the sea, is the highest emi-\\nnence. The water-power formed by numerous ponds and\\ntributaries of the Nashua River and Miller s River, is\\nabundant, and is utilized for saw-mills, cotton-mills, and\\nchair manufactories. The town has two churches, eleven\\npublic schools, and also a seminary founded by Thomas\\nParkman Gushing, a native of this place, who died in\\nBoston Nov. 23, 1854.\\nThe place was originally called Dorchester Canada,\\nbecause granted to soldiers of Dorchester in the expedi-\\ntion against Canada in 1690. It was incorporated Feb.\\n22, 1765, and named in honor of John, second Earl of\\nAshburnham. The first church was organized, and the\\nRev. Jonathan Winchester settled over it, April 23, 1760.\\nAthol,* a prosperous manufacturing and farming\\ntown, situated on Miller s River, contains 4,134 inhabi-\\ntants, and is on the line of the Vermont and Mass.\\nR. R. By the Athol and Enfield Railroad it has com-\\nmunication with Springfield and New York. The land\\nis beautifully diversified by hill, valley and plain, and\\nthe soil is strong and productive. The principal emi-\\nnences are Chestnut Hill, Round Gap, Pierce Hill, and\\nHigh Knob. The water-supply is abundant, consisting\\nof Miller s River, a rapid stream, and its tributaries,\\ntogether with several pleasant ponds. The town owes its\\nrecent rapid growth to its manufactures, which for the\\nyear ending May 1, 1875, amounted to $1,214,018.\\nThe Indian name of the place was Poquaige, and it\\nbegan to be settled by the English, who lived at first in\\ngarrisons, about 1734. Mr. Ezekiel Wallingford, while\\nrunning to a garrison, was killed by the Indians in\\nAugust, 1 740 and early in the year ensuing, Mr. Jason\\nBabcock was taken captive by them. A chiu-ch was\\norganized Aug. 23, 1750, and, on the 6th of March,\\n1762, the town was incorporated, receiving its name\\nfrom James ilurray, the second Duke of Athol and Lord\\nPrivj Seal of Scotland.\\nCharles H. Sweetzer, a brilliant journalist, was born\\nhere Aug. 25, 1841, and graduated at Amherst College\\nin 1862. He published the History of Amherst Col-\\nlege, the Tourist s Guide to the North-west, and\\nfounded the Round Table and other journals iii New\\nYork. His death occurred at Pilatka, Fla., Jan. 1, 1871.\\nBakre is a large town of 2,460 inhabitants, \\\\jing in\\nthe form of a diamond in the westerly part of the count}-.\\nIt is accommodated by Ware River Railroad, opened in\\n1873. An immense bowlder in the north-westerly part\\nof the town, called The Rocking Stone, is a natural\\ncuriosity. The land is broken and well watered by Ware\\nRiver and its affluents, which afford valuable hj draulic\\npower. Though farming is the main business, there are\\nmanufactories of boots and shoes, cotton and woollen\\ngoods and machinery. The town has eleven public\\nschools, five churches, a public library, a well-managed\\njournal, the Barre Gazette, and a handsome sol-\\ndier s monument.\\nThe place was incoriDorated as the Rutland District\\nMarch 28, 1753, and as the town of Hutchinson in June,\\n1774; but in November, 1776, the name was changed\\nto Barre in honor of Col. Isaac BaiTe, who favored the\\ncause of America.\\nA church was organized here in 1753, and the Rev.\\nJoseph Frink was the first pastor.\\nCol. William Buckminster, wounded at the battle of\\nBunker Hill, died here June 22, 1786.\\nThe Rev. David O. Allen, D. D., author of a histoiy\\nof India, and father of Dr. Nathan Allen, was born here\\nin 1804, and died in Lowell in 1863.\\nGen. Joseph B. Plummer, a graduate of West Point\\nMilitary Academy, and a gallant officer, was bom here\\nin 1820, and died at Corinth, Miss., Aug. 9, 1862.\\nBROOKPiELD,t an agricultural and manufacturing town\\nof 2,660 inhabitants, was originally, May, 1660, granted\\nto a nimiber of the inhabitants of Ipswich, the tract\\nbeing six miles square, and including the towns of North\\nand West Brookfield. That they might have at once a\\njust and undisputed right to the soil, the grantees pur-\\nchased and took a deed of the natives. Quaboag, or\\nPodunk Pond, from which flows Quaboag River, contains\\nabout 640 acres, and was a favorite resort of the Indians.\\nIt is connected by a canal with South Pond. The otter\\nis still found in these ponds.\\nThe principal articles of manufacture in 1875, were boots and shoes, t Brookfield is located on the Boston and Albany Railroad, about\\nfurniture, machinery, pocket-books, match-splints and mirror-frames, 55 miles from the city of Boston. It has five churches eleven public\\na free library, named,\\ntwine, cotton and carpet warp, cotton batting and caitiagcs. The town\\nvaluation was $2,687,910. Alhol has 11 public schools; a good public\\njournal, called The Athol Transcript, established 1871 five churches\\na handsome railroad depot two banks for discount, and a savings bank.\\nschools a handsome town hall a free liljrary, named, from its liberal\\nfounder, the late Judge Merrick, The Menick Public Library and\\npood hotel called the Brookfield House. It has manufactories of\\nboots and shoes, cotton goods, carriage-wheels, and boxes.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0311.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "IIISTOKY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nBrookfield, for a long time a solitaiy settlement,\\nwas assaulted b}-thc Indians in 1C75, -ivhen they burned the\\nmeeting-house j and everj dweUing-house but one. On\\nthe approach of the Indians, the inhabitants collected in\\none house, which they fortified and defended for three\\ndays. The Indians then endeavored to send a cart,\\nloaded with flax and hay, which they set on fire, against\\nthe building but a shower of rain extinguished the\\nflames. At length Maj. Willard, with a troop of fortj--\\neight light horse, appeared, and the enemy fled.\\nThe Congregational church of Brookfield (formerly-\\nknown as South Pai-ish) was organized April 15, 1756,\\nand its house of worship was erected about the same\\ntime. In 1827, the society ha\\\\ ing developed Uni-\\ntarian tendencies, the Orthodox, or evangelical por-\\ntion of the church, was organized as a separate bodj\\nAug. 24, 1827, erecting their first church edifice in 1828,\\nand their present one in 1857. The history- of Congre-\\ngationalism in this town has been rendered somewhat\\nmemorable in consequence of the controversy relative to\\nchurcli iDropertj wliich occurred here, as between the\\nOrthodox and Unitarians; Brookfield, indeed, hav-\\ning aflTorded, if we mistake not, the test, and decisive\\ncase; the original societj- (Unitarian) claiming,\\nand, by legal decision, securing, possession of the\\nchurch propertj and name.\\nIt is an interesting fact that lle\\\\. Micah Stone,\\nordained and installed pastor of this church in 1801, and\\ndying Sept. 21, 1852, in the 82d j-ear of his age; and\\nThomas Snell, D. D., pastor of the church at North Brook-\\nfield, and d^ing Ma}- 4, 1862, aged 87 and John Fiske,\\nwho as pastor of the church at West Brookfield, died\\nMarch 15, 1855, aged 84, were contemporarj- pastors in\\nthe same township for over half a century.\\nThe town, named from its local features, was incorpo-\\nrated Nov. 12, 1718. It has produced Dwight Foster\\n(1757-1823), United States senator, 1800-3; Kiah\\nBailey (1770-1857), a noted clergj-man Col. Enos\\nCutler (1781-1860), a good soldier; William Appleton\\n(1786-1862), a liberal merchant; Samuel Jennison\\n(1788-1862), an antiquarian writer and Pliny Merrick,\\nLL. D., an eminent jurist.\\nClixton, I a new and flourishing manufacturing town\\nof 6,781 inhabitants, lies in the north-easterly section of\\nthe county. The Worcester and Nashua, and the Bos-\\nSituated about half way between the old towns on the Connecticut\\nRiver, and those on the east, toward the Atlantic coast.\\nt The first meeting-house stood on Foster s Hill, about a mile west of\\nthe present village. It was on the north side of the road, leading over\\nthe hill to The West. The fortified house in which the inhabitants\\nwere besieged by the Indians in 1675, stood not far from the church.\\nton, Clinton and Filchburg railroads here intersect each\\nother, affording fine facilities for trade and travel. The\\nNashua River, with numerous reservoirs, furnishes a great i\\nhj dranlic power, which is utilized for driving the ma-\\nchineiy of several large manufactories. The principal\\ngoods made are carpets, wire-cloth, cotton-cloth and\\n3-arns, loom-harnesses, combs, boots and shoes, ma-\\nchinery and iron castings. The Lancaster Mills cover\\nmore than four acres. The Clinton Wire-cloth Companj\\nis said to be the first tliat ever wove wire-cloth by the\\npower-loom. The town was detached from Lancaster,\\nand incorporated, March 14, 1850, taking its name from\\nDeWitt Clinton.\\nThe town owes much of its prosperity to the genius of\\nErastus Brigham Bigelow, LL. D., who was born in\\nWest Bojiston, in April, 1814, and who invented a\\nmachine for weaving coach lace, and in 1839 a power-\\nloom for weaving two-ply ingrain carpets, which is now\\nin extensive use.\\ni\\nGrafton, a prosperous fanning and manufacturing j\\ntown of 4,442 inhabitants, has four postal villages, the I\\nCentre, New England Village, Saundersville and Far- j\\nnumville, the last two being on the Blackstone River,\\nwhich runs through the south-west corner of the town,\\nand aflfords valuable motive power. It sent 359 soldiers\\ninto the late war, of wliom 59 were lost. To their mem-\\norj it has erected a handsome marble monument.\\nThis place, called b}- the Indians Hassajiamisiit, was\\none of John Eliot s praying towns, where, in 1674.\\nthere were 12 Indian families, under the ruler, Anawea-\\nkin, having a meeting-house and several good or-\\nchards. Their burial-place still remains. The town\\nwas incorporated April IS, 1735.\\nA church was formed here in 1731, the Rev. Solomon\\nPrentice being the pastor. The Rev. Aaron Hutchinson,\\na good scholar, ordained June 6, 1750, succeeded him.\\nThe nest minister was the Rev. Daniel Grosvenor,\\nordained Oct. 19, 1774. He left his pulpit and\\nmarched with his musket in a company of minute-men\\nthat went to Cambridge on the 19th of April, 1775.\\nThe Grafton Herald was established here in 1873.\\nThe town has produced the Rev. John Leland (1754-\\n1841), an able writer; Rev. Henry A. Miles, D. D.\\n(1S09-), author of Lowell as it was, and is and\\nWilliam D. Andrews, an inventor (1818-).\\nIt has 8 pnblic schools, 5 churches, a memorial town hall, a public\\nlibrary, a bank of discount, and an ably conducted weekly journal,\\nThe Clinton Courant, established in 1838.\\nThe principal manufactures are cotton-cloth, print-cloth, boots\\nand shoes, and men s clothing. The town has 6 churches, 11 public\\nschools, a free library, and two banks.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0312.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nLancaster,* very pleasantly situated on the Nashua\\nRiver, contains 1,957 inhabitants. The central village,\\nwhich is finely shaded with majestic elms, presents an\\nair of quiet rural beautj-. The Indians called this place\\nNashawog. It was incorporated May 18, 1053, and in\\nPhilip s war, and afterwards, suffered greatly from the\\nsavages. Ten persons were killed by them, Aug. 22,\\n1G75 and on the 10th of February following, riiilip set\\nfire to the house of the Rev. Joseph Rowlandson, which\\ncontained 42 j ersons, only one of whom escaped. Sub-\\nsequently the town was reduced to ashes bj the enemy.\\nIn the summer of 1704, a force of 500 French and Ind-\\nians assaulted the town, killed four persons, and burned\\nthe meotmg-house. In October of the j-ear ensuing,\\nThomas Saw3 er, his son Elias, and John Bigclow, were\\ncarried away captives to Canada, where Mr. Sawyer\\nerected the first saw-mill built in that eountrj^ The\\nRev. Joseph Rowlandson, the first settled minister, was\\nordained in 1G58. The Rev. John Whiting succeeded\\nhim, and was killed b^- the Indians in 1G97. Lancaster\\nis the birth-place of Col. Al)ijah Willard (1722-89), a\\nnoted lojalist; Gen. John Whiteomb (1812), a Revolu-\\ntionarj- patriot Miss Hannah Flagg Gould (1789-1856),\\na poetical writer; and Mrs. Caroline Lee Hentz (1800-\\n1856), a popular author.\\nLeominster, t a very busj- and thriving town, was\\nincorporated, June 23, 1740, and has 6,201 inhabitants.\\nIt has a good water-power on a branch of the Nashua\\nRiver and its tributaries. It sent 410 men into the late\\nwar, of whom 38 lost their lives. A church was organ-\\nized here Sept. 14, 1743, having the Rev. John Rogers\\n(Harvard College, 1732) for its pastor. The Rev. Fran-\\ncis Gardner (Harvard College, 1755) was ordained here\\nDec. 22, 1762, and died, June 2, 1814, in the 52d year\\nof his ministry.\\nEminent Men. Rev. Charles Stearns, D. D. (1752-\\n1826), educator and author Walter R. Johnson (1794-\\n1852), author; James G. Carter (1795-1849), educa-\\ntor. David Wilder published a history of the town in\\n1853. Daniel Adams, M. D., was once a resident of the\\nThe town has 11 public schools, 3 churches, 2 banks, a free library,\\nand a memorial hall costing $30,000, which perpetuates the memory of\\n3S soldiers, lost in the late war. The State Industrial School for Girls\\nis in the southerly part of the town.\\nt The manufactures consist of combs, paper, pianofortes, paper boxes,\\ncarriages, furniture, and woollen goods, c., to the annual value of\\n$1,892,212. The town has 13 public schools, 5 churches, a public library,\\n2 bunks, and ii good weekly journal, The Leominster Enterprise.\\nX The postal centres are Milford, South Milford and Hopedalc. The\\ntown has 6 churches, 20 public schools, including a good high school, a\\nwell-managed weekly paper, The Milford Journal, established in\\n1852, and a tasteful burial-place, called Pine Grove Cemetery. The\\ntown, and edited a weekly paper here called The Tele-\\nscope (1800-02). A paper-mill was establishedin 1796.\\nMilford, an enterprising and prosperous town of\\n9,818 inhabitants, was incorporated April 11, 1780, and\\nnamed from Mill River, which flows through Hopedalc,\\na pleasant village in the westerly part of the town.\\nCharles River flows through the centre and affords val-\\nuable moti\\\\e i^ower.\\nThe Indian name of Milford was Wopowage, and the\\nnortherly part of it, bought of the natives, still bears\\nfilename of North Purchase. The first church was\\nestablished here July 15, 1741, and in 1743 the Rev.\\nAmariah Frost was settled as the pastor. He was suc-\\nceeded in 1801 by the Rev. David Long, who died,\\nMarch 13, 1850.\\nA Fraternal Community was established at Hoj)edale\\nabout 1840, which is now extinct.\\nThe following natives of this town have obtained\\ncelebrity: The Rev. Stephen Chapin, D. D. (1778-\\n1845), an able divine; Albert H. Nelson (1812-58), a\\ngood jurist William Claflin, LL. D., a governor of\\nMassachusetts and member of Congress Gen. Adin B.\\nUnderwood, an officer in the war of the Rebellion and\\nMrs. Clara [Erskino] Clement, a popular writer.\\nOxford, a pleasant town of 2,938 inhabitants, is\\nintersected by the Providence and Worcester Railroad,\\nand b} French River, which affords power for manufac-\\nturing purposes. The Indian name of the town was\\nMancliaug it was earlj settled by 30 famiUes of French\\nHuguenots, who built two forts on Fort Hill in the\\nsouth-east part of the town. John Evans, John John-\\nsou and his three children, were killed by the Indians in\\nan assault upon the jolace in 1G96. It was incoqiorated\\nin 1713, and named from Oxford, England. A church\\nwas formed here Jan. 18, 1721, and the Rev. John\\nCampbell was soon afterwards ordained as pastor.\\nPrinceton, an agricultural town, noted for its beauti-\\nful scenery, contains 1,003 inhaliitants. Its Indian name\\nprincipal business is the manufacture of boots and shoes, for which\\nthere are 21 establishments, and into them the most approved machinery\\nhas been introduced. Other manufactures are spindles and spinning-\\nrings, machinery, furniture, clothing, boxes, straw goods, iron castings,\\nleather-belting, and boot and shoe nails. The capital invested in boot\\nand shoe making is $710,800, and to this branch of business mainly, the\\ntown owes its prosperity.\\nIt has 9 public schools, 6 churches, a bank, a free library, and two\\npostal centres, Oxford and North Oxford. There are three other vil-\\nlages Lamed Village in the northerly, and Hodges Village and Buf-\\nfumville in the southerly part. The manufactures are carpet warp and\\ntwine, cassimeres, cotton and woollen goods, and shoes.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0313.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwas WacJmsett, and its incorporation as a town was ef-\\nfected April 24, 1771, the name being given to it in hon-\\nor of the Rev. Thomas Prince of Boston. The Boston,\\nBarre and Gardner Railroad runs through the westerly\\nsection of the town, and the postal centres are Princeton,\\nEast Princeton, and Wachusett Village. The land is\\ndrained on the one side by tributaries of Still River, a\\nbranch of the Nashua River, and on the other side, b}\\nthose of Ware River. The town has ten public schools,\\nand two churches. The people are engaged principally\\nin farming, lumbering and chair-making.\\nThe prominent local feature is Wachusett Mountain,\\nwhich rises b}- a gi-adual ascent to the height of 2,480\\nfeet above sea level. There is a good hotel, The Sum-\\nmit House, on the top of the mountain, and also an\\nobservatory, from whicli a large part of the State from\\nthe ocean to the hills of Berksliire may be seen.\\nEdward Savage (1761-1817), a portrait painter Da-\\nvid Everett (1770-1813), a journalist, and Leonard\\nWoods, D. D., a divine, were natives of this town.\\nRutland, in the central part of the county, is a good\\nfarming town, having 1 ,030 inhabitants. It has one Con-\\ngregational church, organized June 7, 1720, a public\\nlibrary and ten public schools. It sent 102 men into the\\nlate war, of whom 1 7 were lost.\\nThe town was incorporated July 23, 1713, and named,\\nit is supposed, from the county of Rutland, in England.\\nThe Indian name was Naquag, and the English began to\\nsettlehcreinor abouttheycarl71G. On the 14th of Au-\\ngust, 1723 aMr. Willard, and two sons of Joseph Stevens,\\nwere killed by the Indians near the spot now occupied by\\nthe meeting-house. Two other sous of Mr. Stevens,\\nPhineas and Isaac, were at the same time taken captive.\\nJoseph Buckminstcr, D. D., an eloquent preacher, was\\nborn in this town Oct. 14, 1751, and died June 10, 1812\\nalso Caleb S. Henry, D. D., a learned divine, was born\\nhere Aug. 2, 1804.\\nSheewsbukt is a good farming town, having 1,524\\ninhabitants. The land is uneven, but fertile, and the\\nfarms are generally in good order. A part of Quinsiga-\\nmond Lake Ucs in this town, and as seen from the hills\\naround presents a beautiful aspect. The town has\\nseven public schools, a handsome town house, a farmers\\nclub, and a Congregational and a Methodist church. The\\ncurrying business is carried on to some extent, and also\\nthat of boot and shoe making.\\nThe town was incorporated Dec. 19, 1727, taking its\\nname, probably, from Charles, Duke of Shrewsbury. A\\nmeeting-house was erected here in 1 721 the first settled\\nminister was the Rev. Job Gushing, installed at the or-\\nganization of the church, Dec. 4, 1723. He died in 17G0.\\nDistinguished Afen. -Artemas Ward, the first major-\\ngeneral in the army of the Revolution, was born here,\\nNov. 27, 1727, and died Oct. 27, 1800. Calvin God-\\ndard, M. C, 1801-05, was born here, July 17, 1768, and\\ndied May 2, 1842. Andrew H. Ward, who wrote a his-\\ntory of the town, was born here May 26, 1784, and died\\nFeb. 18, 1864. Levi Pease, who introduced mail-staging\\ninto this country, was long a resident of Shrewsbury,\\nand died here in 1824, at the age of 86 years. The\\ntown has erected a handsome monument in honor of its\\n29 soldiers lost in the late war.\\nSouTHBRiDGE has 5,740 inhabitants. It is intersected\\nby the Quinnebaug River, which furnishes very valuable\\nmotive power. Hatchett Hill rises to the height of 1,016\\nfeet above sea level. Sandersville is a pleasant village\\non the river below the main settlement. Southbridge\\nowes its growth and vigor to its manufacturing establish-\\nments. It was taken from parts of Sturbridge, Dudley,\\nand Charlton, and incorporated Feb. 15, 1816. It grew\\nout of a parish in Charlton, incorporated Feb. 28, 1801,\\nand was for some time known as Honest Town. A\\nmeeting-house had been dedicated the preceding year,\\nand a church was organized September IGtli of the fol-\\nlowing 3 ear. The first settled pastor was the Rev. Jason\\nPark, ordained Dec. 18, 1816. The town has now two\\ngood hotels, nine public schools, a public librarj-, two\\nbanks, a well-edited newspaper, The Journal, and\\nseven churches, one of which belongs to the French\\npeople. The town furnished 345 men for the late war.\\nWilliam L. Marcy, governor of New York, 1833-1839,\\nwas born in what is now Southbridge, Dec. 12, 1786,\\nand died 3n\\\\y 4, 1857. The house where he was born is\\nstill standing.\\nHon. Ebenezer Ammidown, a prominent citizen, was\\nborn in the territory now forming Southbridge, Nov. IS,\\n1796, and died here Nov. 21, 1865.\\nSpencer is a long and narrow township, having three\\npostal villages, the Centre, Hillsvillc, and North Spen-\\ncer, and 5,451 inhabitants. The land is broken, rising\\ninto several beautifully rounded hills, among which Green\\nHill and Flat Hill are quite prominent. The principal\\nbusiness is farming, and the manufacture of boots and\\nshoes, wire, and woollen goods. The value of boots\\nand shoes made in the j-ear ending Maj 1, 1875, was\\n$2,155,429.\\nSpencer has a public library, 18 public schools, a\\nwell-conducted journal, The Spencer Sun, and four", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0314.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nchurches. The Rev. Joshua Eaton, ordained Nov. 7,\\n17-44, was the first settled minister. The town was\\nnamed, perhaiJS, from Spencer Phips, and incorporated\\nAprils, 1753. It was previously the second precinct\\nof Leicester. It sent 265 men into the late war, of whom\\n40 wore lost.\\nElias Howe, the inventor of the sewing-machine, was\\nborn here July 9, 1819, and died Oct. 3, 1867. His first\\nmachine was completed in the spring of 1845.\\nSutton, a large farming and manufacturing town, is\\naccommodated bj the Providence and Worcester Eail-\\nroad, and has four postal villages, Wilkinsonville in the\\nnorth-west, Manchaug in the south-west, Sutton Centre,\\nand West Sutton. There is another village called South\\nSutton. The surface of the town is pleasantl} diversified\\nby hill and valley, and motive-power is afforded by the\\nBlackstone River at Wilkinsonville, and by the Mumford\\nRiver at Manchaug. The town has 3,051 inhabitants,\\n12 public schools, and three churches.\\nThere is in the south-easterly section of this town\\na wild and desolate spot called Purgatorj-, which at-\\ntracts many visitors. The gneissie rock is here cloven,\\nas if by an earthquake, to the depth of about 70 feet\\nfor the distance of nearly half a mile. The chasm, in\\nsome places 50 feet in width, presents, with its ragged\\nsides, a fearful aspect. It is said to be the haunt of\\nrattlesnakes. A spring flows from it into Purgatory\\nBrook.\\nThe town was incorporated June 21, 1715, the land\\nhaving been originally purchased of John Wampus, an\\nIndian sachem. The north parish was incorporated as\\nthe town of Millbury, June 11, 1813.\\nA church was organized in Sutton in 1720, the first\\nminister being the Rev. John McKinstry of Scotland.\\nNoted Men. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Gen. Eufus Putnam (1738-1824);\\nSolomon Sibley (1769-1846), a lawj-er of distinction;\\nAlden Marsh (1795-1869), a surgeon Gen. George B.\\nBoomer (1832) killed at Vicksburg in 1863.\\nStdrbridge occupies the south-westerly corner of\\nWorcester County, and is about 60 miles by the New\\nYork and New England Railroad and stage south-west\\nfrom Boston. The land is hilly, and the natural scenery\\npicturesque. The Quinnebaug River furnishes consider-\\nable motive power, which is utilized for the manufacture\\nof cotton goods, augers, c. The town has 2,213 in-\\nhabitants, 13 public schools, a public library and three\\nThe wife of the Rev. Prof. George Prentice, of Middetown (Conn.)\\nUniversity, fell from these rocks on the 7th of July, 1876, and died soon\\nafter, in consequence of injuries received.\\nchurches. A monument has been erected to perpetuate\\nthe names of 27 men lost in the late war.\\nThe Indian name of this place was Tantousque it\\nwas granted to persons from Medfield who gave it the\\nname of New Medfield. This was changed to Stur-\\nbridgc (from Stourbridge, Eng.), June 24, 1738, when\\nthe act of incorporation was passed.\\nA church of 14 members was organized Sept. 29,\\n1736, when the Rev. Caleb Rice was oi-dained as pastor.\\nHe died Sept. 2, 1759.\\nThe land embracing the plumbago, or black-lead mines\\nin this town, was granted to John Winthrop, Jr., in 1644. j\\nThe Court record is: Mr. John Winthrop, Jr., is j\\ngranted ye hill at Tantousque, about 60 miles westward,\\nin which the black lead is, and liberty to purchase some\\nland of the Indians. These mines were once considered\\nvery valuable. A tract of 1,000 acres of land at Tan-\\ntousque was given to the Rev. John Eliot in 1655.\\nMen of Note. Daniel Saunders, D. D., an author\\n(1768-1850) Samuel Bacon, a lawj-er and preacher\\n(1781-1820) Erasmus D. Keyes, a major-general\\n(1811-) William Willard, a portrait-painter (1819-).\\nUpton was taken from parts of Hopkinton, Sutton,\\nand Mendon, and incorjDoratcd June 14, 1735. The\\nRev. Thomas Weld, first pastor of the church, was or-\\ndained Jan. 18, 1735. Rev. Benjamin Wood, ordained\\nJune 1, 1796, served as pastor 53 years.\\nUpton furnished 192 men for the war of the Rebellion,\\nof whom 31 were lost.\\nThe Hon. Henry Chapin, son of Elisha Chapin (Brown\\nUniversity, 1835), mayor of Worcester, was born here,\\nand died in Worcester in 1878.\\nUpton, noted for the manufacture of straw goods, con-\\ntains 2,125 inhabitants. It is reached bj the Boston and\\nAlbany Railroad and stage-coach, and is 36 miles from\\nBoston. Its postal villages are the Centre and West\\nUpton. The land is uneven and rocky, but well adapted\\nto the growth of fruit-trees and pasturage. The town\\nhas nine public schools, a public library, and three\\nchurches. For the year ending May 1, 1875, the value\\nof straw-goods made was $800,000.\\nUxBRiDGE, on the Blackstone River, which here affords\\nvaluable motive power, contains 3,029 inhabitants, most j\\nof whom are engaged in manufacturing. Its postal vil- j\\nlages are Uxbridge and South Uxbridge. It has four\\nchurch edifices, 12 public schools, two banks, and a good\\npublic library.\\nThis place, called by the Indians Wacuntug, was\\ntaken from Mendon and incorporated June 27, 1727,", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0315.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe name being given in honor of Henrj- Paget, Eaii of\\nUxbridge.\\nThe Rev. Nathan Webb was the first minister, having\\nbeen ordained over the church at its formation in 1731.\\nNoted J/eH. William Baylies, M. D., M. C, 1805-\\n09, was born here Dec. 5, 1743, and died June 17,\\n1826 Nicholas Bajiies, a judge and author (1772-\\n1846) Willard Preston, D.D., born here May 29, 1785,\\nand died in Savannah, Ga., April 26, 1856.\\nW.iRREN, on the Quaboag River, has 3,260 inhabi-\\ntants. The land is fertile, the scenery varied and pic-\\nturesque. The postal centres are Warren and West\\nWarren, and there is a Congregational church at each\\nof these places. The town has also a Methodist, a\\nUniversalist, and two Catholic churches. Its manufac-\\ntures consists mainly of cassimeres, cotton goods, steam-\\npumps, boots and shoes, ink and bluing, and iron\\ncastings.\\nThis town, formed from parts of Brookfield, Kings-\\nfield and Brimfield, was incorporated under the name of\\nWestern, Jan. 16, 1741, which title it bore until\\nMarch 13, 1841, when it took the name of Warren, in\\nhonor of the patriot. Gen. Joseph Warren, killed in the\\nbattle of Bunker Hill.\\nA church was organized here in 1745, when the Rev.\\nIsaac Jones was settled as the pastor.\\nNathan Read, son of Maj. Reuben Read and M. C,\\n1800-03, was born here July 2, 1759, and died Jan.\\n20, 1849.\\nWebster, a manufacturing town, on the French River,\\n16 miles south of Worcester by the Norwich and\\nWorcester Railroad, contains 5,064 inhabitants, and\\nseveral large woollen and cotton mills. It has 6 pulilic\\nschools, 7 church edifices, and a public journal, The\\nAVebster Times.\\nWebster was taken from Oxford and Dudley, named\\nin honor of Daniel Webster, and incorporated March 6,\\n1832. The manufacture of cotton and woollen goods\\nwas commenced here by Samuel Slater, who died in\\nWebster April 20, 1835. His sons still continue the\\nbusiness here.\\nThe scenery of Webster is varied and beautiful, its\\nmost notable feature being the Lake Chaubunagunga-\\nmaug, which covers an area of about 1,230 acres, and\\nserves as a reservoir for the mills.\\nWestbouough is a large and flourishing manufacturing\\nand farming town, and contains 155 farms and 1,541\\ninhabitants. The principal manufactures are boots and\\nshoes, straw goods, and wagons and sleighs. The town\\nhas 16 public schools, 2 banks, and 6 church edifices.\\nThe State Reform School for boys is located here on\\na beautiful site, commanding a fine view of Chaunc^\\nPond. The public and private buildings of this town\\nare generally kept in good order, and the whole town\\npresents an air of neatness and prosperity. The West-\\nborough Chronotype, a well-edited newspaper, is pub-\\nlished here. This town has erected a marble monument\\nin memory of the 25 men lost from the 313 it sent into\\nthe late war.\\nThis place, originally called Chauncj Village, was\\ndetached from Jlarlborough, and incorporated Nov. 18,\\n1717. A church was organized here Oct. 28, 1724, and\\nthe Rev. Ebenezer Parkman was then ordained as the\\npastor. He remained in this office 59 years, and died\\nDec. 9, 1782, at the age of 80 years.\\nOn the 4th of August, 1704, the Indians visited this\\nplace, and took four boys, one of whom, Nahor Rice, they\\nkilled, and carried the others away captives. One of\\nthem was suljsequentl^ redeemed, and the two others\\nremained and grew up with the Indians. Of these,\\none, whose name was Timothy Rice, became an Indian\\nchief, and lost the use of the English language. lie\\nvisited Westborough in 1740, and recollected the house\\nin which he lived, and the field in which he was taken.\\nEli Whitnc} inventor of the cotton-gin, which has\\nexerted such an influence on the industries of our coun-\\ntry and the world, was born here Dec. 8, 17G5, and died\\nin New Haven, Conn., Jan. 8, 1825. Hon. Horace\\nMaynard, M. C, was born in this town.\\nWiNCHENDON is a large and prosperous farming and\\nmanufacturing town in the north part of the county. It\\nhas five pleasant villages Winchendon Centre, Winchen-\\ndon, Springville, Bullardville and Waterv-ille. Miller s\\nRiver runs in a serpentine course tlu-ough the town, and\\nfurnishes power for manufacturing purposes. The land\\nis hilly and generally fertile. The town contains 3,7G2\\ninhabitants, and the principal manufactures are chairs,\\npails and tubs, cotton goods, bits and hammers, hay-\\nrakes, and doors and blinds. The town has 10 schools,\\n2 banks, a public librai y, a weekly paper, The Jour-\\nnal, and 6 churches.\\nThis place was granted to Lieut. Abraham Tilton of\\nIpswich in 1734, and called Ipswich Canada. In 1752\\nit had ten families, some of whom then left through fear\\nof the Indians. A church was organized Dec. 15th of\\nthat j ear, when the Rev. Daniel Stunpson was ordained\\nas pastor. The town was incorporated June 14, 1764.\\nJohn ]\\\\I. Whiton, author of a History of New Hamp-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0316.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nshire, was born here Aug. 1, 1785, and died Sept. 28,\\n1836. William B. Washburn, ex-governor of the State,\\nwas born here Jan. 31, 1820.\\nWest Boylston, noted for its beautiful scener} is, by\\nthe Worcester and Nashua Railroad, about eight miles\\nnorth of Worcester, and contains 2.902 inhabitants.\\nThe land is hill.y, and from the eminences delightful\\nviews of the surrounding country are obtained. The\\nsingular depression of about four acres of land called\\nThe Pleasant Valley is tliought to have been caused\\nby an earthquake. The Nashua River and a tributarj\\ncalled the Quinnepoxet River, afford valualile motive-\\npower. The postal villages are West Boylston and\\nOakdale, in the northern part of the town. The princi-\\npal manufactures are cotton goods and boots and shoes.\\nThe town has five church edifices and nine public schools.\\nThe town was formed from parts of Boylston, Holdcn\\nand Sterling, and incorporated Jan. 30, 1808. A church\\nw.as organized here Oct. 11, 1797, and the Rev. William\\nNash was then ordained as pastor. He was dismissed\\nin 1815, and followed by the Rev. John Boardman.\\nThe famous almanac-maker, Robert B. Thomas, died\\nin this town May 19, 1846, at the age of 80 years.\\nErastus Brigham Bigelow, LL. D., inventor, and founder\\nof the town of Clinton, was born here in April, 1814.\\nThe Rev. Dyer Ball, a missionary to China, was also a\\nnative of this town.\\nTempleton has four postal centres, Baldwinsville on\\nOtter River, Otter River, East Templeton and Temple-\\nton Centre. Brooks village is in the westerly part.\\nThe town is accommodated bj the Vt. and Mass. and the\\nWare River railroads, and is about 69 miles north-west\\nof Boston. It contains 2,764 inhabitants. It has nine\\npublic schools, a savings bank, a public librarj- and five\\nchurch edifices. The principal manufactures are chairs,\\nfurniture, tin and copper ware and toy wagons. The\\nsoil is deep, moist and fertile the scenery romantic.\\nThis place was originally known as Narragansett\\nNo. 6, and was incorporated as a town March 6, 1762.\\nIt furnished 188 soldiers for the late war, of whom about\\n50 were lost.\\nThe first settled minister of the place was the Rev.\\nDaniel Pond, ordained over the church in 1755. His\\nsuccessors were the Rev. Ebenzer Sparhawk, 1761, and\\nthe Rev. Charles Wellin^on, 1807.\\nThere is a curious mine-cave in the southerly part of\\nthe town, supposed to have been opened in 1753. It is\\n57 feet deep.\\nGeorge C. Shattuck, M. D.^ a philanthropist, was\\nborn here July 17, 1783, and died in Boston March 18,\\n1854. William M. Goodrich, an organ-builder, was\\nborn here in 1777, and died in 1833. William Goodell,\\nD. D., a missionary to Armenia, was born here Feb. 14,\\n1792, and died Feb. 18, 1867.\\nSouTHBOROUGH, in the extreme easterly part of the\\ncounty, is accommodated by the B. A. R. R. and b}-\\nthe B., C. F. R. R. The land is of good quality, and\\nthe scenerj- pleasant. The Sudbury River separates the\\ntown from Hopkinton on the south, and furnishes some\\nmotive-power. The town lias 1,986 inhabitants. It has\\ntwo Congregational, and also Baptist and Episcopal\\nchurches a good town house, a public library, a ijrosper-\\nous farmers club and nine public schools. The princi-\\npal villages are the Centre, Fayville, Cordaville and\\nSouthville. The central village has a very neat and\\ninviting appearance.\\nThis town was taken from Marlborough and incorpo-\\nrated Jul} 6, 1727. A chrn-ch was organized Oct. 24,\\n1730, when the Rev. Nathan Stone was ordained as\\npastor. His death occurred May 31, 1781. Of his\\nsuccessors the Rev. Samuel Sumner was ordained June\\n21, 1791, and the Rev. Jeroboam Parker in 1799.\\nThe town furnished a company of soldiers, of which\\nJosiah Fa} was captain, for the Revolutionary war also\\n206 men for the war of the Rebellion. In honor of the\\n17 men lost in this war it has erected a fine monument.\\nWaldo Irving Burnett, an eminent naturalist, was\\nborn here July 12, 1828, and died July 1, 1854. Joseiih\\nBurnett, Esq., of this town is the founder of St. Mark s\\nChapel and School, and is noted as an agriculturist.\\nWest Beookfield, a pleasant farming town, 69 miles\\nsouth-west of Boston, b} the Boston and Albany Rail-\\nroad, has its principal settlement on the Quaboag River.\\nThe town is noted for its excellent butter and cheese and\\nfor the abundance of its fruit. The population is 1,903.\\nThe town has 7 public schools, a hotel, called from a\\nlarge pond The W ickaboag House, a public hall, a\\nCongregational and a Methodist church. This place,\\nlong known as the west parish of Brookfield, was incor-\\nporated March 3, 1848. A church was organized here\\nOct. 16, 1717, when the Rev. Thomas P. Cheney was\\nsettled as pastor.\\nWickaboag Pond was a noted resort of the Indians.\\nMrs. Lucy Stone (Blackwell), a well-known lecturer,\\nwas born here in 1818 and the Rev. Austin Phelps,\\nD. D., Jan. 7, 1820.\\nWestminster, noted for the manufacture of chairs", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0317.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nand paper, has 1,712 inhabitants 12 public schools,\\na public library and three churches, Congregationalist,\\nMethodist and Universalist. The postal centres are at\\nWestminster Centre, Westminster Depot and at Wachu-\\nsctt Village. Wachusett Pond, a beautiful sheet of\\nclear water, extends from this last-named village into\\nPrinceton. The place began to be settled by the Eng-\\nlish as early as 1737. It was long known as NaiTagan-\\nsett No. 2. A church was organized with the Eev.\\nElisha Marsh as pastor, Oct. 20, 1742; and the next\\nj-oar ten forts were constructed as a defence against\\nthe Indians. The town was not incorporated until\\nApril 26, 1770.\\nSterling is a farming town of 1,569 inhabitants. It\\nhas 11 public schools, a public librarj- and three churches,\\nthe Unitarian, organized in 1742; the Orthodox, June\\n22, 1852; aud a Baptist church. The Methodists\\nhave here an extensive camp-meeting ground. There\\nare three postal centres, Sterling Centre, Pratt s Junc-\\ntion and West Sterling. The land is moist and fertile,\\nand much attention is given to the production of milk\\nfor market. The principal manufactures are chairs and\\nearthenware.\\nThe Indian name of the place was Chocksett. A\\nfight occuiTed in boats on one of the ponds during Phil-\\nip s war in which 36 Indians were either killed or taken\\nprisoners. The town was incorporated April 25, 1781,\\nand named, perhaps, from Sterling in Scotland. The\\nRev. John Mellen, ordained Dec. 19, 1744, and dis-\\nmissed Nov. 14, 1774, was the first minister.\\nHenry Mellen, a lawyer and poet Prentiss Mellen,\\nLL. D. the Rev. Martin Moore and William F. Hol-\\ncombe, M. D., were natives of this town.\\nRoTALSTON, in the north-west comer of the county-,\\nwas incoporated Feb. 17, 1765, and named in honor of\\nCol. Isaac Royal, one of the original proprietors. It\\nhas 1,260 inhabitants, most of whom are engaged in\\nagi-icultural pursuits; 172 farms, and 10 public schools.\\nThe soil is strong and productive the local scenery,\\ndiversified and pleasing. Miller s River flows through\\nthe south-eastern section of the town, affording some\\nmotive-power. The town has four churches, two of\\nwhich are Congregational, one Methodist and one Baptist.\\nThe postal centres are at Royalston and South Royals-\\nton. The chief manufactures are chairs and woollen\\ngoods. The town sent 1 22 soldiers to the late war, of\\nwhom 40 were lost. Their names are inscribed upon a\\ntablet in the town hall. The first minister was the Rev.\\nJoseph Lee, settled in 1768. and continued in the pastor-\\nate more than 40 years. His successor was the Rev.\\nEbenezcr Perkins, settled here in 1819.\\nRoyalston is the birthplace of Alexander H. Bullock,\\nan ex-governor of the Commonwealth. He was born\\nMarch 2, 1816, and now lives in Worcester.\\nThe remaining towns of Worcester County are Phil-\\nLiPSTON (666), a i^leasant and mainly an agricultural\\ntown, incorporated Oct. 20, 1786, under the name of\\nGerrj its first church being organized Nov. 16, 1788,\\nand its first minister, Rev. Ebenezer Tucker, being\\nordained Nov. 5, 1788 Petershasi, a fine agricultural\\ntown of 1,203 inhabitants, incoiporatcd April 20, 1754\\nthe birthplace of the Rev. Peter Whitney (1744-1816),\\nauthor of History of Worcester Count} the Rev.\\nSamuel Willard, D. D. (1776-1859), author; Austin\\nFlint, M. D., a noted physician; Lysander Spooner,\\nauthor of Deist s Reply, and other works Paxton,\\na small, but good, agricultural town of 600 inhabitants,\\nincorporated Feb. 12, 1765, its first minister being Rev.\\nSilas Bigelow, ordained Oct. 20, 1 767 Oakham (873)\\nincorporated June 11, 1762, its first church being organ-\\nized Aug. 28, 1767, and its first minister, the Rev. John\\nStrickland, ordained at the same time Northborougii,\\na pleasant town of 1,398 inhabitants, incorporated Jan.\\n24, 1766, its first church being organized Maj- 21, 1746\\nits first minister, the Rev. John Martin, settled at the\\nsame date noted as the place where Miss Marj Good-\\nnow was killed by the Indians Aug. 18, 1707,* and as\\nthe birthplace of John Davis, LL.D. (1787-1854): New\\nBraintree| (606), Indian name Winimcsset, incorpor-\\nated Jan. 31, 1751, its highest elevation. Tuft s Hill,\\nhaving an altitude of 1,179 feet, and its first church\\nbeing organized April 18, 1754; noted as the pb.co\\nwhere 11 men were slain by the Indians Aug. 2, 1676,\\nand where the captive Mrs. Rowlandson buried her\\nmurdered child Northbridge, J a prosperous manu-\\nfacturing town of 4,030 inhabitants, its chief manu-\\nfactures being cotton goods, machinery, and boots aud\\nshoes; incorporated July 14, 1772; the birthplace of\\nRev. Samuel Spring, D. D. (1746-1819), a noted divine\\nNorth Brookfield, an enterprising town of 3,749\\ninhabitants, incorporated Feb. 28, 1812, having an air of\\nThe next day nine of these Indians were slain, and in the pacli of one\\nof them was found the scalp of tlie unfortunate girl.\\nt Charles Eames, a noted lawj-cr (1812-1867), and the Rev. Jonathan\\nFisher (1768-1847), author of Scripture Animals, were natives of this\\nX Cotton machinery is\\nand 100 feet high\\nThe first minis\\nin the year 1783.\\n1 Whit\\nin two shops, 300 feet long\\nof this town was the Rev. John Crane, ordai;", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0318.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\nthrift and neatness, and the site of one of the largest\\nboot and shoe manufactories (the Batchelders iu the\\nworld, which estabUshment has a flooring of about three\\nacres, and emplo3S about 1,200 persons, and the most\\nimproved machinerj Hon. Wm. Appleton 1 786-1862)\\na liberal merchant, and Ebenezer S. Snell, were born\\nhere: Millbury,* a busy manufacturing town of 4,529\\ninhabitants, owing its growth and prosperity largely to\\nthe hjdraulic power of the Blackstone River and its\\ntributaries, which propels the machinery of several exten-\\nsive cotton and woollen manufactories the principal\\nmanufactures being cassimeres, cotton goods, satinets,\\nhosiery and 3 arn, edge-tools and carriages incorporated\\nJune 11, 1813 its first church formed in 1747, and its\\nfirst minister, the Rev. James AVellman Mendon, an\\nold, and formerly a verj large and prominent town, of\\n1,176 Inhabitants, now ahiiost wholly agricultural in-\\ncorporated May 15, 1667 named from Mendham, Eng.\\ndestro^-ed by the Indians July 14, 1675, aud several of\\nits people slain; the native place of Maj. Simeon\\nThayer (1737-1800), a brave soldier; and Alexander\\nScammell (1747-1781), an officer of distinction, and a\\nfriend of Washington Rev. Joseph Emerson, the first\\nminister and the Rev. Caleb Alexander, a noted scholar\\nand author, being settled pastor in 1786: Lunenbukg,\\na pleasant farming town of 1,153 inhabitants, incorpo-\\nrated Aug. 1, 1728, and named in honor of George II.\\nthe scene of the capture of the family of John F. Fitch\\nby the Indians in 1749; the native place of Asahel\\nStearns, LL. D. (1774-1839), professor in Harvard\\nUniversitj- Luther S. Cashing, jurist and Micah P.\\nFlint (1807-1830), poet; its first settled minister being\\nthe Rev. Andrew Gardner, installed May 15, 1728:\\nLeicester, a prosperous and healthful town of 2,770\\ninhabitants, situated on high lands on the west of the\\ncity of Worcester; incorporated Feb. 15, 1713; the\\nseat of Leicester Academj founded in 1784 its princi-\\npal manufactures being cards, woollen goods, clothing,\\nknives, satinets, shoes and shoddy its manufacturing\\nvillages being the Centre, Cherry Valley, Rochdale, and\\nGreenville; the Rev. David Parsons ordained, in 1721,\\nthe first minister t the birth-place of Ralph Earlc\\n(1751-1801), a painter; Pliny Earle (1762-1832), an\\ninventor; St. John Honeywood (1763-1798), a poet;\\nDavid Henshaw (1791-1852), a politician; Emory\\nThis town has the honor of establishing the first lyceum (1828) iu\\nthe country.\\nt He died in 1737, having ordered his body to bo buried on his own\\nfarm, that it miff ht not mingle with the dust of his people,\\nThe land of this town was bought of John Magus and Lawrence\\nNassowanno, sachems, in 168G, for \u00c2\u00a390 sterling.\\nWashburn, ex-governor, and author of a history of the\\ntown William A. Wheeler, author of a Dictionary of\\nNoted Names of Fiction Hardwick, a good fax-ming\\ntown of 1,992 inhabitants, noted for the excellence of its\\ndairj-; incorporated Jan. 10, 1737; the native place of\\nDr. Jonas Fay (1737-1818), a statesman Moses Robin-\\nson (1741-1813), United States senator; and Rev.\\nLucius R. Paige, D. D. its first church organized, with\\nRev. David White ordained pastor, Nov. 17, 1736.\\nHolden (2,180) a farming and manufacturing town on\\nhigh land in the central part of the county incorporated\\nJan. 9, 1740 its manufactures being cotton and woollen\\ngoods, leather, card and boxes its first church being\\nfounded Dec. 28, 1742, and the Rev. Joseph Davis being\\nat the same time ordained as pastor the birth-place of\\nthe late Rev. Merrill Richardson, D. D., an able and\\npopular Congregational divine named from the Hon.\\nSamuel Holden, one of the directors of the Bank of\\nEngland Harvakd, long noted for a settlement of\\nShakers, an excellent farming town, having a population\\nof 1,304, incorporated Jan. 29, 1732; the birth-place\\nof Joshua Atherton (1737-1809), and of the Rev. G.\\nW. Sampson D. D., an eminent Baptist divine; its\\nchurch being organized Oct. 10, 1733, the Rev. John\\nSecomb being ordained pastor: Hubbardston, a pros-\\nperous farming town in the highlands of the county, of\\n1,440 inhabitants, incorporated June 13, 1767, named\\nin honor of Thomas Hubbard of Boston its first\\nchurch formed June 13, 1770, Rev. N. Parker being\\nordained pastor: Gardner, a thrifty agi-icultural and\\nmanufacturing town of 3,730 inhabitants, incorporated\\nJune 27, 1785 named from Col. Thomas Gardner, who\\nfell in the battle of Bunker Hill having a commodious\\npublic hall, and a good weekly journal, the Gardner\\nNews its first church being organized Feb. 1, 1786,\\nand the Rev. Jonathan Osgood ordained pastor in 1791\\nDana (760) incorporated Feb. 18, 1801 first church\\nformed in 1824: Douglas (2,202), an agricultural\\ntown incorporated March 23, 1786 named in honor of\\nDr. William Douglas, author of a history of New Eng-\\nland, and a benefactor of the town its first church\\norganized Nov. 11, 1747, with the Rev. William Phipps\\nas pastor: Dudley1[ (2,653), manufacturing cassi-\\nmeres, iron castings and paper named in honor of\\nPaul and William Dudley, and incorporated Feb. 2,\\n5 Quinnepoxet River falls, in passing through the town, 3S0 feet, and\\nfurnishes valuable motive power.\\nII It has an ancient tavern, said to have once entertained George\\nWashington.\\nH The Rev. John Eliot preached to a tribe of Indians here whose rela-\\ntions to the English were always friendly.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0319.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\n1731 its first church being organized the ensuing year,\\nwith Rev. Perley Howe settled in 1735 as pastor; its\\nmost eminent pastor having been Joshua Bates, D. D.,\\ninstalled March 22, 1843 Charlton,* a pleasant agri-\\ncultural town of 1,852 inhabitants, incorporated Nov.\\n2, 1764 noted as the birth-place of Rev. Martin Ruter,\\nD. D. (1 785-1838) and of William T. G. Morton, M. D.\\n(1819-1868), said to be the discoverer of ether as an\\nanesthetic; its first church established Aug. 16, 1761\\nits first minister being Rev. Caleb Eustis, ordained Oct.\\n15, 1761 Berlin, a small farming town of 987 inhabi-\\ntants, incorporated Feb. 6, 1812 the native place of\\nthe late Hon. Solomon H. Howe, a noted railroad man-\\nager (1821-1879) its first church formed April 7, 1779,\\nand the Rev. Reuben Puffer ordained pastor Sept. 26,\\n1781 Bolton, a good farming town of 987 inhabitants,\\ndetached from Lancaster and incorporated June 24,\\n1738 named in honor of Charles Pawlet, Duke of\\nBolton; first church formed in 1741, when the Rev.\\nThomas Goss was ordained pastor Botlston (895), an\\nagricultural town, incorporated March 1, 1786; named\\nFrom Nugget Hill, 1,012 feet high, near the centre of the town, 4 t\\nStates and 19 villages may be seen. seen c\\nin honor of the Boylston family of Boston its church\\norganized Oct. 6, 1743 and in October of the same\\n3ear, the Rev. Ebenezer Morse ordained pastor\\nhe preached here until 1775, when he was dismissed\\nfor opposing the war with England Blackstone, a\\nprosperous manufacturing town of 4,640 inhabitants\\nthe Blackstone River, a fine, rapid stream, and its tribu-\\ntary, Mill River, furnishing a great hydraulic power,\\nutilized for the manufacture of cotton and woollen\\nfabrics, and for saw and grist mills detached from\\nMendon and incorporated March 25, 1845 named from\\nWilliam Blackstone, the first white settler at Boston f\\nand, on the Worcester and Norwich Raikoad, Auburn,\\na small farming town of 1,233 inhabitants, five miles\\nsouth-west of Worcester; incorporated April 10, 1778,\\nunder the name of Vf ard, which was changed to Auburn\\nFeb. 17, 1837 its first church being organized June\\n25, 1776, and the Rev. Isaac Bailey settled over it in\\n1779 the native place of Jacob W. Bailey, a naturalist\\nand inventor, born April 29, 1811, and died Feb. 26, i\\n1857.\\n1 remoTed into the wilderness about 1635. His grave may etill I\\n1 the right bank of the river which perpetuates his name.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0320.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nCONNECTICUT.\\nBY HENRY P. GODDARD.\\nThe State of Connecticut derives its name from its\\nmost beautiful natural feature, the chief river of New\\nEngland, which, entering its northern borders from\\nMassachusetts, divides the State, east and west, into two\\nunequal portions, and empties into Long Island Sound\\nbetween the towns of Old Lyme and Sa3-brook. The\\nriver s name, in the original Indian tongue, was Quinni-\\ntuk, which, as has been ascertained bj- that Connecticut\\nscholar. Dr. J. Hammond Trumbull, who is the foremost\\nauthoritj- in this countrj on Indian language, signified,\\nThe long, tidal river. This river is at this da}- navi-\\ngable for steamboats onl}- as far as Hartford, its capital,\\nsome fiftj- miles from its mouth, and it was onlj to a\\npoint a short distance above Hartford that the first white\\nexplorers of the river attained.\\nIt was in 1614 that this first exploring expedition was\\nmade, under command of Capt. Adrian Block, commander\\nof an Amsterdam ship, one of five vessels sent out from\\nthe New Netherlands, who, having entered Long Island\\nSound from the eastward, coasted along until he found\\nthe river, up which he sailed, as stated. Block Island,\\nnear the entrance of the Sound, still preserves the name\\nof this discoverer, upon whose voj-age, most glowinglj-\\nreported at home, the Dutch laid their claim to the terri-\\ntory now known as Connecticut.\\nThe English claim to this same land was based prima-\\nrily upon a patent granted, in 1631, to Lord Say and\\nSeal, Lord Brooke, Sir Richard Saltonstall, and their\\nassociates, by Robert, Earl of Warwick, who derived his\\ntitle from the patent of New England granted by James\\nI. in 1620.\\nIn 1633, the rival claimants each made their first\\nlodgments on the soil of the State, the Dutch building\\na fort on the river at Hartford, and one William Holmes,\\nof Plymouth Colonj-, a house at Windsor, some seven\\nmiles north. For a few years therc was contention be-\\ntween the two nationalities, but ere long the Dutch\\nj-ielded, sold out to the English, and retired.\\nIn 1635 and 1636, Rev. Thomas Hooker, who had\\nwon a reputation in England and Holland as one of the\\nablest of the non-conforming clergy, emigrated, with\\nnearly his whole congi-egation, from Cambridge, Mass.,\\nwhere he had been settled, and founded the towns of\\nHartford, Wethersfield and Windsor.\\nThe motive for the wholesale emigration of Mr.\\nHooker and his church, including his associate teacher,\\nSamuel Stone, and, a little later, John Haynes, who in\\n1635, was governor of Massachusetts, has been a matter\\nof some speculation.\\nIn 1635, also, John Winthrop the younger, son of\\nthe Massachusetts governor, built a fort at Sa3-brook\\nunder direct commission from the English proprietaries.\\nIt is a satisfaction to record that Hartford, then a\\ntract of six square miles, was honorably purchased of\\nthe Indian tribes who inhabited it.\\nIn 1636, the first General Court was held at Hartford.\\nIn 1637, the new Colony found itself, in its very be-\\nginnings, involved in war with the powerful Pcquod\\nIndians, a war which threatened its very existence,\\nbut which ended in 1637 with the virtual extermination\\nof the tribe, consequent upon two crushing defeats in-\\nfiicted upon them by colonial troops led by Capt. John\\nMason.\\nNew Haven was settled in 1638 from Boston by Eng-\\nlish settlers, headed by Theophilus Eaton and Rev. John\\nDavenport. These adopted a constitution of their own,\\nwithout warrant or sanction from England, and, pur-\\nchasing the land from the Indians, proceeded to lay\\nout the beautiful Elm City in regular squares, upon\\na plain as level as Runnymede, with a fine harbor\\nopening into the Sound. The site was chosen with ref-\\nerence to its facilities for trade and commerce, avoca-\\ntions in which the settlers had been engaged in England.\\nThe inhabitants of this Colony were greatly anno3ed at\\nthe consolidation with Connecticut Colony by order of\\nthe crown in 1665, especially as in New Haven, suffrage\\nhad been restricted to church-members, a restriction that\\ndid not prevail in Connecticut. From 1701 to 1872, the\\nlegislature met alternately in Hartford and New Haven\\nbut, in 1872, the people of the State voted that Hartford\\nshould be the single capital, and a very large and hand-\\nsome State capitol building has just [1879] been com-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0321.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\npleted and occupied in that city. It is built of marble,\\nand cost $2,500,000.\\nIn 1G39, the people of the State adopted their first\\nconstitution, of which that ripe student of New England\\nhistory, Dr. Leonard Bacon, of New Haven, has said\\nthat It is the earUest precedent of a written constitu-\\ntion proceeding from a people, and in their name, estab-\\nlishing and defining a government.\\nThe first governor chosen under the constitution was\\nJohn Haynes, who alternated in the oflBce with Edward\\nHopkins for many years for until 1659, it was not the\\ncustom to allow a governor to serve two consecutive\\nyears, although in the off years he might be, and\\ngonerallj^ was, elected deputj -governor, an office\\nequivalent to that of our modern lieutenant-governor.\\nIn 1G43, Connecticut joined the New England Confed-\\neration, a creation, in the main, of Haynes and\\nHooker, for the purpose of combining the strength of\\nthe Colonies against Indian wars and Dutch aggression.\\nIn 1G57, ex-Governor Hopkins died in England, leav-\\ning handsome legacies to executors in the Colonies for\\nthe breeding up of hopeful j-oulhs, both at the grammar\\nschool and college, for the public service of the countrj-\\nin future times. These funds were the foundation of\\nthe present Hopkins grammar school, of New Haven,\\nand the Hartford high school. In 1057, John Winthrop\\nwas elected governor of Connecticut, a position to which,\\nafter the year 1G58, he was annually re-elected until his\\ndeath in 1G76. Few names in the New England annals\\nare comparable to that of this gentleman, scholar, trav-\\neller and physician of note, whose name is preserved in\\nmanj parts of the State, notably in New London, which\\nhe founded in 1G46.\\nIn 1GG2, Gov. Winthrop made a visit to England\\nin the interests of the Colony. He found in Lord Say\\nand Seal, the only survivor of the original p.atentees, a\\nwarm friend, thi-ough whose influence he was enabled to\\ngain audience with Charles II. At this interview,\\nWinthrop, with his wonted tact, first presented the king\\na ring that had been given by Charles I. to his grand-\\nfather, and then presented a petition from the Colony of\\nConnecticut for a royal charter. This charter, freely\\ngranted by the Icing, can still be seen in the office of the\\nsecretary of state at Hartford, framed with wood from\\nthe Charter Oak. Based, as this instrument was, upon the\\ncolonial constitution of 1G39, it was indeed a royal gift,\\nand proved of great value to the young Colony, as\\nevidenced by the many subsequent attempts to revoke\\nit on the part of the successors of Charles II.\\nUpon the death of Gov. Winthrop, in 1676, Wil-\\nliam Leete who had served a term of six years as\\ngovernor of New Haven Colony was chosen his suc-\\ncessor, Connecticut thus showing that the union with\\nNew Haven was complete and cordial. In 1C83, Maj.\\nEobert Treat succeeded to the gubernatorial chair on\\nthe death of Gov. Leete. He was a son of one of the\\noriginal patentees of the Colony, and at the time of his\\nelection a resident of Milford. He was one of the few\\nmen in that section who dared to favor the union of New\\nHaven with Connecticut, in face of the opposition of\\nDavenport, and was instrumental, with Winthrop, in\\nbringing about that union. Like his predecessor, Gov.\\nLeete, he was one of those who helped to harbor, con-\\nceal, and assist the regicides, Goffe and Whallcy, during\\ntheir concealment in New Haven Colony. He won his\\nmilitary rank during Iving Phihp s war in 1675-6, in\\ncourse of which he distinguished himself in command of\\nthe Connecticut troops serving in Massachusetts.\\nIn 1687, during the administration of Gov. Treat,\\ncame the usurpation of Sir Edmund Andros, who, having\\nbeen appointed governor of New England by James II.,\\nassumed sway over the Colonies until the news of the\\nfall of his royal master reached America in 1689. The\\ntale of Andros s futile efforts to get; the charter of Con-\\nnecticut, and of how it disappeared, to reappear after\\nhis downfall, has made the name and fame of the Charter\\nOak sj-uon3inous with that of the State, but cannot be\\ndwelt upon here.\\nIn 1690, and again in 1693, the State furnished its\\nquota of troops for the war against the French and\\nIndians.\\nIn 1693, Gov. Fletcher, of the New York Colony, de-\\nmanded of Connecticut that its militia should be put\\nunder his orders, under powers conferred upon him by\\nWilliam and Mary. The assembly and the people de-\\nclined to accede to this demand, and sent Fitz John\\nWinthrop son of the late governor to England to\\nremonstrate. He was successful in procuring a revoca-\\ntion of the order, and was rewarded therefor by the\\nassembly with a present of three hundred pounds ster-\\nling, and in 1697, was chosen governor.\\nIn 1701, the college was founded at Saybrook, that,\\n17 j-ears later, was removed to New Haven, and chris-\\ntened Yale College in honor of its first private benefac-\\ntor, Ehhu Yale.\\nDuring the reign of Queen Anne (1702-14), another\\nfutile attempt was made in England to force Connecticut\\nto gi^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2e up its charter, the failure of which was due, as\\nin prior cases, to the cool-headed obstinacy of the\\ncolonists.\\nIn 1707, Fitz John Winthrop died while governor.\\nHe was succeeded by Rev. Gurdon Saltonstall, a gentle-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0322.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nman of marked nobility of carriage and character, who\\nleft the ministry to become governor an office to\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0which he was re-elected for 17 years. Diiring his\\nadministration, election sermons were inaugurated, it\\nbeing enacted by the legislature that, on the day ap-\\npointed by law for choosing rulers, the ministers of the\\ngospel should preach to the freemen a sermon proper for\\ntheir direction in the work before them. This custom\\nwas observed, almost without intermission, until 1830,\\nwhen it was finally abandoned. A companion custom of\\nbaking election cake for the same ceremony, whose\\norigin is venerable, but unknown, lasted until the aban-\\ndonment of spring elections in 1876.\\nIn 1 708, the Saj brook Platform was adopted b3- the\\nclergy of the State assembled in council at the College\\nCommencement. This furnished a uniform standard or\\nconfession of faith for the churches of the State, and a\\nguide for the instruction of the college which was then\\ndesigned chiefl} for the education of young men for the\\nministry. As all the churches first formed were Congre-\\ngational, this platform was a matter of such importance\\nthat, when the churches had ratified it, the assembly\\npassed a vote expressing its gratification thereat.\\nIn 1710, the Saybrook Platform was published in book\\nform by Thomas Short, the first book printed in Con-\\nnecticut. Short soon died and was succeeded by Tuno-\\nthy Greene, who settled in New London as State printer\\na position held by himself and heirs till after the Rev-\\nolution. The first newspaper in the State was the Con-\\nnecticut Gazette, published in New Haven in 1 755 the\\nsecond, the New London Siunmarj was started b}\\nGreene in 1758, and the third, the Connecticut Cour-\\nant, begun in Hartford in 17G4, has been continuously\\npul)lished there ever since, its principal editors at this\\ndate being Gen. Joseph R. Hawlej and the equally\\nwell-known Charles Dudlej Warner.\\nIn 1724, Gov. Saltonstall died, and was succeeded by\\nJoseph Talcott, who, like his predecessor, was elected\\nevery year until his death in 1741. A touching incident\\nof his gubernatorial career was the sudden death of his\\nwife during the legislative session of 1738. Custom\\nthen required the presence of governor, or deputy gov-\\nernor, at all sessions of the assembly, and as the latter\\nwas absent from the city, and his wife had died after the\\nmorning session. Gov. Talcott was compelled to leave\\nher dead body to preside over tlie afternoon session,\\nwhich was, of course, made as short as possible. His\\nconduct on this occasion is spoken of in an address of\\ncondolence made by the assembly, as betokening great-\\nness and presence of mind.\\nIn 1750, the towns of Enfield, Suffleld, Woodstock\\nand Somers, which since 1713 had been governed by\\nMassachusetts, were returned to Connecticut. It is\\nowing to a confusion that then occurred as to the correct\\nboundaries of the town of Suffield that a tract of land\\nof two miles square on the west of that town, and east\\nof Granby belongs to Massachusetts, making that queer\\njut that appears on the northern boundary of Connecti-\\ncut. As the Southwick ponds, projecting well into Mas-\\nsachusetts, cover most of this space no recent attempts\\nhave been made to rectify the line.\\nIn 1751, Gen. Roger Wolcott, who had won his rank in\\nthe French war, became governor. A scion of a family\\nthat had held office in the Colony from its first settlement,\\nhe was the first to attain the chief magistracj an honor\\nafterwards held by his son, Oliver, in 1796 and 1797,\\nand grandson, Oliver 2d, from 1818 to 1827 while his\\ndaughter, Ursula, who mamed Gov. Matthew Griswold\\n(1784), and was the mother of Gov. Roger Griswold\\n(1811), was related and connected with twelve govern-\\nors and thirty-two judges, as shown by an interesting\\npaper prepared by Prof. E. E. Salisbury of New Haven,\\nfor the New England Genealogical Register.\\nIn 175G, Connecticut furnished 2,000 men for opera-\\ntions against Canada in the English war against the\\nFrench, and 5,000 more after the disaster at Fort William\\nHenry. It was in this war that Israel Putnam and Ben-\\nedict Arnold won their first laurels as Connecticut sol-\\ndiers.\\nIn 1763, a small band of Connecticut emigrants settled\\nthe beautiful Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania a sec-\\ntion of country over which Connecticut claimed jurisdic-\\ntion under its original patents\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a claim disputed, how-\\never, by Pennsylvania. The settlers suflTered much an-\\nnoyance from the disputed proprietorship, but maintained\\ntheir position in the valley, although in 1778, during the\\nRevolution, a band of 400 British and 700 Indians over-\\nran the valley, the latter putting to the torture so many\\nof its inhabitants, that the Massacre of Wj-oming has\\npassed into history and legend as an example of barbanc\\ncruelty. The title to the land was finally awarded Penn-\\nsylvania, to whose government the Connecticut colonists\\nthen submitted.\\nWhen in 1765, the Stamp Act went into force, all\\nConnecticut was ablaze with indignation, and Jared In-\\ngcrsoll of New Haven, the stamp-master appointed by the\\ncrown, was forced to resign the post, in peril of his life,\\nby a body of some 500 farmers, all tearing staves, wlio\\noverhauled him in the streets of old WcthcrsCcld, as he\\nwas on his way to Hartford to put himself in communica-\\ntion wilh Gov. Fitch (himself of Tory proclivities),\\nand the assembly. The clergy of the State, headed by", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0323.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthat earnest patriot, Eev. Stephen Johnson of Lyme,\\nwere active in inciting the people to opposition, and when\\nin October Gov. Fitch, despite the earnest remonstrance\\nof two-thirds of his council, took the oath to enforce the\\nStamp Act, seven of the eleven councillors among\\nwhom were two of his successors in the executive chair\\nJonathan Trumbull and Matthew Griswold, left the room\\nrather than witness the humiliating spectacle. The as-\\nsembly and people endorsed this protest and, in the en-\\nsuing flection in 1766, replaced Fitch, the Tory, with\\nWilliam Pitkin, the patriot, with Trumbull as deputy-\\ngovernor.\\nIn 1769, Jonathan Trumbull, who was the famed\\nBrother Jonathan of the Revolution, was promoted\\nto be governor, a post to which he was annually re-elects\\ncd till 1784, when, at the age of 73, he refused further ser.\\nvice, after having held one pubUc office and another in the\\nState for 51 years. The friend and counsellor of Wash-\\nington, who bestowed upon him that name, Brother\\nJonathan, that has since come to be applied to the\\nUnited States as a nation, the honor of having been the\\ngreat war governor of the Revolution belongs to Trum-\\nbuU, as did a similar honor to his townsman Wm. A.\\nBuckingham, in the war of the RebeUion. As in the\\ncase of Wolcott, a son and grandson of Trumbull be-\\ncame governors of the State.\\nIn 1774, Connecticut prepared for hostilities, ordering\\nNew London fortified, and the towns to la^ in ammui-\\ntion.\\nIn 1775, the assembly commissioned David Wooster a\\nmajor-general, and Israel Putnam, a brigadier. With the\\nfirst news of Lexington, Putnam rode post-haste to Cam-\\nbridge, whither he had ordered his troops to join him.\\nIn the words of Bancroft, who is no partisan of Putnam,\\nHe brought to the service of his country, courage which\\nduring the war was never questioned, and a heart than\\nwhich none throbbed more honestly or warmly for Amer-\\nican freedom. From all over Connecticut volunteers\\nwere pushing for the seat of war, when the assembl}-\\nvoted to raise six regiments of 1,000 each. The total\\nnumber of men raised by the State during the whole war\\nwas 31,959, out of a population of 238,141, a larger\\nnumber than were enlisted in any other State except\\nJIassaehusetts, although Connecticut was but seventh in\\npopulation of the Old Thirteen. At Bunker Hill Gen.\\nPutnam was certainly present, and useful, however the\\nquestion of who held command maj be settled.\\nAt the disastrous repulse of the Revolutionary troops\\nat Quebec, Arnold, who had been in service from the\\noutbreak of the war, was in command, with Montgomery,\\nand had his leg shattered.\\nIn June, 1776, the assembl}- instructed its representa-\\ntives in Congress to give their assent to a Declaration\\nof Independence. The Connecticut signers of the great\\ndocument of July 4th, 1776, were Roger Sherman, Sam-\\nuel Huntington, William Williams and Oliver Wolcott,\\ntwo of whom, Huntington and Wolcott, were afterwards\\ngovernors of the State.\\nIn August, 1776, Putnam commanded the Americans in\\nthe battle of Long Island, a defeat for which the latest\\nand most careful writers on the subject, acquit him of\\nthe responsibUity.\\nIt was soon after this that Nathan Hale, a gallant\\nyoung officer of a Connecticut regiment, a nati\\\\e of\\nCoventry, but 21 years old at this time, met the sad fate\\nof a spy, owing to his capture by the British, while re-\\nturning from their camp on Long Island, whither he had\\nbeen sent by Washington to procure intelligence and\\nplans of the enem} s works, in wiiich he had entirel}-\\nsucceeded. The story of his brutal execution, denied\\nboth a Bible and clergj-, and of these memorable words\\nof his, I onlj regret that I have but one life to lose for\\nmy country, has enrolled his name among heroes as the\\n3 oung martyr of the American Revolution.\\nIn April, 1777, Gov. Trj-on, Tor} governor of New\\nYork, raided into Connecticut, burned a portion of Dan-\\nbury, and, when his troops were attacked on their re-\\ntreat by Gen. Wooster with a small force, repulsed their\\nassaults. Gen. Wooster being shot and killed. Arnold,\\nwho commanded another detachment of Americans, nar-\\nrowly escaped a similar fate, his horse being sliot under\\nhhn j-et he succeeded in harassing Tryon s retreat to\\nsuch an extent that the latter lost 170 of his men, killed\\nand wounded.\\nMay 21st, Col. Meigs, with 200 men, retaliated for\\nTr3-on s visit bj- a raid in boats from New Haven to Sag\\nHarbor, Long Island, where they burned 13 British ves-\\nsels, captured 90 prisoners, and returned scathless.\\nThis j ear Arnold was made a major-general, and did\\nsplendid scr\\\\-ice at the battle of Saratoga.\\nIn Februar}-, 1 779, Tryon made another raid over the\\nborder. Putnam tried to stop him, at Greenwich, with a\\nfew old field-pieces and sixty men, but seeing that his\\nposition could be easilj flaulved, galloped off to Stamford\\nfor reinforcements, taking the famous ride down the rug-\\nged hill of Ilorseneck, the centennial anniversary of\\nwhich has but lately been appropriately celebrated at\\nGreenwich.\\nJuly 5th, 1799, a British fleet landed 3,000 troops at\\nthe entrance of New Haven harbor, who after a stern\\nresistance from the few patriots that could hastilj be\\ngathered, burned a number of stores and private houses.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0324.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\npillaged others, murdered several prisoners, and insulted\\nand stabbed Eev. Dr. Daggett, president of Yale Col-\\nlege, who was onlj- spared at the intercession of a Torj\\nguide of the British, who had been an old pupil of the\\nDoctor, who, for his part, told his captors that he should\\ntake arms against them whenever opportuuit}- offered.\\nThe British embarked on the Gth, but on the 8th landed\\nat Fairfield, where thej plundered and burned the vil-\\nlage to ashes, inflicting the same fate on Norwalk on the\\n11th.\\nIn 1780, Benedict Arnold turned traitor to his country,\\nand in September, 1781, appeared off New London with\\na British fleet of 24 ships. Capturing the city and Fort\\nTrumbull, on the Gth of September, with little difllculty,\\na portion of his force attacked Fort Griswold, on the\\nGroton bank of the Thames Eiver, which was most\\nbravely defended by Col. Ledyard and the Americans\\nunder his command. Overpowered at last by the greatly\\nsuperior number of the enemj who were pouring into the\\nfort, Ledj ard surrendered, but was brutally murdered with\\nhis own sword by the British officer to whom he gave\\nit up. Eighty-five Americans were killed in the assault,\\nwhose bravery is commemorated bj- a handsome granite\\nmonument 127 feet high, which was erected close by the\\nfort in 1830. In New London, 65 dwellings and 80\\nother buildings were destroyed by fire, and damage done\\nto the extent of $500,000.\\nA native of Norwich, which is but 14 miles from New\\nLondon, it is not to be wondered at that Arnold has\\never been especiallj execrated in Connecticut, that once\\nhad high hopes of him.\\nThis was the last action of the Revolution on Con-\\nnecticut soil, and the State eagerly welcomed the honor-\\nable peace and independence that followed the surrender\\nof Cornwallis in October, 1781.\\nConnecticut came out of the Revolutionarj war with\\nan untarnished reputation, and, as appears from the\\nSilas Deane correspondence, in the files of the State\\nHistorical Societj-, and other sources, with the reputation\\nof having a model governor, and a constitution that was\\nsuperior to anj- other, and which served a high pur-\\npose in furnishing a pattern for that soon adopted for\\nthe nation.\\nAt the convention that formed the Constitution of the\\nUnited States, in 1787, the Connecticut delegates were\\nRoger Sherman, Oliver Ellsworth (later chief justice of\\nthe United States) and William S. Johnson. Originally\\na poor shoemaker, Roger Shennan won such a reputa-\\ntion as a statesman, that it is his statue, with that of\\nJonathan Trumbull, that Connecticut has put up in the\\nnational Capitol, as the two of her deceased citizens\\nillustrious for their historic renown, or for distinguished\\ncivil or militarj- services while, as 3 et, these are the\\nonlj two statesmen whose statues also ornament the new\\nState Capitol at Hartford. So successful were Sherman\\nand Ellsworth in their- efforts at harmonizing and com-\\npromising the varied and dissenting elements in the\\nconvention that adopted the constitution, that no less an\\nauthority than John C. Calhoun has said that it is to\\nthese two men and Judge Patterson of New Jersej that\\nwe are indebted for the National Government. Con-\\nnecticut ratified the constitution in January, 1788.\\nGov. Trumbull, who retired in 1784 and died in 1785,\\nwas succeeded as chief magistrate by Matthew Griswold,\\nwho had been lieutenant-governor for fifteen years. He\\nin turn was succeeded in 1786 by Samuel Huntington,\\none of the signers of the Declaration, who governed\\nuntil 1796. It was during these administrations that\\nnational parties began to take fixed shape throughout\\nthe country, the masses of Connecticut folic and the\\ngovernors being stanch Federalists.\\nIn 1796, Oliver Wolcott, Sr., became governor, to be\\nsucceeded in 1798 by Jonathan Trumbull, a son of\\nBrother Jonathan, who continued to be chosen till\\nhis death in August, 1809. Early in that year President\\nJefferson called uiiou Gov. Trumbull to designate special\\nofficers of mihtia, upon whom the United States customs\\ncollectors could rely for aid in carrjing out the Enforcing j\\nAct, which was designed to put in force the celebrated\\nEmbargo, of Jefferson s administration. The governor\\ndeclined to comply, on the ground that Congress had\\noverstepped its authority, and called a session of the j\\nLegislature, which adopted a protest to Congress against\\nthe embargo, which contributed greatly to the repeal\\nthereof in February, 1809.\\nIn 1812, Roger Griswold, a son of the first Gov.\\nGriswold, who was then governor, adopted a similar\\ncourse when called upon to furnish detachments of the\\nState militia to Maj. Gen. Dearborn for service in the\\nwar just declared against Great Britain. He based his\\nnon-compliance with the President s request upon the\\ngrounds, that the constitutional contingency in which the\\nmilitia of the State could be called into the Feder.nl\\nsersdce did not exist, and, moreover, that the militia\\ncould not be constrained to serve under other than their\\nown officers, exce|)t under the President of the United\\nStates personally in the field. Gov. Griswold s position\\nwas sustained by his council, and by the large Federal\\nmajority- in the State.\\nIn 1813, Commodore Stephen Decatur, with his little\\nfleet of American vessels, was blockaded in New Lon-\\ndon Harbor and the river Thames, and so closely watched", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0325.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nbj the British that, in his vexation at being unable to\\nget out at sea, the commodore charged that blue\\nlights had been burned bj- the Federalists on the shores\\nof the harbor to advise the enemy when he sought to run\\nthe blockade, compeUing him to abandon the project.\\nThis story was long used to stigmatize the anti-war\\nparty as Connecticut blue-light Federahsts but\\nneither the gallant, but hasty sailor, nor any one since\\nhis day, has been able to substantiate the charge.\\nApril 7, 1814, a detachnient of 200 sailors and marines\\nfrom the British fleet off New London, made an expedi-\\ntion up the Connecticut Eiver to Essex, where thej\\nburned some 25 vessels, destroj-ing some $200,000 of\\nproperty.\\nOn the 9th of August, Capt. Hardy of the blockading\\nfleet, with five of his vessels, began a bombardment of\\nStonington, which continued some 48 hours, but was\\nso bravely resisted by a small force of militia, gathered\\nbehind a little battery of three guns, that he finally\\nretired with damaged ships, and a loss of 75 men killed\\nand womided, while the Americans had none killed, and\\nonly six wounded.\\nDec. 15, 1814, the New England discontent with the\\nwar came to a focus in the Hartford Convention,\\nwhereat 26 delegates, appointed by the New England\\nlegislatures, assembled together. After a session of 20\\ndays, the convention adjourned, having adopted a report\\nmaking a respectful protest against certain acts of Con-\\ngress in originating and carrying on the war. This\\nprotest was adopted by the legislatures of Connecticut\\nand Massachusetts, but was rendered useless by the\\nconclusion of peace Feb. 17, 1815.\\nThe return of peace not only put an end to the dis-\\nsatisfaction with the war, but, in a short time, to the old\\nFederal party that had held continuous swaj in the\\nState and in 1817 Oliver AVolcott, 2d, son of the last\\nGov. Wolcott, was elected governor b} a combination\\nof the opposition elements. In 1818 the same combina-\\ntion elected a legislatm-e in favor of a constitutional\\nconvention, which was speedily called, met in August,\\nand formed a constitution, which was ratified by the\\npeople in October. Under this constitution, with but\\nfew amendments, the State is still governed. It is no\\nlight tribute to the value of the charter obtained by John\\nWinthrop, that the Colony and State had needed no\\nother constitution for 150 j ears, and that the present\\nconstitution is based in the main upon that old charter,\\nbut few changes being necessary even in the direction of\\nwider religious toleration and suffrage.\\nThe most important of recent amendments to the con-\\nstitution of 1818, beside such as conform to changes in\\nthe Federal Constitution, is that of 1875, extending the\\ngovernor s term to two j-ears. Another amendment re-\\ncently submitted to the people providing for biennial\\nsessions of the legislature was defeated.\\nIn 1824, the institution now known as Trinity College\\nwas started at Hartford, under control of the Protestant\\nEpiscopal Church. In 1872 the college grounds were\\nsold to the State for $000,000, as a site for the new\\nCapitol building, and a new location, a mile south, pui-\\nchased for the college, where fine buildings of Portland\\nfreestone have been erected for its use.\\nIn 1831, Weslej-an University, the oldest and best\\nknown American college under control of the Methodist\\nEpiscopal Church, was organized at Middletown, where\\nit now occupies a number of handsome buildings on a\\ncommanding knoll.\\nIn 1847, Connecticut furnished a companj for the New\\nEngland regiment in the Jlexican war, a regiment of\\nwhich Thomas H. Seymour of Hartford returned as\\ncolonel, having distinguished himself in the war. He\\nwas subsequently (1850-54) governor of the State.\\nConnecticut continued greatl3 to increase and prosper\\nuntil the outbreak of the war of the Rebellion in 18C1.\\nThis event found in the governor s chair William A.\\nBuckingham of Norwich, who, like his great prototype,\\nTnunbull, was a native of Lebanon. Fortunate it was\\nfor the State that this courtlj Christian gentleman, of\\ndevoted patriotism, undeviating integrity great generosity\\nand large wealth was at its helm. It was in great\\nmeasure owing to him that Connecticut was among the\\nfirst to get her troops to the front, that her regiments\\nwere, as a rule, admirabl3 otHcered, that her soldiers never\\nlacked attention from the State during his term of\\noflSce, as the writer can testify from personal experience.\\nThe total number of men credited to the State during the\\nwhole war was 54,882, which, reduced to a three j-oars\\nstanding (the tenns of enlistment varj-ing a little),\\nequals 48,181, an excess of 7,000 over its quota, of whom\\nbut 203 were drafted men. As Trumbull was the friend\\nof Washington, so Buckingham was a tried and trusted\\nfriend of President Lincoln.\\nThe Connecticut troops raised during the war of the\\nRebelHon consisted of 28 regiments of infantry (two\\ncolored) two of heavj- artillery, a regiment and squadron\\nof cavalrj and three light batteries. These were so dis-\\ntributed among the different Union armies, that there was\\nhardly a battle of moment during the war in which Con-\\nnecticut troops were not engaged, and some of the\\ninfantry regiments, notably the 7th, 8th, 10th, 11th, 14th,\\nICth and 21st, had a list of battles to show at its close\\nrarely ever equalled in the same space of time. To", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0326.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nenumerate these battles, or to specify instances where\\nConnecticut men distinguished themselves therein, would\\nbe to write a historj of the war for which we have no\\nspace. In the navy, too, which was presided over during\\nthe wliolo contest by a Connecticut man, Gideon Welles,\\nwho was throughout Mr. Lincoln s administration secre-\\ntary of the navj Connecticut won new glory and\\nrenown.\\nA few of the more prominent officers of the army and\\nnavy who were sons of Connecticut, who lost their lives\\nin the contest, were Gens. L3 on, Sedgwick and Mans-\\nfield, Admiral Foote and Capt. Ward. The following-\\nnamed attained distinction and the rank of general\\nofficers in the volunteer service, in nearly everj instance\\nwinning their rank by h.ard and gallant field service\\nII. G. Wright, J. A. Mower, A. II. Terry, R. O. Tyler,\\nII. W. Birge, H. W. Benham, J. R. Hawley, R. S.\\nMackenzie, II. L. Abbot, Alex. Shailer, A. S. Williams,\\nJ. W. Ripley, Daniel T3-ler, W. S. Ketchum, O. S.\\nFerry, H. W. Wessells, II. D. Terry, Edward Ilarland,\\nII. B. Carrington, A. C. Harding and L. P. Bradloj\\nAt home the State nobly sustained its grand and good\\ngovernor, and its legislatures never faltered in voting\\nmen and money in response to every call he made upon\\nthem.\\nIn May, 1866, Gov. Buckingham s last term expired,\\nhe refusing longer service now that the war had ende d.\\nHe was succeeded as governor by Gen. Joseph R.\\nIlawle} who had won his way up from captain to general\\nin the volunteer service, and has, since the war, won a\\nreputation as one of the leading Republican statesmen of\\nhis day, and as president of the Centennial Commission\\nof 1876. Gov. Buckingham was elected a U. S. senator\\nfrom Connecticut in 1868, and died while holding that\\noffice in 1875. Gov. Ilawlej- s successors in office have\\nbeen James E. English, Marshall Jewell, Charles R.\\nIngersoll, Richard D. Hubbard, and the present incum-\\nbent, Charles B. Andrews. To Gov. Hubbard, con-\\nfessedly one of the first statesmen and law3-ers, as he is\\none of the first orators in the country, is due the credit\\nof manj reforms in the legislative and legal practice of\\nthe State, all in the line of retrenchment, reform and\\nsimplification of methods. As he served but a single\\nterra of two years, much of the work that he began falls\\nupon his successor, who, although of another political\\nparty, has shown such zeal and judgment in the same\\ndirection, that it is clearlj- evident that in Gov. Andrews,\\nthe State has added another to its long list of distin-\\nguished and able governors.\\nConnecticut has an area of 4,7.30 square miles. Its\\npopulation in 1870 was 637,454. It is bounded on the\\neast by Rhode Island, north by Massachusetts, west bj-\\nNew York, south by Long Island Sound. Its climate is\\nchangeable but healthful its soil, especiallj in the valley\\nof the Connecticut River, good, but, as a whole, best\\nadapted for grass growing. Its woods are abundant and\\nvaluable, while its fruits are excellent and plentiful. To-\\nbacco is extensively raised, especially in Hartford County\\nalong the Connecticut River, and has in years past been\\na most profitable crop, though at the low prices which\\nhave prevailed since 1873, it has been much less so than\\nof old.\\nThe mineral resources of the State are varied and\\nextensive, the most valuable quarries being those of red\\nsandstone or freestone, found in abundance at Portland\\non the Connecticut. At Canaan is found the white\\nmarble of which the new State House is built at Bolton,\\na micaceous slate, useful for flagging while at Salisburj-\\nand Kent, iron ore is found in such abundance, that iron\\nproduction has become the chief interest of that section\\nof the State. Granite and limestone are also abundant\\nin various sections, and of excellent qualitj while cobalt,\\nfeldspar and copper are found in lesser quantitj with clay\\nin abundance for bricks.\\nBut it is in manufacturing that the State is pre-\\neminent, the proverbial ingenuity of the Connecticut\\nYankee, which has been satirized in the mj-thical wooden\\nnutmeg, winning most of its triumphs in this sphere of\\naction. The reports of the patent office for 1872 showed\\nthe proportion of patents granted to Connecticut to be in\\nexcess of those of anj other State, being one to every\\n829 inhabitants. Clocks, India-rubber goods, and car-\\nriages have been for j ears among the principal produc-\\ntions. The total amount of capital invested in manufac-\\ntures in 1870 was over $95,000,000, woollen goods,\\ncotton goods and carriages being the chief productions.\\nInsurance and banking emplo} much of the capital of the\\nState, Hartford being especially interested therein, and\\nfamed all over the world for the number and strength of\\nits life and fire insurance companies of large assets.\\nThe common-school S3 stem of the State has been per-\\nfected in recent years to such an extent that 95 per cent,\\nof the children of the school age are school attendants,\\nand, as a result, but 19,680 of its inhabitants were\\nreported as illiterate in 1870.\\nThe State possesses a school fund of $2,019,000,\\nthe principal of the fund being derived from the sale of\\nits so-called Connecticut Rescr\\\\ e in the northern por-\\ntion of Ohio, in 1786, for $1,200,000. This Reser\\\\-e\\nconsisted of 3,300,000 acres of land, received by Con-\\nnecticut at the time of its cession to the general govern-\\nment of its share of vacant lands in the unoccupied", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0327.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nterritory of the West. The State granted 500,000 acres\\nof this reserve to such of the citizens of New London,\\nGroton, Fairfield, Norwalk and Danbury as had suffered\\nfrom British depredations during tlie war, and sold the\\nbalance. The high schools of most of the larger towns\\nand cities fit pupils for college or business life, while the\\nuniversities within its borders send forth graduates all\\nover the world.\\nIn literature, theology and science the State has always\\nmaintained a high reputation, giving to the world, or\\nclaiming as residents, such poets as Trumbull, Pcrcival,\\nBrainard, Ilalleck and Stedman such philologists as Noah\\nWebster and J. Hammond Trumbull such theologians\\nas Horace Bushnell, Leonard Bacon and Noah Porter\\nsuch antiquarian students and historians as C. J. Hoad-\\nhy such writers on educational topics as Henry Barn-\\nard such political economists as Theodore Woolsej-,\\nD. A. Wells and W. G. Sumner such writers of fiction\\nand essaj-ists as Harriet Beecher Stowe, Charles Dudlej-\\nWarner, Donald G. Mitchell and Samuel L. Clemens\\n(Mark Twain) and many others and in science, the\\nelder Silliman, Clarence King, and many more.\\nIn legal circles such names as Ellsworth, Walte, (the\\npresent chief justice is of Connecticut birth), Gould,\\nGoddard, Storrs, Seymour, Waldo, and many others\\nhave been famous while at the bar, a verj- long array of\\nmen of talent could be named. Of living members of\\nthe profession who have attained more than local fame\\nare Hubbard and Robinson of Hartford, Harrison and\\nIngersoU of New Haven, Seymour of Litchfield, and\\nHalsey of Norwich.\\nOf orators there is also a long array, including such\\nnames as Sherman, Griswold, Baldwin, Deming, Stuart,\\nHarrison and Hubbard.\\nIn art. Col. John Trumbull of Connecticut was the finest\\npainter of the Revolutionary era, and Fred. E. Church\\nranks among the first to-day. But to enumerate the dis-\\ntinguished sons of Connecticut is beyond our limits.\\nThe early settlers of Connecticut were men of educa-\\ntion and enterprise, as well as of character and piety.\\nHooker at Hartford, and Davenport at New Haven,\\nmeant to implant free commonwealths of God-sen ing\\npeople. The seed thej planted brought forth such fruit\\nthat the distinguishing name of the State has long been\\nLand of Steady Habits.\\nIts State seal, which has been in use with but slight\\nmodification since 1G56, bears, Argent, three vines\\nsupported and fruited with the legend, Qui transtulit\\nsustinet He who transplanted will sustain. In\\nthis faith the citizens of the State have seen their grand\\nold Commonwealth increase and prosper j-car by j^ear\\nin this faith they fought French and Indians, Mother\\nEngland herself, and treason against the Union. So long\\nas loyaltj to this motto inspires her people, so long may\\nthey hope for prosperitj-.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0328.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nFAIRFIELD COUNTY\\nBY WILLIAM KNAPP.\\nIt was six years before the landing of the Pilgrims at\\nPl3-moutli Rock, 19 j-ears before the first frame house was\\nerected at Windsor in Connecticut, and about 23 j cars\\nbefore we have any knowledge of Europeans setting foot\\non the soil of the State west of the Ilousatonic River in\\nwhat is now Fairfield County, that the adventurous\\nAdrian Block, a Dutch explorer, sailed into Long Island\\nSound from the little settlement of his own countrj men\\non Manhattan Island, comprising only about four houses,\\nin his ship of state, the Restless, and made the dis-\\ncoverj of the shores of Fairfield County first observing\\nthe Norwalk Islands, which he named the Archipelagoes,\\nand then sailing to the mouth of the Ilousatonic River,\\nits eastern boundary which he named the river of the\\nRed Mountain and thus, as early as the year 1014, this\\ncounty and the Connecticut River, and the entire coast\\nof the State, for the first time became known to a\\nrace of beings different from the aborigines. The\\nfirst knowledge of the desiralile situation and great\\nnatural advantages of this county for future settlements\\nwas obtained bj- the English colonists while pursuing\\nthe retreating Pequot Indians westward to the great\\nswamp in the present town of Fairfield, where, Julj\\n13, 1G37, a decisive battle was fought. In a short\\nperiod of time thereafter the formation of settlements\\nand towns first commenced.\\nIn 1G39, Mr. Ludlow, an eminent lawj cr of Windsor,\\nwho was at the Indian swamp fight about two years\\nbefore, when he became most favorablj impressed with\\nthe locality, commenced a settlement at Fairfield, called\\nUnquowa by the natives. He brought about ten families\\nwith him, and settlers joined them from Watertown and\\nConcord, Mass. The territorj was generallj- purchased\\nof the natives and the settlers soon fonned a township\\nand came under the jurisdiction of the Connecticut\\nColony. The same year Mr. Fairchild came from Eng-\\nland and purchased a plantation at Stratford, comprising\\nPcquonnock and Cuphcag, as thej were known b} the\\nIndians, situated between Fairfield and the Housatonic\\nRiver and settlements were commenced immediately,\\nalthough William Judson is said to have settled here in\\n1G3K, and to have erected a stone house. John and\\nWilliam Eustice and Samuel Hawley came from Rox-\\nbmy, and Joseph Judson and Timothy Wilcoxson from\\nConcord, Mass. A few years later Samuel Wells came\\nfrom Wethersfield, and others from Boston. The first\\nclergyman at this place was Adam Blackman, an eminent\\nand greatly ])eloved preacher, formerly of the Church of\\nEngland, who came directly from Derbyshire. Many of\\nhis admirers followed him to these shores, declaring that\\nth} people shall be our people and thy God our God.\\nOn this earlj settled territory, and within a compara-\\ntively recent period, Bridgeport, the third city in size\\nand importance in the State, has sprung into existence.\\nThe exact date of the commencement of the settlement\\nin this latter localit3 seems to be in doubt but, in 1650\\nit is evident that a few families were residing in this\\nsection on Toilsome Hill, where Capt. David Sherman, a\\nleader in matters of church and state, was born and\\nresided and that, although the population has changed\\nin locality, this was the germ of the future citj-. In\\n1094 a parish was formed named Fairfield Village. In\\n1701 Fairfield Village was named Stratfield by the Gen-\\neral Court and, after a period of 75 years contained\\nonly about 1 ,000 inhabitants. With the gradual increase\\nin population, the business began to centre at the head\\nof tide-water, and down the harbor or river east of\\nGolden Hill, and somewhat on the east side of Pcquon-\\nnock River in the town of Stratford, when it was named\\nNewfield. In 1705 the present Main Street of the city\\nwas merel3 a cart-path, and there was a small forrj\\nto the point on the east side of the harbor. In 1820\\nNewfield proper contained only aliout 800 inhabitants.\\nThis place became an incorporated borough in the year\\n1800, and was then named Bridgeport, although, as a\\ntown, it had no legal existence until 1821, when a tract\\nof territorj of about ten square miks on the harbor and\\nriver was organized as a town, then containing not far\\nfrom 1,700 inhabitants. The borough was organized\\nunder a city charter in 1830, wth a population of about\\n3,400.\\nThe next section of the county occupied by whites,\\nafter the territory covered by Fairfield and Stratford,\\nwas Stamfonl, tlic Indian name of whirli was Kipi)owams.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0329.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nCapt. Nathaniel Turner made the purchase of the place\\nof the Indians for the New Haven Colon} for the con-\\nsideration generally of a dozen each of coats, hoes,\\nhatchets and knives, two kettles and four fathom of white\\nwampum. In the latter part of 1641 about 35 families\\nhad made this their place of residence and the next\\nyear, John Whitmore and Mr. Mitchel were admitted\\nmembers of the General Court of the New Haven\\nColony, from the new plantation, when it received its\\npresent name. The first minister at this place was\\nEichard Denton.\\nThe town of Greenwich was purchased of the n.atives\\nin the year 1G40 by Robert Feaks and Daniel Patrick,\\nwith the expectation that it would adhere to the New\\nHaven Colonj- but New Amsterdam, in the New Neth-\\nerlands Colony, was so near, and its influence so potent,\\nthat the purchasers bctraj-ed the confidence of the\\nColonv, and commenced the settlement under the Dutch\\ngovernment, in which the inhabitants seem to have\\nacquiesced. The unfriendly relations between the In-\\ndians in these parts and the Dutch, and their intrasions\\nupon the settlers, whose lands were their frequent and\\nbloodj battle-fields, were undoubtedly the chief reasons\\nwhy, in the j-ear 1657, the} freely yielded to the juris-\\ndiction of the New Haven Colon} The dividing line\\nbetween the States of New York and Connecticut, as\\nfixed in 1664, brought the plantation of Rye into the\\nColony of Connecticut, and that town was admitted to\\nthe jurisdiction in 1665 but in 1C83, the dividing line\\nbetween the two colonies at Greenwich was so changed as\\nto leave it nearly as it is at the present time.\\nThe first authentic settlement of Norwalk was in the\\nyear 1651, although it is quite probable that there were\\nsome scattering inhabitants here the year before, and\\nmo~t likely some in 1640, after Mr. Roger Ludlow of\\nFairfield purchased the eastern part of the place of the\\nNorwalk Indians on the 26th of February of tliat year,\\nas worded in the deed, from the sea a day s walk into\\nthe country. In April of tiie year 1640, Capt. Patrick\\npurchased two islands and the meadows and uplands on\\nthe west side of the Norwallc River as far up in the\\ncountry as an Indian can go in a day from sun rising to\\nsun setting. In June, 1650, Nathan Ely, Richard\\nOlmsted and others, obtained liberty from the Connecti-\\ncut Colony to commence a plantation at Norwalk, and\\nsecured a deed of the territory from the Indians Feb. 15,\\n1651 and in September, 1651, the General Court organ-\\nized it into a town. Thomas Hanford was tlie first min-\\nister at this place. The name of tiie town was derived\\nfrom the Norwalk River, althougli tlicrc is a common\\ntradition that it was taken from the day s North- walk\\nwhich fixed the northern boundary in the Indian deeds.\\nThe surnames of Benedict, Raymond, Fitch, Loekwood,\\nBetts and some others of the first settlers, are quite 1\\ncommon in the city and town at the present day. Nor-\\nwalk was made a borough in 1836, and the village of\\nOld Well, named from an ancient well where vessels\\nwere supplied with water, was incoq)orated into a eitv\\nin 1868, and named South Norwalk two years after-\\nward.\\nIn 1684, a settlement at Danbury called Pahquioque by\\nthe Indians, or Paquiage in the Colony recoitls, was\\ncommenced. The jiioneer settleis were Thomas Taylor,\\nFrancis Bushnell, Thomas Barnum and others, who were\\nmostly from Norwalk. Dr. Wood and Josiah Starr\\ncame from Long Island, and Joseph Mygatt came soon\\nafter from Hartford and men of the name of Picket,\\nKnapp and Wildman were among the earliest settlers,\\nmany of whose names are still quite common in the\\ntown. Tlie settlement was called Danbury, from a vil-\\nlage in Essex, Eng., and it was laid out six miles square.\\nThe town patent, from the General Court, was given in\\n1702, and it was made a borough in 18-22. Tlie Rev.\\nSeth Shove, probably ordained in 1696, was the first\\nminister.\\nThe next section occupied by the English settlers was\\nat Pootatuck, the Indian name of Newtown. In IMay,\\n1708, several persons petitioned the General Court, or I\\nAssembly, as it began to be called, for a committee to\\nsm-vey the land and consider what number of inhabitants\\nthe tract would accommodate, and determine where the\\nsettlement should be and in 1711, the town was incor-\\nporated.\\nThe town of Ridgefield was purchased of the Indians j\\nin 1708 by John Baldwin and others, and a second pur- j\\nchase was made of the natives in 1715. In October,\\n1709, Maj. Peter Burr of Fairfield, John Copp of Nor-\\nwalk, and Josiah Starr of Danbury reported a sur-\\nvey of the tract to the General Assembly, and the\\ngrant of the town was then made but the patent was\\nnot signed till tlie year 1714. After the Assembly, in\\n1714, gave the inhabitants of the town the right to settle\\nan orthodox minister, it is probable that the Rev. Thos.\\nIlawley became the first settled minister at this place.\\nSeveral inhabitants of Fairfield secured a grant of\\nthe present town of New Fairfield in 1707. The terri-\\ntory was purchased of the natives in 1729, but it does\\nnot appear to have been settled initil the next year. It\\nwas organized as a town in 1740. The boundary line\\nbetween New York and Connecticut on the western limit\\nof tliis town was settled in 1731, when, for lands on the\\nSound, the section known as Oblong was granted to", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0330.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nNew York. The first minister was the Rev. Benajah\\nCase, ordained in 17-12.\\nIn 1761, a township which is said to have been named\\nReading, after Col. John Read, one of the early settlers,\\nwas incorporated and talven principallj- from the old town\\nof Fairfield.\\nWeston, originall} a parish in tlie town of Fairfield,\\nwas granted town pri^^leges in 1787, aliout 50 j-ears\\nafter the localitj- was first settled.\\nBrookfield, originally a part of New Milford, Dan-\\nbiny, and Newtown, and known as the society of New-\\nbury, was incorporated as a town in 1788. It is said\\nto have been named after its first minister, the Rev.\\nThomas Brooks, who was ordained Sept. 28, 1758, when\\nthe church was formed.\\nHuntington, comprising the parishes of Ripton and\\nNew Stratford in Stratford, was created a town in 1789.\\nThe Rev. Jcdediah Mills, ordained in 1724, was probably\\nthe first clergyman.\\nTrumbull, a part of the old town of Stratford, was\\norganized in the j-ear 1798.\\nNew Canaan was formerly Canaan parisli in Norwalk\\nand Stamford, and was made a separate town in 1801.\\nThe parish had existed since 1731, when the Rev. John\\nEells of Milford became the first minister.\\nSherman was made a town in 1802, and was formed\\nfrom the north part of New Fairfield and Wilton was\\nalso incorporated the same j^ear, having formerly been a\\nsocietj- in Norwalk from the j ear 1726.\\nThe 3 car before Bridgeport was given town privileges,\\nDarien, in the year 1820, was taken from Stamford and\\nmade a town, having before been known as the Middle-\\nsex parish.\\nMonroe, formerly the parish of New Stratford in\\nHuntington, was formed into a town in 1823.\\nAVestport, on tlic Saugatuck River, was foiinerly a part\\nof Fairfield, Norwalk and Weston, and was granted town\\npowers in 1S35.\\n1 Easton, formerly a parish ^^ith Weston in the town of\\nFail-field, was taken from the eastern part of Weston,\\nI and made a town in 1845 and Bethel, the 23d and the\\nlast town formed in the county, was incorporated in\\n1855, having been a portion of Danbury.\\nThe county was constituted in the year 1G6G, and\\nFairfield was made the shire town. Bridgeport, however,\\nwas given that honor about the jxar 1854. Danbur}- was\\ncreated a half shire town in Mav, 1784.\\nextinction of the race of red men here. At the time of\\nthe first settlement of the countv, the principal tribes\\nwithin its borders were the Paugussctts, who inhabited\\nStratford, Huntington, and the adjoining towns, and the\\nNorwalk tribe, which was nearlj a clan but there were\\nsome considerable clans at Newtown, New Fairfield,\\nRidgefield, Greenwich, Stamford, Fairfield and Bi-idge-\\nport. They were more numerous, however, along the\\nsea-coast, at the mouths of the rivers, and along their\\ncourses and the inland tribes visited those on the coast\\nand were treated to oysters, clams, and other sea food,\\nwho returned their civilities^ to secure lamprey-eels and\\nindulge in better hunting. In 1659, eighty acres of land\\nat Golden Hill, Bridgeport, -were made a reservation by\\nthe General Court for the Pequonnock Indians and it\\nwas ordered that when they desert their land it shall\\nrevert to Stratford plantation, which shall paj Fairfield\\none-half of the consideration which was received for the\\nland. All the Indians residing within the limits of this\\ncounty were, with the exception perhaps of those living\\nat Greenwich and Stamford, friendl}- to the early set-\\ntlers, who always made honorable purchases of their\\nlands before attempting to take possession but the\\nnatives and first settlers were greatlj- harassed b}- the\\nfierce and very powerful Iroquois or Mohawks, the mere\\nrumor of whose appearance created the wildest alarm.\\nComing annualh to collect tribute of the natives, their\\nnatural ferocity was exercised in killing and destroying\\non every hand, if their demands were refused. Thej- were\\ndefeated, however, eventually (1047) bj- the Paugussetts\\nin one battle, while attempting to take the fortress, near\\nthe mouth of the Ilousatonic River. The war with the\\nPequots closed with the fight at Sasco swamp, near\\nthe sea-shore, in the town of Fairfield, about two years\\nbefore the county was permanently settled, when 700\\nwarriors were killed and captured and as this tribe\\nthen became broken and discouraged, thej were not a\\nsource of danger to the early inhabitants.\\nThe Fairfield County Indians participated iu a war\\nwhich sprung from selling intoxicating liquors to an\\nIndian by some Dutch traders of New Amsterdam in\\n1G42. The Indian, while intoxicated, killed two whites\\nand, in retahation, by consent of the Dutch governor,\\nsome eighty natives were slain. Several tribes on the\\nHudson River having been defeated by the Mohawks,\\nthe remnant fled to New Amsterdam for jjrotection, but\\nthe governor again had his revenge, and about 100\\nThe Indian history of the county, though not as of them were killed. In 1643, the Indians on Long\\nthrilling, perhaps, as the history of the great savage Island, on the Hudson and in Connecticut, arose to\\ntribes living to the east and north, in interesting, how- j avenge their wrongs, and the teriitory of Greenwich and\\nover, as showing the complaints, struggles, and gradual Stamford was the theatre of many bloody conflicts. A", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0331.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nunited body of more than 1,500 warriors had their\\nencampment on this territorJ^, and the tomahawlt did its\\nwork of massacring women and children as well as men.\\nEven animals were driven into buildings and destroyed\\nby fire. In February, 1644, a battle was fought at\\nStrickland s Plain, in this county, between the Dutch\\nand Indians. After a tedious march, the former came\\nupon the Indian village in the light of a brilliant full\\nmoon, after a heavy snow-storm, when, after a fierce\\nconflict of an hour, a -victorj was achieved, and the blood\\nof ISO warriors crimsoned the snow. This put an end to\\nthe war, and in April, the Indians consented to a peace\\nliut there were some murders of settlers in Greenwich\\nand Stamford after this time.*\\nThis county has sustained its share of the loss of life\\nand treasure in the colonial wars as well as in those of\\nlater times.\\nWith the early settlers the ti-ain-band of independent\\nmilitary companies was as much of a necessary in-\\nstitution in each town as the church, and was compelled\\nto be on the watch at all times, and to train one day in\\nthe first week of March, April, Maj September, October\\nand November.\\nIn 1709, the militia was made more effective, and a\\ncommittee of war for Fairfield Count} was appointed\\nto provide for the defence of the frontier towns in the\\ncounty. In the French and Indian wars this county\\nfurnished about 3,000 men to maintain the honor of the\\nmother countrj The war of the Revolution, however,\\ncalled forth all the patriotic ardor of its people, and al-\\nthough not having the war-spirit at the Lexington alarm\\nin April, 1775, as had the counties nearer Boston, on ac-\\ncount of its nearness to New York, with which was its\\nprincipal trade, j-et 50 men marched from Fairfield and\\n58 from Greenwich for the relief of Boston at that time,\\nand 33 also went from Stamford to defend New York.\\nThere were three regiments formed from this county-\\nin 1776 and its quota was kept up during the war.\\nThere were said to be 2.5 wigwams on Golden Hill, Bridgeport,\\nin 1710 and only three women and four men remained in 1705. Tliey\\nwere ejected from their reservation in 1700, and after it was restored to\\nthem, they gave it all up for 30 bushels of corn, bLinlcets worth \u00c2\u00a33,\\n12 acres of Land on the west bank of the Pequonnock River, and 8\\nacres of woodland on Rocky Hill. About the year ISIO their lands\\nwere sold; and the fund eecured, in 1842, amounted to $1,175, of which\\nsum $500 was used to purchase a house and 20 acres of land in Trum-\\nbull. In 1S50 there were two squaws and si.K half-breeds living.\\nTheir family name was Sherman.\\nIn 177-t there were 35 Indians in Stratford, Monroe, Huntington,\\nTrumbull and Bridgeport, only 8 in Greenwich, 9 in Norwalk and\\nSt:uuford. It is quite probable that the Pootatuck clan in Newtown,\\nhad many years before joined the tribe in Southbury, and afterwards\\nthe \u00e2\u0096\u00a0Wcantinogucs at the Great Falls on the Housatonic River in New\\nMilford.\\nL3 ing on Long Island Sound, the county was partic-\\nularly exposed to the incursions of the enemy. On Sun-\\nday, the 27th of April, 1777, a force of more than 2,000\\nof the enem} under command of Gov. Tryon of New\\nYork, arrived in Danbury for the purpose of destroying\\nthe large quantity of military supplies stored there.\\nThe few American troops in the place being forced to\\nwithdraw, the supplies, and all the dwellings and build-\\nings belonging to the patriot inhabitants but one or two,\\nwere destroyed by fire. The indi\\\\-idual losses were\\nestimated at more than \u00c2\u00a316,000. The town records\\nwere burned, but the probate records were saved by\\nbeing taken to New Fairfield. Gen. David Woostor\\ntook command of the few American troops at his dis-\\nposal, and followed the enemy to Ridgefield, where he\\nwas mortally wounded. Gen. Arnold took immediate\\ncommand, and followed them to the mouth of the river,\\nwhere they re-embarked. The only real fight was where\\nthe gallant Wooster was fatally shot and, on the evi-\\ndence of an ej-e-witness, 16 British and 8 Americans\\nwere killed and several wounded. Several dwellings, and\\nother houses at Ridgefield, were burned and plundered.\\nJuly 8 and 9, 1779, Gov. Trj-on s troops plundered and\\nburned 212 houses, barns and stores, 3 churches, and 2\\nschool-houses. The court-house at Fairfield, and Green s\\nFarms were also consumed. The Rev. Dr. Daggett was\\none of the wounded. The loss of the British was about\\n80. Tryon landed at Norwalli in the evening of July\\n11, and destro3 ed the vessels in the harbor, magazines,\\nand stores, with the whole village of 190 dwellings.\\nGen. Putnam was stationed with his army at Reading in\\n1779, to support the garrison at West Point if attacked,\\nand also cover the Sound, and while here quieted a dis-\\ncontent in his arm} by a short, sharp speech. Green-\\nwich became famous as the town where he made his\\ncelebrated plunge down a steep precipice at Horse-\\nneck to save his life, one shot of the many going\\nthrough his hat. On Sunda}-, Julj 22, 1872, at Daiicn,\\nthe British troops, made up of Tories mostly, residing in\\nthis neighborhood, took Moses Mather, D. D., and his\\ncongregation, prisoners. Thus this count} from its\\nsituation, suffered heavily during the war, but was amply\\ncompensated for its losses pecuniarily by the State,\\nwhich, in 1792, granted to those in this and New London\\nCount} whose property was destroyed by the invasions\\nof the British, in addition to what they had already re-\\nceived, 500,000 acres of land of the western part of the\\nReserve in Ohio known as the Fire Lands.\\nDuring the war of 1812, the county furnished its full\\nproportion of troops to defend the State, and a small\\nfort erected at Black Rock Harbor, Fairfield, was manned", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0332.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nby a small force of militia, to protect the coasting trade\\nof the Sound, whieh was almost eutirclj- suspended by\\nthe partial blockade of the ports. A British privateer\\ncaptured the sloops Minerva, Capt. Baldwin, and\\nVictriss, Capt. Pennoj-er, both of Bridgeport, packets\\npl3nng between this port and Now York. Whale-boats\\nof light draft were used in the trade between New Yoik\\nand Bridgeport. Commodore Isaac Chauncey of Black\\nEock commanded our forces on Lake Ontario and the\\nprivateer Scourge of Stratford, commanded bj- Capt.\\nNichols, took so many prizes in the North and Baltic\\nseas that two English frigates attempted to capture her,\\nbut unsuccessfully. One afternoon, towards the close of\\nthe war, Bridgeport was startled by the appearance of\\ntwo British men-of-war coming to anchor in the harbor,\\nwith port-holes open, and great acti^^ty on board, as if\\nintending to immediately shell the town. The inhabi-\\ntants remembered the burning of neighboring towns\\nin the Revolutionary war, and there was no sleep that\\nnight. The church bells were rung, valuables and the\\nmoney in the bank were removed to a place of safety\\nthe miUtia were called out, and messengers sent for\\nrc-enforcements, and the wildest alarm prevailed but\\nlong breaths were taken in the morning when it was\\nknown that the war-ships had disappeared.\\nDuring the war of 1861, this county furnished about\\n8,000 men.\\nThe first church of Bridgeport was formally organized\\nin 1695, and Rev. Charles Chauncey, a grandson of the\\npresident of Harvard College, became the first minister.\\nIn 1706, the Rev. George Murison, an Episcopal mis-\\nsionary in the town of Rye, and the Hon. Caleb Heath-\\ncote made a tour from Greenwich to Stratford, where\\nabout 24 persons were baptized. The next year they\\nwere organized into a piirish. The first Episcopal\\nchurch edifice in the Colony was erected here, and\\nopened for divine service on Christmas Daj-, 1724.\\nFrom this beginning Episcopacy soon spread to Fair-\\n1 field and other towns. The Rev. Samuel Seabury,\\nconsecrated in 1784, in Scotland, the first bishop of Con-\\nnecticut, formerly under the jurisdiction of the Bishop\\nof London, made his first visit to the church at Strat-\\nford. There are now 34 Episcopal parishes in the\\ncount}\\nStratford is also the parent of Methodism, not only in\\nthis county but in the State. It was here that, in Sep-\\ntember, 1789, the first societ} was organized the second\\none was established at Reading. At the town of Wes-\\nton, in this county, Lee s Chapel was the first house\\nof worship erected by this denomination in New England.\\nThis building stood until 1813. There are now nearly\\n50 Methodist churches in the county, within the jurisdic-\\ntion of the New York East Conference.\\nThe first Baptist church in the county was constituted at\\nStratfield, now Bridgeport, in the year 1751. There are\\nat present 15 churches of this denomination in the\\ncount}\\nFrom about 1830 to 1840, the Roman Catholic Church\\ncommenced organizing in the county, and, in 1838, the\\nfirst service was held at Danburj From these begin-\\nnings it has increased till there are ten churches in the\\nmost central places in the county. A Sandemanian\\nchurch was formed at Danbury in 1765, by Robert\\nSandeman, a native of Scotland, who was buried at this\\nplace in 1771, and in 1798 there were three of these\\nchurches in the town.\\nThe early settlers seemed to be as desirous of promot-\\ning the cause of education, as of establishing the church,\\nand it may be said that the school and state were as\\nunited, nearly, as church and state. In many of the\\npetitions of the settlers in this county for church\\nprivileges, their needs of a school were also set forth.\\nA little more than 33 years after the first settlement of\\nthe county, 600 acres of land were granted by the\\nGeneral Court to Fairfield County, as well as the others,\\nfor a grammar school, to be established at the county\\ntown forever, which should be maintained so as to fit\\nyoung men for college, which, it is believed, was accepted\\nby this county so that, in those early times, the people\\nhad not only the advantages of the common schools in\\nthe county, but of a grammar or Latin school also. There\\nare now 240 common and 47 graded schools in the\\ncount}\\nIn 1819 the Brookfield Union Library Association\\nwas organized, and since that time there have been ten\\nof these institutions formed in the county. William\\nAugustus White of Brooklyn, N. Y., who died in 1868,\\nleft $10,000 by will, in trust, for a public library at\\nDanbury, and afterwards the old White homestead was\\ndeeded by Alexander M. and Granville White for the j\\nsame purpose. In 1876 they made a gift of about\\n$25,000 for the erection of a library building, which\\nwas commenced in 1877.\\nThere was an academy established by President Dwight\\nof Yale College at Fairfield, which sustained a very high\\nreputation, and was subsequent!}- a seminary for young\\nladies. Afterwards, such institutions were established\\nat several other towns in the county, but they have been\\non the decline since our admirably perfected common-\\nschool system has become so popular.\\nFor the promotion of agriculture, manufactures and\\ncommerce, perhaps this county was more favoraI)ly", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0333.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nsituated than some other portions of ths Colony, because\\nof its nearness to New York. Near the beginning of\\nthe present conturj-, the Fairfield Count} farmers com-\\nmenced improving their lands bj sj stematic drainage,\\nTvheu hundreds of acres of swamp lands, in the towns\\nof Greenwich, Daubury, Westport, Ridgefield, and\\nother towns were reclaimed and made vastlj more pro-\\nductive than before.\\nThe farmers ha-v-ing become awake to the benefits of\\nagricultural societies, four have been organized in the\\ncounty, the oldest of which, the County Societj at\\nNorwalk, was organized about 40 years ago. In 18G9\\nthe first cattle show and fair of the Danburj- Agricultural\\nSocict} was held.\\nSince the days of railroads, most of the grain comes\\nfrom the West, and the only grain elevator on the sea-\\ncoast between New York and Boston, was erected bj-\\nMessrs. Crane Hiu-d, in 1871, at Bridgeport. The\\ngrain is transported by rail or water, and 1,500,000\\nbushels have been handled in it in a year.\\nThe manufacturing industries of the countj have grown\\nup mainly since the Revolution. Hats were first manu-\\nfactui ed at Danbury in 1 780 b} Zadoc Benedict, who,\\nwith one journej-man and two apprentices, made about\\nthree in a day. About 1790, Messrs. Burr White\\nbuilt the first hat-factory in the town, emplo3 ing 30\\nhands, and producing 15 dozen per week. There were\\nproduced in 1800, at this place, 20,000 fur hats mostly,\\nsurpassing any other town in the United States in the\\nannual manufacture. About 40 years ago there were 57\\nhat-factories here, making about 270,000 annuall} with\\na capital of about $200,000. There were 11 hat-factories\\nat Norwalk 45 years ago, making about 3G,000 hats\\nannually. Besides these there were numerous fiictories\\nin other towns of the count} This county stands first\\nin this branch of business, having manufactured nearly\\ntwice as many hats as all the other counties of the Slate.\\nMachinery of all kinds, steam-engines and boilers were\\nfirst made in the county at Bridgeport more than 50\\nyears ago. In 1792 a paper-mill was carried into suc-\\ncessful operation at Danbury, which produced about\\n1,500 reams annuall} 50 years afterwards Fairchild s\\nlilill at Bridgeport was the only one in the count} Car-\\nriages were manufactured extensively at Bridgeport at\\nan early day by Mott Burr. Fifty years ago there\\nwere 14 tin-factories in the county, employing a capital\\nof over $40,000. Combs were largel}- manufactured in\\nNewtown in 1834 and, in 1845, there were 19 factories\\nengaged in this business in the county. In the early\\npart of the present century the boot and shoe liusiness\\ngave employment to many men, and the most extensive\\nbusiness in this branch of manufacture in the county has\\nbeen done at Norwalk. About 1830 there was over\\n\u00c2\u00a720,000 capital employed in the manufacture of felt-\\ncloth at Norwalk, and the business has been largely\\nprosecuted since that time. For some 20 years the\\nmanufacture of rubber-belting has been earned on at\\nNewtown on an extensive scale. In the early growth of\\nBridgeport the manufacture of saddles and harnesses\\nwas an important industry.\\nAmong the more recent manufacturing industries of\\nthe county has been that of patent leather. In 1845,\\nMr. S. J. Patterson commenced this business at Bridge-\\nport, and soon after the Bridgeport Patent Leather\\nCompany was formed, which has done a heavy business.\\nThe first practicable machine for sewing was patented\\nby Elias Howe, Jr., in 1846, and consisted, generally,\\nof a needle with the eye in the point, and a shuttle to\\nunite two edges in a seam, forming the stitch by inter-\\nlocking two threads. In 1862, he established his busi-\\nness at Bridgeport, and erected a large factory, where\\nthe Secor Company also have their works. In 1857 the\\nworld-renowned Wheeler and Wilson Sewing-Machine\\nCompany established their works at Bridgeport. One\\nof the heaviest and most successful industries of Bridge-\\nport has been the steel works, from which the Union\\nCar-Spring Company of Jersey City, N. J., were supplied\\nwith bar steel but, about 1874, this company removed\\ntheir works to Bridgeport, and both are now under one\\nmanagement in the making of car-springs not only for\\ntheir own, but for foreign markets. The manufacture of\\ncartridges of all kinds was commenced at Bridgeport in\\n1860. The makers of the celebrated Sharpe s rifle\\nlocated their armory here in 1875.\\nIn 1680, when there were but twenty-six towns in the\\nColony, the little commerce of this county was managed\\nat Fairfield, where ships of about 300 tons burden could\\ncome into the harbor of Black Rock. The principal\\ncentre for the trade of the county for a long period prior\\nto the rise of Bridgeport, was at Norwalk, from which\\nplace regular lines of passenger and freight sloops sailed\\nto New York. The first incorporated steamboat com-\\npany in the county was formed at Norwalk in 1824 and\\nsoon after the first regular line of stearalioats made trips\\nto the metropolis; and, about 1825, commenced to nm\\nfrom Stamford. It was not, however, till 1832, that the\\nfirst steamboat connection was made with Biidgeport and\\nNew York, and about ten years since with Port Jefferson\\non Long Island. For the past forty years Bridgeport\\nhas taken the lead as a commercial centre, and the com-\\nmerce has been confined mostly to the coasting trade, as\\nthe export trade is still in its infancy. This place was a", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0334.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\ngrain mart up to 1832 and extensive commerce was\\ncarried on from here with eastern and southern ports.\\nPrior to 1840, the West Indian trade was vcrj consider-\\nable, and made good business for millers and coopers.\\nThree ships were at one time engaged in the whale-\\nfisheries from here, and a company pursued cod-fishing\\non the banks of Newfoundland and, for the last few\\nyears, a large trade in ice has been developed. There\\nare six light-houses on the coast of this countj-. The\\nPenficld Reef light-house at Black Rock harbor, erected\\nin 1873, has a flashing red light, with a fog-bell. The\\nBridgeport light-house, completed in 1871, has a fixed\\nred light.\\nThe first board of trade formed in the count}- was\\norganized at Bridgeport in 1875, for the purpose of giv-\\ning ever}- possible impetus to commercial and manufac-\\nturing enterprises.\\nIn 1G87, roads leading from one plantation to another\\nwere first designated as king s highwa3-s\\nor countr} roads. The first road of this\\ncharacter in the count} was laid out from\\nStratford over Golden Hill at Pequonnock,\\nfor horses and carts, which afterwards be-\\ncame a section of the regular stage-road\\nand post-route through the county from\\nNew York to Boston.\\nAt the commencement of the present\\ncentury, it took thirty hours to travel b}\\nthe mail-stage on the route from Hartford\\nthrough Danbury, the half-w.iy place, to\\nNew York, not including the time required\\nto stop over-night at Danbury and the stage fare alone\\nwas $G.90, with 1-4 pounds of baggage, and a single fare\\nextra, if it weighed over 100 pounds. In place of the old\\nking s highway, the New York and New Haven Railroad\\nCompany, incorporated in 1844, and consolidated with the\\nNew Haven and Hartford Company in 1872, but which\\ncommenced business in this county in 1839, was a great\\nstimulus to all kinds of industry in the towns along the\\nsea-coast. The Housatonic Railroad, incorporated in\\n183G, running through the western part of Connecticut,\\nand fully opened for business in 1842, the result of\\nthe great perseverance and energy of Alfred Bishop,\\nplaced Bridgeport in as favorable a position as any\\nother seaport town in New England in its railway con-\\nnections with the West and was the germ of the rapid\\ngrowth of the manufactures and commerce of that city.\\nHardly less important, however, has been the eflTect of\\nthe Naugatuck Railroad upon this part of the county,\\nwhich, incorporated in 1845, to ran from Winsted to\\nBridgeport, and not fully operated till 1849, has opened\\nup to this county, and to Bridgeport in particular, the\\nadvantages that flow from the extensive manufacturing\\ninterests of the Naugatuck Valley. From the time of\\nthe opening of the Danbury and Norwalk Railroad in\\n1852, Danbury has grown rapidly in population and\\nbusiness activity. The New York and Housatonic\\nNorthern Company, chartered in 18G3, since 1870 has\\nbeen run from Brookfield to Danbury by the Housatonic\\nCompany. The New Canaan Railroad commenced opera-\\ntions in 18G8, and runs to Stamford. The New York and\\nNew England Railroad Company, chartered in 1873,\\nwas partially graded a few years since, and runs through\\nDanbury from the west to Boston, and will become a\\ngrand trunk line through the county, making more direct\\ncommunication with New England and the West.\\nThe first savings bank was organized at Bridgeport in\\n1842, from which time there have been 17 monetary insti-\\ntutions of this kind formed in the county, with deposits\\namounting to nearly \u00c2\u00a714,000,000.\\nThe first newspaper published in the\\ncounty was the Fairfield Gazette, 93\\nyears ago, at the county seat. The oldest\\nnewspaper published in the county is the\\nRepublican Farmer, still a flourishing\\npaper, with a large circulation. The\\nFarmer s Journal was established at\\nDanbury the same year (1790). The\\nNorwalk Gazette was first brought out\\nin 1818, and still maintains its leading posi-\\ntion in the south-western part of the county.\\nIn 1829 the Stamford Advocate was\\nfirst published. The Republican Standard of Bridge-\\nport first made its appearance in 1842. The Evening\\nStandard was the first daily paper published in the\\ncounty its initial number was issued in 1854. The\\nnext daily paper successfully established was the Even-\\ning Farmer, also of Bridgeport. In 1876 the South-\\nport Chronicle came into existence; and the South\\nNorwalk Sentinel was first issued in 1870. The world-\\nrenowned Danbury News was first established in\\n1870, having grown out of the consolidation of the\\nDanbury Times and the Jeffersonian. The centen-\\nnial issue of the News, printed in blue ink, gave a\\ngraphic account of the great celebration in Danbury\\nJuly 5, 1876, when the people rejoiced for the final vic-\\ntory which was achieved over the torch of Gov. Tryon.\\nThere are now 21 weekly, and two daily papers in the\\ncounty.\\nThe population of Fairfield County has increased,\\nnext to New Haven and Hartford counties, with greater\\nrapidity than any other in the State. In 16G9, there", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0335.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwere only about 165 freemen in the county, which then\\ncomprised the four plantations of Stratford, Fairfield,\\nNorwalk and Stamford, not including that of Rye. In\\nthe j-oar 1756, the population was 19,849; in 1870,\\n95,370 and now the county has an estimated population\\nOf 106,450.\\nTowns.\\nBridgeport, most favorably situated on Long Island\\nSound, 58 miles from New York, has a population of\\nabout 25,000. This thri\\\\ing city is in first-class rail-\\nroad communication with New York and Boston, with\\nthe West from Albany, and with the Naugatuck Valley\\nand there are 70 arrivals and departures of trains daily\\nat this point. Its facilities for commerce are unsur-\\npassed, having within its limits the Bridgeport, and one-\\nhalf of the Black Rock, harbors. That part of the city\\nknown as East Bridgeport is connected with the other\\npart by five free public bridges across the Pequonnock\\nRiver and there is an ample foot-bridge on the New\\nYork, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad biidge.\\nA large portion of the population are skilled artisans,\\nwho are employed in a very great variety of manufactur-\\ning and among the long list of productions, which may\\nbe named to show the extent of this industiy, are\\nmachinerj steam-engines, boilers, and castings of all\\ndescriptions cast-steel and car-springs, springs, perches\\nand axles, brass ware, pumps, locks, hardware, cutlerj\\nSharpc s rifles and sporting guns, bits and braces,\\nsilver-plated goods for carriages, saddlery and horse trim-\\nmings, and electro-plating in gold, silver and nickel and\\nsewing-machines, for which the Wheeler and Wilson Com-\\npany occupies four entire blocks, with a capital stock of\\n81,000,000, employing 1,200 hands, with a monthly pa}--\\nroll of $100,000, and producing about 600 machines per\\nday while the Howe Company, with a capital of $1,000,-\\n000 also, and having a branch house in Glasgow, Scot.,\\nis doing an enormous business. There are here two\\npatent-leather companies of $100,000 each, of which the\\nPatent Leather Company handles and finishes about 20,-\\n000 hides per annum, and the John S. Way Company\\nproduces russet grain leather to the amount of 35,000\\nsides annuallj- and besides annually dresses 9,000 buffalo\\nrobes, running two factories and emploj-ing about 80\\nmen. Cartridges are also manufactured here, with $300-\\n000 capital, and a working force of 450 men also per-\\ncussion-caps, and paper and metallic shells, paper and\\npaper boxes, carriages and coaches, coach-lace and\\ncoach-lamps, hats, furniture, shirts (employes number-\\ning about 300, with about 400 who take work outside the\\nfactory) ornamental wood, wood-finishing goods, novel-\\nties and toys (emplojing several hundred hands), sad-\\ndles and harnesses, cement, sewer and drain pipes, hav-\\ning branches in many places in western Connecticut;\\nsilk ribbon, varnish of a superior quality, soap, water-\\nmoters, jewelry of a cheap grade, boots and shoes, c.\\nThe commerce of the city is mostly in the coasting\\ntrade. The business of the custom-house for the Fair-\\nfield district is located here. The Bridgeport Steamboat\\nCompanj- despatches two first-class steamers, the Bridge-\\nport and the Laura, to New York daily. The monetary\\ninstitutions consist of five national banks and a mutual\\nfire insurance com|)any. There are nine most attractive\\npublic school buildings, one of which will accommodate\\nover 1,000 pupils, a high school, a young ladies semi-\\nnary, and numerous private schools. The Bridgeport\\nLibrary contains over 9,000 volumes.\\nThe city has two daily, two weekly, and three semi-\\nweekly newspapers. Its water supply is ample. The\\nstreets and avenues are kept in a cleanly condition are\\nwell curbed and thoroughly lighted with gas the walks\\nare mostly of stone and concrete, and the system of\\ndrainage is effected by over 18 miles of sewer pipes. A\\nwell-equipped horse railroad and its branches accommo-\\ndate the people from the centre to the suburbs of East\\nBridgeport and Fairfield, and to the cemetery and the\\nparks. Mountain Grove Cemetery, on the extreme\\nwestern limits of the city, covers about 80 acres. It is\\nlaid out with most exquisite taste, and is adorned with\\nmassive and costly monuments. This city cannot be\\nsurpassed for its favorite drives and popular pleasure-\\ngrounds. Seaside Park is a most charming place for\\nrecreation and pleasure. Here, in this most appropriate\\nspot, has been erected an imposing and costly granite\\nmonument, adorned with marble statues and bronze\\nmedalUons, to the memory of the soldiers and sailors who\\nfell in the late war. Washington Park in East Bridge-\\nport, containing a fine grove of old forest trees, is also\\nan attractive place.\\nThe city is not deficient in fine blocks of buildings and\\npublic edifices. Some of those that attract attention are\\nthe Bridgeport and People s Savings Bank buUdings, the\\nCity National Bank the court-house, built of freestone\\nat a cost of $75,000 Wheeler s Block, which contains\\nthe public library the Standard Association Building,\\nand two opera-houses, one of which is a fine structure.\\nThe churches of the city are 29 in number. St.\\nAugustine s Roman Catholic Church is a massive Gothic\\nedifice, built of granite at a cost of about $150,000. St.\\nMary s Catholic Church, in East Bridgeport, is of a strik-\\ning architectural design. St. John s Episcopal Church is\\nof handsome Gothic design, and cost about $100,000.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0336.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "CONAECTICUT.\\n307\\nThe First Prcsb} temn\\nChurch edifice is of a pecu-\\nliarl)- novel design througliout\\nIt is of undressed bkic stone\\ntrimmed with light gianite\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with a tower about 150 fett\\nin height.\\nNathaniel Ilewit, D. D an\\neminent pulpit orator and i o\\nformer, was born at Jse^\\nLondon, Conn., in 1788 Ik\\ngraduated at Yale College\\nand studied law, which Ik\\nabandoned for the ministn\\nlie was installed ovei the\\nSecond Congi-egational Chui c h\\nat Bridgeport in 1830 lud\\no\\\\ er the First Presbj tenan\\nChurch in 1853. He died in\\nFebruary, 1867.\\nHon. William D. Bishop i\\nnative of Bridgeport, has been\\na member of Congress and\\ncommissioner of patents He wis a long time p csuknt I Besides the Hige\\nof the New York, New Haven anel Hartford Railroael here, anel others.\\nCompany. _^_\\nHon. P. T. Barnum, V- iX Z^---\\nborn in Bethel, Conn.,\\nin 1810, is not onl\\\\- the\\ngreatest showman of\\nthe age, but a good\\nlecturer and a popular\\ntemperance ad\\\\ ocate\\nHe has also been ma\\\\ oi\\nof Bridgeport.\\nThe City of Soitii\\nnorwalk, axi) tiif\\nBorough and T()a\\\\n of\\nNoRWALK. The clt^,\\nsituated on the west\\nside of Nor walk haibor,\\nis one of the most iin\\nportant st.ations on the\\nline of the New 1 oik.\\nNew Haven and Hut\\nford Railroad. It h i\\nan estimated population\\nof about 5,000 The\\nmanufacturing interests\\nat this point are quite\\nextensive; its nearness whcelle^ hloc^\\nto the great metropolis, and its\\nfirst class water and railway\\ncommunication rendering it\\none of the most desirable lo-\\ncations for carrying on the\\ngi eat industries. Among some\\ni the most important manu-\\n1 letuies are locks, knobs and\\n1 I onze ware steam-engines\\nand the celebrated Earl s\\nsteam-pump at the Norwalk\\nIi on Works fine hats by five\\nI Ikieiit companies, also straw\\nI its boots and shoes on an\\n\\\\tensive scale, and paper\\n1 jxes There are also two\\nII ge planing-mill companies\\n)nig a heavy business. At-\\ntuition is also largely given\\nto shipbuilding.\\nThe situation of the city\\nleneleis its commerce of great\\nimpoitance to its growth.\\nnumbei ot vessels built and owned\\nengaged in the coasting trade, the\\ntransportation lines of\\nsteamers are continuall}\\nengageel in a profitable\\nbusiness. White s Line\\nfoi New York runs apas-\\nstngei and two freight\\nb^ats Boats are also\\nrun by the Steam\\nFreighting Company.\\nThe city is growing\\nripidh having about\\ndoubled its population\\nduiing the last decade.\\nIt has some fine blocks\\nof builelings and church\\nedihces and a hand-\\ns me opera-house. The\\nkool facilities arc ex-\\n11 nt The religious\\nII teicstsarerepresented\\nh\\\\ fl\\\\e churches. The\\nn itei works arc among\\nthe most complete in\\nfVN-^P N I w England.\\nThe borough of Nor-\\nwalk IS situated in the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0337.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ncentre of the town, on the river, nearly one and a, half\\nmiles north of the citj-. It contains about 7,500 inhab-\\nitants, and has five banks, six churches, and several\\nmanufacturing establishments. There are two academies\\nin the borough, and four newspaper offices.\\nThe town of Norwalk contains about twentj- square\\nmiles of territorj-, and has a population of some 15,000\\npersons.\\nHon. Thomas Fitch -was boin about 1697 was deputy-\\ngovernor of the Colony for four years from 1 750 governor\\nfor twelve consecutive years from 1754. He was a\\nlawyer, distinguished for great abilities and large acquire-\\nments. He died July 18, 1774.\\nHon. Thomas Belden Butler was born Aug. 22, 1806\\ngraduated at the Yale Medical School, and settled at\\nNorwalk in 1829, as a physician, but on account of his\\nnerA ous temperament abandoned that profession, studied\\nlaw, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. He was a\\nmember of Congress one term was elected a judge of\\nthe Superior Court in 1855 of the Supreme Court in\\n1801, and was made chief justice in 1870. He resigned\\nthis office in 1873, because of ill health. He was the\\nauthor of an elaborate work on the atmospheric system\\nan inventor, and obtained several patents, and took an\\nactive interest in agriculture. He died June 8, 1873.\\nClark Bissell, LL. D., was governor of the State, and\\na judge of the Supreme Court of Errors from 1829 to\\n1839.\\nHon. Orris S. Ferry was bom at Bethel, Conn.,\\nAug. 15, 1823; graduated at Yale College, and settled\\nat Norwalk in the practice of law. He was a member of\\nCongress one term, and colonel and brigadier-general of\\nvolunteers in the late war. He took his seat as United\\nStates senator in 1867, and was re-elected in 1872 for a\\nsix years term. He died in 1876.\\nDanbury, the northern terminus of the Danbury and\\nNorwalk Railroad, has a population of about 10,000.\\nNo town in the State manifests a more lively interest\\nin education, and the ample school buildings and grounds\\nare made most attractive.\\nAlthough the central part of the town is not yet a city,\\nit is an incorporated borough, containing a population of\\nabout 8,500, and is one of the most attractive, as it is also\\none of the most enterprising places in New England.\\nThe religious denominations are represented by eight\\nchurches. The newspapers, besides the News, are\\nthe Democrat and Globe, which are ably-con-\\nducted journals. The borough contains two national\\nbanks.\\nOne of the places of interest is Deer Hill, the location\\nof beautiful residences. There are two delightful lakes.\\nNeversink and Kenosha, the last of which is a fashionable\\nresort for picnic and excursion parties, about two miles\\nwest of the centre, and is tlie source of Still River, which\\nruns through the borough, and affords a good water\\npower. The AVooster Cemeter3-, embracing an enclosure\\nof about 100 acres, with its evergreens, tastefully laid\\nout mounds, walks and drives, its artificial lake, and\\ncostly and attractive monuments, is a fit and pleasing\\nplace of sepulture. Near the entrance, on a sightly\\nelevation, stands the monument erected to the memor3-\\nof Maj. Gen. David Wooster. It is of freestone, and\\nabout 40 feet high. The coat of arms of Connecticut is\\ncarved on one side of the shaft his deeds of valor are\\nrecorded ou another, and on the third, the fact of his\\nhaving organized the first lodge of Freemasons in Con-\\nnecticut at New Haven.\\nRev. Ebenezer Baldwin, born July 3, 1745, and a,\\ngraduate of Yale College, was ordained at Danbury in\\nOctober, 1770. He was a chaplain in the Revolutionary\\narmy at New York in 1770, and, amid the hardships\\nof the camp in attending the sick and suffering, contracted\\nthe disease of which he died. He was a man of great\\ntalents and culture. lie died Oct. 1, 1770.\\nStamford has a population of about 11,000. The\\nborough is situated on i\\\\Iill River. The commerce is\\nprincipally with New York. Palatial steamers make 1\\ndail} trips to and from New York, and the freight of\\nthe transportation companies is heavy.\\nThe manufacturing interests are somewhat varied, and\\namong them ma} be noticed the productiou of iron, brass\\nand copper ware. A large busiuess is carried on in the\\nmanufacture of stoves, hollow ware, hot-air and cooking\\nranges and castings. There are also camphor refineries, I\\nand dyewoods of all kinds are quite extensively manu-\\nfactured, as are boots and shoes, edge tools and wire, i\\nlocks, carriages, woollen goods, billiard-tables, fire-brick,\\ndrain-pipes, marble, granite and flagging-stone. j\\nThis is one of the most popular localities for residences\\nof the business men of New York, and those who wish\\nto retire to live in wealth and luxurj- and the town is\\nbeheved to have more elegant private residences than\\nanj- other of its size in the State. About 20 passenger\\ntrains leave here on the N. 1 N. II. and II. R. R., and\\n18 arrive dail} from New York. The town is one school\\ndistrict, having seventeen common, and several private\\nschools. There are also four graded schools and two i\\nacademies. The religious interests are maintained by 1\\ntwelve churches. Some of the church edifices are models\\nof architecture.\\nThe town hall, of brick and Ohio stone, with a tower\\n100 feet high, was built at a cost of $140,000.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0338.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nWoodland Cemeterj- is an attractive spot. Tlie drives\\nin the vicinity of Stamford are cliarming, and tlie views\\nof tlie Sound and the surrounding country from the\\nadjoining hills are magnificent.\\nAbraham Davenport, grandson of the Rev. John\\nDavenport, the founder of the New Haven Colonj-, was\\na resident of Stamford. His true Christian integritv,\\nvigor and uncommon firmness of mind, were prominent\\ntraits of character. In the legislature of Connecticut\\nMay 18, 1780, on the famous daxk day, which was\\nthought to be the judgment day, on a motion to\\nadjourn, he said I am against an adjournment. The\\nday of judgment is approaching, or it is not. If it is\\nnot, there is no cause for adjournment if it is, I choose\\nto be found doing my dutj-. I wish, therefore, that\\ncandles maj^ be brought. While sitting as chief justice\\nof the Court of Common Pleas at Danbury, after being\\nstruck with death, he heard a portion of a trial, charged\\nthe jury, and retired for the night to be found with life\\nextinct soon afterwards.\\nCharles Ilawley, born June 15, 1792, gi-aduatod with\\nhonor at Yale in 1813, and opened a law office in Stam-\\nford about 181G. He left an estate probablj larger than\\nVLuy lawj er has accumulated from his profession alone in\\nthe State, and stood in the first rank of the profession.\\nHe was lieutenant-governor from 1838 to 1842, and died\\nFeb. 27, 1866.\\nThe remaining towns of Fairfield Countj are Green-\\nwich* (population, 8,000), having several business cen-\\ntres, whose local newspaper needs are served by the\\ncrisp and sprightly Greenwich Observer and is noted\\nprincipally for its fine villas and residences of men doing\\nbusiness in New Yorfe. Fairfield f (5,000) embracing,\\nin its extreme south-western part, at the mouth of Mill\\nRiver, Southport, which, lilce Greenwich, is a most\\ncharming suburb of New York, and has a small though\\ndeep and commodious harbor. NEWTOw f, an agricultu-\\nral town, 3 et favored with the business of the New York\\nBelting and Packing Compan} the oldest manufacturers\\nof vulcanized rubber fabrics in the country as also with\\nthe manufacture of car-springs, solid emeiy vulcanite\\nwheels, antiseptic linen hose, rubber-lined linen hose,\\nc. Stratford (3,600), situated on Long Island\\nSound, at the mouth of the Housatonic River, a level\\nOn tbo eastern limit of the town of Greenwich is the hill noted as\\nthe place of the daring feat of Gen. Putnam in the Revolutionary war.\\nt In Ihc western and nppcr part of the town is Greenfield Hill, one of\\nthe most sightly elevations of the region. From the church steeple here\\n23 church spires in Bridgeport, Stratford, Milford, Reading and other\\nplaces can bo seen, also .about half a dozen light-houses from Stratford\\nPoint to the Norwallc Islands. A public avenue now runs over the cele-\\nbrated Sasco Swamp of earliest Indian warfare fame, near Southport.\\ntownship for the most part, whose meadows at the\\nmouth of the river are of \\\\ery rich alluvial formation\\nand its village is characterized by one long, fine street,\\npleasantly lined with elegant residences, and well shaded\\nwith a variety of ornamental trees. Westport J (3,500),\\na town noted, like several of the foregoing, for its\\nbeautiful residences of those still in business in New\\nYork citj as also of those who have retired from active\\nlife. New Canaan (2,800), a mountainous, yet grow-\\ning town at the terminus of the New Canaan Railroad,\\nwhose manufacturing interests are in boots and shoes,\\nand whose local paper is the well-esteemed New\\nCanaan Messenger. Bethel, an incorporated borough\\nof 2,500 inhabitants a growing, prosperous place,\\nwhose leading industry is the manufacture of hats, and\\nwhose recently-completed water-works are justly the\\npride of the town. Ridgefield\u00c2\u00a7 (1,900), lying in the\\nwestern part of the county- bordering on New York, the\\nprincipal street of whose village, with its lawns, walks\\nand shade-trees, imparts to the place a wonderful home-\\nlike appearance, and whose newspaper, the Ridgo-\\nflcld Press, has deservedly an excellent circulation.\\nDarien (1,900), a small township situated on Long\\nIsland Sound, a favorite resort for purposes of residence\\nof New York business men, and withal of ger.tbmcn\\nof leisure. Wilton, an agricultural town of 1,850 in-\\nhabitants. Reading, a sparsel} settled, strictlj- agri-\\ncultural township, with a population of about 1,600.\\nHuntington (1,600), having quite extensive manufac-\\ntures of silver ware and paper, and a growing place.\\nTrumbullII (1,300), its people being largely given to\\nhusbandry, though shirts are quite extensively manu-\\nfactured here as also paper, at Beers Mills. Monroe\\n(1,200), an agricultural township, with an uneven sur-\\nface, though quite productive soil. Easton (1,200), an\\nirregular township lying north of Fairfield a farming\\nand eminently well-to-do community. Brookfield\\n(1,100), a farming town, though giving some attention\\nto the manufacture of lime, luats, c. Weston (1,000),\\nwhich has an iron foundry and machine-shop at Valley\\nForge a plough and hay-cutter manufactor} and a flour\\nand plaster mill at Lyon s Plains. New Fairfield (800)\\nan agricultural town lying adjacent to the New York\\nState line. Sherman (800), the most northern town in\\nt On a bend of the river, at a point near the Sound, is the elevation\\nknown in Revolutionary history as Compo.\\nSome parts of this township are so elevated, that a view can be had\\nof Long Island Sound at a distance of M miles, and of East iind West\\nRoek at Now Haven, and of (he Highlands of the Hudson.\\nII Tashua Hill, in this town, is a signal-station of the United States\\nCoast Survey, and is the first land visilile when approaching this\\ncoast.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0339.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe count_v, wedged in between Litchfield Count}- and\\nthe State of New York, and whose people are nearl} all\\nfarmers.\\nAll these towns have the usual complement of churches,\\nquite all being of the so-called Evangelical order, the\\nCongregatioualist and Methodist, perhaps, predominat-\\ning and of schools.\\nRev. Isaac Lewis, D. D., born Jan. 21, 1746; Y.ale\\nCollege, 1765; settled at Greenwich Oct. 18, 1786;\\nwas a fervent Revolutionar}- patriot, and at one time a\\nregimental chaplain. In the onl}- house left standing at\\nthe burning of Norwalk, he preached an appropriate\\nsermon from Isa. Ixiv. 11-12, the inhabitants having\\nassembled on the occasion for the purpose of fasting and\\npraj-er. He died Aug. 27, 1840.\\nJoel Lindsley, D. D. (1793-1868), was long the\\nesteemed pastor of the Greenwich Congregational\\nchurch.\\nHon. Gold Selleck Silliman, born at Fairfield in 1732\\nY^ale College 1 752 a distinguished law3-er, and a briga-\\ndier-general of militia in the Revolution was the father\\nof the late Benjamin Silliman, LL. D., of Y ale College.\\nHis death occurred Jul}- 12, 1790.\\nPhilo Shelton, A. M., fonner rector of Trinitj^ Church\\nof Fairfield (1754-1825; Y ale College, 1778), is be-\\nheved to have been the first Episcopal clergj-man\\nordained in the United States.\\nRoger Minott Sherman, LL. D., a native of Fairfield,\\none of the most eminent lawj-ers of his day, and son of\\nRoger Shennan, one of the signers of the Declaration,\\nwas one of the judges of the Supreme Court of Errors\\nof this State from 1839 to 1842.\\nThe Rev. Samuel Johnson, D. D., one of the founders\\nof Episcopacy in Connecticut (1696-1772; Y ale Col-\\nlege, 1714), an author of note, a man of great talents\\nand personal dignity, was settled at one time over the\\nchurch in Stratford.\\nMaj. Gen. Daniel Wooster, a native of Stratford\\n(1711-1771; Y ale College, 1738), having entered the\\nmilitary service, was captain of a companj- in the expe-\\ndition against Louisburgh in 1745. He was a general in\\nthe French wars commander of the troops sent to guard\\nNew Y ork in 1775 went to Canada, and was chief in\\ncommand after the death of Gen. ISIontgomery. He\\nwas appointed major-general of the State militia about\\n1776 and, in 1 777, learning that the British had landed\\nat Compo, pursued them to Danbury, and was mortally\\nwounded at Ridgeficld April 27, 1777.\\nHon. David Plant, a native and life-long resident of\\nStratford, a graduate of Y ale in 1804, was a member\\nof Congress from 1827 to 1829, and died Oct. 18,\\n1851.\\nThe Rev. Jonathan Ingersoll, installed pastor of the\\nRidgefleld church Aug. 8, 1739, was a chaplain in the\\nColonial armj- on Lake Champlain. He died Oct. 2,\\n1778, in the 65th year of his age, and the 40th of his\\nministry.\\nThe Rev. Samuel Goodrich, father of the renowned\\nPeter Parley, was, for upwards of 25 years, the faithful\\npastor of the Ridgefleld church.\\nThe Rev. David Ely, D. D., settled at Huntington\\nOct. 27, 1773 (1749-1816; Y ale College, 1769), was so\\nzealous in the patriot cause during the Revolutionarv\\nwar, that the Tories in this section threatened to hang\\nhim, when the rebellion should have been crushed, on an\\noak tree in the public square.\\nThe Rev. James Beebe, pastor of the Congregational\\nchurch at Trumbull for 38 years, took an active part in\\nthe capture of Ticonderoga during the French and Indian\\nwars, and was very instrumental in stirring up the j\\nenthusiasm of the people during the Revolutionary war.\\nMr. Samuel Staples, a noted man of his time, founded\\nthe celebrated academy in Easton, by giving a fund i\\nwhich made it a free school, and a number of acres of i\\nland for the benefit of the school.\\nRev. Samuel Sherwood (1730-1783; Y ale College,\\n1749), was ordained at Weston Aug. 17, 1757. Espous-\\ning the colonial cause in the Revolutionary war with such\\nzeal as to become obnoxious to the British and Tories, it\\nwas not deemed safe for him at one time to sleep in his\\nown house. A pubUshed Fast-day sennon, delivered by\\nhim in 1774, was recently deposited in the library of\\nYale College.\\nRev. Maltby Gelston (17GG-1856; Y ale College,]\\n1791), was installed pastor of the church in Sherman\\nApril 26, 1797, at a salary of \u00c2\u00a3100, and a few cords of\\nwood. He was proverbial for his wisdom, elevated piety,\\nindustrj- and punctuality. After an active ministry of j\\n45 years in this town, where he always resided after his j\\ninstallation, he died at the advanced age of 90 years.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0340.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nHARTFORD COUKTY,\\nBY WILLIAM I. FLETCHER.\\nAt the time of discovery, the Connecticut EiverVallej-\\nwas inhabited by several small tribes of Indians, allied\\nto the Nan-agansetts and the Nehantics, and, like them,\\nsubject to the constant attaclcs of the more powerful and\\nwarlike Pequots. Thej wore also in a condition of\\nenforced vassalage to tlie mightj Iroquois or Mohawk\\nconfederation, which bounded them on the west, and\\nwliose warriors levied arbitarj- tribute upon the Connect-\\nicut tribes, and in case of resistance devastated their\\nvillages. Many of the river Indians had been driven\\nfrom their original homes and had migrated to eastern\\nMassachusetts, where thej were found by the Pl^-mouth\\nsettlers. Within the limits of Hartford County were\\nseveral fortified villages, where the remnants of these\\ntribes were entrenched as a protection against their\\nnumerous enemies. At Pyquag, now Wethersfield, Capt.\\nBlock held an interview with Sequin, sachem of a\\ntribe resident there and he also makes mention of a\\nvillage a few miles farther north, inhabited by the\\nNawaas tribe. Upon the Tunxis River was located\\nthe tribe of that name, and the Podunks occupied the\\neastern shore of tlie Connecticut, opposite Hartford.\\nSuckiage, the location of Hartford, had probably been\\nseized bj the Pequots, as the Dutch, who were first to\\nmake a purchase of land at this place treated with a\\nPequot sachem.\\nIn the spring of 1631 Wahquimacut, a sachem of one\\nof the river tribes, e-vidently impressed with the idea that\\nthe English would prove powerful allies against his\\nrelentless foes, the Pequots and Mohawks, visited the\\nMassachusetts settlements and invited emigration to his\\ncountrj extolling its natural advantages and guarantee-\\ning reasonable terms for the land and bounties to actual\\nsettlers. Gov. Winthrop of Massachusetts Bay seems\\nnot to have been favorably impressed by the proposition,\\nand took no action, but Gov. Winslow of Plj-mouth\\ndeemed the matter of suflicient importance to warrant a\\njourney to the Connecticut. He was soon followed by\\nother explorers, and projects for emigration were warmly\\ndiscussed b} the Massachusetts colonists. As tlie early\\nsettlers were anxious to remain near navigable water,\\nthe towns in the vicinity of Boston were already com-\\nplaining of overcrowding, and the Connecticut Valley\\nwas regarded with longing ej es, although the govern-\\nment of Massachusetts Bay continued to discourage the\\nproposed migration. But advocates of the measure\\nwere continuallv arriving from England, and the govern-\\nment soon found itself In the minority.\\nIn June, 1C33, Jacob Van Curter, an agent of the\\nDutch West India Company, purchased about twenty\\nacres of land at what is still known as Dutch Point in\\nHartford, and erected thereon a fort and trading-house,\\nwhich he named the House of Good Hope. In\\nOctober, 1633, Plymouth Colony, having in vain endeav-\\nored to secure the co-operation of Massachusetts Bay,\\ndespatched a vessel to the Connecticut Eiver, under com-\\nmand of Wilham Holmes, who established, near the\\nmouth of the Tunxis River, on the site of the present\\ntown of Windsor, a trading-post.\\nDuring the summer of 1634 a companj from Water-\\ntown settled at Wethersfield. It seems certain that a\\nportion of this compan} remained through the winter,\\nthus constituting this tlie first actual settlement of Hart-\\nford County. June, 1635, the church at Dorchester, of\\nwhich the Rev. John Wareham was minister, located at\\nWindsor, near the trading-post established hy Holmes.\\nThe Plymouth government regarded this as an invasion\\nof their rights, but took no active measures to dispossess\\nthe Dorchester people. The matter was compromised\\nseveral years later hy a grant of land and the paj-ment\\nof a stipulated sum of mone3-. Among the Dorchester\\nemigrants was Roger Ludlow, lieutenant-governor of\\nMassachusetts Bay, and several other men of distinction.\\nDuring this summer the colony at Wethersfield was\\ngreatly strengthened by new arrivals. After erecting\\nthe necessary buildings, the Windsor settlers returned to\\nJlassachusetts for their families. October ITith a party\\nof about 60 started from Dorchester to travel overland to\\ntheir new home. Winter closed in luiusuall} early, and\\nthe journey was accomplished with great difficulty, a\\nportion of their live stock perisliing on the waj Before\\nthey reached their destination snow fell to a great depth,\\nand the Connecticut River was covered with thin ice,\\nrendering crossing extremely difficult. The}- had taken", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0341.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nbut a limited stock of provisions, their winter s supply,\\ntogether with their household goods, having been shipped\\nby water. Manj- of the vessels were wrecked, while\\nothers were compelled to return to Boston. The situa-\\ntion of the little band of colonists was truh- deplorable.\\nThe severity of the weather frustrated all attempts to\\nobtain provisions, and thej- were destitute of the blank-\\nets, c., necessar3- as a protection against the intense\\ncold. Man} of the settlers, after suffering incredible\\nhardships, found their waj through the wilderness back\\nto Massachusetts, while those who remained in many\\ninstances were forced to subsist on nuts and acorns. But\\nspring opened earlj-, and with the return of mild weather\\nmatters improved A-ery rapidlj-. Those who had been\\ndriven away by cold and starvation returned, bringing with\\nthem large reinforcements. A fort was erected at the\\nmouth of the river, to prevent the encroachments of the\\nDutch, and the permanency of the Colony seemed\\nassured. A third settlement was commenced at Sucki-\\nage, and was named Newtown, the colonies at Wethers-\\nfield and Windsor, respectively, taking the names of\\nWatertown and Dorchester. April 26, 1G3G, the first\\ncourt was held at Newtown, Mr. Ludlow presiding. The\\npresent names of the towns were given by the General\\nCourt in February, 1637. The name of Hartford is\\ntaken from that of Hertford, Eng.\\nDuring the spring of 1636 the Rev. Thomas Hooker\\nand his assistant, the Rev. Samuel Stone, pastors of the\\nchurch at Newtown, now Cambridge, Mass., headed a\\nparty of about 100 persons, including women and chil-\\ndren, in an overland journey to the valley of the Con-\\nnecticut, and laid the foundation of the city of Hartford.\\nAt the close of the year 1636 the total population of the\\nthree settlements was about 800.\\nThe Pequots early manifested symptoms of hostility\\nagainst those who had wrested from them their pos-\\nsessions on the river, and had either restored these\\nlands to their rightful owners, or had purchased them\\nfrom such owners. Thej- A-iewed with alarm the rapi l\\nincrease of the Colonies, and conceived the plan of\\nuniting all the tribes in a common war upon the English.\\nFortunately they were but partially successful in this.\\nDuring the winter of 1636-7, a number of the settlers\\nwere murdered by the Pequots, and in April, 1637, a\\nlarge body of savages descended upon the outskirts of\\nWethersfield, killed nine persons, and carried two girls\\ninto capti-^-ity. The captives were subsequentlj- re-\\ndeemed by the Dutch, and returned to th(?ir foi-mer\\nhomes. At the General Court in May it was determined\\nto wage a war of extermination against the Pequots, as\\nthe only means of self-preservation. A force of 90 men\\nwas raised, of which Hartford furnished 42, Windsor 30,\\nand Wethersfield 18. The command of the expedition\\nwas given to Capt. Mason, an experienced soldier, and\\nthe Rev. Mr. Stone was appointed chaplain. The force\\nwas accompanied by 70 friendly Indians, under the\\nfamous sachem Uncas, and sailed from Hartford Ma}-\\n10. The movement was entirely successful, resulting in\\nthe total rout of the Pequot tribe, with scarcely anj loss\\nto the colonial forces.\\nThe braveiy of Capt. Mason and his companions had\\nsaved the infant Colony, but its future prospects were far\\nfrom flattering. The campaign had entailed a large debt,\\nwhich it was but poorly prepared to meet, and had\\ngreatly augmented the effects of the prevailing scarcity\\nof provisions. It had been found impossible to get the\\nground prepared the previous jcar in season to raise a\\nsufficient supply of corn, as the colonists were almost\\nentirely without ploughs or other agricultural implements.\\nMany cattle had perished during the winter, and, the\\nwar having taken away a large share of the able-bodied\\nmen during planting-time, a famine seemed iuiminent.\\nA supply of corn was fortunately- obtained from the In-\\ndians farther up the river, and the subsequent winter\\nwas passed in comparative comfort, although the Indians\\ncontinued troublesome, rendering necessary the utmost\\nvigilance. The train-band of Hartford, organized in\\n1638, still exists as the Governor s Foot Guard.\\nUp to this time the colonists upon the Connecticut had\\ncontinued to submit to the authority of the Massachusetts\\ngovernments, but, finding that they were outside the\\nlimits of those patents, it was detennined to form an in-\\ndependent government. A convention of delegates from\\nthe three settlements assembled at Hartford, and on\\nJan. 4, 1639, adopted a preamble and constitution for\\nthe government of the Colony of Connecticut. For nearly\\ntwo centuries this constitution remained unaltered, a\\nmonument to the wisdom and sagacitj- of its framers,\\nand with the exception of a few months, when a ro^al\\ngovernor claimed authority under protest, Connecticut\\nhas always been ruled by officers chosen bj- the ballots\\nof her freemen. John Haynes was the first governor\\nunder the constitution. At the spring session of the\\nGeneral Court the towns were vested with authority to\\nconduct their own affairs.\\nIn the autumn of 1 639 Gen. Mason conducted a second\\nsuccessful expedition against the Indians. Subsequent\\nto this it does not appear that Hartford County suffered\\nto an} extent from the depredations of the savages, al-\\nthough for many 3ears the inhabitants dwelt in continual\\nterror, and maintained a vigilant guard day and night.\\nHaving in all cases paid the former owners liberally for", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0342.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nthe land taken, they secured, if not the friendship of the\\nlocal tribes of Indians, at least a passive acquiescence in\\nthe rapid growth of the Colonies. During the later bloodj-\\nIndian wars, manj- of the members of the river tribes\\ndisappeared, probablj- allying themselves with the various\\nhostile tribes, with whom they perished. For a long\\nperiod, however, the settlers in the western part of the\\nColony were harassed by occasional raids, and the terri-\\ntory east of the Connecticut River was not deemed safe\\nuntil about 1670. In the last mentioned year the Sims-\\nbury settlers became so alarmed that they abandoned the\\nsettlement, and fled to Windsor. Their buildings were\\nburned, and when they returned, six j-ears later, they\\nwere unable to find the precise location of their former\\ndwellings. The towns in Hartford County furnished a\\nlarge number of men during King Philip s war, but were\\nfortunatelj spared the horrors of savage warfare in their\\nown midst. Numbers of friendlj Indians remained in\\nthe county for many years. The sachem Uncas was a\\npowerful ally of the colonists, and greatly assisted them\\nin subduing the Pequots.\\nThe members from Hartford County of the New Eng-\\nland Confederation, formed in 1643, were men of great\\nability and influence.\\nA settlement on the Tunxis River, in the western part\\nof Windsor, was incorporated as a town in 1645, under\\nthe name of Farmington, which name was thenceforth\\nalso applied to the river.\\nIn 1654, England being at war witli Holland, the\\nDutch property in this section was formally sequestrated\\nby the colonial authorities, thus ending the occupation\\nof this region by the Dutch.\\nIn 1662, Gov. Winthrop, who had gone to England for\\nthe pur^jose, obtained from King Charles II. a charter\\nfor the Colonj^ of Connecticut, conveying ample pri\\\\i-\\nleges. Bj the tenns of this charter, Connecticut ex-\\ntended from the Narraganset River on the east to the\\nsea on the west, and under this grant the Colonj subse-\\nquently laid claim to portions of New York and Pennsyl-\\nvania, giving rise to protracted and bitter discusi^ions.\\nAlthough this charter included New Haven Colony within\\nthe limits of Connecticut, it was not until 1665 that the\\nformer would consent to the union.\\nHartford County was constituted in 1665, its original\\ni limits including all of Tolland County, and portions of\\nj the counties of Litchfield and New London. Simsbur}-,\\nthe north-western part of Windsor, was incorijorated in\\n1670, the Indian name of the settlement being Massacoe.\\nThe portion of Wethersfield lying east of the river was\\nincorporated in 1690, under the name of Glastonbury.\\nIn October, 1687, Sir Edmund Andros appeared at\\nHartford, where the General Court was in session, de-\\nclared that assembly dissolved, and demanded the sur-\\nrender of the charter of the Colony. Possibly to meet an\\nexigency like this, a duplicate of the charter had been\\nprepared, which was finally produced. The colonial gov-\\nernor protested against the authority of Andros, and a\\ndebate ensued, which was prolonged until dark. Candles\\nwere called for, and upon their arrival it was discovered\\nthat the copy of the charter had disappeared. It had\\nbeen taken by Capt. Joseph Wadsworth, who conveyed\\nit to the south part of the city, and concealed it in the\\nhollow trank of a large oak, in front of the residence\\nof Hon. Samuel Wyllys, where it remained until less\\ntroublous times. The tree which was pointed out as\\nhaving been the depository of the precious document\\nwas one of the chief attractions of Hartford until Aug.\\n20, 1856, when it was destroj-ed by a furious storm,\\nwhile its name is perpetuated in various ways, Hartford\\nitself being called, by common consent, the Charter Oak\\nCity.\\nLTntil 1701, Hartford had been the sole capital of the\\nunited Colony, but in that year New Haven was made a\\nsemi-capital, and from that time until 1873, the sessions\\nof the General Court were held alternately in the two\\ncities.\\nDuring the almost continual wars with the French and\\nIndians from 1689 to 1763, Hartford County, being on\\nthe frontier so far as its western towns were concerned,\\nwas in a continual state of uneasiness, owing to the\\natrocities committed in New York and Pennsylvania.\\nFortified houses were erected at various exposed points,\\nincluding four in Hartford, while the ferries at that place\\nand at Windsor were placed in a condition of defence.\\nIn 1704 the General Court resolved that the frontier\\ntowns must be held, as a measure of public safety, and\\nthat the inhabitants of these towns must remain, under\\npenalty of forfeiture of their lands. This county had\\nher full proportion of men in the military service, and\\nduring the 100 years next preceding the war of the\\nRevolution, many of her citizens were either killed in\\nbattle, or died of disease contracted in camp. In the\\nsuccessful expedition against Louisburg, in 1745, Roger\\nWolcott of Windsor, lieutenant-governor of the Colony\\ncommanded a brigade of Connecticut troops. The prin-\\ncipal officers under Wolcott were from Hartford County.\\nDuring the war, which began in 1755 and ended with\\nthe treaty of Ryswick in 1763, Hartford County had at\\nvarious times from 500 to 2,000 men in active service.\\nThe first code of laws for the Colony was compiled in\\n1650, and was composed almost entii elj of extracts and\\nadaptations from the Mosaic code. The odium of the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0343.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "IIISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nso-called Blue Laws, if, indeed, there be any ground\\nfor such odium, rests rather with the New Haven Colony\\nthan with the Hartford.\\nThe early history of Hartford County, like that of all\\nthe New England Colonies, must necessarily be some-\\nwhat ecclesiastical in character. The settlements at\\nHartford and AVindsor were made under the guidance of\\nthe same faithful shepherds who had led their flocks\\nacross the sea in search of religious liberty, and a list of\\nthe early settlers of these towns is, in each case, an\\nalmost complete roster of the membership of some\\nMassachusetts church. It is claimed that the First\\nChurch at Windsor is the oldest religious organization in\\nNew England. At first, under the ministrations of Rev.\\nJohn Wareham, assisted bj- Ephraim Heuet as teacher,\\nthere was great harmony and prosperity in the church\\nbut Mr. Heuet died in 1644, and as Mr. Wareham was\\nadvanced in j cars, he felt unable to perform the pastoral\\nlabor without a colleague, over the appointment of whom\\narose an exceedingly bitter and protracted controversy.\\nAppeal was finally made to the General Court, which\\nordered that an election of assistant-pastor should be\\nheld. This was done, but the minority refused to\\nacquiesce in the result, so that nothing was accom-\\nplished. Mr. Wareham died April 1, 1670, and for\\nmany years there was no settled pastor. Rev. Samuel\\nMather was settled in 1682, and remained until his\\ndeath in 1726. The dissensions culminated in 1694 in\\nthe organization of the Second Church, with Rev.\\nTimothy Edwards as pastor, an office which he retained\\nfor the remarkable term of 64 years.\\nThe church at Hartford, upon the death of Mr.\\nHooker, in 1647, remained under the guidance of Mr.\\nStone, but he found it impossible to control a dissatisfied\\nand controversial feeling which had sprung up in the\\nchurch, and which rapidlj* increased. Several coun-\\ncils of the neighboring churches were called, but to no\\npurpose and several general councils, in which the New\\nHaven and Massachusetts churches united, also failed to\\neffect a reconciliation. But many of the disaffected\\nmembers removed to other places, and comparative peace\\nwas at length restored. Mr. Stone died July 20, 1663,\\nand was succeeded, by Joseph Haynes. A division of\\nthe church took place in Februarj-, 1670, Samuel Whit-\\ning taking the pastoral care of the Second Church.\\nThe Watertown people were not accompanied by their\\npastor in their migration to Wethersfield, but Rev.\\nHenry Smith was settled soon after their arrival in their\\nnew home. This church, like its neighbors, soon became\\ninvolved in disputes, and ver3 earl3 in its history sent\\nout a colony to Milford. fpon the death of Mr. Smith,\\nin 1648, the Rev. Jonathan Russell succeeded to the\\ncharge. Various disagreements finally led to an open\\nrapture, and Mr. Russell removed to Hadley, Mass.,\\ntaking with him a large number of the congregation.\\nThis seems to have ended the troubles in this church.\\nA church was gathered at Farmington Oct. 13, 1652,\\nwith Rev. Roger Newton as pastor. Rev. Timothy\\nStephens was installed at Glastonbmy in October, 1693.\\nThe first minister at Simsbury was Rev. Dudley Wood-\\nbridge, settled March 3, 1696.\\nWith the exception of a few Quakers, who were\\npromptly banished, no dissenting sect made its appear-\\nance in Hartford County until more than 100 years after\\nthe first settlement. This countj* sent its due proportion\\nof delegates to the convention which, in September,\\n1708, adopted the religious constitution known as the\\nSa3-brook Platform, which, bj- subsequent legislative\\nconfirmation, became the rule of faith for the entire\\nColon}-. Under strict repressive measures the growth of\\nso-called Separatist churches was but slow until after\\nthe Revolution and to-day Congregationalism is still\\nthe leading fonn of belief in Hai-tford County, although\\nit has been much modified since the daj-s of Hooker and\\nWareham.\\nWhen in 1715 to 1718 the proposed removal of Yale\\nCollege from Saj brook was under consideration, Messrs.\\nWoodbridge and Buckingham, the Hartford Count}-\\nmembers of the board of trustees, warmly urged its\\nlocation at Wethersfield, and so dissatisfied were thoy\\nwith the action establishing it at New Haven, that at the\\ntime of the first commencement after the removal, thej-\\nheld independent graduating exercises at Wethersfield,\\nand conferred degi-ees upon several undergraduates.\\nSubsequently, however, these gentlemen became recon-\\nciled to the location of the college, and took part in its\\nmanagement.\\nIn consideration of the distinguished services of Gen.\\nMason and his soldiers the General Court made exten-\\nsive grants of land to them. The location of these\\ngrants gave rise to heated controversies, resulting, in\\nsome cases, in actual conflict. Out of these land trou-\\nbles arose the riot of Oct. 22, 1722, at Hartford. Capt.\\nFitch, a resident of Coventry, had been committed to\\nHartford jail, for refusing to satisfy a judgment against\\nhim. On the day mentioned, an armed party of about\\n60 from Coventry and vicinity visited Hartford, forcibly\\nentered the jail and liberated the captain. The party\\nwere pursued bj- Sheriff Whiting, with a posse, but made\\ntheir escape, after severely beating the sheriff and his\\nassistants. The ringleaders were subsequently fined \u00c2\u00a320\\neach. In 1761 the town of Hartland. then in Litchfield", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0344.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nCountj-, having been adjudged to be the property of\\nWindsor, was annexed to Hartford County.\\nDuring the first years of the eighteenth century, the\\nlimits of Hartford County, as defined by act of the\\nGeneral Court in 1665, were enlarged bj annexing sev-\\neral towns which had been organized in the outlying dis-\\ntricts. The portion of Windsor Ijing east of the Con-\\nnecticut River was incorporated in 1 768 as the town of\\nEast Windsor. At the commencement of the Kevolu-\\ntion there were fifteen towns in the county, but its pres-\\nent territory was included within the limits of ten towns\\nnamely, Hartford, Windsor, East Windsor, Wethers-\\nfield, Glastonbury, Farmington, Simsbury, Enfield, Suf-\\nfield and Hartland.\\nThe inhabitants of Hartford County were firm in their\\nresistance to the oppressive measures of the British gov-\\nernment, and when, in May, 176G, the news of the repeal\\nof the Stamp Act was received at Hartford, the General\\nCourt, then in session there, appointed a day of general\\nrejoicing.\\nAlthough this county was spared the actual horrors of\\nwar in her midst during the Revolutionary sti-uggle, her\\ncitizens bore a prominent part in that conflict. Owing\\nto the inland location of the county, on a navigable\\nstream, and having an abundance of water-power, it\\nbecame an important depot of supplies and prisoners,\\nwhile arms, equipments and ammunition were manufac-\\ntured in large quantities. Maj. Clarke s Farmington\\ncompany, which passed through Hartford July 30, 1775,\\nwas entirely equipped bj local industry. Farmington\\nappears to have been thoroughly imbued with tke patri-\\notic fever, the Boston Port Bill being publicly burned in\\n1774, by the common hangman in the presence of a\\nlarge number of respectable citizens.\\nEarly in the summer of 1774 the several towns held\\nmeetings and passed resolutions condemnatory of the\\naction of the British government, and pledging a hearty\\nsupport to the sister Colonies. The militia was immedi-\\nately reorganized, every person capable of bearing arms\\nbeing enrolled, and during the winter frequent drills\\nwere held. Sept. 15, 1774, a county convention was\\nheld at Hartford, which adopted an agreement for the\\nnon-consumption of British goods, and appointed a com-\\nmittee of inspection.\\nThe expedition for the capture of Ticonderoga, in\\nMay, 1775, had its origin in this county, and seems to\\nhave been first suggested by Gen. Samuel H. Parsons.\\nApril 26th, Capts. Noah and Elisha Phelps of Simsbury,\\nand Epaphras Bull, William Nichols, Elijah Babcock,\\nJohn Bigelow and Bernard Romans of Hartford, started\\nfor Vermont, where they met Ethan Allen. The party\\nwas subsequently joined by Capt. Edward Mott of Pres-\\nton, to whom the importance and feasibiUty of this\\nmovement had also occurred. The successful result of\\nthe exijedition was largely due to the sagacity and\\nshrewdness of Capt. Noah Phelps.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0WTien the news of the battle of Lexington was received\\nin Hartford County, ten companies, numbering some 400\\nmen, were immediately raised and put in motion for the\\nscene of action but their services were not immediately\\nrequired. Five regiments of militia were located in this\\ncounty.\\nThe county jail was soon filled with Tory prisoners,\\nand many avowed sjTnpathizers with the British were\\nkept under close surveillance at their homes. Prisoners\\nof war were also continually a^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2i^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ing, and it became\\nnecessary to provide a more commodious and secure\\nplace of confinement. This led to the use of the New-\\ngate of Connecticut, as the prison at East Granby has\\nalways been termed.\\nTo more thoroughly disgrace the prominent Tories, the\\ncounty committee of inspection, in Api-il, 1776, adopted\\nthe plan of publishing their names in large capitals upon\\nthe first page of the Connecticut Couraut, as enemies\\nof their country.\\nDuring the Revolution there were five military execu-\\ntions in Hartford. March 19, 1777, Moses Dunbar was\\nexecuted for high treason, in the presence of a pro-\\ndigious concourse of people, to whom the Rev. Nathan\\nStrong delivered a lengthy and solemn discourse, which\\nwas afterwards published in pamphlet form. It does not\\nappear that the other executions were thus solemnized, f\\nThe defence of Hartford was not neglected, as the\\nrecords show that on July 29, 1777, the selectmen ordered\\na cannon to be mounted, although it does not appear that\\nit was ever used. Troops were occasionally quartered in\\nthe county during the war. In 1779 Gen. Gates s division\\nwas located in East Hartford for a time, and in Novem-\\nber, 1782, the French allies occupied the same camping-\\nground.\\nWhen Count Rochambeau landed at Newport in Sep-\\ntember, 1780, he proceeded directly to Hartford, where\\nhe met Washington and other prominent American officers.\\nThis prison was an abandoned coppcr-minc, which was first discov-\\nered about 1707. The first use of the excavation as a prison appears to\\nhave been in 1773. In 1775 tlie mouth of the mine was enclosed in a\\npalisade, and a blocli-house was erected, while the interior, to some\\nextent, was partitioned into cells, a place of confinement suggesting the\\nfamed Bastille and the castle dungeons of feudal times.\\nt March 21, 1781, Alexander McDowell, adjutant of Col. Welles s\\nConnecticut regiment, having been foimd guilty of desertion, by a court-\\nmartial, was executed in the jail-yard, Gen. Washington, then in Hart-\\nford, having signed the death-warrant on the preceding day.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0345.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "fflSTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nSeptember 26, the distinguished visitors were received\\nwith due honors. And thus Hartford, where was con-\\nceived the attack on Ticonderoga, at the very opening of\\nthe war, was also the scene of the formation of the final\\nplans which carried the contest to a successful termina-\\ntion.\\nImmediately after the close of the war, Hartford\\nCounty was reduced to nearly its present limits bj- the\\nformation of Middlesex County on the south, and Tolland\\nCounty on the east. Southiugton had been set off from\\nFarmington in 1 779. In 1 784 that part of Hartford lying\\neast of the Connecticut was incori^orated as East Hart-\\nford, and May 29 of the same year, the city of Hartford\\nreceived its charter, the population within the citj- limits\\nat that time being about 3,000. In 1785 the south-\\nwesterly parish of Fai-mington was incorporated as\\nBristol, and a new town, named Berlin, was formed from\\nportions of Farmington, TVethersfiold and Middletown.\\nThis town included the parish of Kensington, which has\\nretained that designation to the present time. Granbj-\\nwas formed from Simsburj in 1786. Marlborough, incor-\\nporated in 1803, included the south-eastern part of Glas-\\ntonbury, and portions of New London and Windham\\ncounties. The northern part of Bristol was incorporated\\nas Burlington in 1806, and the same year Canton was\\nformed from portions of Simsbuiy and of Litchfield\\nCounty.\\nAfter the close of the war of the Revolution, Hartford\\nCounty enjoyed a season of quiet, and her citizens\\ndevoted themselves to the development of her internal\\nresources. June 28, 1784, the first city election was held\\nin Hartford, Thomas Sej-mour being chosen mayor.\\nIn common with the rest of New England, Hartford\\nCount} was firmly opposed to the war of 1812. This\\ncounty, however, was brought into especial prominence\\nin connection with the war by the famous Hartford\\nConvention, which assembled in that city Dec. 15, 1814.\\nThe first fair in the county was held at Wethersfield,\\nOct. 22, 1784, and was repeated several succeeding\\nyears. The first exhibition of the Hartford County\\nAgricultm-al Association was held at Hartford in 1817.\\nTo Hartford belongs the credit of sustaining one of the\\noldest newspapers in the country-, The Connecticut Cou-\\nrant, whicli was first issued Oct. 29, 1764, bj- Thomas\\nGreen, and has appeared regularly every week since that\\ntime, with the exception of four issues in December,\\n1775, and January, 1776, which were omitted on account\\nof the failure of the supply of paper. This want of\\npaper led to the development of an important branch of\\nindustry- in East Hartford, where Mr. Green, in connec-\\ntion with other parties, established a paper-mill. There\\nwas great difficulty in procuring the quantity of rags\\nnecessary to keep the mill in operation, and the early files\\nof the Courant abound in urgent appeals to the ladies\\nto furnish the necessary material.\\nA miU for the manufacture of woollen cloth was estab-\\nlished in Hartford soon after the close of the Revolution-\\nary war, and when Gen. Washington visited the city, in\\nOctober, 1789, he inspected its operations. At his first\\ninau^ration as president, he was dressed in an entire\\nsuit of Hartford manufacture. This mill was not the first\\nestablished in the county, however, as one had been erected\\nat Windsor Locks in 1768. In 1788 a bell-foundr} was\\nestabhshed at Hartford by Doolittle Goodyear. It is\\nsupposed that the first manufacture of tin ware in the\\nUnited States was bj a Mr. Patterson, who settled at\\nBerlin in 1740, and who peddled his ware from house to\\nhouse in a basket. A powder-mill was built in East\\nHartford in 1775, believed to be the first in the country,\\nand was a most important establishment during the\\nRevolution. The first cotton-mill in Connecticut was\\nerected at Manchester in 1794. In 1797, or thereabouts,\\na steam locomotive was invented by Dr. Kinslej and\\nappeared on the streets of Hartford. A patent for a lever\\nprinting-press was issued to John I. Wells of Hartford in\\n1819.\\nAs early as 1787, there were lines of packets, chiefly\\nsloops, between Hartford and New York, but there was\\nlittle certainty or regularity in their trips. In November,\\n1818, the first steamboat constructed on the Connecticut\\nwas launched at Dutch Point in Hartford. It was a small\\npropeller, intended for towing purposes, and was named j\\nthe Enterprize. The Connecticut River Steamboat\\nCompanj was incorporated in 1824, and soon after pur-\\nchased the steamer Oliver Ellsworth, which arrived at\\nHartford on her first trip from New York, May 7, 1824. i\\nThe Experiment had plied between Hartford and\\nNew London during the summer of 1823, and was prob-\\nably the pioneer in steam navigation of the Connecticut.\\nDuring the 3 ear 1824, work was commenced on the canal\\nbetween New Haven and Fannington, and water was\\nfirst let in in June, 1828. This canal was subsequently\\nextended to Northampton, Mass.\\nThe navigation of the upper Connecticut, prior to the\\nconstruction of railroads, was regarded as a measure of\\ngreat importance to the citizens of this countj and large\\nsums were expended upon various projects for the im-\\nprovement of the channel of the river. Nov. 26, 1826,\\nthe little steamer Barnet left Hartford, and succeeded\\nin going as far north as Bellows Falls, Yt., returning the\\nfollowing week. The falls at Enfield were foimd to be a\\nserious impediment to navigation, and in 1828 a company", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0346.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nwas formed in Hartford, which dug a na\\\\dgab]e canal,\\nsome five miles in length, avoiding the falls, and furnish-\\ning the valuable water-power at Windsor Locks. Steam-\\ners continued to pi} between Hartford and Springfield\\nuntil the completion of the railroad, and Charles Dickens,\\nin his American Notes, gives a graphic description of\\nthis short voj-age.\\nShipbuilding was carried on for many years at Hartford\\nand Glastonbury, and in 1833 a packet of 600 tons bur-\\nden was launched at the former place.\\nIn May, 1835, the legislature gi-anted charters for\\nrailroads from Hartford to New Haven, and also to\\nWorcester. The following j ear, the constmction of the\\nNew Haven road was commenced, and it was opened for\\ntravel in December, 1839.\\nThe New Haven and Northampton Railroad, which\\nfollows the route of the old canal, was opened for travel\\nin 1848. The New York and New England Railroad\\nCompany in December, 1878, took possession of the\\nHartford, Pro-\\\\ idence and Fishlvill line, which crosses\\nthe countj from east to west, and was completed in\\n1853. In 1871, the Connecticut Western, running\\nnorth-west from Hartford, and the Connecticut Valley,\\nfollowing the river south from Hartford, were opened for\\ntravel. In 1876, the Connecticut Central, from East\\nHartford to Springfield, was completed. In addition to\\nthe foregoing lines, there are branches of the New Haven\\nroad from Berlin to New Britain and Middlctown, and\\nfrom Windsor Locks to Suffleld. The line from Man-\\nchester to South Manchester is leased to the New York\\nand New England company. The total number of miles\\nof railroad in the county is about 190.\\nMarch 2, 1854, occurred the most fatal accident with\\nwhich Hartford County has ever been visited. Shortly\\nafter noon on that day, the boiler in the car-manufactorj\\nof Fales Graj where some four hundred men were\\nemployed, exploded with terrific force, nearly demolish-\\ning one of the large shops. Nineteen were killed, manj-\\nof them heads of famihes, and about fortj others were\\ninjured.\\nThe breaking out of the civil war in 18G1 found the\\ninhabitants of this county engaged in the vigorous de-\\nvelopment of the manufacturing industries which have\\ngiven to many of its towns a world-wide fame. The\\nnews of the attack on Fort Sumter summoned the bus}\\nworkmen to the defence of their country, and, as in the\\nolden time, Hartford County was prompt in sustaining\\nthe government.\\nApril 16, Gov. Buckingham issued his proclamation,\\ncalling for a regiment of volunteers. The next morning,\\nJoseph R. Hawley, editor of the Hartford Press,\\nAlbert W. Drake and Joseph Perkins met in the office\\nof the Press, and signed their names to an enlistment\\npaper, as members of a rifle company for the first regi-\\nment. Many names were added during the day, and\\nthe company was completely filled up at an enthusiastic\\nmeeting held in the evening. George H. Burnham was\\nchosen captain, and Mr. Hawley first lieutenant. The\\nHartford Light Guard, Capt. J. C. Comstock, also\\npromptly volunteered, and a third company was also\\nrecruited under Capt. Ira Wright. In the first regiment,\\nwhich rendezvoused at New Haven, in addition to the\\ncompanies already mentioned, was a company from New\\nBritain, under Capt. F. W. Hart, and a company com-\\nposed of men from Windsor Locks, Enfield and Sims-\\nbury, under command of Levi N. Hillman of Windsor\\nLocks. The regiment left New Haven May 9, on the\\nsteamer Bienville, and proceeded directly to Washing-\\nton, arriving there on the 13th, and going into camp at\\nGlenwood, two miles north of the capitol.\\nIn addition to the various Connecticut organizations,\\nHartford County was represented in many regiments\\nfrom other States, and also in the na^ Capt. Ward of\\nHartford being the first victim of the war in that branch\\nof the service. Among the distinguished leaders of the\\narmy, this county had many notable sons. The names\\nof Gens. Joseph R. Hawley, Theodore G. Ellis, Griffin\\nA. Stedman and Robert 0. Tyler of Hartford, John\\nLoomis and William O. Pierson of Windsor, and John\\nL. Otis of Manchester, attest the honorable part taken\\nby this county and Gideon Welles of Hartford, as\\nsecretary of the navy, was one of the President s most\\ntrusted counsellors. About 800 citizens of the county\\nwere killed in battle, or died in the service. And those\\nwho served their country at home during the long con-\\nflict with signal ability perhaps even more than if they\\nhad gone to the front must not be forgotten. Prom-\\ninent among these was J. Hammond Trumbull of Hart-\\nford, who, as secretary of state, was a most efficient\\nassistant to Connecticut s noble war governor, William\\nA. Buckingham. Many private citizens consecrated\\ntheir wealth and their best energies to the equipment of\\nthe soldiers and the maintenance of their families.\\nDavid Clark of Hartford contributed to these objects\\nnot less than $60,000, and his name is held in grateful\\nremembrance by numerous widows and orphans.\\nThe series of religious meetings held in January, Feb-\\nruary and March, 1878, by the evangelists, Moody and\\nSankey, and Pentecost and Stebbins, were without a\\nparallel in the history of Hartford. They were held in\\nthe skating-rink, which has a seating capacity of over\\nthree thousand, and which was filled twice ever}- da}- for", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0347.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nmanj- weeks. These meetings resulted in large acces-\\nsions to the churches, and their influence was felt\\nthroughout the couutj-. The religious interest was un-\\ndoubtedly deepened by the sad accident of Januarj- 15.\\nOn that da^-, a large number of excursionists from the\\ntowns along the line of the Connecticut Western Rail-\\nroad had visited Hartford to attend the meetings. The\\nreturning train, consisting of nine cars, and drawn by\\ntwo engines, had reached the bridge over the Farmington\\nRiver, just west of the Tariffville station, when the\\nentire western span of the bridge gave waj-, precipitating\\nfour cars into the river. Fourteen persons lost their\\nlives, and many were badlj injured.\\nIn addition to the towns ah-eady mentioned, others\\nhave been formed, as follows: In 1823, the eastern\\npart of East Hartford was incorporated as Manchester.\\nAvon was set off from the north end of Farmington in\\n1830. The parish of Wintonburj-, in Windsor, became\\nthe town of Bloomficld in 1835. Rocky Hill parish, in\\nWethersfield, was made an independent town in 1843.\\nSouth Windsor was incorporated in 1845. In 1850,\\nNew Britain was incorporated as a town, and in 1870\\nreceived a city charter. West Hartford became a sep-\\narate town in 1854, and in 1857 the northern part of\\nWindsor was incoiporated as Windsor Locks. East\\nGranb^ was set off in 1858. Newington parish, in\\nWethersfield, was made a town in 1871. and Plainville\\nin 1869, having been part of Farmington. The territory\\nincluded in Hartford Count}-, which, at the close of the\\nRevolution, was comprised within the limits of ten\\ntowns, is now divided into 27 towns and 2 cities.\\nTowns.\\nHartford, a port of entry, the capital of Connecticut\\nand of Hartford County, is situated on the west bank of\\nthe Connecticut River, at the head of sloop navigation,\\n50 miles from its mouth. It is built for the most part on\\nelevated ground, and its site is eminently picturesque\\nand healthful. Main Street, a wide avenue, has manj-\\nimposing business blocks, notably the large granite\\nbuildings of tlie Charter Oak and Connecticut INIutual Life\\nInsurance companies, and the massive brownstone Cheney\\nBlock. Bushnell Park, a neatly laid-out enclosure of 40\\nacres, lies in the central part of the city. The Park, or\\nLittle River, emptying into the Connecticut at Dutch\\nPoint, is spanned by several substantial bridges. Two\\nbridges cross tlie Connecticut at this place, one for the\\nNew York and New England Railroad, and the other a\\nhighway bridge. The river, at an ordinary stage of\\nwater, is about 1,000 feet wide.\\nThe new capitol, unquestionably one of the most satis-\\nfactory public buildings in the country, occupies an\\nelevated site in Bushnell Park, in full view of passengers\\narriving in the city by railroad. The first state house in\\nHartford was erected in 1719. In 1783, during the cele-\\nbration of the declaration of peace, it was damaged by\\nfireworks, and was rebuilt in verj modest st3le. The\\nedifice now standing on Main Street, and which has just\\nbeen vacated b}- the State, was completed in 179G, and\\nis now the property of the city of Hartford. In 1871\\nI the legislature made an appropriation for the erection of\\na new capitol.\\nThe building, now completed, at an expense, including\\nthe site, of more than $3,000,000, is in the modern secu-\\nlar Gothic style, at once massive and ornate, and is con-\\nstructed of white marble, quarried at East Canaan,\\nConn. The extreme length of the structure from east to\\nwest is nearly 300 feet, and the average breadth 106 feet.\\nIt is two and a half stories in height, with a mezzanine\\nstor}- between the first and second floors, and the roof is\\nof the mansard pattern. In the centre of the building is\\na twelve-sided tower, surmounted by a dome, tenninating\\nin an open lantern, on which stands a colossal ideal figure\\nin bronze, b} Randolph Rogers, representing the Genius\\nof Connecticut. The total height from the ground to the\\ntop of the crowning figure is 257 feet. In tlie interior\\npolished granite of different colors alternates with white\\nmarble, producing a most agreeable eflJect. The staircases\\nand halls are ornamented with paintings and statues,\\nincluding an original portrait of Washington by Stuart,\\npainted in 1800. The legislative halls are veiy elaborately\\nfinished in gold and colors, and the various offices are\\nreplete with every elegance and convenience.\\nIn Bushnell Park are bronze statues of Israel Putnam,\\nby J. Q. A. Ward, and of Dr. Horace Wells, by T. H.\\nBartlett. The statue of Bishop Brownell, by Hiram\\nPowers, belonging to Trinity College, occupies a position\\nin front of the capitol, but will ultimately be transferred\\nto the new campus of the college. The new college\\nbuildings are situated on the summit of a rock}- ledge,\\nabout one mile south of the former location. The site is\\nan admirable O le, affording most attractive views in\\ncither direction. The architecture is the early French\\nGothic, and the two structures already completed form\\nthe central portion of the western side of the main\\nquadi-angle. The college grounds contain about 80 acres,\\nand will be improved under tlie direction of Frederick\\nL. Olmsted, well known in connection with the wonderful\\ntransfoi-mation of Central Park, New Y^ork. Trinity\\nCollege was founded in 1826, and was originally known\\nas Washington College. The faculty is composed of 15\\nmembers, the Rev. Thomas R. Pynchou, D. D., being", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0348.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0349.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0350.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\npresident. The\\naverage number\\nstudents is 100.\\nThe college library\\ncontains aliout IS\\n000 volumes.\\nThe Theological\\nInstitute of Con-\\nnecticut \u00e2\u0096\u00a0will soon\\nremove to its nev.\\nbuildings, now be\\ning erected a sboi t\\ndistance west ot\\nthe High School\\nbuilding. This\\nseminaiy, first es-\\ntablished at Ea^t\\nWindsor in l.s.jJ,\\nhas taken high\\nrank among simi-\\nlar institutions,\\nand through the\\nliberalitj of its\\nfriends, notably the late -_\\nJames B. Hosmei, is lh i\\nbled to gi-eatly exten 1 ii\\nusefulness.\\nThe American As^l^]nl\\nfor Deaf-mutes is pU\\nantly situated on whit i--\\nknown as Loid s II ill\\nnear the principal nilu i 1\\nstation. It was found 1\\nin 1817 by Re^ T II\\nGallaudet and Laui i t\\nClerc, and is the pmit\\nof all similar institution^\\nin the country. The avei-\\nage number of inmates is\\n230. V-\\nThe public schools i\\nHartford include i lii^li\\nschool and ten dibtiict\\nschools, occupying in all\\n15 buildings, some of\\nwhich are unexcelled by\\nanj in the country. The\\nhigh school, \u00e2\u0096\u00a0nhich has\\nacquired an excellent rep-\\nutation, occupies an impos-\\ning brick building,\\nTKIMTY COLLEGL,\\nH\\nL\\n-An m\\nIf f S Ti\\nL_r jn __r J\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0099\u00a6t|\\n^=1 with recent addi-\\ntions, nearly $200,-\\n000. The gram-\\nmar school, found-\\ned by Edward\\nHopkins in 1657,\\nand incorporated\\nm 1798, and lim-\\nited to 35 pupils,\\nfoims the prepar-\\natorj- classical de-\\npirtment of the\\nhigh school.\\nA neat brick ed-\\nifice in the western\\npart of the city is\\nthe headquarters\\nof the Chinese\\nEducational Com-\\nmission, founded\\nlaigely through the\\nexertions of Yung\\ning, a graduate\\nof Yale, and at present\\nwith the Chinese embassy\\nat Washington. The ob-\\nILct of thib commission is\\nthe education of 30ung\\nmen foi positions under\\nthe Chinese government.\\nIhe candidates are se-\\nll cted in China by com-\\npetitne examination, and\\nupon then arrival in this\\ncouiiti^, are placed in\\ntaiefull^ -selected families,\\nind enter the city schools,\\nsome of their number\\nive obtained the highest\\nonors in the public schools,\\n11 the face of severe com-\\npetition.\\nThe Hartford Orphan\\nAsjlum has recently re-\\niao\\\\ ed to its spacious new\\niiiulding, a short distance\\nwest from the capitol.\\nI his biulding is of brick,\\nn the modern English\\ntjlc, and contains a me-\\nmoriil dining-hall, elabo-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0351.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nratel} finished in oak. About one mile south of the\\nc.apitol are located the admirable-adapted buildings of the\\nEetreat for the Insane, an institution which has had almost\\nunparalleled success in the treatment of lunaej-. Near\\nby is the Hartford Hospital, a model institution of the\\nkind.\\nI The Wadsworth Athenteum building, on Main Street,\\ncontains the Watkinson Free Library- of Reference, having\\nover 30,000 carefully selected volumes the Hartford\\nLibrarj of nearlj the same number of volumes the rich\\ncollections and library of the Connecticut Historical\\nSoeietj-, and a valuable gallerj of paintings and statuary.\\nThere are 36 churches in the city, maiij^ of thein\\nmodels of tasteful architecture. The Church of the\\nGood Shepherd, erected by Mrs. Samuel Colt as a\\nmemorial of her deceased husband and children, is re-\\ngarded as one of the finest ecclesiastical ediQccs in the\\ncountr\\\\-. The Roman Catholic Cathedral, now being\\nerected, \u00e2\u0096\u00a0will be au ornament to the city. The Catholics\\nhave several large schools, that connected with the con-\\nvent of Mt. St. Joseph having an established reputation\\nas an educational institution for j oung ladies.\\nThe Hartford Female Scminarj- acquired great celebrity\\nunder Miss Catherine E. Bcecher, who was its principal\\nfor several years, and under its present management\\nretains much of its former prestige.\\nHartford is a centre of the insurance business of the\\ncountry, the various life and fire comiianies located here\\nhaving an aggregate capital of nearly $9,000,000. There\\nare 12 banks, with a capital of $11,000,000; a,nd also\\neight savings banks ard trust companies, with deposits\\nof $15,000,000. Sixtj- four manufacturing companies,\\nrepresenting a capital of $20,000,000, have their princi-\\npal offices in this cit}-, although many of their works are\\nlocated elsewhere.\\nThe principal manufacturing establishment in Hartford\\nis the works of the Colt s Fire-arms Manufacturing Com-\\npany. This extensive factorj is situated on the river\\nmeadow, just south of the mouth of Little River. The\\nsite was subject to overflow from the river, and Col. Colt\\nprotected it by building an embankment or dilvc, about\\ntwo miles long, enclosing some 1 20 acres of land, at a\\ncost of $80,000. The buildings are of Portland stone\\nand brick, and the floor contains an area of nearly seven\\nacres. Feb. 5, 18C4, a large part of the works was\\ndestroyed by fire, causing a loss of $2,000,000 but\\nthey were immediately rebuilt. Portions of the shoijs\\nare now leased to dilTcrent parties, and a varict}- of arti-\\ncles are manufactured on the prcmis js, including the\\ncelebrated Gatling gun, the invention of Dr. R. E. Gatling,\\na resident of Hartford the Wardwcll sewing-machine.\\nlawn-mowers, gold and stock indicators, conductor s\\npunches, c. In addition to the manufacture of Colt s\\nimproved fire-arms, the compan}- are also sole producers\\nof Baxter s steam-engines. The works have a capacity\\nfor the employment of 1,500 hands.\\nThe leather-belting manufactory of P. Jewell Sons\\nis one of the most extensive establishments of the kind\\nin the world, consuming wcekl} the hides of a large herd\\nof cattle. Smith, Bourn Co. are extensive manufac-\\nturers of harness, collars, saddles, c. The Pratt\\nWhitne} Manufacturing Companj are manufacturers of\\nmachinerj fine tools, c. Near their establishment are\\nthe works of the Weed Sewing-Machine Company. The\\nPlj-mpton Manufacturing Company has the contract for\\nenvelopes for the United States, testing the utmost\\ncapacity of a large factory, requisitions for several mil-\\nlion envelopes being sometimes received in one day.\\nThe Cheney Brothers silk manufacturing company ha\\\\e\\na factory here, employing some 200 hands, in addition to\\ntheir extensive works at South Manchester. The pub-\\nlishing of subscription books is an important branch of\\nHartford industry, and several extensive printing estab-\\nlishments are located here. That of the Case, Lockwood\\nBrainard Company is scarcely surpassed in the\\ncountry.\\nThe main water supply of the city is from four reser-\\nvoirs in West Hartford, which are fed from small streams\\nand springs, having a total capacity of 1,200,000,000\\ngallons. There is also a pumping-cngine on the ri\\\\ er,\\nwhich supplies the lower part of the city in times of\\ncbrouth. The citj has a paid fire department and a fire-\\nalarm telegraph. Its railroad facilities are ample, it\\nbeing on the thi-ough line from New York to Boston, and\\nabout midwaj- between the two cities. The New York\\nand New England Railroad, now open to Waterbury, will\\nprobably be completed to the Hudson River during the\\npresent j^ear, giving Hartford a new route to the West.\\nBy its connections at Millerton and Canaan, the Connect-\\nicut Western line aff ords a convenient route to western\\nMassachusetts and Albanj-, while the Connecticut Vallcj\\nbrings the seashore within eas}- roach. The Connecticut\\nCentral furnishes a new route to Springfield. The New\\nI ork, New Haven and Hartford line has extensive con-\\nstruction and repair shops at this point. During the\\nseason there is a daily Ime of steamers to New York,\\nand a tri-weekly line to Long Island ports.\\nThe Opera House is one of the most conmiodious and\\nbest-appointed places of amusement in New England, its\\nseating capacity being equal to that of the largest metro-\\npolitan theatres. There are also several large halls, well\\nadapted for lectures, concerts, c.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0352.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nThcro arc manj- elegant private residences in the city. His son Samuel, born in 1632, died in 1709 graduated\\nAnnsmear, the home of Mrs. Samuel Colt, is surrounded from Harvard in 16.53, and was a magistrate from 1G54\\nby extensive ar.d beautiful grounds, laid out with great to 1684. Hezekiah, son of Samuel, was secretary of the\\ntaste, and ornamented\\nwitli statues and foun-\\ntains. The conserv-\\natories are of great\\nextent.\\nCedar Hill Ceme-\\nterj-, incorporated m\\n1865, lies about three\\nmiles south of the cap-\\nitol, and contains 268\\nacres. It is laid out\\nupon the lawn s^ stem,\\nwithout fences, and\\nis rapidly developing\\ninto a beautiful citj\\nof the dead. Theie\\nare many elegant and\\ntasteful monuments\\nin this cemetery, the\\nmost noticeable being\\nthat of Col. Colt.\\nThe estimated population of Hartford is 50,000.\\nAssessed valuation, $48,527,506. Probablj a fair esti-\\nmate of the total wealth of the city, invested here or\\nelsewhere, would be $125,000,000.\\nThomas Hooker, the first minister at Hartford, and one\\nof tlie most prominent men in the early histoiy of Con-\\nnecticut, was born at Markfield, Eug., in 158G, and\\nstudied at Cambridge was a popular preacher in London,\\nbut espoused the Puritan doctrines, and was compelled to\\nleave the countiy went to Holland, and thence to New-\\ntown, now Cambridge, Mass. accompanied the first set-\\ntlers in Hartford, where he died July 7, 1047. In con-\\njunction with John Cotton, he wrote a book on church\\ndiscipline, and a number of his discourses were published\\nin England. A selection from his works, with a memoir\\nby the Rev. E. W. Hooker, was pubUshed in Boston,\\nin 1849.\\nEdward Hopkins was born at Shrewsbury, Eng., in\\n1600 settled in Hartford in 1639 was deputy-governor\\nor governor of the Colony from 1640 to 1654 returned to\\nEngland, where he died in 1657. By his will he devised\\n\u00c2\u00a31,000 for the establishment of a grammar school in\\nHartford, which is still in existence as the preparatory\\nclassical department of the high school.\\nGeorge Wyllys, a native of Warwickshire, Eng., set-\\ntled in Hartford in 1638, and was deputj^-governor and\\ngovernor in 1641 and 1642. He died March 9, 1645.\\nHAKTEE 0\\\\K\\nand attained the rank of colonel,\\nappointed major-general of militia,\\nColon} from 1712 to\\n1 7 1 1, and was suc-\\nci(.d(_d by his son\\nrLOige, who gradu-\\nitid from Yale in\\n17_ 0 He resigned\\nm 1795, and was in\\nturn succeeded bj- his\\nson Samuel, who re-\\nsigned in 1809, mak-\\ning 98 years during\\niiuch the office of\\ns tietaryhad contin-\\nued in this family.\\nSamuel Wyllys was\\nboin in Hartford Jan.\\n15, 1739, and died\\ntheie Juno 9, 1823.\\nDuring the Revolu-\\ntionaiy war he served\\nwith marked ability,\\nHe was subsequently\\nThe Wyllys man-\\nsion, in front of which stood the famous Charter Oak,\\nwas, until quite recently, one of the landmarks of Hart-\\nford.\\nJohn Talcott, one of the original settlers of Hartford,\\nwas born in England; died at Hartford July 23, 1688.\\nHis son, Maj. John Talcott, held various positions of\\ntrust, and rendered distinguished service in the various\\nwars against the Indians. Joseph Talcott, son of John,\\nwas governor of the Colony from 1725 to 1741.\\nJohn Trumbull, LL. D., was born in Watertown, Conn.,\\nApril 24, 1750, and graduated at Yale in 1767. In 17C1\\nhe located in Hartford, where, in 1782, he published his\\ncelebrated epic poetn of McFingal. He was a clear\\nand pungent satirist, and, in cor.jr.nction with Joel\\nBarlow, Dr. Lemuel Hopkins and Col. Humphreys, wrote\\na series of essays entitled American Antiquities,\\nwhich attracted great attention. He was State attorney\\nfor Hartford from 1789 to 1795 a member of the legis-\\nlature in 1792 and 1800 judge of Superior and Supreme\\ncourts fi-om 1801 to 1819 removed to Detroit, Mich., in\\n1825, where he died May 10, 1831.\\nJeremiah Wads worth was born in Hartford in 1743.\\nHe was an intimate friend of Gen. Washington, and the\\nfirst meeting between that officer and Count Rochambcau\\ntook place in Wadsworth s mansion. Ho was a member", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0353.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nof the convention for the ratification of the Constitution,\\nand six years a representative in Congress. lie receiA ed\\nhonorary degrees from Dartmoutli and Yale colleges. He\\ndied April 30, 1804. His son Daniel Wadsworth was the\\nfounder of Wadsworth Athenaeum, which occupies the\\nsite of the family mansion.\\nDr. Lemuel Hopkins, born in Waterbury, June 19,\\n1750, a graduate of Y ale and a phj-sician of high repute,\\nwas best known as a writer of poetrj- and humorous\\nprose. He was one of the celebrated coterie of literary-\\nmen known as the Hartford Wits. He died April 14,\\n1801.\\nTheodore Dwight, born in Northampton, JLass.,\\nDec. 16, 1764, was a proUfic writer on political subjects.\\nHe was a representative in Congress in 1806 and 1807,\\nand secretary of the Hartford Convention. He died\\nJune 11, 1846. His son Theodore, born March 3, 1796,\\nkilled by a railroad accident Oct. 16, 1866, was the\\nauthor of a history of Connecticut, a gazetteer of the\\n1 United States, and many other successful works. He\\ni was a finished scholar, and a member of many learned\\nsocieties.\\nIsaac Toueey, LL. D., born at Newtown, Conn.,\\nNov. 5, 1796, was for manj- j-ears State attorney for Hart-\\nford Countj- a representative in Congress from 1835 to\\n1839 governorof Connecticut in 1846 and 1847 attornej\\ngeneral of the United States, in 1848 and 1849 United\\nStates senator from 1852 to 1857, and secretary of the\\nnav} during the administration of President Buchanan.\\nGideon Welles, born in Glastonbury, Conn., July 1,\\n1809, like Mr. Toueey was for many 3-ears a leading\\nDemocratic politician. In 1826 he became one of the\\nproprietors of the Hartford Times, and assumed the\\neditorial management of that journal. Being opposed to\\nthe extension of slavery, he identified himself with the\\nRepublican party at its organization, and in 1861 suc-\\nceeded his townsman, Mr. Toucej as secretary of the\\nnavj^ a position which he retained until 1869, when he\\nretired from public life and returned to Hartford, where\\nhe died Feb. 11, 1878.\\nThomas H. Gallaudet, LL. D., was born in Philadel-\\nphia Doc. 10, 1787. He graduated at Yale in 1805, and,\\nentering Andovcr Theological Seminary, was licensed to\\npreach in 1814. He became interested in the education\\nof deaf-mutes, and on his return from a visit to Europe\\nin 1816, he was accompanied by Laurent Clerc, a deaf-\\nmute, who had been a pupil of the Abbe Sicard, with\\nwhose aid Dr. Gallaudet established the American As3-lum\\nat Hartford, the parent institution of the kind in the\\ncountry. Ho remained in charge of the asylum until\\n1830, when he was appointed chaplain of the Retreat for\\nthe Insane, which office he held until his death, Sept. 9,\\n1851. He was the author of several religious books for\\nthe 3 ouug. Mr. Clerc retired from the asj-lum on a\\npension in 1858, and died July 18, 1869.\\nHorace Bushnell, D. D., born in Litchfield, Conn., in\\n1802, was pastor of the North, now Park, Congrega-\\ntional Church in Hartford from 1833 to 1859. He was a\\npreacher of great power and eloquence, and distinguished\\nas an essayist, and was the author of numerous popular\\nmoral and religious works. He died Feb. 17, 1876.\\nThree days before his death the common council of the\\ncitj passed a preamble and resolution, giving to the\\npublic park the name of Bushnell Park, in recognition\\nof his earnest efforts to secure this beautiful resort for\\nthe city.\\nLydia II. (Huntley) Sigourney was born in Norwich,\\nConn., Sept. 1, 1791. In 1814 she opened a select\\nschool in Hartford, and in 1819 married Charles Sigour-\\nney, a merchant of that citj She early manifested\\ngreat ability as a writer of both poetry and prose on\\nreligious and moral subjects, and her name has become a\\nhousehold word throughout the entire country She died\\nJune 10, 1865.\\nSamuel Colt, inventor of revolving fire-arms, was\\nborn in Hartford Julj- 19, 1814. When 15 j-ears old he\\nran awaj to sea, making a voj^age to the East Indies\\nbefore the mast. He took out his first patent for revolv-\\ners in 1835. In 1837, the Florida war having created a\\ndemand for revolvers, Mr. Colt laid the foundation of\\nthe immense works at Hartford, the capacity of which\\nwas gradually increased until 1,000 finished weapons\\nwere produced each day. He was also the inventor of a\\npowerful submarine battery. He died Jan. 10, 1862,\\nleaving a verj- large fortune.\\nThomas C. Brownell, D. D., born at Westford, Mass.,\\nOct. 19, 1779, graduated at Union College in 1804;\\nentered the ministry of the Episcopal Church in 1816\\nwas consecrated bishop of Connecticut in 1819, and\\nremoved to Hartford. _ He was instrumental in founding\\nTrinity College in 1824, and was its first president,\\nresigning in 1831. He was also prominent in connection\\nwith literature. He died Jan. 13, 1865.\\nJ. Hammond Trumbull, LL. D., born at Stonington,\\nConn., Dec. 20, 1861, and graduated from Y ale in 1838,\\nis a distinguished philologist, especially in the aboriginal\\ndialects of New England. He has published a work\\nupon the Blue Laws of Connecticut, and is a frequent\\ncontributor to our best periodicals. His brother, II. Claj-\\nTrumbull, now editor of the Sunday School Times,\\nwas for many years a resident of Hartford, and occupied\\nthe position of Now England secretar3 of the American", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0354.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nSunday School Union. He -n-on great distinction as\\nchaplain of the Tenth Connecticut Regiment during the\\nlate Tvar.\\nJoseph R. Ilawlej born at Stewartsville, N. C, Oct.\\n31, 182G, a graduate of Hamilton College in 1847, com-\\nI monccd in 1850, the practice of law in Hartford. In\\n1R )7, adopting the profession of a journalist, he became\\neditor of the Hartford Evening Press, an organ of\\nthe Republican partj An outspi ilccn and earnest oppo-\\nnent of slaverj-, at the outbreak of the war in 18G1 he\\nwas one of the first to volunteer. He rendered distin-\\nguished sernco, winning, meanwhile, rapid promotion to\\nthedifferentranks\\nI of colonel, briga-\\ndier-general and\\nbrevet major-gen-\\ncralofvohmtccr j.\\nJlr. Hawley was\\ngovernor of Con-\\nnecticut in 18GG,\\npresident of tlie\\nRepublican con-\\nvention at Chicago\\nj in 18G8,andrepre-\\nscntative in Cnii-\\nI gress from ^1-\\nj to 1875. He wns\\npresident of the\\n1 Centennial Com-\\nI mission of 1876,\\nI and to his exer-\\ntions the great\\nsuccess of the Ex-\\nl)osition was large-\\nly due. He was\\nagain elected to\\nCongress in 1878.\\nOther eminent names associated with Hartford are\\nThomas D.ny (1777-1855), a distinguished jurist, and\\npresident of the Connecticut Historical Society John M.\\nNilcs (1787-185G), founder of the Hartford Times,\\njurist and author, and at one time postmaster- general\\nJames H. Ward (1806-lSil), a naval officer; Horace\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\Vells (1815-1848), the discoverer of nitrous oxide as\\nan anaesthetic; Thomas H. Seymour (1808-18C8), a\\nlaw3-er by profession, member of Congress, a gallant\\nofficer in the Mexican wax, governor of the State and\\nminister to Russia William B. Franklin, a major-gen-\\neral in the war of the Rebellion and Marshall Jewell,\\nformerly govemor of the State, minister to Russia and\\npos master-general.\\ni/Mf^^\\nProminent among the natives of Hartford, who have\\nattained distinguished positions, may be mentioned\\nGens. Alfred H. Terry, Robert O. Tyler and Griffin A.\\nStedman Frederick E. Church, the artist and Thomas\\nS. Preston, Roman Catholic prelate and writer. Many\\nwell-known literary people have resided in Hartford\\nduring a portion of their lives. Among these may be\\nnoticed Dr. M. F. Cogswell, S. G. Goodrich, Noah\\nWebster, George D. Prentice, John G. Whitticr, Lewis\\nG. Clark, Catherine E. Beecher, Rose Terry Cooke,\\nRobert Bonner, William II. Bradley, Mary A. H. Dodd,\\nJonathan W, and Tryon Edwards, Charles A. Goodrich,\\nE. C. Stedman,\\nCi? S*-^^:-J ^-^s* I and Joseph Ti uni-\\nbuU. The dircc-\\ntorj of the cit^-\\nat the present\\ntime includes the\\nnames of Samuel\\nL.Clemens (Mark\\nTwain), Charles\\nDudley Warner,\\nHarriet Beecher\\nStowe and her\\nhusband. Prof. C.\\nE Stowe, who are\\nall pennanent res-\\nidents. The Rev.\\nDr. Joel Ilawes,\\nwho was the pas-\\ntor of the Cen-\\ntre Congregation-\\nal Church for\\nnearl} 50 years,\\nIS widely- known\\n^^vu^-, hautfoed. through his pub-\\nlished Lectures\\nto Young IMen, which has reached a circulation of\\nmore than 100,000 copies.\\nNew BniTAiN, in the southern part of the county,\\nhas a population of about 12.000. The city, which, was\\noriginally chartered as a borough, is about one mile\\nsquare, and lies in the south-west part of the town,\\noccupying a natural amphitheatre among the hills. The\\nlocation is quite elevated, being about 130 feet higher\\nthan the track of the New Haven Railroad, two miles to\\nthe east. There are 7 churches, representing all the\\nleading sects. The South Congregational Church is an\\nelegant brownstone edifice, erected at a cost of $150,-\\n000. The public schools occup} ten buildings, and\\ninclude an excellent high school. The State Normal", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0355.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nSchool is located here, and is in a flourishing condi-\\ntion.\\nThe Tvatcr-supply of New Britain is probabl}- xniex-\\nccllcd bj that of any other city in the country, and was\\nsecured at a comparativel3- small cost, by constructing\\na reservoir in an elevated meadow, some two miles south-\\ncast of the cit3-. This reservoir has a capacity of 100-\\n000,000 gallons. The distributing reservoir is situated\\nin Walnut Hill Park, a beautiful diversified tract of 125\\nacres, which was obtained by the town at a cost of onl}-\\n$75,000. It is being improved according to plans by\\nFrederick L. Olmsted, and will ultimately make a\\ncharming resort. The view from the reservoir bank is\\nextended and picturesque.\\nThe city contains a national bank, and many tasteful\\nand elegant private residences. The New York and New-\\nEngland Railroad passes through the city.\\nFrom the carl^- daj-s, when brass andirons were made\\nhere, and carried on horseback over the hills to Albany,\\nand when the first tin-ware made in the countrj- was\\ncarried from house to house in a basket, manufactures\\nhave ever rendered New Britain a place of world-wide\\nreputation. One can but admire the energj and per-\\nseverance of those men who have converted a drear}-\\nswamp into one of the most important industrial cities\\nin the country. Foremost among the corporations which\\nhave made New Britain what it is, is the Russell and\\nErwin Manufacturing Company-, whose w-orks, mostly\\nsubstantial brick buildings, cover nearlj- six acres, and\\nhave a capacity for 1,000 hands. They produce every\\nvariety of plain and ornamental hardware, and received\\nthe highest honors at the Paris Exposition of 1878.\\nThe Landers, Frar}^ and Clark IManufacturing Com-\\npanj-, employing more than 500 hands, are proprietors of\\nthe ^tna Cutlery Works, and also of a largo manufactory\\nof general hardware. Other leading manufactures are\\nof cutlery, hardware, tools, wrought-iron goods, cast-\\nings, underwear, hosiery, wire-mattresses, umbrella\\nstretches, jewelrj-, c. The amount invested in manu-\\nfactures is about $5,000,000.\\nElihu Burritt, the learned blacksmith, was born in\\nNqw Britain Dec. 8, 1811. Ho received only a common-\\nschool education but while devoting himself to his\\ntrade he acquired several ancient and modern languages,\\nand became renowned as a scholar and reformer. He\\ndied March 7, 1879.\\nEthan A. Andrews, LL. D., was born in Now Britain\\nin 1787, and graduated at Y ale College in 1810. He\\nstudioc^ law, and practised for several years. In con-\\njunction with Prof. Solomon Stoddard, ho published a\\nLatin granmiar, which has passed through some seventy\\neditions. He also issued several other popular works of\\ninstruction in Latin. He died March 25, 1858.\\nJohn Smalley, D. D., born in Lebanon, Conn., June\\n4, 1734, was settled over the First Congregational\\nChurch in New Britain, April 19, 1758, where he re-\\nmained until his death, June 1, 1820. He was one of\\nthe most celebrated New England divines of his daj\\nEnfield, population 7,000, lies in the north-east cor-\\nner of the county. The Connecticut River forms the\\nwestern boundaiy, and the Scantic crosses the southern\\npart of the town. A bridge over the Connecticut, 1,000\\nfeet long, connects the town with Suffleld. This bridge\\nwas originallj- erected in 1808, and was the first bridge\\nacross the river within the limits of this State. The\\nprincipal village is Thompsonvillc, located in the north-\\nwestern corner of the town. This thriving village has\\ngrown up around the works of the Hartford Carpet Com-\\npany, which emploj^ about 1,400 hands, and have an\\nannual capacity of about 8,000,000 yards of different\\ngrades of carpeting. This village has four churches,\\nand contains many elegant residences. At Ilazardville\\nare the works of the Hazard Powder Company, among\\nthe most extcnsi\\\\-e in the countr}-. This company occu-\\npies over one hundred buildings, covering an area over\\na mile long and half a mile broad, and is capable of\\nproducing upwards of $1,000,000 worth of powder an-\\nnually. During the Crimean war it had an extensi\\\\c\\ncontract with the British government, and furnished\\nsome 10,000 barrels, while during the civil war in this\\ncountry the works were taxed to their utmost capacity.\\nSeveral of the buildings have names suggested by the\\nlate war, as Harper s Ferry, Bull Run, and For-\\ntress Monroe.\\nA tract of about 1,200 acres in the north-eastern cor-\\nner of the town is occupied bj- the Shaker communit}-,\\nfounded here in 1787. The societ}- is divided into six\\nfamilies, forming nearlj- a circle, with the central or\\nchurch family as the radiating point. Their lands arc in\\na high state of cultivation, and their buildings present\\nthe neat and thrift}- appearance common to this sect.\\nTho}^ are largely engaged in the cultivation of garden\\nseeds, and also produce agricultural implements, e., to\\nsome extent.\\nThe New Y ork, Now Haven and Hartford, and Con-\\nnecticut Central railroads pass through the town.\\nJames Dixon, United States senator from Connecti-\\ncut from 1857 to 18G9, was born in this town, in 1814.\\nSouTHixGTON is an important manufacturing township\\nin the south-western corner of Hartford Count} The\\nQuinnipiac River runs nearly through the centre of\\nthe town, frijm north to south, the New Haven and", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0356.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nNoi-thampton Railroad following ils course. The two\\nvillages of Soutliingtou and Plantsville are located on\\nthis river. Among the most important of the manufac-\\nturing industries here carried on are tinmen s tools and\\ngeneral hardware, machine-forged nuts, carriage hard-\\nware, screw bolts of every description, tinsmiths ma\\nchines, sausage-fillers, paper bags and cutlery. There\\nare seven churches, representing all the leading denomi-\\nnations, and an academj-. At Hitchcock s Station, and\\nat Marion, in the southern part of the town, are man-\\nufactories of bolts and of jewelry. Population, about\\n5,000.\\nDr. Edward Robinson, the distinguished biblical\\nscholar. Col. Charles Whittelse}-, a gallant soldier of the\\ncivil -war, and Rev. Levi Hart, for G9 j cars minister at\\nPreston, Conn., were born in this town.\\nBristol is in the south-western part of the county,\\neighteen mUes from Hartford. Good water-power ii\\nfurnished by the Pequabuc River and branches, which\\nhas been well improved. The principal or centre vil-\\nlage is divided into two portions, the north and south\\nvillages. About two miles north of the north village is\\nPolkville, and about the same distance to the east is\\nForestville. There are in all seven churches and twelve\\nschool-houses. Two of the schools are graded. Bristol\\nhas a national, and a savings bank. Tie most prom-\\ninent industry is the manufacture of brass clocks.\\nOther manufactures are brass in all its A^arieties, spoons\\nfor plating, gray iron castings, trunk hardware, furniture\\nlaiobs, auger bits and stockinet fabrics. The population\\nis about 5,000, of which over 1,100 are employed in the\\nvarious manufactories. The town is traversed from east\\nto west bj the New York and New England Railroad.\\nMANcnESTER, an important manufacturing town, lies\\nnext cast of East Hartford. The New York and New\\nEngland Railroad crosses the northern part of the town,\\nand is connected with South Manchester by a branch, about\\ntwo miles long. Union Village, or North Manchester, is\\nlocated at the railroad station on the main line. There\\nare nine school-houses, including an excellent gi-adcd\\nschool at South Manchester, and seven chui-ches. The\\nsilk manufactorj of Cheney Bros, at South Manchester\\n(Cheney villc) employs nearly 1,000 hands, producing\\ndress silks fully equal to those of foreign manufacture.\\nIn fact, this companj- has rc\\\\olutionizcd the silk trade in\\nthis country. The village of Chcneyville is a model of\\nneatness and good taste, and in summer, with its abun-\\ndant shade and spacious lawns unbroken by fences, is a\\nmost attractive place of residence. The Union Manu-\\nfacturing Company-, at North Manchester, produces an\\nexcellent quality of ginghams. Paper ij manufactured\\nin large quantities in this town. The population is\\nabout 5,500.\\nGlastonbury is the largest town in the county, being\\nnine miles long, from cast to west, and six miles broad.\\nAn excellent water-power is furnished by Roaring\\nBrook, which rises in the north-east corner of the town,\\nand empties into the Connecticut a little north of South\\nGlastonbury village. Good mill-privileges are also\\nlocated on Salmon Brook, in the noithern part of the\\ntown. Granite of excellent quality is quarried in the\\ntown. This granite abounds in feldspar, and there are\\ntwo mills for grinding this article for potters use.\\nThere are eighteen schools, a private academ}-, and, in\\nthe various villages, eight churches. Perhaps the most\\nwidolj- known industiy of the town is the manufacture\\nof soap, by J. B. Wilhams Co., whose works are\\nlocated cast of Glastonbury village. Nc.ir these works\\nis Brodhead s tannery, one of the oldest in this region.\\nThe manufacturing establishment at Naubuc, formerly\\noccupied by the Connecticut Arms and Manufacturing\\nCo., is now vacant. On Salmon Brook arc located the\\nsatinet-mill of the Eagle Manufacturing Co and also\\ntlie Glastonbury Knitting Co., manufacturers of under-\\nwear. At Buckingham Village is a manufactory of\\nhorse hoes and cultivators. On Roaring Brook are the\\npaper-mills of Case Co., and the Roaring Brook Paper\\nCo., Pratt Post s anchor forge, Hollistcr Glazier s\\nwoollen-mill, Greene Bros. cotton-mill, and a twine-fac-\\ntory. Population of the township, 3,800.\\nGlastonbury has acquired a national reputation\\nthrough the determined resistance of the Smith sisters,\\nJulia and Abbj to the pajinent of taxes, tlic} holding\\nthat taxation should earrj^ with it the right of suffrage.\\nThe^ have refused to pay their taxes for many jears\\npast, compelling the town authorities to seize upon and\\nsell personal property belonging to them. They have\\nannually appeared before the legislature as petitioners\\nfor redress, and have been regular attendants upon\\nwoman s rights meetings. Miss Abby Smith died in\\nDecember, 1878, leaving her sister to fight the battle\\nsingle-handed. The surviving sister is a scholar of no\\nmean reputation, having made a translation of the Bible,\\nwhich has been favorably noticed. Not the least re-\\nmarkable circumstance concerning this anti-tax demon-\\nstration is the advanced age of the ladies concerned.\\nThe survivor is nearly ninety years old, and, although in\\nfeeble health, still wields a vigorous pen in defence of\\nwhat she deems her political rights.\\nGideon Welles, secretary of the navy, was born in\\nthis town. (See Hartford.) Alonzo B. Chapin, D. D.,\\na distinguished clerg^ man of the Episcopal church, was", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0357.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "IIISTOKY OF NEW EXGLAM).\\nrector of St. Luke s Church from 1850 to 1855, and was\\nthe author of a bi-ccntennial address in 1S53, a valuable\\ncontribution to the history of the town.\\nSuFFiELD is eminently an agricultural town, the onl}-\\nbranch of manufactures ever pursued to anj extent\\nbeing that of cigars and tobacco, for which the town at\\none time had an extended reputation. Here is located\\nthe Connecticut Literary Institute, founded in 1835 un-\\nder the auspices of the Baptist Education Societ3-. This\\ninstitution occupies three large brick buildings, located\\non rising ground just north of the centre of the village,\\nthe most modern of which was completed in 187G.\\nThe present average number of students is about 100.\\nSuffield village lies in the eastern part of the town,\\nalong a broad street, on elevated ground, affording fine\\nsites for residences. There are throe churches in this\\nvillage. The caual around Enfield Falls is mostl3- loca-\\nted in this town. At the west village are two churches.\\nThe estimated population is 3,000.\\nPhincas Lyman, a native of Durham, Conn., and a\\ncelebrated ofiicer in the French and Indian war, was\\nlong a resident of this town.\\nAmong the natives of Suffield who have achieved dis-\\ntinction may be mentioned Gideon Granger, member of\\nCongress from New York, and postmaster-general S3I-\\nvcstor Graham, vegetarian, and founder of the celebrated\\nGrahamite system; Timothy Swan, musical com-\\nposer, author of the favorite church-tune, China and\\nGeorge Tod, a distinguished lawyer and jurist of Ohio.\\nThis town has produced several clcrgj-men of note,\\namong them Rev. S. Dryden Phelps, D. D., now editor\\nof the Christian Secretary Eev. David N. Sheldon,\\nwho was excommunicated from the Baptist denomination\\nfor heresy, and afterwards became a Unitarian preacher\\nand Ecv. Cotton M. Smith, who was settled at Sharon,\\nConn., from 1755 to 180G,\\nEast Hautfokb is a valuable agricultural township on\\nthe east side of the Connecticut River, opposite Hart-\\nford. It contains some of the finest river meadows in\\nthe State. The Ilockanum River passes through the\\ncentral part of the town. The manufacture of paper is\\ncarried on at Burnside, and the Hazard Powder Compau}\\nhave a branch mill near the eastern boundary of the\\ntown. The New York and New England Railroad\\ncrosses the northern part, baling two stations. Large\\nquantities of tobacco are raised. The town contains six\\nchurches and a population of about 3,800.\\nEast Hartford has furnished two distinguished pro-\\nfessors to Y ale College, Denison Olmsted, the astrono-\\nmer, and Anthony D. Stanley, the mathematician.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0William Pitkin was one of the first settlers of this town.\\nHe held manv important offices, and was governor of the\\nState from 17G6 until his death in 1709.\\nEast Windsor is a rectangular township, bounded on\\nthe west b^ the Connecticut River. The Scantic River\\ncrosses the town from north to south, and, with a tribu-\\ntary. Broad Brook, furnishes good water-power. Al-\\nthough the surface of the township is somewhat broken,\\nthe soil is generally productive and well improved. The\\ntown contains several woollen manufactories, seven\\nchurches and twelve school districts. Population about\\n2,500. The Connecticut Central Railroad passes through\\nthe eastern part of the town.\\nJohn Fitch was born in East Windsor Jan. 21, 1743.\\nHe married unhappily, and, separating from his wife,\\nwent to New Jersey, where, during the Revolutionary\\nwar, he pursued A-arious avocations. In 1786 he success-\\nfully- completed a small steamboat, which attained a speed\\nof eight miles an hour. He was unalile to secure funds\\nto carry out his projects, goveniment lands in Kentucky\\nwhich he had pre-empted were taken b^ squatters, and\\nhe died in Bardstown, Ivy., July 2, 1798, in circumstances\\nof poverty, leaving the advantages of his important\\ninvention to be reaped bj- others.\\nThomas Robbins, a noted Congregational divine and j\\nhistorian, who was born in Norfolk, Conn., Aug. 11,\\n1777, was pastor of a church in this town from 1809 to\\n1827. During the later years of his life he resided in\\nHartford was one of the founders of the Connecticut i\\nHistorical Society, and for many years its librarian.\\nAlthough his income was limited, he accumulated an\\nexceedingly valuable library, which he bequeathed to the\\nHistorical Society.* He died in Hartford Sept. 13,\\n1856. His librar}- is particularly rich in earlj editions of\\nthe Bible.\\nOther natives of East Windsor were Oliver Wolcott,\\none of the signers of tlie Declaration of Independence\\nJohn W. Barber, author of manj- historical works and\\nDanforth Marble, the comedian, celebrated for his\\ndelineations of Yankee character.\\nWindsor, or Old AVindsor, as it is commonly called,\\nis an irre.gulari3--shapcd township, lying on both sides of\\nthe Farmington River, and bordered on the east bj- the\\nConnecticut. The river meadows arc largo and produc-\\ntive, and the town also contains manj valuable tracts of\\nupland. At Poquonnock and Rainbow villages, in the\\nA wcll-authcnticated anecdote of Dr. Robbins is to the effect that\\nwhen a young man he had begun the accuraula .ion of his library, when\\nthe question of manlage was brought to his serious consideration. His\\nincome ivas so sraall that he thought it would be impossible to support\\na wife, and at the same time indulge his passion for books. He decided\\nthe question by the very simple method of tossing up a penny, an 1\\nJ a bachelor", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0358.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nnorth-west part of the town, are falls in the Farmington\\nEiver, which have been extensivel3- improved for manu-\\nfacturing purposes. Tlie main village is situated near\\nthe mouth of Farmington River, and runs along the\\nConnecticut Vallej for some distance, forming what is\\nknown as Windsor Street, which is broad and well-\\nshaded. There are many substantial residences, some of\\nthese, like the Ellsworth mansion, dating back to the\\nRevolutionarj period. Like manj of the towns in the\\ncounty, it is largel} interested in the growth of tobacco.\\nThere are four churches and ten school districts in the\\ntown. The Hartford Paper Company has mills at Po-\\nquonnock and Rainbow. Austin Dunham Son, wool\\nmanufacturers, have two mills at Poquonnock, producing\\ncassimeres and fancy cloths. At Rainbow are located\\nthe paper-mills of the Springfield Ptyper Compan}-, Hodge\\nSon, and House Co. Hodge Son making a\\nspecialty of tissue papers, and House Co. of press-\\nboards. Population about 3,000. The New York, New\\nHaven and Hartford Railroad passes through the eastern\\npart of the town.\\nOUver Ellsworth was born in Windsor April 29, 1745,\\nand graduated at the College of New Jersey in 17C6.\\nHe was a representative in Congress from 1777 to 1780\\na member of the Council in 1780, and judge of the\\nSuperior Court in 1 784 was a delegate to the convention\\nfor framing a constitution, and United States senator\\nfrom 1789 to 1795. In March, 1796, he was appointed\\nchief justice of the United States Supreme Court. In\\n1799 he was one of the envojs sent to France to adjust\\nthe differences between that government and the United\\nStates. In 1802 he again entered the Council, and in\\n1807 was elected chief justice of the State, an honor\\nwhich he however declined. He died Nov. 26, 1807.\\nAVilliam W. Ellsworth, son of the preceding, was born\\nat AVindsor Nov. 10, 1791, and graduated at Yale in\\n1810 studied law, and was professor of law in Trinity\\nCollege over 40 years member of Congress from 1829\\nto 18.33 governor of the State from 1838 to 1842, and\\njudge of the Superior Court from 1847 to 1861. He twice\\ndeclined an election to the United State Senate, He died\\nat Hartford Jan. 15, 1868.\\nHenry L. Ellsworth, twin-brother of William W.,\\ngraduated at the same time studied law at Litchfield,\\nand practised for several years in Windsor and Hart-\\nford was appointed resident commissioner to the Indian\\ntribes in Arkansas, and was commissioner of patents\\nfrom 1836 to 1845. He devoted himself especially to the\\ndevelopment of the agricultural interests of the country.\\nOn his retirement from office, he settled in Indiana, and\\nengaged in real estate business. He died Dec. 27, 1858.\\nHenrj^ W. Ellsworth, son of Henry L., was bom at\\nWindsor in 1814; studied law. and was counsel for\\nS. F. B. Morse in telegraph suits; removed to Indiana,\\nand published a book entitled Sketches of the Upper\\nWabash Vallej, and was a contributor to various\\nperiodicals. He died at New Haven in August, 1864.\\nThe ancestors of ex-President Grant, and of Pres-\\nident Hayes, at one time resided in Windsor. John\\nS. Newberry, the geologist John M. Niles, postmaster-\\ngeneral Oliver Phelps, the enterprising purchaser of the\\nWestern Reserve and the Rev. Henry A. Rowland, the\\nauthor, were natives of this town.\\nWetheksfield lies on the west side of the Connecticut\\nRiver, next south of Hartford. Since Newington parish\\nwas made a separate town, in 1871, the area of Wethers-\\nfield is much contracted, and it now contains onl}- about\\neleven square miles. The village, which lies in the\\nnorth-eastern part of the town, near the river, resembles\\nmost of the villages in the Connecticut Valley in having\\nbroad streets, lined with large shade-trees. There are\\nfour churches, one of which, the Congregational, was\\nerected in 1761, and is one of the most ancient church\\nedifices in New England. The town supports six dis-\\ntrict schools, and an excellent high school. The State\\nprison, removed hero from Granby in 1827, is located at\\nthe north end of the village. The main buildings and\\nwalls of the prison are of Portland brownstone, and\\nhave recently been improved at large expense, making\\nthis the equal of any penal institution in the country for\\nconvenient arrangement and thorough ventilation.\\nThe leading industry of Wethersfield is raising and\\nputting up garden-seeds for market. This business has\\nbeen pursued for nearly a eenturj The onion crop, for\\nwhich this town has always been noted, is much less\\nthan formerly, the farmers having turned their attention\\nto tobacco and other crops. Messrs. S. M. D. Welles\\nare breeders of Ayrshire cattle, their herd being well\\nknown throughout the countr}-. Silas W. Robbins has a\\nfine herd of Alderneys. The Hopson Brainard Manu-\\nfacturing Company manufactures iron brackets and othei-\\nlight castings. Their works were destroyed by fire in\\nNovember, 1878, but have been rebuilt.\\nAt Griswoldville, a small village in the south-westein\\npart of the town, is a Congregational church, and a fac- i\\ntorj- which has been used for the manufacture of edge-\\ntools. The Connecticut Valle}- Railroad passes through\\nthe eastern part of the town, and there is a steamboat-\\nlanding near the village. Population, 1,900.\\nSilas Deane, a native of Groton, Conn., and one of\\nthe ambassadors to Franco in 1776, was for some years\\na merchant in AYethersfield.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0359.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nCalvin Chapin, D. D., born in Springfield, Mass., in\\n1763, was settled over the Congregational church in\\nWethersficld from 1794 to 1847.\\nAmong the natives of Wcthersfield who have attained\\ndistinction may be mentioned John Chester, an officer of\\ntlio Revolution; Stephen M. Mitchell, U. S. senator;\\nEliziir Goodrich, the astronomer Harvev D. Little,\\nwestern editor and poet; Ashiir Robbins, U. S. senator\\nfrom Rhode Island Royal Robbins, the historian and\\nGen. Samuel B. Webb, a distinguished hero of the\\nRevolution.\\nCanton is a largo township in the western part of the\\ncounty. The Farmington River flows through the south-\\nwestern part of the town. The principal village, Col-\\nlinsviUe, is situated on this river, and was formerly-\\npartly within the limits of Bui lington. This village is\\nnamed from the Collins Company, whose extensive man-\\nufactory of edge-tools was established here in 1826, and\\ngi\\\\es emploj mcnt to several hundred men. The axes\\nproduced by this compauy havo a world-wide reputation\\nfor superior quality and finish. A branch connects Col-\\nlinsville with the Canal Railroad at Farmington, and it is\\nalso a station on the Connecticut Western Railroad.\\nCanton village, about one and a half miles north-cast\\nfrom CoUinsville, was the location of the first settlement\\nwithin the limits of the town. The town contains five\\nchurches and a population of about 3,000.\\nRev. II(jman Humphre}-, D. D., president of Amherst\\nCollege from 1823 to 1845, and Rev. Hector Humphreys,\\npresident of St. John s College, Annapolis, from 1831 to\\n1857, were natives of Canton.\\nFarmington occupies a comparatively level valley,\\nabout four miles wide, and lies north of Plainvillc and\\nwest of West Hartford. There is much excellent farm-\\ning land in the town. Farmington River enters the\\ntownship near the north-west corner, flows south-east to\\nthe centre, and then makes an abrupt turn to the north.\\nAt Unionville, where the river enters the town, there is\\nan excellent water-power, which has been well improved.\\nThe principal manufacturers arc the Union Nut Company,\\nthe Plainer Porter Paper Manufacturing Company and\\nthe Cowles Paper Companj This village is vcr3- neatlj\\nlaid out, and contains several elegant residences. The\\nmain village is situated on an elevated plain, about 75\\nfeet above the river. The soil in its immediate vicinitj-\\nis very fertile, and flowers and vegetables are grown in\\nprofusion. Before the completion of railroads Farming-\\nton was an important trading point, it being on the favor-\\nite route from Vermont and eastern New York to the\\nseaboard and its trade in West India goods at one time\\nexceeded that of Hartford. The village is substantially\\nbuilt, and contains many comfortable and attractive\\nhouses. Miss S. Porter s school for j oung ladies is\\nlocated in this village. It has a very high reputation,\\nwhich, with its beautiful natural surroundings, has con-\\ntributed to render it one of the most popular institutions\\nof the kind in the country. Tlie Congregational Church\\nwas built in 1771, and is still in a good state of preser-\\nvation, being, next to that at Wcthersfield, the oldest\\nchurch in the county. The American Board of Commis-\\nsioners for Foreign Missions was organized hero, and\\nheld its first meeting in the Congregational parsonage\\nSept. 5, 1810. There are ten school districts in the\\ntown, and six churches. Population, 2,800. The New\\nHaven and Northampton Railroad passes through the\\ncentral part of the town. The CoUinsville branch fol-\\nlows the course of Fannington River, and has a station\\non the south bank, opposite Unionville.\\nJohn Treadwell, governor of the State, and the first\\npresident of the American Board of Commissioners for\\nForeign Missions James Kilbournc, a member of Con-\\ngress Rev. Philip Milledoler, D. D., the distinguished\\nDutch Reformed clergyman Rev. Asahcl S. Norton, D.\\nD., one of the founders of Hamilton College, at Clinton,\\nN. Y. Rev. Noah Porter, D. D., president of Yale\\nCollege Rev. John Richards, D. D., a noted Congrega-\\ntionalist clerg3Tnan, and editor; and Timothy Pitkin,\\na leading Federalist politician, were natives of Farm-\\nington.\\nBerlin lies in the soulhern tier of townships in Hart-\\nford County-. The Mattabeset River rises in the south-\\nwestern corner, flows north and cast, and then turning\\nsouth forms the eastern boundary. The New York,\\nNew Haven and Hartford Railroad runs through the\\ncentre of the town. Berlin village is about one and a\\nhalf miles south-east from this station. Hero arc\\nlocated three churches and an academy. Kensington\\nvillage is a short distance to the west of the station.\\nThe works of the Hart ]\\\\Ianufacturing Company, makers\\nof coach and general hardware, are in this village.\\nHero arc two churches. East Berlin village has a sta-\\ntion on the IMiddlctown branch. Hero are manufactories\\nof corrugated iron and tinmen s tools. Population of\\nthe township about 2,500.\\nJonathan Hart (or Heart, as the name was originall}-\\nspelled), a gi-aduatc of Yale in 17G8, a gallant soldier of\\nthe Revolution and in the regular army, killed in a severe\\nbattle with the Indians John Kilbournc, western author\\nand publisher the Rev. John Eliot, for 30 years settled\\nat East Hampton, Conn. James G. Pcrcival, the poet;\\nand IMrs. Emma C. Willard, the celebrated teacher and\\nauthoress, were natives of Berlin.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0360.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nWindsor Locks is a small township, lying about three\\nmiles along the Connecticut River. The \\\\illage is sit-\\nuated on the river in the north-east part of the town, at\\nthe locks b3 which the canal around Enfield Falls\\ndescends to the Connecticut, hence the name of the\\ntown. The surface is generally- hill} and broken, most\\nof the population being concentrated in the village, and\\nomploj-ed in the various manufactories. There are four\\nchurches and two public schools. The town has a variety\\nof manufactures, including paper, school furniture, spool\\n1 silk, c. and a population of 2,800. The New York,\\nNew Haven and Hartford Railroad passes through the\\neastern portion of the town, crossing the Connecticut\\nRiver on a substantial iron bridge, one mile north of the\\nvillage.\\nSiMSBUKY is an irregularlj- shaped township, contain-\\ning about 28 square miles, and is intersected by a spur\\nof the Taconic mountain range. The Farmington River\\nruns northerly through a portion of the town, and is bor-\\ndered b} spacious meadows but, making an abrupt turn\\nto the south-east, it breaks through the range of hills, and\\nits course where it leaves the town is almost exactly the\\nopposite of the first direction. Simsbury village is sit-\\nuated in the broadest portion of the valley, near the\\ncentre of the township. It contains two churches, and\\ntluj safety-fuse manufactory of Toy, Bickford Co. At\\nTariffville, in the south-east part of the town, and at one\\ntime an active manufacturing point, are three churches.\\nThe Canal Railroad crosses the Connecticut Western Rail-\\nroad at Simsburj village. Population about 2,000.\\nAlexander V. Griswold, presiding bishop of the Epis-\\ncopal Church Hon. Greene C. Bronson, chief justice of\\nNew York and Anson G. Phelps, the philanthropic mer-\\nchant, were natives of Simsburj\\nWest Hartford is relatively one of the wealthiest\\ntowns in the State. The surface of the town is gently\\nundulating or level, except in the western jjortion, where\\nit rises into a considerable elevation, known as Talcott\\nMountain, separating it from Avon. There are three\\nchurches and eight school-houses. The New York and\\nNew En^;land, and the New York, New Haven and Hart-\\nford railroads pass through the south-eastern corner of\\nthe town. The manufacture of pottery is carried on at\\nthis point. Population about 1 ,800. Assessed valuation\\n$2,070,911, or $1,150 per capita. The average valua-\\ntion of the real estate is nearly $C3 per acre.\\nNathan Perkins, D. D., a native of Lisbon, Conn.,\\nwas settled over the Congregational church in West Hart-\\nford from October, 1772, to his death in January. 1838.\\nAmong the eminent men born in West Hartford were\\nTheodore Sedgwick, judge of the Massachusetts Supreme\\nCourt Harry Crosswell, politician, editor and clergj--\\nman Noah Webster, the lexicographer and Lemuel\\nHaynes, the celebrated colored preacher.\\nThe remaining towns of the county are. South Windsor\\n(population 1,800), Granby (1,500), Bloomfield (1,600),\\nPlainville (1,800), Burlington (1,200), Rocky Hill\\n(1,100), Avon (975), East Granby (850), Newington\\n(850), Hartland (750), and Marlborough (450). Most\\nof these towns are agricultural, but Newington, Granby,\\nPlainville and South Windsor have some manufactures.\\nAvon contains Talcott Mountain, upon whose summit,\\nsome 900 feet above the ordinary level of the Connecti-\\ncut River, is a lake of great depth. Near this lake is a\\nstone tower 55 feet high, from the summit of which an\\nextensive view is obtained.\\nA part of Massachusetts about two miles square pro-\\njects into the town of Granbj- this territory was long in\\ndispute, but was finall} ceded to Massachusetts in 1804.\\nSouth Windsor is noted as the birth-place of the great\\nmetaphysician, Jonathan Edwards, who was born in a\\nhouse on the river road, about one mile north of South\\nWindsor village.\\nLeonidas L. Hamline, a celebrated Methodist bishop,\\nwas born in Burlington. Walter Forward, secretary of\\nthe U. S. Treasury from 1841 to 1843, was a native of\\nEast Granbj", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0361.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nLITCHFIELD COUNTY,\\nBY WILLIAil KNAPP.\\nThe first white settlers of Litchfield County in the\\nState of Connecticut, came from Stratford, on Long\\nIsland Sound, in the spring of 1C73, and took possession\\nof the fertile vallc3 of the Pomperaug River, named after\\na chief of the Pootatuck tribe of Indians. Their emi-\\ngration to this place resulted from ecclesiastical contro-\\nversies between the Rev. Israel Chauncj- and the Rev.\\nZechariah Walker, ministers of Stratford. At length Gov-\\nWinthrop advised JNIr. Walker and his church and people\\nto remove to a tract of land which should be allotted to\\nthem for the settlement of a new town. In the spring\\nof 1672, accordingl3 the General Court having granted\\nto Mr. Samuel Sherman, William Curtiss and others,\\nliberty to erect a plantation at Pomperaug, subsequently\\nnamed Woodbur} some of Mr. Walker s church-mem-\\nbers came to the new town in the wilderness, and he,\\nwith most of his followers, removed there the next year.\\nFollowing the Ousatonic River, formerl} called the\\nPootatuck, tiU they came to a large river flowing into it\\nfrom the north, thej finally reached a sightly elevation\\noverlooking the beautiful valley of their search.\\nThe increase of population at the new settlement was\\nrapid, and a few 3 ears after it commenced, in 1686, the\\ntown was incorporated by the General Court, the first in\\nthe count} The new town was represented in the\\nGeneral Court for the first time, in 1684, by Capt. John\\nMinor and Lieut. Joseph Judson while the first meeting-\\nhouse built in the county was erected here in 1681.\\nCol. Robert Treat, Thomas Clark, Jonathan Baldwin,\\nand 110 others, chiefl}^ of Milford, Conn., by authorit}\\nof the General Court at the October session in 1703,\\npurchased of the Colon} at a cost of about $484, a tract\\nof 84 square miles of land, called by the Indians Wean-\\ntinogue, and situated in the south-western part of the\\npresent county on the Ilousatonic River, which was at\\nthat time named New Milford by the General Court.\\nThis chief had his wigwara on a high bluff near the Great F.ills on the\\nHousatonic River, near the present village of New Milford. The abrupt\\nbluff at these falls is now known as Lover s Leap. The most authentic\\ntradition of the origin of the name is, that the lovely daughter of the\\nchief had given her affections to a wliite settler, while her father had,\\nwith great care, selected a brave warrior to receive her hand, whom\\nshe, however, did not love. One fine day, the lovers remained on this\\nThe first white person who came to this place, not a\\nproprietor, was John Noble, in 1707, from Westfield,\\nMass. The town was incorporated in 1712, with a pop-\\nulation of about 70 persons, the first minister settled\\nhere being the Rev. Daniel Boardman of Wethersfield,\\nthe same ha^^ng been ordained over the Congregational\\nChurch and society in 1716. The second meeting-house\\nbuilt in the county was erected here in 1719. Col. John\\nRead had studied for the ministry in his youth, and the\\nfirst sermon the settlers heard here was preached by\\nhim. This town was first represented in the General\\nCourt, in 1725, hy John Bostwick and Capt. Stephen\\nNoble and it ma}- be remarked that the first bridge built\\nacross the Housatonic River was erected here in 1737.\\nWhen the first white people came to this county in 1672,\\nthe Indian tribes occupied the valley of the Housatonic\\nRiver chiefly. Here they found congenial places for\\ntheir wigwams and villages, and good opportunities for\\nfishing, and for the culture of maize and beans, their\\nchief vegetable food. At this time the Pootatucks were\\nthe most powerful tribe in the western part of the Colony,\\nwith clans in the present county at Nonnewaug, Bantam,\\nWeantinogue, and on the Pomperaug River. Their prin-\\ncipal seat, however, was on the north-east side of the\\nIlousatonic, just below the present line of this county,\\nat Southbury, in New Haven County, with a central\\npoint at Woodbury. But this tribe soon commenced to\\nmigrate to the north and west, either to escape their\\nenemies, or to find better fishing and hunting grounds,\\nuntil they became absorbed in other tribes, and finally\\nutterly disappeared. The chief Pomperaug was buried\\nin Woodbury, as was his brother, a powwow, and the\\nplaces are designated by heaps of stones. The last chief\\nof the tribe was Mauquash, who died about the year 1758-\\nand was buried in Woodbury.\\nAbout the year 1735, Weraumaug, or Raumaug,* i\\ncliff till long after sunset, and she successfully besought her father to\\nallow her suitor to lodge at the palace that night, which so excited the\\njealousy of the warrior that, in the morning, he told her he would have\\nthe scalp of his rival before nightfall. The two lovers met again at the\\nsame romantic place, where they were found by the enraged warrior,\\nand, to make a sure escape, ivith clasped hands, they leaped from the\\ngiddy height into the surging waters.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0362.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nPootatuck chief, and a greAt councillor at the principal\\ncouncil-fires of Ms people, was visited, during his last\\nsickness, by the Kev. Mr. Boardman, who toolc great\\npains to instruct him in the doctrines and principles of\\nthe Christian religion. The great sachem died shortly\\nafter, and was buried in the Indian ground a short dis-\\ntance from his residence. His grave is now plainl} dis-\\ntinguishable. His tribe has entirclj- passed awa} and\\nthe only traces of its existence are the arrow-heads,\\npipes, and other relics that are verj^ often unearthed by\\nthe ploughshare, as is the case in other parts of the\\ncounty where the Indians _\\nonce lived.\\nA tribe of Schaghticoko\\nIndians, occupjnng an inter-\\nval on the west side ol\\nthe Ilousatonic Eiver, came\\nunder the influence of the\\n]Mora\\\\ian missionaries aliout\\nthe j-ear 1742, and Gideon,\\ntheir chief, was the first\\nconvert, and was baptized\\nin 1743, as were 150 others\\nvery soon afterwards, and\\nmany hundreds still later.*\\nAt the time of the first\\nsettlement of Salisburj there\\nwas an Indian village at\\nWcatog, the Indian name\\nof the town, consisting of\\nabout 70 wigwams. Their\\ntrail through Cornwall to\\nthe Bantam clan at Litch-\\nfield was well known.f\\nThe lands of this count} were generally purchased of\\nthe Indians by the settlers, together with the Colony\\ntitle, as appears b}- the names of the chiefs appended to\\ndeeds on the records of many, if not all, of the earlier\\nsettled towns. The Indians were friendlj to the first\\nsettlers, and supplied them with provisions in manj\\ninstances, and defended them from hostile attacks.\\nThe next settlement bj whites in the dense western\\nwoods of the county was at Bantam in 1720, by a grant\\nThere are now about 54 who are considered as belonging to this\\ntribe, scattered around in different towns, and are the only remnants of\\nthe red-men left in this county. Eunice, a grand-daugliter of their re-\\nnowned chief, died in 1860, at the great age of 103 years. They now\\npossess about 300 acres of land situated on Schaghticoko Mountain, and a\\nfund of $5,000 and are under the ch.irge of an overseer appointed an-\\nnually by the District Court in the county.\\nt Chaugum, the last man of a small tribe in New Hartford, lived till\\nnear the close of the last century and his descendants iu the female\\nlino kept up the council-fires till quite recently. The descendants of his\\nUOUSATONIC RIVEtt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 KAPIDS NEAB, WEUAU\\nfrom the Colony to John Marsh of Hartford, and John\\nBuel of Lebanon, and 57 associates, of a tract of land\\nten miles square, an l named Litchfiekl bj the General\\nCourt in 1719, and incorporated a town in 1724. None\\nof this tract appears to have been purchased of the Ind-\\nians, and, in consequence, the earlj^ settlers had some\\nexperience of the ferocious native character of the red\\nman. I\\nEev. Timothy Collins was ordained the first minister\\nof the people here in 1723, and the first house of wor-\\nship, the third in the county, was finished in 1726.\\nAbout the time that Litch-\\nfield was settled, three fam-\\nilies one English, and i\\nthe other two Dutch set-\\ntled at Weatog, or Salis-\\nbury, in 1720. In 1740,\\neleven English and five\\nDutch families settled in\\ndifferent parts of the town.\\nIn 1732, most of the town-\\nship was surs ej-ed. It was\\nsold by the Colony at Hart-\\nford in 1737, and the char-\\nter was given in 1745.\\nThe town took its name\\nfrom a man named Salis-\\nbury, who lived iu about\\nthe centre of the purchase.\\nThe Rev. Mr. Lee was their\\nfirst settled minister, and\\na meeting-house was built\\nabout 1748. In this house\\nthere were two watch-tow-\\ners, with sentries placed in them on Sundays, to guard\\nagainst the Indians. These first settlers came from the\\nmanor of Livdngston, in the Colony of New York.\\nHarwinton, which derived its name from Hartford,\\nWindsor and Farmington, was settled in 1 731 was named\\na town in 1732, and was incorporated by the General\\nCourt in 1737. Their first minister was the Rev. An-\\ndrew Bartholomew, who was ordained about 1 736. John\\nWatson and others came from Hartford in 1733, and\\nmarried daughter are the only representatives of the race in Winchester\\nand Barkhamstead.\\nCapt. John Griswold, in 1722, was suddenly rushed upon, pinioned,\\nand carried f;ir away into the thick -woods. While his enemies were\\nasleep around a fire, however, he disengaged himself, and seized their\\nguns, his arms still pinioned, and made his escape safely to his home.\\nThat same year, Joseph Harris, while at work in the woods, was\\nattacked and shot by the Indians. There was a monument erected to\\nhis memory in 1830, in the town, not only to perpetuate his name as a\\nmartyred citizen, but to record the first death among the early settlers-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0363.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEAV ENGLAND.\\nsettled at New Hartford, which was named and incorpo-\\nrated a town that j-car. The Rev. Jonathan Marsh,\\ntheir first minister, was ordained in 1739. It was in an\\nevergreen region, whore there were extensive forests,\\ncalled the Green Woods. One of the seven com-\\npanies of the inhabitants of Windsor that bought town-\\nships in 1732 was the Torrington Company, named after\\na hamlet in Devonshire, Eng. The patentees were\\nMatthew AlljTi, Roger Wolcott and Samuel Mather, Esqrs.\\nA suTA ej of the town was made in 1734, and there were\\nthree divisions of land. The last one was completed in\\n1750, in which two hundred and twent} acres were ap-\\npropriated for schools. Ebenezcr Lyman, Jr., was the\\nfirst permanent settler of the town, and came from Dur-\\nham about the year 1737. Torrington was made a town\\nin 1740; and, becoming an ecclesiastical society-, the\\nRev. Nathaniel Roberts was ordained in 1741, when\\nthere were but fourteen families in the place. Wolcott-\\nville maj be said to have been commenced in 1751, when\\nAmos Wilson purchased of the town the mill-privilege\\non the west branch of the Naugatuck River. Its great\\nbusiness prosperit} vaay be said to date from about 1 S13,\\nwhen manufacturing first began.\\nA considerable area of territory on the Housatonic\\nRiver was sold at auction at New London in 1738, and\\nsettled by John Franklin and others. The town was\\nnamed Canaan by the General Court that year, and in-\\ncorporated in 1739. Their first clergyman was the Rev.\\nElisha Webster, ordained in 1740. The tract of land\\nknown as Kent was sold in 1738, and settled that year\\nby Mr. Piatt and others from Colchester, Sir. Comstock\\nfrom Franklin, and Mr. Slauson and others from Nor-\\nwalk. The town was named in 1738, and incorporated\\nthe following year. The first minister was the Rev.\\nCyrus Marsh. Goshen was settled, named and incorpo-\\nI rated in 1738. The Rev. Stephen lieaton was their first\\nminister. The territorj of Sharon was purchased in\\n1738, and settled and incorporated the following jear.\\nThe first settler was Daniel Jackson, from New Milford.\\nIn 1740, thirteen families moved into Cornwall from Mas-\\nsachusetts, and from Colchester and Litchfield in this State.\\nIt was named in 1738, and incorporated two years after-\\nward. The Rev. Solomon Palmer was their first min-\\nister. Settlers from Windsor came to Norfollc in 1744.\\nAVhen incorporated, in 1758, there were thirty-seven\\nfamilies within its limits. The Rev. Ammi R. Robbins\\nwas their first pastor. The first settler in the present\\ntown of Barkhamsted came in 174G, and was the sole\\ninhabitant for more than ten years. The town was in-\\ncorporated in 1770. The Rev. Ozias Eels was their first\\nminister.\\nWinchester was incorporated in 1771, and the next\\nyear the Rev. Joshua Knapp was ordained minister.\\nEbenezer and Joseph Preston, and Adam Mott, from\\nWindsor, were the first settlers. In 1799, there were\\nonly about twenty families within the present limits of\\nWinsted. In 1832, the west village was incorporated as\\nthe borough of Clifton. In 1858, the two sections of\\nWinsted became united, and the place has since been\\nknown as AVinsted.\\nThe first settlers of Colebrook came there in 1765,\\nand others soon followed. The town was organized in\\n178G, and the Rev. Jonathan Edwards, son of the re-\\nnowned minister of that name, was their first pastor.\\nThe ecclesiastical society- of Northbury was organized\\nin Waterbur^-, New Haven County, iu 1739, and was\\norganized a town by the assembl}^ in 1795, named Plj m-\\nouth, and annexed to this county. The first settlement\\nin Plj-mouth was made in the centre of the new town of\\nThomastou. In 1728, Henr}- Cook came there with a\\nfamil} and settled. The first child born in Plymouth\\nwas Samuel How.\\nThe first settlement in Waterbury was in Wooster\\nSwamp, as Thomaston and the western part of Plymouth\\nwere called. Many settlers preferring to locate on higher\\nlaud up the river, above the fogs and malaria of the\\nswamp west of the river, the Northburj- communitj was\\nestablished. Roxbur^ was created a town iu 1801, and\\ntaken froin Woodburj- and Bridgewater Societ} was\\ntaken from New Milford and made a town in 1S5G.\\nTwo years later. North Canaan was separated from\\nCanaan. Morris, from the town of Litchfield, was in-\\ncorporated in 1859 and the twenty-sixth and last town\\niu the count} was taken from Plymouth, made a town,\\nand named Thomaston, in 1875.\\nThe increase of population and rapid colonization\\nwere such that in the jear 1751, after about ten years of\\nagitation in town meetings and in the assembly, a new\\ncounty was created and named Litclifield, with Litchfield\\nas the shire town. The territorial area was the same as\\nat present, with the exception of the towns of Ilartland\\nand Southbury, and a portion of Brookfield, all of which\\nthen belonged to the county. AVatertowu and Plymouth,\\nwith Thomaston, have since been annexed. William\\nPreston, Esq., of Woodburj was the first chief justice\\nIsaac Baldwin, Esq., first clerk. Samuel Pettibone,\\nEsq., of Goshen, was chosen king s attorney, and Oliver\\nWolcott, Esq., sheriff. For nine years from 1774, the\\nvalley of Wyoming, Pa. belonged to this county.\\nIt was declared by a convention held in this county Feb.\\n11, 1776, and represented by most of the towns, that\\nthe Stamp Act was unconstitutional, null and void, and", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0364.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nthat business should go on as usual and town meetings\\nwere held quite frequentl} to consider the public safetj\\nWhen the war cloud burst, Litchfield Count}- was thor-\\noughly aroused for anj emergencj At the time of the\\nBoston alarm, Sept. 3, 1774, quite a number of soldiers\\nwent from Woodbur}-, where there was the most popula-\\ntion, and joined companies from other towns. Col.\\nEthan Allen, claimed to have been born in three towns in\\nthe count} and at all events to have been a native of this\\ncounty, and Col. Seth Warner, a native of Roxbury, with\\nnearly 100 volunteers, assisted in the capture of Fort\\nTiconderoga May 10, 1775. Col. Hinman of Woodbury\\ncommanded 1,000 men sent to garrison this fort and\\nCrown Point. After the Lexington alarm a full company\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was sent from Woodbury. The thirteenth regiment of\\nmilitia was formed from that town, New Milford and\\nKent, at the commencement of the war. B} an order of\\nJune 10, 1776, a draft was ordered, which, with former\\ncalls, had made such a drain upon the laborers that there\\nwas hardly sufficient provision to supplj the people\\nduring the winter. Upon a sudden call for troops at\\nDanbury in April, 1777, the militia of this count}- marched\\nto the scene of conflict. Soldiers from this county\\nparticipated in the battle of Bennington in 1777, under\\nCol. Seth Warner, and others fought at Saratoga and\\nWhite Plains. Woodbury being the oldest and largest\\ntown in the county, with a population of 5,313 in 1774,\\nwas represented on all the battle-fields of 1777. There\\nw-ere eight companies of militia in the town ready to rally\\nat a moment s warning. New Blilford furnished the\\nnext largest quota of men for the war. The old Indian\\nwarrior, Tom Warrups, a Sehaghticoke, and a resident\\nof Cornwall in his early life, participated in the battle of\\nLong Island. Gen. John Sedgwick of Cornwall, Cols.\\nCanfield and StaiT of New Milford, Tallmadge of Litch-\\nfield, and many others, were brave officers in the war.\\nThere were, however, some Tories within the borders\\nof the county and committees of inspection were formed,\\nwho summoned before them those who were suspected of\\ndisloyalty to the cause of liberty.*\\nParty spirit ran so high in this county during the war\\nof 1812, and the administration at Washington met with\\nsuch opposition from the State-rights or Federalist party,\\nthat enlistments into the regular array were greatly dis-\\ncouraged and the conflict between the national and State\\ngovernments, as to which should have the command of\\nthe drafted militia, caused riots in some places in the\\ncounty, -where efforts were made to fling the State flag to\\nThe Rev. John R. Marshal of Woodbury was one of these, and was\\nput on the limits. The riflemen, passing through the countj-, took a man\\nin New Milford, made him walk before them twenty miles, and carry one\\nthe breeze, and to cut down the liberty-poles flying the\\nstars and stripes. This opposition caused Congress to\\nrefuse the necessary appropriations and supplies for the\\nmaintenance of the militia of Massachusetts and Con-\\nnecticut for the year 1814, thus forcing these States to\\ndefend their own coasts from invasion, which resulted in\\nthe Hartford Convention of December, 1814, of which\\nthe Hon. Nathaniel Smith of Woodbury, and others of\\nthe most distinguished and upright characters were mem-\\nbers. The whole number of men who served in t6e war\\nfrom this county was probably about 2,000.\\nAt the commencement of the late Rebellion, volunteer\\ncompanies were immediately formed at Winsted and the\\nother larger towns in the county, which soon rendezvoused\\nat New Haven. During the war the county furnished\\nnearly 4,000 men. The nineteenth regiment, enlisted\\nprincipally in this county, and reorganized into the second\\nheavy artillery in November, 18C3, experienced some\\nvery severe service in the army of the Potomac and it\\nwas at the head of the assault at Cold Harbor, Va.,\\nJune 1, 1864, that its gallant commander, Col. Elisha S.\\nKellogg, lost his life.\\nSchools. A short time after the close of the Revolu-\\ntionary war in 1784, the first law school of any note in\\nthe United States was founded in the town of Litchfield.\\nIts projector was Tapping Reeve of Long Island, a brother-\\nin-law of Aaron Burr. There were then no professors\\nof law connected with any American college, nor was the\\nscience treated as a liberal one. Judge Reeve, after\\nhaving conducted the school from the commencement\\nuntil his appointment to the bench of the Supremo Court\\nof the State in 1793, then invited James Gould, Esq., a\\ngraduate of Yale College, who was in the practice of law\\nat Litchfield, to take part in the instruction of the school.\\nThese gentlemen carried it on together, as partners, for a\\nperiod of 22 years, when, on account of advanced age.\\nJudge Reeve retired. Judge Gould continued the school\\nuntil a few years before his death, when he associated with\\nhimself Jabez W. Huntington, afterwards a U. S. senator,\\nand judge of the Supreme Court of the State. Prior to\\n1833 there had been educated at this school men from\\nall parts of the country, more than 1,000 in all, and\\nas many as 183 from the Southern States. They num-\\nbered fifteen United States senators, five cabinet officers,\\nten governors of States, fifty members of Congress, forty\\njudges of the highest State courts, and two judges of the\\nSupreme Court of the United States. This long list\\nembraced the names of John C. Calhoun of South Caro-\\nof his geese they then made him pluck his goose, and, after tarring and\\nfeathering him, drummed him out of the company, and required him to\\nkneel and thank them for their lenity.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0365.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nlina, John M. Clayton of Delaware, John Y. Mason of\\nVirginia, Judge Levi Wooclburj-, Marcus Morton, and\\nmany others of national renown. The school was dis-\\ncontinued in 1833.\\nAs soon as the first settlement of towns in the count}-\\ncommenced, and a minister had been settled, attention\\nwas turned to the common schools. The ancient school-\\nj house in this count} was a very rude affair, consisting of\\none room with but little furniture. The writing-desks\\nfronted inward from the sides of the house, and there\\nwas a large shelf in one corner for the use of the schol-\\nars. The teacher s table was made of rough boards.\\nThe seats for the larger scholars were made of slabs\\nsupported with three or four legs of round wood.\\nj Schools were carried on in the earlier times entirely\\nunder the district system. Afterwards for very many\\nj-oars they were managed\\nunder the jurisdiction of\\nschool societies, formed from ff-\\ntowns and parts of towns.\\nIn 18G9 the schools were made\\nfree b} a general law, and\\nsince that time, in this coun-\\nty, the attendance and ap-\\npropriations have gi-eatly in-\\ncreased. There has been y.\\nmore uniformity of text- y,\\nbooks better school-housts\\nhave been erected the terms\\nhave been lengthened all pay --.:i--^-i-*.=-.4^- _-.--^\\ntheir share of the taxes foreign mission school in the united states,\\nwliile the improvements in the schools over the old\\nmethod have been verj- great. There are now in this\\ncounty 277 distiicts, and 275 schools, emploj-ing 625\\nteachers. Among the first of the academics established\\nin the county was one in the town of Morris, then\\nLitchfield, in 1790, b}- James Morris. Afterwards\\ntwo were opened in the town of Sharon and there have\\nbeen many others since those early times. The first\\nfemale seminary established at Litchfield in 1792, was\\nthe resort of young ladies from all parts of the countr}-\\nfor more than forty j-ears. The first foreign mission\\nschool in this countrj was established in the county,\\nat Cornwall, in 1817, to educate foreign j-outh to become\\nmissionaries, schoolmasters, interpreters and physicians\\namong heathen nations. A farm was purchased and\\nsuitable buildings were erected; but the school was\\nabandoned in 1827, because, after this time, the heathen\\ncould be educated at home, and also because of local\\nopposition caused bj two Cherokee Indians marrjing\\nrespectable white girls of the town.\\nThe Connecticut School for Imbeciles, located in Salis-\\nbur}-, was incorporated in 18G1.\\nEcclesiastical. For nearly 70 years after the first\\nsettlement of the county, the only churches within its\\nlimits were of the Congregational order, the result of an\\necclesiastical statute of the C olonj- that no church admin-\\nistration should be set up contrary to the order already\\nestablished; but finally, in 1708, and afterwards, acts of\\ntoleration were passed, till all religious denominations\\nwere put upon the same common ground of equality,\\nalthough all were for some time taxed to support the\\nregular order. The oldest church in the count}- of the\\nestablished order is in Woodburv, and was organized in\\n1070, at Stratford and the next oldest one is in New\\nMilford, and was organized in 1716. The church at\\nLitchfield was organized in 1 721 the church at Bethlehem\\nin 1 739 and the churches at\\nX Cornwall, Goshen and Shar-\\non in 1 740 and there are\\nnow 41 churches of this order\\nin the county.\\nThe first Episcopal parish\\nin the count}- was organized\\nby the Rev. Mr. Beach of\\nNewtown, in 1740. There\\nare now 25 parishes with\\n2,118 communicants.\\nThe first of the Baptist\\nchurches in the county were\\nin New Milford and Cole-\\nbrook, about the j-car 1788,\\nwhen a church was orgmized in the first-named town.\\nThere are very few churches of this denomination in the\\ncounty at the present time.\\nIn 1790 a circuit of the Methodist Episcopal Church\\nwas formed at Litchfield, which then probably comprised\\nthe whole county and more, and Jesse Lee was appointed\\nelder by the New England Conference. This circuit was\\ntravelled at this time by Samuel Wigton, Henry Christie\\nand Freeborn Garritson. There was but little sympathy,\\nhowever, between the Congregational and IMethodist\\ndenominations in the county in these early da}s. The\\ncircuit preacher discoursed against pitch-pipes, steeples,\\nribbons and all gay equipages, to say nothing of the\\nfive points of Calvinism. The denomination, during\\nthe nearly 90 years of its existence in the county, has,\\nin number and membership, increased with great rapidity.\\nThe first Roman Catholic church in the county is\\nbelieved to have been erected at Cornwall about the year\\n1850, though there is no church there now. Public\\nworship was instituted in Winsted in 1851 by the Rev.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0366.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nJames Lynch and in 1852, the Eev. Thomas Quinn com-\\nmenceil the erection of St. Joseph s Cathohc Church,\\nand entered on his pastoral duties. The Rev. Thomas\\nHendrickon, since bishop of Rhode Island, came here in\\n1854 and there are now five churches in the countj-.\\nMinerals and Iron Manufactures. This county is the\\nonly section of the State in which rich and productive\\niron mines are found. The ore is found in vast beds,\\nprincipally in connection with mica slate, and exists in\\nthe towns of Sharon, Salisbury and Kent. The oldest\\niron mine is the Old Ore HiU in the town of Salisbury,\\nand it has been worked over 145 years, and since the year\\n1732. The site of this mine was purchased bj a man\\nnamed Bissell, several j-ears before the town was incor-\\nporated. When this mine was first opened, Thomas\\nLamb bought fifty acres of land in the south-east part of\\nthe town, at Lime Rock on Salmon River, and erected the\\nfirst forge in the county at that place as early as the year\\n1734. In 17G2 Col. Ethan AUen, of Ticonderoga fame,\\nSamuel Forbes and others, built the first blast-furnace in\\nthe county. During the Revolutionary war this prop-\\nerty was taken possession of by the State and Col.\\nJoshua Porter having been appointed agent, large quan-\\ntities of cannon, cannon balls, shot and shells were man-\\nufactured for the government. John Jay and Gouverneur\\nMorris, agents of Congress, came here frequently at this\\ntime to oversee the casting and proofs of the cannon.\\nThe war ships Constitution and Old Ironsides and\\nthe New York Battery were armed with the Salisbury\\ncannon and this iron has been used since the war in\\nthe manufacture of guns and anchors for the na^y, and\\nchain cables, and has also furnished material for the uses\\nof the government armories.\\nThe never-failing resources of the mine, the facilities\\nand means of smelting the ore, with its rich quality of\\n40 per cent, of pig iron, have brought it into general\\ndemand for manufacturing purposes. Forty years ago\\nthere were in Salisbury four blast-furnaces, five forges,\\ntwo puddling establishments, one anchor-shop and two\\ncupolas for castings. Tliis mine covers an area of sev-\\neral acres, and there are six principal pits. For the\\nfirst forty j-ears of this centurj^ the average amount of\\nore taken from this bed annually, was 5,000 tons;\\nand its bottom has not been reached. There are also\\nimportant iron mines in Sharon and Kent. Salisburj-\\niron was first used in 1840 for railroad purposes. Its\\ngreat tensile strength, with its superior chilling proper-\\nties, soon led to the manufacture of car-wheels at Salis-\\nburj-, which are now in general use, not only in the\\nUnited States, but in most civilized nations.\\nSpathic ii-on-ore, commonly known as silver steel, is\\nfound in this county at Mine Hill, in Roxbury, on\\nthe eastern line of New Milford, in a mountain about\\n350 feet high, at the base of which runs the Shepaug\\nRiver and it is the most remarkable deposit of the kind\\nin the United States. The mine, however, has never\\nbeen profitably worked.\\nGeneral 3Ianvfacturing. The first mill in the county\\nwas built in Woodbury in 1674, for grinding flour, the\\nmortar and pestle having been used for pounding the\\ngrain prior to this time. Fifty years since there were\\nover 34 flour-mills in the county. The first wheelwright\\nwas Samuel Munn, who built a cart and cart-wheels for\\nthe Rev. Mr. Walker of Woodbury, in 1688 and the\\nbusiness of making coaches and wagons was carried on\\nin the county after their invention, till there were as\\nmany as 40 of these establishments. In 1700, 44 in-\\nhabitants of Woodbury gave Abraham Fulford 10 acres\\nof land to come there and comb wool, and weave and\\nfull cloth, and he accepted the offer. At this earl3\\nperiod some of the outer clothing of the people was\\nmade of the skins of deer and other animals and in\\n1677, very large wooden shoes were made and used by\\nthe settlers. The first blacksmith came to this countj- in\\n1706, and he was given 10 acres of land to remain and\\ncarry on the business. The tannery was one of the\\nearliest industrial establishments of the county. Long\\nsince there have been as many as 50 of these, almost\\nevery town having its place for tanning leather. Boots\\nand shoes were made b}^ the shoemaker, who, whipping\\nthe cat, went around to the houses with his own tools\\nand wax, depending upon his customers for leather,\\nshoe-thread, and pegs. The saw and shingle mill were\\na very early necessity to the settlers, and there were as\\nmany as 1 9 in the county at one time but they have begun\\nto disappear somewhat since the days of railroads. Over\\n2,300,000 bricks were made annually in the county 37\\nyears ago and there were 1 7 hat factories and as jnany\\nfurniture establishments. Sixty years ago there were a\\nver} large numlier of manufactories of distilled spirits\\n169 in the county, and 26 in New Milford alone. Soon\\nafter the commencement of this century a discovery was\\nmade in the latter place of porcelain clay by a gold-\\nsmith. The bed covers an area of about 10 acres. Mr.\\nLyman Hine commenced the making of the common\\nporcelain furnace and fire brick about the j ear 1828\\nand these articles for stoves, furnace-linings in brass-\\nkettle establishments, and puddling furnaces, enjoyed-\\na deservedly high reputation. From an early date,\\nmagnesian lime has been burnt from quarries in the\\ncounty.\\nIn 1792, Jenks Bo3 d erected the first establishment", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0367.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nat Winsted, for welding, drawing and plating the scythe\\nby water-power under trip-hammers, and grinding it on\\ngeared stones which before had been made b} hand,\\nwrought in smiths shops, and ground on stones turned\\nb} hand. Before the year 1800, the first cementing steel-\\nfurnace in the county was buOt at Colebrook b}^ the\\nRockwell Brothers.\\nThe making of axes as a distinct trade was first com-\\nmenced in 1804 and about the year 1828, a factory was\\nestablished at Winsted. The business of clockmaking\\ncommenced in a very small way at Thomaston, about the\\ntime Plymouth was annexed to the county. Eli Terry\\nestablished himself at Plymouth, and commenced making\\nthe old hang-up wood clock with a foot-lathe, knife, and\\nother hand-tools, and peddled them himself on horseback-\\nIn 1803, he had a shop with water-power and he started a\\nshop at Iloadleyville, and made 4,000 clocks in two j-ears.\\nIn 1807, Riley Whiting commenced making wood clocks\\nat Winsted, and made numerous improvements ,in them\\nand in clock-cases. The manufacture of cutlery was\\ncommenced at Salisbury, and in 1852, at Winsted. The\\nproduction of pins first began in the county at Winsted\\nin 1852, and of plated-wave, coffin-trimmings, and car-\\nriage-springs, within the past 12 j-ears. The manufac-\\nture of vegetable-ivory buttons, with new and gi eatly\\nimproved machinery for mottling and coloring, com-\\nmenced in the county at New Milford about 10 j-ears\\nago. In 1834, the first eflbrt to make brass kettles in\\nAmerica, bj the battery process, began at Wolcottvillc.\\nThe rolling process succeeded this in 1842. Meantime,\\nwith these new and greatly increased developments of\\nmanufacturing on the lines mentioned, there has been a\\ncorresponding decline in certain other branches notably\\nin the manufacture of leather, and also of woollen goods.\\nAgriculture. From the time of the first settlement\\nof the county when it was a dense forest of white oak,\\nchestnut, and hickory, the general occupation of the\\npeople has been that of agriculture. The nature of the\\nsoil is such as to be quite well adapted to this, and\\nparticularly to the growth of Indian com, wheat, lye,\\nand oats. Turnips, beans and pumpkins, were the prin-\\ncipal vegetables and, for the first hundred years, potatoes\\nwere comparativelj- unknown. The cattle were generally\\nsmall, brindle and brown colors being favorites, and the\\nThe early settlers were, for many years, greatly harassed by the\\ndepredations of wild beasts, ravaging their crops and flocks, and putting\\nthemselves sometimes in personal peril. Wolves abounded as late as\\n1786, and wolf-hunts were very common sports in the Indian-summer\\ndays. Bears and panthers were common also in those early times, and\\nwere not unfrequently shot by the settlers.\\nThe activities of agriculture, as well as of every other kind of\\nbusiness, were, at one time, materially impeded by the serious diffl-\\nsheep were long-legged and hardy, with thin, coarse wool.\\nThe wood-plough, wooden-tooth harrow, and forks too\\nheav}^ almost for men to lift, were samples of the\\nfarming tools of these early times and the kitchen-stove\\nwas unknown for j-ears. Noxious weeds, like the Canada\\nthistle, had not been heard of, and most of the insect\\npests of the present daj- were unknown although as late\\nas 1791, and the j^ear after, the orchards in some parts\\nof the county, on all kinds of light diy soil, were ravaged\\nby the canker-worm.\\nFarming continued to be carried on in this primitive\\nway, to a great extent, for more than 150 years after the\\nsettlement of the county indeed until the railroad pene-\\ntrated our borders, and the era of labor-saving tools and\\nmachines was introduced, and the people began to or-\\nganize societies and clubs for the diffusion of agricultural\\nand horticultural knowledge.* These sj-mbols of a more\\nprogressiv e civilization have, meanwhile, almost if not\\nquite revolutionized the principles of farming. In 1846,\\nT. L. Hart and six others met and organized the farmers\\nclub in Cornwall. Meetings were held quite often, ad-\\ndresses delivered, and the public mind thus became bet-\\nter informed on the science of farming and other organ-\\nizations of the kind have since been formed in the\\ncounty. In 1851, the Litchfield County Agricultural\\nAssociation was incorporated. Fairs have been held\\nsince that time annuallj at the county seat. In 1859,\\nthe Union Agricultural Society was organized at Canaan,\\nand the next j-ear societies were incorporated at New\\nMilford and Woodbury and a like society has been\\nformed at Torrington.\\nIn 1840, it is believed, the first crop of tobacco was\\nraised in the county to anj- extent for the market. At\\npresent it is grown quite extensively, and there is prob-\\nably an annual average production of 1,800,000 pounds.\\nThe business of producing milk for the New York\\nmarket has been carried on quite extensively for the past\\nten years, and has largel}- usurped the production of\\nbutter and cheese.\\nNewspapers ayid Temperance. In 1784 the first news-\\npaper was established in the countj-. This paper, the\\nWeekly Monitor, was published at Litchfield b}- Thos.\\nCollins for manyyears. In 1824 the Litchfield Enquirer\\nwas established and for about 30 years it was the prin-\\nculties in the way of intercourse with the market towns the roads\\nbeing generally over steep hills, and along miry and untrodden bot-\\ntoms, and where the snow, in the winter, lay deep and drifted; while\\nthe means of communication were of the most primitive and incommo-\\ndious character. The farmers saw but little money in those days,\\ntaking their farm products annually to the trader at the distant village,\\nand being supplied, in return, with whatever their necessities de-\\nmanded.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0368.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\ncipal paper in the county. The Winsted Herald,\\nestablished in 1853, has held a leading position among\\nthe influential papers of the State.\\nThere are now nine weekly newspapers of first-class\\ncharacter published in the countj-, including The Con-\\nnecticut Western News, The Winsted Press, The\\nWolcott^^lle Register, The Winsted News, The\\nHousatonic Eay, and The New Milford Gazette.\\nAs early as 1789, thirty-six persons signed a temper-\\nance pledge in the county, agi-eeing to discard the use of\\ndistilled liquors and among the number were Ephraim\\nKirby, Moses Seymour and Tapping Reeye. It is be-\\nlieved that the first moilern temperance society was\\nformed in the county at Salisbury, among the iron-\\nlaborers. The Rev. Dr. Porter delivend temperance\\nlectures in Washington in 1806, and Dr. LjTnan Beecher\\ndelivered discourses and lectures on the same subject\\nabout 1812, and probably earlier, at Litchfield. Since\\nthen, societies to promote the cause of temperance have\\nbeen very generally formed in the count}- and a societj\\nwas organized at Torrington as earl} as 1827.\\nCentennial Celebration. August 13th and 14th, 1851,\\nthe one hundredth anniversary of the organization of the\\ncounty was observed at Litchfield, with appropriate cere-\\nmonies. An oration by Hon. Samuel Church, LL. D.,\\nchief justice of the Supreme Court a poem by Rev.\\nJohn Pierpont, LL. D., of Medford, Mass. a sermon\\nby Rev. Horace Bushnell, D. D., of Hartford; and\\nspeeches by Hon. D. S. Dickinson, of New York, and\\nmany others, were among the interesting features of the\\noccasion.\\nRoads and Railroads. Towards the close of the last\\ncentury, the legislature auth(jrized the construction of\\nturnpike roads, with power to erect gates at fixed dis-\\ntances, and to collect toll from travellers for the main-\\ntenance of the road, some of which yielded very good\\ndividends. From the j-ear 1797, for a period of about\\nforty years, there were some twenty-three charters of\\nthis character granted b)- the legislature for these roads\\nand no portion of the State was more improved by them\\nthan this county.\\nThe Housatonic Railroad Company, incorporated in\\n1836, built the first railroad that was operated in the\\ncounty. It was completed to New Milford in the spring\\nof 1840, and the first train of cars ran to that place in\\nFebruary of that year.* The Naugatuck Railroad, run-\\nThe track was made of wood and ties laid upon sleepers, with thick\\nstrap-iron, spiked down, upon which the wheels ran and many fatal\\naccidents occurred by the ends of the iron Ijecoming loose and spring-\\ning up and shooting over the wheels, when in motion, through the floor\\nof the cars, when they were called snake heads.\\nning from Bridgeport to Winsted, was the second built\\nin the county, and was incorporated in 1845. Within\\nten years a branch road has been built from Waterbury\\nto Watertown. The new impetus this road gave to\\nmanufactures in Winsted, Wolcottville, Thomaston and\\nPlymouth was very marked. The Hartford, Providence\\nand Fishkill Railroad Company was first incorporated in\\n1849. The Connecticut Western Railroad Company was\\nchartered in 1866. The first passenger train passed over\\nthe road from Hartford to Millerton, on the Harlem road\\nin New York, Dec. 21, 1871. In 1866, the Shepaug\\nValley Railroad Company was incorporated, to run from\\nLitchfield to some point on the Housatonic road and in\\nDecember, 1872, trains were making regular trips over\\nthe whole line.\\nBanlcs, Courts, c. Until the beginning of the pres-\\nent centurj the people of the county had carried on\\ntheir business transactions without the aid of anj- banking\\ninstitution but, upon the incorporation of the Phoenix\\nBank of Hartford, in 1814, and within six months after\\nit commenced to discount, a branch bank was started at\\nLitchfield for the purpose of discount and deposit. The\\nIron Bank was established at Canaan in 1847, and was\\nthe first regular chartered bank in the county. All the\\nbanks in the county went into business under the na-\\ntional banking law during the late war, and have since\\n(there are now four) been eminent!} prosperous.\\nThe courts in the county ha -c gcnerall}- remained\\nunchanged in the general organization, the Suijcrior and\\nSupreme courts sitting at stated times at the countj^\\ntown.\\nTowns.\\nWinchester and the Borough of Winsted. The\\ninterval lands along the streams of this town are shut in\\nby high hills and mountain ridges. The highest eleva-\\ntion is in the old Winchester parish, where mountains in\\nMassachusetts and New York can be seen. The town\\nis situated in the green-woods district of the county, 35\\nmiles by rail from Hartford. Long Lake, extending\\nfrom the Torrington line northerly about three and one-\\nhalf miles, is the largest body of water. Its surface is\\n150 feet above the centre of Winsted village near b}-.\\nStill and Mad rivers are the principal streams. Lake\\nStream, running from the lake through a wild and nar-\\nrow ravine into Mad River, furnishes a water-supply for\\nmany factories.\\nWinsted, situated on Lake Stream, Mad and Still\\nrivers, is the largest place in population, and in the\\nextent of its industrial interests, in the count} and con-\\ntains about 5,000 inhabitants. These three streams", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0369.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nafford a great supply of -water-power, which is used\\nextensivelj- for manufacturing purposes there being, on\\n:Mad River one dam, to about ever}- twenty rods in its\\ncourse through the borough. A very large variety of es-\\ntablishments are in successful operation, using both steam\\nand water power. Among the manufactures are scythes\\nand agricultural implements, brass clocks and cases,\\ncarriages, springs, undertakers hardware and furnishing\\ngoods, bar-iron, railroad axles, pocket cutlery, pins,\\nhardware and carpenters tools, spool silk, machine\\nscrews, castings, mill gearing and pulleys, leather, c.\\nThere are seven churches, a\\nCatholic literar3- and theo-\\nlogical seminary, and a Cath-\\nolic academy for young la-\\ndies, with a parochial school\\nand convent. The town has\\nthree flourishing banking\\ninstitutions. Music Hall, a\\ncapacious brick and iron\\nstructure, contains a fine\\npublic hall. Another hall,\\nnow in process of construc-\\ntion, will be used for town\\nand borough purposes. Wa-\\nter for extinguishing fires,\\nand for domestic purposes,\\nis obtained from Long Lake.\\nPark Place a beauti ful green\\nis adorned with evergreens,\\nmaples and elms.\\nJames Boyd, a man of\\nindomitable energy and perfect integrity, who, with\\nhis partner and brother-in-law, Benjamin Jenkins, was\\nthe pioneer manufacturer of the place, died Feb. 1,\\n1849, aged 78. Solomon Rockwell, Esq., one of the\\nfounders of Winsted, and an active promoter of its busi-\\nness interests, died Aug. 1, 1838, in the seventy-fifth\\n3-ear of his age. Wm. S. Ilolabird, a lawyer by pro-\\nfession, was U.S. district attornej for four years, and\\nlieutenant-governor in 1842 and 44. He died May 22,\\n1855, at the age of 61. Other prominent natives are\\nGideon Hall (1808-67), a judge of the Superior Court\\nJohn Bojxl (1799-), for three j-ears secretary of state;\\nGeorge Dudley, Roland Hitchcock, and F. D. Fyler.\\nNew Milford, one of the most important towns in the\\ncounty in the diversity of its industrial interests, is\\nsituated in the south-western part of the county, 90 miles\\nby rail from Hartford. It has a population of about\\n4,000, and is the largest town in the county. The\\nHousatonic River is here spanned by five bridges. The\\ntownship is mountainous, and its agricultural interests\\npredominate largely in the production of milk and to-\\nbacco.\\nThe principal centres of intercourse outside of the\\nvillage are at Northville on the Aspctuck River, Gaj lords-\\nville and Merwinsville in tlie north part of the town on\\nthe Housatonic, and Lanesville in the south part on Still\\nRiver, where there is the best water-power in the town.\\nThe town has nine religious organizations, eighteen\\npublic schools and one academy. One national and one\\nsavings bank accommodate the business of the locality.\\nThe Housatonic Agricultural\\nSociet} occupy fine grounds\\nnear the village. Agricul-\\nture is not the entire occu-\\npation of the inhabitants,\\nthere being important man-\\nufactures of manilla and\\nwrapping paper, vegetable-\\nivory buttons, plough cast-\\nings, iron fences and cast-\\nings, refrigerators, cigars\\nand fire-brick. There are\\nin the town seven saw-mills\\nand five grist-mills.\\nThe \\\\illage is one of the\\nmost beautiful and thriving\\nin New England, having\\nmost of the conveniences\\nof a city organization.\\nThere are two weeklj-\\nnewspapers published here.\\nThere are also nine tobacco-warehouses in the -Nillage,\\nwith several outside, emploj-ing about 400 men in the\\nseason of assorting and packing. There is an elevator\\nin the village, and the business of suppl3-ing tlie sur-\\nrounding towns with all kinds of grain, flour and feed,\\nshipped from the West, is extensively carried on.\\nThe Housatonic R. R. runs through the town. More\\nbusiness is done from this point than at anj- other in the\\ncounty on the road. The village is supplied with water\\nfrom a reservoir on Cross Brook. Concrete walks,\\nsome of them eight feet wide, have been laid in the\\nvillage. There are some fine buildings and resi-\\ndences in the place, including the two bank buildings\\nand the town hall, the latter standing on the spot where\\nRoger Sherman once resided, and being a fine brick\\nbuilding, with high red sandstone basement, erected at a\\ncost of about $45,000.\\nRev. Nathaniel Taylor, born Aug. 27, 1722, and a\\ngraduate of Yale, was ordained second pastor of the New\\n\\\\LL, NMT MILiORD", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0370.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nMilford Church in June, 1748. During his ministry he\\nprepared many J oung men for college. He died here\\nDec. 9, 1800, after having been ordained 52 j-ears. He\\nwas chaplain of a Connecticut regiment at Ticonderoga\\nand Crown Point in 1759.\\nElijah Boardman, a successful merchant, was a United\\nStates senator at the time of his death, Aug. 18, 1823.\\nHis brother, Hon. David S. Boardman, a graduate of\\nYale in 1793, and chief justice of the county court, died\\nDec. 2, 1864, in the 96th year of his age.\\nEogcr Sherman, signer of the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence, came to New Milford on foot from Massachu-\\nsetts, with his shoemaking tools on his back, in 1743,\\nwhen he was 22 j^ears of age. He was clerk of the first\\necclesiastical society, and a deacon of the church for\\nseveral years. He was admitted to the bar in 1754, and\\nremoved to New Haven in 1 761.\\nOrange Merwin, one of the most Influential men of the\\ntown, and at one time member of Congress, died Sept. 4,\\nis:)3.\\nPerry Smith, a United States senator during the ad-\\nministrations of Jackson and Van Buren, di^ d in 1852, at\\nthe ago of 69 years.\\nDavid C. Sanford, a native of the town, born in\\n1798, and, at the time of his death in 18G4, a judge of\\nthe Supreme Court of Errors, was long a prominent and\\ninfluential man.\\nGeorge Taylor, M. D., Rev. Charles G. Acly, a retired\\nEpiscopal clergjman, and Hon. A. B. Jlygatt, U. S.\\nViank examiner for Rhode Island and Connecticut, are\\namong the distinguished and honored residents of the\\ntown.\\nTonRiNGTON, one of the most regularlj- laid-out town-\\nships in the count} with a hilly surface and fertile soil,\\nis 45 miles from Hartford. The water-power is princi-\\npally on the east and west branches of the Naugatuck\\nRiver. The business centres are the Hollow, New-\\nfield, Torringford, Wrightville, Burrville, Daytonville,\\nand Wolcottville, in the extreme southern part of the\\ntown. The latter is a place of about 2,200 inhabitants,\\nand one of the most important manufacturing centres in\\nths county. The manufacturing industries are varied,\\nPeter Brown, his Pilgrim ancestor, came over in the Mayflower,\\nand lived near to Miles Standish, in Dtixbuiy, Mass., and most likely\\nwas one of his soldiers. Tlio Life of John Brnwii, wlio died as a\\nmartyr to American slavery, has been well writtru hy F. 1 Saiiboi-n,\\nEsq., and incorporated as part of Orcott s History of Turriiiston.\\nTlio house whcr; he was born is still stinding, an object of much inter-\\nest to the curious.\\nt Mr. Mills was the father of Samuel J. Mills, who was born in Tor-\\nrington, April 21, 1783, and who died at sea in June, 1818, returning from\\nAfrica, whither he had gone to establish a site for a colony, in the inter-\\nest of the American Colonization Society. Samuel, Jr., was one of the\\nand among the goods produced are hardware, notions,\\nAmerican scissors, upholsterers brass and iron goods\\nblack doeskins, ribbed and diagonal goods are also\\nproduced. Rolled and sheet brass and copper, for\\ncartridges especially, brass, copper, and German-silver\\nware are extensively manufactured. The last-mentioned\\nmanufactures are carried on in buildings co\\\\-ering not less\\nthan three acres. Two hundred and fifty men are\\nemploj ed here, and the annual aggregate of the business\\namounts to about $1,250,000.\\nSewing-machine needles, supplying the Wheeler and\\nWilson Company with 150,000 needles per month, are\\nalso made. Skates, leather goods, iron and brass fer-\\nrules, employ about 100 men. Carriage and furniture\\nestablishments are in successful operation* There are\\nseven churches in the town, a savings bank, and a weekly\\nnewspaper. A new and beautifid granite Congregational\\nchurch edifice has been erected at Wolcottvillo at a cost\\nof $32,000. The Naugatuck R. R. runs through the\\ntown. This place is supplied with water from INIinc\\nBrook. The reservoir has an area of five and one-half\\nacres of surface, capable of holding 16,000,000 gallons\\nof water. The whole population of the town, inclLidiug\\nWolcottville, is about 3,500.\\nProminent among the notable characters connected with\\nTorriugton in times past maj- bo mentioned Gen. Russel\\nC. Abernethj-, merchant, mauufaciurcr, and general of\\nState militia Blr. Owen Brown,* a tanner, and the father\\nof John Brown of Kansas and Harper s Feny (Vii.) fame,\\nwho was also born in Torrington in 1800 Dr. Samuel\\nWoodward (Nov. 8, 1750\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jan. 26, 1835), a beloved\\nphysician, and an exceptionably noble man Rev. Samuel\\nJ. Mills t (May 17, 1743\u00e2\u0080\u0094 May 11, 1833), pastor of the\\nTorringford Church for 50 j-ears, and who, to rare humor\\nand deep sensibility, imited great strength of intellect and\\noriginalit} of miml William Battelle, Esq., an old-time\\nsuccessful mercliant, and Israel Coe, who established the\\nbatter} manufacture of brass-kettles at Wolcottville, the\\nfirst of the kind in the county, and who was justice of\\nthe peace after he was 80 years old. Hon. Lyman\\nW. Coe is actively identified with the interests of the\\ntown. Rev. Samuel Orcott is the historian of Torring-\\nimmortal three yonng men (Gordon Hall and James Richards being the\\nother two), students in Williams College, who, in the first year of this\\ncentury, by the Haystack (where the monument now stands),\\nprayed into existence the work of foreign missions, and consecrated\\nthemselves to it. A gi-adnato of AVilliams and of Andover, he united\\nwith Messrs. Judson, Newell and Nott, in 1800, in memorializing the\\nGeneral Association of Mass.achusetts on tlic suliject of missions, a step\\nwhich resulted in the formation of the A. P.. C F. M. Wlicn tlir history\\nof American missions to the heathen is written, his name imi.-t stjind\\nfirst and foremost, and will live long after those of military heroes are\\nforgotten.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0371.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nton, to whoso work the writer acknowledges his indobt-\\nSalisbury is of importance as being the locality of\\nthe celebrated iron of that name, and is also one of the\\nbest agricultural towns in the count}-. The north-western\\ntown in the State, having the llousatonic River as its\\neastern boundary, it has an area of about 58 square\\nmiles. The population is about 3,700. It has five\\nchurches, three graded and several district schools. At\\nLakevillc is a well-managed school for imbeciles. Lakes\\nWashining and Washince are the largest and most beau-\\ntiful sheets of water in the town. The business centres\\nare at Salisburj-, Lakevillc, Lime Rock and Falls il-\\nlago the latter on the llousatonic River, where the\\nextensive building and repair shups of the llousatonic\\nRailroad Company are located. The business of manu-\\nfacturing cast-iron car-wheels is carried on here exten-\\nsively. The foundry is at Lime Rock, and about 10,000\\nrailroad wheels are produced annually. There arc aljout\\n600 men emploj-ed at the furnaces and the wheel factory.\\nA fine town hall is in process of erection. There are\\nextensive grounds at Falls Village, used for agricultural\\nfairs. The Conn. Western R. R. runs through the town.\\nAmong the notables of Salisbury have been William\\nRay, a naval officer and author Samuel Church, LL.\\nD., (1785-1854), an eminent jurist; Rev. Jonathan\\nLee (1718-88), pastor in the town for 45 3-cars Gen.\\nElisha Sterling, a distinguished law3 er and Col. Elisha\\nSheldon, a Rovohitionarj officer. Hon. AVilliam II.\\nBarnum, formerly U. S. senator, Frederick Mills, M. C,\\nand Hon. Alexander II. Holley, ex-governor of the\\nState, are residents of the town.\\nLitchfield, the shire town of tlie count}-, is 58 miles\\nfrom Hartford, b}- rail, and has a population of about\\n3,000. The township is on high land, with strong\\nsoil. Bantam Lake, the largest body of water in the\\ncounty, is situated partty in this town. The village\\ncommands a beautiful and extensive prospect, and has a\\nfine park in the centre, in which stands a monument to\\nccmmemorate the lives of those who fell in the late war.\\nThe prominent buildings arc the old court-house, with\\nits turret and bell the jail, and a new Congregational\\nchurch edifice costing about 830,000. With its beautiful\\nshade-trees, the village, at present, is a most delightful\\nresort for thos6 in quest of pleasure and recreation.\\nThe Lakeviev.- House, capable of accommodatii g sev-\\neral hundred people, is a sightlj- place, and a fuvcrite\\nresort for metropolitan guests during tha heated term.\\nThe city of New York, distant about 115 miles by rail,\\nis reached l)y the Norwalk, llousatonic, Shepaug and\\nNaugatuck railroads. The churches i;i the town are six\\nin number and there are two banks, one newspaper,\\nand 20 public schools. Manufacturing is carried on to .a\\ngreater or less extent at East Litchfield, Bantam Falls,\\nMilton and Northfield.\\nAmong the eminent men of Litchfield have been Oliver\\nWolcott (1720-97), the commander of a company in\\nthe French war, first sheriff of the county, delegate to\\nCongress in 1775, and signer of the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence, and governor of the State at the time of his\\ndeath; Benjamin Tullmadge (1754\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1835), a colonel in\\nthe Revolutionarj- war, serving with distinction in many\\nbattles, several times a representative in Congress, audi\\ninstrumental in causing the capture of Mnj. Andre;\\nGen. Uriah Tracj- (1755-1807), congressman and U. S.\\nsenator Hon. O. S. Seymour, LL. D., former member\\nof Congress and chief justice of the State; George c!\\nWoodruff, formerl}- a member of Congress Gideon H.\\nIlollister, author of a standard histor} of Connecticut;\\nand Charles B. Andrews, governor of the State.\\nNew Hartford is a thriving mountainous town,\\ncontaining about 3,500 inhabitants, and having five\\nchurches. There are in the place five saw-mills, while\\nheavy duck and cotton goods, brass and iron casters,\\nfurniture casters, paper, carriages, coaches and sleighs,\\nand carpenters tools arc manufactured here. j\\nAmong the more prominent citizens of this place, past\\nand jDresent, may be named Hon. William G. Williams,\\nan eloquent advocate, and connected with the distin-\\nguished AVilhams family of Massaciiusetts (his father\\nbeing a nephew of Col. Ei)hraim AVilliams, the foundarl\\nof Williams College) Roger Mills, Esq., a lawyer of\\nnote Hon. Jared B. Foster; John Richards, Esq and\\nHon. Edward M. Chapin.\\nChloe Lankton, the mart3r to disease, still living,\\nbut dying a slow death, has spent most of her life m\\\\\\nNew Hartford. She has been an intense sufferer,\\nconfinfid to her bed for 4G j cars, thus furnishing in\\nher life a pattern of long-suffering and patience, rival-\\nling Job, in that she is never known to murmur or com-\\nplain.\\nSharon, situated on the west side of the Housa-\\ntonic River, is 71 miles from Hartford, and contains\\nabout 3,400 inhabitants. The eastern part of the\\ntownship is mountainous, while the western section\\nis part of a large and beautiful valley. The soil is fer-\\ntile, and agriculture is the principal occupation of thoj\\npeople the chief productions being grain, tobacco, and\\nmilk for the New York market. The three most thickly\\nsettled places are Sharon Valley, Sharon Village and\\nnitc ticock s Corner, all on the New York State line, and\\nEllsworth, in th3 south-eastern part of the town. The\\nI", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0372.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nchurches are five in number. There is a furnace for\\nsmelting the Salisbury ore at Sharon VaUe}-.\\nNoted men John WiEiams, town clerk for 40 years\\nRev. Cotton Mather Smith (1731-180G), pastor of the\\nSharon church for 62 years John Cotton Smith, LL.\\nD., son of the foregoing, member of Congress, judge of\\ntlie Supreme Court of the State, and governor from 1813\\nto 1817; John Cotton Smith, son of the governor, a\\npopular orator and author Anson Sterling, at one time\\na member of Congress and Gen. Charles F. Sedgwick,\\nan able lawyer.\\nWoodbury, 45 miles from Hartford, has a population\\nof a little less than 2,000. The village is surrounded\\nb} high hills. The main street, running lengthwise of a\\ncharming and fertile valley, extends into Hotehkissville,\\nso that the places are now really one. The localities of\\ninterest in the town are Weekeepeemee, Flanders, Nonnc-\\nwaug Falls, of more than 100 feet descent; Castle\\nRock, one of the Indian guarding heights Orenaug\\nRocks, near the lightning s play-ground Deer Rocks,\\nMiddle Quarter, and some others that still retain the old\\nIndian names. Shot-bags, belts, cassimcres, shears anl\\ncutlery are made in this town. The Masonic Hall, witli\\npillars around it, built on a bluif of trap rock, about 30\\nfeet above tlie street, is the best in the count}-, and is a\\nprominent object of admiration upon entering the village.\\nEminent men Jabez Bacon (1731-180G), a native of\\n!Middletown, and a very successfid merchant Dr. Daniel\\nMunn (1C84-1761), probably the first native physician\\nof the county; Russel Abcriiethy, M. D. (1774-1851),\\na celebrated physician Judge Noah B. Benedict (1771-\\n1831) Judge Nathaniel Smith (1702-1822), congress-\\nman and judge of the Supreme Court of the State and\\nJudge Charles B. Phelps (1788-1858), an eminent jurist.\\nThe remaining towns of the county, mostlj- devoted to\\nagriculture, w ith their respective populations are Plym-\\nouth (2,500); Thomaston (2,500), so called for Seth\\nThomas, the founder of the extensive manufactory at\\nSeth Thomas was bom about 1817, and came from Wolcott alx)ut\\n1808 to Hoadleyville for the purpose of making clocks, and moved to\\nPlymouth Hollow in 1812, where he began the clock-making business\\non a large scale. From this beginning a new era in the history of the\\ntown, which now bears his name, may be dated.\\nt In the south part of the town is a wild and rugged chasm, about 600\\nfeet high, where a wonderful echo is formed. On tlie eastern side of Lake\\n\\\\Varamaug is a pinnacle supposed to bo the highest point in the State.\\nTlic lake just mentioned, romantically situated among the hills, is\\nmuch frequented, during the heated term, by tourists and pleasurc-\\nEcckcrs.\\nX The Honsatonic Falls, at this place, are 60 feet high. The\\nwhole descent, including the rapids, above and below the falls, is 160\\nfeet.\\nThere is In Cornwall Hollow a natural curiosity consisting of a\\nremarkable rock weighing about 200 tons, perched upon two bowlders.\\nthat place of the clocks known by his name Water-\\ntown (1,800), a favorite suimner resort Washington!\\n(1,G00); Canaan (1,200); J North Canaan (1,800);\\nCornwall (1,700), presenting, with its loft}- mountains\\nand deep valleys, some of the most wild and romantic\\nscenery; Kent (1,700) Norfolk (1,000) Barkhamsted\\n(1,000) Goshen (1,200) Colebrook (1,100), amoun-\\ntain town ;Roxl)ury^ (900) IIarwinton( 1,000) Bridge\\nwater (800); Bethlehem (700), like Bridgewater an\\nagricultural hill-town Morris (050) and Warren\\n(000).\\nRev. John Trumbull, an eminent divine, after a min- I\\nistry of 48 years at Watertown, died Dec. 13, 1787.\\nJohn Trumbull, son of the foregoing, born April 24,\\n1750, educated at Yale, admitted to the bar in 1773, was\\nthe author of McFingal. He died at Detroit, Mich., in\\n1831.\\nGen. John Sedgwick, an ofllicer of the war of the Rev-\\nolution, and born in 1742, was a man of frank, familiar,\\nand most estimable qualities. He died Aug. 18, 1820,\\naged 77 years. His remains repose in the Cornwall\\nHoUow eraetery.\\nMajor Gen. John Sedgwick was a native of the town\\nof Cornwall, born Sept. 13, 1813, and graduated at\\nAVest Point Military Academy with honor in 1837. He\\nwas engaged in the Seminole war in Florida was\\nemployed under Gen. Scott to remove the Cherokces to\\ntheir western reser\\\\ ation fought in Mexico under Gen-\\nerals Worth, Scott, and Ta}-lor called to the Army\\nof the Potomac, he fought at Fair Oaks, Antietam,\\nFredericksburg, and the battles of the Wilderness was\\nkilled near Spottsylvania C. IL, Va., May 9, 1804, and\\nwas buried in the Cornwall Hollow Cemetery.\\nRev. Joseph Eldridge, D. D the settled minister of\\nNorfollc for over 40 years, died in 1870, at about 70\\nyears of age.\\nWilliam W. Welch, M. D., an eminent physician of\\nNorfolk, has been a member of Congress.\\nabout 4 feet apart, with room for a person to pass under it in an upright\\nposilion.\\nII It is an interesting fact that in one of the village streets of Goshen\\nthe rain-fall on the front roof of the houses is said to run into the Hous-\\natonic River, to the west, while that, on the back roof of the same\\nhouses, finds its way into the Naugatuck.\\nH Roxbury is famous as having been the birth-place of Col. Seth\\nWarner, who was bom in 1743, and with only a common-school ednca^\\ntion of the times, early became distinguished for his energy and per-\\nseverance. Ho was the commander during the contest of the Colony\\nwith New York, and although rewards were offered by the governor of\\nKew York for his arrest, be always evaded their vigilance. Ho was in\\ncommand of the parly th.it took Crown Point, and was in several\\nengagements in the war of the Revolution, but had to bo relieved on\\naccount of sickness. He was more than six feet tall, well proportioned,\\nand was a gallant officer. He died Dec. 27, 1784.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0373.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nHon. Truman Smith, born in Roxburj, graduate of\\nYale, was an eminent lawj-er, also U. S. senator, and\\nargued a case in court in his 86th j-ear. He at present\\nresides at Stamford.\\nRev. Joseph Beilam_y, D. D., born in Cheshire in 1 719,\\ngraduated at Yale in 1735, was ordained in 1740, and\\ncontinued to ser\\\\-e as pastor of the Bethlehem Church for\\n50 jears. He was greatly- distinguished as a theological\\ninstructor, and as an educator of joung men. lie held\\nhigh rank also both as a preacher and as a writer on\\ntheological subjects.\\nMIDDLESEX COUI^TY.\\nBY PROF. THOMAS EMMETTE.\\nThe legislature of Connecticut in Maj-, 1785, foi-med\\nthe county of Middlesex by taking the towns of Middle-\\ntown, Chatham, Haddam and East Haddam from the\\ncounty of Hartford, and the towns of Saybrook and\\nKillingworth from the county of New London. In\\nMay, 1790, Dui-ham, from the county of New Haven,\\nwas annexed to Middlesex. An English settlement was\\ncommenced in Saybrook in 1G35, in Middletown in 1650,\\nand in Haddam in 1662, all on the west side of the\\nConnecticut River. From these, in due time, proceeded\\nthe towns on the opposite side of the Connecticut. The\\nsettlement in Killingworth began in 1663, and that in\\nDurham in 1698.\\nThe settlers, in some instances, came direct from Eng-\\nland, but the greater number from older settlements in\\nConnecticut and Massachusetts.\\nThis region was, in general, a wild, irregular tract\\nof country, mountainous, and covered with forests, the\\nalluvial soil being found on the banks of the river and on\\nthe shores of Long Island Sound. Some parts afforded\\ncomfortable means of settlement the rest afforded the\\nIndian a place of retreat after he had sold his jiatrimony\\nto the white man.\\nThe glory of the county is its noble stream. The\\ngranite formation begins just below the city of Middle-\\ntown, at a place called the Straits, where the river,\\nhemmed in by bold hills, is only 35 rods wide, and runs\\nnearly to the mouth at Saybrook. The scenery in this\\npart is positively beautiful, green with wealth of trees in\\nsummer, and literally revelling in brilliant colors in the\\nfall. This charming region is classic ground. During\\nthe profligate and unlicensed reign of Charles I., several\\ngentlemen of distinction contemplated a removal to Amer-\\nica. They obtained from the Earl of Warwick, March 19,\\n1631, a patent of all that territory which lies west from\\nNarraganset river, a hundred and twenty miles on the\\nsea-coast and from thence in latitude and breadth afore-\\nsaid to the South Sea. John Winthrop, son of the\\ngovernor of Massachusetts, who was then in London,\\nwas appointed their agent, and was instructed to build a\\nfort at the mouth of the Connecticut, and to erect houses\\nfor himself and his men, and for the reception of persons\\nof quahty. To enable Winthrop to carry out their\\ndesigns, they constituted him governor of Connecticut\\nRiver, and of the harbor and places adjoining, for one i\\nj ear after his arrival. Thus commissioned and furnished\\nwith men and supplies he arrived in Boston on Oct. 8,\\n1631, where he discovered that some people had just\\nleft Massachusetts and settled upon the Connecticut\\nRiver within the patent granted by the earl of Warwick.\\nBeing assured by the governor of the Colonj- and the\\nmagistrates that the settlers should remove or satisfj-\\nthe patentees, he despatched his men to the mouth of the\\nConnecticut and superintended their labors until the ex-\\npiration of his commission. The level tract of ground\\nwest of the river known as Saj brook Point was the place\\nof the new settlement. On this several streets were laid\\nout with some pretensions to a town, and the fortification\\nwas entrusted to the care of Mr. David Gardiner, an\\nengineer whom the patentees had procui-cd for the pur-\\npose in England. The whole was secured by a pali-\\nsade stretching across the landward side of the point,\\nIn 1639 Col. George Fenwick, one of the patentees,\\narrived from England, and gave to the tract about the\\nmouth of the river the name of Saj brook, in honor of\\nLord Sa^ and Seal, and Lord Brooke, his principal asso-\\nciates. He governed the inhabitants until 1644, and\\nthen disposed of his jurisdiction to the Colony of Con-\\nnecticut, as hia associates in the patent had abandoned\\nthe idea of seeking a home in the wilds of America on ac-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0374.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\ncount of the trouble to be apprehended from the Indians\\nand the opposition in high quarters to their leaving\\nEngland. Owing to this disaffection, the little colony\\nwas driven back on its original resources. These were\\nstrengthened by a few more arrivals from Hartford, and\\nthus the nucleus of a river population was formed under\\nthe protection of the friendly fortification. The settle-\\nment at Sa^brook was intended as the residence of\\nOliver Cromwell, Pym, Hampden and Ilasselrigg, four\\nof the great Commoners of the daj and it-is said that\\nthey actually embarked in the Thames. Thej remained\\nat home to do a greater work than the narrow field\\nof Saybrook afforded, but it would be well to ask,\\nWere not the early settlers of this count} men of the\\nCromwell stamp? They were simply battling for the\\nsame cause under different conditions.\\nThese earlj* settlers did not escape the ferocities of the\\nIndians. It was not long before the utility of the fort at\\nSaj-brook was demonstrated. The Indians who roamed\\nthe territory in the vicinity of the fort were subject to a\\nwarlike and powerful nation, known as the Pequots, who\\ninhalnted the region of the mouth of the Thames. They\\nwere inveterate in their malignity against the English,\\nand influenced other tribes against them. In 1634, thej\\nmurdered Captains Stone and Norton with their crew,\\nconsisting of eight men, just above Saybrook Point,\\nplundered the vessel, burnt and sunk her. Yet they held\\na treatj with Winthrop, and conceded to the English\\ntheir right to Connecticut River and the adjacent country.\\nThis was merely a cunning expedient to secure con-\\nfidence, for all the while they meditated treacher} for\\nearly in October, 1636, a band of Pequots concealed in\\nthe grass at Calves Island, four miles north of the fort,\\nsurprised five men who went there to get the haj caught\\none of them named Buttei-field, and put him to death by\\ntorture. The place was named from this circumstance\\nButterfield s Meadow. The rest escaped to their boat,\\none of them being wounded with five arrows. A few\\ndays after, Joseph Till}^ master of a bark, anchored off\\nthe island, and taking one man with him, went on shore\\nfor the purpose of fowling. A large number of Pequots,\\nconcealed as before, waited until he had discharged his\\npiece, killed his companion, and captured him. They\\nbarbarously cut off his hands and his feet. In this tor-\\ntured state he lived three days, exciting the admiration\\nof his inhuman captors by his stoical endurance, not al-\\nlowing a groan to escape him. This single but horrible\\nincident demonstrates but too clearly the moral and\\nphysical courage of the settlers. The place has ever since\\nbeen called Tilly s Point. The enemy still maintained\\nhis system of surprises. Within a fortnight, a force 100\\nstrong, suddenly attacked a house erected two miles\\nfrom the fort, and held by six of the garrison. Three\\nof them were fowling near the house, although the\\nlieutenant had strictly forbidden the practice. Two of\\nthese were taken the third cut his Vfay through them,\\nwounded with two arrows, but not mortally. During the\\nensuing winter the fort was in a constant state of siege,\\nall their outl3-ing propertj was destroyecf, and no one\\ncould leave the fort without hazard. The Pequots, em-\\nboldened b} their successes, became more troublesome\\nas the spring advanced. In the month of March, 1637,\\nLieut. Gardiner with a dozen men went out to burn the\\nmarshes. Just as thej had got clear of the palisades\\nthe enem3 killed three, and wounded a fourth, who died\\nin the fort next day. Gardiner was slightly wounded,\\nbut was enabled to retire with the rest of his men. The\\nIndians then surrounded the fort, till the guns, loaded\\nwith grape-shot, caused them to retreat. Their next\\nexploit in their design of extermination was to attack\\na shallop with three men on board. Thej shot one of\\nthem through the head with an arrow, who fell over-\\nboard they rii)ped the other two completely open, split\\ntheir backs, and then suspended them on trees. One of\\nthe Indians concerned in this barbarity named Nepan-\\npuck, a famous Pequot, for this and similar atrocities,\\nwas beheaded at New Haven in 1639. The Colon}- of\\nConnecticut became ver} apprehensive for the safety\\nof the little band of settlers in the fort. The fort com-\\nmanded the river. It had already beaten off a Dutch\\nwar-sloop, and so far had checked the ravages of the\\nIndians, but the Pequots were not only warlike, but\\nnumerous, and swaj ed the neighboring tribes. Unless\\nthey could be subdued, it was quite evident that the set-\\ntlement must succumb and the general safety be endan-\\ngered. Capt. John Mason (a great colonial celebrit}-)\\nwas sent from the Hartford settlement with 20 men to\\nre-enforce the garrison. He was strengthened by 20 men\\nunder the command of Capt. John Underhill, sent b}\\nthe Colony of Massachusetts. On the 1st of May, the\\nGeneral Court of Connecticut Colon}-, seriously alarmed\\nat the hostile attitude of the Pequots, resolved upon im-\\nmediate and vigorous war. Massachusetts and Plymouth\\ncolonies, alive to the necessities of the occasion, resolved\\nto aid the sister Colony. Capt. John Mason was ap-\\npointed commander of the Connecticut troops, 90 men in\\nall, the whole number that Hartford, Wethersfield and\\nWindsor could furnish. Uncas, sachem of Mohegan,\\nhis ally, contributed 70 men. The whole force embarked\\nat Hartford, in three small vessels, and fell down the\\nriver for Saybrook fort. Arrived at what is now Chester,\\nthe Indians quitted the boats and proceeded on foot.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0375.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nThey fell in with 40 of the enem}-, killed six, and took\\none prisoner, whom thej murdered.\\nIn five da3-s from their departure they reached Say-\\nbrook fort, ha^ing been delayed several times by one or\\nother of the vessels getting aground. Capt. Underbill,\\nwith 19 men belonging to the garrison, joined the expe-\\ndition, and 20 of Mason s men were sent back to protect\\ntheir friends up the river. An account of the expedition\\nto the Pequot fort, and the subsequent extermination of\\nthe tribe, is elsewhere given.\\nWith the close of these hostilities, the importance of\\nthe fort began to decline. Lieut. Gardiner, who com-\\nmanded the garrison, removed in 1639 to Manchanoc,\\nnow Gardiner s Island, and became the first English set-\\ntler in the State of New York. His descendants reside\\non the island to this day, the patent being granted by\\nthe crown. His son David was born at Saybrook, April\\n29, 1636, and is supposed to have been the first white\\nchild born in the territory which now comprises Middle-\\nsex County. In the year before George Fenwiek sold\\nthe jurisdiction of Sa3 brook, his wife. Lady Anne But-\\nler, commonly called Lady Fenwiek, died. The tomb,\\nan unganily structure of brown stone, without inscrip-\\ntion, isolated and neglected, remained until very re-\\ncently. Capt. John Mason, at the request of the settlers,\\ntook up his abode at Saj-brook in 1647, and was ap-\\npointed to the command of the fort. He resided there\\nfor thirteen years, and then removed to assist in the set-\\ntlement of Norwich. The country to the west of Say-\\nbrook became known to the colonists by means of the\\npursuit of Sassacus in that direction it opened up fine\\nsites on the Sound, and these were speedily occupied.\\nOther settlements were formed up the river in a few\\nyears, but Saybrook must be considered the parent town\\nof Middlesex County, and its historical fort the preser-\\nvation of all the country within its influence.\\nThe first inhabitants of Saybrook, who endured the\\ntrials peculiar to the early settlers, sat under the minis-\\ntrations of the Rev. John Higginson, whose teachings\\nwere suitable, seasonable and profitable, according to\\nthe then present dispensation of Providence. He ar-\\nrived in this country from England in 1629. After\\nthree or four years ministrj in Saybrook, he removed to\\nGuilford. The first church was established there in 1643.\\nHe remained there untU 1660, and then removed to Sa-\\nlem, and died on Dec. 9, 1708, in the 93d year of his\\nage. The first church in Saybrook was organized in\\n1646. Among the early inhabitants distinguished for\\nlearning and piety, or for some excellence, may be men-\\ntioned the Hon. Robert Chapman, ancestor of tlie Chap-\\nmans in Saybrook, East Haddam, and other parts of the\\nState. He arrived there in 1636, and was a particular\\nfriend of George Fenwiek while he remained iu the\\ncountry. He died in October, 1687. Mr. John TuUy\\ncame into the town a lad he was possessed with a mind\\noriginal and ingenious became a teacher of arithmetic,\\nnavigation and astronomy, and published the almanacs\\nof New England from 1681 to 1702. Mr. David Busli-\\nnell, another genius, was the inventor of several ma-\\nchines destined to annoy the British shipping in the\\nRevolutionary war. He served during the war as a cap-\\ntain in a company of sappers and miners.\\nThe first building in the county designed as a colle-\\ngiate school was erected here, since named Yale College.\\nIt was of one story, eighty feet long. Fifteen com-\\nmencements were held here, and more than sixtj young\\nmen graduated from it. Here, also, a confession of faith\\nwas instituted, upon the principles of which the college\\nwas to be conducted. This was the origin of the famous\\nSaybrook Platform in 1708. The college was removed\\nfrom this place to New Haven.\\nEncouraged by the security in which Saybrook seemed\\nestablished, and by the Constitution of 1639, which was\\nsuperseded by the more liberal charter of Charles II., a\\ncommittee was appointed to explore the lands in the\\nIndian territory of Mattabeset. Sowheag, its great\\nsachem, who appears to have been a peaceable man for\\nan Indian, ruled the tribes who dwelt within a considera-\\nble circuit on both sides of the river. His stronghold\\nwas a hill about a mile west of the river, a position\\ndominating the surrounding country. Before any settle-\\nment had commenced, Sowheag negotiated with Gov.\\nHaynes for the sale of his territory. The Indian title\\ndid not, however, become extinct until about twelve\\nyears after, when certain chiefs, aware of the deed of\\nSowheag, for a further and full consideration disposed of\\nall that land to run from the great river the whole\\nbreadth east six miles, and from the great river west as\\nfar as the General Court of Connecticut had granted the\\nbounds should extend reserving a tract on the west\\nside of the river for Sawsean forever, and three hundred\\nacres for the heirs of Sowheag and Mattabeset Indians\\non the east side.\\nOn Oct. 30, 1646, the General Court appointed a Mr.\\nPhelps to join a committee for the planting of Mattabe-\\nset. Few settlers came at first, but more towards the\\nclose of 1651 for in Septemlwr of that year the Gen-\\neral Court ordered that Mattabeset should be a town.\\nIn 1652, the town was represented in the General Court,\\nand in November, 1653, the General Court further ap-\\nproved that the name of the plantation commonly\\ncalled Mattabesecfc should, for time to come, be called", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0376.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\n345\\nMiddletown. The name was probably given to it on\\naccount of its Ijing between the towns up the river and\\nSaybrook at its mouth. It has been considered that the\\nname was taken from a place in England endeared to\\nsome of the settlers. This we consider as not very\\nprgbable. Who the first settlers were we have not the\\nmeans of ascertaining the first few pages in the town\\nrecords are lost, and others are nearly obliterated. The\\nnumber of taxable persons in 1G54 was thirty-one, and\\nI sixteen years after they had only increased to fifty-two.\\nThe planters as they were called in colonial phrase\\ncame from the mother country, Hartford and Wethers-\\nj field, and a few from Massachusetts. A large number\\nI of the inhabitants of Middletown, at this day, are direct\\ndescendants from these planters. It may truly be said,\\nthat in a population of 10,000 persons, their names\\nlarge 1}^ predominate.\\nThe occupation of these settlers was in fact that of\\nplanters they had no other source of living but the\\nproducts of the soil they manufactured their garments\\nI for the family ver3 imperfectly, owing to their deficient\\nmeans thej^ were scantil} supplied with fanning imple-\\nments, and had but few mechanics in the community.\\nThey reserved a lot worth one hundred pounds as a\\ntemptation for a blacksmith to cast his lot among them.\\nIn September, ICGl, one appeared, who agreed to do the\\nnecessary smithing for the town for four j ears. The\\ncondition of their lives never reached ordinary comfort\\nfor half a century. Trade was carried on by barter.\\nIn 1680, they only owned one small vessel of 70 tons\\nonlj one other was owned on the river, and that at Hart-\\nford, of 90 tons. Half a century later, two vessels\\nonly were owned here their united tonnage, 105 tons.\\nThere was only one merchant here in 1680, and only 24\\nin the entire Connecticut Colony. They are mentioned in\\nGov. Leete s Eeport to the Board of Trade and Planta-\\ntions in England, as doing but little business. Their\\ncondition must have been hard and difficult indeed, but\\nthey were neither better nor worse than the colonists of\\nNew England in general. The settlement was divided\\ninto two parts, with the Little Elver, a narrow stream\\nfalling into the Connecticut, between them. That por-\\ntion to the north of the stream was called The Upper\\nHouses that to the south. The Lower Houses. The\\nUpper Houses of those days is now the town of Crom-\\nwell. On Feb. 2d, 1052, it was voted by the town that\\na meeting-house should be built; it was only twenty\\nfeet square, ten from sill to plate, and was enclosed with\\npalisades. In May, 1680, the second meeting-house\\nwas erected, thirty-two feet square, and fifteen feet\\nbetween joints.\\nThe population of the Upper Houses increased so\\nmuch that in January, 1703, the town agreed they\\nmight settle a minister and build a meeting-house, pro-\\nvided they settled a minister within six, or at most\\ntwelve months from that time. In May of the same\\nyear, the Upper Houses were incorporated as a parish.\\nBy slow degrees, the inhabitants began to spread out\\nover the neighboring country a settlement was begun\\nin Middlefield in 1700, and in Westfleld in 1720. The\\nformer did not become a parish until 1744, and West-\\nfield not until 176G. On the east side of the Connecti-\\ncut, now the site of Portland, no parish was formed\\nuntil May, 1714, although the land was of good quahty.\\nIt was then called East Middletown. Middle Haddam,\\nin the south-eastern part of the township, was not\\nformed into a parish until May, 1749. It was mostly\\nsettled by people from East Middletown. East Hamp-\\nton, another settlement in the south-east corner of the\\ntownship, was incorporated in May, 1746.\\nThe next township in the order of date, and that a\\nvery interesting one, is Haddam, settled in 1662. It\\ncovered that tract of country lying between the confines\\nof Middletown to the north, and Saybrook to the south.\\nSome nidividuals contemplated this settlement two years\\nbefore. The legislature appointed a committee to pur-\\nchase the tract from the Indians. This was completed\\nin 1662 for the consideration of 30 coats, probably\\nworth $100, the Indians reserving Thirty-Mile Island, so\\ncalled from being that distance from the mouth of the\\nConnecticut, as the river runs, and 40 acres at Patta-\\nquonk, now Chester meadows also the right of fishing\\nand hunting where they pleased, provided they did not\\ninjure the settlers. Twenty-eight young men settled\\nupon these lands but they soon discovered that they\\nwere interfered with by their northern line encroaching\\nupon the territorj confirmed to Middletown, and a con-\\nsiderable tract to the south encroached on that claimed\\nby Saybrook, owing, no doubt, to the loose manner in\\nwhich the Indians held their original right. The legis-\\nlature settled the difficulty, in 1668, by advising the con-\\ntestants to divide the disputed territory equall}^, and\\nthe division was made accordingly. The settlers do not\\nseem to have been fully satisfied by this reduction of\\ntheir purchase, for the legislature, in 1673, granted them\\nas compensation all that tract of land on the east side\\nof the river, now the township of East Haddam. They\\ncame from Hartford, Wethersfield and Windsor, and\\nthe descendants of most of them are in the town or its\\nvicinity to this day.\\nTown privileges were accorded them in 1668, and the\\nsettlement was called Haddam, after a place in England.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0377.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "IIISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nShortly after this, Richard Walkley from Hartford, John\\nBates, William Sco^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ill and others joined the settlement.\\nOn Feb. 11, 1G86, a patent was granted to the town by\\nthe Assembly, confirming the settlers and their heirs\\nforever in the possession of all the lands, appurtenances\\nand privileges previously granted. The growth of popu-\\nlation was exceedinglj slow for 40 years the inhabi-\\ntants were confined to the western bank of the river.\\nThe ancestors of the families of Dickinson, Hubbard\\nand Ray settled here about the commencement of the\\nlast century and at later periods, those of the famihes\\nof Lewis, Hazleton, Tjier, Higgins, Thomas, Knowles\\nand Burr. The Indians appear to have had no specific\\nname for the township at large the northern part they\\ncalled Higganompos, since changed to Higganum.\\nThe western part they called Cockaponset, since\\nchanged to Punset. Thej^ remained on their reservation\\nat Pattaquonk and Thh ty-Mile Island for man}- years\\na few had a place of resort in a hollow on Haddam\\nNeck, within the township on the east side of the river.\\nSome were in existence within the memory of people\\nwho were living in the early part of the present century.\\nWith that due regard for the maintenance of public\\nworship which ever distinguished the early colonists,\\nthe proprietors reserved one right for whoever should be\\ntheir first minister, and another right for the support of\\nthe ministi-y forever. David Brainerd, the missionary,\\ndirect descendant of Daniel Brainerd, one of the ori-\\nginal settlers, was born in this town in 1716. His efl orts\\nto christianize the Indians in different parts of North\\nAmerica have been highlj praised. In Great Britain\\nhe was considered a model missionary.\\nIn October, 1663, it was resolved by the legislature\\nthat the tract of ground to the west of Saybrook, known\\nby the name of Hammonasset, should be formed into a\\ntownship. Twelve planters moved into it the same\\nmonth; in two or three j ears they were joined by 16\\nothers, and the town was divided into 30 rights viz.,\\none each for the settlers, one for the first minister who\\nshould be settled there, and the last for the support of\\nthe ministry forever.\\nIn 1667, the new township was called KenU worth,\\nafter the celebrated Kenilworth in England according\\nto tradition, the first settlers emigrated from there. The\\nname is so written in the earlj- records of the town and\\nColon}-. By coiTupt spelling or worse pronunciation\\nthe romantic Kenilworth has been changed into the\\nunmeaning Killingworth.\\nThe Indians were very numerous in the southern part\\nof this township they dwelt on the shores of the Sound,\\nand on the banks of the small streams, immense masses of\\nshells now indicating their places of resort. While Col.\\nFenwick lived at Saybrook he bought up most of their\\nlands. On Nov. 20, 1669, Uncas, the Mohegan sachem,\\ndisposed of the remainder of his lands in the township\\nto the settlers, resenang six acres on the east side of the\\nharbor, and the usual liberty of hunting and fishing.\\nThey lived here in great numbers to 1730 or 1740.\\nOn the 26th of January, 1686, the Assemblj- granted\\nto the inhabitants of this town, the lands north of their\\nbounds, and of the bounds of Guilford, and west of\\nHaddam, up to Cochincaug swamps which, by agree-\\nment, were surrendered to the township of Durham in\\n1708.\\nDurham being an outlying section was very diflficult of\\nsettlement. The lands were purchased from the Indians\\nby Samuel Wj-llys and others on Jan. 24, 1672.\\nThe colonists do not appear to have been verj- expert\\nsurveyors the grants from the legislature when measured,\\nin some cases, encroached upon others, and in the case of\\nDurham, the grant was not suflBcient, a large tract being\\nleft out. The legislature granted many lots or farms\\nin it to persons who had rendered distinguished services\\nto the Colony, and in this waj 5,000 acres became the\\nproperty of people who were not resident there. The\\ndifficulty was ultimately adjusted by the patent granted\\nby the legislature in May, 1708.\\nThe colonists soon manifested their maritime inclina-\\ntions. It has alreadj^ been said that in 1730 only two\\nvessels of small tonnage were owned on the river.\\nShipbuilding began on the eastern side of the stream in\\nthe neighborhood of Middletown and the settlement of\\nHaddam. The first vessel built in Chatham parish\\nwas launched in October, 1741 this was a schooner of\\n90 tons, supposed to have been built at Lewis s yard,\\nwhere manj- A-essels have since been built.\\nShipbuilding was begun at Churchel s yard in 1795.\\nFrom the beginning of 1806 to the close of 1816, 12,500\\ntons of shipping were buUt here. In this parish were\\nbuilt, during the Revolution, the Trumbull of 700 tons,\\n36 guns, and the Bourbon of 900 tons. Other war\\nvessels of large capacitj were subsequently built.\\nIn the yards at Middle Haddam, 18 ships, 9 brigs, 11\\nschooners and 1 sloop were built from 1805 to 1815,\\namounting to 9,200 tons. Shipbuilding appears to have\\nbeen done on the west shore of the river, at Middle-\\ntown, Higganum and Haddam. Out of this shipbuilding\\nenterprise grew the West India trade. Prior to the\\nRevolutionarj- war, the shipping was mostly employed in\\nWest Indian adventure. Several merchants at Middle-\\ntown embarked in the trade, exporting mules, cattle, corn\\nand meal, and importing, in turn, molasses, sugar and", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0378.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nrum. This trade not only enriched the firms who were\\nengaged in it but stimulated commerce in the county\\ngenerally. By this time the best parts of the lands had\\nbeen gotten under cultivation, the necessary stock could\\nbe raised for exportation, and the gi owth of cereals was\\nmore than the inhabitants could consume. Ever3 thing\\nfavored the West Indian trade. Articles of the most\\nuseful description were brought to the doors of the\\ncolonists. Large numbers of families were maintained\\nby the necessary labor to pursue the trade, the county\\nalone did not present a field large enough to consume\\nthe valuable imports, so by opening up the roads they\\ncarried the cargoes across the mountains to distant\\nplaces in New England the merchants became their\\nown carriers, and an ordinarily quiet agricultural com-\\nmunity soon became transformed into enterprising mer-\\nchant adventurers. They were on the highway to wealth,\\nand many attained it.\\nThe Revolutionary war suspended but did not destroy\\nthis trade. It was resumed with great vigor after the\\nwar, and did not finally decline till 1812. Small as the\\npopulation of Middletown, Haddam and the other towns\\nmust have been at the breaking out of the war of inde-\\npendence, yet they appear to have contributed their full\\nquota of men and means, and to have borne a most dis-\\ntinguished part in the military achievements in which\\nthey were engaged. The passage of the Boston Port\\nBill by the British Parliament, and the arrival of Gen.\\nGage in May, 1774, to enforce it by stopping the trade\\nof the town, caused the patriots of this county to rise in\\nrighteous indignation. On the 15th of June of the same\\nyear, 500 inhabitants of the township of Middletown\\nassembled and passed ringing and patriotic resolutions.\\nIt is not known whether the other towns passed such\\nresolves, but the evidence is sufficient that they shared the\\nsame sentiments, and were faithful in sustaining them.\\nThe delegates from Massachusetts on their way to the\\nfirst Continental Congress, stopped at Middletown. Dr.\\nRawson, Mr. Alsop, Mr. Mortimer, Mr. Henshaw and\\nothers, called upon them to pay their respects. They\\nassured the delegates that they would abide by the deci-\\nsion of the Congress even to a total stoppage of trade\\nto Europe and the West Indies. Nothing could be more\\npatriotic, as the gentlemen who made the assertion were\\nvery deeply interested in the West India trade. What-\\never laws were passed by the Colonial Assembly for the\\nsafety or governance of the people, committees were\\nimmediately fonned to ascertain if they were attended to\\nor to see their provisions carried into efiect. One thing\\nthey particularly did to see that the inhabitants took\\nthe oath of fidelity to the State, and the records of the\\ntowns of Middletown and Chatham, year after year,\\nabound with such subscriptions. It was discovered, early\\nin the war, that Washington required regular soldiers and\\nnot militia, and Continental battalions were ordered by\\nthe State. The towns of this county filled up their quota\\ncheerfully they did much for the support of the families\\nof the soldiers by assigning them to the care of com-\\nmittees or of iniiividuals. Chatham and Middletown, in\\n1777, voted that the selectmen distribute to the officers\\nand soldiers families, the salt belonging to the town as\\nthey should think it needed. In 1779, Middletown voted\\nthat every man in the town that has a team, be desired\\nto furnish the light dragoons with wood.\\nReturn Jonathan Meigs raised a company of light\\ninfantry in Middletown in 1774, and in 1775 he was\\nappointed captain. Immediatel} after the news of Lex-\\nington, he marched his company completely uniformed\\nand equipped, to the environs of Boston. Capt. Sage\\nwas there with his troop, and Capt. Silas Dunham with a\\nmilitary company from Chatham. At this time the miU-\\ntia companies in Middletown and Chatham were formed\\ninto a regiment. In May, 1776, large detachments of\\nmilitia were ordered to hold themselves in readiness to\\nmarch at the shortest notice, for the defence of any por-\\ntion of Connecticut, or other adjoining Colonies. In\\nJune, seven regiments were ordered to join the anny in\\nNew York James Wadsworth, Jr., of Durham, was\\nappointed brigadier-general, and among the seven colo-\\nnels then appointed, was Comfort Sage of Middletown,\\nwho went with his troop at Boston the year before. Mid-\\ndlesex County not being in the theatre of war, her inhab-\\nitants never ceased in their efi orts, military or commis-\\nsary, to contribute their utmost to the common cause.\\nThe drafts of militia ordered to New York in August,\\nincluded the militia of Middletown and Chatham. The\\nbrigades were commanded bj Maj. Gen. Joseph Spencer\\nof East Haddam, by Brig. Gen. James Wadsworth of\\nDurham, and Samuel H. Parsons of Middletown. They\\nsignalized themselves in all the achievements, and were\\ndistinguished as well for tlioir suflerings as their valor.\\nSo great was the strain upon the resources of the country\\nin 1776, that no less than five drafts were made upon the\\nmilitia of the State. If we begin with the inquiry.\\nWho went to the war from the towns in Middlesex\\nCounty we would end by inquiring, Who did not go\\nThe towns of this county endured also their share of\\nprivation and captivity, and sufl ered their proportion\\nof loss in killed and wounded. The prisoners who were\\nkept on board the horrible prison ships in New York,\\nwere largely from these towns. Many li\\\\ ing on the Con-\\nnecticut River embarked in the tempting but hazardous", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0379.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAJCD.\\nbusiness of privateering. The sloop-of-war, Sampson,\\nbuilt at Higganum, Tvas commissioned for this purpose.\\nShe was captured, and the officers and crew, 100 in\\nall, were consigned to the old prison-ship Jersey.\\nThe commander, Capt. Da\\\\ id Brooks, Lieut. Shubael\\nBrainerd, and several men died there.\\nMiddlesex County produced a distinguished soldier.\\nGen. Return Jonathan Meigs, bom in Middletown. In\\nI 1775, he accompanied Arnold s expedition up the Ken-\\nnebec to Quebec, and has left the best account of that\\nperilous and ill-starred undertaking. He was taken pris-\\noner, and on being exchanged in 1777, was appointed\\nlieutenant-colonel, with power to raise a regiment. He\\nwas then selected to undertake what proved to be one\\nof the many dashing minor exploits of the war, no less\\nthan the surprisal and capture of a body of the enemy\\nstationed at Sag Harbor, L. I. He crossed the Sound\\nwith 230 men in thirteen whale-boats, and arrived within\\nthree mOes of Sag Harbor at one o clock at night.\\nThey attacked the enemy at five ditferent places. Hav-\\ning come within twenty rods of them in the greatest\\nsilence and order, they rushed upon them with fixed bay-\\nonets and captured the whole another company mean-\\nwhile securing the wharf and the shipping. Six of the\\nj enemy were killed, 90 taken prisoners, twelve vessels\\ndestroyed and a large amount of forage and pro% isions.\\nCol. Meigs recrossed the Sound with his prisoners, and\\narrived at Guilford in twenty-five hours from the time he\\nleft it, without the loss of a man. Congress presented\\nthe brave commander with an elegant sword. He after-\\nwards commanded one of the regiments which assisted\\nin capturing Stony Point. It is worthy of mention,\\nshowing the spirit in which non-combatants supported the\\nwar, that the people of Durham sent two oxen to Gen.\\nWashington at Valley Forge. They were driven through\\na country almost exhausted by the war, yet one of them\\nweighed 2,270 pounds, after a journey of nearly 500\\nmiles. After the war the count} greatlj- suffered from\\nthe depreciation and finally the total collapse of the Con-\\ntinental scrip or paper monej The mercantile portion\\nof the population returned to their West Indian trade,\\nwhich flourished as ^-igorously as ever until the war of\\n1812.\\nShip-building was carried on energetically, and the\\nfisheries were extended farms began to midtiply, and\\nthe population soon repaii-ed the waste of war-. The\\nnumerous streams running into the Connecticut and the\\nSound were utilized as means of manufacture, and an-\\nother interest destined in the future to assume large pro-\\nportions was coming steadily into favor; viz., the Port^\\nj land quarries. The towns we have been describing were\\ntaken to form the county in 1785, just after the close of\\nthe war, Durham being added in 1799.\\nOf the naval force employed by the United States in\\nthe war of 1812, the citizens of the river towns of Mid-\\ndlesex County, contributed largely in men and material,\\nand although the Connecticut was not within the field\\nof general operations, it was the scene of a foray by\\nvessels from the enemy s fleet then blockading New Lon-\\ndon. On the 7th of April. 1814, two of these anchored\\noff Saybrook bar in the evening, and despatched two\\nlaunches, each canying 9 or 12 pound carronades and 50\\nto 60 men, and four barges with 25 men each, under the\\ncommand of Lieut. Coote, thoroughly supplied with\\ntorches and combustible materials for the work of\\ndestruction the}- meditated, and which unfortunatel}- they\\naccomplished. They were seen to enter the mouth of\\nthe river at 11 o clock, and many of their men entered\\nthe old fort which was altogether abandoned and\\nneglected. They rowed between five and six miles, and\\narrived at their destination, Pautapong Point, at four\\no clock in the morning, when the work of conflagration\\nwas immediatel} begun. Pickets of the enemy searched\\nthe houses for arms and ammunition, while the main\\nforce was busy setting fire to the vessels in the river and\\nthose on the stocks. At 10 o clock, Fridaj-the 8th, Ihey\\nretreated, taking with them a brig, a schooner and two\\nsloops. The wind shifting directly contrai-y, they set\\nfire to the brig and the sloops, and anchored the schooner\\na mile and a quarter from where they had taken her.\\nTwenty-two vessels and other property, computed in all\\nat \u00c2\u00a7160,000, were destroyed. The British were all day\\nin the river, and did not succeed in gaining their ship-\\nping until 10 o clock at night. They were opposed by\\nforces collected on both banks, but the opposition was\\nonly annoying and not efllectual. Had the fort which\\nplayed such an important part in the early days of the\\nsettlers been mounted and properly garrisoned, the Brit-\\nish probably would not have undertaken the expedition.\\nWith the close of this war, the last remnants of the\\nWest India trade, which had been carried on so long and\\nso prosperously, died out. The merchants principally\\nengaged in the business at different periods of its rise\\nand decline were, Richard Alsop, George Phillips, Mat-\\nthew Talcot, Elijah and Nehcmiah Hubbard, Lemuel\\nStorrs, George and Thompson Phillips, Gen. Comfort\\nSage, of Revolutionary renown, and Joseph W. Alsop,\\nall of Middletown. The growth of the county from this\\nperiod partakes of the growth of the age. Quarrying\\nand carrying the brownstone of the celebrated Portland\\nquarries became an immense business, quite a lai^e fleet\\nuntil very recently being employed in it. Quarrying", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0380.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nanother kind of stone at Haddam, largely increased the\\nindustrj- of the river. Small steamboats began to pl3-\\nbetween Hartford and Saybrook. and a line of first-class\\nSound steamboats now\\nmaintains the traffic be-\\ntween Hartford and Ne\\\\\\\\\\nYork. The southern\\npart of the count\\\\ is\\ncut b3 the Shore Line\\nRailroad between New-\\nHaven and New Lon-\\ndon, crossing the Con-\\nnecticut between Saj-\\nbrook and Lyme, I13 a\\nmagnificent bridge with\\na large draw in the cen-\\ntre. The Valley Rail-\\nroad skirts the -western\\nshore of the river from\\nHartford to Saylirook\\nr.,iut. The direct Air\\nLine Railroatl from New\\nHaven to AVillimantic\\ncrosses the river at Mid-\\ndletown over a magnificent structure constructed with England cities. It stands on a large bend of the Con-\\na diaw. I necticut, on its -western shore, and runs backward to the\\nChurches, colleges, schnnls. nErricnltnrp and mannfar- i hill-tous for tlm di^tnnr-e of n milo. The traveller can\\ntures flourish see but little\\nHIGH STKFIT, MIDDLETOW^\\nin moments of -nctory or in periods of disaster. They\\ncontributed their utmost in material as -well as in men,\\nand were never behind the larger cities in their efforts to\\npromote the welfare of\\nthe national cause. Di-\\nrect descendants of the\\nearl J settlers have laid\\ntheir lives on the altar\\nof Uberty in 1776, 1812\\nand 1861 they have\\nassisted in creating and\\nsustaining other Terri-\\ntories and States in the\\nfar West, true to the\\nmotto of Connecticut,\\nthat he who trans-\\nplants still sustains.\\nTowns.\\nMiDDLETOWN, a half-\\nshire town of Middlesex\\nCounty, and a port of\\nentrj-, is one of the\\nmost beautiful of New\\nequal to the\\nrequirements if\\nof the da}-.\\nThe popula-\\ntion of the\\ncounty at the\\nlast census i .f\\n1^70, was::\\n117. Mirldh-\\nsox is but a\\nsmall county\\nin a small\\nState, whirh\\nhas nobl} an-\\nswered to the\\ncalls of duty\\nin all cases of\\nnational exi-\\ngency, and\\nespecially in\\nthe late civil\\nof the city\\nfrom any of\\napproach-\\nIv lanl\\njpl(t(h\\nIt I mbosomed 1\\nm till foliage\\nof tin maple\\nand tht elm\\nwhich ha\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^\\niwin to It\\nth. ^M\\\\\\\\ 111(1\\nn 1 name of\\nlli( Ioi.-.t\\n(1 ol Ni\u00c2\u00ab\\nEngland. The\\npopulation of\\nthe town is\\n11,14.3. It\\nwas incorpo-\\nwar. The several towns sent their hundreds to the field of I rated as a city in 1784. Its colleges and schools, its\\nhonor, where thej- ever distinguished themselves whether numerous spires, its enterprising industries and numerous\\nWESLETAN CNIVEBSITY, MIDDLETO-flTN.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0381.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nbanks, all tell the stoiy of the collected wealth of two\\ncenturies. High Street, 180 feet above the river, is\\nbuilt up of costly and elegant residences, set in the\\nmost cultivated horticultural grounds. The arching\\nsweep of the elms forms a superb vista of enchanting\\nfoliage. The view from this street is sui-jjassingl} beau-\\ntiful. The Wesleyan Universitj fronts on High Street.\\nThe buildings which comprise it stand a little distance\\nfrom the street, and in a straight line the intermediate\\nspace of lawn, trees and gravel walks forming a fine\\ncampus. The buildings are chiefly of brownstone from\\nthe adjacent quarries at Portland. The most modern of\\nthese, erected at the exj^ense of Orange Judd, Esq., is\\nthe Orange Judd Hall of Science. Its museum of\\nnatural history and ethnology is very extensive and\\nremarkably well arranged under the supervision of Prof.\\nW. N. Rice. The Scientific Association of Middletown\\nholds its meetings here once a month. The library con-\\ntains about 27,000 volumes, and is endowed with a fund\\nfor its continued increase. The Memorial Chapel is\\nenriched with a graceful spire, which makes quite a\\nlandmark for miles around. The observatorj- is fur-\\nnished with a splendid telescope by Clark. There are\\nabout 180 students and a large bod^ of professors. Dr.\\nCjTus D. Foss, is the efficient president.\\nThe Berkeley Divinitj School, on Main Street, is\\ndesigned for the training of J oung men for the ministr}-\\nof the Episcopalian Church. The Right Rev. John Wil-\\nliams, D. D., bishop of Connecticut, is the president\\nand dean. Attached to the school is a beautiful Gothic\\nchapel, the gift of Mrs. Thomas D. Mutter, as a memo-\\nrial of her husband, in which ser^aces are held daily.\\nMiddletown has long been famous for her schools.\\nThe high school draws a large number of scholars from\\nall parts of the county, and every year graduates a\\nlarge class. The building is most convenient and sub-\\nstantial, built of brick, with brownstone facings, and\\nhaving two wings. The CathoUcs maintain a good par-\\nish school, wliich is well attended, and a most excellent\\nconvent school, under the charge of the Sisters of\\nMercy. The private schools of Middletown contribute\\ntlieir share to the educational reputation of the city.\\nThe churches compare well with those of larger cities.\\nThe first church was established in 1661, and for a\\nceuturj the people were chiefly Congregationalists.\\nOther denominations gradually crept in, and at the\\npresent day, the leading religious orders are well repre-\\nsented. The town is improved by fom- church edifices\\nof considerable architectural pretensions one of them,\\nthe most modern, the First Congregational Church,\\nknown as the North Church, is as graceful and as\\nimposing a church edifice as anj in the State. Its spire,\\nreaching to a great height, is beautiful in its proportions.\\nThe South Congregational, the Episcopal and the Roman\\nCatholic chm ches are also of fine architectural design.\\nMiddletown is the centre of the monetary institutions\\nof the county, and contains seven banking institutions\\nand two flourishing insurance companies.\\nOn a commanding eminence in the south-east part of\\nthe town, overlooking the river and city, and embracing\\na wide and varied prospect, stands the State hospital for\\nthe insane. No site could be more appropriate or better\\nadapted for the humane puiposes of such an institution.\\nThe building, of Portland brownstone, is a most impos-\\ning one, and a conspicuous feature in the landscape for\\nman} miles.\\nOn an eminence in the western part of the town is\\nanother State institution the Industrial School for Girls,\\nestablished in 1870, designed for the care and education\\nof homeless and neglected girls from 8 to 21 j-ears of\\nThe educational facilities of Middletown are consider-\\nably enhanced by the Free Russell Library, the generous\\ngift of Mrs. Samuel Russell, in memory of her husband.\\nMiddletown has several cemeteries and old buiying-\\ngrounds. In an old cemetery in the south part of the\\ntown the grave-stone can be seen of Capt. Return Jona-\\nthan Meigs and his family. In another is the tomb of\\nCommodore McDonough, the hero of Lake Champlain.\\nThe principal cemetery, and one of the most beautiful in\\nthe State, is situated on Indian Hill. The prospect\\nfrom the summer-house on the crest commands the amphi-\\ntheatre of hills which surround it at a distance of four\\nmiles. Above these can be seen the ranges of the more\\ndistant hills until they gradually lose themselves in the\\ndim forms of Mount Tom and Mount Holyokc in Mas-\\nsachusetts. A wide sweep of the river is in full view in\\nthe midst of a most charming pastoral country. The\\nsmoke of distant cities may be seen, and although Mid-\\ndletown lies at its feet, nothing more than the spires are\\nin sight, on account of the trees. The cemetery is\\nbeautifully laid out in gravel walks the monuments are\\nelegant, and manj of them verj costly, several being\\nmade of the polished Scotch granite. There is a fine\\nmonument in memory of Maj. Gen. Mansfield, U. S. A.,\\nwho fell leading his brigade at Antictam. A brownstone\\nchapel, Gothic in design, which all denominations can\\nuse, is another of the gifts of the benevolent Mrs. Samuel\\nRussell.\\nMiddletown has extensive and varied manufactures.\\nAmong the leading establishments may be mentioned the\\nRussell Manufacturing Company, which makes heavy", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0382.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\ncotton belting and hose for mill purposes, suspenders\\nand webbing Messrs. W. B. Douglas, the oldest and\\nlargest pump-makers in the world the Middletown Plate,\\nthe Victor Sewing-Machine, the Wilcox Lock Manufac-\\nturing and the Stiles and Parker Press companies. Be-\\nside these there are manufactures of silk, hardware,\\nsaddlery and harness trimmings, articles from bone and\\nivory, c.\\nThe city is a central point for railroad communication,\\nand has considerable coasting trade in coal, u-on, and\\nother heavy materials. Staddle Hill, an outlying district\\nof IMiddletown, contains the largest waterfall in the\\ncounty, and several factories.\\nChatham, so called, from its shipbuilding, after Chat-\\nham in England, embraces the villages of Middle Haddam,\\nCobalt and East Hampton. It has a population of 2,771\\nCobalt takes itN\\nname from a min-\\neral discovered I\\nthere in 1762.\\nEast Hampton is\\nthe great seat of\\nindustry- of Chat-\\nham township. In\\nthis small place,\\nnestled among the\\nbold and rugged\\nhills of the gran-\\nite formation, is\\nmade nearly ev-\\nerj sleigh-bell\\nwhich now tinkles\\nthroughout North\\nAmerica. Those made in other places are manufactured\\nby men from East Hampton. It was not until 1 743 that\\nEast Hampton was settled, the gi-eat attraction being the\\nbeautiful sheet of water known as Pocotopogue Lake,\\none of the prettiest in the State. In the same year a\\nforge was established at the outlet of the lake.\\nIron was in great demand at this time for shipbuilding\\nand for other purposes, and for the first forty years the\\nbusiness done at this forge was considerable. The village\\nowes its importance, however, to the fact that William\\nBarton moved hero in 1808, and introduced the manufac-\\nture of sleigh and hand bells. lie had worked with his\\nfather in the armory at Springfield during the Revolu-\\ntionarj war, and had acquired considerable experience in\\nthe casting of metals, to which he added great mechani-\\ncal skill. The business he introduced expanded others\\nshared the benefit of his industry, and thus the founder\\ngave to East Hampton its pecuharlj- distinctive charac-\\nREAT LXCiVATIO\\nter. He died in East Hampton July 15, 1849. His\\ngrandson, WiUiam E. Barton, is now engaged in the\\nsame manufacture. It maj be taken for granted that\\nalmost every house and hand bell and gong bell in use\\ncomes from this village. Toy bells are also made on a\\nlarge scale.\\nPocotopogue Lake is resorted to in the summer months\\nby many tourists, attracted by the fishing for which this\\nsheet of water is famous. The landscape is grandly set\\noflFby a beautiful island in the centre of the lake, covered\\nwith a crown of foliage, and once a gi-eat resort of the\\naborigines, as shown by the numerous Indian relics which\\nhave been discovered there. W. G. Buel, a descendant\\nof one of the earlier settlers, and proprietor of the Poco-\\ntopogue House, where he has been for 50 j-ears, has col-\\nlected quite a museum of natural curiosities fi-ora the\\nsun ounding dis-\\n^^r^^^S; trict and from\\nall parts of the\\nworld.\\nMiddle Had-\\ndam, a place of\\nlanding on the\\nriver, is a highly-\\nrespectable vil-\\nlage, once the\\nbusy scene of a\\nlarge shipbuild-\\ning industry. It\\nformerly sent\\ngreat quantities\\nof cord wood to\\nNew York.\\nPortland, with a population of 4,094, so called after\\nPortland, Eng., on account of its famous quarries of\\nbrown sandstone, is invested with national interest. The\\ntownship is mostly agricultural. Shipbuilding is carried\\non at Gildersleeve s Landing on the Connecticut, where\\nmany vessels of large tonnage have been constructed.\\nIts world-renowned and um-ivaUed quarries are situated\\non the banks of the river, occupying a frontage of nearly\\ntwo miles. They yield a hard and durable brown sand-\\nstone, similar in grain and color to the stone quarried at\\nPortland, Eng. There are three companies, whose\\nproperty is contiguous. The Middlesex Companj own-\\ning the quarry situated highest up the river, is the largest\\nof the three, and does an immense business. The middle\\nquarry is worked and owned by Brainerd Co., and the\\nquarry to the south of this is carried on by the Shaler\\nHall Compan}-. These quarries have been in opera-\\ntion for two centuries. The excavations, reaching iu\\nIDDLESLX QUARRY, PORTLAND", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0383.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nmany instances to a depth of 150 feet from the original\\nsurface, cover 40 acres. It was ascertained by means\\nof the diamond drill that at a depth of 313 feet below\\nthe deepest point of excavation, the stone still ran down-\\nwards. In seasons of ordinary trade, the three com-\\npanies employ 1,500 men, work 250 cattle and 100\\nhorses, and, with their own and chartered vessels, make\\nquite a fleet, which conveys the stone to all the principal\\ncities on the Atlantic seaboard. The gravestones of the\\nearly settlers for miles round the country, and even on\\nLong Island, were made of stone from these quarries.\\nThe oldest stone we know in the old liur\\\\iii ;-tii-ouiiil of\\nSTRATA OF EOCKb IN\\nAND CU S ULAKKi PUKTLAND\\nThe landscape is rugged and mountainous, but the\\nwealthy growth of trees which covers the surface, even to\\nthe mountain ridges, gives it a most romantic and charm-\\ning aspect. The granite is quarried from the hill-tops,\\njust a little below the surface, and, in busy seasons, is the\\nprincipal source of wealth of many families. It is harder\\nthan the brown sandstone of Portland, and not so well\\nadapted to the finer operations of the cliisel. It is in\\ngreat demand for pavements and curbing, also for steps\\nand other portions of buildings. Vessels in connection\\nwith the quarry convey the stone to the different Atlantic\\nports.\\nHaddam has long been noted for\\nits academj founded by one of the\\nmany Brainerds. It is a fine struc- i\\ntuie of gray stone, and has done\\n,uat service to the community in its\\ntime.\\nHigganum, quite a large village in\\nthe township, enjoys great manufac-\\ntuiiug facilities on account of the\\nstieam of the same name which falls\\ninto the Connecticut. Here are made\\nI lie jiloughs by the Higganuin Manu-\\n1 Ktuiing Company, which have con-\\ntiibuttd so much to the fame of\\n\\\\iueiican agricultural implements at i\\nlume and abroad. The Russell Man- j\\n111 ictuiing Companj- has quite an ex-\\ntensi\\\\e mill here, and Sco^-ille Broth-\\nels make a hoe which has acquired\\nsome celebrity. Haddam Neck, a\\n1 1 )untainous strip of land across\\n(liL Connecticut, also belongs to this\\nto^^nship. It was organized in i\\nMidcUetown bears the date 1698, as clear and legible\\nas when it left the hands of the mason. Portland stone\\nresists the effects of atmosphere and fire better than any\\nother building-stone. This was proved by the great fires\\nof Chicago and Boston.\\nPortland maintains veiy good schools and churches of\\nthe different denominations. The new Episcopalian\\nchurch, built of the quarry stone, is one of the most com-\\nplete and handsome in the State.\\nJohn Stancliff was the first white man who lived among\\nthe Indians on the Portland side of the river. He took\\nup his residence here in 1C90.\\nHaddam, population 2,000, is the other half-shire town\\nof Middlesex County. It possesses a very fine granite\\nquarry, which has been in operation for several years.\\nEast Haddam i.-; a township of about 3,000 inhabi-\\ntants, on the east side of the Connecticut, embracing the\\nvillages of East Haddam, Moodus, Leesville and Milling-\\nton. It is built on a high bank of the river, dense with\\nfoliage, and the village is consequently hid from the\\ntraveller on the river. It has two landing-places the\\nupper landing to the north and Goodspeed s Landing to\\nthe south. The latter takes its name from a gentleman\\nof most active business enteqmse, who has materially\\nenlarged the influence of the town bj his spirited under-\\ntakings. He is a principal proprietor in the line of\\nsteamboats running between Hartford and New York,\\nmaintained by three handsome and powerful Long Island\\nSound boats, Goodspeed s (in local parlance) being their\\nheadquarters. Mr. Goodspeed has erected a palatial-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0384.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nlooking structure on the landing. The surface of the\\ntownship is rocli\\\\ hillj and romantic, being in the very\\nheart of the granite formation. Tobacco is grown in\\nlarge quantities. Luther Boardman Son conduct a\\nplated-spoon manufacture on a large scale, which fur-\\nnishes emploj-mcnt to a great many hands. The vicinitj\\nof the landings is the central point for all the business of\\nthe town, the products of the interior being brought here\\nfor shipment. The Maplewood Seminar}- has attained a\\ngreat and well-deserved degree of celebrity. Students\\nfrom all parts of the Union come here to receive\\na thorough musical education. In connection with\\nthe seminar} is an extensive opera-\\nhouse.\\nMoodus is quite a thriving manu-\\nfacturing village, and noted for its\\ncotton-mills. Any sketch of this vil-\\nlage vrould be considered incomplete\\nwithout some reference to the loud\\nnoises proceeding from some, as yet.\\nunexplained natural causes. Thi\\nappear to issue from a mountain near\\nthe village, and have been heard more\\nor less frequentl} from the time of tlio\\nearly settlers. The Indians called the\\nplace Mackimoodus, meaning the place\\nof noises. Mr. Ilosmer, the first min-\\nister of the town, saj S in a letter to\\nMr. Prince of Boston, dated Aug. 13,\\n1729: I have mjself heard eight\\nor ten sounds successively, and imi-\\ntating small arms, in the space of five\\nminutes. He states further that he\\nhas heard them by several hundreds\\nwithin twentv years, some more or less\\nterrible that thej- first imitate slow\\nthunder, come nearer, and then exploding with a noise\\nlike cannon shot, shake houses and all that is in\\nthem.\\nOrdinary grumblings they called Moodus noises the\\nheavier explosions of sound they called earthquakes.\\nThey were terrific in 1791, and since then appear to have\\ngradually- subsided.\\nOld Saybrook, the parent of the county, with a popu-\\nlation of only 1,200, is the headquarters of the shad-\\nfishery, the home of retired sea-captains and private\\nfamilies, and a great resort of excursionists and tourists\\nin the summer. Its principal street is broad, and the\\nhouses indicate respectable and wealthy owners, which\\ngive the place a verj retired, but very aristocratic air.\\nThe tomb of Ladj Fcnwick, which has stood for two\\ncenturies on the point of Saj brook, in the vicinity of the\\nold fort, and which was visible from the river, has at last\\ndisappeared. It was removed, we believe, to make room\\nfor the railroad from Hartford, which has its terminus\\nhere, and a handsome modern monument was erected on\\nanother spot in lieu thereof. A company has built a very\\nfine hotel on the point, called the Fenwick Hotel.\\nA lighthouse is close to the mouth of the river, the bar\\nwhich forms just outside being dangerous to vessels of\\nheavy draught. The bar was a great source of danger\\nand discouragement in the times of the early settlers.\\nEssex, a riverside town, with 1,664 inhabitants, was\\nformerly a parish of Saybrook. It enjoys considerable\\ncommerce, and has every convenience for coasting ves-\\nsels and fishing craft laying up for the winter, bj- means\\nof two large coves connected with the river. The strip\\nof land between the coves is known as Pautopoug Point,\\nthe scene of the destruction committed b}- the British in\\nthe war of 1812. The spires of the churches built close\\ntogether on the hill-top, which commands the town, are\\nwell-known objects to travellers on the Connecticut. The\\ngranite formation begins to lose itself here, and the\\nscenery to change the wooded heights giving place to a\\nmore level landscape.\\nCentre Brook, a village in the township, two miles\\ninland, boasts a national reputation on account of its\\nextensive and exclusive business in the manufacture of", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0385.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\narticles in ivory. Cheney, Comstock Co. employ a\\nvery large capital in the enterprise. The machinery\\nused for cutting and preparing the ivory for work, and\\nfor executing the delicate processes of manufacture of\\nwhich ivory is capable, is of the most costly and in-\\ngenious description. The glass sheds, with then- roofs\\nsloping to the south, would extend the length of an ordi-\\nnary city street. In these, the thin strips of ivory are\\nplaced for the purpose of bleaching in the sun. Both\\nfaces are bleached and also the sides this process alone\\nis a work of time. The ivory is received direct from\\nAfrica by the importer in New York, and every tusk finds\\nits way into this district. Chenej Comstock Co. run\\ntwo extensive estabhshments, one for the manufacture of\\ncombs, and other small articles, such as billiard balls,\\nfans, paper-cutters, rules, and such fancy ornaments as\\nfashion may demand the other exclusively for the manu-\\nfacture of keys for pianos and organs, and also for the\\nkeyboard complete. With the trifling exception of some\\nGerman hand-woi-k in New York, or articles of import,\\nthe ivory keys used all over America come from this little\\ninland village of Centre Brook.\\nCromwell, a small town of nearlj 2,000 inhabitants,\\nlies to the north of Middletown, and was known as\\nUpper Middletown until it was made a separate township\\nin 1851. The strata of the Portland quarries, on the\\nopposite side of the Connecticut, run under the bed of\\nthe river and crop out again in the centre of the village,\\nwhere a large brownstone quarry has been excavated,\\nand has materiall} enhanced its interests. Toys and\\nother hardware and lamps are manufactured here on a\\nlarge scale. A private asylum for the insane has re-\\ncently been established in this town. The first cotton\\ngoods ever shipped to China were made here by Henry\\nG. Bowers, about the time of the second war with\\nEngland.\\nMiDDLEFiELD, a parish of Middletown, but recently\\nformed into a separate township, contains a population\\nof about 1 ,000. It is a verj fertile part of the county\\ncontaining largo level and undulating pasture-lands.\\nSome of the best cattle in the State are bred here.\\nIn the more elevated parts of the town a laige reser-\\nvoir, secured by a dam of powerful construction, has\\nbeen constructed to supply the city of Middletown with\\npure water. Clothes-wringers and other articles of\\nwooden ware have been made here for years. The set-\\ntlement of this part of Middletown began in 1700 by\\nthree settlers from the first or parent society. The late\\nDavid Lyman of this town, was one of the earliest and\\nmost energetic projectors of the Boston and New York\\nAir Line Railroad.\\nDurham, adjoining Middlefield, has a population of\\n1,000. It maintains a good academj and several\\nchurches. A very respectable tin-ware manufactory\\nfurnishes employment to many but the pursuits of the\\ncommunity are mainly agricultural. The scenerj is very\\npastoral, exhibiting long stretches of land under the\\nmost careful cultivation, and bears in manj- respects a\\nsimilarity to the best husbandry in Old England.\\nKillingworth, Chester, Deep River, Westbrooli and\\nClinton, the remaining towns of the county, have a\\nrespective population of 800, 1,000, 1,200, 1,000 and\\n1 ,400. The oyster fisheries of the latter place have risen\\ninto importance. The town contains a fine high school,\\nfounded and liberally endowed by Mr. Morgan, a native\\nof Clinton.\\nNEW HAVEN COUNTY.*\\nBY S. R. DENNEN, D. D., AND CARRIE R. DENNEN.\\nNew Haven County has special interest for its colo-\\nnial history. It was the youngest of the four Colonies\\nthat formed the New England Confederation. The men\\nwho came hither acted under no commission and had no\\nThe following is a list of towns in New Haven County, with date\\nof incorporation and present population\\nBethany, incorporated 1832; population, 1,135. Branford, 1,644;\\n2,488. Cheshire, 1780; 2,344. Derby, 1675 3,168. East Haven, 1785\\n2.714. Guilford, 1639; 2,576. Hamden, 1786; 3,028. Madison, 1826;\\nconnection with any chartered company or commercial\\nassociation in England or elsewhere. They felt at\\nliberty to form for themselves such government as should,\\nin their opinion, be best suited to the ends they had in\\n1,814. Meriden, 1806 10,495. Middlebury, 1807 696; Milford, 1640;\\n3,405. New Haven, 1639; 60,000. North Branford, 1831; 1,035.\\nNorth Haven, 1786; 1,771. Orange, 1822; 2,634. Oxford, 1798; 1,338.\\nProspect, 1827 551 Southbury, 1786 1,318. Wallingford, 1672 3,676.\\nWatcrbury, 1682 10,826. Wolcott, 1796 491. Woodbridge, 1784 830.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0386.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nview when thej came to this country. The original\\nColony, or jurisdiction, embraced colonies beyond the\\npresent limits of the county, and indeed of the State.\\nThe Colony of New Haven was composed of six planta-\\ntions, New Haven, Milford, Guilford, Stamford, South-\\nold (L. I.) and Branford. Of these the first three,\\nand Branford, lie within the limits of New Haven\\nCountj- and come under the notice of this narrative.\\nThe first three of these were tho fruit of a simultaneous\\nexodus from three contiguous counties in England, York-\\nshire, Hertfordshire and Kent. The Yorksliire men came\\nto New Haven, the Hertfordshire men to Milford, the Kent\\nCounty men to Guilford. They came first to Boston in\\ntwo ships thence to New Haven in April, 1638. Here\\nthey remained some fifteen months before the}- made any\\nformal ci\\\\ il or ecclesiastical organization. Tliese months\\nwere by no means dormant. The}- selected their lands\\nand made purchase of them from the Indians. Each\\ncompauj acted for itself, although they remained to-\\ngether. The Indian deed of New Haven, at first called\\nQuinnipiac, was made to Theophilus Eaton, Jolm Dav-\\nenport and others, Nov. 24, 1G38; that of Milford to\\nWilham Fowler, Edmund Tapp, Zechariah Whitman\\nand others. Fob. 12, 1C39 that of Guilford to Henry\\nWhitefield, Eobert Kitchell, William Leete and others,\\nSept. 29, 1639. Branford was not organized as a ci\\\\ il\\ncommunity until much later, in 16-t-i.\\nThe New Haven Colony was the first to take posses-\\nsion of its purchase and organize its political and eccle-\\nsiastical government. There seems to have been some\\nsort of agreement entered into by those forming the\\nColony before coming to New Haven. This compact\\nappears to have been entered into either before leaving\\nEngland, or while tarrying at Boston. It is hardly\\nsupposable that men of such character and intelligence\\nwould have risked such an amount of capital, \u00c2\u00a336.000,\\nand their own safet}- and welfare, without some articles\\nof agreement binding them together. This compact\\nthey call the Planters Covenant.\\nWhatever it may have been, they seem to have been\\nin no haste to be rid of it, for it was not until the 2oth\\nof October, 1639, that a civil government was instituted\\nand installed. A meeting was called June 4th (com-\\nmonly known as the meeting in Mr. Newman s barn)\\nto consult about settling civil government accortling to\\nGod, and about nominating persons that might be found\\nof all fittest for the foundation work of a church. The\\nresult of that meeting, one of the most remarkable ever\\nheld in a barn, surely, is thus stated First, the free\\nplanters without a dissenting vote, after fi ee discussion,\\nadopted this Fundamental Agreement tliat church\\nmembers only shall be free burgesses and they onlj- shall\\nchoose among themselves magistrates and officers to\\nhave the power of transacting all public, civil affairs of\\nthis plantation, of making and repeahng laws, dividing\\ninheritances, deciding of differences that may arise, and\\ndoing all things and business of like nature. Secondlj-,\\ntwelve men were chosen to designate among themselves,\\nor from others whom they should publicly nominate as\\ncandidates for that trust, the seven founders of the\\nchurch and of the State. These seven, bj- this act of\\nfounding the church, became free burgesses of the com-\\nmonwealth, the nucleus of the ci^il organization. They\\nwere to choose other free burgesses out of like estate\\nof church fellowship.\\nOn the 25th of the following October, these seven\\nmen, who were in the foundation of the church, viz.,\\nTheophilus Eaton, John Davenport, Eob t Newman,\\nIMath. Gilbert, Theo. Fugill, John Punderson and Jereni}-\\nDixon, assembled to form the new government. This\\nwas to be permanent, and to supplant all former con-\\ntracts. The term Court is applied to this body\\nthese Septem^-ires, as the old Romans would name\\nthem. Once organized, after most solemn praj-er unto\\nGod, they proceeded to ordain\\n1st. All former power, or trust, for managing an}-\\npubUc affairs in this plantation, into whose hands soever\\nformerl} committed, is now abrogated, and is hencefor-\\nward utterly to cease.\\n2d. All those who have been received into the fellow-\\nship of this church since the first gathering of it, or who,\\nbeing members of other approved churches, offered\\nthemselves, were admitted as members of this court.\\nThat is, became citizens of this commonwealth. Sixteen\\nmembers were thus admitted. As these new members\\ncame in, they took the oath of allegiance to the civil\\ngovernment here settled. Tlioy owned no allegiance as\\ndue to the king of England, or any other government on\\nthe footstool. This is worth remembering.\\nThe3-then proceed after Mr. Davenport expounded\\nto them two texts Dent. i. 13 Ex. xviii. 21 Take\\nye wise men, and understanding, and known among 3 0ur\\ntribes, and I will make them rulers over you More-\\nover, thou shalt provide out of all the people able men,\\nsuch as fear God, men of truth, hating covetousness, and\\nplace such overmen, to nominate and elect officers.\\nMr. Theophilus Eaton the chief man of the Colony,\\none answering the above description was chosen\\nmagistrate for one j-ear. Four deputies were chosen.\\nEach received a solemn charge on being inducted into\\noffice.\\nThus the commonwealth was launched. Their laws", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0387.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwere all summed up in the simple enactment, That the\\nword of God shall be the only rule to be attended to in\\nordering the affairs of government in this plantation.\\nThis is further explained, later in their records, as the\\njudicial law of God, given by Moses, and expounded in\\nother parts of Scripture, so far as it is a hedge and fence\\nto the moral law, and is neither ceremonial nor typical,\\nnor had any reference to Canaan this hath an everlast-\\ning equity in it, and should be the rule of their proceed-\\nings. All other systems of jurisprudence, ei^il or canon\\nlaw, were excluded from this Colony. On this unique\\nand model foundation thej- built their civil state.\\nThis Fundamental Agreement, as it was called,\\ncontinued, with small modifications, to be the organic\\nlaw of the colonies, which, on Oct. 23, 1G43, were\\nunited under one jurisdiction. After the combination,\\nthe name magistrate disappears, and that of governor\\nis substituted. The colonies of Milford, Guilford, Stam-\\nford, Branford and Southold sent delegates to the Gen-\\neral Court at New Haven. Besides this, they had their\\nown magistrates and magistrates courts. They had also\\na planters court, corresponding to our police ard jus-\\ntices court.\\nThis same year, also, 1G43, a combination was formed\\nbetween the four Colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth,\\nConnecticut and New Haven, called the United Col-\\nonies of New England. This combination was entered\\ninto for purposes of mutual defence, and was of great\\nvalue to the several Colonies, especially in King Philip s\\nwar, which threatened at one time to wipe out in blood\\nand carnage all the English settlements.\\nUnder their simple government, built upon the Word\\nof God, administered bj wise, generous, good men,\\nwithout charter or patent from an} king or anj- bod}-\\ncorporate under heaven, they continued to thrive. As\\nthe two Colonies of Connecticut and New Haven, being\\ncontiguous and ha\\\\ ing so many interests in common,\\ngrew, it became, to wise men in both of them, more and\\nmore apparent that their union under one government\\nwas desirable. Gov. Winthrop, of the Connecticut Col-\\nonj-, went to England to procure a royal charter for this\\nand other purposes. The charter was secured in 1662.\\nThe Connecticut Colony claimed that this charter cov-\\nered New Haven jurisdiction, and they, nolens volens,\\nwere part of Connecticut. This was stouth resisted as\\nabsurd, as it was. No one had anj- authority to bargain\\nthem away, or put them under the control of an3body,\\nagainst their will. After a few j^ears, it was clearly seen\\nand felt, on all hands, to be best that the union should\\nbe consummated. This was done Jan. 5, 1065. The\\ngovernment of the Colonies was so modified as to fit this\\nnew relation. The modification was merelv technical,\\ntouching in no essential particular _ the Fundamental\\nAgreement of the earlier colonists. The stoiy of this\\ncharter, and its presenation when Andros came to\\nHartford to secure and destroy it, will be told elsewhere.\\nWould space admit, we should speak with real enthu-\\nsiasm of the government of New Haven Colon} So\\nmuch ignorant aspersion has been cast upon it, that\\nwhen the writer began this examination, he did so with\\nmuch prejudice, expecting to find those blue laws that\\nhave haunted so many persons brains. He found in-\\nstead, laws that would seem somewhat strange to us,\\nprinted on blue paper, and so called blue laws but\\nthe laws themselves were generous, and just adapted to\\nthe ends and times they were made to serve. One con-\\nstantl}- marvels that a government so simple, so demo-\\ncratic, so equitable, so efficient, and, on the whole, so\\nhumane and kind, should have been framed here in the\\nwilderness, without a precedent to go b}-, or anj- guide\\nbut the Word of God. We read the record of their courts,\\non which ever3-thing is spread out, and marvel at the\\nscrupulous fairness, and painstaking candor, and gentle\\nfirmness witli which their laws were administered. True,\\nthere were things punished as crimes which we should\\nnot think of punishing now. But we must not compare\\ntheir times and legislation with our own, but with the\\ntimes and governments that preceded them. We shall\\nthen find occasion to admire.\\nNo witches were hanged or burned here no man\\nsuffered persecution or punishment for his religious\\nfaith, if he kept the peace, and did not disturb the\\nsettled order of things. They purchased all their\\nlands, pajing a fair equivalent. Thej- protected the Ind-\\nians from the violence and rapacitj of the settlers, and\\nlived in peace with them all their days, more than our\\ngovernment now does. No house was burned, no life\\ntaken b}- the reil-mcn of the forests. They limited, it is\\ntrue, the right of suffrage, but only so far as to secure\\nthe ends for which they exiled themselves from their\\nhomes in the Old World. They fled from persecution,\\nand meant only to secure and protect themselves against\\nits repetition. It remains 3 et to be seen which com-\\nmitted the greatest folly, they by narrowing, or we b}-\\nextending, the right of suffrage.\\nWhen the struggle for om- independence from England\\ncame on, the New Haven Colonies were found among\\nthe foremost and bravest. They furnished their full\\nquota of men and means, and suffered all the privations\\nand losses sustained b} any of the thirteen Colonies.\\nThis has been eminentlj true of them ever since. AVe\\nhave been called upon to bear no strain, or to endure", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0388.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nany loss or privation, that New Haven County has not\\nstood nobly in her lot and place.\\nThis historical sketch would not be complete without\\nsome mention of the churches, which were the real nu-\\ncleus of the commonwealth. The church was the first\\ncare of all the New England colonists. In some few\\ninstances, the church, as an organization, came along\\nwith them across the waters. Where this was not the\\ncase, one of their first cares was to found one, that the\\nfoundations of ci-\\\\al and social order might be laid upon\\nGod s truth. They were godly men, seed-corn sifted\\nfrom the very best. They came for liberty to worship\\nand serve God as they pleased. The} kept this end in\\n\\\\-iew at everj- step.\\nThe churches at New Haven and lUilford are supposed\\nto have been formed on the same day. The method\\nwas the same in all the colonies constituting the New\\nHaven jurisdiction. After some discussion between Sir.\\nDavenport and Mr. Samuel Eaton, his colleague, on the\\nnature of a civil government in a New Plantation,\\nwhose design is religion, it was determined, on the\\n14th of June, as we now reckon (on the 2d of June,\\nold style), to hold a public meeting of all the free\\nplanters for the purpose of laying with due solem-\\nnities the foundations both of church and state. This\\nmeeting was held in Mr. Newman s barn. The first\\nchurch in this wilderness land, like its head, was born in\\na manger. The result of their deliberation and voting\\nwas to select twelve of their best and most approved\\nmen, who were to confer and consult together and select\\nfrom their own number, or elsewhere, seven men who\\nwere fit for the foundation-work of the church. The\\nseven hewn pillars chosen were the same seven who laid\\nthe foundation of the state, Eaton, Davenport, New-\\nman, Gilbert, Fugill, Punderson and Dixon. These seven\\npersons first covenanted together, and then received\\nothers into their fellowship. Thus the first church of\\nNew Haven was founded on the 22d of August, 1039.\\nIt is in place to say here, that although church and\\nstate are twin-children of the same womb, and have the\\nsame parents, they are entirely dist nct. It was never\\nthe purpose of these men, who had fled into the wilderness\\nfrom a state church and hierarchy, that the church should\\ngovern the state. Thej never allowed that the church,\\nas such, had any power to choose civil magistrates. In-\\ndeed, church officers were ineligible to civil offleo There\\nwas no confusion of church and state, and no purpose\\nthat the one should transact the business of the other.\\nMany could debate and vote in church-meeting who\\ncould have no voice at all in the government of the civil\\nstate. They affirmed and insisted that ecclesiastical\\nand civil order must have different laws, different officers,\\nand different powers. Though they may have the same\\nultimate end, they have different proximate ends, one\\nthe preservation of human societ}-, the other the\\nconversion, edifieatinu and salvation of souls. Although\\nthe right of suliraiio was limited to church-members, and\\nnone could be freemen and eligible to office who were\\nnot members of some acknowledged church, there was\\nno blending or confusing of the two. For this we have\\nevery reason to be grateful.\\nMr. Davenport, whose strong and marked impress is\\nseen in all the ecclesiastical and civil framework and\\nmanagement of both church and state, a man to whose\\nclear head and sound heart, and broad views and Chris-\\ntian firmness, we owe so much for the cast and character\\nof our government, our New England type of civilization,\\nwas the first pastor of this wilderness church. He con-\\ntinued to serve both it and the state, when occasion called\\nfor it, until the Colony he had so much to do in planting\\nand training became a part of the Commonwealth of\\nConnecticut, much to his grief.\\nHe was followed in this office by a succession of men.\\nwho were distinguished alike for their scholarship and\\nvirtues, Pierpont, Whittlesey, and Dana.\\nOne thing demands especial notice. Much denun-\\nciation has been lavished upon the New England fathers\\nfor the compulsory support of their churches, levying\\ntaxes to pay the salaries of their ministeis and other\\ncurrent expenses. The New Haven Colony, to its honor,\\nis an exception to this evil rule. It should be remem-\\nbered, to their credit, that for many years after the set-\\ntlement of their Colon}-, the church was supported by\\nvoluntary contributions, which were made on every Lord s\\nday at the close of service. Not as now by passing the\\ncontribution-box, but every one came up to the deacon s\\nseat and deposited his own contribution, returning quietly\\nto his place. It was not until a much later day, when\\nperhaps men had become less godly and conscientious,\\nthat it was thought necessary to compel men, by assessing\\nthem, to support an institution so obviously for the public\\nweal.\\nIt must seem strange to us in our quiet tranquil times,\\nto recall the fact, that in all those early years the people\\nnever met for public worship without a complete military\\nguard. We find in 1G40 this order upon their records\\nEvery man that is appointed to watch, whether masters\\nor servants, shall come every Lord s day to the meeting\\ncompletely armed and all others also are to bring their\\nswords, no man exempted save Mr. Eaton, our Pastor,\\nMr. James, Mr. Samuel Eaton, and the two deacons.\\nSeats were placed on each side of the front door for the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0389.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nsoldiers. A sentinel was stationed in the turret. Armed\\nwatchmen patrolled the streets. Twice before each ser-\\nvice the drum beat from the turret and along the main\\nstreets. When the congregation came together the^ re-\\nseml)led more a garrison than a congregation of wor-\\nshippers.\\nYet how peaceful and sacred these Sabbaths. From\\nevening to evening no noise, no business, the whole pop-\\nulation in church. Thus the j-ears went on with changes,\\ntrials, sorrows, death, until the fathers slept and others\\nrose in their stead, upon whom their mantles fell and\\nwho stood in their places.\\nThe New Haven colonists were intense lovers of\\nlearning. Here the free school found a welcome and\\nrose to prominence. For many years the people con-\\ntributed annually to the support of Harvard College,\\nsending up their wheat and wampum to keep it alive,\\nand sending their sous to enjoy its privileges and bear\\naway its honors. This, however, did not satisfy Mr.\\nDavenport, who, during his later years, urged again and\\nagain upon the Connecticut Colonies the importance of\\nfounding a college of their own. He was a scholar and\\nstudent himself, and early saw the necessity of education\\nof every grade to the life and perpetuity of the common-\\nwealth, as well as the Christian religion. Although he\\ndid not live to see a college founded, he certainly was\\nfather of the thought. The seed he sowed sprang up in\\nlater years, and bore fruit in the noble institution, with-\\nout a rival, if not without a peer in our land.\\nThe Hopkins Grammar School, to-daj one of the best\\npreparatory schools in the country, is the oldest school\\nin the State. The literary atmosphere of New Haven, its\\nfine culture and excellent schools are no new things, but\\nthey have been true of it from the begiiming. May it never\\ncease to be the home of learning, refinement, and real\\nChristian worth and excellence.\\nA few words of biography need to be appended to this\\nsketch of colonial times.\\nForemost among the great names of the colonists is\\nTheophilus Eaton. He was born at Stratford, Eng.,\\n1.591, and was the son of a clergyman. He came to this\\ncountry, first to Boston in 1637, then to New Haven in\\n1G38. He was chosen first governor of New Haven\\nColony, and remained in office imtil his death, Jan. 7,\\n1658. Mather calls him the Moses of New Haven.\\nHe carried in his verj countenance a majesty which\\ncannot be described. He was a magistrate of strict\\nimpartiality and inflexible honor. He had clear views\\nof civil government far in advance of his times he had\\na singular love of justice, and very decided opniions of\\nthe divine nature of human government as built on the\\nWord of God. To him the New Haven Colony owed its\\nexistence, and to him and Mr. Davenport all those\\nfeatures which distinguish it from the other Colonies, its\\nzeal for education, its impartial administration of justice,\\nits freedom from frivolous and extravagant legislation.\\nHe was wont to say Some count it a great matter to\\ndie well, but I am sure it is a greater matter to live\\nwell. This is the key to his character, than which\\nthere is not a nobler in all our colonial history.\\nJohn Davenport, one of the two chief men in founding\\nNew Haveu Colony, was born in Coventry, Eng., 1597.\\nHe was educated at Oxford became vicar of St. Stephen s\\nChui ch, Coleman Street, London soon became a non-\\nconformist resigned his benefice and fled to Holland, to\\nescape the warrant that was out against him preached\\nto the English Church at Amsterdam for a season became\\ninvolved in difficulties about the indiscriminate baptisms\\nof children, and resigned, when he emigrated to New\\nEngland, reaching Boston on the 26th of June, 1637.\\nThe following spring he came with his company to New\\nHaven. He and Mr. Eaton built their houses opposite\\neach other on the same street, and became the leading\\nspirits in the Colon}\\nHe continued pastor of the church, as well as a direct-\\ning and controlling power in the state, until near the\\nclose of his life. He lost hope somewhat when, against\\nhis decided opinion, the New Haven jurisdiction united\\nwith the Connecticut Colony. He saw a growing disposi-\\ntion on the part of the state to get control of the\\nchurches, a most serious evil, from which Connecticut\\nsuffered for many long years. Just at this time came a\\ncall from Boston. He made up his mind that Christ s\\ninterests in New Haven Colony were miserabl} lost.\\nHis roots were loosened, and he was readv to leave his\\nhome and the child he had done so much to rear. Be-\\nsides this, the action of the synod in establishing what\\nwas called the half-way covenant, he opposed with all\\nthe vigor and ardor of his. soul. The battle was to be\\nfought in Boston. He wanted to be in the thickest of\\nthe fight. These considerations determined his removal\\nto that city in 1668. thirty j-cars after his settlement in\\nNew Haven, when he was more than 70 3-ears old. The\\ndead line was not quite so near in those days. The\\nchurch in Boston was divided. The odious and mis-\\nchievous half-way covenant prevailed. He died on\\nthe 11th of March, 1670. A fine scholar, an able\\npreacher, a clear-headed, far-seeing man, his views and\\nopinions found an ample vindication in subsequent ex-\\nperience. The measures he maintained were just those\\nhe opposed proved disastrous in the extreme.\\nStephen Goodycare, from the organization of the gov-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0390.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nemment until Ms death, was associated almost unifonnly\\nwith Gov. Eaton as lieutenant-governor. He was a fine\\nbusiness man, and of great service to the Colon j-.\\nThomas Greyson was another of the leading men, and\\nwas intrusted with much important public business.\\nFrancis Newman, whose barn figures so largely in the\\nearly records of the Colony, deserves mention. He suc-\\nceeded Gov. Eaton in oflace, the Joshua who came after\\nMoses.\\nThomas Fugill, secretary of state, John Punderson and\\nJeremiah Dixon were among the seven pillars, both of\\nchurch and state; Master Ezekiel Cheever, the father\\nof New England school-masters, shines in the colonial\\nrecords. The boj s had good reason to remember him.\\nThomas Leete of Guilford, lieutenant-governor under\\nFrancis Newman, and first governor of the united Colo-\\nnies of Connecticut and New Haven, was a man of wis-\\ndom and executive abilitj\\nGoffe and WhaUej-, commonly known as the regicides,\\nfrom their participation in the execution of Charles the\\nFirst, found a retreat and an asylum in New Haven. On\\nthe accession of Charles the Second, thej were compelled\\nto flee the country. Thej came to Boston Julj 27, ICCO,\\nfirst, and resided for some time openly in Cambridge.\\nTheir situation there becoming too exposed, thej fled to\\nNew Haven March 7, 16C1, and were concealed for\\nawhile in Mr. Davenport s house. A roj-al proclamation\\nwas issued for their arrest. They were sought for bj-\\nofficers in New Haven, but could not be found. Fearing\\nlest they should bring trouble upon their friend, Mr.\\nDavenport, and others, thej- off ered to surrender them-\\nselves to Lieut.-Gov. Leete. He was in no haste, how-\\never, to arrest them. After showing themselves openly\\nin the streets of New Haven, so as to clear their friends\\nfrom an}- complicit} with their concealment, they fled to\\na cave near the summit of West Rock, known now as\\nJudges Cave, where thej remained for awhile. They\\noccupied another place near bj-, called the Lodge. They\\nleft New Haven and went (August 19) to Milford, and\\nin 1CC4 to Hadley, where thcj remained until they died.\\nIt is believed that their bodies were brought to New\\nHaven and buried bj- Dixwell, their companion in exile.\\nJohn Dixwell, the other regicide, came to New Haven\\nin 1672 under the name of James Davids. He lived here\\nin quiet security for 1 7 j-ears. The last years of his life\\nhe became verj^ intimate with Mr. Pierpont, the minister.\\nThere seemed to be a strange and wonderful friendship\\nbetween them. At his death he revealed his true\\ncharacter, and requested that a plain stone should mark\\nhis grave, with the initials J. D., Esq., inscribed on it.\\nThis was done as he wished.\\nThree avenues in the north-western part of the citj\\nperpetuate the names and memory of the regicides.\\nYale College. This college was founded in 1700, and,\\ntraditionalh-, on tliis wise ten eminent clergj-men, roused\\nto the importance of pro^-iding some means for a more\\nliberal and thorough education for their sons, and others\\nwho were to become leaders in church and state, met at\\nNew Haven to consult concerning a coUegiate school.\\nAt a subsequent meeting in Branford, these men brought\\nforty folio volumes, and laid them down on a table with\\nthese words I give these books for the founding of a\\ncollege in this Colony. This body of men, acting for the\\nchurches and ministrj- of the Colonj of Connecticut, by\\nthis act founded the institution now known as Yale\\nCollege.\\nIn October of the following 3 ear, a charter was ob-\\ntained from the legislature. In November, the trustees\\nmet for the first time in Saybrook, and passed this order\\nthat there shall be, and hereby is, erected and founded\\na collegiate school, wherein shall be taught the liberal\\narts and languages, in such place or places in Connecti-\\ncut as the said trustees shall from time to time see cause\\nto order.\\nWhy found another college so near Han-ard It has\\nbeen affinned that a distrust of the theological soundness\\nof this college was the real root-cause of the founding of\\nYale. But when you recall that the number of the Con-\\nnecticut colonists was now 20,000, and also that the\\nterritorj- was an almost unbroken wilderness, the distance\\nto Cambridge, and inconvenience and expense of travel\\nwere so serious, you will find the real reasons which moved\\nthese good men to found a college in their own Colony.\\nThis, and not bigotrj-, is the seed-thought of this noble\\nuniversity. The plan differed in some very essential par-\\nticulars from that of Harvard. It was more unique and\\noriginal, having less of the European type. It was more\\nindigenous, and more in accord with the spirit of the\\ntimes. It was homogeneous, ha^-ing all its board min-\\nisters though this last is a doubtful advantage, and\\ngave rise to disaffection in later years.\\nAfter a protracted and somewhat heated controversy,\\nthe new college was finally located in New Haven in\\n1717.\\nIn 1718, came the great benefaction of Gov. Elihu\\nYale, a donation of books and other goods to the amount\\nof \u00c2\u00a3S00. As a compliment to him the new building,\\nrecently erected, was named for him. This name passed\\nby degrees from the building to the whole institution\\nin 174.5. The college passed through colonial times\\nwith various and alternating success. It came near\\nextinction, however, during the Revolution. Its students", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0391.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nNEW CHVPFL\\nand officers were dispersed, and its functions, in a meas-\\nure, suspended. Tlic irregularitiesof the times, financial\\nembarrassment, difficulties of subsistence, and the actual\\noccupation, at one time, of New Haven by P^nglish\\ntroops, reduced the collec;e to tiie lo-vct p n*\\nIn 1792 a change took pi ice\\nin the charter, which g u e it i\\nnew lease of life, and bi ought\\nit more closelj- into s\\\\ nip ith^\\nwith the popular heait Its\\nprosperity was now assuitd\\nGreat changes ha.M ti iii^\\npired in college custom-, ^iii\\nthose early Provinci d d i\\nIt was a no uncommon thiiij;\\nfor derelict j-ouths tin n t\\nhaA^e their ears soundly b\\nin the presence of the f k\\nand students. The foim\\nand respect at that tune dt\\nmanded on the part of pre m-\\ndent and faculty, seems to us\\nalmost ludicrous. The freshmen in those earlier times,\\nheld an almost menial position, being mere errand-boys\\nfor the upper classes. With the incoming of more demo-\\ncratic ideas, however, these Old Country notions and cus-\\ntoms have long since naturall} and happily disappeared.\\nFrom these small\\nand adverse begin-\\nnings, Yale College\\nhas grown to its pres-\\nent commanding po-\\nsition. Its power in\\never}- department, in\\nchurch and state, sci-\\nence and art, in liter-\\nature and philosophy,\\nhas been wide imi\\nbeneficent. Itsgi:i\\nuntes are everj-nhc i\\nThey nobly sustain\\nand fulfil her prou(\\nyet modest motto\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Lux et Veritas.\\nThe first president, or rector, of Yale College was\\nAbraham Pierson, son of Rev. IMr. Pierson, one of the\\nfirst settlers and first minister of Branford. He grad-\\nuated from Han-ard College in 1GG8. He was a good\\nstudent, an able diA ine, a wise, judicious man. He\\nThis change consisted in the admission of laymen as members of\\nthe coi-poration.\\nPKAH011T MU;\\ninstructed and governed the infant collegiate school, with\\ngeneral acceptance, from 17U1 until 1707.\\nThe subsequent presidents of Yale have been. Rev.\\nTimothy Cutter, S. T. D., chosen 1719; Rev. Elisha\\nWilliams, 1720- Rev Thomas Clap, 1739; Rev. Naph-\\n_ __ thali Daggett, S. T. D., 17G6\\nRev. Ezra StUes, S. T. D.,\\nLL.D., 1777; Rev. Timothy\\nDwight, D. D., LL.D., 1795\\nRev. Jeremiah Day, D. D.,\\nLL.D., 1822; Rev. Theodore\\nD. Woolsey, D. D., LL. D.,\\n184G Rev. Noah Porter,\\nD.D., LL.D, 1871.\\nPresidents Stiles and Clap\\nwere men of exceptionally\\ngroat learning while Dr.\\n1 )wight, a grandson of Jona-\\nllian Edwards, was one whose\\npowers as a thinker, gifts as\\na poet, and eloquence as a\\npreacher, were surpassed only\\nby tlie fervor of his piety and the urbanit} of his con-\\nversation and manners.\\nThe present incumbent of the presidential chair,\\nRev. Noah Porter, D. D., LL. D., was born in Fann-\\nington Dec. 14, 1811, and is considered to be one of\\nthe ablest of Ameri-\\ncan metaphj sicians.\\nBesides the presi-\\nI ^^Vf^gs^- dents there have been\\nk I professors of world-\\nwide fame and splen-\\ndid and varied acqui-\\nsitions Dana, Fitch,\\nGoodrich, Marsh, Sil-\\nliman, Packard, Had-\\nlej and man} others,\\nhave adorned their\\ndepartments, and ad-\\nded to the power and\\nfame of the college.\\nMaiy of its graduates\\nhave filled the highest\\noffices of trust and honor. No institution has exerted\\na wider and more positive influence upon the culture and\\npohtical character of the countr}\\nThe buildings are man} and some of them of great\\nexcellence. Battcll Chapel is new and one of the finest\\nbuildings in design, materials and solid elegance, in the\\nland, for that purpose. The Art School building, on the\\nCOLLEGE.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0392.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nsouth-west corner of College Square, is one of consitler-\\nable pretension and is admirable for its purpose. The\\nPeabod3 Museum, named in honor of George Peabody\\nof London, its most liberal benefactor, one wing of\\nwhich is completed, stands on the corner of High and\\nElm streets, just across the street from the College\\nSquare. It is now an imposing building. When finished\\nit will be one of the finest museums in the world. The\\nvarious cabinets and specimens are among the best, as\\nfar as thej- go.\\nThe East and West Divinity halls, with Marquand\\nChapel between them, a gem in its line, the gift of the\\ngentleman whose name it bears, are substantial and ele-\\ngant buildings, affording fine accommodations for tlii\u00c2\u00ab\\ndepartment of the universitj The ShLtin\\nSchool, an institution of great\\nmerit and thoroughness, found-\\ned by Joseph Sheffield, Esq\\nconstitutes another department\\nof the university, and has sub-\\nstantial and commodious budd-\\nings at some distance from the\\nCollege Campus, on the home-\\nstead of Mr. Sheffield. The\\ndepartments of law and medi-\\ncine have accommodations in\\nother sections of the citj-.\\nTowns.\\nNew Haven, the chief seat\\nof the New Haven jurisdic-\\ntion, is situated on a plain\\nIjing between two ranges of hills, on the east and on\\nthe west, and is limited, partly on the northern side,\\nby two mountains, called East and West rocks, which\\nterminate abruptly at this point and form a marked\\nfeature of the scenerj-. It is at the head of a shallow\\nharbor, between West and Mill rivers, including also the\\nneck between Mill Eiver and the Quinnipiac, where a\\npart of the town called Fair Haven is situated.\\nThe town was originally laid out in nine squares.\\nThe central one is open and is styled the Green, the\\nupper half of which is a beautiful slope, and was form-\\nerl3 a bur3ing-ground but, in 1831, the monuments\\nwere removed and the ground levelled. The lower, or\\nlevel half, is surrounded by stately elms. It is divided\\nin the centre b3- Temple Street, on which the churches\\nare situated. Magnificent elms on either side of this\\nbroad street form a perfect arch, and make it one of the\\ngrandest in the world. There are three churches and the\\nOld State House on the Green. Altogether it is one of\\nthe finest spots in the United States or Europe. The\\noriginal squares, which cluster about the central square\\nor Green, are divided each into four squares by streets\\nrunning from north-west to south-east, and from north-\\neast to south-west. The same general features have\\nbeen measurably preserved in the extension of the\\nmodem city.\\nThe city and town have distinct organizations and\\nseparate officers, a feature which has come down from\\ncolonial times, a sort of two-headed concern, not at all\\nsatisfactory or equitable in its representation in the legis-\\nlature. The administration of justice is in the hands of\\na city court, while other courts, both of the State and\\nthe United States, hold sessions in the city.\\nThe cit\\\\ IS well supplied with schools of a high order.\\nManj-of the school-houses are\\ncommodious and elegant. The\\nHillhouse High School is one\\nof great excellence. There\\narc various private schools,\\nTvhich, together with Hopkins\\nGrammar School, the oldest in\\nthe State, and Yale College,\\nni its various departments,\\nurnish the highest educational\\nantages.\\nNew Haven is a port of en-\\ntry, and has considerable coast-\\nwise and some foreign com-\\nmerce. Manufactures are the\\nprincipal source of its pros-\\nperity, and carriages, guns,\\nbuilders hardware, rubber-goods, articles from iron,\\nclocks, c., arc made.\\nThere are many fine public buildings. Among these\\nare several church edifices, college and seminary build-\\nings, an elegant city hall and court-house, a commodi-\\nous and well-managed State hospital, insurance building,\\nmusic hall and opera house. There are forty churches\\nof all denominations.\\nMany fine streets and elegant residences adorn the\\ncity. Hillhouse Avenue, Whitney Avenue, Prospect,\\nOrange and Chapel streets are among the finest. The\\nnew, or lower Green, is a gem of beaut}-, surrounded\\nwith elegant houses. The old cemeterj-, on Grove\\nStreet, contains the ashes of Eaton, Clap, Stiles, Hum-\\nphreys, Dwight, Eli Whitnej and manj others of world-\\nwide and national fame. Evergreen Cemetery, on the\\nbanks of the West River, is one of more modern preten-\\nsion, and is an ornament and honor to the city.\\nFour daily papers, and nearly or quite as many weekly,", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0393.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nkeep the people well-posted on current events. There .ire\\nalso several college papers as well as ponderous quarter-\\nlies.\\nNew Haven is the largest city in the State, and the third\\nin New England. Few cities in location, in historical\\ninterest, in educational institutions, in wealth, beauty and\\nculture surpass it.\\nAmong the most distinguished residents here is Leonard\\nBacon, D. D., for 50 years pastor of the First Church,\\nand now professor in the theological department of Yale\\nCollege, a man of great culture, an able preacher, a fine\\ndebater, and thoroughly versed in the colonial and eccle-\\nsiastical history of New England. Ex-Governors English\\ni and Ihgersol, also have their homes here. Mr. Sheffield,\\nthe founder of Sheffield Scientific School, is among the\\nmost honored citizens.\\nWatekbury was viewed by a colony from Farmington\\nwith reference to a settlement in 1G73. Aug. 21, 1G74,\\nland was purchased, on both sides of the Naugatuck, of the\\nIndians for \u00c2\u00a339, and divers other good causes. King\\nI Philip s war put a check upon its immediate settlement\\nj but after peace was established the settlers returned to\\ntheir purchase and commenced work in earnest. In\\nj 1G84, they made a new purchase of land from the Indians,\\nI making in all a temtor^^ 18 miles in length and 10 miles\\nin width, containing the present towns of Waterburj\\nWatertown and Plymouth, together with most of Middle-\\nburj-, half of Wolcott, and a small part of Oxford and\\nProspect. This large, fine territory was gravelj- reported\\nto the General Assembly as capable of supporting 30\\nfamilies. One wonders at the size of the families of\\nthose days, since the same territorj- now supports 20,000\\npersons, or more, and is not half occupied.\\nThe original town was located on an eminence on the\\nwestern banks of the rivet, about a mile from the present\\nlocation of the city.\\nFor ten years the settlers were without a minister and\\nthe regular ordinances of religion. In 1689, Jeremiah\\nPeck was settled among them, and remained until his\\ndeath in 1699. Their first house of worship had no glass\\nuntil 1716, a dark place in which to preach a gospel of\\nlight and life.\\nWaterbury is located on the Naugatuck (which runs\\nits entire length) and the JIad rivers, both of which fin--\\nnish fine water-power. Hills rise on either side, forming\\nan amphitheatre, in which the present city is mainly\\nlocated, although many fine residences are creeping up\\nthe slopes of the hills. It has extensive and widely\\ncelebrated manufactories, with a capital of more than\\n$6,000,000, seven churches, some of them among the\\nfinest in the State, two national banks, besides other\\nbanking institutions, a fine city hall, a hall for public\\namusements that scats 1,400 people, and is altogether\\none of the thriftiest and most energetic communities in\\nthe State. The Bronson Library contains 18,000 volumes,\\nthe gift of Cyrus Bronson of New York. The water-\\nworks are among the best in New England. It has\\na handsome park and fine cemetery. There are also\\nseveral schools of considerable note located here. St.\\nMargaret s Diocesan School for young ladies, the Acad-\\nemy of Notre Dame (Convent School) and Waterbury\\nEnglish and Classical School for boys. It has one daily\\nand two weekly newspapers. To such a goodly citv, the\\nfifth in the State, has the wilderness settlement grown.\\nEev. Samuel Hopkins, D. D., of such wide fame and\\nremarkable powers, was a native of this town. He began\\nlife as a farmer s boy. At the age of 15 he commenced\\nhis studies in Woodburj-. He entered Yale College at\\nthe age of 16, and graduated in 1741. After graduating\\nhe went immediatel}- to Northampton, Mass., where he\\nstudied theology with Jonathan Edwards. After he was\\nlicensed to preach, in 1642, he remained still at Northamp-\\nton, pursuing his studies and occasionally preaching.\\nHe was settled in several small towns in Massachusetts\\nand Connecticut. In April, 1770, he went to Newport,\\nR. I., where he remained until the war of the Revolution\\ninterrupted his labors. In December, 1776, when the\\nBritish took possession of Newport, he retired to Great\\nBarrington. In 1780, he returned to Newport, only to\\nfind his old church and congregation too much diminished\\nto provide for his support. He, however, continued to\\npreach for them for what they could collect b} a weekly\\ncontribution and the aid of generous friends, until he\\ndied, Dec. 20, 1803. Few men more influenced the re-\\nligious thinking of his age. His writings were numerous,\\nbold and forcible. He was author of a system of divinity,\\nthat bears his name and perpetuates his memory.\\nLemuel Hopkins, M. D., was also another of Water-\\nburv s great sons. He was as renowned in medicine as\\nSamuel in di\\\\-inity. He was founder of the Connecticut\\nMedical Society, and also the author of several poems of\\nconsiderable note.\\nGuilford was one of the colonies constituting the New\\nHaven jurisdiction. The first settlement was commenced\\nin 1639, the next j-ear after New Haven. The first set-\\ntlers were Mr. Henr}- Whitefield, and several members\\nof his church and congregation in England, to the\\nnumber of about 40 persons. They were drawn to this\\nspot from the resemblance it bore to the homes they left\\nbehind them in England. They secured the land In-\\npeaceful purchase from the Indians. As a place for the\\nsecurity of all, a stone house was built, and is now stand-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0394.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\ning, probablj- the oldest house in the United States. The\\nfirst marriage in this town was solemnized in this build-\\ning. Tlie sumptuous marriage-feast consisted of pork\\nand peas. The government was at first administered by\\nfour leading planters. When a Congregational church\\nwas formed in 1G43, all power and authority were foiinally\\npassed over to it, and the church, as in so many New\\nEngland towns, became the nucleus and germ of the\\ntown. The government was in nearly all respects similar\\nto New Haven, church-members alone being freemen and\\nallowed to vote.\\nGuilford is situated 1.5 miles east of New Haven, on\\nLong Island Sound, and on the Shoic Lino Railroail\\nFarming and fishing are the puncipil puisuits Thtu\\nare five churches and a fine stone school house. Sac Ik n\\nHead, a picturesque point of land ^_. _^ _ _\\nreaching out into the Sound, is a\\nfavorite summer resort, as aie nian\\nother places in this nolile old tow n\\nOff the coast is Leete s Islui\\nnamed from Gov. Leete, one ot 11\\nmost distinguished men of coloiu\\ntimes, and the first go\\\\einoi ol\\nConnecticut. His house on this\\nisland was set on flre dunng the\\nRevolution. This place was iKo\\nthe home of the famous Chittenden\\nfamily.\\nDerby is situated 9 miles noitli-\\nwest of New Haven, at the conflu-\\nence of the Naugatuck and Hou^i-\\ntonic rivers. About the j ear 1053,\\nLieut.-Gov. Goodyeare and others of New Haven pur-\\nchased the land, and the year ensuing, some few settle-\\nments were made.\\nIt was incorporated in 1675, and the name changed\\nfrom Paugassett into Derby. Derbj- Landing is at tlio\\nhead of navigation on the Housatonic River. Humplire^s-\\nville, four miles above Derby Landing, is famous as the\\nhome of Gen. David Humphreys, who established here a\\nlarge wooUen-factory one of the first in the United States.\\nHe was a warm personal friend of Gen. Washington, one\\nof his aids, ambassador to France under Jefferson, and\\nafterwards to the court of Portugal. The modern town-\\nship is divided into Derb^ Village, Birmingham and\\nAnsonia, named from Hon. Ansou G. Phelps, of Phelps,\\nDodge Co., who have largo iron-works hero.\\nNorth Haven, on the N. Y., N. II. Hartford R. R.,\\nwas formerly a part of New Haven. It lies on both sides\\nof the Quinnipiao River. The gardens of North Haven\\nare celebraled for early vegetables and fine small-fruits.\\nThe extensive salt-meadows produce immense quantities\\nof grass.\\nThe first settler of North Haven is believed to ha\\\\e\\nbeen William Bradlej-, who had been an officer in Crom-\\nwell s army. He lived here soon after IGGO, on land\\nowned b} Gov. Eaton. The settlement was slow, and\\nfor nearly forty years the people attended church and\\nluiried their dead at New Haven. The women usuallj-\\nwent on foot, attended two long services, and returned,\\nmodel pedestrians as well as model Christians. The\\nIndians were numerous, but harmless, sen-ing only to\\nfrighten women and children, never to injure them.\\nThe fine fi ^hlng and hunting grounds about the rivers\\ndKw thun into this legioii. They swarmed at times\\nil il ti -ims, holding their powwows, much to\\nthe teiror and disgust of the people.\\nNorth Haven is the birth pjace of\\nl (_^ Ezra Stiles, one of the most\\nI kbrated of Connecticut s great\\nliKu, and for more than h.alf a\\nntuiy, the home of Dr. Benjamin\\n1 1 umbuU, the historian of Connec-\\nticut He was born in Hebron in\\n1735 graduated at Yale in 1757\\nsettled in North Haven in 1760,\\nwheie he remained nearly GO j-ears.\\nHe wrote 4,000 sermons, published\\niblc essaj^s on the inspiration of\\nthe Scriptures, wrote a histoiy of\\nConnecticut, and also of the United\\nStates. He received high honors\\nfiom his alma mater, and was\\nwidely known and esteemed as an able divine and accu-\\nrate historian.\\nMiLFORD was one of the settlements of the original\\nNew Haven Colony. The purchase of land was made\\nfrom the Indians about the same time as those of New\\nHaven, and settled in 1G39.*\\nThe original settlers were fnjm the counties of Essex\\nand York, and came over with Messrs. Eaton and\\nDavenport s company, and remained with them one 3ear\\nbefore making a permanent settlement. Thej- located\\nthemselves on cither side of Mill River and West-end\\nBrook, for convenience of themselves and cattle. The\\ntown was named Milford in commemoration of their\\nnative town i;i England.\\nThe purchase price paid for the land was six coats, ten blankets,\\nand one kettle, toijcther with a number of hoes, knives, hatchets and\\nglasses. The Indians, however, made a reservation of about 20 acres,\\nwliich w.as snbsiqucntly bought in IGfil, for six coats, two blankets and\\ntwo pairs of li ccches.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0395.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nA court of five judges was directed to set out a meet-\\ning-house lot in such niauuer as thej- should judge most\\nconvenient for public good. The site was the one occu-\\npied by the present meeting-house of the First Society,\\nwhere it stood until 1727.\\nThe first settlers being godly men and women, they\\nformed themselves at once into a church, according to\\ntheir peculiar views. It was formed in New Haven on\\ni the 2d of August, 1639. Peter Pruden was the first\\nminister. In 1741, 47 persons, being dissatisfied with\\nMr. Whittlesey s moderate opinions, declared their dis-\\nsent from the estabUshed church, professing themselves\\nto be Presbyterians, according to the Church of Scotland.\\nI They were stoutly opposed by the First Church, having,\\nI in this respect, a common experience with all new\\nchurches in both the River and Sound colonies, and a\\nprotracted and bitter opposition, sometimes persecution\\neven, followed. They were not invested with their full\\nlegal rights for 19 years.\\nIn 1 648 a famous battle was fought near the town be-\\ntween the Mohawk and Milford Indians, resulting in the\\nutter defeat of the former. In all the wars in which the\\ncounty has been engaged, Milford has furnished her full\\nquota of brave men.\\nThere is a quarry of beautiful serpentine marble in the\\neastern section of the town. The harbor, never deep,\\nhas been gradually filling up since the first settlement.\\nMilford Island, containing ten acres, is about three-\\nfourths of a mile from the shore. Milford Point, at the\\nsouth-west extremitj- of the town, is a place of some note,\\nand also a summer resort.\\nThere are five houses of worship, three Congregational,\\ntwo Episcopal. The first church was organized in 1727,\\nunder Rev. Jonathan Merrick. The general intelligence\\nI of the people is evidenced from the fact that it has fur-\\n1 nished more J oung men, who have been liberally edu-\\nI cated, than anj other town of its population in the State.\\nWallingford formerly belonged to the original pur-\\nchase made by Gov. Eaton and John Davenport, in 1638.\\nThe settlement was projected in 1669, and called New\\nOne f the most remarkable tornadoes ever known yisited W.^lling-\\nford Aug. 9, 1878. A Large number of houses were caught up and\\nwhirled from their foundations, and crushed into fragments. One\\nchurch was demolished, the upper story torn from the fine new high\\nschool house, and large trees were twisted and uprooted along the ti-ack\\nof the whirlwind. Several persons were killed, others maimed for life,\\nand much property destroyed. The scars of the terrible tornado still re-\\nmain. It will not soon pass from the minds of those who witnessed its\\npower or looked upon its desolation. It awakened much interest in\\nscientific circles, and a careful study of this strange and unusual phe-\\nnomenon.\\nt Beacon Mountain lies within the limits of this to\\\\TOship, and pre-\\nsents fine pictm-esque and geological features.\\nHaven Village. The first minister was the Rev. Samuel\\nStreet. The houses were fortified during King Philip s\\nwar, and much anxiety felt for the safety* of the people.\\nIt is watered by the Quinnipiac River, and lies on the\\nN. Y., N. H. and Hartford Railroad, 12 miles from New\\nHaven. It contains four churches, fine schools, one\\nhotel, extensive manufactories of britannia and silver\\nware, one newspaper, one boot-manufactory, and a ma-\\nchine shop.\\nThe WaUingford Community, a branch of Oneida\\nCommunity, was founded here in 1850, by John H.\\nNoyes and Heniy Allen. It comprises 340 acres, 150\\nof which is covered by a valuable water-power belonging\\nto the Community. Their business is agriculture, horti-\\nculture, job-printing, and book-making in all forms.\\nLyman Hall, one of the signers of the Declaration of\\nIndependence, was a native of this town. He graduated\\nat Yale in 1747, and first studied theology, but after-\\nwards medicine. He subsequently removed to Georgia,\\nand was a delegate to the general Congress in 1775, and\\nafterwards became governor of Georgia.\\nThe remaining towns of New Haven County are\\nBethany, t originally- a parish in the town of Wood-\\nbridge, and famous for being the scene of the celebrated\\nDajton robbery, committed bj- a company of Tories from\\nLong Island Branford, which owes its final settle-\\nment to a religious controversy and dissension at Weth-\\nersfield, beautifully situated on Lake Saltonstall, and\\nhence much frequented as a place of summer resort J\\nCheshire, originally a part of WaUingford East\\nHaven, incorporated and taken from New Haven in\\n1735, and noted as being a favorite place of resort of\\nthe Indians, as also on account of the first iron-works\\nin Connecticut having been established here in 1655\\nHampden, II also originally a part of New Haven, em-\\nbracing several manufacturing villages, among them Whit-\\nneysville, so named from Hon. Eli Whitney-, the inventor\\nof the cotton-gin Madison, formerly a part of Guilford,\\nand sharing in all the colonial glor}- of that old town a\\nfavorite summer resort Meriden,^ a thrifty, enterprising.\\nX Off the coast is a fine cluster of islands in the Sound called Thim-\\nble Islands, among which is Money Island, where Capt. Kidd is said to\\nhave concealed large sums of money.\\nIn this town also was once the home of Montowise, an early Indian\\nchief. The place is the summer residence of several wealthy gentlemen.\\nA religious society, with Rev. Samuel Hale as pastor, was formed\\nin 1724. This town is the seat of an Episcopal academy, founded in\\n1801.\\nII Mount Carmel, one of the most elevated eminences in the State, is\\nin the northern part of the town, and is visible far out on the Sound.\\nH The famous regicides, Gofie and Whalley, are said to have stopped\\nin their wanderings on the banks of the stream west of the churches,\\nand gave it the name of Pilgrim s Harbor, a name it still bears.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0396.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nmanufacturing town, a city of ten churches, and well\\nknown, especially for its extensive manufactures of silver\\nand plated ware Middleburt, in which town is Broak-\\nNeck Hill, on whose summit the armj of Gen. Lafaj-ettc,\\nwhile on their way to the Hudson, is said to have en-\\ncamped North Branford, and Orange (so called for\\nWilliam, Prince of Orange, King of England), noted as\\nthe place where the British landed when they invaded\\nNew Haven in 1779; Orford, famous for its mineral\\nspring, called the Pool, whose waters are said to heal\\nsalt-rheum and otiicr kindred complaints, and which are\\nreported, moreover, never to freeze, even in the coldest\\nweather, nor ever to foil in times of the severest drought\\nSouTHEURT WooDBRiDGE,* named for the first minister,\\nBenj. Woodbridge, settled here in 17*42; Prospect, and\\nWOLCOTT.\\nNEW LONDON COUNTY.\\nBY ASI-IBEL VrOODWARD, M. D.\\nNew London County, as originally constituted hy the\\nGeneral Court in 1GG6, embraced territory extending\\nfrom Pawkatuck River on the east, to the western bounds\\nof Homonascet Plantation on the west, and from the\\ninterior settlements on the north, to Long Island Sound\\non the south. (Col. Rec. II., p. 34.) As now con-\\nstituted. New London County is bounded north by Tol-\\nland and Windham counties, on the east b}^ Windham\\nCount}- and Rhode Island, on the south by Long Island\\nSound, and b} the Connecticut River and Middlesex\\nCounty on the west. Its average length from east to\\nwest is 26 miles, and it has a medium breadth of 20 miles.\\nThe face of the county is diversified by hill and dale,\\nand is well supplied with streams of water. The soil is\\nof varied fertility, but generally adapted to grazing and\\nfruit growing, and moderately to general agriculture.\\nIts na\\\\ igable waters are extensive, and unsurpassed, for\\nmaritime purposes, by those of any section of equal\\nextent upon the coast.\\nNotwithstanding these natural advantages which ren-\\ndered it an in\\\\-iting locality for the early English settlers\\nto improve, more than one-fourth of a century elapsed\\nafter the planting of a Colony at Plymouth, before an\\nattempt was made by the emigrants to settle upon any\\nportion of this domain. A principal cause of this delay\\nwas doubtless the fact that the territory was pre-occupied\\nby the Pequots,t a tribe of Indians belonging to the\\nwide-spread Algonquin race. This powerful tribe of\\nThe regicides, Goffe and Wlialley, were concealed in several places\\nin Woodbridge, the most famous of which is called the Lodge, or\\nHatchet Arbor, near an eminence which overlooks New Haven harbor,\\nviicre they were concealed for nearly six months.\\nThe Pequot wa8 originally an inland tribe, dwelling east of the\\nsavages had, by their cruelty, become the dread of the\\nwhites, far and near. It had, in fact, grown into a settled\\nconv-iction on the part of the colonists, that it was only by\\ntheir complete overthrow that eastern Connecticut could\\nbe colonized. This tribe inhabited a broad extent of\\nterritory, but their central seat was between the Thames\\nand Mystic rivers in the eastern part of the present\\ntown of Groton. Their principal hamlets were over-\\nlooked and guarded by two fortifications, the one on\\nPequot Hill, and the other on Fort Hill. The Colony of\\nMassachusetts had already- failed in her attempt at their\\nsubjugation. At this junctm-e a company of 90 men\\nwas raised in the vicinity of Hartford, and placed under\\nthe command of Maj. John Mason, to chastise and sub-\\njugate the offending tribe. He was accompanied by\\nUncas, the Mohegan chief, and friend of the white man,\\nat the head of 70 warriors. After a circuitous and well-\\nplanned march, Capt. Mason reached their fortress on\\nPequot Hill on the morning of June 5th, 1637, undis-\\ncovered by the Indians till too late to make a successfid\\ndefence. The English won a decisive victorj- over their\\nsavage foes. Their fort was destroyed, their dwellings\\nconsumed, and half the entire nation slain. By this\\nsingle contest, in the overthrow and annihilation of the\\nPequot nation, the fate of eastern Connecticut and the\\nadjoining country was decided. Unlike what till then\\nhad taken place elsewhere, eastern Connecticut was\\nobtained by conquest.\\nHudson, in the vicinity of Albany. It bclonscd to the family of abo-\\nrigines termed Mohicans. Either by the might of the Iroquois, or per-\\nhaps to secure more ample hunting-grounds, this warlike clan, by a suc-\\ncession of migratory movements, finally reached the seaboard, and\\nthere became established.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0397.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nNew London Couutj- was the arena of militav} events\\nscarcely less exciting during the Revolutionar} period.\\nOn the Glh of Sept., 1781, a large part of the town of\\nNew London was laid in ashes by that infamous traitor,\\nBenedict Arnold. The British troops burnt Go dwell-\\nings, containing 97 families, 31 stores, 18 shops, 20\\nbarns, and 9 public edifices, including the court house\\nand several churches.\\nFort Griswold, on Groton Heights, after an obstinate\\nresistance, surrendered to the enemy. The vali.nnt Col.\\nLedj-ard w^as, after the surrender, slain with his own\\nsword. Seventy offi-\\ncers and privates were\\nalso murderrd. _^\\nDuring the war of\\n1812, the southern\\nportion of the county\\nwas again menaced by\\nthe enemy. At this\\ntime the attack was\\nmade upon Stoninr:;-\\nton. On the 9th cf\\nAugust, ISU, Sir\\nThomas Hardy, in\\ncommand of Iho Brit-\\nish squadron, ap-\\nproached Stonington\\nand bombarded tl e\\nplace vigorouslj- fm\\nseveral hours. The\\nattack was renewed\\neach day till the 12th,\\nand then, as all th( ii\\nefforts to burn th\\ntown had proved al )oi\\ntive, the encni}- \\\\Mth-\\ndrew.\\nIn possession of\\nrare maritime ad^an-\\ntagos and railroad\\nfacilities, the count}-\\nof New London has, during the past half century, greatly\\nprospered, its population having increased from 35,943\\nin 1820 to G6,570 in 1870.\\ni Towns.\\nNew London, as originall}- organized, included all the\\n1 territory extending four miles on each side of the Mo-\\nhegan River, reaching north six miles from the sea.\\nI The Indian name of the prospective township was\\n1 Pequot. (Col. Rec. I., 192-3.) A settlement was com-\\ni\\nmenccd here in 1G46. The place v.as then known as\\nNameaug. In March, 1G48, the General Court recom-\\nmended that the town from that date should be called\\nNew London, and the river named Thames. (Col. Rec.\\nII., pp. 310, 313.) New London was constituted a\\ntown in 1649.\\nThe names of John Winthrop, .Jr., Esq., Rev. Richard\\nBlinman, Samuel Lathrop and Robert Allen were prom-\\ninent among the early settlers.\\nThe town is situated on the west bank of the Thames,\\nthree miles from Long Island Sound. It is four miles\\n_^ in length from north\\nto south, and has an\\naverage breadth of\\nthree-fourths of a\\nmile. New London\\nWIS constituted a cit}\\nni 1784. By the act\\nof incorporation the\\nentire township is in-\\ncluded within the city\\nlimits. New London\\nIS also a half-shire\\ntown and a port of\\nentrj Owing to the\\nuncvenncss of the\\nsit the cit}- is, for the\\nmost part, irregularl}-\\nhid out. Tet it con-\\ntan. s many handsome\\npublic and private\\nstiuctures. Possess-\\ning as it does, one of\\nthe finest and most\\ncapacious harbors on\\nthe coast, it occupies\\na prominent rank\\namong the commer-\\ncial cities of New\\nEngland.\\nOn the Groton side\\nof tho harlior, a navy yard is in process of construction.\\nThe site is most eligible, and, if the project receives\\nproper encouragement, the selection of the location v.ill\\nprove to have been most judicious.\\nThe maritime surroundings of New London have had\\na marked iniluence in developing the business of the\\nplace. The whale and seal fisheries have at times con-\\nstituted an important branch of commerce.\\nThe place is defended by Fort Trumbull, which stands\\nupon the west side of the Thames, about one mile below", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0398.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nthe citj It is situated on a rocky elevation, which\\nextends eastward into the river. This fort is manned bj-\\nU. S. soldiers.\\nThe population in 1870 reached 9,576.\\nEev. Simon Bradstreet, eldest son of the Hon. Simon\\nBrad street, long time a governor of Massachusetts, was\\nborn in 1C38 graduated at Han-ard College in 1G60\\nbegan to preach at New London, Conn., in IGGG was\\nordained in 1G70, and died in 1683. His mother was a\\ndaughter of Gov. Thomas Dudley, and is best known as\\nAnne Bradstreet, the poetess.\\nGen. Jedcdiah Pluntington, son of Gen. Jabez Hun-\\ntington, was born in Norwich in 1743, and graduated at\\nHarvard in 1763, on\\nwhich occasion he pro-\\nnounced the first Eng-\\nlish oration delivered\\nin that college at com-\\nmencement. He was\\ncolonel of a Conti-\\nneiHal regiment at\\nCambridge in 1 775\\nand in Ma} 1777, he\\nwas commissioned by\\nCongress as a briga-\\ndier-general, which\\noffice he filled during\\nthe war with honor\\nand ability. He re-\\nmoved to New Lon-\\ndon in 1789, on re-\\nceiving from President\\nWashington the ap-\\npointment of collector\\nof customs for that\\nport, an office which\\nhe continued to hold\\nfor 26 years. He\\ndied Sept. 25, 1818. His first wife, Faith, a daughter\\nof the senior Gov. Trumbull, died at Dedham, Mass., in\\n1775, while he was on his way to join the army at Cam-\\nbridge.\\nRichard Law, LL. D., son of Gov. Jonathan Law,\\nwas born at Milford, March 17, 1733 graduated at Yale\\nin 1751 was admitted to the bar, and settled in New\\nLondon, where he died Jan. 26, 180G. He held succes-\\nsively the offices of representative, member of the coun-\\ncil, judge, and chief justice of the Superior Court,\\nmember of the Continental Congress, judge of the Dis-\\ntrict Court and mayor of New London. This last muni-\\ncipal office he held 22 years.\\nTHE ACADEMY, NORWICH.\\nRev. Gurdon Saltonstall, son of Col. Nathan, and\\ngrandson of Sir Richard Saltonstall, was born at Haver-\\nhill, Mass., March 27, 1666, graduated at Harvard in\\n1684, and was ordained, Nov. 25, 1691, minister at New\\nLondon, where he continued to discharge the duties of\\nhis sacred office in a most satisfactory manner till elected\\ngovernor of the Colony in 1708, which office he held\\nuntil his death in 1 724.\\nJohn VVinthrop, F. R. S., son of Gov. Winthrop of\\nMassachusetts, was born in Groton, Eng., Feb. 12, 1605.\\nHis fine genius was improved by a liberal education at\\nthe universities of Cambridge and Dublin, and by travel\\non the Continent. He first came to New England in\\n1G31, but three 3-cars\\nlater returned to Eu-\\nrope. While there,\\nhe was empowered liy\\nLords Sa3 and Brook\\nto make a settlement\\nupon Connecticut Riv-\\ner, and was commis-\\nsioned as governor of\\nthe plantation. On\\nhis return to the New\\nWorld in 1635, he did\\nnot press his claim to\\nthe chief magistracj\\nbut caused a fort to\\nbe built at Saj brook,\\nand otherwise gave\\naid to the settlers. In\\n1645, acting under a\\ncommission from the\\nGeneral Court of Mas-\\nsachusetts, he began\\nthe infant settlement\\nat Pcquot, now New\\nLondon, and the next\\nyear removed his family thither.\\nThe first settlers of Stonington in 1646 began their\\nplantation under the direction of the j-ounger Winthroi).\\nHe continued to reside at New London, and was identified\\nwith the pubUe affairs of the town until elected governor\\nof the Colony in 1657. Subsequently he resided in\\nHartford. He held the office of governor of Connecticut\\nand of the united Colonies to the time of his death in\\n1676. He not only took high rank as a magistrate, but\\nwas particularly distinguished in the science of medi-\\ncine.\\nFitz John Winthrop, son of the preceding, was born\\nMarch 14, 1639. In 1689, he was, with the rank of", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0399.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nmajor-general, commander of the armj sent to operate\\nagainst Canada. Subsequent!}- he was an agent of the\\nColonj- to Great Britain, and rendered such service that\\nthe legislature presented him with \u00c2\u00a3500 sterling. In\\n1G38 he \u00e2\u0096\u00a0was ekcttd governor of Connecticut, md wis\\nI annudl} le-elccted to the ofRce till the tune of his death,\\nNo\\\\. 27, 1717. In an enfccbkd state of health, he\\nST lATRICKb ClIVIlCll, NOU WICH\\nVisited Boston for medical aid, and died wtuie mere,\\ngreatly lamented by the people of Connecticut.\\nNorwich. The domain Ijing between the Yantic and\\nShetucket rivers was by the Indians termed Mohegan.\\nIn May, 1G59, the General Court authorized the planting\\nof a colony in the Mohegan countiy, and in the next\\nmonth, Uncas and his brother Wawequn, for the con-\\nsideration of \u00c2\u00a370, ceded to the English a portion of their\\nterritoiy nine miles square, including within its limits\\nthe present towns of Norwich, Franklin, Bozrah, Lisbon\\nand Spraguo, wilh portions of other towns. (Col. Rec,\\nI., p. 33G.) In the spring of ICGO, 35 proprietors,\\nunder the guidance of Maj. John Mason and Rev. James\\nFitch, removed from Saybrook hither, and established\\nthemselves in the locality now known as Norwich Town,\\nilie n ime Norwich \\\\\\\\as given to the settlement in 1CG2,\\nm honor of ^oiwieh in England. In the old Saxon lau-\\nguige it signifies North Castle, and the\\ntow ering rocks found here might easih\\nsuggest the idea of battlements.\\nThe township has an average length\\nfrom north to south of seven miles, and\\na medium breadth of tlu-ee miles. The\\nsuifuc is diversified bj* hills and plains,\\n\\\\\\\\hKh give to the place a picturesque\\nappear mce. The prevailing soil is dark-\\ncolored loam, which is generally feitile.\\nNoi V, leh is favored with excellent water-\\npi mlcges. The Shetucket from the\\nnorth-east, and the Yantic from the\\nnorth-west (after dashing over high\\nroeks at Norwich Falls, and rushing\\nthrough a narrow, winding chasm in the\\nco\\\\e below), unite, and in their union\\nb( eome the Thames. The entire length\\nof the Thames, thus constituted, to Long\\nI-^hnd Sound, is 14 miles.\\nNorwich Town is situated about two\\nmiles above the navigable waters of the\\n1 hames. This place, for two-thirds of a\\n_, ei nturv, was the principal centre of busi-\\nlies 111 the town. It was also the seat\\nof the courts till comparativelj a late j\\nI d itc The buildings, though not modem\\n111 fettle, are quite respectable in appear-\\niiue The location had good natural\\n1(1 vantages for the planting of a town at\\ntil it d ite. Norwich City was incorpo-\\n1 itc d IS such in 1 784. At an early day\\nit w as known as Chelsea, or the Landing,\\nbeing situated at the head of the Thames.\\nAiiuougu iiie locahij possessed rare maritime and other\\nadvantages, they remained unimproved till about 1726.\\nAt first it required great labor to remove the rocks and\\nledges, and reclaim the low, swampy grounds before eligi-\\nble sites for the streets and for their buildings could be\\nsecured. But by unremitting effort these obstacles have\\nbeen overcome, and now a pleasant, romantic city crowns\\nthese rugged hillsides. The public buildings include the\\ncourt-house and jail, the free academy, and several\\nelegant churches. Almost the entire distance from the", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0400.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0403.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0404.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\ntown plot to the city is studded with elegant and sub-\\nstantial residences.\\nThe vast water-power of Norwich has, to a large ex-\\ntent, been brought into use. The Shetucket has been\\ndammed at Green%nllc, at Taftville, and at Occum, and\\nlarge mills have been erected at each of these A-illages for\\nmanufacturing purposes. Greenville is pai-ticularly dis-\\ntinguished for its mammoth paper-mills. The waters of\\nthe Yantic Eiver have been utilized at the\\nFalls, and at other villages higher up the\\nstream.\\nThe Yantic Cemeteiy on the east bauli of\\nthe Yantic Eiver, was consecrated in 1844.\\nIt includes an extensive area of grounil.\\nagreeablj diversified, in a romantic section\\nand already contains man}- elegant and\\ncostly monuments.\\nThe ancient Indian cemetery was located\\nat the head of the cove. It contains a gran-\\nite obeUsk that commemorates the name of\\nUncas. The eomer-stone of this monument\\nwas laid by President Jackson in 1833. The\\nhistorj- of Norwich from its first settlement\\nto the present time has been characterized\\nby stead}- improvement. The population of\\nthe town and city in 1870 was 1G,G.53.\\nSamuel Huntington, LL. D., born in\\nWindham in 1731, was admitted to the bar.\\nand settled in Norwich, where he soon rose\\nto the front rank in his profession. In\\n1775, having previouslj held the office of\\njudge of the Supreme Court, he was chosen\\na delegate to the Continental Congress, and,\\non the 4th of Jul}-, 1776, he appended his\\nname to the Declaration of Independence.\\nIn 1779 he was chosen president of Con-\\ngress, and was re-elected to the same office\\nin 1 780. In 1 783 he was re-elected to Con-\\ngress, and during the following j-ear he was\\nappointed chief justice of the Superior Court.\\nIn May, 1786, he was elected governor of the State, and\\nwas annually re-elected until his death in 1796.\\nGov. Huntington, though not a graduate, had received\\nhonorary degrees from Dartmouth and Yale.\\nRev. Nathaniel Whitaker, D. D., was born in 1710,\\ngradu.ated at Ilan-ard in 1730, and was installed as the\\nfirst minister of Chelsea, in Norwich, in 1761. As Mr.\\nWhitaker was a man of fine talents, and of prepossess-\\ning appearance, and had also manifested a deep interest\\nin the welfare of the Mohegan Indians, he was, in 1766,\\nselected to accompany Occum in his mission to England\\nand Scotland. The selection proved to be judicious, for\\nthe collections from this source amounted to more than\\n\u00c2\u00a310,000. His publications were quite numerous, consist-\\ning of sermons, tracts, c. He died in Virginia in 1795.\\nRev. James Fitch was born at Boking, Eng., in 1622,\\nand came to New England in 1638. He was for seven\\nyears in Hartford under the instruction of Messrs-\\nHooker and Stone. In 1646 he was ordained over a\\nnCH, NORWICH.\\nchirrch at Saybrook, where ho remained until 1660, when\\nhe removed, with the bulk of his people, to Norwich, and\\nin that town passed the remaining active days of his life.\\nWhen the infirmities of age obliged him to cease from his\\npubHc labors, he retired to the home of his children in\\nLebanon, where he died Nov. 18, 1702. He became\\naccjuainted with the language spoken by the Mohegan\\nIndians in the neighborhood of Norwich, and often\\npreached to them in their native tongue. For his second\\nwife he married Priscilla, daughter of Maj. John Mason,\\nby whom he had seven sons and one daughter.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0405.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nBenjamin Huntington, LL. B., was born in Norwich\\nin 1736, graduated at Yale in 1761, and, being admitted\\nto the bar, settled in his native town, and soon rose to\\neminence in his profession. He was a member of the\\nContinental Congress from 1780 to 1784, and from 1787\\nto 1788, and a representative to Congress from 1789 to\\n1791. He was a judge of the Superior Court from 1793\\nto 1797. Ou the incorporation of Norwich City in 1784,\\nhe was chosen its first ma3 or, in which office he seized\\nuntil 1796. He died in 1800.\\nMaj. John Mason, the mihtary leader of the early set-\\ntlers of the Colonj of Connecticut, was born in England\\nabout the year ICOO, and was bred to arms in the\\nNetherlands under Sir Thomas Fairfax. During the civil\\ndisturbances in England in Cromwell s time, Fairfax\\nrequested him to join his standard, and assist those who\\nwere contending for the liljerties of the people, but he\\ndid not comply with the request.\\nMason arrived at Dorchester, Mass., in 1630, in com-\\npany wilh the Rev. John Wareham and others, and in\\n1635, he removed to Windsor, Conn., and assisted in\\nlaying the foundation of a new Colon}-. The historj- of\\nthe part he acted in the Pequot war in 1637 is given in\\ndetail elsewhere. He removed from Windsor to Saj brook\\nin 1647, and from thence to Norwich in 1660, where he\\ndied in 1672. He was successively commander-in-chief\\nof the militia of Connecticut, a magistrate from 1642 to\\n1G60, and deputj--governor of the Colony until he retired\\nfrom public life in 1670. He was wise and prompt in\\nplanning and energetic in executing whatever he deemed\\nbest for the general good. At the request of the General\\nCourt, he drew and published a brief historj- of the\\nPequot war, which has since been reprinted.\\nBenedict Arnold descended from an honorable Rhode\\nIsland family, where one of his ancestors, bearing the\\nsame name, held the office of governor for 15 years.\\nTwo brothers of this family, Benedict and Oliver,\\nremoved from Newport to Norwibh in 1730. The elder\\nBenedict, the father of the traitor, soon became engaged\\nin business, and not long after his arrival in Norwich,\\nmarried Mrs. Hannah King, whose maiden name was\\nLathrop. Benedict was born in Norwich Jan. 3, 1741.\\nEarlj in life he was apprenticed to Dr. Lathrop, a drug-\\ngist in Norwich, with whom he remained during his\\nminority. He subsequently embarked in the same busi-\\nness in New Haven, and while there became captain\\nof a company of militia. After the battle at Lexington\\nhe made a hasty march to Cambridge at the head of his\\ncompany, and volunteered his services to the Massachu-\\nsetts Committee of Safety. With the ranii of colonel in\\nthe Continental army he joined Ethan Allen and assisted\\nin the taking of Ticonderoga. Having been wounded at\\nQuebec and at Saratoga, and so rendered unfit for active\\nfield serv-ice, he was placed in command at Philadelphia,\\nafter that place had been evacuated b}- Carleton, in 1778.\\nHe was at this time a major-general in the Continen-\\ntal army. While in Philadelphia, Arnold married the\\ndaughter of Judge Shippen, a Tory. At his own earnest\\nsolicitation he was, in August, 1780, appointed by Wash-\\nj ington to the command of West Point. His eternally\\ninfamous act of treachery soon followed. Arnold re-\\nceived from the British government the stipulated reward\\nof his perfidy. He was made a brigadier-general in the\\nBritish ser\\\\-ice, which rank he held throughout the war.\\nIn childhood Arnold was quarrelsome, untruthful and i\\ndisobedient and in manhood was ambitious, perfidious, 1\\ndishonest and revengeful. He died in disgrace at Glou-\\ncester Place, London, in June, 1801.\\nSton-ixgton. Southerton, or Stonington, was for a\\ntime claimed by Massachusetts by virtue of assistance\\nrendered to Connecticut in the conquest of the Pequots.\\nAnd fui-ther, this place was supposed to be included in a\\ngrant to them by the Earl of Warwick and Council for\\nBritish America, Dec. 10, 1G43, and was settled bj- per-\\nsons* who went thither under John Winthrop, Jr., in\\n1646. It was assigned to Connecticut by commission-\\ners of the United Colonies July 26, 1647. This order\\nbeing revoked, the settlers at Southerton petitioned to\\nJIassachusetts that they might be a township, which\\nwas granted Oct. 25, 1658, and they were united\\nwith Suffolk Count}-. They continued to sustain this\\nrelation, and entered into a voluntary compact on the\\nSOth of June to govern themselves and conduct their\\nown affairs. But after Connecticut obtained the Royal\\nCharter in 1662, the town, being included in the grant,\\nwas re-annexed to Connecticut. (Felt s Statistics of\\nTowns in Massachusetts, p. 24.)\\nIn October, 1665, the General Court gave to the set-\\ntlement the name of Mystic. In May, 1666, the name\\nwas changed to Stonington. The Indian name was\\nPawcatuck.\\nThe water-privileges of the town, including the Mystic\\nEiver on the west, and the Pawcatuck on the east, with\\nthe several intermediate streams known as Copp s Brook,\\nStony Brook and Anguilla Brook, are cf great value.\\nAll these streams discharge their waters into the Sound,\\nthus aflSording excellent manufacturing and maritime pi ivi-\\nleges. Add to these natural advantages tlie Point,\\nThe principal planters were Samuel Cheeseborough, Capt. George\\nDenison, Thomas Shaw, Thomas Stanton and Walter Palmer. Tlic\\nfirst settlement was made at Wequetequock Cove, two miles north-east\\nI of Stonington.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0406.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nwith its harbor, breakwater and railroad, and it will\\nbe made clear how so many large and self-sustaining\\nvillages have grown up within the township. These are\\nthe Borough, on Fisher s Island Sound, which was incor-\\nporated as such in 1801 Mystic Bridge, Greenmanville\\nand Mj stic on M3 stic River and Stillmanville and Paw-\\ncatuck Bridge, on the Pawcatuck River. These have in\\nthe past been largelj dependent upon shipbuilding and\\nother maritime interests for their prosperity, and have in\\nturn been efficient nurseries for the production of an\\nable body of seamen. The population in 1870 was\\n6,313.\\nCapt. Thomas Miner, born in England in 1608, came\\nto New England in 1630, and was one of the original\\nsettlers at New London, being associated with Winthrop,\\nin 1647. In 1653 he removed to Stonington and made\\nthat place his future home. He was for a long period\\nengaged in civil affairs, and during King Philip s war\\nrendered efficient service as a military leader. lie died\\nat Stonington Oct. 23, 1690.\\nThomas Stanton, The Indian Interpreter, came to\\nthis countrj in 1636, and with almost unparalleled\\nfacility, acquired the masterj of the dialects spoken b^\\nthe aborigines in New England. In 1638 he was ap-\\npointed to the office of interpreter by the General Court\\nof Connecticut. He also received the appointment of\\ninterpreter-general from the commissioners of the United\\nColonies. His peculiar qualifications as an interpreter\\nrendered his services quite indispensable throughout\\nNew England. He was one of the early settlers of\\nStonington. His long-established residence was on the\\nConnecticut side of the Pawcatuck River, where he died\\nin 1678.\\nWilliam Cheeseborough, the first permanent settler\\nof vStonington, was born in Boston, Eng., in 1594.\\nHe came to New England with Gov. Winthrop and\\nfirst settled in Boston. In 1649 ho settled in Ston-\\nington. He held the office of first selectman of that\\ntown for a succession of years till his death in 1667.\\nCapt. George Denison, born in 1618, came to New\\nEngland in 1631, in company with the Rev. John Eliot,\\nand settled first in Roxbury, Mass. In 1651 he became\\na resident of New London and there remained till 1654,\\nwhen he removed to Stonington, where he became per-\\nmanently estabUshed. From 1671 to 1694, he repre-\\nsented Stonington in the General Court. As a militar3\\nleader he became distinguished. He participated in the\\nNarragansett Swamp fight in 1675, where he rendered\\nimportant sendee. In March, 1676, he, with others,\\nmade an incursion into the Narragansett country and\\nmade Canonchet, the chief sachem, a prisoner. The\\nsavage, when offered his life on condition of living in\\npeace said, he chose to die before his heart grew soft.\\nThe prisoner was shot at Stonington by Oneco, son of\\nUncas. During the year 1676, Capt. Denison and his\\nvolunteers killed and took as prisoners 230 of the enemy.\\nHe died at Hartford in 1694, while attending a session\\nof the General Court.\\nGroton was constituted an ecclesiastical society in\\n1703, from the section of Pequot country lying east of the\\nThames River. It was incorporated as a town in 1705,\\nfrom territory which originally belonged to New London.\\nIt was named in honor of Groton, Suffolk County, Eng.,\\nthe birthplace of John Winthrop, Jr., the first governor\\nof Connecticut after the union. The township is uneven,\\nbeing hilly and abounding in rocks. A narrow tract\\nextending along the Sound, and another extending up\\nthe Thames to a considerable distance from its mouth,\\nare pleasant and fertile, but the remainder is difficult of\\ncultivation. The town is watered b^ the Mystic and\\nPoquonoc rivers, which discharge their waters into the\\nSound.\\nThere are five villages in the township, in each of\\nwhich is a post-office, Groton Centre on the north.\\nMystic River on the east, Noank and Poquonoc on the\\nsouth, and Groton Bank on the west.\\nMystic River is navigable for vessels of 400 tons bur-\\nden to Mystic Bridge. Shipbuilding has been carried\\non to some extent at the head of Mystic.\\nA monument has been erected on Groton Heights in\\nmemory of those who were slain in Fort Griswold in\\n1781. Its foundation stone is 130 feet above tide-\\nwater, and the monument itself rises 127 feet above its\\nbase.\\nThe population in 1870 was 5,124.\\nJohn Ledyard, the distinguished traveller, was born\\nin Groton, Conn., in 1751. He sailed with Capt. Cook\\non his third voyage of discover^ and witnessed the\\ntragical end of the great circumnavigator at Owyhee.\\nAfter extensive travel in the sparsely inhabited provinces\\nof Europe and Asia, he was finally employed by the\\nAfrican Association, which had been organized under\\nthe direction of Sir Joseph Banks, to make a thorough\\nexploration of the interior portions of the African con-\\ntinent. He engaged in the service of this companj- with\\ngreat enthusiasm and sailed from London on his tour of\\ndiscovery June 30, 1788. After repeated delays at\\nCairo he died at that place greatly lamented, Jan. 17,\\n1789.\\nCol. William Ledyard, brother of the above, was also\\na native of Groton. In 1781 he was military commander\\nof the district which included Fort Griswold on Groton", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0407.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nHeights. The fortress was not strong nor sufficiently\\nmanned to resist a large force. When a detachment\\nof British troops, numbering about 900 men, under the\\ncommand of Col. Eyre were advancing toward the\\nheights, the brave Ledj-ard remarked If I must lose\\nto-day honor or life, those who know me best can tell\\nwhich it will be. With onl3- 150 men he made a\\nbrave but ineffectual resistance, for, overpowered by\\nnumbers, the fort was carried by assault with the bayo-\\nnet. Col. E^Te and Maj. Montgomery ha-sdng been\\nslain, the command devolved upon Maj. Bloomfield, who\\ninquired who coimnanded. Ledyard rephed, I did\\ncommand, sir, but you do now and presented to him\\nhis sword. The ferocious officer instantlj- ran him\\nthrough with his own sword. All the Americans in the\\nfort, numbering about 70, were brutuallj slain after thej-\\nhad surrendered.\\nSilas Deane was born in Groton, Conn., graduated at\\nYale in 1758, and became a resident of Wethersfield.\\nIn 1774 he was chosen a member of the Continental\\nCongress, and while acting in that capacity was ap-\\npointed as an agent from his own government to the\\nCourt of France to enlist the sympathies and secure the\\nco-operation of the French people in our struggle for\\nindependence. He arrived in Paris in July, 1776.\\nThrough his influence Lafayette, Eochambeau and others\\nwere induced to aid the patriot cause. With Dr. Frank-\\nlin and Arthur Lee, he was commissioner for negotiating\\ntreaties with foreign powers, lie died at Deal, in Eng-\\nland, in 1789.\\nSpRAGtiE was incorporated as a township in 1861, from\\nthe territory of Franklin and Lisbon. It is well supplied\\nwith streams of water, which afford extensive manufac-\\nturing privileges. It is washed bj- the Shetucket the\\nentire extent of its territorj from the north-west to the\\nsouth-east boundary. Little Eiver waters the eastern\\nsection of the town, and Beaver Brook the western.\\nSprague was organized principally as a manufacturing\\ntown. In the village of Baltic, in the central part of\\nthe town, upon the Shetucket River, is located the mam-\\nmoth cotton-miU of A. W. Sprague. In the same\\nvillage, are two woollen-mills on Beaver Brook, which\\nthere unites with the Slietucket. At the village of Han-\\nover, two miles north-east of Baltic, is located a woollen-\\nmill, on Little River and at the village of Yersailles,\\ntwo miles south-east of Baltic, is another woollen-mill\\non the same stream. The population in 1870 was 3,463.\\nColchester. The General Coui-t, in October, 1698,\\nenacted that a township should be organized at or near\\nthe place called Jeremiah s Farm, on the road to New\\nLondon. This locality was then in Hartford Count}\\nIn October, 1699, it was called Colchester, and an-\\nnexed to New London County. Some of the names\\nprominent among the original planters were those of the\\nRev. John Bulklej-, Samuel Gilbert, Michael Taintor,\\nand Joseph Pomeroy. The face of the township is un-\\neven. The soil is a gravellj- loam, of medium fertilit}-.\\nThe borough of Colchester was incorporated in 1824.\\nThe borough contains a pleasant village, centrally\\nsituated upon elevated gi ound, of perhaps 50 or 60\\nhouses. Bacon Academy is located in this village also\\na Congregational church. The extensive works of tlie\\nHayward Rubber Company- are located a short distance\\neast of the v-illage. Tlio population of tlie borough in\\n1870 was 1,371 of the town, including the borough,\\n3,383.\\nRev. John Bulkley, first minister in Colchester, was a\\nson of Rev. Gershom Bulkier, who had been pastor of\\nthe churches in New London and Wethersfield. His\\nmother was a daughter of President Chauncj of Har-\\nvard College. He graduated at Cambridge in 1699,\\nwas ordained in 1703, and died in June, 1731. He was\\nregarded as one of the most ijrofound and learned men\\nin New England. He was thoroughly versed in the-\\nology, law, medicine, and science in general.\\nGriswold was constituted the North Society in Pres-\\nton in October, 1716. It was incorporated as a town in\\n1815, and received the name of Griswold. The Indian\\nname of the settlement was Pachaug. The surface of\\nthe township is uneven. The prevailing soil is a grav-\\nelly loam, of medium fertility. Jewett City is the prin-\\ncipal village in the town. It is located on the east side\\nof the Quinebaug River, and contains about 1,000 in-\\nhabitants. The village has three cotton-mills, several\\nstores, the Jewett City National Bank, and a Congrega-\\ntional church.\\nHopeville is a small manufacturing village, situated\\non the Pachaug River, about 2J- miles east of Jewett\\nCity.\\nDoanevillo and Glasko are two manufacturing villages\\nlocated quite on the eastern border of the town. Glasko\\ncontains the Griswold paper-mill.\\nThe population in 1870 was 2.575.\\nMoNTViLLE was Constituted the North Paiish in New\\nLondon in May, 1714. It was incorporated as a town\\nin 1786 from territorj which originallj- belonged to New\\nLondon, and received the name of Montville.\\nMontville was originally the royal seat of Uncas, the\\nMohegan sagamore, and continued to be the residence\\nof the royal family till it became extinct. In the east-\\nern pai-t of the town was located a large Indian reser\\\\-a-\\ntion, which was held bj the Indians in common till 1790,\\nI", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0408.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nwhen it was divided among tlio families Iw the legisla-\\nture of Connecticut. Since that period thoj have been\\nunder the care of guardians. Their interests have been\\ncarefull} guarded, and much has been done to improve\\ntheir condition. Still, the tribe is -wasting, and but a\\nremnant now remains. This resen ation has for some\\n3-ears been favored with a convenient church edifice.\\nThough agriculture is the principal business of the in-\\nhabitants, there are jet two manufacturing villages on\\nthe Oxoboxo Eiver, in the southern part of the town.\\nThese are Uncasville and Montville, and each has a\\npost-office.\\nThe population in 1870 was 2,495.\\nWilliam Hillhouse was the son of the Rev. James\\nHillhouse of New London, now Montville, where he was\\nborn Aug. 25, 1728. He was for more than fiftj j-ears\\na member of the legislature, and for forty years a judge\\nof the Court of Common Pleas. From 1783 to 1786, he\\nwas a member of the Continental Congress. In 1792,\\nhe received the honorary degree of A. M. from Yale\\nCollege. He died Jan. 12, 1816.\\nJames Hillhouse, LL. D., son of the above, was born\\nin Montville, Oct. 21, 1754, and graduated at Yale in\\n1773. He was an officer in the War of the Revolution\\nin 1791 was chosen a member of Congi-ess from 1796\\nto 1810 was a member of the United States senate\\nfrom 1810 to 1825 was commissioner of the school fund\\nof the State; and from 1782 to 1832 was treasurer of\\nYale College. He died at New Haven, Dec. 29, 1832.\\nRev. Sampson Occum, an Indian preacher of the Mo-\\nhegan tribe, was born in the present town of Montville\\nin 1723, and received his education from the Rev. Dr.\\nWheelock, the founder and first president of Dartmouth\\nCollege. From a roving savage he became a humble\\nChristian, and for about ten years was emploj ed as a\\nteacher among the natives on Long Island. In August,\\n1759, he was ordained b} the SufiFolk presbyterj-. In\\n1766, he was sent on a mission to England by Mr.\\nWheelock, to promote the interests of IMoor s Indian\\ncharity school. From February, 1766, to July, 1767, he\\npreached nearlj 400 sermons in various parts of Eng-\\nland and Scotland, and everywhere immense throngs of\\npeople flocked to his meetings. Large contributions\\nwere made to the school, which was soon transplanted to\\nNew Hampshire, and formed the germ of Dartmouth\\nCollege. He was often employed as a missionarj among\\nthe different tribes of Indians. He died near Utiea,\\nN. Y., in July, 1792.\\nUncas, sachem of the Mohegan Indians, was a Pequot bj-\\nbirth, and of roj-al descent. To the English he was uni-\\nformlj- friendly from the first settlement of the country.\\nThe triumph of ]\\\\Iaj. ]\\\\Iason over the Pequot Indians in\\n1G37 was largely due to the support of Uncas and his\\nwarriors, and to the information which he imparted. He\\nwas shrewd to plan, and brave to execute, and generally\\nthe victor. After a lapse of forty years from the victor}\\non Pequot Hill, and at a time when all the Indian tril^es\\nin New England were banded together under the leader-\\nship of King Philip for the utter extermination of the\\nwhites, Uncas, at the head of 200 warriors, accompanied\\nMaj. Talcott to western Massachusetts, and rendered\\nimportant service to the settlers. He died in 1683,\\nprobably not less than 80 years of age, and was buried\\nin the royal Indian burj-ing-ground in Norwich.\\nLebanon. It was ordered by the General Court in\\nOctober, 1697, that the new plantation situated west of\\nNorwich be cajled Lel)anon.* Lebanon was originally\\nconstituted of four distinct proprieties, known as the\\nfive-mile purchase, the one-mile purchase, the Clark and\\nDewej purchase, and the Whiting purchase. These dif-\\nferent tracts were united by agreement, and in their union\\nobtained an act of incorporation as a township in 1700.\\n\\\\Yindham County, constituted in 1726, included Lebanon\\nwithin its jurisdiction. It was annexed to New London\\nCounty in 1824. Agricultiu-e is the principal business\\nof the inhabitants. The town has three flourishing par-\\nishes, known as Lebanon Proper, Goshen and Exeter.\\nThese have church edifices of the Congregational order,\\nand high schools.\\nThis historic town has given birth to six distinguished\\nindividuals, each of whom has risen to the rank of chief\\nmagistrate of a State in our Republic. Of these, five\\nbecame governors of our own State, and the sixth of a\\nState in the far West as will appear from the annexed\\nbiographical sketches. The population in 1870, 2,211.\\nJonathan Trumbull, son of Capt. Joseph Trumbull,\\nwas born in Lebanon, Conn., in 1710, and graduated at\\nHarvard College in 1727. Early in life he consecrated\\nhimself to the ministry, but the exigencies of the times\\ncalled him to a different, if not to a higher sphere of public\\nexertion, and consequently^ he sei ved as governor of the\\nColony and State for 15 j-cars, commencing in 1769.\\nHe was the only governor of a Colony that-remained true\\nto his people during the war of the Rc-\\\\-olution. In\\nRevolutionary times he was almost universallj known as\\nBrother Jonathan, having been so called by Washing-\\nton in token of his filial regard and confidence. He died\\nAug. 17, 1785.\\nAt the original organization of tlio settlement a large cedar swamp\\nwas included within tbo southern boundary of tlio plantation. It has\\nbeen said that this circumstance led the Rev. James Fitch, on the princi-\\nple of association, to suggest the name of Lebanon for the new toiraship.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0409.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF KEW ENGLAND.\\nJonathan Trumbull, son of the preceding, was born in\\nLebanon, Conn., March 2G, 1740, graduated at Harvard\\nCollege in 1759, and settled in his native town. From\\n1775 to the close of the campaign of 1778, he was paj\\nmastcr to the army in the northern department. In 1 780\\nhe was appointed secretarj- and first aid to Washington,\\nin whose family he remained till the close of the war.\\nIn 1789 he became a member of Congress, and two years\\nlater was elected speaker of the House of Representatives.\\nIn 1 794 he was elevated to a seat in the Senate of the\\nUnited States, and in 1798 became governor of Con-\\nnecticut, which position he continued to hold for eleven\\nyears. He died Aug. 7, 1809.\\nJoseph Trumbull, LL. D., grandson of the senior\\nGov. Trumbull, was born in Lebanon, Dec. 7, 1782,\\ngraduated at Yale in 1801, w.as admitted to the bar in\\n1802, and in 1804 removed to Hartford, where he became\\npermanentl} established. He was a member of Congress\\nfrom 1839 to 1843, and in 1849 was elected governor of\\nConnecticut. He died in Hartford Aug. 4, 18G1.\\nClark Bissell, LL. D., was born in Lebanon in 1784,\\ngraduated at Yale in 1806, was subsequently admitted\\nto the bar and became established at Norwalk, where he\\nsoon rose to eminence. He was a judge of th3 Superior\\nCourt from 1829 to 1839, governor of the State for the\\nyears 1847 and 1848, and professor of jurisprudence in\\nYale College from 1847 to 1855. He died in 1857.\\nWilliam A. Buckingham, LL. D., was born in Lebanon\\nin 1804. Early in life he became successfullj engaged\\nin business in Korwich, represented that town in the\\nState legislature, was for a long period mayor of the city\\nof Norwich, and from 1859 to 1866 was governor of the\\nState. From 1869 to the time of his death in 1875, he\\nwas a member of the L^nitcd States Senate. He was hon-\\norablj- known as the War Governor of Connecticut.\\nKelson Dewey, son of John Woodward Dewey, was\\nbora in Lebanon early in the present centurj Removing\\nto the West, he became a resident of Lancaster, Wis.,\\nand, during the years 1849 and 1850, served as governor\\nof his adopted State.\\nWilUam Williams, son of the Rev. Solomon Williams,\\nD. D., was born in Lebanon, April 8, 1731, and graduated\\nat Harvard in 1751. In 1755 he participated in the battle\\nof Lake George, being then a member of the staff of Col.\\np4)hraim WiUiams. After protracted senice in the legis-\\nlature of his own State, he was, during the years 1 776 and\\n1 777, a member of the Continental Congress, and as such\\nsigned the Declaration of Independence. He made great\\nsacrifices for the cause of Ms country. He married a\\ndaughter of the elder Gov. Trumbull. Jlr. Williams\\ndied at Lebanon, Aug. 2, 1811.\\nPreston. Permission was gi-anted to Thomas Parke,\\nSr., and others, by the General Court in January,\\n1686-7, to make a plantation east of Norwich bounds. In\\nOctober, 1687, it was by the same court named Preston.\\nPreston was incorporated as a town in 1786, just a cen-\\ntury after its first settlement. The Indian name of the\\nlocality was Poquetannock.\\nThere are three villages in the township. Poquetan-\\nnock is situated at the head of a cove of the same name\\nabout two miles east of the Thames. It contains about\\n40 dwellings and several stores. Preston City is a village\\nlocated in the eastern part of the town, which contains\\nabout 30 dwelling-houses and two churches. The other\\nvillage is situated upon the south-bank of the Shetucket,\\nopposite to the citj- of Norwich. Laurel Hill, situated\\nnear the junction of the Shetucket and Thames rivers,\\nwas, till recentl}-, included within the Preston limits. It\\nnow constitutes an inviting section in Norwich city.\\nThe population of Preston in 1870 was 2,161.\\nLtjie. The General Court authorized the division of\\nSajbrook in May, 1649, the section east of Connecticut\\nRiver to be known as East Sajbrook. It was first settled\\nin 1663, and was incorporated as a distinct township with\\nthe name of Lyme in 1667. The Indian name of the\\nlocality was Nehuutic. The surface of the township is\\nrocky, and parts of it hilly and mountainous. The soil\\nis hard, and does not admit of a general cultivation of\\ncrops, but affords tolerable grazing. Farming is the\\nprincipal business of the inhabitants.\\nThe principal vdllages in the town are at Hamburgh\\nand North Lj-me. Both are situated upon Eight-Mile\\nRiver.\\nThe population in 1870 was 1,181.\\nMatthew Griswold, LL. D., was bom in LjTne, March\\n25, 1714. After sening as a representative, member of\\nthe council, chief judge of the Superior Court, and lieut-\\nenant-governor, he was from 1784 to 1786, governor of\\nthe State. In 1788 he was chosen president of the con-\\nvention which adopted the Constitution of the United\\nStates. He died April 28, 1799. His mansion was\\nlocated at Black Hall, near the mouth of the Connecticut\\nRiver.\\nRoger Griswold, LL. D., son of the above, was born in\\nLyme, May 21, 1762. He graduated at Yale in 1780,\\nand being admitted to the bar, located in Norwich, and\\nsoon rose to eminence as an advocate. In 1811 he was\\nelected governor of the State, having previouslj held the\\nofficcsof judge of the Superior Court and lieutenant-gov-\\nernor of the State. He remained in office until his death,\\nin October, 1812.\\nEast Lyme was constituted the East Parish in Lvme", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0410.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nin October, 1721. The Indian name of the locality was\\nNeanticut. A moiety of the territory now constituting\\nEast Lyme was an Indian reservation for the Western\\nNehuntics, when the towns of New London and Lyme\\nwere incorporated. This reservation was afterwards\\nclaimed by each town, but by mutual agreement the\\nownership was decided by a pugilistic contest between\\ntwo combatants from each town in the field. L3Tne be-\\ncame the winner, and the territory was annexed to that\\ntown. The surface of the township is diversified. Hills\\nand rocks prevail in the northern portion, while on the\\nSound the grounds are low and marshj*. The illage of\\nFlanders is located at the head of Niantic Eiver, while\\nNaintic Village is seated at the mouth of the same river\\non the Sound.\\nPopulation in 1870, 1,506.\\nOld Lyme was re-incorporated as a township in 1855,\\nwholly from the territorj of Lyme. At first the new\\ntown was called South L3-me. This name was sulise-\\nquently changed to Old Lyme. The settlement of East\\nSaybrook, at the mouth of the Connecticut Eiver, prima-\\nrilj led to the early incorporation of the town of L^-mc.\\nAgriculture gives emploj-ment mainly to the inhabitants.\\nLj-me Village is situated about 12 miles from the\\nSound, and one mile east of Connecticut River. The\\nmain street runs parallel with the river, and contains\\na Congregational church edifice and the LjTne post-office.\\nBlack ILill, the ancient seat of the Griswold familj lies\\ndirectly upon the Sound, near the mouth of the Con-\\nnecticut River. The population of Old Lyme in 1870\\nwas 1,362.\\nFkanklin was originally included in the territorj^ of\\nNorwich. It was constituted the Second Ecclesiastical\\nSociety in Norwich in October, 1716, with the title of\\nWest Farms. Its settlement was almost coeval with\\nthat of the present township. In 1663 measures were\\ntaken to apportion the ten-itory within the present town\\nlimits to the original proprietors then residing at Norwich\\ntown. Soon thereafter settlements actually commenced\\non the hillsides aud up and down the streams, and shortly\\na thriving community occupied the most desirable por-\\ntions of the new settlement. Among the early settlers\\nare names that still honor the town, as Aj-er, Huntington,\\nKingsbury Mason and Tracj It was incorporated as a\\ntown in 1786, and received the name of Franklin. Its\\npopulation in 1870 was 731. The face of the township\\nis diversified bj- hills and valleys. The soil is a loam, well\\nadapted to grazing, grain-growing and fruit-culture.\\nThere is no village within the limits of the town, and\\nbut one church edifice, and that a Congregational.\\nAgriculture has been the principal pursuit of the inhab-\\nitants, which has been successfullj- conducted, but not to\\nthe neglect of more important interests. The common\\nschool has ever had the watchful, fostering care of the\\ninhabitants, and to the credit of the community it maj- be\\nsaid that, with a limited population, more than 40 of her\\nsons have graduated with honor at the different colleges\\nin our country.\\nRev. Samuel Nott, D. D., was born in Saj-brook, Jan.\\n23, 175-4. He graduated at Yale in 1780, and was set-\\ntled in the ministry at Norwich, now Franklin, May 13,\\n1782, where he remained until the close of his long and\\nuseful life. His ministry covered a period of more than 70\\nyears. His death occurred May 26, 1852, from the effects\\nof a biu-n. He published a large number of sermons.\\nHon. Uriah Tracj born in Franklin, Feb. 2, 1755,\\ngraduated at Yale in 1778, read law with Judge Reeve\\nof Litchfield, and settled in that town in the practice of\\nhis profession. He often represented Litchfield in the\\nlegislature, and in 1793 was speaker of the House. From\\n1 793 to 1 796 he was a representative in Congress, and\\nfrom 1796 to 1807 was a member of the Senate, and in\\n1800 was president p?-o tem. of that body. He rose to the\\nrank of major-general of militia. Gen. Tracy was a\\nleader of the Federal party, and an intimate friend -of\\nHamilton, Ames, Morris, and their associates. He died\\nat Washington, July 19, 1807, and was the first person\\ninterred in the congressional burying-ground.\\nNorth Stonington was constituted the North Parish\\nin Stonington, in October, 1720, and was by the General\\nCourt named North Stonington in May, 1724. The In-\\ndian name of this locality was Wcquetequock. It was\\nincorporated as a town in 1807, from territorj- which was\\noriginally a part of Stonington, It is an agricultural town,\\nand is watered by the Shanock and Pawcatuck rivers,\\nwhich afford sites for mills.\\nThe only village in the town is now known by the\\nname of North Stonington. This place was anciently\\ncalled Milltown. It contains about 30 dwelling-houscj;,\\nhalf-a-dozen stores, and two churches.\\nThe population in 1870 was 1,759.\\nLedyakd was made the North Parish of Groton by the\\nGeneral Court in October, 1 725. It was then known as\\nNorth Groton. It was incorporated as a town in 183G,\\nand named from the hero of Groton Heights. Agriculture\\nis the principal business of the inhabitants. A small\\nremnant of the Pequot tribe of Indians still remains in the\\nnorth-eastern section of tiie town. The principal village\\nin the town of Ledyard is at Gale s Ferry, on the east\\nbank of the Thames, which may consist of about 30\\ndwelling-houses.\\nThe population in 1870 was 1,392.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0411.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nS.U.EM. In May, 1728, a pai-ish was constituted from\\nsections of the towns of Colchester and L3 me, to which\\nthe name of New Salem was given. This was incorpo-\\nrated as a town in Ma3-, 1819, and received the name of\\nSalem. There is no village in the township of magni-\\ntude. There are three houses of public worship Con-\\ngregational, Methodist and Episcopal. Agriculture is\\nthe principal business of the inhabitants. The popu-\\nlation in 1870 was 717.\\nBozRAH. Bozrah was constituted a society within the\\nlimits of Norwich in May, 1737, with the name of New\\nConcord. It was incorporated a town in 1786, with the\\nname of Bozrah. Among the earlj settlers the names of\\nWaterman and Hough and of Fox were prominent;\\nnames not uncommon at this date. The face of the\\ntownship is generall}- uneven, consisting of hills and val-\\nleys its geological character is granitic the soil is\\ngravelly loam, moderatelj- fertile.\\nFitchville, located near the centre of the town, and\\nBozrahville, two miles above, are both manufacturins;\\nvillages, and both situated upon the Yantic River. The\\ncentral part of the town is li miles fiom New London\\nand 33 from Hartford. The population in 1870 was 984.\\nLisbon was originally included within the limits of\\nNorwich. It was constituted the north-east parish of the\\nparent township in May, 1718, and received the name of\\nNewent in October, 1722. It was incorporated as a\\ntown in 1786, and given its present name. The Indian\\nname of the locality was Shetucket.\\nAgriculture is the leading business of the inhabitants.\\nThe population is eonsequentlj scattered. The number\\nof inhabitants in 1870 was 582.\\nWaterford was incorporated as a township in 1801,\\nincluding all the remaining territorj of New London\\nexcept the citj-. The Indian name was Tawawaug. A\\nvaluable quarry of granite is extensively worked in the\\nsouth-western section of the town. A small village, to\\nwhich the name of Graniteville has been given, is located\\nnear the quarry. Agriculture is the principal business of\\nthe inhabitants. The population in 1870 was 2,482.\\nTOLLA^ D COUXTY.\\nBY MRS. EUNICE F. ANDERSON.\\nToLLAXD CouKTY, the j oungest and the least in area,\\nexcept one, of the Connecticut counties, was incor-\\nporated by the General Court, at New Haven, in\\nOctober, 1785, and included Tolland, Stafford, Bol-\\nton, Somers, Hebron, Willington, Union and Elling-\\nton. The act establishing the county was conditioned\\nupon the building of a suitable court-house and jail\\nin the town of Tolland. In May, 1786, the General\\nCourt re-enacted the act of 1785, and added Coventrj-\\nto the lists of towns. This number of towns has\\nbeen increased to thirteen bj- the creation of Vernon\\nout of Bolton in 1808 bj- the transfer of Mansfield and\\nColumbia from Windham Count3 in 1827, and b}- the\\norganization of Andover out of Covcntr} and Hebron in\\n1848. All of the towns were settled long before the\\ncounty was organized, and most of them were incorj^o-\\nrated before its organization.\\nAbout one-quarter of this county was bought of\\nIndians Joshua, a Mohegan sachem, and others. Some\\nof it was sold bj- the Colony. The countj- lies, a small\\npart of it, at the base, and a larger part among the hills\\nwhich rise out of the Connecticut Valle} about 12 miles\\neast of Hartford, and extend beyond the eastern border\\nof the count}-.\\nI\\\\Iany of the early settlers came from Norwich and\\nvicinity, and from the Connecticut Valley, as those\\nregions became more thickly populated. Among the\\nearliest were many from eastern Massachusetts. The\\noriginal settlers were of the Pilgi-im and Puritan stock,\\nand brought with them the purpose to make their settlc-\\nmonts rehgious communities. Their first care, after\\nfinding habitations for themselves, was to establish the\\nregular weekly worship of God, and to provide a house for\\nthis worsliip. The next public care was to open a school.\\nThe earliest industries of the count}- were prineipallj-\\nfarming clearing tracts of land and getting the soil in\\nproper condition to raise produce for the maintenance of\\nthe familv and the manufacture in each home, of hand-\\nspun and hand-woven woollen and linen cloth for the\\nwear of the family-.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0412.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nThe streams of this county give numerous facilities for\\nmanufacturing, and, in later years, they have been\\nutilized, and have furnished water-power for factories\\nwhich have drawn to themselves that domestic manufac-\\nture which before was scattered over the hills, and gave\\nactivity to every household. It may be said of this\\ncounty, as a whole, that it has well improved its manu-\\nfacturing facilities. In 1870 there were onl)- two counties\\nWindham and New Haven that had a larger ratio than\\nTolland County of capital invested in manufacturing, in\\nproportion to the total valuation of property.\\nThe brooks and rivers of the county gather a portion\\nof the waters that unite at Norwich to form the river\\nThames. The Willimantic is the principal river in the\\ncounty, and has contributed much to the support of the\\ninhabitants. In early times shad and salmon were\\ncaught in large quantities up as far as Tolland, and prob-\\nabty higher.\\nLarge tracts of heavy woodlands remained in this\\ncounty 30 year? ago, especially in the eastern part of it.\\nIt is estimated that full one-half of the forest trees then\\nstanding have been since cut off.\\nThe New York and New England, and the New\\nLondon Northern are the principal railroads in the\\ncount} The Boston and New York Air Line runs into\\nthe borders of two of the southern towns, and there are\\nbesides two or three short branch roads.\\nThere are now in Tolland County 22 Congregational,\\n6 Baptist, 12 Methodist, 3 Episcopal and 3 Roman\\nCatholic churches, and one of the Universalist denomi-\\nnation. There are also in this county four national\\nbanks, four savings banks, and three weekly newspapers.\\nAVhen the last census was taken there were 238 manu-\\nfacturing establishments.\\nThe people of Tolland County have always been\\nlaw-abiding and orderly. There have been less crimes\\nand fewer criminal trials than in any other county in the\\nState. Only one person has ever been executed for\\nmurder in the count} and only four capital trials have\\noccurred from its organization to the present time.\\nThe first of these occurred about 38 j ears after its incor-\\nporation. The criminal was convicted of murder, and\\npublicly hung in the presence of a vast concourse of\\npeople, who had come from every town in the count} to\\nwitness so unusual a spectacle. The execution took\\nplace on an eminence near the county jail.\\nThe county in Connecticut has no legislative functions.\\nIt is empowered to establish roads, and to prosecute\\noffences against the laws. As a county it has no rep-\\nresentative in the General Assembly, and has no political\\nlife. The town is the unit, and it is not county-wise but\\ntown-wise that the people act as citizens of the Common-\\nwealth of Connecticut. The history of the county is\\ntherefore to be found in the town records, and we turn to\\nthe towns for the history of the civil and religious life of\\nthe county. These were so much one in the colonial\\nperiod, that any history of Connecticut would be partial\\nand incomplete which should attempt to separate the civil\\nfrom the religious history, and give one without the\\nother. Indeed, the dominating religious purpose of the\\nColonies necessarily makes any faithful history largely a\\nreligious history.\\nThe population of the county in 1790 was 13,106.\\nThe present population is 22,000.\\nTowns.\\nMansfield was originally a part of Windham. Settle-\\nments began to be made as early as 1690, several years\\nearlier than in any other town in the county. From that\\ntime the inhabitants gradually increased in numbers\\nuntil they began to petition the General Coui-t of the\\nConnecticut Colony to make them a distinct town on\\naccount of the great difficulties and hazards to which\\nthey were exposed by reason of the deep and danger-\\nous river between them and the meeting-house in Wind-\\nham. In May, 1703, the Court granted the petition,\\nand the town was incorporated.\\nAmong the original gi-antees are the names of Shubael\\nDimmock, Joseph Hall, Samuel StoiTS, Robert Fenton,\\nPeter Cross, John Royce and Peter Crane, nearly all of\\nwhom have lineal descendants in the place at this time.\\nMansfield was incorporated on condition the petition-\\ners should settle over them an able and orthodox\\nminister of the gospel. Worship was regularly held and\\na pastor sought continuously until in 1710 Mr. Eleazer\\nWilHams, son of Rev. John Williams of Deerfield,\\nMass., accepted a call to settle. The church was organ-\\nized and the pastor ordained the same day. The second\\npastor was Dr. Richard Salter, whose ministry extended\\ninto and through the war of 76, and who helped to give\\nthe tone of patriotism which distinguished eastern Con-\\nnecticut in the early days of that conflict.\\nMansfield was divided into two parishes the north j\\nand south in 1737; and in the same year that Mr.\\nSalter was ordained over the first church, Mr. William\\nThroop was ordained the first pastor of the second\\nchurch, Sept. 19, 1744.*\\nIt is noteworthy that the second and third pastors of the second\\nchurch were father and son, Daniel Welch and Moses Cook Welch,\\nwhose united ministry covered 70 years. It is an interesting fact that\\nanother member of the Welch family,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Moses Cook Welch,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a grand-\\nson and namesake of the second Mr. Welch, has been in recent years a\\npastor of the same chiuch. lie sei-ved as chaplain during the late war.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0413.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nAbout the time that Mr. Salter and Mr. Throop were\\nordained Mansfield had its experience of the troubles\\nproduced bj the Separatist movement.* A Separatist\\nchurch -was organized in Mansfield, consisting in large\\npart of members of the two established churches in\\ntown but as it was the first church of the kind in that\\nsection of the State, seccdcrs from the established\\ncluirches in adjoining towns united with them, and Mans-\\nfield gained a certain notoriety as being the headquarters\\nof the Separatists in that viciniij-. This church called\\nitself Congregational. It was not in any sense an active\\nprotest against Congregationalism it was a protest\\nagainst the want of tolerance in the colonial laws and in\\nthe spirit of the churches. But the protest, as is usual in\\nsuch cases, was urged -with an intolerance which emu-\\nlated the intolerance of which they complained. This\\nSeparatist Church maintained its organization an uncer-\\ntain number of years, and was disbanded sometime\\nbefore the end of the century.\\nAs early as 1793 there began to be Methodist services\\nin town, and a Methodist meeting-house was built in\\n1797, in the eastern part of the north parish.\\nA Baptist society was organized in this town in 1808,\\nand the societj erected a meeting-house in the centre of\\nthe town the same year.\\nTolland County, together with the rest of eastern\\nConnecticut, was profoundlj stirred by the arbitrar} pro-\\nceedings of the British Parliament in the Boston Port Bill\\nand the Quebec Bill, and i^reviouslj- in the Stamp Act.\\nIn town meeting, October, 1774, the citizens of Mans-\\nfield expressed their affliction at the oppressive measures\\nwhich threatened the inhabitants with total loss of lib-\\nerty, and (le(;lared it to be their duty to oppose cruel and\\nunjust measui es, and to maintain freedom; and resolved\\nthat the} would be faithful subjects of King George the\\nThird, so long as the crown maintained inviolate the\\nstipulated rights of the people and that they would\\ndefend with their lives and their fortunes their national\\nand constitutional rights.\\nAs early as February, 1775, Mansfield directed her\\nThis peculiar religious movement was the natui-al outcome of several\\ncauses, some of which lay far back in the history of the Colony. There\\nhad lirst been brought into the churches, gradually, through the half-way\\ncovenant, an element which loosened the discipline and led to decline\\nill the piety of the churches. Along with tliis, and perhaps a result of\\nthis, there grew a demand for a closer union of the churches, and\\nsome judicial authority outside of the individual church. This desire\\nfound expression in the Saybrook Platform, w hieh organized the Con-\\nsociation. This ivas a court of judicature over Congregational churches.\\nThe General Court was in sympathy with this feeling and made the\\nPlatform the rule of the churches. Then came, in 1735, -11 and 42,\\npowerful revivals which awakened an eanust spirit of active piety\\nmingled with a self-confident enthusiasm. New proofs of being in a\\nstate of grace were demanded, and censorious judgments were pro-\\nrepresentatives to move in the General Court that a\\nproper number of men be levied aud equipped for the\\ndefence of the Colony- and in October they were directed\\nto move the Court to dispose of lands belonging to per-\\nsons inimical to the cause of liberty.\\nMansfield has been from a verj early period a manu-\\nfactming town. There is record of a fulling-mill in\\n1731, and of a spinning-mill in 1734. The early raising\\nof silli-worms, principall}- y women and girls, and the\\nmanufacture of silk by hand, gave distinction to the\\ntown. In 1788, thirtj^-two persons of this town peti-\\ntioned the General Court to be incorporated for the man-\\nufacture of siDc. The request of the petitioners was\\nallowed, and silk-culture graduallj became a leading\\nindustry in Mansfield. Nearly every farmer raised mul-\\nberry trees, aud his wife and daughters fed the silk-\\nworms, and spun the silk.\\nThe introduction of machinery run by water-power,\\nfor spinning silk, made a revolution in domestic silk\\nmanufacture. The first experiments in this new method\\nwere made by Rodney Hanks, and his nephew, Horatio\\nHanks, in 1810, with machinery- invented hy themselves,\\nand made with their own hands. The Hanks family, in\\nseveral generations, has been noted for its inventive\\ngenius, which has, from time to time, produced vaiious\\nnew machines and implements for facilitating labor in\\ndifferent branches of industry. It was several j-ears,\\nhowever, after the Messrs. Hanks began to spin silk bj-\\nwater-power, before a silk-factorj- of considerable dimen-\\nsions was built in the town. Before that time, two cot-\\nton-spinning factories were erected in the western part\\nof Mansfield, on the Willimantic River, and the women\\nin the town were employed to take home the factory-spun\\nyarn, and weave it into shirting and sheeting in hand-\\nlooms. After the use of water-power had become suc-\\ncessfully established for weaving as well as spinning, the\\nhousehold manufacture of sewing-silk, and of woollen\\nand linen cloth, gradually declined, and many of the\\ngirls left their fathers houses, and worked in the mills.\\nThen began a great change in the social life of the town.f\\nnounced upon such church-members as were not in sympathy with the\\nrevival. Churches were divided into parties. The New Lights, or\\npromoters of the revival were disciplined. L.aws were enacted re-\\nstraining liberty of worship outside of the established order.\\nMany of the New Lights paid no regard to these laws, but with-\\ndrew from the established churches and organized churches of then:\\nt When the girls began to leave the hillsides for the manufacturing\\nvillages, the young men and boys also sought business away from their\\nhomes, and few liesides the elderly \\\\vn\\\\Ac remained by the old liresides.\\nFarms were less widely ruliivair.l ^i uliu; J .lined; tlie long-\\nestablished churches dimiui hr,l III 1 ii I- 111! iv.altli.aud the inher-\\nited eustnms and old New Kii.-laii.l lial-u- m nr .lianged as to forever\\nseparate the modern from the old New England life.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0414.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nThere arc now in Mansfield six silk- factories, two in\\nGurloj-v ille, one on Hanks Ilill, one in Chaffeeville, one\\nin Atwoodville, and one in Cor.ant\\\\ illo one factorj in\\nEagleville for the manufacture of cotton cloth, one in\\nJIansfleld Hollow for the manufacture of cotton thread,\\nand one stockinet factorj at Morrow Station.\\nThe oldest burying-ground in Tolland County was laid\\nout in 1696, in what was then called the Pondc-place,\\nnow the first parish of Mansfield, seven j ears before\\nMansfield was made a distinct town. Here was buried\\nSamuel Storrs, who came from England, and who was\\none of the original proprietors of the town, the great\\nancestor, not onlj of the families of Storrs in Mansficl l,\\nbut of Rev. Mr. Storrs of Longmeadow Mass., of Dr.\\nRichard Salter Storrs, of Braintree, Mass. and Dr. R.\\nS. StoiTS, of Brooklyn, N. Y. In fact, he is the com-\\nmon ancestor of nearly all of the numerous families of\\nStun-s ill the United States.\\nThe second parish of Mansfield, through the munifi-\\ncence of Mr. Charles Storrs, of Brooklj-n, N. Y., has an\\nunusually large and beautiful cemeterj-, enclosed bj a\\nsubstantial stone wall. From the rear of this cemetery,\\nwhich is the highest ground in Mansfield, a view is\\nobtained such as few inland towns furnish.*\\nIn 1864, Mr. Storrs became desirous that a school\\nsliould be established in Mansfield of a higher grajde\\nthan the district .school. Bj- his earnest solicitations\\nand liberal aid, Mr. Edwin Whitnej-, of the Reform\\nSchool in Providence, was induced to open a boarding\\nand day school in the north parish in 1865. Mr. Whit-\\nney was well adapted for the work, and the school\\nstarted with every prospect of success, but before the\\nclose of the first term it was broken up bj- a fire, which\\ndestroyed the principal s dwelling. Mr. Whitney built\\nanew, but before the house was readj- to be opened for\\nscholars he oflTered it, with the fann, to the State, for use\\nas a soldiers orphans home. Mr. Whitnej- had been\\nprevented bj- physical disqualification from volunteering,\\nand said that, as he could not offer himself to his coun-\\ntrj he must do something that should be of service to\\nthe common cause. The State accepted the gift, and so\\nthe Connecticut Soldiers Orphans Home was established\\nin Mansfield.\\nThe present population of the town is 2,401.\\nVernon, incorporated in 1808. was first settled by per-\\nRev. K. B. Gliddcn, who has written a valuable history of the (list\\nchurch in Mansfield, says that perhaps no church in the State, according\\nto its membership, has sent out more ministers of the Gospel than that;\\nand he gives the names of twenty-two. Aside from these, quite as\\nmany more have been trained up for the ministry in connection with the\\nthree other churches in to^vn. And school-teachers, ahnost without\\nnumber, have gone forth from Mansfield.\\nsons from East Windsor and Bolton. The eastern part\\nof the township is crossed by a range of mountains,\\nf jrming the eastern boundarj of the Connecticut Valley.\\nThe considerable streams are the Hockanum and the\\nTankerooson, which supply water to many mills and fac-\\ntories. Rocki-ille, the principal manufacturing village,\\nobtains its water-power from the Hockanum. It contains\\nnine woollen-mills, throe cotton-mills, a silk-factory,\\nmachine-shops, and various other industrial establish-\\nments.\\nA cotton-factory was in operation in this town shortly\\nbefore the year 1800. In 1811, Peter Dobson erected\\nmachinety for spinning cotton in Vernon. He conducted\\nthe business of cotton manufacturing for 50 years, and\\nin connection with his famil}-, for nearly 70 j-ears. Tlie\\nbusiness is still continued in the vicinity.\\nThe war of 1812 created a necessity foi- making cloth\\nfor soldiers. Our ports wore blocknd.Ml. uimI :i11 trade;\\noutside the States cut off. A picci of cloth fmrn a\\ntailor s bench was shown Mr. Dobson. Closelj exam-\\nining it, he found the warp cotton and the filling woollen\\n3-arn. He then made a jack and jennj for spinning wool,\\nhaving soon similar machines in England. In a short\\ntime the facilities for spinning wool for filling, and cotton\\nyarn for warps, produced a cloth called satinet. This\\ncloth was blue mixed for soldiers wear, and was made\\nin a variety of colors. Satinets were made in Vernon\\nfrom the first until 1841. The first cas=imores in Rock-\\nville wore made in the Now England mill, burned soon\\nafter its construction, and rebuilt in 1841-2.\\nThe population of Vernon is about 5,500. The town\\ncontains nine churches, four of the Congregational\\norder.\\nStafford, on the Massachusetts line, and incorporated\\nin 1808, was settled in 1719 by Robert White and Mat-\\nthew Thompson from England, Samuel and John AVar-\\nner from Iladley, Mass., David and Josiah Blodget\\nfrom Woburn, Daniel Colburn from Dodham, and others\\nfrom towns in Connecticut and Massachusetts. The first\\nminister, Mr. Graham, was settled in 1723. There are\\nseveral minerals in the town, of which iron ore is the\\nmost important. The ore which is principally used is\\nthe bog ore, and is of an excellent quality. In 1779,\\nJohn Phelps and others built a blast furnace on a large\\nscale. Hollow-ware, cannon, cannon-shot, and a great\\nvariety of i^atterns for manufactures and description of\\nof machinery were cast. In 1 796 another large furnace\\nwas erected, and from that time untU 1820, an immense\\nbusiness was carried on. Since the latter date the\\ndemand has been too great to be supplied from the ore-\\nbeds, and pig-iron has been used for machinery castings", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0415.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\never3-where. The localitj- of the old furnace was called\\nFurnace Hollow, and it is the post-office name to-daj-.\\nBut the blast furnace is gone, and also the business of\\nformer j-ears. Stafford Springs and Fox^-iUe contain six\\nlarge factories, and several of lesser importance. The\\nmineral springs in Stafford in former years acquired con-\\nsiderable celebrit}-. The Indians made the white settlers\\nacquainted with the virtues of these springs, when in\\n1719, this region was first settled. It had been their\\npractice from time immemorial, to resort to the springs\\nin warm weather, and plant their wigwams around them.\\nIt is said that in 17G6 the springs were carefully exam-\\nined by Dr. Joseph Warren, who then had thoughts of\\npurchasing the land on which they rise, with a view of\\nestablishing himself upon it. Subsequent events trans-\\nformed the physician into the soldier, and Dr. Warren\\nfell in the first great struggle of the Revolution the\\nbattle of Bunker Hill. Dr. Willard afterwards put the\\nplan of Dr. Warren into operation, by erecting a large\\nhotel for the accommodation of patients and others.\\nStafford Springs contains three churches and several\\nbanks. The New London and Northern Railroad passes\\nthrough the place. About three years since a large reser-\\nvoir in the northern part of the town gave waj-. Dams\\nand mills were destroj ed, and at the Springs, six largo\\ndwellings, a church, factories, stores, a bank, c., were\\nswept awaj-, and two men, standing on the steps of the\\nchurch, were drowned. Stafrord\\\\Tlle, Hydeville, and\\nWest Stafford, have important manufactures. The entire\\ntown has a population of about 3,500.\\nCoventry was first settled about the j oar 1700, by\\nNathaniel Rust and others. In the spring of 1709, a\\nnumber of persons, principallj- from Northampton and\\nHartford, moved here, and two years later the town was\\nhifDrporated. The township was origniallj- given by\\nJushua, sachim of the Mohegans, to a number of lega-\\ntees in Hartford. These conveyed their right to William\\nPitkin, Joseph Talcott, William AVhiting and Richard\\nLord, to be a committee to lay out the township and\\nmake settlements therein.\\nA stream called the Skunganug runs through the town,\\nand, uniting with other streams, forms the Hop River.\\nLake Wangombog, two miles in length, is an important\\nfeature of the landscape.\\nCoventry will ever be remembered as the birthplace of\\nCapt. Nathan Hale, the patriot and martjT. He was the\\nson of Richard and Elizabeth Hale, and was born June\\n6, 1755, being the third in descent from Rev. John Hale,\\nthe first minister of Beverly, Mass. Nathan Hale grad-\\nuated at Yale in 1773 with high honor, and for a brief\\nperiod taught school at East Iladdam and New London,\\nwith gi-eat success. His parents intended him for the\\nministry, but, on the Lexington alarm in 1775, he wrote\\nto his father, saj ing that a sense of duty urged him to\\nsacrifice everj-thing for his countr}-, and soon after entered\\nthe ami} as lieutenant, but was soon promoted to be\\ncaptain. He ser^ ed with credit in the vicinity of Bos-\\nton, and n September, 177G, when in New York, he with\\nan associate, planned and effected the capture of a Brit-\\nish sloop, laden with provisions, taking her at night from\\nunder the guns of a man-of-war. After the retreat of\\nthe army from Long Island, when it was important to\\nunderstand the plans of the enemj-, Capt. Hale answered\\nGen. Washington s application for a discreet and faithful\\nofficer to enter the enemj s lines and obtain intelligence.\\nPassing in disguise to the British camp, he made full\\ndrawings and memoranda of all the desired information,\\nbut on his return was apprehended and taken before\\nGen. Howe, bj^ whom he was ordered for execution the\\nnext morning. He was denied a Bible and the aid of\\na clergj-man the letters he had written to his father and\\nsisters were destroj-ed, and he was hanged, sa3ing with\\nhis last breath I only regret that I have but one life\\nto lose for my country.\\nIn November, 1837, an association was formed for the\\npurpose of erecting a cenotaph that should fitly com-\\nmemorate the life and services of Hale. The day on\\nwhich it was foraied was the anniversaiy of the evacua-\\ntion of New Y^ork, and 20 Revolutionary soldiers were\\npresent. It was not, however, until 1846, that the mon-\\nument was completed. It is of Quincj- granite, and\\nbears for one of its inscriptions the dying words of the\\nyouthful hero.\\nA romantic and tender interest attaches to the last\\nutterance of Alice Adams, to whom Hale was betrothed.\\nShe married William Lawrence of Hartford, and for\\nmany j-ears had in her possession a miniature of Hale,\\nbeside numerous letters and his camp book. She died\\nSept. 4, 1845, at the age of 88. The last words of\\nMrs. Lawrence were, Write to Nathan.\\nCoventry has produced manj men of eminence. Among\\nthem may be mentioned Harlan Page. It has a popula-\\ntion of 2,057.\\nHebron began to be settled in 1 704. Among the earliest\\nsettlers were Samuel Curtiss, Timothy I helps, Stephen\\nPost, Jacob Root, William Shipman and Benoni Trum-\\nbull, who came from towns on the Connecticut River.\\nHebron was made a distinct town in 1707. The\\nearliest church was organized in 1717. The first pastor\\nwas the Rev. John Bliss, who became the occasion of\\nthe establishment of an Episcopal church in Hebron, by\\nhis own conversion to Episcopacy in 1 734.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0416.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nThe second pastor of the Congregational church was\\nthe Rev. Benjamin Pomeroj who, like many of the best\\nministers of the Colony in that day, was one of the\\nNew Lights, or promoters of the re^avals that spread\\nthrough Connecticut in the years immediately following\\nhis settlement in 1735.*\\nThe notorious Eev. Samuel Peters, of Connecticut\\nBlue Laws fame, was a native of this town and a\\nTorj A mob of about 300 assembled in August and\\nagain in September, and made known their detennination\\nto obtain from him satisfaction for bis published slanders,\\nand the acknowledgment of his errors. He met them\\narraj ed in official robes for protection. But the exasper-\\nated mob had as little respect for these as for the wearer,\\nand seizing him violently, to the damage of his garments,\\nthey carried him to the Green where he was forced to\\nmake a confession previouslj prepared for him, and then\\nhe was set at libert3-. After this he went to Boston,\\nfrom whence he wrote to his mother, in a letter that was\\nintercepted, that six regiments were now coming from\\nEngland, and sundry men-of-war. So soon as thej\\ncome, hanging work will go on and destruction will first\\nattend the sea-port towns the lintel sprinkled and the\\nside posts will protect the faithful. A few daj-s later\\nhe sailed for England, where he published the famous\\nhistory of Connecticut, which has served by its Mun-\\nchausen stories to preserve the name of the author from\\noblivion.\\nA second ecclesiastical society was incorporated in\\n1748, and called Gilead. It was stated to the first pastor\\nof the Gilead church, as an encouragement to settle there,\\nthat there was not a drunkard in the parish, and not a\\npraj erless family\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the result of revivals under the minis-\\ntry of Dr. Pomernj\\nThere is a silk-mill at Turnerville, which was estab-\\nlished in 1853 b} Phineas W. Turner from Mansfield,\\nfrom whom the place took its name. This part of Hebron\\nhas been greatlj changed and improved since Mr. Turner\\ncommenced business there. This is the principal manu-\\nfacturing industry of Hebron.\\nJohn S. Peters, M; D., LL. D., governor of Connect-\\nicut in 1831 and 1832, was a native of Hebron. And so\\nwas William A. Palmer, at one time governor of Ver-\\nmont and also Erastus Root, who was once lieutenant-\\ngovernor of New York.\\nMr. Poraeroy s activity in support of the rerivals brought him into\\nmany straits and diflitiillics. At one time arrangements had been made\\nfor him to deliver a lecture in Colchester. The minister in Colchester\\nand Mr. Pomcroy \u00e2\u0096\u00a0were on friendly terms, and Mr. Pomeroy went\\nexpecting a fraternal welcome. But to his surprise the minister closed\\nthe house against liim. The people had gathered in large numbers and\\nwere eager to hear him and Mr. Pomeroy thought it his duty to\\nInasmuch as Hebron gave birth to tiie author of Peters\\nHistory of Connecticut, it was fitting that the histori-\\ncal balance should be restored by the production of\\nanother history of Connecticut bj Rev. Benjamin Trum-\\nbull, D. D., another son of Hebron, and one of her most\\nhonored children.\\nAt the commencement of the present centurjs Hebron\\nwas probably at the height of its prosperity. The popu-\\nlation of Hebron in 1870 was 1,279.\\nSoMERs, situated in the north-west comer of the\\ncounty, was originally a part of Enfield, and both were\\ncomprehended within the limits of the ancient town of\\nSpringfield. The first settlers of Enfield were from\\nSpringfield. In May, 1683, these first settlers petitioned\\nthe General Court of Massachusetts for a new township,\\naslring that the limits of the town extend ten miles east\\nfrom the Connecticut River. The grant inclosed the\\npresent town of Somers. These parties respected the\\nIndian title, and i)aid the Indians \u00c2\u00a325 for the land covered\\nby the grant. The Indian chief Totatuck alienated all\\nright except that of hunting and fishing. This purchase\\nwas in 1688.\\nThe first settler of Somers was one Benjamin Jones,\\nof Welsh descent. He adopted the Indian fashion of\\nmaldng Somers a summer residence, returning into\\nEnfield to spend the winters. But for five j ears he was\\nalone, and singular in this way of living. In 1 713, others\\nbegan to come in from Enfield to make permanent settle-\\nment. Among these first settlers were men bearing the\\nnames of Kibbe, Pease, Sexton, Root, Chapin, Parsons\\nand Woods, nearly all of whom still have lineal descend-\\nants in Somers. Of those who were in Somers in 1730\\nmost were from Enfield. The remainder were from\\nSpringfield, Northampton, Longmeadow, Pomfret and\\nWallingford. In 1 734 the General Court of Massachu-\\nsetts incorporated the town by the name of Somers. It\\nis said that Gov. Belcher asked that the town receive this\\nname in honor of Lord Somers. It continued under the\\njurisdiction of ISIassachusetts until 1749, the j-ear in which\\nthe Connecticut court passed the resolution, declaring\\nthat the towns south of the Massachusetts line were\\nentitled to the privileges of the Connecticut jurisdic-\\ntion.\\nEight of the first settlers of the town were constituted\\na church, the 15th of March, 1727, and on the same day\\npreach. By doing so he exposed himself to the penalty of the law\\nwhich prohibited any minister from preaching in another s parish with-\\nout the latter s permission. Because of this offence the clerk of the\\nsociety was estopped from issuing an order for the legal collection of\\nthe parish rates, and Mr. Pomcroy was thus debarred from reecivinir\\nhis salary for seven years. But his people made it up to him by their\\nvoluntary contributions.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0417.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe Rev. Samuel Allis was settled as pastor. Four years\\nafter a meeting-house w^s built, where all the inhabitants\\nof the town could sit at once on the sills.\\nThe third pastor of this church was Mr. Charles\\nBackus, who was ordained and settled in a pastorate\\nwhich became distinguished, and was tei-minated by his\\ndeath in 1803. Dr. Backus was, according to the testi-\\nmony of Prof. Woods of Andover, who studied theology\\nwith him, one of the ablest extemporaneous preach-\\ners of his day. He became noted as au instructor in\\ntheology, and nearly fifty young men sought his instruction.\\nAmong them were Leonard Woods and Dudle} Field.\\nSomers was prompt, like all eastern Connecticut, to\\nrespond to the alarm of war in 1775. Newsof the battle of\\nLexington, June 19, reached the town the day foUowii^g.\\nA Mr., afterwards Capt. Chapin of Somers, wrote in his\\ndiary that very daj When the news of the fight\\nreached Somers, the militia were ordered to meet at the\\nmeeting-house, and about fifty enlisted for the relief of\\ntheir brethren in and near Boston. Emoiy Pease was\\nchosen captain. Friday the 21st, at about 9 o clock, we\\nset out on our march to Boston by way of Wilbraham and\\nPalmer. Capt. Pease s alarm company reached Cam-\\nbridge and paraded on Monday at 4 p. m.\\nSomers is mainly a farming community. The town\\nlies for the most part at the base of the hills of Tolland\\nCount} and in the more level and fertile region of the\\nConnecticut Valley.\\nThere has also been manufacturing of different kinds\\nin the town. About 1830, Mr. Ebenezer Clark com-\\nmenced the manufacture of straw bonnets. It is said\\nthat it was the first establishment of the kind in the\\nState. The braiding of the straw and the sewing of the\\nbraid into bonnets gave emploj-ment not only to many of\\nthe women and girls of Somers, but to many in adjoining\\ntowns. Not far from this time, another firm began to\\nmake straw bonnets and palm-leaf Shaker bonnets. The\\npalm-leaf was put out into private famihes all over\\nTolland Countj wh re it was woven into sheets. These\\nsheets were returned to Somers, where thej were cut up\\nand made into Shaker bonnets, which were worn exten-\\nsively in New England, and were sent in large quantities\\nto the South.\\nThere was in 1825 a small establishment for making\\nsatinet in Somers. About 1836 a satinet-factory was\\nbuilt iu Somers\\\\ ille. This is the only factory in the town\\nat the present time.\\nL. E. Pease, a native of this town, and a descendant\\nof one of the original settlers, was secretary of state of\\nConnecticut for several j-ears.\\nThe population of Somers in 1870 was 1,247.\\nTolland has been the county-seat of the county of\\nTolland from its organization. In 1715, a petition of\\nsome inhabitants of Windsor to the General Court to\\nmake a town of what is now Tolland, states that several\\nfamilies are alreadj there. The petition was granted,\\nand a town called ToUand incorporated the same jear.\\nThe historian of Tolland\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hon. Loren P. Waldo\u00e2\u0080\u0094 says\\nthat this region was the summer resort of Indians whose\\nhome was nearer the sea-coast. Snipsic Lake contains in\\nits name a memorial of the Indians.\\nThe names of Joseph Benton and Joseph Baker occur\\namong the first settlers, and also of Nathaniel Grant,\\nJoshua Loomis, Joseph Mather, Hezekiah Porter, Shu-\\nbacl Stearns, Joshua Willes, Henry Wolcott, William\\nEaton, Joseph Slafter and Thomas Stoughton.\\nTolland bore her share in the defence of New England\\nin the wars of the last centur3^\\nThe war for Independence was especiallj generously\\nsupported. Like other towns of eastern Connecticut,\\nTolland began to enlist a company the same day that\\nnews came of the beginning of hostilities in 1775 at\\nLexington. A companj of 98, was farmed which served\\nnear Boston. Judge Waldo, in his history of Tolland,\\nsaj S Several times almost the entu-e active male\\npopulation was absent in the army, and ordinary\\nwork on the farms was done by female hands. I heard\\na venerable lad} daughter of one of the Revolutionary\\nofficers of Tolland, relate that she and her younger\\nsisters frequently yoked the oxen, and har\\\\ ested the\\ncrops with their own hands.\\nThe first church of Tolland was organized, it is sup-\\nposed, and the first minister ordained, in June, 1723.\\nThis minister was Rev. Stephen Steel, who continued\\npastor until 1758.\\nRev. Nathan Williams, grandson of Rev. John Wil-\\nliams of Deerfield inemor} was second pastor of this\\nchurch. He was its sole pastor for nearly 53 years.\\nThe fourth pastor of this church was Rev. Abram\\nMarsh. He was installed in 1813 and continued in the\\npastorate until 1868. So for a period of 145 years the\\nCongregational Church of Tolland had had but four\\nsettled ministers, and during all those years there had\\nbeen but 14 months vacation iu the oflSce.\\nIn 1791 the Methodists succeeded in establishing a\\nchurch in Tolland, and in 1794 they built a house for\\npublic worship.\\nIn 1807 a Baptist church was organized.\\nSatinet, cotton-batting, cotton-yarn and thread have\\nformerly been to some extent manufactured in Tolland.\\nA company commanded by Capt. Samuel Chapman, Sr., was in the ex-\\npedition against Louisburg in 1745. Capt. Chapman died at Louisburg.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0418.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nThe business of tanning and currying Icatlier liad been\\ncarried on near the village for many years before 1810.\\nAbout that time Mr. Moses Undei-wood purchased this\\nproperty and continued the business successfully for sev-\\neral years, when he and one of his sons engaged in\\nmanufacturing belts in connection Trith the business of\\ntamiing leather. The Underwood Belting Company,\\nformed in 1875, have increased this business and have\\nerected more commodious and extensive buildings, fur-\\nnished with expensive machinery. This is the only\\nmanufacturing business now carried on in Tolland.\\nFrom about 1836 to 1845 the manufacture of silver\\nspoons and the frames for silver-bowed spectacles was\\nsucccssfullj carried on in Tolland.\\nLoren P. Waldo was born in Canterbuiy, Windham\\nCounty, Feb. 2, 1802. Mr. Waldo was educated in the\\ncommon schools of his native town, and commenced\\nteaching in a common school before he was 15 years of\\nage. He was admitted to practice in Tolland Countj\\nin September, 1825. He was State s attorney 12 years\\nrepresented the first congi essional district in Connecti-\\ncut in the tMrt3--fii-st Congress of the United States\\ntwo and one-half years was commissioner of pensions at\\nWashington citj and eight years a judge of the\\nSuperior Court of the State of Connecticut. It is doubt-\\nful if any other lawj er has ever resided in the town o^\\nTolland who wiU live longer in the memoiy of its sons\\nand daughters and be held in more grateful affection bj-\\nthem than Judge Waldo, by reason of the deep interest\\nlie has always manifested in their welfare, and because of\\nhis faithful Earlj History of Tolland, on which he\\nspent much time and careful research. Mr. Waldo s\\nhome was in ToUand from 1830 to 1863. since which\\nhe has been a resident of Hartford.\\nWilliam Wallace Eaton, who is now a member of the\\nUnited States Senate, was born and reared in the town\\nof Tolland, and is a lineal descendant of William Eaton,\\none of the pioneer settlers of the town.\\nTolland was at its zenith of prosperity in the earlj-\\npart of the present centur)-. Judge Waldo says\\nThese principal mail routes have been turned from\\nTolland in consequence of the building of the railroads,\\nso that while other places have been benefited by those\\nimprovements, this town has been a sufferer. Its popu-\\nlation in 1870 was l ,216.\\nWiLLrNGTON. Early hi 1720 a company of eight men\\nj from different towns in western Connecticut purchased a\\ntract of land containing 16,000 acres of the colonial\\ngovernor for \u00c2\u00a3150. Tliis tract was called Wellington.\\nA Congregational church was organized, probablj\\nsometime in 1728, for on Sept. 11, 1728, Mr. Daniel\\nFuller was ordained pastor of ye Church of Clirist in\\nWellington. It is quite probable that the church was\\norganized the same day. They had no meeting-house at\\nth.at time, and the ordination senices were held at the\\nhouse of Mr. John Menick, one of the original settlers.\\nMr. Fuller died of small-pox in the thirty-first year of\\nhis ministiy and sixtieth year of his age. He was interred\\nin the old bmying-ground on Willington Hill, which he\\nhimself gave to the town.\\nWillington was not backward in doing its part for the\\ndefence and welfare of the Colonies during the Eevolu-\\ntionary period. Thirty men went at once from Willing-\\nton on hearing of the Lexington battle. And early in\\nthe Eevolutionarj war a company of 50 men went from\\nthe town under the command of Capt. John Parker.\\nThere were brave women as well as brave men in those\\ndays, in Willington. One fall, during the war, several\\nsoldiers returned to their homes to see about provisions for\\ntheir families, and to cut and get up wood for the winter.\\nA Mr. Sanger came home with two of his sons for this\\npuipose, but his patriotic wife urged him to return at\\nonce with his boj S to the arm} and leave the care of the\\nfamil} to her. He complied with her request and she\\nand her daughters husked the com, threshed the rj-e,\\nfelled trees in the woods, j oked the oxen and\\nhauled to the door the winter s suppl} of fuel for the\\nfire. Mrs. Sanger was not an exceptional woman there\\nwere other wives and mothers in Willington as ener-\\ngetic and patriotic as she.\\nAn eleven-year old boj-, son of Rev. Gideon Noble,\\nthe second minister of the Congregational church, went\\nas fifer in one of the militarj companies from this town.\\nIt was thought that he would want to retui-n home by the\\ntime he had reached New York, and his friends expected\\nthat he would return but he continued with the com-\\npany throughout the war. lie was the pet of the sol-\\ndiers, and he was so small that they often carried him on\\ntheir shoulders while marching.\\nAbraham Weston, another Willington boy, went as\\ndrummer in the same company. He was only fourteen\\nj ears old.\\nFor many 3 ears after its settlement the business of the\\ntown was almost entirely farming, and has been mainlj\\nthat always. About 60 years ago a glass-factory was\\nbuilt in the western part of the town, which was for\\na number of years a prominent industr}\\nAbout 40 years ago Messrs. Dale Co. erected a silk-\\nmill on Fenton River, in the south-east part of Willing-\\nton, and a little %illage soon grew up around the mill\\nwhich went and still goes by the name of Daleville. P or\\na few years a large business was done there, but changes", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0419.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\noccuiTed and the enterprise ceased. For a number of\\nyears that neighborhood was so nearly deserted that it\\nstrongly reminded one of Goldsmith s Deserted Vil-\\nlage. Within a few years this property has been pur-\\nchased bj another companj- who are now manufacturing\\nbeaver cloth in the old silk-mill, and the village again\\nhas the appearance of activity.\\nNot far from the time that the silk-factory was estab-\\nlished at Dale^-ille, Messrs. Elisha Johnson, .Origen Hall,\\nOtis Dimmick and others fonned a company for the\\nmanufacture of cotton spool-thi-ead, in the south-west\\npart of the town. It was one of the first estalilislniR nts\\nof the kind in the United States. For a iimnl.iT of\\nj-ears the works had lain idle, when, at the euiuiuenee-\\nment of the late war, Gardiner Hall, Jr., Co. pur-\\nchased the property and commenced manufacturing thread\\nagain in the old mill. Mr. Hall was hardly more than\\na bo3 when he started this company, which has, through\\nhis indomitable perseverance and energy, built up a\\nthriving business there, near the New London North-\\nern Railroad. This part of WiUington has been greatlj-\\nchanged and improved within a few j ears. This village\\ngoes by the name of South WiUington, and it is now\\naltogether the most flourishing part of the town. Mr.\\nHall is the inventor of a press for printing the ends of\\nspools.\\nFor manj 3 ears after the organization of the town the\\nCongregational church was the onlj- one in WiUington.\\nBut during the latter part of the second minister s pas-\\ntorate, a Baptist church was organized in the north part\\nof the town, and a meeting-house was erected.\\nSeveral years later another Baptist church was organ-\\nized on WiUington HUl. After the fourth pastor of the\\nCongregational church Rev. Hubbel Loomis had filled\\nthe pastorate to the acceptance of his people twenty-four\\nj-ears, his doctrinal views underwent a change, and he\\nbecame a Baptist. Mr. Loomis was a man of educa-\\ntion, talent and strong influence, and was greatlj be-\\nloved hy his people, and soon brought nearly one-half\\nof the church and societ}- over to his views and so the\\nBaptist church was formed on the hill, and a meeting-\\nhouse was soon erected near the Congregational church.\\nThe Baptists in the north part of the toun united with\\nthis church, and worship in the old Baptist house was\\nabandoned. Last year, 1878, this church celebrated the\\nfiftieth anniversary of its organization.\\nThere has also been for many years a Methodist\\nchurch in the north-east part of the town.\\nThe Congregational chm-eh estabUshed a Sunda}\\nschool in 1815, which, it is said, is the oldest Sundaj\\nschool in ToUand County.\\nWiUington claims as one of its most distinguished\\nsons, Rev. Jared Sparks, a Unitarian clergj-man, a\\nvoluminous historical and biographical writer, and pres-\\nident of Harvard College from 1849 to 1852. He was\\nborn May 10, 1789, and died at Cambridge March 1-i,\\n1866.\\nEUas Loomis, professor of natural philosoph}- and\\nastronomy in Yale CoUege, and author of several valu-\\nable text-books, is a native \u00c2\u00a9f WilUngton, and son of\\nRev. Hubbel Loomis.\\nThe population of WiUington in 1870 was 942 nearly\\none-third less than it was twenty j-ears before.\\nColumbia lies above the valle}- of Hop River which\\nforms its northern boundar}-. It is bj- considerable\\nclimbing that one mounts from this vaUej to the broad,\\nlevel tract on which the village is situated. This is a\\nvery pleasant street and presents an agreeable picture\\nof what the centre of an ancient farming-town becomes,\\nwhere the chief and onlj- business is fanning, and there\\nhas come to be a cluster or street of farmers houses\\nmore closely together than in other parts of the town,\\nwith the meeting-house, the house for the entertainment\\nof traveUers, the store, the parsonage, and the doctor s\\noffice nestled among the white-painted, green-blinded,\\nand sometimes \\\\-ine-embowered dwelling-houses.\\nFor 88 3 ears after its separate organization as an\\necclesiastical society, Columbia was a part of Lebanon,\\nand was called the Second Ecclesiastical Society of\\nLebanon. This part of Lebanon went by the name\\nof Lebanon Crank. This ecclesiastical society was con-\\nstituted in 1716, and continued the second society in\\nLebanon until 1804, when Columbia became a distinct\\ntown. Although it remained in its minoritj-, so to speak,\\nthrough the eighteenth century, it nevertheless became\\nwidely known as an ecclesiastical societ} and its inde-\\npendent history reallj- dates back far bej ond the time\\nof its organization as a town. For, besides its due\\nquota of fathers and sons and brothers given to the\\ncause of national independence, the events of which\\nDr. Wheelock was the central figure and moving spirit,\\nhave given to Columbia an eminent name among the\\ntowns of Tolland County.\\nIn the Revolutionary war it counted only as a part\\nof Lebanon in all its relations to the Commonwealth of\\nConnecticut. At least 64 persons went into active ser-\\nvice from this parish. And of these, 14 were kiUed or\\ndied in the army. The soldierly- spirit was not exhausted\\nin this generation. During the war of 1812 the people\\nof the town of Columbia were quick to respond to the\\ncaU for the defence of New London. There is an ac-\\ncredited tradition, the Rev. F. D. Avery of Columbia", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0420.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\ntells us, that as soon as the news of the burning of New\\nLondon reached the place, at the hour of some religious\\nservice, ]Mr. Brockwaj-, the pastor of the church, started\\noff with his long gun and deacons and parishioners to\\nassist in doing battle with the enemy.\\nIn the civil war eight of this town s soldiers died in\\nthe service.\\nThe Congregational Church, which has been from the\\nfirst, to this daj-, the onlj- church in Columbia, was\\norganized in 1720, and on the same day Samuel Smith\\nwas ordained pastor.\\nThe third pastor was Eleazer Wheelock, eminent for\\nhis activity and his sympathy with the Great Awakening\\nof 1 742 and the following years, and for his interest in\\nthe education of Indian youth.\\nThis interest was awakened by the coming to him\\none day in December, 1743, a young Indian sachem\\nnamed Samson Occum, soliciting instruction. Occum\\nproved so apt a scholar that Mr. Wheelock took up the\\nj project of training Indian j-outh to become missionaries\\namong their own people. To encourage this enterprise,\\nMr. Joshua Moor of Mansfield, gave a lot of land near\\nj the centre of the parish. A school-house was built, the\\nI frame of which is still preserved in the frame of the\\npresent school-house on the green.\\nThe school was fairlj^ started in 1754. Indian youth\\nfrom, the Delawares, Mohawks, anck other tribes, resorted\\nhither to obtain an education. White students were also\\nreceived into the school in numbers about equal to the\\nIndians. Sometimes there were more than 20 in the\\nschool. Many of the Indians became teachers in their\\ntribes. Occum only became an ordained minister. But\\nseveral of the white students went to college and be-\\ncame missionaries among the Indians. And here in\\nLebanon Crank, says Mr. Avery In his centennial sermon,\\nwere ordained first in Connecticut, missionaries to the\\nheathen.\\nMr. Wheelock s school was sustained and the mission-\\naries were supported by appropriations from the General\\nCourts in Connecticut and Massachusetts, and by funds\\nfrom England to the amount of \u00c2\u00a37,000, of which the\\nking gave \u00c2\u00a3200, and from the Scottish Societj- for prop-\\nagating Christian knowledge. In acknowledgment of\\nMr. Moor s generous donation, Mr. Wheelock called the\\nschool Moor s Indian Charity-School.\\nOut of Samson Occum s application to Mr. Wheelock\\nfor instruction grew Dartmouth College for the gov-\\nOne time a friend, for whom he was making a wagon, remarked\\nthat he wished that there could be some way contrived to fasten on the\\nwheels without the use of linchpins. From that time Mr. Post gave\\nhimself no rest until he had invented and made a screw and washer\\nernment of New Hampshire invited Mr. Wheelock to\\nremove to Hanover to establish a college in that place.\\nHe consented to do so, and in 1770 took his family and\\nschool to Hanover. The funds contributed in England\\nto the Indian school were entrusted to a board, of which\\nthe Earl of Dartmouth was the president. And from\\nthis circumstance, although the earl himself was opposed\\nto the removal of the school from Columbia, the new\\ninstitution was called Dartmouth College.\\nThe situation of Columbia has made it for the most\\npart a farming town. There has been, however, for over\\n40 years, a cotton-mill at Hop River, which has grown\\nin recent years under the proprietorship of W. Curtis\\nJillson, into its present thriving condition. It now goes\\nby the name of the Hop River Warp Manufacturing\\nCompanj It has been for several years the chief man-\\nufacturing industry of the town. Previous to this there\\nwas a carding-mill near that place.\\nThere was also in former years considerable business\\nin the town in the manufacture of cheap woollen hats.\\nFur hats were also made here, at one time, on a small\\nscale.\\nMr. Augustus Post of this town, now nearlj^ 90 years\\nold, formerly did quite a business here in the manufacture\\nof wagons and sleighs. He lived in Hebron in his earl}\\ndays and commenced business there, and it is said that he\\nmade the first one-horse wagon ever owned in that town.*\\nHon. Dwight Loomis of Rockville, who was elected\\nrepresentative to Congress from the first congressional\\ndistrict of Connecticut, in 1859, and re-elected in 1861,\\nwas born and reared in Columbia.\\nThe population of the town is 891.\\nUnion. The first settlement was made in 1727 by\\nWilliam McNall, John Lawson and James Shearer from\\nIreland. The town was incorporated in 1734.\\nIn 1738 the first meeting-house was erected in the\\ntown, and the same j-ear the Congregational Church was\\nconstituted, and the Rev. Ebenezer Wjman was ordained\\npastor. The ordination ser^ ices were held in a private\\ndwelling, as the meeting-house was not suflScientl}^ com-\\npleted at that time for this purpose. It appears that the\\nPuritan element was, almost from the first, well repre-\\nsented bj settlers who came from some of the oldest\\nPuritan towns of New England, notwithstanding Union s\\npioneer settlers were Scotch-Irish from the north of Ire-\\nland, and were probably Scotch Presbyterians of the John\\nKnox and the Covenanters stamp.\\nand nut that securely fastened the wheel to the axle-tree. Like m-iny\\nan inventor he was so intent on making his invention work that he\\ngave no thought to what a fortune might accrue to him by securing a\\npatent.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0421.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nUnion ranks among the smallest towns, both in area\\nand population in the county, in fact in the State but\\nits histoiT shows that it has contributed its full quota to\\nj the advancement and prosperity of the republic 146\\nj persons from this town served in the war of the Revolu-\\ntion and in 1774 the total population of Union was onlj-\\n514.\\nUnion is chiefly a farming community, but the soil is\\nhard to till and unproductive compared with some por-\\ntions of the county. The thriftiest of pine and hemlock\\ntrees grow here. They are indigenous, and formerly\\nthey were to be found in everj part of the town. It is\\nsaid that Union has produced more pine and hemlock\\nlumber than all of the rest of Tolland County. The\\nlumber business has been, and still is an important in-\\ndustry of the town. Thirty years ago, or more, the\\ndomestic manufacture of boots and shoes was carried on\\nto a limited extent.\\nMashapaug Pond, covering 800 acres, with its clear\\nwaters overshadowed with evergreen trees, is an attrac-\\ntive feature.\\nThe nearest railroad station to Union is at StaflTord\\nSprings, about six miles from the centre of town.\\nIn recent j-ears a INIethodist house of worship has been\\nbuilt in the north-east part of the town.\\nAmong some of the distinguished men who originated\\nin Union was Jesse Obiej- (1798-1872), at one time a\\npopular school-teacher in Hartford, the author of a num-\\nber of valuable school-books, and for several j-ears\\ncomptroller of the State, and Rev. Charles Hammond,\\nLL. D., widelj known as the principal of Monson Acad-\\nemy, Mass. Mr. Hammond was born June 15, 1813,\\nand died Nov. 7, 1878.\\nIn 1870 the population of Union was 627.\\nBolton is situated on the western brow of the hills of\\nTolland County-. The scenery from some of the hiUs is\\nexceedingly beautiful.\\nSettlements began to be made in Bolton about the\\nyear 1717, hy two or three different parties, coming from\\nWindsor, Wethersfield and Hartford. It was made a\\ndistinct town in 1720. As was the universal custom in\\nthe towns of the Colonies, immediatel}- after settlement,\\nBolton s first care was to establish the regular public\\nworship of God. There is a record that Jonathan Ed-\\nwards preached there in 1722, and received a call to\\nsettle. In November, 1723, the following record is en-\\ntered, in his handwriting, upon the town records Upon\\nthe terms that are here recorded I do consent to be the\\nsettled pastor of the town of Bolton. Jonathan Ed-\\nwards. Mr. Edwards s appointment to a tutorship in\\nYale College seems to have broken up this arrangement.\\nMr. Thomas White, the first settled pastor of this\\npeople, was ordained and installed in 1725, and the\\nchurch was probably organized at the same time.\\nRev. George Colton, the second pastor of this church,\\nwas installed in 17C3. He died in 1812. Mr. Colton\\nwas distinguished for his eccentricity and pietj-. He is j\\nsaid to have been six feet and seven inches in height,\\nand he was familiarly called the high priest of Bolton.\\nIt is said that he published in rhyme, from his pulpit, his\\nown marriage banns.\\nTwo companies went from Bolton on the Lexington\\nalarm, in 1775, one of thirtj--flve men, and one of\\ntwenty-eight.\\nWhen Dr. Samuel Peters, rector of the Episcopal\\nchurch in Hebron, was mobbed for being so outspoken i\\nin defence of the arbitrary acts of Parliament, and for his\\nfalse representations, a large number of Bolton men were\\npresent and took part in forcing a recantation from him.\\nFrom an early period in the present centurj-, the prin-\\ncipal occupation of the town, aside from farming, has\\nbeen the quarrying of flag-stones. The stone is a bright,\\nlight gray, a species of slate, and is very strong and\\nenduring. More stones for flagging purposes have been\\nsent out from these quarries than from any other in the\\nState. About 1812 this stone was used considerablj for\\ngravestones.\\nFifty years ago, Mi^ Duthon Avery of this place car-\\nried on the cabinet-making business quite largely for a\\ncountry town, and people from all the towns in the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^Hcinity used to go there for household furniture, coflftns,\\nc. Mr. Avery took in farmers produce in exchange\\nfor his goods.*\\nThe late Hon. Julius L. Strong, a member of Con-\\ngress in 18G9, was a native of Bolton.\\nHon. George E. Sumner, the present ma3 or of Hart-\\nford, was born in this town.\\nThere is one Congregational and one Methodist church\\nin Bolton.\\nThe present population of the town is 576.\\nThe following copy, from one of Mr. Avery s old day-books, ex-\\nhibits the manner of trafficking in those days, and some of the old-time\\nprices\\nPhineas Carver, Dr.\\nTo a Coffin for your Child, G7\\nMother 4 50\\nWife 4 50\\nTo Cambric for Shroud 60\\nCredit.\\nBy a Saddle.\\nMending wagon h.imess.\\nJ day s work mowing.\\nforty-five and a half pounds of beef at 6e.\\nEight pounds six ounces clieese at 4c.\\nMaking two wagon harnesses.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0422.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nAndovek is the j-oungest town in Tolland Countj-.\\nAs a distinct parish, however, it is much older than the\\ncounty, ha^ ing been incorporated as a separate ecclesi-\\nastical society in lilay, 1747. The territory of the new\\nparish was taken from the three towns of Iloliron, Cov-\\nentry and Lebanon. This parish. Dr. Sprague thinks,\\nwas called Andover because the original settlers were\\nfrom Andover, Mass. It consisted of 68 members,\\ncalled householders.\\nAt an early date it was voted that a committee of\\nfour go forthwith and see out for a preacher to preach\\nthe gospel in this socictj-. Mr. Samuel Lockwood was\\nordained and installed as pastor of the church, Feb. 25,\\n1749.\\nHis ministry continued till his death in 1791, and dur-\\ning the whole of this period the parish seems to have\\nbeen in a state of great and growing prosperity. In\\n1790, the degree of Doctor of Divinity was confen-ed\\nupon him bj- his alma viater, Yale College. This\\nCongregational church of Andover had the common\\nexperience of long pastorates in the early period of\\nConnecticut Congi-egationalism. When its one hun-\\ndredth anniversary came, its fourth pastor was then\\nserving the twentieth year of his pastorate.\\nAndover was not incorporated as a town until 1848.\\nIts civil history previous to this j-ear is therefore in part\\nthat of Hebron.\\nThe chief manufacturing industrj- has been the making\\nof paper. The business is now entirely farming, and\\nhas alwaj S been chieflj that.\\nAmong the sons of Andover was William B. Sprague,\\nD. D., a distinguished minister, and an author of vari-\\nous works.\\nThe population of the town in 1870 was 461.\\nEllington was originally a part of the township of\\nEast Windsor, called the Great Marsh. It was not until\\nabout 75 years after the settlement began on the east\\nside of the Connecticut Ri\\\\cr, that anj- settlers located\\nthemselves in the part now called Ellington. The pres-\\nent town includes what was formerly known as Equiv-\\nalent Lands. This tract of 7,250 acres was granted by\\nthe General Court, in 1716, to the town of Windsor, as\\na recompense for a loss by that town of some 7,000\\nacres of land in the adjustment of the boundary line\\nbetween Connecticut and Massachusetts.\\nRev. John McKinstrj the first minister of Ellington,\\nwas educated in Scotland, and settled herein 1730.\\nThe principal settlers came from Scotland and the north\\nof Ireland. Ellington is largely a farming town, and\\ntobacco is raised to a considerable extent. The west-\\nern section is well supplied with water-power. The\\nWindermere factor} produces cassimeres and broad-\\ncloths.\\nThe population of the town is 1,452.\\nW I I^ D II A M COUNTY.*\\nBY MISS ELLEN D. LARNED.\\nIn 1726, ten towns in the north-east corner of Con-\\nnecticut, previously included in the counties of Hartford\\nand New London, were erected into the county of Wind-\\nham. Union and Woodstock were subsequentl} added\\nMansfield, Coventry, Lebanon, Union and Columbia\\ntaken away and several of the original towns divided.\\nSixteen towns -Woodstock, Thompson, Putnam, Pom-\\nfret, Brooklyn, Killingly, Sterling, Plainfield, Canterbury,\\nEastford, Ashford, Chaplin, Hampton, Windham, Scot-\\nland and Voluntown form the present Windham County.\\nThe population of the several towns of Windham County was, in\\n1S70, as follows: Killingly, 5,712; Windham, 5,413; Plainfield, 4,521;\\nPutnam, 4,192; Thompson, 3,804; Woodstock, 2,955; Brooklyn, 2,355;\\nIts average length is about 26 miles, and its breadth\\nnearly 19 miles. Its area comprises a little less than\\n553 square miles.\\nThe greater part of this tract of country prior to Eng-\\nlish settlement was included in Nipnet, the Fresh-water\\ncountry, the inland region between the Atlantic coast and\\nthe Connecticut Eiver. It was sparsely occupied by\\nscattered tribelets or families of Nipmucks or Nipnets,!\\nalthough the land east of the Quinebaug was also claimed\\nby Narragansets. The northern part of this contested\\nCanterbury, 1,552; Pomfret, 1,488; Ashford, 1,242; Voluntown, 1,052;\\nSterUng, 1,022 Eastford, 984 Hampton, 891 Chaplin, 704 Scotland, 648.\\nt Pond or Fresh-water Indians.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0423.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nstrip was Mahmunsqung, the Wlietstone countr}-. Land\\nnow included in ttie towns of Sterling, Plainfield and\\nCanterbiir}- was the Quinebaug countiy, and its residents\\nwere known as Quinebaugs. The tract west of the\\nQuinebaug River, and north of the Quinebaug countr3\\nwas Wabbaquasset, the mat-producing country.\\nAcquittiuiaug of Wabbaquasset is the first Windham\\nCounty inhabitant of whom we have record. In the\\nj winter of 1630-31, news came to this people that a com-\\npanj- of Englishmen had come to the Bay, who were in\\ngreat want of corn, and would pay a good price for it.\\nThe fertile hills and valleys of the future Woodstock\\nwere already noted for their large production of this\\naboriginal staple. With each a bushel or more of corn\\nupon their backs, Acquittimaug and other Indians toiled\\nthrough the wilderness to the infant settlement at Boston,\\nand were joyfully welcomed by the needy colonists.\\nAcquittimaug lived about 95 years after this incident\\nand when, in extreme old age, he visited Boston, he was\\nwelcomed and generously entertained by some of the\\nchief dignitaries of the Massachusetts Colonj-.\\nThe Windham County territory became known to the\\nEnglish with the first settlement of Connecticut. It lay\\ndirectly in the route from Boston to Hartford, a part of\\nthat hideous and trackless wilderness traversed by the\\nfirst colonists. A rude track, called the Connecticut\\nPath, obliquely crossing what is now Thompson, Wood-\\nstock, Eastford and Ashford, became the main thorough-\\nfare of travel between the Massachusetts and Connecti-\\ncut colonies. Yet for 50 years no settlement was\\neffected within the limits of the count}-, and the aborigines\\nremained in undisputed possession of Ihe territory. They\\nwere subject clans of little spirit or distinctive character.\\nTheir number was small. A few families (jccupied the\\nfavorable localities, while large sections were left vacant\\nand desolate. Large tracts were burned over every year\\nand kept open, to furnish pasture for deer. Game and\\nfish abounded in wood, lake and river. The principal\\nrivers, lakes and hills bore the names that still distinguish\\ntliem. An Indian trail, known as Nipmuck Path, ran\\nsouth from Wabbaquasset to the sea-shore. The Green-\\nwich Path crossed eastward from the Quinebaug to Nar-\\nraganset. A few rude forts were built and maintained\\nin various localities.\\nAs the Mohegans increased in power, thej laid claim,\\nunder various pretexts, to the greater part of this terri-\\ntory. The timid and peace-loving Wabbaquassets readily\\nacknowledged allegiance to Uncas, and paid him hom-\\nage and obligations and yearly tribute of white deer-\\nskins, bear-skins, and black wolf-skins. With the\\nQuinebaugs Uncas was less successful. His right to\\ntheir allegiance was disputed by the Narragansets.\\nPessacus, alias Moosup, brother and successor to Mian-\\ntonomo, asserted his right to the Quinebaug country,\\naffixing his name to the largest branch of the Quinebaug.\\nFor man}- 3-ears the land was in contention, the distracted\\ninhabitants yielding homage to whichever chieftain\\nchanced to be in ascendancj-. Tradition tells of various\\nbloody rencontres and one distinct battle between the\\nnatives.\\nWhile the Indians east of the Quinebaug were thus\\ncontending, those on the west were yielding to better\\ninfluences. The most noteworthj incidents of Wind-\\nham s aboiiginal history were connected with the ministr\\\\-\\nof the great Indian apostle, John Eliot. Y oung Indians,\\ntrained by him at Natick, went out as missionaries into\\nthe Nipmuck wilderness. The simple and tractable\\nWabbaquassets hearkened willinglj- unto the Gospel j\\nthus presented, and many were persuaded to unite in\\nchurch estate, and assume some of the habits of civiliza-\\ntion. They observed the Sabbath, gathered into villages,\\nand built wigwams, the like of which were seen nowhere\\nelse in New England. Thirty families were gathered at\\nwhat was called Wabbaquasset Village, now in the south\\npart of Woodstock 20 families at Myanexet, on the\\nQuinebaug, in or near the north part of Woodstock\\nand 20 families of Nipmucks at Quinnatisset, now\\nThompson Hill. These villages and churches were\\nunder the care and guidance of Sampson, a hopeful,\\npious and active 3-oung man. In 1(;74 he was encour-\\naged and strengthened by a ^dsit from Mr. Eliot, who,\\nwith jMaj. Daniel Gookin, magistrate over the Praying\\nIndians, came to confirm the churches, settle teachers\\nover them, and establish civil government. Thej- found\\npeace, order and a friendlj- welcome in each of the praj\\ning villages. Mr. Eliot preached in Myanexet, and gave\\nthem John ]SIoqua for their teacher. A sober and pious\\nyoung man of Natick, called Daniel, was appointed\\nminister for Quinnatisset. At Wabbaquasset, where he\\npassed the night, Ehot was warmly welcomed b}- the\\nteacher, Sampson, and entertained in the spacious wig-\\nwam of the sagamore. On the following morning, Sept.\\nIG, 1074, a great meeting was held in Wabbaquasset\\nvillage. All the Praying Indians from the different vil-\\nlages were there, and many others. An opening religious\\nser\\\\ ice was conducted by Mr. Eliot, and then a court\\nwas held by Maj. Gookin, establishing civil goveriunent\\namong the natives. The teacher Sampson was approved\\nas their minister, and Black James of Chaubongagum\\ninstalled over them as constable. Having thus settled\\nreligious and civil institutions, Mr. Eliot and his friends\\nbade adieu and journeyed homewards, greatly pleased", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0424.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nwith the progress of C hristianit3- and civilization among\\nthis traftaVile and friendl} people. Sevent}- families had\\nlii en reehiirai d from heathenism.\\nThese hopeful jDrospects were soon blighted. The\\nNaiTaganset war swept away the results of j-ears of\\nmissionarj^ labor. The villages were destroj-ed, the\\nchurches broken up, and the Praj ing Indians relapsed\\ninto savages. The Nipmucks east of the Quinebaug\\njoined the Narragansets the terrified Wabbaquassets\\nleft their pleasant homes and planting-flelds and threw\\nthemselves under the protection of Uncas at IMohegan.\\nNo battle or skirmish occurred during the war within\\nAVindham Countj territorj but it was repeatedly traversed\\nand ravaged by scouting and foraging parties. Great\\nquantities of corn and beans, stately wigwams, the like\\nof which had not been seen, and the several forts were\\nall demolished. The close of the war foimd the Nip-\\nmucks almost annihilated. Those that were left sought\\nrefuge with distant tribes. The Wabbaquassets remained\\nfor a time at Mohegan. The aboriginal inhabitants of\\nthe future Windliam were scattered or destroj cd, and\\ntheir tcrritorj^ left to English occupation.\\nThe first English proprietor within Windham County\\nterritory was Gov. John Winthrop of New London, who,\\nin 1G53, secured from Ilj-ems and Massashowett a grant\\nof the Quinebaug countr3 The validitj^ of this convej\\nance was extremely doubtful. The grantors were rene-\\ngade Narragansets, exercising a delegated authority,\\nwith no legal title to the land convej-ed. The General\\nCourt of Connecticut, however, allowed the governor\\nhis Indian purchase at Quinebaug, and gave him liberty\\nto erect thereon a plantation but the Indian troubles\\nprevented settlement. After the restoration of peace,\\nthe Massachusetts government opened negotiations with\\nthe remaining Nipmucks and, Feb. 10, 1082, secured a\\ndeed of the whole Nipmuck countr} allowing to the\\nIndians a five-mile reservation. A full half of this reser-\\nvation was immediately made over by them to Govs.\\nJoseph Dudley and William Stoughton, who had served\\nas commissioners in the transaction. Dudley s fine farm\\nwas laid out in the Quinebaug Valley, and was afterwards\\nincluded in the towns of Thompson and Dudley Five\\nthousand acres at Quinnatisset, embracing what is now\\nThompson Hill and its vicinitj were convej-ed to Stough-\\nton, laid out in farms, and sold the following year to\\nRobert Thompson and Thomas Freak of England.\\nTracts of land in Quinnatisset were also granted by the\\nMassachusetts government to other proprietors.\\nConnecticut s share of Windhara_ County territory was\\nmostlj appropriated by Uncas and his representatives.\\nTo his son Owanuco was assigned the whole Wabbaquasset\\ncountrj-, and rights in the Quinebaug country. This\\nchieftain was a drunken, worthless fellow, of no stability\\nor force of character. Swarms of greedy land-hunters\\nnow gathered around him, eager to obtain jiossession of\\nhis land upon any pretext. Conscious of his own\\ninabilitj to manage his great possessions, Owaneco\\nj-ielded to the persuasions of his friends and accepted the\\n3 ounger James Fitch of Norwich as his guardian.\\nThe whole Wabbaquasset country was formally con-\\nveyed to him in 1G89. The landed interests of Windham\\nCounty were thus to a great degree vested iu the hands\\nof one individual, destined to play an important part iu\\nits settlement and development.\\nTo-ivxs.\\nThe first white inhabitant of the present town of\\nWindham was one John Cates, an English refugee,\\nhiding, according to traditional report, from the spies of\\nAndros. In the autumn of 1G88, he found his way into\\nthis desolate wilderness, and passed the winter in a cave\\nor cellar, dug out by the hands of his faithful negro.\\nWith the restoration of peace and charter government in\\n1G89, Cates came out of his hiding-place, and purchased\\na tract of land. The second reported settler was Jona-\\nthan Ginnings. He was soon followed hy Joshua and\\nJeremiah Ripley of Hingham, Mass. May 12, 1G92, the\\nplantation was granted the liberty of a township, to be\\ncalled Windham, and June 12, a town government was\\norganized. Only 15 citizens were then reported, but\\ntheir number increased rapidlj-. The great size of the\\ntown occasioned its first serious difficult} A controversy\\nensuing in regard to the location of the church, resulted\\nin a division of the town in May, 1703, the north part of\\nWindham being formally erected into the town of Mans-\\nfield. A church had previously been formed, Dec. 10,\\n1700, and Mr. Samuel Whiting ordained as its pastor.\\nA meeting-house in Windham Green was completed in\\n1703.\\nThe first settler in the north-east section, now Hamp-\\nton, was David Canada, a reputed Welshman. Man}\\nsterling Massachusetts families settled in this vicinitj- on\\nAppaquage Hill and River. The difficulty of attending\\npublic worship at Windham Green led these northern\\nsettlers to ask for society privileges, and in 1717 a\\nreligious society was there organized. This section was\\nknown as Canada Parish, and also as Windham Village,\\nand a church was gathered there in 1723. A third\\nreligious society was set off in 1732, in the south-east sec-\\ntion of the town, known as Scotland Parish, and a church\\norganized in 1735.\\nWindhaln Green continued to increase in iufluenco and", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0425.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nimportance as the seat of town government and the busi-\\nness centre of a large section. A Court of Probate was\\nestablished here in 1719, Capt. John Fitch judge. In\\n1726, Windham was made the shire town of the newh\\nconstituted Windham County. The first Court of Com-\\nmon Pleas was held June 26. Timoth}- Pierce of Plain-\\nfield was appointed judge. A jail and state house were\\nsoon erected, and the town received a fresh impetus.\\nIron-works were now established at Willimantic Falls,\\nand other manufactures. The First Chui-ch of Windliam\\nwas particularly flourishing at this time. A very remark-\\nable religious awakening had been enjoyed during the last\\n3-ears of Mr. Whiting s niinistrj-. His successor, Mr.\\nThomas Clap of Scituate, was a young man of uncommon\\nadministrative ability, who brought the whole population\\nunder stringent watch and discipUne. Every head of a\\nhousehold was connected with the church, either by pro-\\nfession of faith or owning the covenant. Farailj- prayer\\nwas observed in every household, and ever} child con-\\nsecrated by baptism. Profane swearing was but little\\nknown, and open violation of the Sabbath very rare. In\\n1739 Windham was compelled to resign her distinguished\\nminister to the presidency of Yale College. He was\\nsucceeded by Mr. Stephen White, a young man of very\\ndissimilar character.\\nIt was about this time that Windham s famous Frog\\nPanic, more widely known than any event in its early\\nhistory, occurred.*\\nThe military spirit for which Windham was alwa^-s\\nnoted found ample exercise dm-ing the French and Indian\\nwar. Many of its citizens served with distinction in\\nnumerous bloody campaigns. Public afl airs and pohtical\\nissues engrossed more and more of their attention. No\\npeople were filled with more patriotic fervor, and more\\nready to engage in the great struggle for American liber-\\ntics. They responded to the first summons from Boston\\nby renouncing the use of all imported articles not ab-\\nsolutelj- essential. At a fashionable wedding in 1768,\\nbride and guests wore home-spun, and all the refresh-\\nments were home-made. As agitation went on, the\\nWindham boj s were foremost in opposition to imposts\\nand Tories. When the port of Boston was closed,\\nWindham s instant offering of a small flock of 258 sheep\\nWar between England and France was imminent. Indians were\\nalert and turbulent, ready to join in the first outbreak. One night the\\nresidents of Windham Green were aroused from then- slumbers bj- the\\nmost appalling and unearthly sounds an indescribable hubbub and\\ntumult, that seemed to fill the heavens and shake the earth. Some\\nthought it an earthquake some thought the Day of Judgment was at\\nhand. Others seized upon the more natural, but hardly less appalling,\\nexplanation that an army of French and Indians was marching upon\\nthem. Consternation and terror fell upon all, and the night was passed\\nsuspcubc, not to say frantic lamentation. The morning\\nwas the first succor received by the distressed Bostonians.\\nThroughout the long Revolutionary struggle, she was\\nequally read}- and faithful. Dyer, Elderkin and Wales\\nserved day and night in Connecticut s Committee of\\nSafety. Gray and Elderkin made powder in their mills\\nat Willimantic. Huntington made the first gun turned\\nout of an American workshop, and repaired the wretched\\nfire-arms carried by the common soldiers. Hundreds of\\nbrave men perilled their lives in camp and battle, sus-\\ntained and encouraged b} the prayers and sympathy of\\nthousands of Windham women, as patriotic and devoted\\nas themselves.\\nWith the establishment of independence, Windham\\nentered upon a new era of growth and prosperitj her\\ncitizens engaging with such spirit in various business\\nenterprises that she was reported to exceed anj- inland\\ntown in the State in trade and merchandize. A vast\\namount of produce was raised and sent to market.\\nSpecial industries were developed in difi erent neighbor-\\nhoods. Experiments were made in silk raising and\\nmanufacture. In 1791 Windham issued its first news-\\npaper, ThePhenix, or Windham Herald, printed\\nby John Byrne, which attained extensive circulation\\nthroughout the country. Before 1800, the first post-\\noflSce was opened, John Byrne postmaster. An academy\\nhad also been opened. The venerable Stephen White\\ndied in 1793, after a ministry of 52 years. He was suc-\\nceeded by Rev. Elijah Waterman, a young man of great\\nenergy, active in promoting new measures and pubhc\\ninterests. Foremost among Windham s public men of\\nthis generation was Zephaniah Swift, one of the ablest\\nlawjers in Connecticut.\\nIn 1819, a bill was passed, transfemug the comts of\\nWindham County to the town of Brooklyn. Windham\\nhad previousl}- lost more than half her original territory j\\nbj- the formation of new towns. To the loss of prestige\\nand position was now added a transference of business\\ninterests from the Green to the WilHmantic the j-ounger\\nsettlement attaining leadership.\\nPLAiNFiELD.f Tlic Settlement of this town was con-\\ntemporaneous with that of AVindham. The beautiful\\nvalley of the Quinebaug, with its open hill-slopes and\\nbountiful yield of corn, oSered great attraction to set-\\ndawned at length, and brought a ludicrous solution of the mystery.\\nThe unearthly clamur and uproar had been produced by a chorus of\\nfrogs, excitrd in si nuc ijiystcrious w.ay to a preternatural activity. This\\nstory of Wiihlliaiii s tnigic alarm flew all over the country, with\\ninnumerable uaditiuns and exaggerations. It was sung in song; it was\\nrelated in history it served as a standing joke upon every native of\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Windham. A letter to President Stiles fixes the date of this incident as\\nprior to July 9, 1754.\\nt Plainfield embraces within its limits the flourishing manufacturing\\nvillages of Central Village, Moosup and Wauregan.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0426.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\ntiers, especiallj as its Indian inhabitants, though very\\nnumerous, were most tractable and friendly.\\nTimothy and Thomas Pierce, Thomas Williams, Ed-\\nward, Joseph and Benjamin Spalding were among the\\neast-side settlers. Major Fitch, Samuel Adams, Elisha\\nPaine and others settled on the west side. In 1G09, the\\nQuinebaug Plantation was invested with town privi-\\nleges. The governor, Fitz John Winthrop, gave the new\\ntown the name of Plainfield. The first care of the town\\nwas to call a minister, Mr. Joseph Coit of Nor-\\nwich, who held religious services statedlj- in private\\nIn consequence of the difficult} of crossing the Quine-\\nbaug River in winter, and during high water, for the pur-\\npose of attending meeting, the town, in October, 1703,\\nwas divided, the territory west of the river being erected\\ninto the township of Canterbury\\nThe tranquillit} of Plainfield was most grievously dis-\\nturbed by controversies growing out of the great awak-\\nening of 1740. A pleasing feature of the revival was\\nits effect upon the surviving Quinebaugs, who were not\\nonlj- filled with knowledge of ye waj of Salvation, but\\nreformed in their ways of living, and abstained from\\ndrinking. Dissenting from some of the doctrines and\\npractices of the established church, and espeeiall} from\\nthe payment of the minister by rate or tax, the new\\nconverts, after a time, organized as a separate church.\\nMr. Coit was now old and infii-m. A majorit} of the\\ntown refused longer to pay their assessments for his sup-\\nport. The settlement of his successor was followed bj-\\na most bitter and protracted contest, demoralizing\\nchurches and town, and separating very friends and\\nbrothers. After a generation of strife and contention,\\nthe churches finally happily united in the choice of Rev.\\nJohn Fuller of Norwich, all parties agreeing that the\\nministry should thenceforth be supported by voluntarj\\ncontribution, without tax or coercion. This same con-\\ntroversy prevailed nearly throughout the county, dis-\\ntracting and prostrating many of even the most pros-\\nperous churches on the territorj-.\\nThroughout the Rcvolutionarj- period Plainfield was\\nactive and prominent.\\nPlainfield Academy was estabhshed during this period.\\nIn 1778, I^benezer Pemberton of Newport was secured\\nas its rector. Scholars came in large numbers from\\nPro\\\\ idence, New York, New London, and other places.\\nFor man} years this academy enjoyed a high reputation,\\nunder such distinguished teachers as Dr. Pemberton,\\nJohn Adams, Benjamin Allen, Zechariah Eddy, Tim-\\nothy Pitkin, Calvin Goddard, Eliphalet Nott, Rinaldo\\nBurleigh, and many others. Dr. Joel Benedict, who\\nsucceeded Mr. Fuller in the pastorate at Plainfield, a\\nman of high character and unconmaon attainments, and\\nDr. Elisha Perkins, one of the most noted physicians\\nand surgeons of his generation, were among the distin-\\nguished citizens of this town.\\nCaxtekbtjex.* The western part of the Quinebaug\\nPlantation, when endowed with town privileges in 1703,\\nhad but few inhabitants, but these were men of character\\nand position, well fitted to manage the affairs of the\\ntown. Maj. Fitch was long the great man of all the\\nsurrounding countrj and his Peagscommek homestead a\\n^ery noted establishment, a rendezvous for land specula-\\ntors, civil and military officials, and hordes of idle Indians.\\nHere courts were held, militarj- expeditions organized,\\nand whole townships of land bartered awa} Maj. Fitch\\nwas for a time one of the most prominent men in Con-\\nnecticut, and had great personal and political influence\\nbut his immense land operations, and his own violence\\nand laclv of judgment, involved him in ver} serious com-\\nplications and quarrels. The claims of Fitch and other\\nlarge land-owners delayed the growth of the town.\\nAll the good land upon the Quinebaug had been mo-\\nnopolized by these voracious land-grabbers, and for\\na considerable period but few persons succeeded\\nin establishing settlements. Town records are lack-\\ning till 1717. Previous to this date a meeting-house had\\nbeen built, a church organized, and Mr. Samuel Esta-\\nbrook ordained as minister. Mr. Estabrook remained\\nin charge of the Canterbury church till his death in\\n1727.\\nCanterbury was the scene of a remarkable ecclesiasti-\\ncal controversy, gi owing out of the memorable great\\nawakening, to which reference has already been made.\\nA majoritj of the church had become what were termed\\nNew Lights opponents of the established or standing\\norder church. The Rev. James Cogswell, a candidate\\nfor settlement over the Canterbury church, was stren-\\nuously opposed to the new measures. The civil and\\necclesiastical authorities, professing to have become\\nalarmed at the ungovernable fanaticism of the revival-\\nists, determined upon the revolutionary, unconstitutional,\\nuncongregational, and hence utterlj- unauthorized meas-\\nure of setthng the candidate of the minority-. This fla-\\ngrant violation of the rights of the majority not unnatu-\\nrally excited wide spread indignation, while the bold and\\npersistent championship on the part of the latter of the\\nrights of the majority and of pure Congregationalism, in\\nopposition to the arbitrary measures and assumptions of\\nthe authorities, elicited much admiration and sj mpathj\\nPackerville is located mainly in Canterbury.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0427.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nand was the occasion of the organization of many soci-\\neties on an entirely independent basis.*\\nAfter the lapse of many j-cars, and the discontinuance\\nof this exciting and distracting controversy, these sep-\\narate societies either became extinct, or were finally-\\nresolved into regular Congregational churches.\\nMr. Cogswell remained in charge of the Canterbury\\nchurch till 1771. Among many pupils received into his\\nfamily were Naphtali Daggett, afterwards president of\\nYale College, and Benedict Arnold. The western part\\nof Canterbury was incorporated as Westminster Society\\nin 1770, and a church organized the same year. Rev.\\nJohn Staples was ordained as its pastor in 1772, and\\ncontinued iu charge till his death in 1807.\\nThe most noted citizen of Canterbury during the Rev-\\nolutionary period was Moses, son of Capt. Aaron Cleve-\\nland, who entered early upon the practice of law, and\\nalso engaged in extensive business enterprises. He\\nwas agent for the Connecticut Land Companj-, that\\nsettled the Western Reserve, Ohio, and selected the site\\nof the citj- of Cleveland, which was named in his honor.\\nMaster John f Adams, a very successful teacher,\\nprincipal for many years of Phillips Academy, Andover,\\nwas another noted son of Canterburj^, and won his first\\nlaurels in his native town, where he opened a high school\\nin 1796. Among many Canterburj- j-outh, distinguished\\niu after life, who were pupils of Master Ada:ns, was\\nJohn Hough, professor at Middlebury College. Ebene-\\nzer Fitch, first president of Williams College, was also a\\nnative of this town.\\nIn 1833, Canterbury was brought verj prominently\\ninto notice, in connection with the colored school opened\\nby Miss Prudence Crandall. Under the patronage of\\nleading men of the town, Miss Crandall had previously\\nestablished a young ladies school, which had been\\nhandsomely sustained. The introduction of a j oung\\ncolored girl gave great offence to the parents of her other\\npupils, who threatened to withdraw their daughters.\\nThe persecution visited upon lliis mnv iiKivmn ni \u00e2\u0096\u00a0;_ n il. .mil-, indi-\\ncates tlio temper of tlic ti;iirs. i .lisha :iiiil N..1 ..i I ii lo-\\nlinowlcdgcd leaders of the nvivMl ]iarty in .miirli, mil\\nimprisoned; their nephews, I rom Yale C(illr,:, r, lor ji... un.;:.., v, ;i.:. at\\nhome in vacation, to attend the religions services conducted by their\\nuncles, were expelled. One Ohadiah Johnson, an old and respected\\ncitizen, when chosen a representative of the town to the General Court\\nby a fair majority, was expelled from his seat in the House for being a\\nmember and officer of one of these separate or independent organizations.\\nt Father of the present distinguished Dr. WilUam Adams of New\\nYork City.\\ni Woodstoclc is becoming famous as a summer resort, vying with\\nBroolilyn and Thompson in this regard. Elniwood Hall and Wood-\\nstock Common are widely noted. Their publicity is mainly due to the\\nenterprise and public spirit of Mr. Henry C. Bowcn, publisher of the\\nNew York Independent, who, being a native of Woodstock, makes\\nFinding that she could not instruct both white and col-\\nored together, Miss Crandall decided in favor of the\\nlatter, and, after counselling with friends in regard to the\\nmatter, threw open her school for young ladies and\\nlittle misses of color. Indignant at what thej- deemed\\na breach of good faith, the former patrons of Miss\\nCrandall made use of every argumentative effort to\\nconvince her of the injustice and improprietj^ of the\\nproposed measure. But having decided upon it from\\nsupreme conviction of duty, nothing could change her\\nresolution. Personal insults and violence and legal\\ninjunctions were alike ineffectual. At length a vehe-\\nment petition from Canterbury procured the enactment\\nof the celebrated Black Law, by which all persons\\nwere forbidden to establish a school for the instruction\\nof colored persons not inhabitants of the State, or teach\\nin anj such school, or harbor or board any colored per-\\nson attending such school, under ver3- heavy penalties.\\nUndismayed by this opposition and persecution in most\\nannoj ing fonns, l\\\\Iiss Crandall went calmly on with her\\nschool, supported b3 her own indomitable spirit, and tlie\\nsympathj- and material aid of prominent Abolitionists.\\nArrested upon charge of breaking the newly enacted\\nlaw. Miss Crandall suffered herself to be earned to jail\\nfor a night, to awaken public sympathy and indignation.\\nA final trial was held before the Court of Errors, July,\\n1834, when the court reserved its decision, and the suit\\nwas quashed for alleged defects of information. During\\nall this time the greatest excitement raged in Canterbury\\nand the -adjoining towns. Failing in their efforts to\\nbreak up the school bj legal process, the opponents of\\nItliss Crandall resorted to more systematic violence, and,\\nafter an ineffectual attempt to set the house on fire,\\nbroke in the windows with iron bars, and so seriously\\ndamaged it that repairs were deemed impolitic, if not\\nimpracticable.\\nWoodstock. J The first settlement within the limits\\nof tlio present Windham County was made in Woodstock.\\nit his summer home, and who has done much for its improvement and\\nadornment. Through his efforts and liberality, and the generaus co-\\noper.ition of his fellow-citizens, the old Woodstock Academy is placed\\non an assured b.asis, with an elegant new academy building, and an\\nample endowment. His last and perhaps gre.itest achievement is the\\nopening to the public of Rosclaud Park, a beautiful pleasure-ground on\\nthe border of Woodstock Lake. The old military and election parades,\\nand other rollicking festivities of the olden time that formerly fmnished\\nthe chief diversion of the populace, have been outgrown. Mr. Bowen\\nhas proposed to meet the higher and more varied demands of the pres-\\nent generation by creating this delightful park, which, with its musical\\nconcerts and many provisions for innocent recreation, promises to be a\\nplace of great public resort. Woodstock has already surprised the world\\nwith its monster mass-meetings and unique Fourth of July celebrations,\\nbringing together, on these occasions, some of the foremost men of the\\nnation.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0428.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nBj- a mistake in the southern boundarj- line of the Bay\\nColonj-, the territory now included in Woodstock and\\nThompson was long held by Massachusetts.\\nThe first settlers of this town were emigrants from\\nRoxburj Mass., and hence its original name New Rox-\\nbury. Among the settlers at Plain Hill were Thomas\\nand Joseph Bacon, James Corbin, Benjamin Sabin, and\\nHenry Bowen.\\nWhen the French settlement at Oxford was destroyed\\nby marauding Mohawks, its fugitives found refuge in\\nthe New Roxbury plantation. Great apprehensions were\\nfelt at other times of a rising of the Wabbaquassets.\\nDuring these days of trial, the women and children might\\nhave been seen gathered into garrisons with but a single\\nman to guard them and hold the fort, while the other\\nmen under arms tried to carr} on their out-door labor.\\nIn 1G90 the colony was accorded town privileges, and\\ngranted the name of Woodstock, and during the same\\n3 ear Mr. Josiah Dwight of Dedham engaged in the work\\nof the ministr}-. A meeting-house was completed in\\n1694, and a church soon afterwards organized though the\\ndate cannot he ascertained. From an isolated frontier\\ntown, Woodstock developed into a flourishing business\\ncentre. The most prominent citizen during this period\\nwas Capt. John Chandler. All important commissions\\nand negotiations were entrusted to him. He was the\\nfirst and long the only representative sent to General\\nCourt, and was superintendent of the Wabbequasset\\nIndians. No man was more concerned in the settlement\\nof Windham County. He owned large tracts of land in\\nKillingly, Pomfret and Ashford. Nearly everj town\\nin Windham County was laid out by him, and he was\\nheld in high repute t)^- the Connecticut government.\\nWhen Massachusetts south boundary- line was rectified\\nin 1713, it was agreed that she should retain jurisdiction\\nover the towns she had settled, an arrangement which\\nfor a time gave entire satisfaction but after the death\\nof Col. Chandler and other town fathers, the new gene-\\nration were, led to desire transference to the government\\nof Connecticut, where taxes would be lighter and greater\\nprivileges accorded. The change was subsequently made,\\nand the first town meeting under the jurisdiction of Con-\\nnecticut was held on Woodstock Hill, Jul^- 28, 1749.\\nDuring the Revolution, Charles C. Chandler, a rising\\nlawyer, was verj active on the Committee of Corre-\\nspondence Samuel McClennan was much engaged in\\nci^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0il and militarj- affairs, serving in the northern armj%\\nleading out the militia again and again, and paying them\\nfrom his own purse when the treasurj was empty. After\\nthe close of the war he was made general of the fifth\\nbrigade.\\nAt the special request of Washington and Putnam, the\\nchurch at Woodstock Hill yielded their beloved pastor,\\nRev. Abiel Leonard, LL.D., to officiate as chaplain of\\nPutnam s own regiment. His eloquence and patriotism\\nmade him a great favorite in the army, and he continued\\nto serve with much fidelitj and acceptance until his most\\nuntimely and lamented decease in August, 1777. Another\\ndistinguished son of Woodstock, Gen. William Eaton, the\\nconqueror of Tripoli, began his military career during\\nthe Revolutionarj- war in the company of Capt. Dana of\\nAshford.\\nWith the restoration of peace and prosperity Wood-\\nstock felt the need of greater educational privileges, and\\nthrough the active instrumentality of Rev. Eliphalet\\nL3-man, successor of Mr. Leonard, an academy was\\nestabUshed at Woodstock Hill in 1802. Its first pre-\\nceptor was Thomas Williams of Pomfret. He was suc-\\nceeded by an array of teachers more or less celebrated,\\nunder whom the Academy maintained a good reputation.\\nPomfret.* The settlement of this town was closely\\nconnected with that of Woodstock. On May 1, 1686,\\n15,100 acres of wilderness land were conveyed to several\\ngentlemen from Roxburj Mass. The first settler was\\nJohn Sabin (June 22, 1691). This 8turd\\\\- pioneer,\\nduring the Indian wars rendered most important service\\nby standing his ground, protecting the frontier, and\\nengaging the surrounding Indians as allies of the Eng-\\nlish. After the restoration of peace settlement began in\\nearnest. Mrs. Esther Grosvenor took possession of her\\nallotment in 1700. Philemon Chandler of Andover en-\\ntered soon after upon a right purchased of Ruggles. Dea.\\nBenjamin Sabin of Woodstock, with six sons, removed\\nto the Mashamoquet settlement in 1705. These settlers\\nI experienced comparativelj- few hardships. The soil was\\ngood and easily suVjdued. Smooth hills, mostlj* bare of\\ntrees, yielded a coarse rank grass, so that cattle could\\nforage for themselves through the winter. Woodstock\\nafforded them mills, market, and religious privileges,\\nmen, women and children toiling over the rough ways\\never}- Sunday to Mr. Dwight s meeting-house. A\\ngrist-mill was set up on Bark-Meadow Brook by James\\nSaw3-er in 1709. A militarj- company was organized in\\n1710. In May, 171.3, town privileges were accorded,\\nand it was also ordered that the said Massamugget\\nshall be called Pomfret.\\nPomfret is one of Connccticat n most charming eammer retreats,\\nand many city families find delightful resting-places during the heated\\nterm under the grand old trees tliat shade the attractive residences.\\nThe pure air and pleasant surroundings of the breezy hill-top villages of\\nConnecticut are coming yearly to fic more and more appreciated, while\\nsummer visitors from the metropolis are bringing to them, otherwise in\\na measure going to decay, new life and income.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0429.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAXD.\\ndistinguished general, but\\nA church was organized Oct. 26, 1715, and Mr.\\nEbenezer Williams of Roxbury was ordained its pastor.\\nThe most conspicuous event of Pomfret s early history\\nwas the destruction of that old she-wolf, so famous\\nin legendarj^ storj-.*\\nThe west part of Pomfret was incorporated as Abing-\\nton Society in 1749. A church was herein organized,\\nJan. 31, 1753, and David Ripley of Windham was\\nordained as its minister. A meeting-house was com-\\npleted the same jear. Pomfret was distinguished during\\nthis period for intelligence and intellectual activity, 11\\nyoung men from this town being cotemporarj collegiates\\nin 1757-59. Not onl}- a mos\\nmanj brave offlcers and men\\nrepresented Pomfret in the\\nRevolutionary struggle.\\nLieut. Thomas Grosvenorand\\na picked company of Pom-\\nfret boj s were among the de-\\nfenders of Bunker Hill.\\nPomfret maintained a lead-\\ning position in the county IVn\\nmany 3-ears. Dr. Walil i\\ngained here a high reputa-\\ntion for medical skiU. D3-\\ning suddenly in 1794, he was\\nsucceeded in practice by a\\nyoung pupil and fellow towns\\nman, Thomas Hubbard, whu\\nachieved even greater distinc-\\ntion than his master ere he\\nwas called by Yale College\\nto occupy a high place in\\nher surgical department. His cotemporarv, Dr. Jona-\\nthan Hall, was also very noted and popular, and his sons\\nand daughters were shining ornaments of that polite and\\ncultivated society which distinguished Pomfret above_\\nher sister towns, and made her a favorite resort for\\nNewport and Providence families.\\nRichard Adams was the first white settler within the\\nOther Windham County wolves had saccnmbed to the prowess of\\nhunters, but this pernicious animal found refuge in an almost inac-\\neessible ledge of rock and forest in the south part of Pomfret, and\\nfe:isted at pleasure upon the richest flocks and herds of the county.\\nCombination and private effort failed to effect her capture. Wary and\\nwise she outwitted all her pursuers, and continued for many years an\\nintolerable nuisance. A light snow-fall in the winter of 1743 enabled\\nsome hunters to trace her to the vicinity of her lair, and a dog belonging\\nto Mr. John Sharpc trticked her into a den, or cave tunnelling between\\nthe rocks down into the depths of the earth, and engaged with her in\\nfierce combat. A youns son of Mr. Sharpe followed on .and gave the\\nalarm. People gathered from all the f^irms around and used every\\npossible means to rout the wolf from her hiding-place. Ilcr first assail-\\nlimits of the present town. Isaac Allen and Edward\\nSpalding soon followed. These settlers were left for\\nsome 3 ears unrelated to anj- town, a few isolated fami-\\nlies surrounded b} a wilderness. In 1724, Richard\\nAdams granted a parcel of land for the setting up of a\\nschool-house, and Daniel Cadj granted another tract for\\na convenient place to burj- ye bodies of the dead among\\nus. In 1731, parish privileges were accorded, and a\\nsociety erected out of parts of Pomfret, Canterburj and\\nMortlake.\\nThe Mortlake Society, as it was commonly called,\\norganized a church and built a house of worship, and on\\nSept. 24, 1735, ordained Ephraim Averj- of Truro, for\\nits minister. The Rev. Mr.\\nAvery was succeeded in the\\npastorate of the church by\\nJosiah Whitney of Plainfield,\\nho was ordained Feb. 4, 175G.\\nI liL widow of Mr. Aver}-, after\\nI second marriage and widow-\\nhood, became the second wife\\n1 Col. Israel Putnam. In\\n1 707, Putnam removed from\\nthi AV iltshire farm-house to\\niiiooklyn Green, and opened\\nI house of public entertain-\\n111. nt Through all the Stamp\\n\\\\it igitation, and other pre-\\nlu Nolutionarj movements, he\\nw di the popular leader and\\nthis Brooklyn tavern became\\none of the most noted ren-\\ndezvous ill eastern Connecti-\\ncut. As a private citizen he was equally alert and\\nactive, ever ready to serve town, church and parish in\\nany capacity.\\nDuring the whole Revolutionary period, Brooklj-n was\\nconspicuouslj- prominent. Putnam was a host in himself.\\nThe opening of hostilities at Lexijigton called him from\\nthe plough to the saddle, and, until disabled by paralysis.\\nant was withdrawn from the cave badly disabled, and no other dogs\\nwould enter. Late at night it was remembered that a young farmer in\\nMortlake, one Israel Putnam, had a bloodhound of superior strength\\nand courage, and the dog and his master were called to the rescue.\\nHis coming brought matters to immediate crisis. The oViscure young\\nfarmer of 1743 was very like the brave Old Put of 76. Not a\\nmoment was wasted. The wolf must be mastered at any hazard. If she\\nwould not come out to them they must go in to her. Dog and negro\\nrefused to go, but Putnam was ready for the onset. With a rope\\nfastened round his body and a blazing torch in his hand, Putnam\\ncrawled down the black icy passage until he could see the glaring eye-\\nballs of his adversary, and with one dexterous shot dispatched Pomfret s\\nlast wolf, and made himself famous.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0430.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nhe gave his whole time and energies to the patriot\\ncause.* The town and parish sustained him hj constant\\nco-operation and sjTnpatlij\\nBrooklj-n was incorporated as a town in Maj 1686.\\nVarious improvements were now set on foot, and the\\ntown took a leading position in all public affairs. The\\nmost important event occurring for many years during\\nthis period, was a controversy concerning the nature and\\npersons of the Trinitj-, which resulted in church and\\nsocietj division, and the organization of the first Unita-\\nrian church in Connecticut. Dr. Whitney remained in\\ncharge of the Orthodox church, aided by colleagues, till\\nhis death in 1824, aged 93 j-ears. The secular energies\\nof the town during this period were mainly devoted to\\nthe struggle for a change of count3--seat. After many\\n_Years of sectional agitation, the civil administration of\\nWindham County was transferred to Brooklyn Green,\\nnear the geographical centre of the count3-.\\nThe first bank in Windham Countj was established in\\nBrookl3-n in 1822. In various reforms and aggressive\\nmovements, Brooklyn now took the lead. Samuel J. May,\\nthe well-known philanthi opist and reformer, pastor of\\nthe Unitarian church, was active in all reformatorj- move-\\nments. The Windham Countj Agricultural Societj\\nformed in 1820, now held its annual fair at Brooklyn.\\nIn 1800, Brooklj n Academy was incorporated and\\nenjoj-ed fcfr many j-ears a large share of patronage.\\nAfter 1840, newspapers and some other business inter-\\nests were transferred to Danielsonville but, though a\\nlittle aside from railroads, Brooklj-n has maintained her\\nenergj and vitalitj and gains in wealth and popula-\\ntion.\\nThompson. This town was not incorporated till 1 785,\\nl)ut its record begins more than a century before that\\ndate, when 20 families of Praj-ing Indians gathered\\non Quinnatisset hill-top and received a Christian teacher\\nfrom Mr. Eliot. The first known white settler here was\\nRichard Dresser of Rowlej Sampson Howe of Rox-\\nbury followed the next year. Samuel Converse of\\nWoburn, with five sons, purchased land south of Quin-\\nnatisset IliU in 1710.\\nThe first society meeting was held on Thompson Hill,\\nJuly 9, 1728. A church was organized Jan. 28, 1730,\\nand INIarston Cabot of Salem was soon after ordained\\nits pastor. A Baptist church was organized in 1773, and\\nGen. Putnam passed a serene and happy old age among his beloved\\nkindred and townspeople, and his funeral in May, 1790, was made the\\noccasion of the most imposing military and Masonic display ever wit-\\nnessed in Windham County.\\nt The Grosvcnordale manufactories, Mechanicsville, Wilsonvillc,\\nQuinebaug and Quaddic factories, are all in Thompson, adding largely\\nto the business and natural wealth of the town.\\na meeting-house built on what is now called Brandy Hill.\\nThe town was incorporated in Maj 1785.\\nThe transference of travel from turnpike to railroad,\\ngreatly affected Thompson, with other hill-top villages,\\nand carried business away to other centres but the town\\nin general has maintained its early standing, and has\\never been distinguished bj thrift, order and public spirit.f\\nThe old Congregational church has been especially noted\\nfor the permanence of its ministry. The Rov. Daniel\\nDow, ordained April 20, 1796, celebrated the 50th anni-\\nversary of his settlement in 1846, and continued to\\nofficiate till the day of his death, in August, 1849.\\nKiLLiNGLY. The first white settler within the limits of\\nthe future town was Richard Evans of Rchoboth, who in\\n1G93, made a homo in the wilderness, three miles east from\\nWoodstock. Peter Aspinwall, scut by Woodstock to cut\\nthrough the cedar swamps to make a waj to Providence,\\nsettled east of the Quinebaug about 1 700. James and\\nJoseph Leavens of Woodstock, gathered tuq^entine for\\nWoodstock traders in this section, and soon after joined\\nthe settlement, the latter raarrjing a daughter of Capt.\\nJohn. Sabin of Pomfrct, she receiving a beautiful valley\\nfarm for her marriage portion. These early settlers\\nwere favored bj government oversight and protection,\\nand in 1 708 were allowed town privileges.\\nThough emigrants now came in more rapidly, money\\nwas scarce. The border position of the town made it\\npeculiarly accessible to tramps, vagabonds and roving\\nIndians. The large number of roads made requisite hy\\nthe size of the town was very burdensome, especially as\\npopulation was so scattered that nearly every household\\nhad to have a way of its own. J Meantime those diffi-\\nculties of travel, in roundaliout ways, over rojks, and\\nthrough swamps to mill and to meeting, often became\\nthe occasion of societj division. Hence the building of\\nthe meeting-house on Killingly Hill in 1746, the South\\nSociety occupying the house on Breakneck.\\nKillingly Hill, after the building of the meeting-liouse\\nin 1746, was recognized more and more as the head and\\nheart of the large township, the place for town meetings,\\ntrainings and public gatherings. Among its early residents\\nwere Rev. Aaron Brown, Noah, son of Justice Joseph\\nLeavens, and Dr. Thomas Moffatt, the first known phy-\\nsician of the town. John Felshaw, father and son, main-\\ntained a popular house of entertainment at the northern\\nt The religious character of this early population is manifested by\\nthe nature of their petitions concerning roads. The only apparent use\\nfor a road in those days was to travel, not so much to mill, as to\\nmeeting.\\nMr. Leavens, long the father of the town, died in 1771, aged 90\\nyears.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0431.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nextremitj- of the hill for more than half a centur}-.\\nDuring the Revolutionar}- troubles many substantial\\nfamilies from seaboard towns found refuge in Kill-\\ninglj-, and were numbered among its most valued citi-\\nzens.\\nA church was formed in West Killingly in 1801, and\\nWestfield Parish organized. A thri-sing village grew up\\nin this -x-icinity, which became a noted social and business\\ncentre. Its first physician was Dr. Hutchins. Rev.\\nEoswell Whittemore succeeded Rev. Gordon Johnson in\\nthe pastorate of the church in 1813, and retained the\\noffice for 30 years. Other villages givw up on Five-Mile\\nRiver and Whetstone Brook, which furnished many man-\\nufacturing privileges. Though it declined somewhat in\\nimportance after the removal of the town centre, Kill-\\ningly Hill still furnishes a pleasant place of residence.\\nRev. Elisha Atkins served as pastor of the church from\\n1784 to 1839, and was greatly esteemed. In 1855 the\\nnorth part of Killingly was incorporated into the new\\ntown of Putnam.\\nAmong the most brilliant and promising of the sons\\nof Killingly were the Rev. Joseph Howe, and Manasseh\\nCutler; one of the founders of the Ohio Company, very\\nactive and prominent in the opening and settlement of\\nthe North-west Territory. Through his influence some of\\nthe best of Killingly youth joined in the first emigration\\nto the distant tcrritor3 and many substantial families\\nsought homes in the far West.\\nVoLtTNTOvrN. The old town of Voluntown, which for\\nmany j-ears embraced what is now Sterling, was, with\\nKillingly, part of the Whetstone country, and was\\ngranted about 1700 bj- the General Court of Connecticut\\nto volunteers in New London County who had served\\nduring King Philip s war. The roughness and barren-\\nness of the l.iid discouraged settlement, and it was long\\nfeared that the scattered inhabitants would never be able\\nto establish religious worship. Several families of Scotch-\\nIrish Presbyterians, however, purchased volunteer s rights\\nin 1721-22, and aided greatly in building up the town\\nand establishing religious institutions. Town govern-\\nment was organized June 20, 1721. A meeting-house\\nwas erected near the centre of the long, narrow town-\\nship and, Oct. 15, 1723, a church was organized. Rev.\\nSamuel Dorrance, a graduate of Glasgow University,\\nlicensed to preach by the Presbj-tery of Dumbarton,\\nreceived a unanimous call to the pastorate, and after a\\nstrong opposition from dissenting inhabitants, who feared\\nthat Presbjlerianism was a cloak for Popery and heresy,\\nA dissatisfaction based chiefly on their opposition to church rates,\\nand sympathy with the Separatist movement,\\nt A large number of the best families of the town joined the Susq\\nhe was formally ordained minister of the Voluntown\\nchurch and township. i\\nMr. Dorrance remained in charge of the Voluntown j\\nchurch till 1770, though suffering much from the dis- j\\naflfection* of his people, and the difficulty of obtaining a t\\ncomfortable support. He died November, 1775, aged 90 j\\nyears. The church was greatl} weakened not only by\\ndissension, but by emigration. f Presb3 terianism finally\\ndeclining, a Congregational church was organized in\\n79.\\nSeveral cotton-manufactories have been put in opera-\\ntion in the south-west part of Voluntown, greatly\\nstimulating its development and improvement.\\nAsHFORD, so called on account of the great number of\\nits ash-trees, was first settled in 1710. John Mixer, the\\nfirst emigrant to these parts, settled on Mount Hope\\nRiA er, on the site of the present Warrenville. The road\\nfrom Boston to Providence passed near his residence.\\nJohn Parr^- of Marlborough settled soon after near the\\nsite of the present Eastport Village. A town organiza-\\ntion was effected in 1715. About this time WiUiam\\nWard was sent out in search of a minister, to serve for\\na quarter of a year, and was so fortunate as to secure\\none for a quarter of a century, Rev. James Hale of\\nSwansea, a most faithful and worthy man.\\nAt this date Ashford contained about 40 families. A\\nchurch was organized Nov. 26, 1718. The first Baptist\\nchurch in Windham County, now extinct, was formed in\\nthis town in 1743, and Thomas Denison ordained its\\npastor.\\nAshford s position on a great public thoroughfare of\\ntravel brought her prominence and prosperity, especially\\nduring the Revolutionary days, when soldiers and even\\narmies traversed her highwaj s. Clarke s tavern still\\nbears the name of many an illustrious guest upon its\\nancient windows. Washington spent at least one Sab-\\nbath here. Man} of her own sons distinguished them-\\nselves greatlj- during the war. Thomas Knowlton and\\nhis brother Daniel, after gaining valuable experience in\\nthe French war, took the field at once in defence of\\nAmerican liberties. The regiment sent bj- Windham\\nCounty upon the Lexington alarm, was placed under\\ncommand of Thomas Knowlton. The sers-ices rendered\\nby Knowlton at Bunker Hill, Boston, Long Island and\\nHarlem, where his valuable life was offered up in sacri-\\nfice, will never be forgotten by American patriots.\\nDaniel Knowlton was equallj brave and devoted, serving\\nthroughout the war. Capt. James Dana, second under\\nhanna Company, and removed from their sterile farms to the beautiful\\nvalley of Wyoming. Many tliriving families in that vicinity trace their\\norigin to this old border township.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0432.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "CONNECTICUT.\\nKnowlton at Bunker Hill, ivas almost equally forward\\nand meritorious. John Eoger, Daniel Marcv, indeed,\\nthe thirty Ashford boys ivho fought at Bunker Hill, and\\nsaved the retreating provincials from destruction,\\nI deserve perpetual gratitude and commemoration.\\nThe opening of the Boston and Hartford Turnpike in\\n1 798 increased business and travel through Ashford, and\\ncontributed to its growth and importance. These pros-\\nperous days have been succeeded b3- isolation and deca}-.\\nThe opening of raUroads left the old town far from\\nbusiness centres and markets, with no great farming or\\nmanufacturing facihties.\\nEastford. The incorporation of the eastern section\\nof Ashford was delayed till 1777, when, notwithstanding\\nthe scarcity of men and means, society and church\\norganization was initiated. Andrew Judson, pastor\\nelect, Benjamin Sumner and others, united in church\\nfellowship Sept. 23, 1778. Capt. Benjamin Sumner was\\nlong one of its most prominent citizens. The present\\nCongregational house was erected in 1829, Benjamin\\nBosworth, Esq., purchasing the former building.*\\nA woollen-manufactory was established in Eastford\\nYiUage about the year 1826. In 1847 Eastford was\\nmade a town.\\nNathaniel Lyonf was bom at Ashford Jul}- 14, 1819.\\ngraduated at West Point in 1841, and ser\\\\-ed in the\\nFlorida and Mexican wars. At the outhreak of the civil\\nwar he was in command of the arsenal at St. Louis, and\\nbroke up a camp of secessionists established by the\\ngovernor, C. F. Jackson. Jackson then assembled a\\nforce at BoonesviUe, where he was routed (June 17,\\n1861) by L3-on, now brigadier-general of United States\\nvolunteers. In the battle of Wilson s Creek, while\\nattempting to hold his position against the united forces\\nof McCulloch and Price, after having been twice wounded,\\nas he was leading into action a regiment whose colonel\\nhad just fallen, he was himself shot in the breast and\\nkilled on the spot, Aug. 10, 1861. His funeral at\\nEastford, where, b}- his own request, his remains were\\nburied beside his honored parents, was the most remark-\\nable ceremonial e^er witnessed in Windham County.\\nGen. Lyon bequeathed 830,000, nearlj- all his property,\\nto the government, to aid in the prosecution of the war.\\nPuTXAii is prc-eminentlj- the modeni town of V\\\\ indham\\nCount}-. Its central site and great water-privilege have\\nindeed long been occupied. For 150 3-ears the Great\\nIn remoring the old house from the hill-site, a chain snapped off,\\nwhereupon the workmen demanded treat, which was refused hy\\nEsquire Bosworth, who had just joined the new Temperance Societ;,-.\\nMen and oxen at once struck and left the old meeting-house\\nsuspended, till Mr. Darius Matthewsou of Pomfret, president of the\\nFall of the Quinebaug has run its grist-mills, and car-\\nried on malting and d3-eing. In the da3-s of old Capt.\\nCargil (1700-98) these mills were very celebrated, and\\nresidents of the four adjacent towns resorted to them on\\nneedful occasions. When Rhode Island capitalists began\\nto look outside their little State for cotton-factor3 loca-\\ntions, a keen e3-e marked this spot, and active hands soon\\nreared and put in operation the first successful cotton\\nmanufactor3 in Connecticut.\\nIt was at the opening of the Norwich and Worcester\\nRailroad in 1839 that this place started on a new career\\nof progress. The fine geographical position and great\\nmanufacturing facilities of the location were at once\\nrecognized, and people from all the surrounding towns\\nhastened to take advantage of them. Great factories,\\nstores, churches, and dwelling-houses, sprung up as if b3\\nmagic, and soon the gathering population felt the need of\\ntown organization.\\nIn 1849 they asked for a distinct township, taking\\nparts of Thompson, Killingl3-, Pomfret and Woodstock.\\nAgainst great and determined opposition, the incorpora-\\ntion of Putnam township was secured in Juh 1855. In\\nless than a quarter of a centur3-, the place has far out-\\nstripped some of her more venerable elders, and won a\\nplace among the leading towns of Connecticut. With\\nthe spirit and resolution of her heroic namesake, she\\nhas grappled with ever3- obstacle. The great fire of 1877\\nswept out her business centre, but the burnt district is\\nalread3 filled up with more substantial buildings, and\\nbusiness is flowing on with redoubled briskness and\\nenergy. The junction of the two railroads passing\\nthrough the county, and convenient access from all the\\nneighboring towns, make Putnam the railroad and busi-\\nness centre for a large section of countr3 New stores\\nand warehouses are continually opening to meet the\\nincreasing demand. Yer3 man3- branches of manufacture\\nare now carried on besides the mammoth cotton-factories\\nthat are ever in motion. The population of the vUlage\\nincreases at a rapid rate.\\nPutnam has been remarkably fortunate in the high\\ncharacter and public-spuit of her leading business men,\\nwho have ever been read3- to aid in needful improvement,\\nand labor earnestl3- for the best good of the town. Five\\nschool buildings have been erected, a:;d an admirable\\nhigh school is in successful operation. The Putnam\\nPatriot, an enterprising weekl3- journal, was established\\nCounty Temperance Society, came to the rescue with a band of good\\ntemperance men from Aljington, and accomplished its descent without a\\nsingle drop of liquor.\\nt The mother of Gen. Lyon was the daughter of Lieut. Daniel\\nKnowlton.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0433.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nin 1872. The religious interests of Putnam have been\\ncarefull}- guarded. Baptist, Congregational and Method-\\nist churches, formed at an earlj daj-, are accommodated\\nwith convenient and even elegant houses of worship.\\nWiLLisiANTic. The village of Willimantic owes its\\ndevelopment to the establishment of cotton manufactories.\\nSoon after 1820 several manufacturing companies were\\nformed, and eligible pri-\\\\-ilcges secured bj- Eliode Island\\ncapitalists and residents of tlie vicinitj-. Half a dozen\\nwell-conducted cotton-factories were soon in operation,\\nand population quickly gathered around them. The site,\\nlike that of Putnam, formed the natural centre for a\\nnumber of prosperous towns, and business flowed to it\\nfrom a wide extent of countrj-. Baptist and Con-\\ngregational churches were organized and provided with\\nhouses of worship before 1830. In 1833, the west part\\nof Wintlham, on both sides of the Willimantic, was incor-\\nporated as a borough. Its stead}-, healthy growth has\\nbeen greatly quickened bj- the opening of the New Lon-\\ndon Northern and Hartford and Pro\\\\-idence railroads,\\nand still farther stimulated b}- the completion of the Air\\nLine route, making it a place of much business and im-\\nportance. Maintaining its connection with Windham,\\nbut reversing previous relations, it became in time the\\nhead of the mother town, administering the town govern-\\nment and probate office, and absorbing much of its busi-\\nness vitality. Its population has been drawn largely\\nfrom its inmiediate vicinity. The energy and public-\\nspirit of the citizens of Willimantic are attested by its\\nconvenient town building for the accommodation of\\npublic offices, its substantial school-houses, its numerous\\nand handsome church edifices, its finel}- graded streets\\nand costly bridges, its tasteful private residences, and\\ngeneral aspect of thrift and prosperity. Its various\\nmanufactories are carried on with much spirit. Its\\ncotton, woollen and linen goods are well known in mar-\\nket, and Willimantic tlu cad is sold throughout the civil-\\nized world. The Willimantic Journal, established in\\n18-18 by John Evans, has been sustained for over 30\\nj-ears, and has greatly aided the development of the vil-\\nlage.\\nDAinELSONViLLE also owes its origin to manufactui-es.\\nThe Danielsonville JNIanufacturing Company was the\\nsecond formed in Windham County, and the village dates\\nHampton s semi-centennial commemoration, July 4, 1826, was a very\\nmemorable occasion. Forty-two Revolutionary soldiers formed iu line\\nback to 1810. For many 3 oars its growth was limited j\\nto the demands of the factory, until the opening of the j\\nNorwich and Worcester Raih oad brought quickening\\ngrowth and expansion. From river to depot, and onward\\nto Westfield village, and east, west and south into the\\nsurrounding countr}-, it was soon built up with houses,\\nstores and public buildings. The three villages of West-\\nfield, Danielsonville and East Brooklj-n were united in\\n1850 in the borough of Danielsonville, and instituted\\nlocal government. It has gained steadily in business\\nand population, and is now a wide-awake and flourishing\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\-illage, its central position in the count} giving it addi-\\ntional influence and importance. The Windham\\nCount}- Transcript, established in 1848 under the skil-\\nful management of its present editor, J. Q. A. Stone, has\\ndone much in awakening county feeling, improving public\\nmorals, and stimulating growth and improvement in\\nevery direction.\\nThe remaining towns of Windham County are Chaplin,\\nso called from its first settler, Benjamin Chaplin, Jr.,\\nincorporated in 1822 Sterling, named for Dr. John\\nSterling, who presented a public library to the town\\nHampton,* incorporated in 1786, and Scotland, whose\\nfirst town meeting was held July 4, 1857.\\nThe most remarkable family reared in Scotland was\\nthat of Nathaniel Huntington. His sons, Enoch and\\nJoseph, received collegiate education, and became distin-\\nguished ministers. Jonathan, without scholastic educa-\\ntion, filled an honorable position as physician and\\npreacher. Samuel, during his apprenticeship at cooper-\\ning, studied law, and became an eminent lawyer, a signer\\nof the Declaration of Independence, president of the\\nContinental Congress, and governor of the State. He\\nmarried the daughter of the Rev. Ebenezer Devotion,\\nlong the respected pastor of the Scotland church\\nretained through life his affection for his early home, and\\nleft a bequest to the Scotland Society.\\nAnother noted son of Scotland was James L. Kings-\\nley, who filled for many years a professorship at Yalo\\nCollege.\\nHon. Chauncey F. Cleaveland of Hampton, an able\\njurist and statesman, has been very active and influential\\nin public life, and was for four years governor of the\\nState.\\nupon the Green, with the aged Abijah Fuller at their head, and marched\\nup and down the street to the tunes of 76.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0434.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "KHODE ISLAND.\\nRHODE ISLAND\\nBY HON. FRANCIS BRINLEY.\\nThe annals of Rhode Island present to the thoughtful I\\nreader, notwithstanding the circumscribed territory and\\nnecessarily limited population of the State, interesting\\nrevelations of deep piety, stern morality, political pre-\\nscience, liberal cVilture, glorious achievements on land and\\nsea and of successful progress in the various arts of\\ncivilized life.\\nIt is the smallest State in the Union, its area, exclu-\\nsive of Narraganset Bay, being but l,046Ta5- square\\nmiles. Its extreme length north and south is 47j miles,\\nand its greatest breadth east and west 40 miles. It is\\nbounded on the north and east by Massachusetts, south\\nbj the Atlantic Ocean, and west by Connecticut. Nar-\\nraganset Bay, which extends north from the Atlantic\\nOcean 30 miles, and is from 3 to 12 miles wide, di\\\\ ides\\nthe State into two unequal parts, which include five\\ncounties, Bristol, Kent, Newport, Pro^ idence and\\nWashington, containing 36 cities and towns. Accord-\\ning to the census of 1870, the total population of the\\nState was 217,363.\\nOn a certain vernal day of the planting season, in the\\nyear 1636, a frail shallop was cautiousl} groping its waj\\nalong on the still waters of the Seekonk. The prow\\nchafes a point of land between that river and an upper\\ninlet of Narraganset Bay, and Koger Williams and his\\nlive associates step on shore and repose from their toil\\non the enamelled margin of a refreshing spring. He\\ndevoutly honors his new and sequestered home in the\\nwilderness by the name of Providence or, in his own\\nwords, having a sense of God s providence to me in\\nmy distress, called the place Pro^^dence I desired it\\nmight be a shelter for persons in distress for conscience.\\nUnfortunately but little is known of the earlj life of\\nRoger Williams. A native of Wales, born in 1599,\\neducated at Cambridge, forced b3 the arrogance of Laud\\nand the arbitrary exactions of the Englisli Church to flee,\\nwith many others, to the wilderness of the New World,\\nonly to in-vite, in Massachusetts, the proscription and ban-\\nishment entailed upon him in his native land, he bctoolv\\nhimself to the region of Narraganset Bay, and, together\\nwith associates, became the founder of a, new State.\\nThese pioneers were soon joined bj others from Mas-\\nsachusetts. Through his influence with the sachems\\nCanonicus and Miantonomo, Williams obtained an ex-\\ntended grant of land between the Pawtucket and Paw-\\ntuxet rivers. He afterwards surrendered his title to his\\ncompanions and such others as were admitted into fel-\\nlowship with them.\\nThe doctrines promulgated by Mr. Williams were\\nexemplified in the form of government established in\\nProvidence, which was a pure and simple democracy.\\nThe compact agreed upon b} those political acol3-tes was\\nas remarkable as that executed on board the Maj\\nflower We whose names are hereunder (for so it\\nreads), desirous to inhabit in the town of Providence,\\ndo promise to subject ourselves in active or passive obedi-\\nence to all such orders or agreements as shall be made\\nfor the public good of the body, in an orderlj way, b^-\\nthe major assent of the present inhabitants, masters of\\nfamilies, and such others whom thej shall admit unto\\nthem, onli/ in civil things.\\nThis agreement or covenant limited the obUgation of\\nthe parties to the orders of the majority in cinl things\\nonly, allowing complete freedom of conscience in re-\\nligious concerns, a principle that may be traced, like\\na golden thread, running through all the historj of the\\nState.\\nThe Antinomian exiles from Boston were cordially\\nreceived at Providence bj Roger Williams, who ad\\\\-ised\\nthem to make their settlement on the island of Aquidneck\\nnear Rhode Island, as it was out of the limits of Plym-\\nouth and Massachusetts. Bj his influence with the\\nIndians he obtained for these fugitives a grant of that\\nisland, and others in the bay, from the sachems Mianto-\\nnomo and Canonicus.\\nThe first settlement on the island was at Pocasset,\\nnow Portsmouth, in 1637-8. At the head of the list of\\nthe nineteen of those who signed a compact at Provi-\\ndence, and others settled at Aquidneck, is the name of\\nWilliam Coddington. The title was in his name, but,\\nlike Roger Williams, he relinquished it by deed to the\\nother purchasers. Their compact was more of a reUg-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0435.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nious than of a political character, for the settlers were\\nstrict Puritans. It has been called a Church Cove-\\nnant, and undoubtedly they purposed to establish an\\nindependent Colony, a Christian State. They elected\\nWilliam Coddington judge and chief magistrate.\\nAs the settlement at Pocasset prospered, it was deter-\\nmined to make a move to the southern part of Aquid-\\nneck, and Newport was the place selected. Another\\nsettlement was made by a partj with Samuel Gorton in\\nAVarwick in 1642. They bought lands at Shawomet (its\\nIndian name), south of Pawtuxet, of the natives, and\\nconsidered themselves as constituting an independent\\ncommunitj-. But there was a want of security against\\nthe Indians, and against the apprehended aggression of\\nsurrounding Colonies.\\nThe colonists of New England, in order to efficientlj\\nprotect themselves from the hostile designs of the Indian\\ntnbes, united in a confederacy for that purpose, and arti-\\ncles of union were agreed upon in Boston on the 19th of\\nMa} 1643, bj commissioners from Plymouth, Massachu-\\nsetts Bay, Connecticut and New Haven. From this\\nUnion of the Colonies of New England Ehode Island\\nwas excluded for the alleged reason that she was without\\na charter. The increasing prosperitj of the Colonies at\\nProvidence and on Ehode Island, their exclusion from\\nthe confederacy, and the declaration of their enemies\\nthat thcj had no legal authoritj for civil government,\\nled the inhabitants to feel the great importance of obtain-\\ning a charter from the mother country.\\nFor this purpose Eoger Williams was appointed agent.\\nIn 1643 he embarked for England, and having success-\\nfully accompHshed the object of his mission, he retui-ned\\nto America and landed in Boston, Sept. 17, 1644, with\\nthe ro3-al patent for the incorporation of Providence\\nPlantations in the Narraganset Baj in New England,\\nwhich he secured through the ^id of the Earl of War-\\nwick, then chairman of a committee having charge of the\\nColonies. The charter is dated the 14th of March, 1644.\\nFor reasons not now full} understood, there was no organ-\\nization under this charter until Maj- 19, 1647 in which\\n3 ear the first General Assemblj of Rhode Island was\\nheld in Portsmouth. It was then provided that there\\nshould be a president and four assistants, to be annually\\nelected, to constitute the executive power, and a legisla-\\ntive body, to consist of six commissioners from each\\ntown. A code of laws was also adopted. There is the\\nsame expressive silence in the code in regard to religious\\nmatters as marked the charter, which provided that the\\nHe was bom in Lincolnshire, Eng. He came to America in 1630 as\\none of the magistrates of Massachusetts and became a rich merchant\\nin Boston, and possessed a large real estate in Braintree. An ardent\\nlaws, constitutions and punishments for the civil govern-\\nment of the said plantation be conformable to the laws\\nof England so far as the nature and constitution of that\\nplace will admit. This proviso conceded to the people\\nthe right of legislating for themselves and conferred sub-\\nstantial independence in the Colony. It referred only\\nto civil affairs, and was significantly silent as to those of\\na religious character. Freedom to worship God was left\\nimdisturbed.\\nThe code ends with these golden words These arc\\nthe laws which concern all men, and these are the prin-\\nciples for the transgression thereof bj common consent\\nare ratified and established through the whole Colony,\\nand otherwise than this which is herein forbidden all men\\nmay walk as their consciences persuade them, every one\\nin the name of his God. And let all the saints of the\\n]\\\\Iost High, walk in this Colonj without molestation in\\nthe name of Jehovah their God forever and ever.\\nSome uneasiness had prevailed in the Colon}- in con-\\nsequence of the course of Wilham Coddington, the\\nfounder of the settlement at the south of Rhode Island.*\\nIn March, 1639-40 there was a General Court of elec-\\ntion held at Newport, when it was agreed that Newport\\nand Portsmouth should be constituted one government,\\nand an election resulted in the choice of Coddington as\\ngovernor, the title of the chief magistrate having before\\nthat been judge. As he was an ardent RoyaHst he went\\nto England and obtained a commission as governor of\\nAquidneck, which was thus separated from the rest of\\nthe towns under a new charter, and he was authorized to\\ngovern the islands of Rhode Island and Connecticut for\\nlife. Great discontent was soon manifested, and John\\nClarke and Roger Williams were sent to England in\\norder to obtain a revocation of the powers granted to\\nCoddington, and a confirmation of their charter. After\\nlong dela} they accomplished the object of their mission.\\nCoddington then gave up all concern in public affairs\\nj et he must have retained the regard of the people, in con-\\nsideration of his earnest convictions and the great mate-\\nrial interests he had sacrificed in behalf of the cause of\\nsoul-liberty, for he was subsequently called to the position\\nof governor. He died Nov. 1, 1678, at the age of 78.\\nEoger Williams made every effort to unite the several\\ntowns, as contemplated by the order of the Council of\\nState, and was so far successful that the towns appointed\\ncommissioners, who met on the 31st of August, 1654,\\nand articles of union were agreed upon under the exist-\\ning charter.\\nadvocate of the views of Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, and hence at variance\\nwith the governor of Massachusetts and his supporters, he joined the\\nemigrants to Rhode Island, to which ho removed April 26, 1638.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0436.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nAt the first general election held on the following Sep-\\ntember at Warwick, Roger Williams was chosen presi-\\ndent of the Colonj and he at once sought to prevent\\nhostilities between the Indians and the colonists. He\\nretired from the presidency in May, 1658, but such was\\nthe high esteem in which he was held, that he was\\nrepeatedlj chosen to fill other high offices. He died in\\n1G83 at the age of 78, and was buried with great solem-\\nnity on his own land, in a retired spot of his selection.\\nA fitting memorial to the founder of the State may be\\nfound in the words of Dean Stanlej contained in his\\naddress of Dec. 16, 1878, before the Birmingham and\\nMilford Institute, on the aspects of American life. He\\nsaid Look at that singular eccentric enthusiast, Roger\\nWilliams, who found the bonds which the new Colony\\nendeavored to lay upon him, not less odious than those\\nwhich caused those Colonies themselves to leave their\\nnative eountrj and himself wandering over wooded hill\\nand valley, or threading his way in solitary canoe till he\\nreached a point where he could at peace erect the banner\\nof religious toleration, and to which, in grateful acknowl-\\nedgment of the grace of God which had smiled on him\\nthus far, he gave the name still immortalized in the State\\nthat sprang from his exertions, Providence.\\nIn the year 1C60, Charles II. was reinstated on the\\nthrone this restoration convinced the colonists that\\nhe would not recognize the acts of the Long Parlia-\\nment, and that their rights and liberties under the\\nParliamentary Patent were insecure. In this emergency\\nthey appointed the estimable and indefatigable John\\nClarke as their agent in England, with full power to look\\nafter and guard their interests. They directed him to\\nplead their cause in such sort as they might not be com-\\npelled to exercise any civil power over men s consciences.\\nWe do judge it, said they, no less than a point of\\nabsolute cruelty.\\nTheir petition to Charles II. contained this loftj\\naspiration: It is much in our hearts to hold forth a\\nlively experiment, that a most flourishing ci^^l state maj-\\nstand, and best be maintained with a full libert}^ of\\nreligious concernments. The coveted charter was ob-\\ntained July 8, 1663. Under its beneficent influence, for\\nnearly 200 j ears Rhode Island exhibited the model of a\\nfree, prosperous and happy Commonwealth. It enun-\\nciated this great doctrine No person within the said\\nColony shall be in any wise molested, punished, or called\\nin question, for any difl erences in opinion in matters of\\nreligion, who do not actually disturb the peace of our\\nsaid Colony but that all and every person, and persons,\\nmaj from time to time, and at all times hereafter, freely\\nand fully have and enjoy his own and their judgments\\nand consciences, in matters of religious concernments,\\nthroughout the tract of land hereafter mentioned, they\\nbehaving peacefully and quietly, and not using this liberty\\nto licentiousness, nor to the civil Injury or outward dis-\\nturbance of others.\\nThis gracious charter was formally received in New-\\nport with intense satisfaction, and the people passed\\na vote of thanks for the high and inestimable, yea,\\nincomparable grace and favor of His Jlajesty the King.\\nThe freedom granted by the charter was repeatedly\\nasserted bj acts of legislation. Thus, at the regular May\\nsession of the first General Assembly in 1664, it was\\nenacted, that no person should at any time tliereafter, be\\nany ways called in question for any diflTerence of opinion\\nin matters of religion. Again, in May, 1665, it was\\ndeclared that liberty to all persons, as to worship of God,\\nhad been a principle maintained in the Colon} from the\\nvery beginning thereof, and it was much in their hearts\\nto obsen e the liberty forever.\\nThere was reasonable harmony under this royal charter\\nuntil the Colonies were subjected to a pro-\\\\ incial govern-\\nment, by the revocation of the charters of all the New\\nEngland Colonies by the bigoted King James. Rhode\\nIsland, following the independent example of Massachu-\\nsetts, arrested Chief Justice Dudle} at Narraganset, and\\ncaused him to be imprisoned. Measures were taken at\\nNewport for a government under the old charter. Soon\\nafter the accession of William and Mary to the throne,\\nthe General Assembly met, the charter was read, and an\\nelection of officers took place. Rhode Island from that\\ntime steadilj- advanced in prosperity until the occurrence\\nof events which roused the spirit of resistance, and\\nresulted in the American Revolution.\\nIt appears on investigation that so earl} as the May\\nsession of the General Assembly in 1776, an act was\\npassed to repeal an act, the more effectually securing to\\nHis Majesty the allegiance of his subjects in this Colony,\\nand for altering the forms of commissions, writs, and of\\noaths prescribed bj law an act which was considered to\\nliave severed the connection between Rhode Island and\\nthe Crown. The delegates appointed at this session to\\nattend the Congress united with the delegates of the other\\nColonies in the Declaration of Independence. Their\\naction was approved by the General Assembly on the\\n18th of July, 1776, when it was resolved that it approved\\nthe resolutions of Congress declaring the States to be\\nfree and independent, and that they would support Con-\\ngress with their lives and fortunes. It might have been\\nfairlj expected that a Colony with such antecedents, and\\nof such meagre limits as Rhode Island, would be content\\nwith its allotment, and expend little sympathy for other", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0437.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nEnglish Colonics, whether near or remote, in their dis-\\nputes with the home government. Khode Island, how-\\never, manifested no such selfish disposition. The docu-\\nmentary e^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2idence is abundant to the effect that in no\\nColony, however noted for intelligence, patriotism, or\\npower, was a more patriotic spirit displayed, or a keener\\nappreciation entertained of the chartered rights of the\\npeople, and the multiplied aggressions of England\\naggressions which Ehodc Island was among the first to\\nperceive, and was earnest to denounce and oppose.\\nThe militar} historj- of Rhode Island during the Revo-\\nlutionary war is of profound interest, and will not pale in\\ncomparison with the record of any sister State. The\\nnative State of Greene may well be proud of the ofHcers,\\nsoldiers and sailors she furnished to secure the independ-\\nence of the Colonies, differing in climate, population,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0wealth and industrial pursuits, but united by the bonds of\\ncommon sufferings and common political interests dis-\\ntinct as the billows, but one as the sea.\\nRhode Island, after much deUberation, her protracted\\ndelay growing in some measure out of pronounced dis-\\nsatisfaction with some of its features, finally adopted the\\nFederal Constitution in 1790. Under the old royal\\ncharter, the people of Rhode Island had been generally\\nunited and contented, as they had also been enterprising\\nand prosperous. Their harmonj however, was some-\\nwhat interrupted by unsuccessful attempts to overtlirow\\nthe charter, and to substitute a form of constitution to be\\nestablished by the popular vote. These efforts for\\nreform led to what is known as the Dorr rebellion, which,\\nfortunately, was bloodless, but which was the means of\\nobtaining the present constitution, similar in its essential\\nfeatures to those of the other States.\\nUnder the charter in force at the breaking out of the\\nRevolution, the right of suffrage was restricted to the\\nowners of freehold worth \u00c2\u00a340, or $134, or renting for\\n40s., or $7 a year, and to their eldest sons. In process\\nof time this property qualification caused much dissatis-\\nfaction. Various attempts to obtain reform from the\\nlegislature ha-^nng failed, suffrage associations were\\norganized in the latter part of 1840 and the earlj- part of\\n1841, which, at a mass meeting held at Providence\\non July 5 of the latter year, authorized their State com-\\nmittee to call a convention to frame a constitution.\\nDelegates were elected on August 28, and on October 4\\nthe convention assembled at Pro^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2idence. A constitution\\nwas framed and submitted to the people on December 27,\\n28 and 29. when, it was asserted, about 14,000 votes\\nwere cast for its adoption, being a majority of the adult\\nmale citizens of the State, being a majority also, it is\\nbeheved, of those entitled to vote under the charter. An\\nelection for State officers under this constitution was held\\non April 18, 1842, when Thomas Wilson Dorr, the most\\nprominent leader in the movement, was chosen governor.\\nAttempting to organize his government and seize the\\nreins of power, he was successfullj- resisted by the legal\\nState government, arrested for high treason, and sen-\\ntenced in 1844 to imprisonment for life, though he was\\nsubsequently (1847) released under an act of general\\namnesty, and, finally (1851), restored to his civil and\\npolitical rights. In the meantime the legislature, on\\nFeb. 6, 1841, called a convention to frame a new consti-\\ntution. The delegates were elected in August, and in\\nFebruarj-, 1842, thej agreed upon a constitution, which,\\nhowever, was rejected b}- the people. In June, 1842, the\\nlegislature called another convention, which, November 5,\\nagreed upon the present constitution, which was ratified\\nby the people almost unanimously. It went into effect on\\nthe first Tuesday of IMay, 1843.\\nThe soil of the State cannot be claimed as of general\\nfertility. Its agricultural interests, though not unimpor-\\ntant, are inconsiderable, if compared with the more\\nextensive and luxuriant of the larger States. The soil is\\nof different qualities, and not of equal and easy cultiva-\\ntion. On the main land it is tolerably productive, par-\\nticularly as to fruits, plants and vegetables which can\\nresist the retarding and destroying effects of a saline\\natmosphere. The railroad facilities which have been\\ncreated, give ready access to almost all parts of the\\nState, while its steamship accommodations are admirable.\\nAlthough, for various reasons, there was the want of a\\nsystem of public education in the Colony, which lasted\\nfor manj- years, it is a noticeable fact that Newport can\\nclaim the merit of having established the earliest public\\nschool in New England.\\nIt required the exercise of not a little self-denial to\\nclose this rapid sketch of our State, without at least an\\nattempt to describe the beauty of the scenery, both\\ninland and on its coast, its health-gi^-ing isles its trans-\\nlucent ponds its sparkling streams, dotted with thrifty\\nvillages, and utihzed bj- manufacturing establishments of\\nimmense value, as also, without recording the names\\nof some of her illustrious sons, forming, truly, a brilliant\\nintellectual constellation, which will never cease to fling\\nits undiminished lustre on the page of Rhode Island\\nliistory.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0438.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nBRISTOL COUNTY.\\nBY REV. JAMES P. LANE.\\nThe charter of Rhode Island, granted by Charles II.\\nthe 8th of July, J.GG3, included the territory extending\\ncastwardly three English miles to the east, and north-\\neast of the most eastern and north-eastern parts of tlie\\nNarraganset Baj as said Bay extendeth itself from the\\nocean on the south unto the mouth of the river -which\\nrunneth to^^ards the town of Providence. But Plj m-\\nouth Colony, hy right of purchase from the Indians, and\\nof conquest in King Philip s war, as well as b} her\\ncharter from the English government, claimed, and had\\nexercised, jurisdiction over this territory, and continued\\nto do so, notwithstanding the charter from King Charles,\\nuntil her union with Massachusetts Colony in 1G91 and\\nI\\\\Iassaehusetts Colony continued to exercise the govern-\\nment until the boundary question was settled in 174G.\\nThe right of Plymouth and of Massachusetts to this\\njurisdiction was contested b} Rhode Island. A royal\\ncommission, to whom the matter was referred soon after\\nthe granting of the Rhode Island charter, confirmed the\\nright of Plj-mouth under her patent, but subject to the\\nwill of the king. Awaiting decision b} the king, tacit\\nconsent was given hj both parties to the judgment of the\\ncommission. No attempt was made to reverse this\\njudgment until 1 740, when roj-al letters-patent were issued\\nto fifteen gentlemen, five from each of the Provinces of\\nNew York, New Jersey and Nova Scotia, any five of\\nwhom should be a quorum, to sit and determine the ques-\\ntion in dispute. Either party could appeal within three\\nmonths after judgment issued but if no such appeal was\\nthen taken, the decision confirmed b}- the king should be\\nfinal. All expenses to be equally divided between the\\nlitigants.\\nThe commission met at Providence the 7th of April,\\n1741. The judgment finally rendered was in accord with\\nthe Rhode Island charter, but interpreted as favorablj as\\npossible for the Massachusetts interest. It defined Nar-\\nragansct Bay to end at Bullock s Point. It gave to\\nRhode Island all the land within three miles of the shore\\nsouth and east of a line measured three miles north-east\\nfrom Bullock s Point, and designated five places to the\\nsouth and east whence the three-mile lines were to be\\nrun, to define this eastern boundary. From the south-\\nwest corner of Bullock s Neck to Pawtucket Falls, high-\\nwater mark was to be the dividing line, and thence a due\\nnorth line to the established southern line of Massachu-\\nsetts was to comjolete the boundary.\\nThis decision was not satisfactory to either party.\\nMassachusetts objected to it in toto. Rhode Island\\naccepted the territory assigned, but objected that a\\nsmaller territory and a more complicated line was given\\nthan was just. Both parties appealed. At length, after\\nrepeated hearings and re-openings of the case continued\\nthrough several years, the judgment of the commission\\nwas confirmed by royal decree the 28th of May, 1746,\\nRhode Island took measures at once to organize this\\nlarge accession of territory. A committee was appointed\\nb} the Assembly to act with a committee to be appointed\\nb} Massachusetts, to run the boundary lino. Massachu-\\nsetts would do nothing about it. The Rhode Island com-\\nmittee, therefore, ex parte completed the survey, and\\nreported to the Assembly in session in January, 1746-47.\\nThe report was accepted, and five towns were incorpo-\\nrated viz., Cumberland, Warren, Bristol, Tiverton and\\nLittle Compton. The laws of the Colony were extended\\nover these towns, and a justice was appointed for each.\\nLand-titles were confirmed, and the Massachusetts stat-\\nute of distributions upon estates yet unsettled was legal-\\nized. Elections necessary to perfect the town organiza-\\ntions were soon after held, and the Assembly met in\\nextra session to arrange the county jurisdiction. Two\\ndeputies from each town were present. Tiverton and\\nLittle Compton were annexed to Newport Countj Cum-\\nberland was annexed to Providence County. Warren\\n(including the present town of Barrington) and Bristol\\nwere organized as a new county called Bristol, with\\nBristol as the shire town. The judiciary was made a\\nco-ordinate branch of the government the Superior\\nCourt to sit twice a year in each county, and an Inferior\\nCourt of Common Pleas and a Justice Court, such as\\nexisted in each of the other counties, to be established\\nin Bristol County.\\nThe territory embraced in Bristol County was origi-\\nnally part of the possession of the powerful tribe of\\nWampanoags, whose dominion extended from Cape Cod", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0439.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\non tlie east, to the NaiTaganset Bay on the west and\\nthe Atlantic Ocean on the south, to the southern boundaiT\\nof the tribe of Massachusetts, who occupied the territor}-\\nto the south and west of Boston. This tcrritorj-, together\\nwith parts of Swansea, Ruhoboth, Seekonlc and East\\nProvidence, was called Pokanoket. It was the rojal\\nseat of the chiefs of the tribe, and tlie most denselj-\\njiopulated of their dominion. The name Pokanoket was\\nalso sometimes applied to the entire countrj of the\\nAVampanoags, and, from tliis fact, was often used as a\\nsynonjm for the name of tlie tribe. In the Pljmouth\\nrecords reference is often thus made to the Pokanokets\\nor Wampanoags. The name was also used to designate\\nthe principal village or capital, also known as Sowams\\nor Sowamsct, on the site of the present village of War-\\nren. Here, in 1G20, when the Pilgrims landed at Plym-\\nouih, the great sachem of the tribe, Ousamequin, better\\nknown as Massasoit had his royal residence. The exact\\nspot of his dwelling is identified within a few yards of\\nthe running stream which still bears his name.\\nThe Wampanoags, under Massasoit, numbered about\\n3,000 warriors, and wore divided into several minor tribes\\nor villages, each under the rule of a pettj sachem. When\\nnot in conflict with other tribes, the3 were employed in\\nhunting and trapping in the forests, fowling and tishing\\nin the streams and bay, and raising corn and vegetables\\nalong their fertile banks. The evidences which exist to\\ndetermine the sites of their principal villages and camp-\\ning-places, are numerous. They are marked by their\\nnearness to the centres where tish and fowl congregated,\\nand by heaijs of shells taken from the rivers. The\\nburial-grounds of the lesser tribes were near their vil-\\nlages. Their implements of husbandly and domestic\\nlife, of war and of the chase, of fowling and of fishing,\\nin the form of stone or iron, have been found in various\\nlocalities, and the farmer s ploughshare often unwittingly\\ndisturbs the resting-place of the first proprietors of the\\nsoil. At Mattapo3-set, Towesit, Montop, Kickemuit and\\nSowams, vast quantities of oyster, clam and quahaug\\nshells, either in heaps or scattered throughout the soil,\\nnot only mark their homes, but indicate the antiquity of\\nthese favorite resorts.\\nAMien the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in 1G20, thej\\nfound a deserted country. It was not until four daj s after\\nthey had been on shore that they saw any living person,\\nand there wore evidences that there had been great mor-\\ntality. For three months they saw only occasionally a\\nfew straggling Indians, who seemed to fear and avoid\\nIn 1605 this Squanto had been taken by Capt. George Weymouth\\nand carried to England, where he remained several years, and became\\nquite familiar with the Englii h language. lie claimed to be a native of\\nthem. But, on the ICth of March, one came boldly\\nadvancing to their rendezvous, and cried out, AVelcome\\nEnglishmen welcome Englishmen He was tall,\\nstraight, and of commanding mien. His face was\\nsmooth, but his jet-black hair hung down from his head\\nbehind in wavy tresses. His onl} clothing was a leathern\\ngirdle about a span long. In his hand he held his bow\\nwith two arrows, the one headed, the other unhcaded.\\nHe was received with hospitulitv. A Norseman s coat\\nwas tkrown around him, and a simple meal of biscuit and\\nbutter and cheese and a piece of a mallard was set before\\nhim, of wliich he partook with evident Satisfaction.\\nHe had learned some broken English amongst the\\nEnglishmen that came to fish at Monhiggon, and knew\\nbj name most of the captains, commanders and masters\\nthat came there. He was ready to talk, and the Pilgrims\\nwere pleased to hear him. He informed them that the\\nname of that place was Patuxet that the people who\\nonce occupied it and the adjacent countr} were all swept\\noff by a great plague four j-ears before, the ravages of\\nwhich were so great that there was neither man, woman\\nnor child remaining that he did not belong there, but to\\na country Ijiug hence a day s sail b^- agreat wind, and\\nfive days journej^ by land. lie told them of the whole\\ncountiy of the vaiious tribes and their sagamores, of\\nwhich he was himself one, and of their numbers and\\nstrength, but especially of the chief sachem, Massasoit,\\nwhose lands none could claim nor rightfully molest. Ha\\ncontinued his discourse until night-fall. He lodged in\\nthe house of one of them, and was dismissed the next\\ndaj with the request that he should come again with\\nsome of Jiassasoit s men, and bring beaver-skins for\\ntraflic. This Indian sagamore was Samoset, the strong\\nfriend and ally of Massasoit.\\nThe next daj- he returned with five other men. Every\\nman had a deer-skin on him, and most of them had also\\na wild-cat s skin on one arm. But, as it was Sunday,\\nthe Pilgrims did not care to trade with them, but told\\nthem to bring more another day, and they would truck\\nfor all. Setting before them food, they partook of it\\n%erv fully, and all left except Samoset, who stayed two\\nor three dajs longer. On his departure they gave him a\\nhat, a pair of stockings and shoes, a shirt, and a piece\\nof cloth to tie al)out his waist.\\nOn tlie 22d of March Samoset came again, bringing\\nwith him an Indian called Squanto.* They brought a\\nfew skins with them for traffic also some red herrings,\\nnewly taken and dried, but not salted. It is said, that\\nPatuxet, and the only one whom the plague of 1617 had spared, and\\nhis escape was owing to the fact that he was at that time absent from\\nthe country.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0440.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nat that time the herring so largelj- abounded, that, in its\\npassage from the sea to the still waters of the lakes and\\nponds, the Intervening small streams were choked by\\nthem, and that the Indians annually caught large quanti-\\nties, taking the fish from the water with their hands with-\\nout the aid of nets or weirs. Those not used for food\\nwere used to enrich their planting-grounds, appljing one\\nherring to each hill of growing corn.\\nThey reported that Massasoit, with his brother, Quada-\\nquin, and a company of men, were near at hand and,\\nwithin an hour, thej appeared on the top of a hill in\\nsight of the Pilgrims, the royal persons having a\\nretinue of sixtj warriors. They were received with\\nfriendly salutations, and refreshments were set before the\\ngreat sachem and his immediate attendants, while the\\nothers still remained at the top of the hill. After a\\nparlej-, conducted with considerable cei eraon} and dig-\\nnit^-, a treat} was ratified which stipulated that neither\\nMassasoit nor any of his people should do hurt to the\\nEnglish and if the}- did, they should be given up to be\\npunished bj- them and that if the English did any harm\\nto him or an}- of his people, they would do the like to\\nthem. That if any did unjustly war against Massasoit,\\nthe English would aid him, and he would do the same in\\nhis turn.\\nMassasoit was greatly pleased with this treaty, and it\\nwas applauded by his followers, he verbally adding that\\nhe was content to become the subject of our sovereign\\nlord the king, his heirs and successors, and gave unto\\nthem all the lands adjacent to them and their heirs for-\\never. After this treaty was ratified, Massasoit and his\\ncompany returned home. Subsequently he was duly\\nvisited by the authorities at Plymouth.*\\nThe way opened by the interchange of visits between\\nMassasoit and the men of Plymouth became in time a well-\\nbeaten path. The products of the chase and Indian corn\\nwere exchanged for the implements of civilization used in\\nhusbandry and in hunting. Friendly relations continued\\nwithout interruption for many years, and were alike bene-\\nficial to the Wampanoags and the settlers of Plymouth.\\nThis was not the first visit m.-ulo to this chieftain hy white people.\\nIn the month of May, 1G19, Capt. Thomas Dcnucr came to Patuxet,\\nwhen he alt-o had the kind offices of Squanto, whom he calls his savage.\\nt In 1623 Massasoit was very sicli, and sent a messenger to Plymouth\\nfur help. Mr. Winslow was despatched at once with some medicines\\nand cordials. Hobbamock attended Winslow as interpreter, and an\\nEnglish gentleman from London, spending the winter at Plymouth,\\ndesiring much to see the Indian country, also accompanied them.\\nArriving near to Mattapoyset they were told that JIassasoit was dead,\\nand buried that day. This report was shortly after contradicted, and\\nthey pushed on to Sowamset. They found him alive, surrounded by\\nnumerous friends greatly excited and alarmed. Massasoit was glad to\\nSCO the men from Plymouth, who assured him of their sympathy and\\nSquanto proved to be of great service to the Pilgrim\\nColony, but he lived only about two years, dying at\\nManamoyk, now Chatham, of a fever, in December,\\n1G22. Just before his death he desired the governor to\\npray for him, that he might go to the Englishman s\\nGod. He also bequeathed his things to sundry of his\\nEnglish friends as remembrances of his love.\\nHobbamock, one of Massasoit s sub-chiefs, was an-\\nother great friend to the English. About the end of July,\\n1621 he went to Plymouth, where he was so much pleased\\nwith the white people, and they in turn were so much\\npleased with him, that a mutual friendship sprimg up that\\ncontinued as long as he lived. He soon went to Plym-\\nouth, and continued to reside there until his death.\\nThe friendship of Massasoit was confirmed by subse-\\nquent acts of kindness on the part of the English, f\\nIn 1632 the Narraganscts, under their chief Canoni-\\ncus, waged war against the Wampanoags but the Eng-\\nlish joining forces with Massasoit, he was victorious,\\nand the war ended in a short time with but little blood-\\nshed. Massasoit deemed it fitting to commemorate the\\nevent by changing his name, as it was a custom among\\nsavages to commemorate important events in this way.\\nFrom this time he took the name of Ousamequin.\\nOf the year of Massasoit s death we are not certainly\\ninformed. It probably occurred in 1661 or 62, when his\\nage exceeded fourscore years. He never swerved from\\nhis friendship to the English, and during all his life\\nremained true to the terms of the treaty ratified at Plym-\\nouth on the 22d of March, 1621 He was a remarkable\\nman. He possessed an intrinsic dignity and eneigy of\\ncharacter which gave him unbounded influence over his\\nsubjects and inferior sachems. The native qualities of\\nhis intellect and his heart were so commanding and so\\npeaceful that he gained the loyalty, controlled the extrav-\\nagant passions and secured the personal confidence of\\nhis subjects, and for nearly half a century preserved\\npeace and harmony between them and our fathers. He\\nwas highly valued and much respected by his English\\nneighbors, and greatly beloved by his own people.\\nsorrow for his distress. They administered to him medicine and cor-\\ndials and he soon began to revive. At length he recovered and expressed\\nhis gratitude in these words Now I sec the English arc my friends\\nand love mc and whilst I live I will never forget this kindness they\\nhave shown mc.\\nThe veneration in which he was held found expression in the lament\\nof Hobliamock when it was falsely reported that he was dead My\\nloving S.ichem many have I known, but never any like thee. While\\nyou live you will not meet the like of Massasoit among the Indians,\\nlie was no liar, nor bloody nor cruel like others of his race. In anger\\nand passion ho was soon reclaimed. Ho was easy to be reconciled\\ntoward such as had offended him. His reason was always open and he\\ngoverned his people better with few blows than others did with many.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0441.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\n]\\\\Iassasoit had two sons and one daughter, and prob-\\nably other children of whom we have no definite account.\\nThe name of the elder son was Wamsutta, and of the\\nother Motacom, or Pometacom.\\nWamsutta succeeded his father as grand sachem of\\nthe Wampanoags, and soon after, by his request, re-\\nceived from the English at Plymouth the name Alexan-\\nder, which he retained till his death. About the year\\n1G53, Weetamoe, the squaw sachem of Pocasset, be-\\ncame his wife. He lived but a short time after he\\nbecame chief sachem, his death occurring the same year.\\nHe always professed friendship for the English, although\\nhe was suspected of plotting with the Narragansets\\nagainst them.\\nPometacom, -who had received at Ph-mouth the name\\nPhilip, succeeded his brother as chief sachem. Like his\\nbrother, he at first professed great friendship for the\\nEnglish, and made to them numerous sales of land,\\nwhich thej occupied unmolested. This policy continued\\nuntil the territory of the Wampanoags was limited to\\nthe lands about Mount Hope, embraced in the town of\\nBristol as that township was first incorfjoratcd. The\\nroyal seat of King Pliilip was at the base of Mount Hope\\nfronting the bay, near a Imng spring of water which still\\nbears his name.\\nPhilip was killed near Mount Hope the 1 2th of August,\\n167G.*\\nIn dealing with the Indians the Plj-mouth Colony\\nacknowledged them to be the rightful proprietors of the\\nsoil, and, prior to King Philip s war, took no possession\\nexcept by honorable purchase. Gov. Winslow, writing\\nin May, 1676, said: I think I can clearly saj that\\nbefore these present troubles broke out the English did\\nnot possess one foot of land in the Colonj- but what was\\nfairly obtained by honest purchase of the Indian pro-\\nprietors nay, because some of our people are of a covet-\\nous disposition and the Indians in their straits are easilj\\nprevailed with to part with their lands, we first made a\\nlaw that none should purchase or receive by gift any\\nland of the Indians without the knowledge and allowance\\nof the Court.\\nIn 1641, the Rev. Samuel Newman and his associates\\npurchased of Massasoit a tract of land about ten miles\\nNever, perhaps, says Dr. Fowler in his history of Fall River, did\\nthe fall of a wanior or a prince afford mere scope for solid reflection.\\nPhilip was certainly a man of great powers of mind, and his death in\\nretrospect makes different impressions from what were made at the time\\nof the event. It was then considered as the extinction of a virulent and\\nimplacable enemy it is now viewed asthcfallof a great warrior, a pene-\\ntrating statesman, a mighty prince. It then excited universal joy and\\ncongratulation as a prelude to the close of a merciless war; it now\\nawakens sober reflection on the instability of empke, the destiny of the\\nsquare embraced in the present towns of Rehoboth,\\nSeekonk, East Providence and Pawtucket which was\\nconfirmed to them bj- the Ph-mouth Court in 1044, and\\nthey were constituted a town b}- the name of Rehoboth,\\na name taken from the Scriptures and selected bj Mr.\\nNewman. At different times inhabitants of Rehoboth\\nmade purchases of land contiguous to their town, and by\\nact of Ph-mouth, the town government was extended\\nover them. Subsequentlj-, from these various purchases\\nother towns were partitioned oft\\nIn 1645, John Browne, Sr., a prominent man in Reho-\\nboth, who, with his son James Browne, had come into\\nthis plantation, purchased of the Indians for \u00c2\u00a315 ster-\\nling the north-western part of Barrington Neck, called\\nWannamoiset.\\n1053, William Bradford, Thomas Prince, Edward\\nWinslow, Miles Standish and others of Ph-mouth Colon}-,\\npurchased of the Indians Sowams and Parts Adjacent,\\nwhich embraced Barrington Neck, called by the Indians\\nPopanomscut, being the south-eastern part, and all the\\nmeadows around the various and several shores of Bris-\\ntol, WaiTcn and New Meadow Neck. This territorj-\\nwas conve^-ed to the proprietors b}^ Massasoit, who was\\nthen known as Ousamequin, and his son Wamsutta,\\nafterwards known by the name Alexander, in a deed still\\npreserved on record. The consideration named in this\\ndeed is \u00c2\u00a335 sterling. The deed is dated 29th March,\\n1653, and is witnessed by John Browne, James Browne\\nand Richard Garrett. It is supposed to be the last deed\\nwhich Massasoit ever signed.\\nThe lands thus jjurchased were divided into shares,\\nand to each share was assigned a portion of upland,\\nboth timbered and cleared. Each share embraced two\\nlots of about 80 acres each. The meadow lands adjoin-\\ning the creeks and rivers were divided into lots of ten\\nacres each, as far as could be. In some cases the lot\\nwas in two localities, in order that an equal qnahty as\\nwell as quantity might be embraced. Certain lands\\nwere set apart for the Minister and the School\\nTeacher, and the remaining patches of iindinded lands,\\nl_nng in parcels of a few acres each in different localities,\\nwere called Common lots, subject at an}- time to the\\ndisposal of a majority of the proprietors, and the pro-\\naboriginal race and the inscrutable decrees of Heaven. The patriotism\\nof the man was then overlooked in the cruelty of the savage, and httle\\nallowance was made for the natural jealousy of the prince, on account\\nof the barbarities of the warrior. Philip, in the progress of the Eng-\\nlish settlements, foresaw the loss of his territory and the extinction of\\nhis race, and he made one mighty effort to prevent the catastrophe.\\nHad his resources been equal to those of his opponents, their ruin would\\nhave been entire. This exterminating war would perhaps never have\\nbeen knoivn to succeeding ages of civilized man.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0442.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\ncecds to be for their common benefit. Fences were\\nerected around the lots of individual proprietors, each\\nproprietor being required to fence the one end of his lots,\\nand thus secure the enclosure of the whole plantation.\\nA common fence was thus erected as a boundary between\\nthis and the Eehoboth settlements also across Mount\\nHope Neck adjoining the lands still in possession of the\\nIndians. Public roads were laid out for the convenience\\nof the general travel, varj-ing in widtli from two to eight\\nrods also, bj -waj s somewhat narrower for private\\nadvantage.\\nThe original proprietors of these lands resided at\\nPlymouth and the neighboring towns, and usually met at\\nPlymouth to transact business relating to the di%ision\\nand settlement of the territory. The liberal inducements\\noffered led a number of persons to purchase and settle\\nhere.\\nThe treaties of the Indian chiefs Massasoit, Alexander\\nand Philip with the Plymouth Colony, secured to them\\ntheir rights to the land unless parted with by honorable\\npurchase, but recognized the jurisdiction of the Colony\\nunder the English crown over the entire territory. In\\n1669, the Plj mouth Court granted 100 acres within the\\npresent hmits of Bristol to Mr. John Gorham, if it can\\nbe piu chased of the Indians, and the remainder to the\\ntown of Swanzea for the promoting of a way of trade\\nin this CoUonie. On the first of July, 1672, Mr. Con-\\nstant Southworth, Mr. James Browne and Jlr. John Gor-\\nham were appointed b} the Court to purchase a certain\\np cell of land of the Indians granted bj the Court to the\\nsaid John Gorum lying att Pappasquash Neck. After\\nthe close of Philip s war, on the l.jth of July, 1677, the\\nCourt ratified, established and confirmed the aforesaid\\none hundred acres of land to John Gorum s heirs and\\nsuccessors forever. This land was north of the North\\nCemetery of Bristol, between the Necli Road and the\\nBaj and remained in the Gorham name and famOy for\\nseveral generations, down to a quite recent date.\\nIn 1 680, the Plymouth Colonj- granted to John Walle}-,\\nNathaniel Oliver, Nathaniel Bjiield and Stephen Burton,\\nfour merchants of Boston, for \u00c2\u00a31,100, all that portion of\\nterritory not previously sold, included in the original\\ntownship of Bristol. The whole of Pl3-moutli Colony was\\nthen settled except this territorj-, which was the last spot\\nleft uncovered in the western m.irch of English popula-\\ntion. Mr. Oliver sold his share of this purchase to\\nNathan IlajTnan, another merchant of Boston.\\nThese gentlemen obtained from the Colony special\\nprivileges and made liberal provisions for the settlement\\nof the plantation. Among the fonner were exemption\\nfrom all Colon} taxes for the term of seven years the\\nprivilege of sending deputies at once as other towns,\\naccording to the number of freemen a Commissioners\\nCourt to try and determine all actions and causes under\\nten pounds, with liberty to appeal to the Court of\\nPlymouth also, when sixty families were settled, the\\norganization of a new county, with this as the county or\\nshii e town. Among the latter were the laying out of\\nbroad and regular streets, crossing at right angles and\\nfoi-ming large squares on street frontings, with building\\nor home lots of convenient size on them the dona-\\ntion of large tracts of land for the support of the min-\\nistr}- and schools the reservation of a large and beauti-\\nful square in the central part of the town for a Common\\nor public training-ground and the donation of 600\\nacres for the common improvement of the settlers and\\ndesignated as The Commonage. The proprietors\\nretained for themselves, each one-eighth part of the\\noriginal purchase, and, with the above donations, put the\\nbalance into the market for sale at reasonable prices.\\nThe liberal inducements offered soon drew a number of\\nfamilies here, chieflj from Boston, where the proprietors\\nresided, and from Pljmouth Colony. The proprietors\\nthemselves also settled here with their famihes, and\\ncloselj identified themselves with all the interests of the\\nplantation.\\nThe towns of tills countj as already stated, were not\\noriginally embraced in the colony of Roger Williams,\\nbut of Plj-moutli.\\nBarrington and Warren were orlginallj comprised in\\nthe town of Swanzea, and their early history is therefore\\nidentified with that town.\\nSwanzea* was founded by Baptists, associated with\\nthe Rev. John Myles, who was a leading minister of\\nthat denomination in the principaht} of Wales in Great\\nBritain, where he became pastor of the church in Swan- j\\nzea in Glamorganshire, in 1649, the first j-ear of Crom-\\nwell s Protectorate.\\nIn 1662, two years after the restoration of Charles II.,\\nthe Act of Uniformit} was passed, bj^ which 2,000 of the\\nmost pious and useful ministers of England and Wales,\\nnot conforming to the requisitions of the established\\nchurch, were ejected from the places thej^ had occupied\\nduring Cromwell s reign. Among these non-conform-\\ning ministers was the Rev. John Myles, who, imme-\\ndiately after his ejectment, came with several of his\\nbrethren to New England, bringing their church records\\nwith them.\\nThey probably landed first at Boston or Salem, but\\nlearning that there were men. of the Baptist faith in\\nRehoboth, they came hither, and at the house of one\\nSec Swansea, p. 112.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0443.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nJohn Butterworth organized a now church, consisting of\\nJohn Myles, pastor, Nicholas Tanner, James Browne,\\nJoseph Carpenter, John Butterworth, Eldad Kingsley\\nand Benjamin Alby. The organization of this church,\\nand the setting up of a separate worship in the hmits of\\nRehoboth, without consent or authoritj^ from the Plym-\\nouth Court, was regarded as an offence and prejudicial\\nto the interests of the Rehoboth plantation. The mem-\\nbers -were fined \u00c2\u00a35 each, ordered to desist from their\\nmeeting for one month, and were advised to remove to\\nsome other place where they might not prejudice any\\nother church. They accordingly removed to Wanna-\\nmoiset, on the John Browne lands, not then included in\\nanj^ town. Permission was afterwards given to Mr.\\nMyles to purchase land and reside in Rehoboth, but their\\nfirst meeting-house was erected at Wannamoiset, a few\\nrods south of the Rehoboth line, and a little south of the\\nmain road now leading to Prowlence. This was the\\nnucleus of a new town, which was not long after formed\\nunder the jurisdiction of Plymouth Colony.\\nOn the 30th of October, 1667, the PhTQouth Court,\\naccording to the encouragement previously given, made\\nto the founders of this church, along with others, a grant\\nof land to be called Swanzea, after the name of the\\nchurch and town which Mr. Mj les and his friends had\\nleft in Wales. This grant included all the district called\\nAVannamoiset and parts adjoining, described in general\\nbounds as embracing all the lands between the salt\\nwater and river and the bounds of Taunton and Reho-\\nboth, to be held by Mr. Mj les and his friends for their\\naccommodation as an incorporated town, within which\\nthey were at liberty to exercise all their rights of con-\\nscience as members of a Baptist Church. The territorj\\nthus granted under the incorporated name of Swanzea\\nthen embraced not only what is now Swansea in Massa-\\nchusetts, but also the present town of Somerset in the\\nsame State, and the present towns of Warren and Bar-\\nrington in Rhode Island.\\nThese men were authorized by the Ph-mouth gi-ant to\\ndetermine the conditions on which they would receive\\nstrangers as members of the town. They decided that\\nno erroneous person should bo admitted into the town-\\nship either as an inhabitant or sojourner that no man\\nof any cvtI beha^-iour as a contentious person should be\\nadmitted and that none should be admitted that maj-\\nbecome a charge to the town. It was not intended to\\nrestrict the privileges of settlement to Baptists alone,\\nbut to grant liberty of conscience, while the predomi-\\nnating influence was for the Baptist faith. Capt. Thomas\\nAViUet, one of the founders of the town, and a foremost\\nman in it, was not himself a Baptist but a member of the\\nReformed Church of Holland, yet he cordially united in\\nthese conditions of settlement, as did many others.\\nA peculiar measure earl} adopted by this town (Feb.\\n7, 1671), was the division of the inhabitants into three\\nranks or grades, to be entitled to certain privileges ac-\\ncordingly a certain committee, or board of censors,\\nhaving meantime been appointed, authorized to degrade\\nor promote, from one rank to another, at their discretion.\\nAt a town meeting the 19th of December, 1G73, it\\nwas voted and ordered that a school be forthwith set up\\nin this town for the teaching of grammar, rhetoric and\\narithmetic, and the tongues of Latin, Greek and Hebrew\\nalso to read English and to write. This vote was passed\\nunanimously. Forty pounds in current monej- was fixed\\nupon as the salary of the schoolmaster. Mr. John Myles,\\nthe pastor, was appointed schoolmaster, with authority-\\nto appoint a suitable person in his place if he chose.\\nNot long after the Indian war broke out, which over-\\nwhelmed Swanzea in the first blast of its rage, and left\\nthis thriving settlement in less than a week a desolation\\nand a wreck.\\nAt the beginning of the war the church still worshipped\\nin their first meeting-house, about a mile and a half west\\nof Miles s Bridge, the place now known as BarneysAoUe.\\nThe ground occupied by the present village of Warren,\\nthough then a part of the Swanzea gi ant, was still occu-\\npied by the remnants of the once powerful tribe of the\\nAA ampanoags.\\nAlthough one-half of the dwellings in Swanzea were\\nlaid in ashes during the war, the inhabitants immediately\\nafter its close began to spread themselves in various\\ndirections, and some of them repaired to the site on\\nwhich the village of Warren now stands.\\nIn a short time the eastern part of Swanzea became\\nthickly settled, and, as there was no other place of wor-\\nship but the Baptist meeting-house before referred to,\\nthey began to agitate the question of securing a more\\ncentral place for the accommodation of their wide-spread\\ncongregation. Accordinglj the town voted, on the 29th\\nof March, 1680, to assist the church in erecting a new\\nmeeting-house on the site of the old gravej-ard at Tyler s\\nPoint, just below Kelley s Bridge. This was done, and\\na house for worship was erected. At the same time\\na dwelling-house was built close bj- for the minister,\\nwhich the town transferred to the Rev. Mr. Myles to\\nindemnify him for money which he had advanced in de-\\nfraying the expenses of the Indian war. Here Mr. Myles\\nlived and labored until Februarj 1683, when he died,\\ndeeply lamented. His grave is among the unmarked\\nmounds on T3ler s Point, but his life-work, noble and\\ngrand, left an enduring impress upon the character of", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0444.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nthe people with whom he so long walked as teacher and\\nguide.\\nAfter the death of Mr. Myles, in 1685, Capt. Samuel\\nLuther, who had sustained every office of honor and\\ntrust which the proprietors of the town could bestow,\\nwas ordained to the work of the ministry, and became\\npastor of this ancient church. He continued to serve in\\nthis capacity until his death on the 20th of December,\\n1716. He possessed an ample estate, and resided on\\nthe west side of the Kickemuit Elver, one mUe east of\\nthe present village of Warren, and was buried in the old\\ngravej-ard near his residence, where a tombstone still\\nstands over his ashes. He had a large posterit3f, who\\nsettled in this icinitj and has descendants living to this\\ndaj- in Barrington, Warrea and other places.\\nThe population continuing to extend northward and\\neastward into what are now the towns of Swansea and\\nj Somerset, in Mass., in the course of twenty years after\\nthe meeting-house was built at Tyler s Point, it became\\nnecessarj for the convenience of the large majority of\\nthe people, to remove it to a more central location.\\nThis was accordingly done, about the j ear 1700, at a\\nspot west of Cornell s Tavern, in North Swanzea.\\nTradition says that it was moved across the Warren\\nEiver on the ice. Here it stood until 1717, when an-\\nother was erected in its place.\\nWhen, in 1692, Plymouth and Massachusetts were\\nunited under the new charter brought by Sir William\\nPhips, a new order of things was instituted, which\\ninterfered somewhat with the ideas of this people on\\nmatters of religious liberty. Although the prevailing\\nsentiment of the PljTiiouth Colony was decidedly Con-\\ngregational, or Puritan, as in the Colony of Massachu-\\nsetts, they had allowed the existence of the Baptist\\nchurch in Swanzea, and the rights of conscience had\\nbeen maintained strictly according to the terms of the\\nact of incorporation. The majority of the people were\\nBaptists, and the Congregationalists among them readilj-\\nacquiesced in the essential doctrines of liberty of the\\nRhode Island Colony.\\nBut soon after the charter of union, a warrant from\\nthe Court of Quarter Sessions required the town to\\nchoose a minister, recording to law. The town meeting\\nat which this warrant was read and debated adjourned\\nfor one half hour. The church met and returned, by\\nLieut. Cole, the reply that they had a minister that\\nthej apprehended was according to law, viz., the Elder\\nSamuel Luther.\\nThe tithing-man had been an unknown officer in Swan-\\nzea. At the adjourned meeting in October, the town\\nconformed to the letter of the new requirement, and\\nelected Elder Samuel Luther minister, and four tithing-\\nmen. But they were careful to select good Baptist\\nbrethren as tithers, who had no sjTnpathy with the law,\\nand suffered it to fail in its execution. The voluntary\\nsystem still continued to be maintained by the inde-\\npendent townsmen.\\nDuring the ministrj of Elder Luther, certain supple-\\nmentarj^ notes were added to the original covenant with\\nreference to baptism and communion, which were dis-\\ntasteful to the Congregational element, and served to\\ndivide the hitherto united parties. The removal of the\\nchurch edifice from New Meadow Neck seems to have\\nbeen another element of division. These divisions, to-\\ngether with the fact of the prevailing policy of Massa-\\nchusetts, led to the earnest discussion of the question of\\nestablishing a new church of the Congregational order,\\nand Anally to the organization of the town of Barrington.\\nTowns.\\nBarrington. The dwellers on Phebe s Neck, added\\nto those on New Meadow Neck, favored the organization\\nof a new church. They saw no way to secure this object\\nbut by the establishment of a new town, wherein the\\ntithes of the people, as in other towns in Massachusetts,\\nshould support the ministrj of the ruling order. A peti-\\ntion to the General Court in Boston, on the 30th of Maj-,\\n1711, set forth the circumstances, and asked for the\\ngranting of a township according to the limits of Capt.\\nSamuel Low s militarj Co. in Swanzea, thereby enabling\\nus to settle and maintain a pious, learned and orthodox\\nminister for the good of us and our posterity, so that\\nGodwin be glorified, Christ s kingdom enlarged, and\\nwill oblige your most humble petitioners ever to pray.\\nOn the 24th of October following, the Council passed\\nthe following order That this Court see no reason as\\nyet to divide Swanzea into two distinct towns, but ap-\\nprove the good and laudable inclination of the petitioners\\nto encourage religion in that part, and recommend to\\nthem the establishment and support of a learned ortho-\\ndox minister of good conversation, and to endeavor bj\\nsubscription for his comfortable and honorable main-\\ntenance.\\nAgain, in 1712, the petitioners renewed their efforts for\\na new town, and were again opposed and defeated. For\\nthe next five j ears they sat down hj this defeat, and\\nendeavored to establish a Congregational church in ac-\\ncordance with the advice of the Court. The organization\\nwas probablj at once effected, and public services insti-\\ntuted at New Meadow Neck. But the new church did\\nnot flourish as its friends hoped, and on the 14th of May,\\n1717, a petition was presented to the town, to have", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0445.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "IIISTOEY OF NEW EXGLAXD.\\nsix score pounds raised to support ye ministry-, or to\\nhave said town of Swanzea divided, or a precinct by\\nsome of the inhabitants on the west side of New Meadow\\nRiver.\\nThe only answer of the town to this was, that all the\\ninhabitants of the town of Swanzea should enjoy their\\nconscience libertj according to the foundation settlement\\nof the town, and are obliged to uphold, maintain the\\nministry and worship of God in the several churches or\\ncongregations where thej respectively belong or assem-\\nble, and not obliged in anj- other church or congregation\\nbut where the}- partake of the teaching as it is expressed\\nin said foundation settlement.\\nThe troublesome body on the west end of Swanzea\\nmade a third attempt to secure a division of the town hj\\npetition to the Boston Court in November, 1717, and\\nthough again opposed as before, they were this time\\nsuccessful. On the 18th of November, 1717, Phebe s\\nNeck and New Meadow Neck within the town of Swan-\\nzea were legally erected into a township by the name of\\nHarrington.\\nThe definite boiinds were soon established, and the\\nnew town was duly organized in March, 1718. The\\nname Harrington was doubtless chosen by the petitioners,\\nand in memory of a small parish of the same name in\\nSomersetshire, Eng., from which place, it is supposed,\\nsome of the first settlers came.\\nThe town was established primarily on account of its\\nreligious necessities, and the management of ecclesiasti-\\ncal affairs took a large share of pubHc attention. At\\nthe second town meeting, on April 21, 1718, the Rev.\\nSamuel Torre} was elected the town s minister, with \u00c2\u00a3100\\nas a settlement, and \u00c2\u00a370 a year as salary, the said sum\\nto be collected by the constable, paid to the town clerk,\\nand by him to be paid to the Minister. On the -Ith\\nof August following, Mr. Torrey signified his accept-\\nance of the call, and became the second pastor of the\\nchurch in this place, the first pastor, the Rev. James\\nWilson, having left prior to the establishment of the\\nnew town.\\nThe third pastor was Mr. Peleg Heath of Roxbury,\\nwho continued to dwell here until his death in 1748, aged\\n49 years. His widow survived, and their descendants\\nto this day have resided in the town, an honorable and\\nhonored line, among the most valued of citizens.\\nHis wife, Martha, died young, and he never married again. He is\\ndescribed as a man of spare frame, thin in flesh, with long, gray hair,\\nbald head, and a large nose. His dress was plain in summer, a gay-\\ncolored chintz morning-gown, and a cocked hat and short breeches, with\\nknee-bucliles in winter, a long coat and green small-clothes. At his\\ndeath, he was laid out in a black broadcloth suit purchased by his\\nMr. Heath s successor, the Rev. Solomon Townsend,\\nwas born in Boston in 1715, graduated at Harvard Col-\\nlege in 1 735, and commenced his labors in Barrington\\nin 1743, continuing therein until his death, the 25th of\\nDecember, 1796.*\\nNext to the support of the gospel ministry, the care\\nfor public education claimed the attention of the citizens.\\nIn 1722, the selectmen were authorized to provide a\\nschoolmaster for four months, to teach to read, write,\\nand arithmetic, the great work of religion and education\\nthus together with other interests of the town, going on\\nunder the Massachusetts methods of management, until\\nthe transfer to Rhode Island in 1747.\\nFor thirty years from 1717, Barrington had had an\\nhonorable corjjorate existence. When transferred from\\nthe jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colonj to that\\nof Rhode Island, she was united with another portion of\\nthe ancient town of Swanzea, and her historj for a time\\nwas merged in that of the new town. Meanwhile, hav-\\ning enjoyed the experience of a separate corporate ex-\\nistence so long, the citizens did not take kindly to the\\nnew arrangement, especially as they saw the centre of\\ntrade drifting away from them, and the growing pros-\\nperity of the new village on the other side of the river.\\nFeeling awakened discussion, and discussion led to peti-\\ntion and remonstrance to the General Assemblj- of May,\\n1770, for dividing the town of Warren into two towns.\\nBoth parties plead earnestly, the one for division, the\\nother for continued union. The petitioners for division\\nsucceeded in convincing the General Assembly of the\\npropriety of their claim, and on the 11th of June, 1770,\\nit was enacted that the town of Warren be divided into\\ntwo distinct and separate towns, and that the bounds\\nbetween them be as the river between Bristol and Rum-\\nstick extends itself northerly to Miles s Bridge, and that\\nthe town so divided from Warren shall be distinguished\\nand known by the name of Barrington. Thus the old\\ntown emerged from the eclipse of twenty-three years,\\nobscured in name as well as in fame by the growing\\nenterprise and prosperity of Warren.\\nThe time approaches which tried men s souls for the\\ngrowing persecutions of Old England against her infant\\nColonies. In common with other towns in New England,\\nBarrington prepared for war. They resolved and gath-\\nered their forces for action, and pledged their Uves and\\npeople, who revered old Father Townsend, and cherished his\\nwith undying affection. He was frugal in his habits, and scrupulously\\neconomical. It was soon after his settlement that the ton-n became a\\npart of Rhode Island, when the tomi system of tithing and church sup-\\nport ceased, and the support of the minister was limited to the free\\ncontributions of the people, which were often meagre and insufficient.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0446.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nfortunes to those principles which so clearl}- foreshadowed\\nthe Declaration of Independence.*\\nThe Congregational Church, whose organization and\\nearlj history, as sketched above, were identified with the\\ncivil history of the town to the time of the transfer of\\nterritory from Massachusetts to Rhode Island in 1746,\\ncontinued to thrive under the system of voluntary sup-\\nport, which has always existed in this State from the\\nbeginning.\\nOne of the most eminent pastors of the church here\\nwas the Rev. Samuel Watson, a native of the town, son\\nof Matthew Watson, Jr., and gi-andson of Matthew\\nWatson, Sr., one of the carl} settlers. He was a gradu-\\nate of Brown Univcrsitj in 1794, and was ordained and\\ncommenced his ministry here in 1798. After his settle-\\nment he married Miss Martha L. Bicknell of Attle-\\nborough, a young lady whom ho first saw in the congre-\\ngation at Grafton on a Sunday when he exchanged\\npulpits with its minister. Attracted by her appearance,\\nhe sought an introduction, which resulted in a happj-\\nmarriage. He was a talented and able preacher, and the\\npeople were harmonious and united in his support. His\\nministry continued man} j-ears, when he died, high in\\nthe esteem of all, and deeply lamented.\\nThe first meeting-house of this Congregational church,\\nit is said, stood on Tj-ler s Point, just north of the bur}--\\ning-ground. There is no record concerning it. The\\nsecond house of worship, the first of which there is any\\nauthentic account, stood on the main road near Max-\\nfield s Corner. In 1734 this house was taken down and\\nrebuilt on the site occupied by the third and present\\nhouse, which was erected in 1805-G, and thoroughly re-\\nmodelled and repaired in 18G1.\\nUntil 1858 the Congregational was the only church in\\ntown. An Episcopal church, called St. Mark s, was\\norganized that year.\\nThe interests of public education, which were so well\\ncared for in the early historj- of the town, are fostered to\\nthe present day. With only occasional interruption, one\\nor more schools, free to all the children of the town, have\\nalwaj-s been maintained.\\nIn 1870, Mr. Isaac F. Cady opened at the Centre\\nPrince s HiU Family and Day School, designed to\\nafford local facihties for pursuit of advanced liranches of\\nstudy and to accommodate a limited number of boarding\\npupils. The buildings for the home and school were\\nerected at a cost of about $8,000, and are admirably\\nadapted to their purjDose. The school, under the direc-\\nA company from Barrington under the command of Capt. Matthew\\nAllen, occupied the right of the American lines under Gen. Putnam at\\nRoxbury and Dorchester Heights jr.st before the famous battle of\\ntion of its founder and proprietor, has been ver} success-\\nful, and is an honor to the town. Mr. Cady has been\\nengaged in teaching longer than any other in the State,\\nand stands among the first in the profession.\\nFor many j ears the occupation of the people in Bar-\\nrington, who were not engaged in maritime trade, was\\nchiefly agricultural, but more recently persons doing\\nbusiness in the city of Pro^ idence have made this their\\npermanent home. The beauty of its natural scencr}-, and\\nsalubrity of its climate, have also attracted many persons\\nof wealth and culture, who have their summer residences\\nhere, while passing the winter in the city. The Provi-\\ndence, Warren and Bristol Railroad, which passes through\\nthis town, affords an easy access to the city, and has\\ndoubtless helped the growth of the town in this direction.\\nThe Narraganset Brick Company, a very important\\nmanufacturing interest, is located in the western part of\\nthe town, near Nayatt Station. Brick were first made\\nhere in 1846, and the company was chartered the follow-\\ning year. The company is still flourishing, and has\\nalways found a ready market for its products, chiefly in\\nthe cit} of Providence, where its office is located.\\nBarrington is the most northern town of Bristol\\nCounty. The town is well watered by the Warren and\\nBan-ington rivers, on the latter of which are extensive\\nbeds of oysters, and its south-western border is washed\\nby the waters of the Narraganset Ba} The town\\nadjoins East Pro\\\\idence on the north-west, and is about\\nseven miles from Providence. The population by the\\nState census in 1875 was 1,185, and is annually in-\\ncreasing.\\nWarren. When the town of WaiTen was incorporated\\nin 1747, its population chieflj- resided within the limits of\\nthe Barrington section. The town was named in honor\\nof Admiral Sir Peter WaiTen, who, in June, 1745, com-\\nmanded the English fleet that, in conjunction with the\\ncolonial army of 4,400 men, under the command of Gen.\\nWilliam Pepperell, captured Louisburg and the Island of\\nCape Breton after a six weeks storming and siege. By\\nclearing the coast of French ships of war. Admiral\\nWan-en rendered a valuable sen-ice to tliis population,\\nwho were largely interested in maritime trade.\\nThe first town meeting was held on the 10th of Febru-\\nary, 1747, at the house of Mr. John Child, which stood\\non the north side of Market Street, in the present village\\nof Warren. The number of freemen electors was 76.\\nPrior to 1747 two public ferries had been in regular\\noperation across the river which separated the two sec-\\nBunker Hill. His brother, Capt. Thomas Allen, afterwards general,\\ncommanded troops on Rhode Island and at Tiverton during the move-\\nments of the British by land and by sea in that quarter.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0447.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ntions of the town one near the present bridge leading\\nfrom the main street in Warren village, and the other\\nfrom the foot of Washington Street. After the incor-\\nporation the population on the east side began to increase,\\nand soon the chief seat of trade was withdrawn from the\\nwest side to this. The attention of the people was at\\nthat time almost whoUj- given to navigation and ship-\\nbuilding.\\nThe site of the present village of Wan-en was as early\\nas 1671 named in the Swanzea town records as Brooks\\npasture. In 1679 this was surveyed by order of the\\ntown, and found to contain 300 acres convenient high-\\nways and house-lots were ordered to be laid out, and\\nmeasures were taken for the settlement of this section.\\nOn account of the advantages of the deep water in the\\nriver, a portion of the population of Swanzea was drawn\\nto this vicinity for the purposes of shipbuilding and navi-\\ngation.\\nIn 1756 there were 20 dwellings in WaiTen v illage.\\nThere was a blacksmith shop on Main Street, a school-\\nhouse on Market Street, and one or two stores on the\\nshore. At the same time there had been erected and\\nwere in use three of the present whai-ves.\\nThe town continued to grow in its population, and in\\nthe increase of its business. The chief dependence of\\nthe people was on maritime trade in its various forms of\\nsliipbuilding, coasting. West India and foreign naviga-\\ntion, and the whale fishery. In 1777 the population of\\nWarren, bj census taken per order of the town, was\\n789.\\nThe people of Warren -VTllage usually worshipped with\\nthe Baptist churcli in Swanzea, of which manj of them\\nwere members, until in 17G4 a colony from that church\\nwas organized as a separate church, and the ordinances\\nof worship were here instituted. The organization of\\nthis church grow out of the circumstances in which\\nBrown University originated, both being formed at about\\nthe same time, and mutuallj- connected in the agency by\\nwhich they were established.\\nFor many j ears there had been an earnest desire on\\nthe part of the denomination of Baptists to secure the\\nfoundation of a college which should more full}- satisf)\\ntheir needs than any institution then existing. The\\nrhiladelphia Baptist Association took initiatory steps\\nfor the founding of such a college in Rhode Island, in\\nwhich education might be promoted and superior learning\\nobtained free from any sectarian religious tests. But\\nto the Rev. Morgan Edwards, a celebrated Baptist\\nclerg3 man of Wales, who, in 1761, left his native\\ncountry, and, arriving in Philadelphia, became tlie pastor\\nof the First Baptist Church in that eit}-, belongs the\\nhonor of putting forth the necessary energies which cul-\\nminated in the foundation of this excellent institution of\\nlearning. Mainly through his efforts, seconded by those\\nof other friends, monej- was raised at home and abroad,\\nbooks obtained, and a charter secured, and the Rhode\\nIsland College was born.\\nThe Rev. James Manning, a graduate of the College\\nof New Jersey, was chosen as the first president to\\norganize the college in this village also to gather and\\norganize the Baptist church of which he became the first\\npastor. The church was organized the 15th of Novem-\\nber, 1764, consisting of 58 members, 35 of whom were\\nfrom the Swanzea church. Mr. Manning immediatelj\\nopened a prepai-atory Latin school, which prospered from\\nthe beginning, and, in 1766, the Hon. David Howell, a\\ngraduate of the New Jersey College of that year, was\\nappointed the first tutor in the college.\\nShortlj after the organization of the church and the\\ncollege, a house of worship, about 44 feet square, was\\nerected near the site of the present meeting-house also\\non the same lot a spacious mansion for the double pur-\\npose of a coUege and parsonage.\\nThe first commencement was held in the meeting-house\\nSept. 7, 1769, when seven J oung men were graduated.\\nSeveral others, graduates of other colleges, on this occasion\\nreceived the houorarj degree of Master of Arts. It was\\na glad occasion to the manj^ friends of the college, who\\nfelt assured that though its beginning was small, and it\\nwas still in its infancy, it was destined to grow and\\nbecome a mighty power in the land.\\nIt soon attracted public attention far and near. As no\\npublic edifice was j-et erected for it, applications from\\nvarious places came pouring in to the corporation for its\\nremoval and establishment among them, each holding out\\nstrong inducements in competition with this town for the\\nhonor of its location. Prov-idence and Newport were the\\ntwo ablest competitors in this contest.\\nAt length, after an earnest discussion on the merits of\\nthe conflicting claims, the corporation, on the 7th of Febru-\\nary, 1770, decided by a vote of 21 to 14, that the\\nedifice be built in tlie town of Providence, and there be\\ncontinued forever.\\nDr. Manning had been identified with the college from\\nthe beginning, and was the soul of its prosperitj-. He had\\nalso been identified with the church in Warren as its first\\npastor, was devotedly attached to his people, and they as\\ndevotedly attached to him. Now one or the other posi-\\ntion must be given up. The alternative was hard to\\ndecide. Both the corporation of the coUege and the\\nWarren parish urged their respective claims with strong\\npleas. At length he decided to resign his charge of the", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0448.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nchurch, and in the following May, 1770, removed with\\nhis undergraduates to Providence.\\nThe grief of the church in the removal of their admired\\nand beloved pastor, had its counterpart in the dissatis-\\nfaction and chagrin of the town in losing half of their\\nterritory the same year when Barrington was partitioned\\noff and erected into a separate township.\\nIn connection with the founding of the college in\\nWarren was formed the Warren Association, embrac-\\ning a number of Baptist churches in New England, who\\nmade this %dllage a place of resort and a general rall3 ing\\npoint for the denomination. Its annual meeting was\\nconnected with the anniversary of commencement, so that\\nall who came from a distance might have the opportunity\\nof attending on both occasions. This is the oldest Bap-\\ntist association of the kind in New England, and has\\ncontinued to thrive during all its historj and is still one\\nof the largest and most important in the denomination.\\nAfter the removal of the college to Providence, and the\\nconsequent resignation of Dr. Manning as pastor of the\\nBaptist church, the Rev. Charles Thompson, the valedic-\\ntorian of the first graduating class, became pastor, being\\nordained the 3d of July, 1771. He was then 23 years of\\nage. His ministry of four j ears was verj prosperous,\\nthe church nearly doubling its membership during that\\ntime.\\nOn the breaking out of the Revolutionary war in 1775,\\nMr. Thompson was appointed a chaplain in the American\\narmy, which office he held till 1778, when, being at home\\non a visit, he was taken a prisoner by the English, and\\ncarried to Newport on the morning of the 25th of May.\\nAt the same time the meeting-house, parsonage, an\\narsenal and several private dwellings in Warren were\\nburned by the enemy. In about a mouth he was released\\nfrom imprisonment, and preached awhile at Ashford,\\nConn., but, in 1779, became pastor of the church in\\nSwanzea. So great was the shock which this population\\nsustained by the calamities of the war, that no pubUc\\nreligious meetings were held for several j ears. The\\nmembers who remained in town generall3 resumed mem-\\nbership with their mother church in Swanzea, and were\\nglad to unite with them in receiving as pastor one whom\\nthey had in the days of their prosperitj loved and re-\\nvered. The condition of this union was that they should\\nhave full liberty to be dismissed when the pro\\\\-idence\\nIn town meeting, assembled May 6, 1766, it was voted to employ\\nsuitable persons to make np powder and ball into cartridges, and all\\npersons that possessed lead or balls were desired to bring them to the\\ntown treasurer; all the militia and alarm-men were also required\\nto bring their guns, that cartridges might be made to fit them. A quota\\nof ten men being called for by the State, the town voted, Sept. 16, 1776,\\nto send twelve, and to pay every soldier who should equip himself com-\\nof God should permit the Warren church to be re-\\norganized.\\nThe period of the Revolutionary war was an exceed-\\ningl} trying one to this community as well as to others.\\nBut Warren met the crisis, and unflinchingly did her part\\nin the great struggle for American liberties.*\\nOn the 25th of May, 1777, the town was attacked by\\nabout 500 British and Hessian troops, who came up from\\nNewport the night before by water, and landing at a\\nplace about half a mile south of Peck s Rocks in Bristol,\\nadvanced by the main road on Warren in the early\\nmorning, dispersed the inhabitants, disabled several\\npieces of cannon and then hurried on to the Kickemuit\\nRiver, where a large number of boats had been collected\\nb} the Americans to facilitate a contemplated expedition\\nagainst the enemy. These boats they piled up and\\nburned, then returned to Warren, burned the Baptist\\nchurch, parsonage, powder magazine and several other\\nbuildings, pillaged dwellings and took a number of the\\ncitizens prisoners and departed.\\nThough during this period the sufferings and losses of\\nthe citizens of Warren were very great, they yet stood\\nnobly by the cause and gave freely blood and treasure\\nfor American liberty. Business was almost entirely\\ndriven from the place. Besides the destruction of build-\\nings and militarj- stores, much valuable shipping belong-\\ning to the inhabitants of Warren was lost, and the\\npopulation was greatly reduced.\\nIn the course of a few years after the Revolutionary\\nwar the business of the town revived and soon acquired\\na basis of permanent prosperity. Various branches of\\ncommerce were pursued, but chiefl} that of shipbuilding,\\nwhich became quite celebrated. The town has con-\\ntinued to thrive to the present time, and is still growing\\nin population and in business enterprise.\\nAfter the close of the war, on the 5th of February,\\n1784, the Baptist church, which had during this period\\nbeen merged with the mother church in Swanzea, re-\\nsolved to build another house of worship on the same\\nspot where their former house had stood, which was\\ndone dm-ing the following year. On the 29th of August,\\n1785, a charter was obtained from the General Assem-\\nbly and an ecclesiastical society organized, with a\\nfund started for the support of the ministry. In Sep-\\ntember, 1786, the former members of the church, with\\nplete with gun, bayonet, knapsack, cartridge-box and blanket, twenty\\nshillings. A test act was adopted Oct. 14, 1776, by which every man\\nwas required to assert his principles. On Feb. 5, 1777, it was voted to\\nraise an artillery company, of which Daniel Fisk was chosen captain,\\nand Benjamin Cole lieutenant and on the 12th of the same month it\\nwas voted to purchase firearms and equipment for the only two men who\\nwere unable to equip themselves.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0449.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nothers, were reorganized on the basis of their former\\ncovenant and plan of union and the next month the\\nRev. John Pitman became their pastor.\\nThe first Methodist church in Warren was organized\\nin the autumn of 1792 by the Rev. Ezekiel Cooper,\\npreacher in charge of the circuit. Until 1794 the societj\\nheld their meetings in a spacious barn, fitted up and made\\nconvenient for their accommodation. That year a neat\\nchurch edifice was erected which was the first belonging\\nto the Methodist denomination in Rhode Island, and the\\nsecond in New England, the first being in Lynn, Mass.\\nIt was dedicated the 14th of September, 1794, the ser-\\nmon being by the Rev. Jesse Lee.\\nIn 1844 a fine new church was erected, one of the best\\nin New England at that time. In 1869 extensive altera-\\ntions and repairs were made on this edifice, greatly\\nimproving its appearance and convenience for the con-\\ngregation. About 55 pastors in succession have served\\nthis church, and it is one of the most flourishing of the\\ndenomination in the State.\\nThe St. Mark s Episcopal Church in Warren was organ-\\nized on the 10th of November, 1828, at the house of\\nFreeborn Sisson, Esq. This enterprise was promoted\\nchiefly through the efforts of the Rev. Mr. Ilenshaw\\n(afterwards Bishop of the diocese) and of the Rev.\\nJohn Bristed of Bristol. A neat church edifice was\\nerected in 1829. The first rector was the Rev. George\\nW. Hathaway. The parish is prospering finely, having\\ni about 150 communicants in its membership.\\nThe St. Mary s Catholic Church was begun here in\\n1850, when a church ediflce was erected under the pasto-\\nrate of the Rev. Father Tucker.\\nThe business interests of Warren for many years have\\nbeen chiefly manufacturing. Several cotton-mills are in\\nsuccessful operation at the present time, giving employ-\\nment to a large number of operatives. The Warren\\nManufacturing Company was incorporated in 1847. It\\nhas three mills, four and five stories high, with 500 looms\\nand 27,000 spindles. The machinery in all these mills is\\nadapted to the manufacture of fine sheetings, although\\nprint-cloths are made to a large extent. The Cutler\\nManufacturing Company was organized in 18G9 for the\\nmanufacture of double and twisted yarns and knitting-\\ncotton. Its mill has 16.000 spindles and employs about\\n230 hands. The Mechanics Machine Company was\\norganized in Providence in 1871, but removed to Warren\\nthe following year. Its first building and contents were\\ndestroyed by fire in 1873. The company immediately\\nrebuilt and continued the manufacture of machines until\\n1876, when business was suspended on account of the\\ndepression of the times. The Inman Manufacturing\\nCompany was incorporated in 1866 for the manufacture\\nof cotton braid. Its capital stock was $100,000, and it\\nhas done a large business.\\nThe firsti banking institution in Warren was the War-\\nren Bank, incoq^orated in October, 1803, with a capital\\nof $85,000. There are five other banks in the town\\nfour for discount and one for savings.\\nThe first newspaper in Warren was The Northern\\nStar, started in 1826 by Messrs. Fowler Randall, and\\ncontinued as a weekly publication untill 1855, when it\\npassed into the hands of Albert R. Cooke, who started a\\nsemi-weekly called the Rhode Island Telegraph. In\\n1859 the establishment passed into the hands of E. F.\\nApplegate, who continued the publication about two\\n}-ears, when it was discontinued. The Warren Ga-\\nzette, a weekly publication, was started in 1-866 by\\nCapt. Barton. In 1876 it passed into the hands of the\\npresent proprietors, George II. Cooraer Co.\\nWarren is the central town of Bristol County, and\\ncontains more than 3,000 inhabitants. It has a fine\\nharbor on the Warren River, which flows into Narragan-\\nset Bay.\\nBristol was the last settled town of the territorj- em-\\nbraced in Bristol County, although it is the largest in\\npopulation, and from the first has been the county seat.\\nThe proprietors of Bristol and their associates were fully\\nimbued with the spirit of the Puritan and Pilgrim com-\\nmonwealths, and took early measures to secure an able\\ngospel ministry. During the first year of the settlement\\nthey obtained the ser\\\\-ices of the Rev. Benjamin Wood-\\nbridge, son of the Rev. John Woodbridge of Andover,\\nMass., who continued labor about six years. There\\nbeing some opposition to him, and consequent difficulties\\nwhich interfered with his usefulness, he retired from the\\nfield.\\nThe first public religious service in Bristol was in the\\ndwelling-house of Dea. Nathaniel Bosworth, a building\\nstill standing, and forming a part of the dwelling-house\\nof the late James De W. Perr3-, Esq. Afterwards ser-\\nvices were held in the lower south room of the min-\\nister s dwelling on Byfield Street, a house owned by\\nNathaniel Byfield, Esq. In this room the town also met\\nfor their civil business.\\nOn the 24th of October, 1683, at a town meeting,\\n\u00c2\u00a3250 were ordered to be raised to build a meeting-house.\\nThe house was built on the Common, fronting High\\nStreet, on the spot where now stands the county court-\\nhouse. There is no record of its exact dimensions, but\\nit is described as spacious, square in form, clapboarded\\ninside and out, having double galleries, one above the\\nother, with a cap-roof, surmounted in the centre with a", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0450.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\ncupola and bell, from which a rope was suspendocl, b}-\\nwhich the bell was rung; a dormer window over the\\npulpit, and on all sides double rows of windows for the\\ningress of light. Square pews were constructed, from\\ntime to time, by citizens who obtained leave of the town\\nto do so, and several j-ears elapsed before the floor was\\nall covered. This meeting-house was used for both\\nreligious and civil purposes. For more than 40 j-ears it\\nwas the only sanctuar3 in town, and it continued to be\\nthe home of the First Church of Clii-ist for a hundred\\nj-ears.\\nThe First Church was not formally organized until\\nafter the retirement of Mr. Woodbridge, although the\\nordinances of religion were regularly maintained from\\nthe beginning. The Rev. Samuel Lee, D. D., an English\\ndissenting minister, celebrated as a man of ardent piety\\nand profound learning, who had recently arrived in Bos-\\nton, accepted a call to the Bristol church, and began his\\nlabors April 10, 1687.\\nSoon after Dr. Lee s settlement, on the 3d of Maj\\n1687, the church was formallj organized bj the mutual\\nconsent and agreement of the following persons viz.,\\nMaj. John Walley, Capt. Nathaniel Byfield, Capt. Ben-\\njamin Church, Nathaniel Reynolds, John Carey, Hugh\\nWoodbury, Goodman Throup, and Nathaniel Bosworth,\\nwhom they elected deacon. Thus was the first church\\ngathered in Bristol, the first of the Puritan or Congrega-\\ntional order within the present limits of Rhode Island.\\nAt the organization, and for manj years afterwards, it\\nwas known as The Church of Christ in Bristol. In\\n1784 it began to be called the Catholic Congregational\\nChurch, and by this title was known until, in 1869, in\\norder to hold and administer charitable funds given to\\nits care, it was incorporated by the General Assembly as\\nthe First Congregational Church in Bristol.\\nThe ministry of Dr. Lee in Bristol was eminently suc-\\ncessful. He died in France in December, 1691.\\nDr. Lee was the author of several published works,\\nwhich gave him wide celebrity. He was regarded as one\\nof the most learned and pious men of his day, and was\\ncalled the light of both Englands. Cotton Mather\\nwrote of him, that, if learning ever merited a statue,\\nthis great man has as rich an one due him as can be\\nerected for it must be granted that hardl}- ever a more\\nuniversally learned person trod the American strand.\\nIn 1688, the year subsequent to Dr. Lee s settlement\\nin Bristol, the number of families in town, as appears\\nfrom a record stiU preserved in Dr. Lee s own writing,\\nwas seventy.\\nA commodious and elegant edifice of stone was built\\nby this society in 1856. The church is one of the\\nlargest and strongest in the State. Its active member-\\nship is about 350.\\nThe congregation of St. Michael s Church (Episcopa-\\nlian) was first gathered in 1720. A house of worship\\nwas erected on the site of the present church, at the\\ncorner of Church and Hope streets, upon land given by\\nCol. Mackintosh, a wooden structure which served the\\nchurch until its destruction by British soldiery in the war\\nof the Revolution. In 1786 a new church edifice, simi-\\nlar to the first, was erected on the same site, which gave\\nway in 1833 to a much larger and more costly one. It\\nwas destroyed by fire in 1858, and was replaced by the\\npresent beautiful stone structure, at a cost of $37,000.\\nThe first minister of this church was the Rev. John\\nOrem, an Englishman. The late Bishop Alexander B.\\nGriswold was once the pastor of this church.\\nThe Methodist Church was organized in 1791 the\\nFirst Baptist Church Aug. 22, 1811 the South Christian\\nChurch in 1833 the Second Advent Church in 1843\\nand Trinity (Episcopal) in 1875. The first edifice of\\nthe Roman Catholic Church in Biistol was dedicated in\\nOctober, 1855.\\nThe citizens of Bristol have always taken a deep inter-\\nest in the cause of public education. The first proprie-\\ntors, who provided so liberally for religious institutions,\\nalso set apart lands for the support of a public school\\neducation, which lands continue to be held in trust for\\nthis purpose. The interest thus early manifested has\\ncontinued unabated to the present time. The B3-ficld\\nSchool, erected in 1873, is a very fine edifice. Its cost,\\nmth furnishing, was nearly $45,000.\\nFrom the beginning the commercial interests of Bristol\\nheld a high rank, and at one time it was among the first\\ncommercial ports of New England. Numerous vessels\\nwere owned here. An important branch of trade was\\nthat to Cuba, where many of the early merchants had\\nsugar and coffee plantations. An extensive trade was\\nalso carried on with the Baltic and Mediterranean ports,\\nand along the coast of the Middle and Southern States.\\nThis commercial trade has long since disappeared, and\\nin its place has come the introduction of various manu-\\nfacturing interests, including cotton-mills, boat and yacht\\nbuilding, and an extensive manufactory of all kinds of\\nrubber goods. There are also many excellent farms.\\nThe waters of Bristol are of unrivalled beauty. The\\nharbor is in the form of a basin, capacious and safe, and\\nof sufficient depth for the entrance of the largest sized\\nvessels and steamers. The fisheries form an important\\nbranch of industry.\\nThe town of Bristol took a conspicuous part in the\\nwar of the Revolution, and was not a whit behind her", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0451.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nsister towns in sacrifices for the promotion of the Amer-\\nican cause. Tlie war was brought homo to licr very\\ndoors. British vessels were frequentl3- in the harbor of\\nBristol, and the town was threatened with destruction.\\nAll males from 18 to 70 j-ears of age were required to\\narm themselves for the protection of the town, and\\nwomen and children were sent abroad for safetj-. Sev-\\neral companies of militia were formed, and the people\\nwere held in anxious suspense. On tlie morning of the\\n7th of October, 1775, the British squadron under com-\\nmand of Capt. Wallace, that had been lying at Newport\\nfor several months, came up the bay and anchored\\nabreast of Bristol. Soon a cannonading was commenced,\\nwliich was kept up about two Lours, and threatened the\\nentire destruction of the town. A parley was at length\\nhad, and hostilities ceased on the pledge of furnishing\\nthe squadron s commander with 49 sheep, which was\\npunctually performed at 12 o clock. The damage to the\\ntown was not so great as was at first feared, and onl}\\ntwo lives were lost. The Rev. Mr. Burt being confined\\nto his house by the camp-distemper, felt compelled to\\nleave for safety when the cannonading commenced, but\\nwas overcome with exhaustion and perished in a neigh-\\nboring cornfield. A child of Capt. Timothy Ingraham,\\nhaving been removed in the rain, died from exposure the\\nnext day. The guns of the vessels were elevated so\\nhigh, that their contents, for the most part, passed over\\nthe town, landing on the rising ground in the rear. The\\nBritish still continued to annoj with threats and other\\ndemonstrations, and kept the people in constant sus-\\npense. At length, on the morning of May 25, 1778,\\nabout 500 British and Hessians under command of Col.\\nCampbell, coming up the bay from Newport in a ship of\\nwar, landed above Poppasquash on the eastern shore,\\nfor the avowed purpose of destroying botli Warren and\\nBristol. After visiting Warren and doing there what\\ninjury they could, they returned by the main road to\\nBristol, and marched on through the town to the foot of\\nWallcy Street, plundering the inhabitants and takin\\nmany prisoners, setting fire to and destroying the dwell-\\nings, and also St. Michael s church edifice, supposing it\\nto be Parson Burt s meeting-house. Here they were\\nchecked by American troops, but fleeing before them to\\nthe ferry, they escaped on board a ship which had re-\\nturned to this point to receive them. Bristol was thus\\nleft in a verj^ crippled and distressed condition, which\\ncontinued until after the war, when many who had left\\ntown returned, and general business was resumed. A\\nfew years sufficed to bring back prosperity, and when in\\n1812 another war broke out with Great Britain, Bristol\\nhad reached the zenith of its commercial renown and\\nwealth.\\nImmediatelj upon the outbreak of hostilities her mer-\\nchants turned their attention to privateering, and the\\nYankee, Montgomery, Yankee Lass, and other\\nvessels owned at this port, were very successful in cap-\\nturing prizes, and yielded large profits. At the close of\\nthe war commerce soon resumed its accustomed channels,\\nand all the varied interests of the town received new life.\\nIn 1857 the railroad connecting Providence and Bristol\\nwent into operation, and in 1867 a line of steamers was\\nestablished between Bristol and New York. The mag-\\nnificent steamers Bristol and Providence, were\\nbuilt expressl} for this line, and commanded bj Bristol\\nmen, were run here until 18G9, when the brisk and\\nruinous competition compelled a compromise and they\\nwere transferred to the Fall River line. A line of steam-\\ners running dailj between Fall River and Providence,\\nand touching at this port, was established in 1830, and\\nstill continues.\\nIn the war of the Rebellion in 1861 Bristol contributed\\nher full quota, and many of the battle-fields were stained\\nb3- the blood of her choicest sons.\\nThe September gale in 1815, which was so disastrous\\nin man} places, was verj destructive in Bristol, laying\\nwaste an immense amount of private and public property,\\nand material!}- checking commercial interests. The gale\\nof 1869 also destroyed much property.\\nThe population of Bristol at the present time does not\\nvary much from 6,000. Manufacturing establishments\\nare over GO in number, furnishing employment to nearly\\n1,500 operatives. The valuation of the town by the State\\nin 1873 was $5,293,979. Tlie Pha?nix, an enterprising\\njournal, is under the management of Col. C. A. Green.\\nEligibly located on the peninsula which separates the\\nNarranganset and Mount Hope bays, and having one\\nof the finest harbors in the world, few towns can com-\\npare with Bristol for beaut}- of situation and natural at-\\ntractions. These attractions, with its healtliful climate,\\npure water and facilities for communication, are making\\nBristol more and more the resort of multitudes seeking\\nto escape from the crowded city to the more congenial\\natmosphere of the country and the quiet simplicity of\\nrural life.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0452.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nKENT cou:n^ty.\\nBY JOS. W. CONGDON, ESQ.\\nKent CocNrr consists of the four towns of Warwick,\\nEast Greenwich, Coventry and West Greenwich. It\\nwas originally a part of Pro^ iclence County, and was set\\noff from that county, and East Greenwich made the\\ncounty town June 15, 1750.\\nThe eastern portion of the eountj bordering on Nar-\\nraganset and Coweset baj-s, and east of the Stonington\\nRailroad, is comparatively level. The soil along the\\nPawtuxet River and near the shore is often very good.\\nAlong the coast are the well-known shore resorts of\\nRock} Point, Oakland Beach and The Buttonwoods, with\\nsome others of less importance. These places, particu-\\nlarly Rock} Point, are annuall} visited b} man} thou-\\nsands from all parts of New England during the excur-\\nsion season, and many boarding-houses and hotels are\\nfilled with more permanent visitors. Various portions of\\nthese pleasant and beautiful shores are occupied by gen-\\ntlemen as summer residences. Between this belt along\\nthe shore and the Stonington Railroad is a very level and\\nmostly sterile tract known as Old Warwick Plains.\\nAlong the shore of Coweset Bay, from the village of\\nApponaug, which lies at the extreme head of the bay,\\nto the village of Greenwich, a ridge of moderate ele-\\nvation extends near the shore and parallel with it, which\\naffords many pleasant situations for country residences,\\nand is princi[)ally occupied by gentlemen s country- seats.\\nThe rest of the town is mostly of a very uneven surface\\nand poor soil. This part of the town, however, is the\\nseat of its principal industries. It is very largely occu-\\npied for manufacturing purposes, principally for manu-\\nfacturing, bleaching and printing cotton goods, and\\nmaintains a very large, industrious and thriving popula-\\ntion.\\nThe peninsula of Potowomut is nearly level, and of a\\npoor and exhausted soil, where it has not been preserved\\nor restored by high cultivation. It is now principally\\noccupied for summer residences by diflferent members of\\nthe Ives and Goddard families.\\nThe population of Kent County is 20,348, divided\\namong the several towns as follows: Warwick, 11,614;\\nEast Greenwich, 3,120; Coventry, 4,580; and West\\nGreenwich, 1,034.\\nTowns.\\nWarwick, originally known by its Indian name of\\nShawomet, was one of the four towns which constituted\\nthe Colony under the first charter of 1643, granted by\\nthe Earl of Warwick as governor-in-chief of the Planta-\\ntions, and his associated commissioners appointed by the\\nLong Parliament.\\nThe first settlers of Warwick were the noted Samuel\\nGorton and his followers. The exact time when they\\nfirst established themselves in the place is unknown, but\\nwas probably about 1638. The deed of their first pur-\\nchase of land bears date Jan. 12, 1642.\\nThe circumstances attending the first settlement of\\nWarwick were such as to render it worth while to relate\\nthem somewhat in detail. Samuel Gorton, named above,\\nwas a man of very peculiar religious and political views,\\nand of a somewhat impracticable and turbulent temper.\\nA native of England, he emigrated to New England in\\n1636, and landed at Boston. Here he immediately\\nbegan to propagate his peculiar views, which were\\ndecidedly antagonistic to those recognized as orthodox\\nby the existing authorities of the Colony, and he soon\\ngained some adherents. These proceedings, however,\\nsoon brouglit him into conflict with the civil and ecclesi-\\nastical autliorities, by whom he was at different times\\nfined and threatened with imprisonment, and was finally\\nbanished. He retired with his followers to Pl}mouth.\\nHere, also, he soon got into diflBculties of the same\\nnature, and removed again to Aquidneck on the island of\\nRhode Island, then in possession of William Coddington\\nand his associates, where he was kindly received. Ilis old\\nfortune, however, followed him here, and he soon found\\nit advisable to withdraw to Providence, at that time the\\ngeneral asylum of all in the neighboring Colonies whose\\nopinions did not harmonize with the established churches\\nof their respective Colonies. In Providence he created\\nso much trouble and disturbance that some of the settlers\\napplied to Massachusetts and were willing to submit\\nthemselves to her jurisdiction for the sake of getting\\nrid of him. Under these circumstances he retired with\\nhis followers to the tract then known as Shawomet,\\nbut now as Old Warwick and Warwick Neck, where", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0453.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthej made the purchase of land as alreadj- stated.\\nThey did not, like the neighboring towns, form them-\\nselves into a ci^il communitj-, conceiving that they\\nhad no right to take such steps without authority\\nfrom the parent State of England, and considering all\\nthe governments set up voluntarily in this and the\\nneighboring Colonies as wholly illegal and void. They\\ncontented themselves with a simple voluntarj- asso-\\nciation for the regulation of their common interests.\\nThis circumstance, added to the obloquj- with which they\\nwere regarded, furnished a pretext for other settlers in\\nthat vicinity to acknowledge the jurisdiction and invoke\\nthe interposition of Massachusetts. That Colonj- imme-\\ndiately notified the inhabitants of Shawomet to appear\\nbefore the General Court and submit themselves to her\\njurisdiction. No attention having been piid to this\\nsummons, in the autumn of 1643, the government of\\nMassachusetts sent soldiers to arrest the inhabitants and\\nbring them before the authorities of that Colonj by\\nforce. The inhabitants having sent their wives and\\nchildren to places of safet} in the neighboring planta-\\ntions assembled at a house and awaited the attack.\\nAfter being besieged in this house for several days, for-\\ntunately without loss of life, they yielded to superior\\nnumbers, were convejcd as prisoners to Boston and\\nlodged in jail. In October they were tried on mingled\\ncharges of heresy and sedition, were all found guilty and\\nsentenced to imprisonment. Gorton himself came verj-\\nnear being condemned to death. In the following spring,\\nhowever, they were all released and banished from Mas-\\nsachusetts and Rhode Island under pain of death. They\\nreturned to Shawomet to find their families scattered and\\ntheir settlement broken up. They retired to Aquidneck\\nand remained there until the arrival of the charter of\\n1643, in 1644. This charter, by recognizing the three\\ntowns of Providence, Newport and Portsmouth, and bj\\nincluding the disputed territory of Shawomet within their\\njurisdiction, enabled them to return home in 1644. In\\n1646 the Earl of Warwick and his associated commis-\\nsioners ordered the Colony of Massachusetts not to dis-\\nturb their occupation until the question of jurisdiction\\nshould be finally decided. From this time their posses-\\nsion was for the most part undisturbed, and in 1C47 thej-\\norganized as a separate town or plantation, and were\\nrecognized as such by the rest of the Colon3-. Gorton\\ncommenced proceedings before the Privy Council to re-\\ncover damages from his persecutors, but no result fol-\\nlowed. He and his followers henceforward enjoyed\\ntheir peculiar views in peace. Gorton s account of these\\ntransactions, entitled Simplicity s Defence against\\nSeven-Headed Policy, has been republished in our own\\ndaj- as an historical relic and antiquarian curiosity, and as\\nsuch maj- be found among the other antiquarian volumes\\nin our public libraries. His opinions, when left to stand\\nor fall on their own merits, without the stimulus of per-\\nsecution, gradually died out, and his sect, as such, has\\nlong been utterly- extinct. j\\nIn 1655 the town of Warwick contained 37 freemen\\nthat is, freeholders, admitted to be voters. Among these j\\nwere many representing families whose lineal descend-\\nants if we may judge by their names are still found\\namong the natives of the town or of its immediate\\nvicinity.\\nFor some years there was little noteworthy- in the historj-\\nof Warwick. An Indian sachem named Pomham had\\nrefused to acknowledge the authority of the deed of Mian-\\ntonomo, and had continued to occupj- Warwick Neck not-\\nwithstanding the sale to Gorton and his followers, and\\nhad been supported bj Massachusetts in his refusal to\\nremove and deliver possession of that portion of the tract\\nconveyed by the deed. In 1665, however, the king s\\ncommissioners required Pomham to remove before the\\nnext spring, on Warwick s paying him the sum of twenty\\npounds. This order having been carried into effect, the\\ninhabitants of the town were relieved from the vexa-\\ntions naturally arising from an Indian settlement in their\\nmidst.\\nThough sharing, in common with all the settlements\\non the main land, the fears, vexations and losses natu-\\nrally resulting from the Indian war of 1676, or King\\nPliilip s war, in consequence of which most of the inhab-\\nitants at one time took refuge on the island of Rhode\\nIsland, Warwick escaped without any special injury,\\nthus faring much better than Providence, which was\\nburned in that year by the Indians.\\nAfter the close of the Indian war, the histor} of the\\nColony for a long time is principally occupied with the\\nconflicting claims of Connecticut, Plymouth and Rhode\\nIsland to the Narraganset country, the northern bounds\\nof which were somewhat uncertain, and were sometimes\\nclaimed to include Warwick and sometimes not. This\\ncontroversy, invohing the whole of the territory which\\nis now Washington Count} naturally belongs to the\\nhistory of that county, and will consequently be referred\\nto here no farther than it especially affects the different\\ntowns of the county of Kent.\\nAfter the charter of 1663, the jurisdiction of Rhode\\nIsland over the town of Warwick, though contested, was\\nnever seriously threatened. Even in 1683, when the\\nroyal commissioners reported in favor of the claim of\\nConnecticut to the Narraganset country, they recog-\\nnized the rights of the Warwick settlers, and the juris-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0454.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\ndiction of Rhode Island, and it does not appear that\\nthere was ever afterward an3- serious controversy on the\\nsubject.\\nThough principally agricultural, yet, in common with\\na large portion of the inhabitants of the Colonj the\\npopulation of Warwick also became largely interested in\\ncommerce. This commerce, whether between different\\ntowns of the Colony, or with other Colonies, was neces-\\nsarily carried on by water. In addition to a very large\\ntrade with the mother countr3% a more or less illegal\\ncommerce with the West Indies was, at one time,\\nextensively carried on.\\nThe citizens of Warwick naturall3- S3mpathized ar-\\ndently with the Colonial cause. One of the most famous\\nand decisive acts which marked the prelude to the Revo-\\nlutionary drama, the burning of the Gaspee took place\\non the shores of this town. This vessel had become\\nexceedingly obnoxious by the indiscreet zeal with which\\nits commander, Lieut. Dudingston, strove to enforce the\\nrevenue laws of the mother countrj causing him to\\ncommit many acts of unnecessarj-, and some of illegal\\nrigor. He had seized some rum, the property of Jacob\\nGreene Co. of Warwick, and sent it to Boston for\\ncondemnation, instead of libelling it at the vice-admi-\\nralty court of the Colony at Newport. This was directly\\ncontrary to the law. He had also long been in the habit\\nof stopping and examining every vessel or boat, without\\nreference to size or character, a course which, at a\\ntime when commercial intercourse between the different\\nparts of the Colony was very largely- carried on by small\\ncraft upon the waters of Narraganset Ba3 created\\nmuch annoyance and irritation. Still, it cannot be de-\\nnied that the greatest grievance, in the minds of the\\npeople, was the strict enforcement of the revenue laws\\nagainst the almost universal illicit trading of the colo-\\nnists. In pursuance of the plan of absolutely appropri-\\nating all the trade of the Colonies to Great Britain, a\\nseries of exceedingly stringent and absurd acts had been\\npassed, which, if strictly enforced, would have annihi-\\nlated the trade of the Colonies. It was impossible to\\nreally enforce these acts. The whole seaboard popula-\\ntion of the Colonies was united in a tacit conspiracj^ to\\nignore and defeat them. Immediately after the peace of\\n1763, a great effort was made to enforce them. Rhode\\nIsland, with its large inland waters, was a principal seat\\nof this illicit trade, and owed to it much of its prosper-\\nity. Hence the presence of the Gaspee, and the duty\\nassigned her, were exceedingly obnoxious to the whole\\npopulation, and a favorable chance to got rid of her was\\neagerly sought. At last it came. On the 9th of June,\\n1772, in pursuing a schooner of lighter draught, she\\ngrounded on Namquit Point, now Gaspee Point, about a\\nmile south of the mouth of the Pawtuxet River. Here,\\nabout midnight, she was boarded by a large companj- of\\nmen, principally from Providence, under the leadership\\nof John Brown, a well-known merchant of Providence,\\nand captured before resistance could be made. Her\\ncaptors shot and severely wounded the commander, car-\\nried off what they pleased, removed the officers and\\ncrew, and set fire to the vessel, which was wholly con-\\nsumed. There is little doubt that Jacob Greene, one of\\nthe owners of the rum above referred to, was one of the\\nparty. The lieutenant and his crew were taken ashore\\nat Pawtuxet, where the lieutenant stayed till he suffl-\\ncientl}- recovered to return to dut} This affair made a\\ntremendous stir, both in the Colonies and in Great\\nBritain.\\nAVhile the storm was gathering, and preparations were\\nmaking for armed resistance, Wai-wick was not behind\\nany of her sister towns, and contribut ed her full share of\\nmen and means for the conflict.\\nAmong the natives of Warwick who were conspicuous\\nduring the war, the name of Nathaniel Greene stands\\npre-eminent. Though at the actual outbreak of the war\\na resident of Coventry, he was born and reared to man-\\nhood in that part of Warwick known as Potoworaut,\\nwhere a branch of his family still possesses the old home-\\nstead which belonged to his father. Gen. Greene, the\\nhero of the Southern campaigns, and, in the judgment of\\nalmost all, second to Washington alone in abilities and\\ncharacter, commenced his military career in 1774 as a\\nprivate in the Kentish Guards, an independent military\\ncompanj then newly organized in the neighboring\\ntown of East Greenwich. Promoted to be brigadier-\\ngeneral of the army of observation raised by the\\nColony in 1775, soon after the war began he was trans-\\nferred to the Continental service. From that time his\\nhistorj forms no small part of the great conflict itself,\\nand is inseparably associated with its glorj* and success.\\nWarwick is also honorably associated with the Revo-\\nlutionary war in the person of another eminent citizen.\\nIn 1779, William Greene of Warwick was chosen gov-\\nernor, and continued to hold that office during the re-\\nmainder of the war. During that period tlie office of\\ngovernor of Rhode Island was no mere empty honor.\\nThe duties connected with it were exceedingly various,\\nlaborious and important, and they were honorably and\\nsuccessfully performed by Gov. Greene.\\nGov. Greene lived on his ancestral estate, a little\\nwest of the village of Greenwich, and just on the War-\\nwick side of the boundarj His house, which is now\\nthe residence of his grandson, Hon. William S. Greene,", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0455.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nlate lieutenant-governor of Rhode Island, was originally-\\nbuilt in 1694. Though considcrablj- altered from time\\nto time, it still presents substantially the same external\\nappearance as it did when the residence of the Revolu-\\ntionary governor.\\nAfter the Revolutionary war, came the contest be-\\ntween the friends and opponents of large emissions of\\npaper money. Warwick, like most of the country towns,\\nsympathized with the paper-money party. After tlie\\nSupreme Court of the State rendered the decision whicli\\nstruck a mortal blow at the enforced circulation of the\\nbills of credit emitted by the General Assemblj-, War-\\nwick in town meeting passed very strong and even vio-\\nlent resolves in favor of the most stringent measures of\\nenforcement but before the year was out the sober\\nsecond thought of the people prevailed, and all the reso-\\nlutions were rescinded.\\nAfter the adoption of the Constitution, and the for-\\nmation of the two great parties- of those days, Warwiclc\\nfor the most part adhered to the Federal party. The\\nhistory of these party struggles is too obscure, and of\\ntoo little general interest at present, to make even the\\nbriefest account of them interesting.\\nWe pass over, therefore, the political history of the town\\nfrom that time to the present with the single remark that,\\nduring the existence of tlie Whig part} Warwick was a\\nstanch Whig town, and since the organization of the\\nRepublican party has been almost always strongl}- Re-\\npublican in its politics. During this long period, War-\\nwick has produced many men of local eminence, but\\nfew of national reputation.\\nDuring tlie greater part of tliis century, manufactures,\\nprincipally of cotton cloth, have been the dominant in-\\ndustry of the town. The first attempts in manufacturing\\ncotton in this town seem to have been made about 1794,\\nat Centreville. About 1807, operations were com-\\nmenced at Natick and Compton in 1809, at Lippitt\\nin 1810, 11, 12, at Phenix, Pontiac and River Point.\\nClyde Print Works, Arctic, Hill s Grove and the Orien-\\ntal Print Works at Apponaug were much later, the first\\ntwo beginning about 1831-34, and the other two not\\nearlier than 18G7. All these villages, after passing, in\\nthe case of the earlier ones, through man} vicissitudes\\nand changes of ownersliip, have become great establish-\\nments, with extensive buildings, employing, some of\\nthem, hundreds of workmen, with annual products\\namounting to millions.\\nEast Greenwich forms the south-eastern portion of\\nthe countj The ridge, extending southwards from Ap-\\nponaug, enters this town and follows the shore south-\\nwards for some distance. Along its eastern slope, and\\non its nearly level summit, lies the large village of\\nGreenwich (2,400 inhabitants), occupying the north-\\neastern corner of the town, and extending across the\\nline into Warwick. In and near this village are manu-\\nfacturing establishments of some magnitude the Baj-\\nMill Company, popularlj- known as the Shore Mill, at the\\nnorth end of the village, the Union Mill, as it is usuallj-\\ncalled, near its southern end, and the Greenwich Print\\nAVorks, on Maschachoge Brook, about half a mile south\\nof the village. With the exception of one small mill, the\\ncountry portion of the town is exclusively agricultural.\\nWest of the village, the eastern half of the town con-\\ntains some tracts of excellent soil, but the western half\\nis very hilly, and of a thin and sterile soil.\\nIn 1 750 the four towns of East Greenwich, Warwick,\\nCoventry and West Greenwich were formed into the new\\ncounty of Kent. There was an earnest controversy\\nwhether East Greenwich or Warwick should be the\\ncounty town, but the former prevailed.\\nA military organization, known as the Kentish Guards,\\nand which rendered good service in the Revolution, has\\nmaintained its organization in this town down to the\\n[jresent time, and has rendered many services to the\\nState. During the troubled year 1842, they were called\\ninto service and were stationed at Pawtucket, under the\\ncommand of Col. George W. T. Allen. It was while\\nthe} were guarding Pawtucket Bridge, that in repelling\\nthe attacks and insults of the crowd, they fired upon the\\npeople, and killed the only man who fell in the famous\\nDorr war. During the late war they furnished nearly\\na whole company to the 2d Rhode Island regiment, and\\nrendered other important services.\\nThe commerce of this town was once large and flourish-\\ning, extending to the West and East Indies. During the\\nlater colonial period, indeed, and for many years after-\\nwards, this had been its principal industry, but subse-\\nquently it gradually decayed, and is now almost extinct.\\nNor has any other branch of industry really taken its\\nplace. Though three manufacturing establishments of\\nsome magnitude exist in the town, they have never been\\nreally profitable, and there is no inducement for new\\nenterprises of the kind. The village has become a\\npleasure residence, especially for those who have retired\\nfrom business or live on fixed incomes. They find its\\nquiet streets and inexpensive habits congenial to their\\nfeelings or suitable to their means.\\nDuring the first half of the centmy the most distin-\\nguished citizen of East Greenwich was probably Gen.\\nAlbert C. Greene, who was a native of the town, born here\\nin 1792, and was a nephew of Gen. Nathaniel Greene.\\nFor many years he was the leading man of the Rhode", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0456.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nIsland bar, and was attorne}--general of Rhode Island for\\nnearly 20 years. In 1845 he was chosen United States\\nsenator, and served one term. He died in Providence in\\n18G3.\\nWe maj- properlj- close this account of East Greenwich\\nbj- a brief notice of its literary institutions. In 1802 the\\nleading citizens of East Greenwicli and vicinit} by their\\nunited efforts obtained the moans of erecting an academy,\\nknown as the Kent Academj-. A charter was obtained\\nfrom the General Assembly, and a stock corporation was\\nformed, the shares of which were distributed among the\\na term in Congress, became United States minister to\\nPeru, are among the number.\\nAfter the academy passed into the hands of tlie Con-\\nference, its position was greatly changed and improved.\\nHaving become the property of a large, wealthy and\\nliberal denomination, whose means from time to time\\nhave been freely contributed for its benefit, it has for the\\nmost part been a large and flourishing school. At the\\npresent time, with a healthful and pleasant situation, fine\\nbuildings with suitable apparatus, and well-tried and\\nexcellent teachers, it deservedly holds a high place among\\nAOADEMT, EAST GREENWICH, R. I.\\nsubscribers to the fund. The building was completed,\\nsuitably furnished with maps, globes, bell, and other\\napparatus, and was ready for use in October, 1804. A\\nschool was immediately established there, and maintained\\nwith some intervals, and with varying success until 1841,\\nwhen it passed into the hands of the Providence Confer-\\nence of the Methodist Church.\\nDuring this period, though the enterprise failed to be\\npecuniarilj profitable, and the ownership of the property\\nwas repeatedly changed, 3 ct as a school, as a centre and\\nfocus of intellectual and moral illumination, it yielded\\nabundant and profitable results. From time to time men\\nof great ability and subsequent eminence were among\\nits instructors. Joseph L. Tillinghast, who, in after\\n3ears, was a leading lawyer and representative in Con-\\ngress, and Hon. Christopher Robinson, who, after ser\\\\ ing\\nthe educational establi shments of New England. Its\\npresent name is the Providence Conference Seminary and\\nMusical Institute.\\nIn 18G7 a few gentlemen organized under the laws of\\nthe State the East Greenwich Free Librar} Association,\\nfor the purjiose of maintaining a free librar} in East\\nGreenwich. Within the next four years nearly 2,000\\nvolumes were collected, and a neat and appropriate\\nbuilding erected. While many have generously con-\\ntributed their time and means to the work, Hon. William\\nGreene of Warwick has been b} far the largest contribu-\\ntor, and maj fairly be considered its real founder.\\nCoventry is the largest town in the county. Its sur-\\nface varies from level sandy tracts to hilly, and more or\\nless rocky or sterile ones. Only a small portion of the\\ntown has a really good soil. In the greater part of it", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0457.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe soil is poor and the population scanty. Manufactur-\\ning interests are largely predominant in the eastern por-\\ntion of the town. The new town, when first established\\nin 1741, was wholl} agricultural and very thinly inhab-\\nited. The most noteworthy circumstance in the early\\nhistory of the town is that Nathaniel Greene, shortly\\nbefore the Revolutionary war, removed to Coventry and\\nresided there until after the war. P*revious to the Rev-\\nolution he represented the town for several years in the\\nGeneral Assembl}-.\\nWest Greenwich lies between Coventry on the north\\nand Exeter on the south. Its surface is generally ver}-\\nuneven, some of it is sandy, and most of the rest is hilly\\nand rocky. There are tracts of good soil, but the great-\\ner part is either too sandy, too rocky, or too cold for suc-\\ncessful cultivation. Still the industry of the town is\\nprincipally agricultural. The lack of water-power and\\nof means of communication, have prevented the estab-\\nlishment of manufactures. Two or three small mills .are\\nfound near Nooseneck, the principal village, but they\\ncan scarcely be called successful.\\nWest Greenwich was separated from East Greenwich\\nin 1741. Its settlement and early history- are accordingly\\nfound under the head of that town. Since the organiza-\\ntion of the town, all the surrounding circumstances have\\nbeen unfavorable to its growth and prosperity. Its com-\\nparatively sterile soil, even in the earlier times, kept a\\nlarge portion of its inhabitants in povertv, wliile its sit-\\nuation, cut off from all direct intercourse with the world\\noutside, helped materially to prevent general progress in\\ncultivation and refinement.\\nOnly once has West Greenwich enjoyed the benefit of\\ndirect communication with the great centres of intelli-\\ngence and activity. About 1815 the New London Turn-\\npike was built, passing diagonall} through the eastern\\nsection of the town. It became the gi-eat stage-route\\nbetween Boston and New York. The stage-house where\\nthe coaches stopped for dinner, was within the town, and\\nwas a great establishment for those days. But the\\nsteamboats that ran from Providence to New York, and\\nfinally the Stonington Railroad, annihilated the stage-\\nlines, the through travel ceased, and the turnpike, which\\nhad been once a great thoroughfare, became an ordi-\\nnary county road, which the disgusted stockholders\\nsome 3-ears ago turned over to the several towns through\\nwhich it passes, to be maintained by them as a public\\nhighway.\\nSince that time no railroad or telegraph line has\\ninvaded the town, and nothing else has taken place to\\ngive any impulse of growth or improvement. The con-\\nsequence has been that while all the other towns of the\\ncounty have been increasing in population, wealth and\\ncomfort. West Greenwich has not even held her own but\\nhas steadily retrograded.\\nNEWPOET COUNTY\\nBY GEORGE E. MASON.\\nNewport County embraces the city of Newport, and\\nthe towns of Portsmouth, Middletown, Tiverton, Little\\nCompton, Jamestown and New Shoreham. Newport,\\nMiddletown and Portsmouth are on the island of Rhode\\nIsland. Tiverton and Little Compton are on the main-\\nland, and make the south-eastern part of the State.\\nJamestown is on the island of Conanicut, and New\\nShoreham is on Block Island. There are a number of\\nsmall islands in the county. Prudence belongs to Ports-\\nmouth Coaster s Harbor, containing about 100 acres,\\nmakes a part of Newport, and is used by that city as an\\nasylum for its poor Gould Island is included within the\\nlimits of Jamestown and Goat Island, and the almost\\nuninhabited Rose Island, are the property of the United\\nStates government.\\nTowns.\\nNewport. The Antinomian controversy in Massa-\\nchusetts ended in 1638, but the drawing to a close of a\\nwar of words did not heal wounds that had been received\\nin the long and violent struggle, nor did it soften the\\nbitter animosities growing out of it. When those who\\nsmarted under the decrees of court reviewed the situa-\\ntion, they felt that they could not longer live with men\\nwho had condemned them for erroneous opinions,\\nthat it would be better to go out into the wilderness and\\nfound a new home, rather than to remain longer within\\nthe jurisdiction of their oppressors. Accordingly they\\nchose John Clarke and William Coddington as leaders,\\nand turned southward, having in view a settlement on\\nLong Island. But when they reached Providence they", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0458.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0were advised hj- Roger Williams to settle on the Island\\nof Aquidneck, now Rhode Island and to encourage\\nthem to take this step, he went with them to the island,\\nto learn its character and to see what inducements it\\nreally held out for a permanent settlement. The result\\nof the visit was encouraging. They found the climate\\ngenial, the land fertile, the waters navigable and abound-\\ning with fish. Under the circumstances it did not take\\nthe exiles long to decide, and with the aid of Roger\\nWilliams and Sir Henry Vane, a bargain was struck with\\nthe Indian sachems, Canonicus and Miantonomo, for the\\npurchase of the island.\\nThe purchase money haxing been agreed upon, the\\nsettlers paid the price,\\nforty fathoms of white\\npeagc to this was added\\nten coats and twenty hoes\\nto the resident Indians,\\nand five fathoms of wam-\\npum to the local sachem.\\nThis done, tlic settlers\\nentered into a formal\\nci\\\\il compact at Provi-\\ndence, which thej- signed\\non The 7th day of the\\nfirst month, 1638.\\nA settlement was com-\\nmenced on the north end\\nof the island, March 7,\\n1G38, at a point known\\nby the Indians as Pocas-\\nset. The following spring,\\ntheir numbers having in-\\ncreased, some of the mem-\\nbers removed to the south-\\nern and western side of the island, and formed a new set-\\ntlement known as Newport.\\nA town was at once laid out on the site of the present\\ncity. Four acres were assigned for each house-lot, and\\nin addition to his lot, Mr. Coddington was granted six\\nacres for an orchard. Jan. 22, 1C40, the population\\nnumbered 96 persons. That j-ear the first General Court\\nwas held in Newport. William Coddington was elected\\ngovernor, William Brenton deputy governor, and Nich-\\nolas Easton, John C oggeshall, William Hutchinson and\\nJohn Porter, assistants Robert Jeffreys of Newport,\\nand William Baulstone of Portsmouth, were chosen treas-\\nurers.\\nUp to this time there was no connection between the\\nsettlement at Pocasset, known as Portsmouth, and New-\\nport, but they were now brought under one jurisdiction,\\nOLD CODDINGTON\\nthe local afl airs of each town being left to its own\\nmanagement.\\nIn 1644, Roger Williams returned from England with\\nthe charter granted to the three Rhode Island Colonies,\\nunder the head of The Incorporation of the Providence\\nPlantations in the Narragansett Bay in New England.\\nThe union of the Colonies does not appear to have been\\na happ3 one, and Coddington having failed to detach\\nNewport from the other towns, sailed for Europe, in\\nJanuary, 1649, without making his purpose known at\\nhome, to procure for it a separate charter. la April,\\n16i31, he succeeded in obtaining a commission to govern\\nthe islands of Rhode Island and Conanicut during his\\nlife, with a council of six\\nmen, to be named by\\nthe people and approved\\nby himself. Coddington s\\ncourse was not agreeable\\nto the freemen, and, at\\ntheir request, John Clarke\\nand Roger WiOiams went\\nout to England, to pro-\\ncure a repeal of the ob-\\nnoxious commission. In\\nOctober, 1652, an order\\nof coimcil was issued,\\nvacating the commission\\nof Coddington.\\nThe war between Hol-\\nland and France, in 1667,\\nled the colonists to fortif3-\\nthe seaboard town, and\\nprovision was made to\\nsupply Newport and some\\nloxsc, ^E vvFOI^T. ^i\\nof the other towns with\\nammunition. In August of that year, the first troop\\nof horse, nimibering 21 well-mounted men, reported\\nfor duty at Newjiort. This was the first organization of\\nthe kind in the Colon}\\nDuring King Philip s war, Newport became the home\\nof many who fled to it for shelter. Two j cars later,\\nGov. Benedict Arnold died. He had resided in Newport\\nduring a period of 25 years, and here he was buried.\\nFor five jears he was president of the Colonj- under the\\nold patent, and was the first governor under the second\\ncharter, to which office he was elected seven different\\ntimes. Arnold will alwajs be remembered in Rhode\\nIsland for his stand in favor of religious freedom, as was\\nshown on various occasions, and particularly when called\\nupon to expel the Quakers. Gov. Coddington soon fol-\\nlowed, dying but a few months later, Nov. 1, 1678. He", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0459.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwas the first judge or chief mngistrato of the Colony-,\\nand continued to be governor till the union of the sev-\\neral towns was perfected. He was the first person in\\nNewport to engage in commerce.\\nWithin t^o jcars of the death of Coddington, Gov.\\nJohn Cranston died (March 12, 1G80), the third gov-\\nernor who had died in office. He had taken an active\\npart in the militarj organization in the Colony, and was\\ntlie first to hold the office of major-general. His son\\nSamuel held the office of governor longer than any other\\nman elected bj- a popular vote, hanng been returned for\\n27 years. He was a man of character, and was de-\\nscended through a long line of noble ancestors. He\\ndied in 1727.\\nDuring the closing j ears of the seventeenth century,\\nthe peace of the Colonj was disturbed b}- pirates, and it\\nwas claimed that, as Newport was largely engaged in\\ncommerce, it should exert itself to free the sea from\\nfreebooters but piracy had grown out of privateering,\\nwhich Newport had found ver^ profitable, and while the\\npeople were by no means disposed to encourage pirac}\\nthej were unwilling to give up privateering. So, when\\nLord Bcllamont appointed a commission to secure, if\\npossible, the arrest of some of the associates of Kidd,\\nwho were at large, nothing was accomplished. Ha;ing\\nfailed in his efforts. Lord BeUamont placed the governors\\nof Rhode Island and Connecticut under bonds. In a\\nletter to the Board of Trade he denounced Gov. Crans-\\nton for conniving at pirates, and making Rhode Island\\ntheir sanctuary. Later, a decided stand was taken\\nagainst the pirates. July 19, 1723, twenty-six were\\nhung at one time in Newport.\\nIn 1710, a town crier was elected for the first time.\\nIn the early part of the eighteenth centurj-, the lottery\\nsj stem exerted a great deal of influence, and it became\\na settled thing, when a wharf was to be built, a street\\nto be repaired, or a steeple was wanted to a church, to\\nobtain a license for a lottery and as Congress in time\\nestablished lotteries to raise funds, it onlj strengthened\\nthe hands of those who were fond of this species of\\ngambling. Even for the relief of a prisoner in jail, a\\nlottery was granted in 1749.\\nIn 1739, the hardy mariners of Newport were again in\\ntheir element, war having been declared between Spain\\nand Great Britain, and immediately the privateersmon\\npushed out to sea Godfrey Malbone, John Brown and\\nGeorge Wanton taking the lead, by sending out a ship\\narmed from the public stores. Fort George, on Goat\\nIsland, was garrisoned, and a battery and troops were\\nsent to Block Island. At this time, a sloop of 115 tons\\nwas ordered to be built for the defence of the coast, and\\nfive privateers, manned by 400 men, were fitted out b}-\\nthe merchants of Newport.\\nDm-ing these exciting times, when the war feeling was\\nuppermost, George AVhitefield came to Newport, preached\\nin the meeting-houses and in the open air, and made\\nmany converts. But when it was known that France was\\nlikely to become the allj- of Spain, greater attention was\\npaid to militarj matters than to religion. Fort George\\nwas enlarged, a powder magazine was built, stores were\\nprovided, and additional companies were raised in New-\\nport, and when the attack was made on Louisburg,\\nNewport troops and sailors were actively- engaged in the\\nenterj rise. In the movement against Crown Point they\\nalso took an active part.\\nThe vigor with which the home government pressed\\nthe Acts of Trade and Navigation was met with much\\nopposition in Newport. To crush out this spirit still\\nmore decided measures were adopted, and Lord Coville\\nstationed H. B. M. ship Squirrel in Newport harbor,\\nfor the encouragement of trade b} the prevention of\\nsmuggling. The Sugar Act, about to ex]5ire bj limita-\\ntion, was to bo revised and more finnlj estalilished, and\\nit was known that a scheme for taxing the Colonies was\\nunder consideration. This so exasperated the people 1\\nthat when Lieut. Hill, of the schooner St. John, gave\\nsome offence to the inhabitants of Newport, his A-cssel\\nwas fired upon from Fort George. It was the beginning\\nof long years of strife the next act of opposition to\\nthe crown, of an} moment, being the burning of the\\nschooner Gaspee, June 10, 1772. The houses of the\\nstamp-masters were plundered by rioters, and the ofli-\\ncers themselves barely escaped the wrath of the mob.\\nThe excitement was intense, and a plan was on foot to\\ntake possession of Fort George, then to cut out a sloop\\nthat had been seized bj the sloop-of-war Cygnet, and,\\nif the latter resisted, to sink her witli the guns from the\\nfort. But the autlioritics succeeded in controlling tlic\\npeople, who, while they ceased for a time from open\\nviolence, refused to buy a stamp. A year later, the\\nStamp Act was repealed, but the people of Newport\\nnever forgot what the} had been subjected to. Thcv\\nresisted the revenue officers, and when Capt. Reid, of\\nthe armed sloop Libert}-, exceeded the bounds of his\\ncommission, they boarded his vessel, scuttled her, and\\nthen burned his boats.\\nThe first meeting in Rhode Island in opposition to the\\nintroduction of tea by the East India Company was held\\nin Newport, and this town was the first in the Colony to\\nadopt the advice of Congress for the preservation of\\nsheep, but the people were sorely let and hindered when\\nthe Rose frigate and other armed vessels were sta-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0460.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\ntioned off the port for while the} were there ostensiblj-\\nto keep the peace, thej were a continual annoj-ance to\\nthe commerce of the Colon}-.\\nThe war opened, and Newport, in its exposed situa-\\ntion, suffered terribl}-. Its trade was gone many of its\\nleading families were driven into exile its public build-\\nings were converted into hospitals and stables, and\\nmany of its dwellings were razed for firewood. For\\nthree j-ears it was in the hands oif the enemy, and when\\nat last they evacuated the town, it was a wreck.*\\nAn event of some importance, while the island was in\\nthe possession of the British, was the capture of Gen.\\nPrescott, the commanding officer of the British forces,\\nbj a band of men mider Col. Barton. He was at the\\ntime quartered at a house on the west road, about five\\nmiles from Newjjort. When taken from his bed, he was\\nhurried to the water, where a boat was in waiting, and\\nere morning he was landed at Warwick Neck, on the\\nopposite side of the baj\\nAnother event of great moment was the battle of\\nRhode Island, which Lafaj ette said was the best-fought\\nbattle of the war. Count d Estaing had arrived off\\nNewport, with twelve ships of the line and four frigates,\\non the 29th of July, and while the British garrison with-\\ndrew to Newport, their ships sought refuge in the har-\\nbor. A number of these vessels were destro3 ed to pre-\\nvent their falling into the hands of the French. The\\nBritish retired within their lines at Newport, preparations\\nwere made for the expected battle, and the opposing\\nsquadrons mancBu%Ted for the weather-gage but before\\nthey came into action, a terrific storm scattered and dis-\\nabled the ships to such an extent that they were no\\nlonger in a condition to meet each other. This was a\\nserious loss to the Americans, who had depended upon\\nthe French ships for assistance. Lacking this aid, the\\nremaining one-half of the reserves were called out to\\ntake the place of tlic French troops. The Rhode Island\\ntroops, under Gen. Sullivan, numbered 1,600, and the\\nwhole number of Americans engaged was about 5,000.\\nOf these onlj 1,500 had seen service. They were all\\nencamped on Butts Hill, in Portsmouth, about five miles\\nfrom Newport.\\nEarly on the morning of Aug. 29, the British troops\\nmarched out in two columns, and the battle that fol-\\nlowed raged for more than seven hours. Three separate\\ncharges were made by the enemy, but each charge was\\nrepelled with severe loss, so severe that nearly one-\\nJ. P. Brissot de Warvaie said of Newport, when he visited it in\\n1788 The reign of solitude is only interrupted by groups of idle men,\\nstanding with folded arms at the comers of the street houses falling\\nto ruin; miserable shops, which present nothing but a few coarse\\nfourth of the twent3--second regiment of Hessians were\\nleft upon the field, and sixty Hessian bodies were found\\npiled in one spot.\\nAt the commencement of the battle a number of Brit-\\nish ships rendered assistance to the forces of the enemy,\\nby throwing shot into the American camp but a return\\nfire from a few pieces compelled the ships to retire. The\\nBritish finally retreated, and had it not been that the\\nAmerican armj- had gone without rest and food for 36\\nhours. Gen. Sullivan would have followed up the retreat\\nand have attacked them in their works. The American\\nloss was 211 that of the enemy 1,023. The following\\nday it was ascertained that D Estaing could not return,\\nand that the British were to be reinforced. Under these\\ncircumstances it was deemed prudent to retire, and all\\nthe American forces on the island were withdrawn.\\nThe British forces retired from the island Oct. 25, 1779.\\nBefore leaving they burnt the lighthouse at Beaver Tail,\\nlevelled the north battery, and broke up their barracks.\\nAt sunset the fleet sailed, having on board with the\\ntroops 46 loyalists and their families, and carrying off\\nthe records of the town. The vessel having these valu-\\nable papers on board was sunk at Hurl Gate. Three\\n3 ears later the papers were rdcovered, but in such a\\ndamaged condition that it has been impossible to deci-\\npher many of them.\\nIn 1780 the labor of raising the British ftigates sunk\\nin the harbor commenced, and in July Admiral de\\nTernay, with a fleet of 44 sail, and 6,000 troops, under\\nCount de Rochambeau, arrived. Admiral de Ternay\\ndied suddenly, December 15, and was buried with great\\npomp in Trinity churchyard, March 6, 1781. Wash-\\nj ington arrived at Newport to arrange with Rochambeau\\nfor an active campaign, and was received with honors.\\nThe town was illuminated, and the French officers gave\\na ball in honor of the illustrious chief. The campaign\\nwas successful, and peace soon followed.\\nWhen it was known in Newport, Apr. 25, 1783, that\\nthere was a cessation of hostilities, there were great\\nrejoicings in the midst of which the efllgy of Benedict\\nArnold was hung, and then burned. In November Gen.\\nGreene returned to his family in Newport, and was\\nreceived by the town with an address of welcome.\\nEvery effort was now made by the people of Newport to\\nrecover their former standing, and to revive trade and\\ncommerce. In May, 1784, the legislature incorporated\\nthe city of Newport, and George Hazard was chosen\\nstuffs, or baskets of apples and other articles of little value; grass\\ngrowing in the public square, in front of the court of justice rags\\nstuffed into the windows, or hanging upon hideous women and lean,\\nunquiet children.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0461.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nmaj or. In 1787 the charter, through some political in-\\nfluence, was withdrawn, and the people returned to a\\ntown form of government, to which thcj adhered till\\n1853, when the cit}- was again incorporated.\\nAug. 16, 1790, Washington visited Newioort, and had\\na formal reception, followed b^ a pi.blic dinner. New-\\nport has repeatedly had opportunities to welcome the\\npresidents of the United States.\\nThe stone bridge, connecting the island with the main\\nland, was commenced during the closing 3ears of the last\\ncentury It was formerly owned bv a corporation. It is\\nnow used only for local travel.\\nNewport was earl^ engaged in the whale fishcrv, and\\nher seamen were the first to cany the business as far as\\nthe Falkland Islands. All fishing for whales in those\\nda3-s was done in boats. The first regularl} equipped\\nwhaleman from Rhode Island arrived at Newport in 1 733,\\nhaving on board 114 barrels of oil and 200 pounds of\\nbone.\\nThe manufacture of spermaceti oil and candles, intro-\\nduced into Newport from Portugal, b^- Jacob Rod Rivera,\\ncontributed greatly to the prosperitj- of the town. No\\nless than 17 manufactories were in operation at the same\\ntime, and, up to the Revolution, Newport enjoyed almost\\na monopolj of the trade.\\nThe commerce of the place was very extensive, and a\\ndirect trade was carried on with the West Indies. In\\n17G9 there were ten distilleries in Newport, engaged in\\nmaking ram.\\nNearly all the merchants were ruined bj- the war, and\\nthose who had saved anj-thing were not disposed, on the\\nreturn of peace, to come back and resume their business\\nnor was it till some years after the adoption of the Con-\\nstitution, that the trade and commerce of the place\\nbegan to revive. From 1795 to 1800 the trade of New-\\nport was in a most promising condition.\\nThe frigate General Greene, built at Warren, was\\nrigged and fitted for sea in Newport harbor. In this\\nvessel Midshipman Oliver Hazard Pcrrj first went to sea,\\nand made two voyages to the West Indies, under his\\nfather, Capt. Christopher Raj-mond Perry. On each\\nreturn V03-age this ship brought the jcllow fever to New-\\nport.\\nThe slave trade was carried on from this port, in com-\\nmon with man} otlier New England seaports, prior to\\nthe Revolution. Newport, as the metropolitan town\\nof the Colony, received a grant, for seven years, of\\nfunds derived from the importation of slaves, for the\\npurpose of paving some of its principal streets. The\\ntrade in negroes was deemed proper and legitimate, and\\nit was continued till the war brought it to a close.\\nIn 1813 Capt. Oliver H. PeiTj-, who had been in com-\\nmand of certain gunboats, left Newport with a number\\nof men, to take command of the American squadron on\\nLake Erie. His subsequent victory is well known.\\nThe news of peace reached Newport Feb. 14, 1815,\\nand was received with every demonstration of joj The\\npeople had suflTcred much through the interruption of\\ntrade, and the closing of all their commercial relations.\\nIt was long before the place recovered from this second\\nshock. From 1808 to 1832 hardl} a new building was\\nerected, if we except the asjlum for the poor, on Coast-\\ner s Harbor Island. Of shipping there was none mer-\\nchants had gone elsewhere and located, and the pros-\\npects for the future were anything but encouraging.\\nBut the will of the people surmounted these obstacles,\\nand ere long Newport had quite a respectable whaling-\\nfleet afloat.\\nA disastrous gale swept over the town Sept. 23, 1815.\\nThe tide rose tliree and a half feet higher tlian had ever\\nbeen known before two dwellings and nine stores and\\nworkshops were swept awaj a large three-storj store,\\ncontaining hemp, flour, c., was lifted from its founda-\\ntion and floated into the harbor. In one house on Long\\nWharf five persons perished. Steeples were partly\\nblown down, and the roofs of churches were greatlj-\\ndamaged. Families were driven to the upper rooms of\\ntheir houses, and women and children were taken from\\nchamber windows.\\nIn 1825 the work of building Fort Adams was com-\\nmenced at Brenton s Point, which was verj- beneficial to\\nNewport, giving, as it did, employment to a large num-\\nber of persons. It was not many years before there\\nwere several cotton-factories in operation. In 1838 two\\nof these factories turned out 40,000 yards of cloth per\\nweek. Three of these, however, have since been\\nburned, and but one has been rebuilt. At the present\\ntime there are two mills in operation, the Perry and the\\nAquidncek, both fine stone structures.\\nThe Toqiedo Station is located on Go.at Island. From\\nthe earliest histor} of Newport there has been a fort on\\nthat island, which was earl} known as Fort Island. The\\nfort has had various names at one time Fort Anne, at\\nanother Fort George, and it is now known as Fort Wol-\\ncott. Here classes of young officers are regularly in-\\nstructed in the use and management of torpedoes.\\nOn the north end of Goat Island there is a break-\\nwater, built of granite, 1,200 feet in length, and at the\\nouter end there is a lighthouse.\\nIn mid-channel, between Newport and Conanicut,\\nthere is a small island belonging to the government, and\\nknown as Rose Island. Upon it are the remains of bar-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0462.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nracks and a small redoubt, long since abandoned. On\\nthis island there is a liglithouse, showing a red light.\\nCoaster s Harbor Island, connected with Rhode Island\\nby a stone causewaj-, contains the city asylum for tlie\\npoor. Besides the asylum, there are two funds, tlie\\nCoggeshall and the Cranston fund, bequests, the inter-\\nest of which is devoted to the support of persons who\\nare known to be in need} circumstances.\\nTlie Home for Friendless and Destitute Children was\\norganized in 18GG. Mr. Christopher Townsend gave\\nthrough the war of 1812, was active in suppressing the\\nDorr rebellion, and, quick to respond to the first call for\\ntroops in the late war, the blood of its members was\\nfreely poured out on the field of Bull Run. The New-\\nport Artillery is the body-guard of the governor of the\\nState.\\nOne of the most beautiful burial-places in the city is\\nknown as the Jewish Cemeter}-, at the corner of Kaj and\\nTouro sti-eets. Through the liberality of members of the\\nI Touro family, the place has been put in admirable order.\\n$10,000 to be funded for its support. It has also the\\nincome of the Fry Orphan Fund, a bequest to the city\\nof Newport from the late Christopher Fry.\\nThe Newport Hospital was opened for the reception\\nof patients in 1873.\\nNewport is well supplied with banks, having eight for\\ndiscount and three for savings. The National Bank of\\nRhode Island dates from 1795.\\nThe oldest military organization is that of the New-\\nport Artillery, which was chartered in 1711. This com-\\npany is identified with the history of Newport, and on\\nits roster maj be found tlie names of manj of the most\\nprominent citizens. It did duty on the island until the\\nAmerican forces were driven off by the British it sen-ed\\nIn the Island Cemetery there is a monument erected\\nby the State of Rhode Island, to the memory of Com.\\nOliver Hazard Perrj*. Com. Periy was buried at Trini-\\ndad, in 1819, and in 1826 his remains wore brought to\\nNewport, in the sloop-of-war Lexington, and re-in-\\nterred with great honor. Over his remains the State\\nplaced the present monument, a granite shaft above a\\nmarble die, on which there is an appropriate inscription.\\nIn Touro Park there is a bronze statue of Com. M. C.\\nPerry, ver} beautifully wrought and veiy artistic in de-\\nsign, the gift of his son-in-law, August Belmont, to the\\ncit} of Newport. And in the vestibule of Trinity\\nChurch there is a monument to the Chevalier de Ternay,\\nerected bj- the French government.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0463.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nPro^nsion was early made here for education. In\\n1640, the j-car after the settlement was made, the Rev.\\nRobert Lenthall, a clergj-man of the Church of England,\\nwas chosen as teaclior. The first schoolmaster appointed\\nby the town council was the Rev. John Callcnder, in\\nJune, 174G. lie was the author of the first centurj-\\nsei-mon, and died in Januar} 1749.\\nIn 1773, Mrs. Mary Brett, wife of Dr. Brett, a German\\nph3-sician residing in Newport, opened a free school for\\nthe instruction of blacks, the funds for its support ha\\\\-ing\\nbeen furnished by a number of elerg -men in England.\\nIn 1800, the General Assembly authorized the town\\nto raise the sum of $800 for educating the white chil-\\ndren (boj-s) of the town who are not otherwise provided\\nwith the means of education. This was followed in\\n1827 bj- a similar pro-\\\\-ision for girls.\\nIn 1828 there was one free sc -i-\\nand 42 private schools ha-\\\\\\ning about 1,100 scholiis\\nThe population was 7 10\\nAt the present time ]Se-\\\\\\\\\\nport has one high, and 3U\\nschools of a lower giade\\nThe Rogers High School,\\nestablished in 1873, grew\\nout of a bequest of $100\\n000 from the late Wm S\\nRogers, a native of New-\\nport. The building is an\\nelegant structure, and the\\nschool of the highest 1 1\\nThe Newport Histoucal\\n1856. It is gradually ni ilvi\\ndocuments connected with the hibt.ij of the State, Its\\ncollection is deposited in the Redwood Library.\\nThe Old Stone Mill has been the subject of study\\namong antiquarians for more than a century, and the\\nquestion as to its origin and object has still to be settled.\\nThere are a number of noticeable public buildings in\\nNewport, all tlie work of Peter Harrison, an English\\narchitect of note. Among these maj- be mentioned the\\nRedwood Library building, in Roman Doric, the Citj\\nHall, and the State House.\\nIn the Senate Chamber of the State House there is a\\nfull-length portrait of Pres. Washington, by Gilbert\\nStuart.\\nWhen Dean Berkeley was in Newport, in 1728, he\\ngathered around him the best minds in tlie place, formed\\na philosophical society, and made quite a collection of\\nbooks. This led one of the number, Abraham Redwood,\\nto contribute the sum of \u00c2\u00a3500 sterling for the purchase\\n~~IUCl 1-) Ul_ /I 11\\nr 1 colkction of pipers and\\nof more books, and out of it grew the Redwood Library.\\nFrom this time forward the librarj- was successful, and it\\nhas gone on increasing its store, until now it embraces\\n22,700 volumes.\\nAnother public libraiy is known as the People s Librarj\\nIt was founded bj Mr. Christopher Townsend, who has\\ndevoted to it more than $80,000. The hbrarj now con-\\ntains 18,000 volumes.\\nThe first printing-press brought into the Colon} was\\nset up in Newport in 1729. This was the fourth press\\nbrought into the American Colonies, and was owned by\\nJames Franldin. That j-ear Frankhn printed an edition\\nof Robert Barclay s Apologj for the True Christian\\nDivinity, as the same is held forth and Preached bj the\\nPeople called in scorn Quakers. In 1730 he printed the\\nCharter granted by King Charles II., and Sept. 23, 1732,\\nhe issued the first number of a small sheet called the\\nRhode Island Gazette.\\nIn 1758, James Franklin,\\nson of James, began the\\npublication of the New-\\nport Mcrcurj a paper\\n-which has been brought\\ndown to the present day.\\nSolomon Southwick was\\none of the most energetic\\nof the earlj New England\\nprinters. He bought the\\nNewport Mercury, and\\nas early as Dec. 18, 17G9,\\nad for the motto of his\\n1 Li 1 III I b\\\\ 1m Luts we ll die or be\\ntree\\nThe puss in !N(\\\\\\\\poit is now represented by the\\nMercury, the Dailj News, established in 1846, and\\nthe Journal, a weekly.\\nThe first artist who came to Newport was John Smi-\\nbert, who landed here with Dean Berkclej-. Samuel\\nKing was a portrait-painter in this place for man} years,\\nand at one time both AUston and Malbone, then quite\\nyouthful, studied under him.\\nGilbert Stuart was born in Narraganset, but when his\\nparents came to Newport to reside he accompanied them,\\nand remained here till he went to Europe. There are\\nseveral of his pictures in the city. His daughter, Miss\\nJane Stuart, is an artist, and resides here.\\nEdward Malbone, a native of Newport, was probably\\nthe finest miniature painter in America.\\nAmong the distinguished men who have been identified\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with the history of Newport, are the following\\nWilliam EUer} a graduate of Harvard, and a signer", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0464.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nof the Declaration of Independence Henry Collins, a\\nmerchant, and a benefactor not onl}^ to the Eedwood\\nLibrarj-, but to the whole town of Newport; William\\nChanning, the attorne3--general of the State from 1777 to\\n1787, when he was made United States district-attornej-\\nRev. William EUery Channing, his son, widely known\\nas a scholar and a clergyman and Rev. Samuel Hopkins,\\nD. D., the pasitor of the first Congregational Church, and\\none of the earliest advocates of emancipation.\\nThe Wanton family have left a long and honorable\\nrecord. Four of its members be-\\ncame governors of the Colon} and\\nthe others took a conspicuous part ^v\\nin public aifairs. John and Wil-\\nliam were personally rewarded 1 y\\nQueen Anne for their bravery in\\ntaking a piratical ship that had\\nbeen a terror to the colonists.\\nRev. Ezra Stiles, D. D., was\\nsettled over the Second Congre-\\ngational Church prior to 1755.\\nHe was a man of great learning\\nand ability, and in 1777 was\\nmade president of Yale College.\\nGeorge Hazard, the first mayor\\nof Newport, was a member of\\nthe convention which adopted the\\nFederal Constitution.\\nCaleb Gardner was a soldier\\nholding the post of lieutenant in\\nthe war against France in 1756.\\nHe piloted in the large French\\nfleet under Admiral de Ternay,\\nwhen it entered Newport harbor.\\nWilliam Vernon was president\\nof the Eastern Navy Board, at ikjmi^ n i\\nBoston, and his energies were directed to the formation\\nof the first American navy. At the close of the war he\\nagain entered upon a commercial life at Newport, and\\ndied here in 1806.\\nMaj. John Handy read the Declaration of Independence\\nfrom the steps of the State House, Julj 20, 1776, and\\nfrom the same place at the expiration of 50 j ears.\\nThe name of Henry Bull .appeals in the list of the first\\nsettlers, and his descendants have always taken a lively\\ninterest in the affairs of Rhode Island.\\nThe Wards have been conspicuous in the affairs of the\\nState.\\nChristopher and George Champlin were both distin-\\nguished merchants. George Champlin took an active\\npart in politics, and was a presidential elector in 1792,\\n1796, and 1800. Christopher G. ChampKn, son of\\nChristopher, was a representative in Congress, and also\\na United States senator.\\nWOliam Hunter, United States senator from 1811 to\\n1821, was also Minister Plenipotentiar} to Brazil. His\\nson, William, is the present assistant-secretary of State\\nat Washington.\\nWilliam Brenton was president of the Colony from\\n1660 to 1662, and afterwards governor. He was the\\nlargest land-owner on Rhode Island. His son, Jahleel,\\nwas the first collector of Boston\\nappointed bj- the king. Among\\nhis descendants were Jahleel Bren-\\nton, admiral of the British Navy,\\n,iiid Brenton Halliburton, of the\\nSupreme Court of Nova Scotia.\\nBoth were natives of Newport.\\nThe founder of Trinity Church\\nwas Sir Francis Nicholson, lieuten-\\nant-governor of New York under\\nSir Edmund Andros. The Rev.\\nj\\\\Ir. Lockyer, an Episcopal clerg}--\\nman, was called to Newport about\\n1098, and began the formation of\\na church. In 1702 a small place\\nJ of -svorship was erected, and in\\n1701 aid was obtained from the\\nSociety for Propagating the Gos-\\npel m Foreign Parts, which soci-\\nety sent out Rev. James Honjman\\nas missionary. Queen Anne pre-\\nscntcd a bell in 1709. In 1724,\\nMl Ilonjinan urged the erection\\nt I more suitable structure, and\\nIt icsulted in the building of the\\npiLsent edifice in 1726, which was\\nsaid at that d.ay to be the most beautiful timber structure\\nin America. In 1762 the edifice was greatly enlarged.\\nThe organ, made of English oak, was presented b^\\nBishop Berkelej^ who identified himself with this church\\nduring his stay in America, and who sent out the organ\\nafter his return to England. Rev. j\\\\Ir. Ilon^man died in\\n1 750. Since the Revolution services have been regularly\\nheld in this church.\\nThe Society of Friends were early established on this\\nisland they were here in 1643. The first record of\\ntheir monthly meetings dates from 16 76. The annual\\nmeeting of the society for the New England States, is\\nheld in Newport in the month of June. The meeting-\\nhouse was erected about 1 700.\\nThe First Baplist Church dates back to the settlement", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0465.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nof the Island. Its first pastor, Rev. John Clarke, was\\nactive in organizing and founding the Colony.\\nThe Second Baptist Church was organized in 1C56,\\nand the Central Baptist Society in 1847.*\\nThe Unitarian church was organized in 1835, and the\\nsociety purchased what was formerly Dr. Hopkins s\\nchurch, on Mill Street, where they now worship.\\nThe Congregational church have a substantial stone\\nedifice, erected in 185G. The society dates from 1C95.\\nTo its members, Rev. George Whitefield preached in the\\nopen air, Aug. 5, 1770, and the table on which he stood\\nis kept in the vest*}- room.\\nThe Roman Catholic Church, a fine structure, with a\\nhandsome spire, built of brown stone, was erected in\\n1853.\\nThe Jewish Synagogue was built in 1762, and for\\nI many j-ears it was regularl} opened for service. It was\\nthe only place of worship in New England, in which\\nHebrew was read and chanted weekly. At that time\\nthere were more than 70 Jewish families residing in\\nNewport.\\nAlthough Newport has long been noted for its salu-\\nbrious climate, it is less than 50 j-ears since it became a\\nfashionable resort. In colonial times it was frequently\\nthe home of invalids from the South, and the West\\nIndies, who came here to restore their wasted energies.\\nVisitors then boarded in families there were a few regu-\\nlar boarding-houses, with one inn, known as Townsend s\\nCoffee House.\\nAt length the number of guests became so great that\\nit was thought expedient to build a large summer hotel,\\nand in 1843 the Ocean House was constructed, which was\\nburned in 1845, but rebuilt the following jear. The\\ngi owth of Newport as a watering-place had now fairlj-\\nbegun, and the amount of money that has since been\\ninvested in land and cottages is simplj enormous.\\nIn 1845 the line of a railroad between Newport and\\nFall River was sum-eyed, and a charter obtained. In\\n18G2 the franchise was conveyed to the Old Colonj- Rail-\\nroad Companj-, and the road was at once built. It con-\\nnects with the mainland at Tiverton, by means of a\\nstone bridge, a little to the north of the old stone bridge.\\nThe Old Colony line of boats run in connection with\\nthe railroad, making dail}- trips between Fall River and\\nNew York, stopping at Newport. One of the latest\\nsteps in the way of improvement is the introduction of\\nwater into the citj-.\\nMiDDLETOWN, originall3- a part of Newport, was set\\nIt occupies what was long the Second Congregational Church, which\\none time was presided over by Rev. Ezra Stiles, D. D., who says in his\\noff and incorporated Aug. 24, 1743. From the earliest\\ntime the town appears to have been divided into two sec-\\ntions the west and the east; and the town meetings\\nwere formerly held alternately in the east and west school-\\nhouses. The whole attention of the population is given\\nto agi iculture, and the fai-ms are generally excellent.\\nOn the eastern slope of Ilonyman s Hill there is a farm\\nknown as Whitehall, which was owned and occupied by\\nBishop Berkeley during his stay on the island. Here he\\npassed his time in writing, making a cleft in a large rock\\nfacing the sea, and known as the Hanging Rocks, his\\nstud3-. Here he had his table and chair, with a beauti-\\nful outlook over the sea in front of him. This property\\nhe gave to Yale College.\\nThere are two beaches in the township Sachuest and\\nSmith s. On the west of Sachuest Beach, the well-\\nknown Purgatorj rocks are seen. It was off Smith s\\nBeach that Maj. Silas Talbot captured the blockade\\nPigot galley, Oct. 25, 1778. The population of Mid-\\ndletownis 1,074.\\nPortsmouth. The towns of Portsmouth and Middle-\\ntown, with Newport, occupj jointly the island of Rhode\\nIsland. Portsmouth occupies the northern part, Newport\\nthe southern extremity, and Middletown, as its name\\nimplies, is between the two. The first settlement in\\nPortsmouth, known as Pocasset, was around the Cove,\\nat the north-east part of the island, and remains of that\\nsettlement ma} stiU be traced there. A little later a new\\nsite, known as Newtown, was laid out in six-acre lots,\\nand pro\\\\-ision was made for an inn, a brewer}-, and a\\ngrocery. The first meeting for the adoption of the Nar-\\nraganset patent, in which Providence, Newport, Ports-\\nmouth and Warwick took part, was held here. In 1G39\\nthe name of the place was changed to Portsmouth.\\nIn 1G40 a ferry was established to the mainland, at a\\npoint now occupied by the stone bridge. In 1707 a town\\ncharter was granted. The pursuits of the inhabitants i\\nhave been chiefly agricultural, and nearly all the arable\\nlaud is now in a high state of culture.\\nJamestow-x embraces the whole of the island of Conan-\\nicut. The southern part is known as Beaver Tail. The\\nwhole southern shore of the island is roek-bound and\\nindented with small coves, which are the resort of the\\nbest varieties of fish. Around Beaver Tail the rock is\\nchiefly a hard blue slate, the water is bold, and the land\\ngradu.ally rises to the centre, running up into a gentle\\nacclivity, known as Fox Hill. The soil is productive,\\nand much resembles that of Rhode Island.\\ndiary, under date of Aug. 20, 1766, that it was the first public building in\\nRhode Island on which Dr. Franklin s Electrical Points were placed.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0466.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "EHODE ISLAND.\\nFrom Mackerel Cove around to what is known as the\\nDumplings, the shore presents a wall of rock, dreaded\\nb}- navigators, for there the tide sets strong, and the\\nwater is bold, and a vessel striking against these rocks in\\nheavy weather, will go to pieces at the first blow. One\\nof the gullies is known as Concord Gulh the schooner\\nConcord having been wrecked here. The wind had\\ndied awaj-, the sea and the tide were running high, and,\\nalthough deeply loaded, she was driven up into the gully\\nwith so much force that her crew were enabled to step\\nupon the rocks on either side, drj shod.\\nOn the south-east point of the island, opposite to Fort\\nAdams, and on the extremity of a little peninsula, which\\nterminates in a high rock, there stands a small redoubt,\\nknown as Fort Dumpling, but which properly should be\\ncalled Fort Brown. It was built during the unsettled\\ntimes of 1798, and is nearly oval in form. The walls\\nare now decaying, and the barracks within have long\\nsince passed away. The sally-port will only admit the\\nbody of one man at a time, who, to reach it, must climb\\nup a wall of rock.\\nThe general character of the surrounding land is hilly,\\nand made up of rocks, not half covered with soil but\\nthe view from this point is superb, and a large tract of\\nthe land has been bought up, with the expectation of\\nmaking of it a fashionable seaside resort at no distant\\nday.\\nOn the extreme southern end of Beaver Tail there is a\\nlight-house. The first structure, of wood, was erected\\nin 1738. It was the first light-house in the Colony. In\\n1753 it was burned, but rebuilt within a period of two\\nj ears. This structure was burned by the British, when\\nthey left Rhode Island, in 1779. After the war it was\\nrebuilt. In 1856 a new light-house was erected. This\\nwas the first light-house ever lighted with gas.\\nThe people of Jamestown suffered during the Revolu-\\ntion in common with the inhabitants of the other islands\\nin the bay. Their farms were robbed, and they were\\nfrequently abused by the British officers and troops.\\nJohn Martin, a man of excellent character, was shot in\\ncold blood b} Capt. Wallace, of the frigate Rose.\\nIn 1875 the population of Jamestown was 488.\\nAt the extreme northern end of the island a summer\\nresort, known as Conanicut Park, has been laid out.\\nTiverton and Little Compton. These towns lie\\nbetween what is known as the East Passage and the\\nboundary line between Massachusetts and Rhode Island.\\nWhen first settled, this tract of land came under the\\njurisdiction of Plymouth Colony; but, in 1746, it was\\nannexed to Rhode Island, and the next year Tiverton\\nwas incorporated. In 1862 a portion of Tiverton was\\nset off to Fall River. Tiverton has three villages,\\nAdamsville, Bridgeport and the Four Corners. The\\npopulation numbers 2,100. The inhabitants are engaged\\niu agricultural pursuits, and, in the spring, give some\\nattention to fishing. During the Revolution they took an\\nactive part in the war. It was from Tiverton that Col.\\nBarton set out on an exploit that terminated in the cap-\\nture of Gen. Prescott. On Tiverton Heights the American\\ntroops, under Gen. Sullivan, were gathered, preparatory\\nto the attack on Rhode Island. On this ridge they again\\nencamped when they retreated from the island, and it\\nwas from this elevated point that they first caught sight\\nof the British fleet, under Lord Howe, making for New-\\nport Harbor. Two companies of militia were organized\\nin Tiverton as early as 1746. That year the Congrega-\\ntional church was established.\\nThe first settler of Little Compton was Capt. Benjamin\\nChurch, the famous Indian fighter. He had barely set-\\ntled in what is now known as Little Compton, when\\nPhilip s war broke out and leaving his plough, he did\\nbattle for his fellows till he had conquered a peace. He\\nalso served in the expedition against Canada and Maine.\\nThe town was incorporated by Rhode Island in 1747,\\nand was annexed to Newport County. It had pre-iiously\\nbeen incoii^orated in 1683 bj- Plymouth Colony, and\\ncalled Little Compton. Its shores are very much exposed,\\nand as early as 1763, the legislature granted a lottery, to\\nimprove what is known as Church s Harbor, by building\\na breakwater. The troops at Little Compton in the\\nRevolution forced the British frigate Cerberus, lying\\nat Fogland Ferry, to leave her anchorage and from\\nLittle Compton INIaj. Silas Talbot obtained an additional\\nnumber of men to aid him in capturing the Pigot\\ngalley, then at anchor in the East Passage.\\nThe Congregational Church in Little Compton was\\nestablished in 1704. The population of the town is\\n1,156.\\nBlock Island was seen and described by Verrazani\\nin 1524 was named by Adrian Block, the Dutch navi-\\ngator, iu 1614; and, in 1636, John Oldham made it a\\ntrading-post with the Indians. Manisses was its Indian\\nname. Claudia it was called by Verrazani and, in\\n1672, the town that had grown up there was incorporated\\nas New Shoreham, a name that it has retained to the\\npresent day, but it is better known as Block Island.\\nOldham was from Massachusetts, and that Colony\\nclaimed the island as part of its jurisdiction; but, in\\n1658, it passed into private hands, and so remained\\ntill it was incorporated as New Shoreham by the General\\nAssembly of Rhode Island in 1672.\\nThat the island was once wooded there cannot be a", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0467.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "HISTOKY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ndoubt, for on manj- parts of it there are extensive peat-\\nbeds, on Tvliicli the inhabitants have long relied for fuel\\nand in these bogs the trunks of trees are frequently met\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with. Laws -were passed as late as 1741, to prevent the\\ncutting down of trees on anj- man s land without his per-\\nmission but of trees now there arc none of any size on\\nthe island.\\nBlock Island is about 8 miles long and 3 miles wide,\\n30 miles from Newport, and 18 from the eastern end of\\nLong Island. The surface is undulating, so undulat-\\ning that tiiere is hardly a level spot anywhere and at\\nClay Head the bank is 150 or more feet in height. The\\nsoil is kindly, and it is kept in good heart by the use of\\nsea-weed, which is thrown up on the shore in great\\nquantities. Sea-moss, known as Irish moss, one of\\nthe products of the sea, is gathered, washed and dried\\nfor market, and the collecting of it has become one of\\nthe industries of the islanders. The shore in this ex-\\nposed situation makes it difficult for boats to land but\\nthe islanders have boats adapted to their wants, which\\nare easilj managed, carry great loads, and are brought\\nin through the surf without difficulty. Until within a\\nfew 3-cars there was no other means of communicating\\nwith the island. At different times attempts have been\\nmade to build a pier that would afford a shelter to\\nincoming boats but the piers so built failed to stand the\\nshock of winter storms, till the government took up the\\nwork in 1870. Since then it has been carried on, greatly\\nto the benefit of the town, and with the prospect of\\nultimately securing a good and commodious harbor.\\nOn the island there are a number of ponds, the largest\\ncovering an area of 1,000 acres. The greatest depth of\\nwater in this pond is 12 fathoms.\\nThere are two light-houses, two life-saving stations,\\nand on the south-east shore there is a fog-signal.\\nIn 1GC2 there were 30 whites and 400 Indians on the\\nisland; in 1800, 714 whites and IG Indians; in 1875,\\n1,147 whites and one Indian. The inhabitants are en-\\ngaged in agricultural pursuits and in fishing. There are\\n159 farms, two of which have an area of 200 or more\\nacres. The people are chieflj- Baptists, and thej- have\\ntwo places of worship. Their first minister, Eev. Samuel\\nNilcs, a graduate of Hansard, was called in 1700, the\\ncall coming from the town and not from the church.\\nThe introduction of the first wagon used on the island\\nis still remembered bj- persons who arc living. Until\\nwithin a few years the roads or lanes were but little more\\nthan bridle-paths, crooked and narrow, and the people,\\nif they did not walk, rode on horseback. But since it\\nhas become a watering-place, carriages and other modern\\nvehicles maj- now be seen.\\nBlock Island has its schools, a small public library,\\nseveral hotels, all built within a few years for the\\naccommodation of summer isitors, and excellent mail\\narrangements. It is now eas\\\\ of access, is very healthful,\\nand it offers many attractions in the wa3 of fishing and\\nboating.\\nDuring the Revolution, for several years, all communi-\\ncation with the mainland was closed. Three times the\\nisland was in the hands of the French, and when the\\nBritish fleets were on the coast, the islanders were made\\nto contribute of their substance. This was the place\\nselected for the exchange of seamen, and during the time\\nthat the inhabitants could not take part in public affairs,\\nthey were permitted to send non-residents to the legisla-\\nture.\\nAbout the ship Palatine much has been written,\\nand in former j ears manj* believed a phenomenal hght,\\noccasionally seen off the shore, was that of a burning\\nship a distempered imagination having pictured in it\\nthe masts and ropes and sails of an unfortunate vessel\\nwhich went ashore there soon after the island was\\nsettled. That a vessel named the Palatine was\\nwrecked here is well known, and those of the passengers\\nand crew who came on shore were well cared for. Many\\nof them died from exposure or from disease engendered\\non board ship, and were properly interred. The others,\\nin time, left the island. But the stories of the burning\\nof the ship, or of the putting out of false lights to lure\\nher to destruction, are all works of the imagination.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0468.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nPEOYIDENCE COUNTY,\\nBY REV. EDWIN MARTIN STONE.\\nPeovidekce, which until 1703 was the only countj^ in\\nRhode Island, was settled under circumstances that dis-\\ntinguished it from all other North American Colonies.\\nIts first settlers did not enter upon the possession of its\\nsoil as an organized bod}-, clothed with the approbation of\\nthe parent government in Eng-\\nland. There were none of the\\ncharacteristics that marked the\\nsettlement of Jamestown, Va.,\\nin 1607, or St. Mary s, Md.,\\nin 1 634 nor did the settlement\\nbear a resemblance to the col-\\nonizing of Plymouth, 1620, of\\nPortsmouth and Dover, N H\\n1623 of Salem, 1628 of\\nCharlestown, 1629 of Boston,\\n1630 of Hartford, 1635 or ol\\nNew Haven, 1638.\\nThe founder of Rhode M\\nand, Roger Williams, a ouy\\nclergyman of liberal education\\ncame from England in the shiji\\nL3-on, in company with Go\\\\\\nJohn Winthrop and the colons\\nthat established its home in Bos\\nton. He was soon called to, and\\naccepted, the pastorate of the\\nFirst Church in Salem, as assist luoiu williuis\\nant to Rev. Samuel Skelton Ho itmoved thence to\\nPlymouth, and became ministei of the chuich there as\\nassistant to the pastor, the Rev. Ralph Smith. Here he\\nremained about two years, when ho returned to Salem to\\nagain assist Rev. Mr. Skelton. About a year after, Mr.\\nSkelton died, and Mr. WiUiams, by formal vote, was\\nelected sole pastor.\\nMr. Williams held peculiar views touching civil and\\necclesiastical questions and prerogatives. He believed\\nthat the king of England had no riglit to take lands from\\nthe Indians in America and give them to his own subjects\\nand hence, that a royal charter, without a purchase from\\nthe aboriginal owners, gave no just title to the soil. He\\nbelieved that universal libertj of conscience ought to be\\nallowed in all religious matters, and that the doctrine\\nof persecution for cause of conscience, was contrary\\nto the doctrine of Jesus Christ. He declared that\\nwhile it was the dut} of the civil magistrate to restrain and\\npuni.sh crime, he exceeded his proper prerogative when he\\npunished a man for religious her-\\nesy or for apostasy. He main-\\ntained that there should be a\\nseparation of the civil from the\\necclesiastical power, and no\\nunion of church and state, and\\nthat the civil sword could not\\nbe introduced into the kingdom\\nof Christ without confounding\\nheaven and earth, and laj ing\\nall upon heaps of confusion.\\nThese and other opinions Mr.\\nWilliams set forth in Salem and\\nelsewhere with the boldness of a\\nreformer, and with the earnest-\\nness of one feeling that he spoke\\nunder the sanction of divine au-\\nthority. The position assumed\\nby Mr. WiUiams, and his refusal\\nto keep silence on topics that\\nwere gaining acceptance among\\nthe people, rendered him obnox-\\nl MI M I RJAIDLNCL j^^^^ ^j^^jj CCClCSlaSti-\\ncal authoiities Being looked upon as a schismatical dis-\\nturbei of the public quiet, and as having broached and\\ndivulged divers new and dangerous opinions against the\\nauthority of magistrates, he was ordered to depart out\\nof the jurisdiction of Massachusetts Baj within six\\nweeks, not to return any more without license from the\\ncourt. Before the expiration of that time, however, it\\nbeing understood that AVilliams and his adherents in-\\ntended to erect a plantation about the Narraganset Bay,\\nand that the proximity of such a neighbor would expose\\nthe churches to the infection of his Aiews, it was decided\\nby the governor* and assistants in January, 1636, to\\nchange his banishment from the Colon}^ to transportation\\nIlaynes.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0469.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nto England. Of this purpose he was privately and sea-\\nsonably informed by his steadfast friend Gov. Winthrop\\nand when Capt. Underhill went in a pinnace to Salem to\\narrest and carry him on board a vessel lying at anchor in\\nNantasket Roads for his reception, he found that Wil-\\nliams had three days previously departed for parts un-\\nknown. Thus narrowly did he escape an unwelcome\\nvo^ age to England.\\nAccepting the counsel of his friend Winthrop to steer\\nhis course to the Narraganset Bay and Indians, where he\\nwould be beyond probable molestation, he set out on his\\nwearisome pilgrimage, and after being sorely tossed for\\none fourteen weeks, in a bitter winter season, not knowing\\nwhat bread or bed did mean, he found himself on See-\\nkonk Plain, in the domain of the friendly Ousamequin,\\nor Massasoit, sachem of the Wampanoags, whose seat\\nwas at Mount Hope, and with whom he formed an\\nacquaintance and gave tokens of kindness while residing\\nat Plymouth. Here, bordering on the Seekonk River,\\nWilliams obtained a tract of land from the savage chief,\\nbuilt a house, and with several friends who joined him\\nfrom Salem, commenced planting.\\nHe hoped now for quiet but he was doomed to dis-\\nappointment. He had scarcely seeded his ground, and\\nbegun to provide for home comforts, when Gov. Winslow\\ninformed him that his presence in the Plymouth Colony\\nwas giving offence to the Bay, and to avoid making\\ntrouble for his Pl3 mouth friends, he abandoned his See-\\nkonk home, crossed the river with a few friends,* held\\na brief interview with Indians assembled at What\\nCheer Cove, coasted round India and Fox points, and\\nlanded and fixed his abode on the eastern shoi-e and\\nnear the confluence of the Moshassuck. And thus,\\nabout the middle of June, 1636, was commenced the\\nsettlement of Providence Plantations. It was made\\nwith the hearty welcome of the old prince Canonicus,\\nhis nephew Miantonomo, and by the tribe over which\\nthe former ruled. Though shy of the English generally,\\nCanonicus formed a strong attachment for Williams, and\\nreadily furnished him land first by gift and afterwards\\nby purchase.\\nWhen Mr. Williams came to Providence he was about\\n37 years of age. The 47 years of his subsequent life\\nwere marked by severe privations, uncommon perplexi-\\nties and unceasing efforts for the common weal. As an\\nThese were William Harris, John Smith, Joshua Verin, Thomas\\nAngell and Francis Wickes. They were soon followed by John Throck-\\nmorton, William Arnold, Stukely Wescott, John Greene, Thomas\\nOlney, Richard Waterman, Thomas James, Robert Cole, William Car-\\npenter, Francis Weston and Ezekiel Holliman.\\nThe exile of Williams from Massachusetts Bay involved him in\\nexpounder of the largest liberty in religious concern-\\nments, as president of the Colony in its infancy, as the\\nmoderator of town meetings, not always harmonious\\nin spirit, as commander of the Train Band in times\\nof peril, as defender of aboriginal rights against the\\ncupidity of white men, as a theological debater and writer,\\nas a peace-maker among the Indian tribes, as an agent\\nfor procuring a Colony charter, and in various other\\npositions, he proved himself a man of thought in advance\\nof the times, and possessed of uimsual executive ability.\\nA man of positive opinions, ardent temperament and free\\nexpression, he could not fail, in the course of years, to\\nawaken hostility to some of his views and measures. If\\nhe had infirmities common to our human nature, he also\\npossessed eminent virtues. That he was learned, his\\nwritings show. His Key into the Language of Amer-\\nica, an invaluable contribution to aboriginal philology,\\nwas begun and pursued in Indian wigwams. His corre-\\nspondence was extensive. He often wrote letters in\\nbehalf of his Indian friends, and by their request. He\\nimproved his opportunities for imparting religious in-\\nstruction to both whites and Indians. One of his last\\nhterary labors was to write out for publication the heads\\nof discourses he had deUvered to the scattered English\\nat Narraganset, the manuscript of which he sent to his\\nfriend Gov. Bradstreet at Boston but it is not known\\nto have been printed. That he was ready to overlook\\nan injury and return good for evil, his prompt inter-\\nvention to prevent a union of the Pequods, Mohegans\\nand Narragansets against the English, whereby they\\nwere saved from the bloody consequences of a savage\\nwar, and the many important services afterward ren-\\ndered to the government of Massachusetts Bay, conclu-\\nsively prove. He was honest, patriotic and faithful to\\nfriends. With opportunity to have been the proprietor\\n(like another Penn) of a Colony, or a patrooa (like\\nanother Van Rensselaer), and rolling in untold wealth, he\\nvoluntarily shared equally with others the lands con-\\nveyed to him by the Indians and therefore legally his,\\nand which a purely selfish nature would have kept for its\\nown aggrandizement.\\nWilliams died a comparatively poor man, between\\nJan. 16, 1682-3, and May 10, 1683 (the exact date is\\nnot known), in the 84th j-ear of his age, and was buried\\nwith military honors on his home-lot, where his remains\\nheavy losses in trade, being debarred from Boston, the chief mart and\\nport of New England. His removal from his new home in Seekonk\\noccasioned the loss of a much needed harvest and of the grant of land\\nobtained of Massasoit. In a letter to Miij. Mason, Juno 23, 1670, ho\\nsays God knows that many thousand pounds cannot rep.^y the losses\\nI have sustained.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0470.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nrested until March 22, 1860, when they were exhumed\\nwith those of his wife, and deposited in the tomb of a\\ndescendant, in the North Burial-Ground. The years\\nthat have intervened since his death have served to\\nsoften asperities that once found frequent expression,\\nand secured a wide acceptance of the principles upon\\nwhich his Commonwealth was founded. The marble\\nstatue in the Capitol at Washington, and the bronze\\nstatue that adorns the Park bearing his name, in Provi-\\ndence, are appropriate mementos of State and municipal\\nappreciation but more enduring than marble and bronze\\nwill be the name and fame of one who was the invincible\\nchampion of religious freedom who, in civil concerns,\\never stood for the rights of the people, and who, it was\\ndeclared by a competent authority, was the most dis-\\ninterested man that ever lived.\\nTo his new home Mr. Williams gave the name of\\nProvidence, because in addition to many other provi-\\ndences of the Most Hol^- and Wise, he had, through\\nthe advice of his friends Winthrop and Winslow, been\\nbrought to a place of freedom and vacancy not\\nclaimed by either of the Colonies from which he had\\nsuccessively gone out. The loneliness of this new de-\\nparture was doubtless cheered by the signs of civilized\\nlife amidst a barbarian people, which followed the dailj\\nindustry of his mind and hands. His home-lot garden\\nand orchard, at once planted and closelj cared for, and\\nhis fruitful fields at What Cheer and at Saxafax\\nHill, presaged an abundant supply of the necessaries of\\nwhich he had long been deprived and when he recalled\\nthe bitter experiences of the past, and contrasted them\\nwith the prospect before him of unmolested freedom for\\nhimself and for those who might join themselves to his\\nlittle companj he could heartilj^ and devoutlj^ repeat\\nwhat was written to Maj. Mason in reference to his safe\\narrival at Seekonk Penie?, that is, I have seen the\\nface of God. t\\nThus much it has seemed necessary to say as introduc-\\ntory to the history of Providence Countj\\nThe date of the settlement of Providence has already\\nbeen given. Aquidneck, or Rhode Island, veas settled\\nin 1638, and Shawomet, or Warwick, in 1642. These\\nColonies were independent of each other, and felt the\\nneed of union for mutual protection. In 1643 Mr.\\nWilliams embarked for England to obtain a charter for\\nCallender s Century Dis., p. 17.\\nt The author in R. I. Hist. Soc. Proceed.\\nI This cliartcr was obtained by Dr. John Clarke, of Newport, assisted\\nby Roger Williams, botli of whom sailed in the same vessel from Boston\\nfur London, in October, 1651. Williams returned to Providence in 1654,\\nleaving, as a supporter of Clarke, Sir Henry Vane, who was deeply in-\\nterested in the affairs of Rhode Island. Clarke returned with the char-\\nIhe three. In this mission he was successful, and re-\\nturned in 1644 with a charter signed by the Earl of\\nWai-wick, Governor-in-Chief and Lord High Admiral\\nof the Colonies. As he approached the Seekonk, he found\\na fleet of canoes waiting to escort him across the river,\\nand he entered Providence with the strongest demon-\\nstrations of welcome. Under this charter the Colonies\\nwere united as The Incorporation of Providence Plan-\\ntations in the Narraganset Bay in New England, and\\nin 1G49, one jail, located in Newport, was used in com-\\nmon by the three Colonies.\\nThe second charter, granted bj^ Charles II., that went\\ninto operation in 1663, ordained that the Colonies should\\nbe a body corporate and politic, in fact and name, by\\nthe name of the Governor and Company of the English\\nColony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations\\nin New England in America. The government of\\nRhode Island continued under this charter until 1843,\\nwhen it was abrogated, being then the oldest consti-\\ntutional charter in the world.\\nUntil 1703 the Colony constituted one county. In\\nthat year it was divided into two viz., Providence\\nPlantations, with Providence for the shire town, Rhode\\nIsland County having Newport for its shire town. In\\n1729, King s County, now Washington, was incorporated,\\nand in 1750, Kent County was set off from Providence\\nCounty.\\nProvidence County contains 15 of the 36 towns in the\\nState viz., Burrillville, Cranston, Cumberland, East\\nProvidence, Foster, Gloucester, Johnston, Lincoln, North\\nProvidence, North Smithfield, Pawtucket, Providence,\\nScituate, Smithfield and Woonsocket. Six of these towns\\nwere taken wholly or in part from the territory of Provi-\\ndence viz., Cranston, 1754 Gloucester, 1730-31 Johns-\\nton, 1759 North Providence, 1765 Scituate, 1730-31\\nSmithfield, 1730-31. Providence was incorporated as a\\ncity in 1832. Originally it comprised the entire county.\\nTopograpliy. Providence County is agreeably diversi-\\nfied with hills, dales, and plains, and abundantly watered\\nby considerable rivers and many small streams, which\\nsupply power for numerous manufactories. Although\\nsome of the hills rise to considerable height, affording\\nfrom their summits extensive, picturesque prospects,\\nnone of them can properly be termed mountains. If\\nthe scenery of the county is less rugged than that of\\nter in 1663, which was received at Newport and exhibited, November 24\\nof that year, with much becoming gravity, in the presence of a very\\ngreat meeting and assembly of the freemen of the colony of Providence\\nPlantations. Dr. Clarke died April 20, 1676, in the 67th year of his\\nage. He h.id held various offices, and was one year deputy-governor\\nunder the Royal charter, associated with Gov. Benedict Aruold.\\nR. I. Colonial Records, Vols. 3, 4, 6, in he.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0471.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nsome parts of Vermont and New York, or less bold and\\nawe-iuspiring than that found in New Hampshire, it\\ncombines enough of the rougher features of nature with\\nthe softer and more soothing aspects of quiet beauty, to\\nimpart a delightful charm to excursions in almost any\\ndirection.\\nAmong the most noted hills in Providence County are\\nProspect and Fruit hills, in Providence Lawton, Apple-\\nhouse and part of Bald Hill, in Cranston Neutaconka-\\nnut, in Johnston Mount Misery, Tank, Burnt, Chop-\\nmint, Round, and part of Bald, in Scituatc Bonnet,\\nMount Hj-geia, Howland and Biscuit, in Foster V :\\\\n\\\\\\nSnake and Abselo-\\nna, in Gloucester;\\nJenks, in Lincoln\\nBeacon Pole, Cop-\\npermine, Cimiber-\\nland. Diamond and\\nHunters, in Cum-\\nberland Pine, in\\nWoonsocket Den,\\nBuck and Snake, in\\nBurrillville Rock,\\nWolf and Wionk-\\nnige, in Smithfield\\nand Sayles, Woon-\\nsocket and Whor-\\ntleberry, in North\\nSmithfield. Pros-\\npect Hill, in Provi-\\ndence, is a ridge\\nrising in its high-\\nest part more than\\n1 50 feet above tide-\\nwater, and extends\\nfrom Fox Point at the south end of the city, to the Paw-\\ntucket line, on the north. Within the memory of aged\\nmen its summit and eastern slope were sparsely settled,\\nthough now covered with fine residences, many of them\\npalatial in appearance. On this hill, the entire length\\nof which is affluent in facts and traditions of the Revo-\\nlutionary period, stand the buildings of Brown Univer-\\nsity, a flourishing institution commenced in Warren,\\nR. I., in 1765, and in 1770 removed to Providence. Near\\nby is the University Grammar School, established by\\nPres. Manning in 1764, as the precursor of the Univer-\\nsity, and the Cabinet of the Rhode Island Historical\\nSociety, founded in 1822. A little north is the public re-\\nservoir, supplied from the Sockanosset pnmping-station\\nreservoir in Cranston, and furnishing sufficient water for\\nfamilies in the section of the city in which it is located.\\nField s Hill, an eminence rising from P ield s Point, on\\nthe west side of the harbor, affords a charming marine\\nview, and is crowned with the remains of earthworks\\nthrown up for defence during the wars of the Revolution\\nand of 1812. Smith s Hill, a low elevation on the west\\nside of the Moshassuck River, its summit an extended\\nplateau, is a spot where a number of occurrences took\\nplace that have passed into history. Here, in 1676,\\nCanouchet refused to be placated by Williams, and laid\\nProvidence in ashes, as he had just before done to Re-\\nhoboth and to the home of Stephen Dexter at Lime\\nKoi-k. in Snnthricld. Hero, July 4, 1789, was held a\\nbarbecue entertain-\\nment in commem-\\noration of Ameri-\\ncan Independence.\\nIt was originally in-\\ntended to include a\\nrecognition of the\\nadoption of the\\nFederal Constitu-\\ntion by nine of the\\nStates but as\\nRhode Island had\\nnotj-et entered into\\nthe national com-\\npact, a strong re-\\nmonstrance led to\\na modification of\\nthe arrangements,\\nand the immense\\nassembly content-\\ned themselves with\\neating the roasted\\noxen, the firing of\\nthuteen cannon, and the dnnkuig of thirteen toasts with-\\nout allusion to the nine States. Here, too, in 1830, at\\nthe foot of the eastern slope of the hill, a riot was quelled\\nb3 the military, that eventuated in the destruction or in-\\njury of seventeen houses, and the death of five persons.\\nNeutaconkanut Hill, in Johnston (Williams spells the\\nname Neotaconconitt and Notocunkanit), presents attrac-\\ntions alike strong to the lover of varied scenery, the\\nstudent of science, and the antiquary. Standing upon\\nan immense granite bowlder which rests on its crest, and\\nwhich may have been deposited there in the far-back\\nperiod of ice-drifts, the eye of the beholder is arrested,\\nand his blood quickened by the map of rural quiet and\\nbusiness activities spread out before him. As he turns\\nin every direction, he sees a jiicture of nature studded\\nwith gems of enterprise and adornments of social life.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0472.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nThe farm and the farm-house, the forest and the lawn, the\\nvalley and the plain, the factory villages with their hum\\nof enterprise, the metropolis of the State, in the near\\ndistance, with its churches, its hospitals, schools, its\\nuniversity, and the sparkling waters of the outspreading\\nNarraganset Bay, bearing upon their bosom a generous\\nI commerce, form an inspiring combination not often else-\\nwhere found. The geologist will study with interest the\\nstructure of this hill. The large hornblende bowlder on\\nthe south side of the hill, which rests on mica-slate, will\\nawaken speculation as to where it came from. Dr.\\nCharles T. Jackson, who made a geological survey of the\\nState in 1839, saj s This rock must have originated\\nelsewhere and it now rests in an accidental position, as\\nwill be e-vident to any one who examines the situation in\\nwhich it is placed. Since hornblende rocks do occur at\\nthe northward and not to the southward of the place\\nwhere this block is now found, we feel confident that this\\nimmense rock has been removed southwardly from its\\npresent ledge and deposited on the rocky strata where we\\nnow find it. Should, however, the historian or anti-\\nquarj^ visiting this attractive spot not be inclined to\\nscientific investigation, he will at least note the fact, that\\nC apt. Arthur Fenner and his brother Capt. Thomas\\nFcnner, both prominent and influential men in the early\\ndays of the Colony, had each an interest in The great\\nhill of Neotoconkanitt, and that Capt. Arthur bequeathed\\nhis interest in the hill-farm to his son Edward and to his\\ngranddaughter Mary, daughter of his son John, then de-\\nceased, while Capt. Thomas bequeathed his interest in\\nthe same to his sous Eichard and Joseph. Having made\\nthis record, he will not fail to visit the soapstone quarrj\\nin the vicinity brought to light in 1878, where centuries\\nago the aborigines opened a workshop for the manufac-\\nture of their domestic utensils and he will be equally\\nsure to hunt out the secret retreat, not far off, to which\\nCanonchet occasionally retired for concealment, not for-\\ngetting to look at what remains of the famous Johnston\\nElm, or to taste the waters of the mineral spring 100\\n3-ards west of the soapstone quarry.\\nWoonsocket HiU, in North Providence, rises 340 feet\\nabove its immediate base, and is estimated to be 570\\nfeet above the high-water mark in Providence. Beacon\\nPole Hill, in Cumberland, is 556 feet above the sea-level,\\nand affords an extensive prospect. During the Revo-\\nlution a beacon-light was placed on the summit of this\\nhill, to alarm and call forth, when necessarj-, the minute-\\nmen of the surrounding country. Other hills in different\\nparts of the county ha\\\\e, from their structure, attractions\\nfor the student of science.\\nAgriculture. Providence County contains 180,255\\nacres of land, divided into 2,542 farms, producing all\\nthe varieties of cereals and vegetables cultivated in other\\nparts of the State. The soil varies in quality and pro-\\nductiveness in some parts of the county it being rockj\\nand strong, though hard to cultivate, and in other parts\\nlight, requiring generous manuring to insure satisfactory\\ncrops. Much of the land in the vicinity of Providence\\nis adapted to market gardens, and is thus cultivated.\\nThe population of the county, by the census of 1875,\\nwas 184,924 farmers and farm laborers, 4,899 value\\nof farm products, $2,094,845 value of orchard products,\\n$203,670 value of farms and buildings, $12,466,073.\\nUntil about 1790 the industries of the county were\\ndivided principally between agriculture and commerce,\\nthe latter extending its operations to every accessible\\nport in foreign countries. Prior to 1820 farming had\\nbeen conducted without much reference to science. Few\\nfarmers read books treating of agriculture, or had faith\\nin book farming, and the majority were contented to\\npursue the beaten rounds, and continue the methods of\\ntheir ancestors. Here and there, however, were to be\\nfound in every neighborhood intelligent cultivators of the\\nsoil who lielieved that agriculture, like the mechanic arts,\\nwas susceptible of improvement, and adopted processes\\nthat gave better results to their labors. The year 1820\\nopened a new era to this vital interest of the State in the\\nformation of The Rhode Island Society for the En-\\ncouragement of Domestic Industry. Its first anniver-\\nsary was held on the 18th of October, 1821, on whicli\\noccasion an address was delivered by John Howland of\\nProvidence. Since then, and largely through the influence\\nof its annual exhibitions and the printing and circulation\\nof its proceedings, this societj has been instrumental in\\nraising agriculture in the county to a higher platform, so\\nthat in this department of industry it occupies a front\\nrank. The farming interest has suffered in the past by\\nthe withdrawal of young men from husbandr} to engage\\nin mercantile or manufacturing pursuits as readier ways\\nto wealth but with the knowledge which chemical science\\nimparts, the introduction of labor-saving implements, and\\nthe more economical methods of management, which ex-\\nperience has tested, farm-life, divested as it is of the risks\\nand temptations that attach to other leading employments,\\nwill insure a competence which other occupations yield\\nonlj to the few, and suggests to young men the wisdom\\nof perpetuating the charms and certainties of the home-\\nstead.\\nManufactures. From the settlement of Providence\\nuntil near the close of the last century, every house had\\nits hand and foot wheels for spinning wool, cotton and\\nflax, and in every neighborhood were looms for the man-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0473.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nufacture of domestic cloths. The carding was done by\\nhand. These constituted a part of the household arrange-\\nments, and were used in many instances to fill up hours\\nnot otherwise profitablj emploj-ed. Ever}- 3-oung woman\\nknew how to spin, how to knit, and usually how to weave.\\nThis knowledge was brought into requisition, not onlj to\\nmeet the needs of the famih but during the war of the\\nKevolution to supply the army with clothing. Some\\nfirms supplied family spinners with the raw material to\\nbe spun, and employed weavers of their own to work up\\nthe yarn into cloth. What were the products of labor in\\nthe countj or their values prior to 1790, is unknown;\\nbut a report made in that year by the Providence\\nMechanics Association, shows that in 23 departments\\nof industry in the town, a very respectable amount of\\nbusiness was done by individuals and small firms.\\nIn 1776 Jeremiah Wilkinson commenced the manufac-\\nture of cut nails in Cumberland, and afterwards of lathe\\nand shingle nails. During the Revolutionary war he\\nmade pins and darning-needles from wire drawn by him-\\nself. In 1 788 a slitting-mill for the manufacture of nail-\\nrods was erected near Providence, and in 1790 Oziel\\nWilkinson built a steel manufactor}- at Pawtucket Falls.\\nIn 1790, the establishment of a cotton-mill at Paw-\\ntucket, by Samuel Slater, to be nm by water-power,\\ngave a new impetus to the growing interest in manfac-\\ntures that led on to place Rhode Island in a foremost\\nrank as a manufacturing State, an interest that had in\\n1875 worked up its productive industrj- in every depart-\\nment of manufactures to the value of \u00c2\u00a7120,659,875.\\nIt is needless to follow out in detail the processes b}-\\nwhich this immense result was secured. It is sufficient\\nto say, that as this first great step in manufactures was\\ntaken in Providence Countj-, its march has been steadilj-\\nonward. By the census of 1875 it appears that the\\nwhole number of manufactories of every description in\\nthe county was 1,470. Of these 76 were cotton-mills,\\n40 woollen-mills, and 71 iron establishments. The pro-\\nductive value of every description of manufactures\\namounted to 8100,649,477, and the total value for the\\nyear of all products in the county, including farms,\\nforests and fisheries, reached the sum of $103,314,989.\\nSince 1875 the number of factories has been increased.\\nThe facts here stated, show Providence Count}- to be prac-\\ntically a workshop of vast proportions, and, with an al-\\nmost inexhaustible capacit}^ for development, the historj-\\nof the past may be accepted as foreshadowing an in-\\ncreasingly prosperous future.\\nGeology. Providence County is more remarkable for\\nits geological phenomena than any other part of the\\nState, and a careful study of them will richl}- reward the\\nstudent. While, according to Dr. Jackson, from whose\\nreport many of the facts hereafter stated are drawn,\\nthe western portions of Rhode Island are ver}- uniform\\nin their geological character, the primary stratified and\\nunstratified rocks generalh prevailing with great uni-\\nformitj-, the northern portion embraced within the limits\\nof the county, presents difl^erent phenomena, Cumberland,\\nfor example, being a very complicated geological district.\\nPro^-idence is based upon conglomerate rocks, alter-\\nnating with carboniferous clay-slate, or shale. Coal has\\nbeen found there, the best specimens of which in analj sis\\nj-ielded carbon, 72 ashes, 28. Bowlders of porphj-ritic\\niron-ore are found scattered around Providence that are\\ntraced to their native bed in Cumberland. Limestone\\nabounds in Smithfield, and at Lime Eock large quantities\\nof superior lime are annually made. Hornblende, soap-\\nstone or talcose rock, are here also found. At Pawtucket\\nthe conglomerate or grauwacke alternating with clay-\\nslate, abounds. At Valley Falls grauwacke rocks are\\nseen. At Woonsocket Hill, in North Smithfield, granular\\nquartz, mica and talc are found. Cumberland makes a\\nlarge show of iron-ore, sienitic granite, serpentine, and\\nother rocks of an unstratified nature, together with coal.\\nThe coal has not been utilized, nor to any considerable\\nextent has the iron. Here gold has been eagerlj- sought,\\nbut the reward of the miner has onlj- been copper pyrites.\\nDiamond Hill, in this town, is made attractive to col-\\nlectors of cabinets, by the beautiful specimens found\\nthere of agate, chalcedony, and quartz ciystals. Beacon\\nPole Hill, in the same town, is composed of sienitic\\ngranite, a valuable material for building purposes. In\\nWoonsocket the geological catalogue registers granular\\nquartz or fire-stone, micaceous slate, from which whet-\\nstones are manufactured, and talcose slate. Foster\\npresents to the scientific explorer gneiss and bog-iron.\\nSouth Scituate furnishes porphyritic granite-gneiss and\\nflesh-red colored felspar Cranston pays research with\\nhornblende, grauwacke resting on mica-slate and gneiss,\\nand Johnston with hornblende, mica-slate, grauwacke\\nslate and clay-slate. But it is not the purpose here to\\nenlarge upon the geological formations of the county, or\\nto explain at what time, and in what manner, the forces\\nof nature wrought out the contour of the towns within\\nits limits. The aim has simply been to state such facts,\\nand to encourage visits to such localities, as may stimu-\\nlate a more general study of the wonders of creation.\\nThese are thy glorious works, Parent of goocl,\\nAlmighty thiue this universal frame,\\nThus wondrous fair Thyself how wondrous then\\nUnspeakable, who sitt st above these hcaveus,\\nTo us invisible, or dimly seen\\nIn these thy lowest works yet these declare\\nThy goodness beyond thought, and power divine.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0474.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nForests. The forests of the county comprise nearly\\nor quite all the trees native in the woodlands of New-\\nEngland. Among the most conspicuous are the oak,\\nhickorj-, hard and soft maple, chestnut, ash, poplar,\\nwhite and black birch, hemlock and pine. These, inter-\\nmingled with varieties of a smaller growth, present to\\nthe eye in the autumn, as the foliage ripens, a picture\\nof surpassing beauty.\\nIn arboriculture, pursued extensively in this county,\\ntlie elm for lawns, for pasture, and for roadside shades\\ntakes the lead; and deservedly so. It combines the\\nmajestic with the graceful and picturesque as does no\\nother forest tree. It is a special favorite with landscape\\nartists, and either in its dome, vase, parasol or plume\\nform, usually finds a place in the foreground of the\\nrural scenes they transfer to canvas. Fine specimens\\nof this tree are to be seen in every town in the county.\\nThe fame of the Johnston Elm, already referred to,\\nhas become historic. An elm near Prospect Terrace in\\nProvidence, and another on the Perry Place, near\\nSwan Point Cemeterj-, are among the most noted for\\nsize and top-spread. Many handsome trees of the same\\nkind are to be seen on land formerly known as the\\nMoses Brown Farm, in the same city. For lawns\\nand parks the horse-chestnut, maples, honey-locust, lin-\\nden, fir, spruce, larch, tulip-tree, mountain-ash, and\\nweeping-willow are principally selected, with here and\\nthere a catalpa, a magnoha, and an ailanthus. Formerly\\nthe buttonwood, with its large palmate leaves and but-\\nton-balls, was much cultivated for road-side and door-\\nyard shades, but within the last forty years disease has\\nbeen constantly thinning it out, and only a few sickly\\nspecimens are now to be seen.\\nOf flowering and fruit-bearing shrubs the forests and\\nfields of Providence County exhibit the variety usually\\nfound elsewhere in the State. The botanical and floral\\ntreasures of the county are also numerous and choice.\\nThese the Franklin Society of Providence has done\\nmuch to develop as well as those of the mineral king-\\ndom.\\nThe Gale of 1815.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The great gale of 1815, like the\\ndark day of 1780, is an ever-to-be-remembered event in\\nthe history of the county. It commenced on the 22d\\nday of September, and continued through the 23d. A\\nsouth-east wind swept with terrific force over the entire\\nState. In Providence County trees were uprooted,\\nchimneys blown down, buildings unroofed, and devasta-\\nIn a letter to Gov. Wintlirop of Connecticut, dated Providence,\\nJuly 12, 1654, Williams says that while in England, prosecuting a mis-\\nsion in behalf of the Rhode Island Colony, he gave instruction in\\nHebrew, Greek, Latin, French and Dutch. He also taught two young\\ntion in other forms ever3-where made visible. In Provi-\\ndence the storm r.aged with unprecedented violence, driv-\\ning the salt spray 40 miles into the countrj The tide\\nrose seven feet five inches higher than ever before known,\\nand submerged a large part of the business portion of\\nthe town to the depth of many feet. Bridges and build-\\nings along the waterside were washed away, vessels were\\ndriven from their moorings, the harbor and cove were\\nfilled with floating buildings, lumber and merchandise.\\nBetween 30 and 40 vessels were forced into the cove,\\nwhile deh-is from unroofed or falling buildings filled the\\nair. On Westminster Street the water rose to the cham-\\nber windows. By the force of the wind and the waves,\\nthe ship Ganges ran her bowsprit into the second\\nstor}^ of the Washington Building. Another vessel, of\\nabout 60 tons burthen, floated across Weybosset Street,\\nand lodged in Pleasant Street, where she was left high\\nand dry when the tide receded. The Second Baptist\\nmeeting-house was destroyed from its foundation. Sev-\\neral persons were injured, and two men, David Butler\\nand Reuben Winslow, lost their lives. The damage\\ndone in various parts of the county is unknown. In\\nProvidence it was estimated at nearly $1,000,000. In\\nSeptember, 1869, a similar gale occurred, of shorter\\nduration, doing much damage. Fortunately for Provi-\\ndence the severity of the blow prevailed at the time of\\nlow tide, which saved the city from a repetition of the\\ngreat inundation of 1815. As it was, many cellars of\\nwarehouses were filled with water, doing extensive dam-\\nage to merchandise stored therein.\\nEducation. In 1663, at a meeting of the proprietors,\\nheld in May of that year, 100 acres of upland, and six\\nof meadow, or low land to the quantity of eight acres\\nin lieu of meadow, were set apart for the maintenance\\nof a school in Providence. In the mean time, children\\nreceived instruction from their parents, Roger Williams\\nsetting the example,* or in neighborhoods where a suffi-\\ncient number of children could be gathered, were taught\\nin dame schools.\\nAs population increased, and towns were incorporated,\\nprovision was made for the education of the young, as\\nbest could be. A better class of schools was known as\\nproprietors schools, which was established by associ-\\nates, who emploj-ed the teachers, and persons not mem-\\nbers being permitted to avail of them for their children\\nby the payment of a stipulated fee. No successful\\nstep, however, was taken in the direction of establishing\\ngentlemen, a Parliament man s sons, as we teach our children English,\\nby words, phrases, and constant talk, c. He adds, I have begun\\nwith mine own three boys, who labor besides others are coming to", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0475.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nschools free to all the children in the State, until 1788,\\nand that originated in Providence County. In that j^ear,\\nJohn Holland,* a citizen of Providence, and represent-\\ning the Mechanics Association in that town, drew up a\\npetition which was presented to the General Assembly,\\nBurrill, Jr., attorney-general of Rhode Island, assisted\\nby Mr. Ilowland but while it had warm supporters in\\nmembers of the General Assembly, from many of the\\ntowns in the countj it met with an opposition that de-\\nlayed final action until the winter session of 1800, when\\nMES8ER STREET\\nrequesting that honorable body to make legal provision\\nfor the establishment of free schools, suflieient to edu-\\ncate all the children in the several towns throughout the\\nState.\\nA bill embodying this request was drawn up by James\\nJohn Howland was a descendant in the fifth generation from John\\nHowland of the Mayflower Company, that settled at Plj-mouth in IG JO.\\nHe was bom in Newport, R. I., Oct. 31, 1757, came to Providence\\nApril 8, 1770, and served an apprenticeship at liair-dressing with Bcnj.i-\\nmin Gladding. He served in the army of the Revolution, and was\\nwith Washington at Trenton and Princeton. He was a man of supe-\\nrior natural abilities, and exerted an extensive influence in town affairs.\\n,HT SCHOOL, I ltOVIUr.XCE.\\nit became a law, and a boon thus secured that is now\\nenjoj-ed by more than 28,000 children in the count}-, and\\nby 40,000 children in the State.\\nThe effect of this law upon the schools of the count}\\nthough the General Assembly unwisely abolished it at the\\nHe was successively secretary and president of the Mechanics Associ-\\nation. He was town auditor 15 years, to\\\\Tn treasurer 14 years, treas-\\nurer of the Provident Savings Institution 21 ycai s, president of tlic\\nRhode Island Peace Society, president of the Rhode Island llistoriial\\nSociety 21 years, member of the School Committee 20 years. In 1S35\\nhe received the honorary degree of A. M. from Brown University. lie\\ndied Nov. 5, 1854, aged 97 years.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0476.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAXD.\\nend of three years, was highly beneficial. In that short\\nperiod it impressed the public mind with the value of\\nsystem in education, and convinced many that for chil-\\ndren to derive the most advantage from school instruction\\nthere must be a uniform plan persistently pursued. In\\n1827, public opinion had so far advanced as to demand\\nthat the State should once more assume the responsil:iilit3\\nof providing by law for the education of all the children\\nin the State. In the winter of that J ear, the subject was\\nintroduced to the attention of the General Assembly by\\npetitions from Johnston, Smithficld,\\nCumberland and other towns. In ad-\\nvocating the cause of the petitioners,\\nMr. Jos. L. Tillinghast took a promi-\\nnent part. In the winter session of\\n1828, a school bill was passed in the\\nHouse b}- a vote of 57 to 2, and in\\nthe Senate, unanimously. The law\\nhad some defects, but was helpful in\\nstrengthening public sympathy for\\npublic free schools. In 1843 Hon.\\nHenrj Barnard was appointed State\\nagent to visit and examine the public\\nschools in the State, and in every way\\nin his power to aid in giving them\\ngreater efficiency. In the following\\nyear his agency- assumed the official\\ncharacter of State commissioner, and\\nin this capacity he labored with un-\\ntiring industry and great success until\\n1849, when he resigned. During the\\n3-ears of his administration, many new\\nschool-houses on improved plans were\\nIjuilt. In Providence County every\\ntown felt the enlightenirfg influence of\\nhis presence and counsels. His suc-\\ncessors, Messrs. Potter, Allyn, Bick-\\nnell, Kingsbury, Chapin, and the present incumbent,\\nStockwell, have further advanced the cause, and the\\n1 schools in the county are in a better condition than at\\nanj- former period. In those of Providence, the grading,\\nclassification, and methods of instruction, are not sur-\\npassed by any schools in the country. Statistics show\\nthat there are in the county, 431 districts, 407 graded\\nand ungraded schools, 667 teachers, and an enrollment\\nof more than 28,000 pupils. Ever} town has a super-\\nintendent. With the importance now attached to public\\nfree school education, the energetic labors of State com-\\nmissioner and local superintendents, together with the\\nbetter instruction and the higher qualifications demanded\\nin teachers, it is not too much to believe that education\\nin Providence County, as throughout the State, will in\\nthe future keep pace with the constantly developing\\nneeds of the age.\\nSocial Life. In social life the habits of the people\\nwere simple. They were unsophisticated, frugal, indus-\\ntrious, independent in opinions, and free to utter them.\\nThej did not cultivate the art of using language to con-\\nceal thought, and when they uttered themselves, their\\nwords required no explanation. The spacious fireplace,\\nthe glowing wood fire, and the abundant supply of\\nnuts and apples provided for evening\\ncheer, to s.\\\\v nothing of the repetition\\nof thrice-told tales, and of riddles\\nmore puzzling than the one put forth\\nat the feast in Timnnth, gave to the\\nhome a nightly charm felt alike by\\nparents, children, and the hired man\\nshelling corn in the secluded corner.\\nThe appointments of the home were\\nmade with an eye to utility, and sel-\\ndom in excess of needs. The furni-\\nture was substantial. The high post\\nbedstead, with canopy, was for the\\nguest chamber. Bright pewter plates\\nand platters adorned the dresser, while\\nthe brass kettle, large iron pot, dish\\nkettle, Dutch oven, gridiron, spider\\nand skillet comprised the necessar}-\\nparaphernalia of the housekeeper, j\\nThe juvenile members of the house-\\nhold prcfcn-cd bare feet in the sum-\\nmer to shoes and stockings. Young\\nmen had a suit of clothes for dress\\noccasions, made of cloth bought at\\nthe store, which was expected to last j\\nseveral 3-ears. The every -day suit\\nwas spun hy a skilled and careful\\nhand, and woven on the family loom. The tyranny of\\nfashion had not fast-bound common-sense and mod-\\nestj Democratic equalitj dominated. Men were hon-\\nored more for intelligence and integrity than for wealth\\nwithout these qualities. Women made their afternoon\\ncalls and tea-drinks clad in a homespun short gown\\nand petticoat, and a neat white apron, while a cape-\\nbonnet of sugar-scoop form sufficed for protection,\\nfrom the sun. A single silk or satin dress was ex-\\npected to last a lifetime, and then become the inherit- j\\nance of a favorite daughter. The father s Sunday gar-\\nments and his castor hat wore often bequeathed to the\\nson thej- would best (it, and bj-^ him sometimes trans-\\nmitted by will to one of his male posterity. Early hours j", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0477.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nto repose were observed, and early rising practised.\\nHospitality was a habit not less than a principle. Amuse-\\nments were primitive. Huskings, quiltings, apple-\\nparings and \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2spinning-bees sometimes at the min-\\nister s house for his beuofit, brought neighborhoods with\\nhearty good-will into close fraternity. Holidays were\\nfew. Spring trainings, autumnal musters, the 4th of\\nJuly and Thanksgiving were days given up to pleasure.\\nThe graces were not wholly neglected, and a dancing-\\nmaster to teach the art of tripping it on the light\\nfantastic toe found patrons in every village. Singing-\\nscnools were, however, more common than those devoted\\nto the disciples of Terpsichore, and in rural districts\\npleasantly diversified the monotony of the winter. Cara-\\nvans of wild animals and circus exhibitions were seldom\\nseen. Many lived and died without ever having seen\\nwild animals native to trop-\\nical climates. The table was\\nsupplied with plain, substan-\\ntial food. The meats were\\nmostly salted pork and beet\\nThese were put down in bar-\\nrels and deposited in the cel-\\nlar for the year s consump-\\ntion. The poultry-yard, uv\\nthe Nimrod of the family.\\nwith his forest trophies, or\\nfresh meat at killing time.\\noccasionally made a chaugc\\nof diet. Sometimes, when a\\ncalf or a sheep was killed,\\nportions that could not be consumed while untainted were\\nloaned to neighbors to be repaid in kind. Fish from the\\nrivers and ponds, and, bj- those living near the ocean\\nwaters, clams were obtained for the cuisine. When a\\nbeef creature was slaughtered in the winter, the fresh-\\nmeat season was protracted by burj ing what was reserved\\nfor familj use in the snow. Hastj pudding and milk, en-\\nriched with baked pumpkin, was freely eaten. Rye-and-\\nIndian bread, or Indian Johnnj cakes, baked on a board\\nin front of the lire, made a part of the daily food.\\nWhite bread was kept for special occasions. Short-\\ncake toast, crackers, pies, cake, and preserves graced\\nthe table for company. Sage, or some other aromatic\\nherb, was often a substitute for tea from China. Before\\nand diu-ing the Revolutionary war, the patriotic women\\nof the county abjured its use altogether. Roasted rye\\nand peas were more comihon for a beverage than cofl ee\\nfrom Mocha, Java, or the West Indies.\\nIn rural districts, little use was made of the fore-\\nroom, or parlor, except on the occasion of parties, or\\nOLD Tow.N HOUSE, PROVIDENCE. (Erectcd in 1723.)\\nfamily gatherings, on Thanksgiving daj-s. Tiie tall clock\\nin the corner marked and struck the hours the year\\nround. For households destitute of such a treasure,\\nmarks drawn upon the window-frame having a southern\\naspect, or a dial on a post in the yard, answered in\\ncloudless days, to tell the hours from sunrise to sunset.\\nThe kitchen was also the family dining and sitting room.\\nSunday evenings were allotted for courting, and if\\nthe parties most interested, who thus met once a week,\\ndid not part until the small hours of the morning, no un-\\npleasant criticism was evoked from the old folks.\\nThe bass and snare drum and fife for martial music, the\\nviolin for dancing parties, and the bass-viol and bassoon\\nfor church psalmody, were the musical instruments chieflj\\nin vogue. In many churches no instruments were used.\\nAt a later period the flute and clarionet were added to\\nthe church orchestra. To the\\nmilitary, brass bands, now in-\\ndispensable, were unknown.\\nSuch, in brief, was domes-\\ntic life in Providence County*\\na century or more ago. In\\nthe progress of time, with the\\nincrease of population, and\\nthe introduction of new ele-\\nments into society, new wants\\nlave been created, and social\\ncustoms have largelj- changed.\\nThis appears in dress, in equi-\\npage, and in social caste. In-\\ndustry and enterprise have\\nbrought wealth, and wealth has had its never-failing at-\\ntendants, luxurj-, and ambition to outshine.\\nIndians. The Narraganset tribe of Indians was one\\nof the most powerful in New England, and, when Roger\\nWilliams selected the banks of the Moshassuck for his\\nfuture home, could bring 5,000 warriors into the field.\\nThe territory occupied extended from Point Judith to\\nthe line that separated Massachusetts from Providence\\nPlantations. At an earlier period the dominion of the\\ntribe extended from the Pawcatuck River to the Merri-\\nmack. The peaceful spirit of their great sachem, Canon-\\nicus, influenced the temper and life of his people, and,\\nthrough their intercourse with traders who visited their\\ncoast, their intelligence was enlarged, and they became\\nmore inclined to commercial pursuits than to warlike\\nachievements. Yet they were not slow to defend their\\nrights, or to avenge a wrong. They were skilled in\\nthe manufacture of bracelets, stone pipes, and earthen\\nvessels, and were the principal coiners of wampum\\npeage, the established currency of the country, and", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0478.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nwhich continued to be so long after the European settle-\\nment. This currency was of two kinds, white and\\nblack the former passing six for an English pennj and\\nthe latter three for a penny.\\nThe burning of Providence, April 10, 1G76 (N. S.),\\nWinslow marching througli it witli his rijmouth and Baj\\narm}- to attack the Swamp Fort in 10 75, and had he not\\nbeen joined by a number of indiscreet Rhode Island vol-\\nunteers, whom the Indians ma} have mistakenly sup-\\nposed represented the popular feeling of the town, Provi-\\nCITY IIALL, PKOVIDENCE.\\nis generally- regarded as an illustration of the savage\\nspirit of the Narragansets. It was indeed a severe\\nblow to the prosperity of the town. But the tribe, as a\\nwhole, never cherished hatred of its inhabitants, and\\nthis deed was prompted by a sudden burst of anger\\nawakened by an act for which they were not responsible.\\nHad not the neutrality of the town been violated by Gen.\\nArnold.\\ndeuce would probably have been spared. By the defeat\\nof the Narragansets in the Swamp Fight of 1G75,\\ntheir power was broken forever. In the lapse of two\\ncenturies, no one lives claiming descent from Canoni-\\ncus, Miantonomo, or Canonchet, nor is there at the pres-\\nent time a pure-blood native to be found in the State.\\nPublic Honors. From the settlement of the State to\\nthe present day, many of the citizens of Providence", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0479.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAJSTD.\\nCounty have been called to fill positions of public trust\\nin State and nation. Two were presidents under the\\nPatent, 25 have been governors, 12 deputy-go veniors,\\neight lieutenant-governors, one king s attornej-, five\\nState s attorneys, two assistant attorneys, five secretaries\\nof State, 11 State treasurers, three State auditors, seven\\nState commissioners of public schools, 49 speakers of\\nthe R. I. House of Representatives, 20 judges of the Su-\\npreme Court, 41 assistant judges, one signer of the Decla-\\nration, six senators in the Continental Congress IG U S.\\nsenators, and 17 representatives in Congress.\\nCentennial. When the Federal Government gave its\\nsanction to a plan for holding, in the city of Philadel-\\nphia, an International Exposition, on a scale that should\\nworthily- commemorate the close of the first centurj- of\\nthe nation s life, the public authorities and citizens gen-\\nerally of the State gave it their hearty concurrence.\\nNone entered into co-operative measures with more en-\\nthusiasm than the manufacturers and mechanics of Prov-\\nidence County. The ladies, too, by associate action,\\nrendered important aid to the cause. The contributions\\nof genius and practical skill from this county were\\nnumerous, creditable, and attractive. Conspicuous among\\nthese were the brilliant display of silver- ware b^ the Gor-\\nham Manufacturing Company of Providence the largest\\nestablishment of the kind in the world and the gigan-\\ntic steam-engine from the Corliss works in the same city,\\nwhich at the opening of the Exposition was set in motion\\nby President Grant and the Emperor of Brazil, turning at\\nonce 14 acres of machinery. In all the display of means\\nfor the promotion of material wealth, the educational\\ninterest that which develops the human mind, raises\\nman above the range of mere animal life, and is at once\\nthe securitj of the State and the basis of true prosperit}\\nwas not overlooked. Under the supervision of the\\nState commissioner of public schools, samples of every-\\ndaj school-work, neatl} arranged, were presented for the\\ninspection of the thousands who thronged the Main\\nBuilding, where they were deposited. From the inspec-\\ntion of these, and of improved furniture for the school-\\nroom accompanying them, a comparatively correct idea\\ncould be formed of what the county and the State were\\ndoing for public education. A volume embodj ing a his-\\ntory of the rise and progress of public schools and other\\neducational institutions was prepared by authority of\\nthe State, and placed in the same department. As com-\\npared with other States, the display of the products of\\nvaried industries and of educational appliances was in\\nevery respect creditable and satisfactory. Without doubt\\nthe Exposition gave a new impetus to the material enter-\\nprise, and to the work of popular education, in the State.\\nConclusion. In bringing this brief history of Provi-\\ndence County to a close, many details of interest have\\nunavoidably been omitted. It may, perhaps, be suffi-\\ncient to add, that, in the successive wars of the Revolu-\\ntion,* of 1812, and of the late Rebellion, the patriotism\\nof its citizens was undoubted. In men and treasure, the 1\\ncontributions made, first, for securing National indepen- j\\ndence second, for settling principles of vital consequence\\nto the nation and, third, for preserving the integrity of;\\nthe Federal Union, were honorable sacrifices laid upon\\nnoble shrines. May enlightened statesmanship at home\\nand abroad, and the peaceful, unifying influence of Chris-\\ntianity, so mould the future of our fair country, and of all\\nhuman governments, as forever to prevent a reproduc\\ntion of war scenes and experiences.\\nToWTiS.\\nThe towns were incorporated as follows\\nBuRRiLLViLLE, Oct. 29, 1806. Taken from Gloucester\\nNamed after Hon. James Burrill, Jr., a distinguished\\nlawyer of Providence. Population in 187.5, 5,249.\\nCranston, June 14, 1754. Taken from Providence.\\nNamed after Gov. Samuel Cranston. Portions of the\\ntown were reunited to Providence June 10, 1868, and\\nMarch 28, 1873. Population, 5,688.\\nCumberland, Jan. 17, 1746-47. Received from\\nMassachusetts at this date. Until then it was known as\\nAttleboro Gore. Named from Cumberland in England.\\nPopulation, 5,673.\\nEast Providence, March 1, 1862. Was part of See-\\nkonk, Mass., and annexed to Rhode Island in 1862.\\nPopulation, 4,336.\\nFoster, Aug. 24, 1781. Taken from Scituate. Named\\nfrom Hon. Theodore Foster. Population, 1,543.\\nGloucester, Feb. 20, 1730-31. Taken from Provi-\\ndence. Population, 2,098.\\nJohnston, March 6, 1759. Taken from Providence.\\nNamed from Hon. Augustus Johnston, an attorney-gen-\\neral of the Colony. Population, 4,999.\\nLincoln, March 8, 1871. Taken from Smithfield.\\nNamed from Pres. Abiaham Lincoln. Population, 11,565.\\nNorth Providence, June 13, 1765. Taken from\\nProvidence. Portions reunited to Providence June 29,\\n1767, Mar. 28, 1873, and May 1, 1874. Population, 1,303.\\nAmong prominent officers of the Revolutionary navy and army, who\\nwere citizens of Providence County, were Admiral Esek Hopkins, Com.\\nAbiaham Whipple, M.ij. Silas Talbot, Capts. Hoisted Harkcr and John\\nB. Hopkins, Cols. William Barton (the captor of Gen. Prescott), Daniel\\nHitchcock, Christopher Lippett, Israel Angcll, Jeremiah Olney, Christo-\\npher C. Olney, Ephraini Bowcn, Jr.,Maj. Simeon Thayer, Capts. David\\nDexter, Coggeshall Olney and Stephen Olney. Admiral Hopkins and\\nCom. Whipple were the first naval officers on whom their respective\\ntitles were conferred.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0480.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nNorth Smithfield, March 8, 1871. Taken from\\nSmitlifield. Population, 2,797.\\nPawtucket, March 1, 1862. Name of Indian origin.\\nPart of the town of Seekonk, Mass., was incorporated\\nas the town of Pawtucket, March 1, 1828. The whole\\ntown of Pawtucket, except a small portion Ijing easterly\\nof Seven-Mile Eiver, was annexed to Rhode Island with\\nEast Pro^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2idence. A considerable portion of the town\\nof North Providence was annexed to Pawtucket, Maj 1\\n1874. Population, 18,464.\\nProvidence. Original town incorporated as a city in\\n1832. Population, 100,675.\\nSciTUATE, Feb, 12, 1730-31. Taken from Provi-\\ndence. Population, 4,101.\\nSmithfield, Feb. 20, 1730-31. Taken from Provi-\\ndence. Population, 2,875.\\nWooNsocKET, Jan. 31, 1867. Name of Indian origin.\\nTaken from Cumberland. A portion of Smithfield was\\nannexed to Woonsocket, March 8, 1871.* Population,\\n13,576.\\nWASIII if GTOjS county,\\nBY ESTHER B. AND REV. JAMES H. CARPENTER.\\nThe Niantics, Peqnots and Narragansets each claimed\\nlands in southern Rhode Island, and their battles were\\nfought in the Misquamicut region. Tlie Narraganscts\\nprevailed. Their groat sachems were the wise Canoni-\\ncus, the prudent Ninigret, the warlike Miautonomo and\\nthe noble Canonchet. The name of Narragansot, de-\\nrived from a spring in the tribal domain, is now applied\\nonly to Washington Countj This part of the Colon}\\nwas the third to be settled. Hither came Richard\\nSmith of Gloucestershire, Eng., in 1639. He was soon\\nfollowed by Roger Williams, who remained until 1651.\\nThe Pettaquamscot Purchase dates from 1657.\\nThe names of the seven purchasers were Hull, Porter,\\nWilbor, Mumford, WUson, Arnold and Brunton. Ath-\\nerton s Purchase, opposed by Roger Williams, as made\\ncontrary to law, took place in 1659. Gov. Winthrop,\\nRichard Smith and others combined with Maj. Atherton\\nin this attempt to hold Narraganset lands under the rule\\nof Connecticut. The settlers about Smith s block-house\\nwere allowed to choose their rulers, and preferred those\\nof Connecticut.\\nBorder quan-els were fast changing to border war,\\nwhen, in 1664, Charles II. ordered four commissioners,\\nof whom Col. Richard NichoUs was chief, to settle the\\nvexed questions of charter rights, pending between the\\ntwo Colonies. They made Nan-aganset neutral ground,\\nstyling it the King s Province. It comprised the\\nsoutheiTi half of the present Kent County. Its aftairs were\\nplaced in the hands of Rhode Island magistrates. This\\nyear the settlers paid their first tax of \u00c2\u00a320. The town-\\nRhode Island State Manual.\\nship of Westerly, named from its site, was incorporated\\nin 1669. Wisquamicut was the ohl name of this region,\\nsettled a few years before, by Newport people. The\\nfirst Englishmen who saw this spot were those who\\ninarched with Capt. Mason to the fight at the Pequot\\nfort at Mystic. t Some of the early settlers were named\\nYaughau, Fairchikl, Burdick, Clarke, Maxon and Bab-\\ncock. A road from New London was soon opened,\\nwhich became a mail-route, but no post-offlce was fixed\\nhere until 1775. Large estates were common in this\\ntownship. One planter owned 2,000 acres. The first\\nbridge in the county spanned the Pawcatuck in 1712.\\nThe first house in Westerly was Abbott s Castle, the\\ndwelling of a pirate. Kidd s treasures are said to have\\nbeen found on this coast by the Babcocks and Hay-\\nwards. Westerly Village dates from 1800. The first\\nSabbatarian church was built in 1680. The Presb}--\\nterians held meetings in 1733, and founded the first\\nSunday school in the country in 1752. A Friends meet-\\ning-house was built in 1744. The Indian Baptist Church\\nwas formed in 1 750.\\nKingstown was incorporated in 1674. Among its\\nsettlers were the Smiths, Updikes, Phillipses, Codding-\\ntons, Stuarts, Whalej s and Coles.\\nWickford was named b}- Roger Williams, for the Eng-\\nlish birth-place of Elizabeth Winthrop, a guest of Rich-\\nard Smith, and wife of the younger governor. Eliza-\\nbeth s Spring is still pointed out. Tlie Updike mansion,\\nbuilt on the site of Smith s block-house, is the oldest in\\nthe county.\\nt Near Westerly Village there are eleven Indian burial-places.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0481.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nWithin the limits of this town occurred the famous\\nSwamp Fight, so called, or the bloody and decisive\\nbattle of Narraganset Fort.*\\nAfter the death of Philip and of Canonchet the feeble\\nremnant of this tribe took Ninigret for their chief. It\\nwas owing to his neutral course that any of his tribe\\nstill remains in Rhode Island. In 1709 they came under\\nthe rule of the Colony by the terms of a treat} which is\\nj-et obsen-ed. Two thousand acres of their tribal land\\nwere reserved to them, the rest being ceded to the State.\\nTheir chief, King Tom, was educated in England.\\nHe built a fine house in Charlestown. The last sachem\\nwas George, son of Queen Esther, who possessed\\nmuch of the old spirit of her people. Two other women\\nare numbered among Narraganset sachems.\\nIn 1686 the power of James II. prevailed over the\\nchartered rights of Rhode Island. The whole Colony\\nwas made one count} Gov. Joseph Dudley held a\\ncourt at Smith s, and changed the names of the towns.\\nWesterly became Haversham, and Kingstown was called\\nRochester, from the birth-place of Richard Smith, its\\nfirst settler. These titles did not outlast the new rule,\\nwhich ended in 1689, soon after the fall of Andros.\\nThe line between Kingstown and East Greenwich was\\ndrawn in 1706. Three years before, the Colony had\\nbeen divided into two counties. Providence and Rhode\\nIsland. Narraganset belonged to the former count}\\nKingstown was formed into two towns, North and\\nSouth, in 1722. The Rev. Jacob Bailey of Massachu-\\nsetts, who passed over Tower Hill in 1754. found its\\ngrounds and gardens the finest in rural New England.\\nThe estates in South Kingstown were among the largest\\nin the Colony. Robert Hazard owned 12,000 acres, and\\ncould count up a household of 70, between parlor and\\nkitchen. There were more slaves here than in any -other\\npart of Rhode Island, Newport excepted; and in 1754\\nthis was the richest country town in the Colony. The\\nQuaker faith was the first to enter this region. Here\\nGeorge Fox preached, and a graveyard marks the site of\\nthe meeting-house, built in 1730. A Presb}terian church\\nwas formed two years later. Rev. Joseph Torrey, pastor.\\nThe Baptists can be traced to 1725.\\nIn 1728 the western bounds of the Colony were fixed,\\nand Kings County, now Washington, was incorporated\\nthe next year. South Kingstown became a shire town.\\nKing Philip s war terminated in Angast, 1676. The great contest\\nreferred to above, and which really decided the fate of the Indians,\\ntook place the December previous, in the Narraganset Country, in the\\nsouth part of the State, the scat of the great and powerful tribe of Nar-\\nragansets. Here the Indians, Philip himself and Canonchet being in\\ncommand, had collected in great numbers and fortified themselves on\\na rising ground in the centre of a dense swamp. A considerable force\\nThe court-house and jail stood at Tower Hill, until after\\nthe Revolution, when the county seat was fixed at Kings-\\ntown. That part of the King s Province which now\\nforms the southern half of Kent s County, was taken\\nfrom the new county. From 1733 the sessions of the\\nLegislature were held between Providence and South\\nKingstown. By order of George II. a census was taken\\nin Rhode Island in 1730. Returns from Kings County\\ngave a population of 5,554.\\nCharlestown, named from Charles II., was incorpo-\\nrated in 1738, being taken from Westerly. Here was\\nthe seat of the Niantics, called the Narragansets, since\\nthe mixing of the tribes. In 1866 they numbered 133.\\nNot an Indian of pure blood now remains among them.\\nThey are ruled by a governor and council of four, and\\ntheir rights are guarded by the State. Their ancient\\ngraveyards are at Cross s Mills and Fort Neck. The\\ngreat Staunton and Champlain farms lie in this town.\\nThe former is four miles long by two broad. The first\\nchurch in Charlestown was The Church of England,\\norganized in 1746. The Indian Baptists held meetings\\nin 1750, and a church was soon after built. Rev. Sam-\\nuel Niles was a noted native pastor. The August\\nmeetings of the tribe for worship are yearly observed.\\nThe first missionary in Narraganset was Roger Wil-\\nliams, and his faith has always prevailed here. The\\nRev. Samuel Niles (not the Indian pastor, but a native\\nof Block Island) preached the Presbyterian doctrines in\\nKingstown from 1702 to 1710. He was the first Rhode\\nIslander to graduate from Harvard College. To Peter\\nDavis, an English Quaker and missionary at Westerly,\\nis ascribed the saying, Honesty is the best policy.\\nDuring the great awakening of 1740, which parted\\nchurch and state, Wbitefield preached in Westerly, Hop-\\nkinton, Exeter and North Kingstown. Jemima Wilkin-\\nson sometimes preached at the house of Dr. Joshua\\nBabcock. Her greatest success in New England was at\\nSouth Kingstown, where Judge William Potter became\\nher convert. He built her a house in which she lived six\\nyears, and when she moved to Genesee, N. Y., he joined\\nher train. His adhesion to the new faith cost him the\\ngreater part of his estate. Among the Friends in the\\ncounty Gurne} ites prevailed. Joseph John Gurney has\\npreached in South Kingstown and in other parts of this\\nregion. Lorenzo Dow has been heard in the Old Red\\nwas sent against them from Massachusetts, Plymouth and Connecti-\\ncut. After a desperate and sanguinary struggle, in which SO of the\\nEnglish and not less than 500 of the Indians were slain, the latter\\nwere utterly defcate d, many, including women and children, perishing\\nin the flames.\\n1 Ehode Island was opposed to this exterminating war, and was not even\\nconsulted in regard to it by th", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0482.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nSchool-house in Westerly, and the Adventists and\\nMillerites have held their meetings in certain quarters of\\nNarraganset.\\nExeter, doubtless named from Exeter, Eng., by the\\nPhillips familj who came from that place, became a\\ntownship in 1742, being taken from North Kingstown.\\nThe first settlers were the Wings, who fixed their home\\nnear Deep Pond after Philip s war. The two oldest Bap-\\ntist churches were formed about 1750.\\nRichmond, taken from Charlestown, was made a town-\\nship in 1747. This town was prompt and earnest in\\nmeeting the demands of the Old French War in 1756.\\nThe records of the First Baptist Church date from 1723.\\nHopkinton, named for Gov. Stephen Hopkins, was\\nformed into a township in 1757, being taken from West-\\nerly. Hopkinton City dates from 1776. The dread of\\nwitchcraft formerly prevailed here, and many houses\\nwere thought to be haunted.\\nIn 1751, Thomas Carter of Newport, a sea-captain\\nwho murdered WiUiam Jackson of Virginia, a dealer in\\ndeer-skins, was tried at the county court-house, on Tower\\nHill. The crime was committed in South Kingstown,\\nthe two men being fellow-travellers. Carter was hanged\\nin the training-lot below the hill, and his body re-\\nmained chained to the gallows. The last instance of\\ncapital punishment that occurred in the countj was in\\nthe case of Joseph Mount, who had taken part in 30\\nburglaries. In 1791, ha\\\\ ing plundered a shop at Potter\\nHill, near Westerly, he was tried at Kingstown, and there\\nhanged.\\nKings Countj shared the spirit of revolt against Brit-\\nish rule, caused bj the issue of the Stamp Act in 1765.\\nTories* were few, and had but little power to injure the\\ncause of the people. Jonathan J. Hazard, brother of\\nThomas, was the leading Whig of the count} The coun-\\nty generally was intensely patriotic. When, in 1774,\\nthe port of Boston was closed. Westerly sent aid in\\nmoney and cattle with a letter. This was the result of\\nthe largest meeting that had ever been held in the town,\\nand which, without a single voice of dissent, endorsed\\nthe resolutions drawn up by Gov. Samuel Ward, who\\npassed most of his life in Westerly. The death of this\\nnoble statesman, when a member of the Congress of\\n1776, was felt as a loss to the whole country. His son,\\nSamuel Ward, bom in Westerly, reached the rank of\\nlieutenant-colonel, was aid-de-camp of Washington,\\nAmong the more prominent Royalists were George Rome, an\\nEnglish business agent, residing in North Kingstown, and Thomas\\nHazard of South Kingstown. These parties left the county, and their\\nestates were forfeited. Other Tories were Col. Edward Cole, brother of\\nJudge John Cole, the active Whig, and Gilbert Stuart, father of the\\nserved in the siege of Boston, marched to Quebec under\\nArnold, fought at Red Bank in New Jersey, and led a\\ncompany of freed negroes in the battle of Rhode Island\\nin 1780. This was the first instance in the annals of\\nthe country, of the use of colored troops.\\nBenjamin, son of Parson Park, fought and fell with\\nWarren at Bunker Hill. Dr. Joshua Babcock was one\\nof the State Council of War. The career of his son,\\nCol. Harry, would form a brilliant chapter in colonial\\nannals. He served with merit through five campaigns\\nin the Old French War, and when in command at\\nNewport, he drove oflT the Rose, British man-of-war,\\nbj his own firing. Some privateers were fitted out from\\nWesterly. In 1779, the 24.gun ship Mifflin, Capt.\\nGeorge W. Babcock, commander, took a number of\\nprizes. One-fifth of Westerly s men were in the army\\nand militia. The look-out was at Watch Hill, named\\nfrom its use in the French war of 1754.\\nNorth Kingstown sent money and cattle to Boston,\\nupon the passage of the Port Bill. Recruits were soon\\nenrolled, and the work of forming companies went on\\nthrough the war. In South Kingstown the same cannon\\nwhich had driven the British from Wickford did good\\nservice at Point Judith, where in 1776, the frigate\\nSyren, of 28 guns, struck her flag, and the crew of\\n166 officers and men were marched to Providence.\\nSome Tories, thought to be in the plot of this attack,\\nwere closelj watched from that time, by the Commit-\\ntee of Safety. A beacon was lighted on Tower Hill in\\n1775, by order of the Legislature, and was kept in use\\nthrough the war. Capt. Raymond Perr} father of Com-\\nmodore O. H. Perrj was a zealous recruiting officer of\\nthis town. Henry ISIarchaut, Esq., who long lived here,\\nwas deeply hated bj^ Wallace, the commander of the\\nsquadron Ij ing off Newport, and he threatened to hang\\nthe noted Whig at his j-ard-arm. To escape his fierce\\npursuit. Judge Marchant was forced to travel only by\\nland, when on circuit duty. Being a member of the Con-\\ntinental Congress, he signed the Articles of Confedera-\\ntion while in hearing of the guns of the battle of Brandy-\\nwine. When the war closed with the surrender of Corn-\\nwallis, in 1781, the Legislature decreed that Kings\\nCounty should, in future, be called after Washington. It\\nis often spoken of, by Providence people, as the Old\\nSouth County.\\nA great change came over the count} with the close of\\ngreat painter. The former entered the king s service, and the latter\\njoined the members of his party in Nova Scotia early in the war. Rev.\\nSamuel Fayerwcathcr, rector of St. Paul s, North Kingstown, would\\nnot cease to use public prayers for the king, and the church was closed\\nto him, being used as the barracks of the coast-guard.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0483.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe Revolution, and the abolition of slavery. The old\\nestates were broken up by the working of the altered laws\\nof inheritance, and the manner of living conformed to\\nthe new order of things. In 1780 Kings County num-\\nbered more than 1,000 slaves. There were a few slave-\\ntraders but one of them, Rowland Robinson of South\\nKingstown, at the close of his life, sought out, purchased\\nand set free those whom he had brought from Africa.\\nThe negi ocs were, as a rule, well treated, and were at-\\ntached to their masters, though cases of abuse occurred,\\nand the murder of a mistress by one of her slaves took\\nplace in South Kingstown. Slaves often received their\\nfreedom as a gift. The name of Jeremiah Austin should\\nbe presented, in view of the righteous course pursued bj-\\nhim before the question of abolition had been raised.\\nFinding himself the owner of a slave, his sole inher-\\nitance, he freed the man, and sought work on a farm.\\nOrson, a slave in Westerly, catching the spirit of the\\nRevolution, bogged the promise of his freedom when he\\nshould have reached the age of 100 years, being then, at\\nthe end of the war, past 90. It was at once granted\\nhim, and he lived to see his hundredth j^ear.\\nAncient Narraganset was a smaller Virginia. In both\\nplaces the presence of the same social system, and the\\nmerits of the classes who -were formed by it, were the\\nsame. Climate was the chief factor of difference, for\\nthe people of both Colonies were of pure English de-\\nscent, the most worthy settlers of each being of the\\nsame social grade. The sober lives and grave learning\\nof the colonial gentrj of Massachusetts and Connecti-\\ncut, were not in the spirit of the country squires at Nar-\\nraganset. The latter were lovers of ease and pleasure,\\nand their tastes were fostered by the use of slave-labor.\\nMeanwhile the middle classes, oppressed bj- the presence\\nof slaverj-, were read} to sink to the level of the poor\\nwhites of the South. Proofs of the wretched state of\\nthe working people maj be drawn from such ghmpses as\\nthe records of earl}- travel afford. Madam Knight, who\\npassed through Narraganset on horseback, depicts the\\nabject state of the people. Inns were rare, and often\\nsqualid, for the planters showed great hospitality. Thus\\ntheir verj \u00e2\u0096\u00a0virtues sometimes worked harm to their poor-\\ner neighbors. It was a time of much almsgiving, and\\nlittle well-paid work. The idle might live on the gifts of\\nthe wealthy room was made for the worthless in the\\ngreat kitchens of the open-handed squires but it was\\nnever harder for the poor man to keep his self-respect,\\nmake his waj- in the world, and provide for his children.\\nBut the Revolution changed all this, and introduced an\\nera of freedom, of social as well as political emancipa-\\ntion. Yet even then, the rich continued to share the\\nta^es, and pursue the sports of the English gentry. In\\nthe spring they feasted at Hartford, and summer brought\\nbeach races. With autumn the corn-husking revels be-\\ngan. From Christmas to Twelfth Day, mirth and pas-\\ntime ruled the hours. Wedding feasts were kept with\\nmuch eclat. Six hundred guests were present at one of\\nthe last of these galas. Down to 1800, fox-hunts were\\nstill enjoyed at South Kingstown. Game was found in\\nall parts of the country. The gentry wore the rich cos-\\ntume of the time. Each squire, when in the saddle, was\\nalways followed by a mounted slave, as he made bis way\\nto council or court, or, perhaps, drew rein at a mansion\\nwhere the evening was to be passed, in whist-playing\\nor dancing the minuet. The country squires of Narra-\\nganset were indeed a fox-hunting, horse-racing, card-\\nplaying, feasting generation.\\nA new era of greater well-being began with the rise of\\nmanufactures. The first power-looms used with success\\nin America were started by Mr. Rowland Hazard at\\nPeacedale, South Kingstown, in 1814. In 1810 cotton\\ncloth was first made in Westerlj-, and the cotton-mill of\\nthe Potters, one of the oldest in the country, was built\\nhere two years Later. The varied industries of Westerly\\nthe thrifty manufactories of Wickford in North Kings-\\ntown, in which nearl}- $2,000,000 are invested and the\\nthriving manufacturing interests of other towns, attest\\nthe industrial strength of Washington County. The war\\nof 1812 brought some alarms, but no attacks to the ex-\\nposed coast-line of Narraganset. The great naval hero\\nof that war. Com. Oliver Hazard Perry, was born\\nin South Kingstown, where the familj homestead still\\nstands, and he was taught at the Tower Hill school.\\nEvery town in the county sent volunteers to the army\\nof the nation, during the war of the Rebellion. Tlie\\nWesterly Rifles marched in the first Rhode Island\\nregiment, and twice they entered the sendee, giving to\\nthe ranks 280 men. Sixtj -two of the volunteers from\\nWesterly, Charlestown and Hopkinton died in the service.\\nNo soldier of the war was better, braver or truer than\\nGen. Isaac P. Rodman, whose name remains a sacred\\nbequest to his native town of Kingstown. He entered\\nthe army as a captain. His charge at Newbern, leading\\nthe fourth Rhode Island, was one of the most gallant oi\\nthe da}-. At Antietam he led a division, acting as major-\\ngeneral, and, while forming his troops, fell, shot through\\nthe chest. He was removed to a house in the rear, where\\nhe lingered in great pain for thirteen days. His family and\\nfriends watched over him in his last hours, which were\\ncalm and peaceful. Tlie remains lay in state in Pro^n-\\ndence, and were buried near the home of the deceased in\\nRocky Brook.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0484.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nThe wealth of the count} reached the sum of $11, 479,-\\n505 in 1875. The industrial products of southern Rhode\\nIsland were seen at their best in the display made at the\\nCentennial Exhibition by the leading manufacturers of\\ntills county. From the Westerly granite-quarries came\\nthe noble figure of the Antietam Soldier, destined to serve\\nas a monument on that battle-field. It stood between\\nthe Main Building and Art Gallery, and reached the\\nheight of 45 feet with the pedestal.\\nTwo hundred and forty years have passed since Richard\\nSmith, the pioneer of Narraganset, entered its borders.\\nThe county records bear the well-known features of\\nRhode Island history. Here, as elsewhere in the Colony,\\nsoul-liberty has been cherished. Here the sons of the\\nState learned, in our earlier and later daj-s, in the\\nRevolutionary struggle in the darli hours of ci\\\\ il war,\\nthe value of a country the meaning of duty and self-\\nsacrifice.\\nConstitutional rule succeeded to the doubts and fears\\nand errors of an infant State. The abolition of slavery\\nstrengthened the hands and smoothed the path of honest\\npolity. The free school and an untrammelled press have\\ndone their great work. Manufactures have emiched our\\ntowns and built up our hamlets, while they have invited\\nthe presence of skilled artisans from all parts of the\\nworld. The untroubled cuiTent of life still flows on in\\npeace and prosperity. Narraganset may safely rest her\\nfame upon the deeds of her sons, true to her interests,\\nfaithful to the dictates of patriotism, eminent and\\nadmired abroad, esteemed and respected at home.\\nNeither will she forget to honor the virtues of her many\\nworthy daughters. It is with proud memories of the\\npast, and with bright hopes for the future, that the Old\\nSouth County completes her hundred and fiftieth j ear.\\nDescriptive.\\nWashington Count} next to Providence Count} is\\nthe largest in the State, covering an area of 332 square\\nmiles. It is divided into seven townships. The population\\nof these townships, as well as that of the county, was, in\\n1875, as follows North Kingstown, 3,505 South Kings-\\ntown, 4,240; Westerly, 5,408; Charlestown, 1,054;\\nHopkinton, 2,760; Richmond, 1,739; Exeter, 1,355;\\nand Washington County, 20,061.\\nThe county comprises all the southern section of the\\nState l} ing on the main land, south of Kent County. Its\\nentire eastern limits are washed by tlie Atlantic Ocean\\nand Narraganset Bay its southern limits by the Atlan-\\ntic, or Block Island Sound, and its western limits are\\nbounded by Connecticut. Between Wiekford and the\\nAnnaquatucket River, lies, near the main land, Fox\\nIsland and, embosomed in the waters of Wiekford\\nCove, lie the islets Cornelius and Queen s, aUas Rabbit.\\nWiekford Cove is capacious, and, from its land-locked\\nposition, aflTords the best kind of safety to vessels. It is\\nof suflScient depth to admit shipping of several hundred\\ntons. The inlet at Westerly, extending five miles from\\nits ocean mouth, affords an equally secure harborage.\\nThis harbor, by United States government appropriations,\\nis undergoing important improvements. Landings,\\nwharves, piers and breakwaters appear along the coast\\nat Hamilton, Saunderstown, South Ferry, now Narra-\\nganset, Watson s, and at Narraganset Pier. At the lat-\\nter place breakwater defences and wharves admit of\\nsteamboat occupation.\\nThe shore, from Plum Beach to Point Judith, is com-\\nposed chiefly of weighty stones or bowlders, or imbedded\\nrock, and promontory granite ledges, afibrding frequent\\nsites for angling.\\nThe whole sea and bay coast presents fertile slopes or\\nplains, extending back seven or eight miles, in generally\\nweU-tiUed lands. This belt is rarely equalled in produc-\\ntiveness by other of the main lands in the State. For-\\nests, near the coast, are confined to only a few score, or\\na few hundred acres each. These being of infrequent\\noccurrence, by far the largest portion of the soil is left\\nsuitable for tillage and grazing. Beyond this sea-belt,\\nforests prevail more extensively. Originally, many of\\nthe farms were of great extent, comprising tracts from\\none to three miles square. The largest land-holders\\namong the early settlers cultivated plantations of over\\n3,000 acres each. Some owned even larger estates. The\\nentire purchases of Richard Smith, the first settler in the\\ncounty near Wiekford in 1641, were, by estimation,\\n30,000 acres. In 1710 John Mumford purchased 8,000\\nacres. Few of these early-purchased favors now retain\\ntheir original dimensions. Most of the farms are\\nenclosed, and conveniently lotted with stone walls.\\nThese, having gradually increased through past genera-\\ntions, have relieved the soil of much of its stone and\\nrock. Such agricultural machines as the mower, raker\\nand thresher are in general use. Barns for the shelter of\\ncattle, and for appropriating the fertilizing products of\\nthe barnyard, have generally superseded the former\\nusage of foddering in open fields. Many of the old\\ngrades of stock have given way to the imported breeds,\\nthe A}Tshire, Jersey, Devon, the Shorthorn and the\\nDurham. The fields are well adapted to the sheep-\\ngrower, and formerly single farmers kept large flocks,\\ncontaining, in some instances, as many as 2,000 sheep.\\nOwing to the resort of thousands yearly to Narraganset\\nPier and Watch Hill, the introduction of herds of horses", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0485.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nis made in large numbers, to meet the wants of this class.\\nThe saddle has 3ielded to phaeton, bugg}-, barouche and\\nlandau. Within the last 50 j-ears the garrets of the\\nfinest mansions were often receptacles for the storage of\\naccumulating fleeces of wool. Here were plied the hand-\\nloom, spinning-wheel, hatchel, reel and hand-carding\\ninstruments. Here, in remoter daj s, the slave toiled and\\nslept and here, sometimes, where the neglected stone\\nchimney- gave free admission to swallow and pigeon, their\\nnightl} perches were not forbidden. These customs, it\\nneed hardly be said, have been eclipsed by the cmliza-\\ntion of the present era, since steamboat, railroad, tele-\\ngraph and mill-machinery have introduced their improve-\\nments and faciUties for intercourse with all parts of the\\nnation, and with all the nations of the earth.\\nAt the extreme north-west section of the count}-, the\\nland reaches its greatest height, and manj hills aflTord\\ncommanding views of the country and ocean. From\\nalmost every elevation the landscape is remarkably varied.\\nThese views are abundant on long stretches of highway.\\nPerhaps none can claim more interesting features than\\nare found at Watch Hill and the high lands of Charles-\\ntown, Matoonuc, Kingstown and Point Judith. Boston\\nNeck heights, on the easterlj shores of North and South\\nKingstown, are noted spots of scenic delight but no\\nviews can claim more of the beauties of both nature\\nand art, than those afforded from the crests of the range of\\nTower, MeSparran and Kite hills. The ocean expanse\\nvisible from these heights, in one open view of one-third\\nof a circle, is of unwonted magnificence and the numer-\\nous plying sailing-vessels and steam palaces, give it ever\\nnew life and var3-ing forms of interest.\\nAt Watch Hill is a lighthouse, with revolving light^\\nerected in 1802, rebuilt of granite in 185o, and now has\\na life-saving station attached. At Point Judith is another\\nstone lighthouse, with revolving light, built in 1816. A\\npre\\\\-ious wooden structure, built in 1809, was destro3-ed\\nby the great gale of 1815. A third lighthouse at Poplar\\nTree Point, Wickford Harbor, was built in 1831, and re-\\nfitted in 1871. At Narraganset Pier is a life-boat build-\\ning erected in 1875, with necessarj- appliances. A gov-\\nernment appropriation of \u00c2\u00a725,000 has been made for\\nbuilding a lighthouse on Whale Rock, which rises slight-\\nly above high tide, near the western entrance of Narra-\\nganset Ba3\\nNearly all the sti-eams of the county furnish good mill-\\nprivileges, and are widely occupied with cotton and wool-\\nlen manufactories. The salt ponds or lakes are large\\nand numerous, dotting coast and bay. Pettaquamscut,\\nPoint Judith, Green Hill, Pawawget or Charlestown,\\nQuanocoataug and Ward s are the largest. Some of\\nthem are more than five miles in length. .The fresh-\\nwater ponds or lakes are still more numerous. The\\nlargest are Worden s, Watchaug, Belleville, Yawgoo and\\nChapman s. Worden s, about two miles in length, and\\nnearl3- the same in breadth, is the largest sheet of fresh\\nwater in the State.\\nThe Indian trail, with its notched trees, ranging so as\\nb3 directest line to cross the headings of the sea-inlets\\nb3- the best fording places, was once the only thorough-\\nfare. This was called The Pequot Path, and ex-\\ntended from Connecticut bounds, near Westerl3-, to the\\nPawtucket River, and thence to Boston. This became\\nthe first bridle-path of the settler, and later the great\\nhighwa3- for carriages and equestrians passing between\\nPhiladelphia, New York, Newport, Providence, or Bos-\\nton. This is still the route of carriage-travel. Another\\nold route is the Ten Rod road, which dates from the\\nsettlement of Wickford, when it was laid out ten rods in\\nwidth from that village westward to the Connecticut line,\\nnear Beach Pond, at Voluutown. With certain encroach-\\nments by private occupation, which began very early, it\\nremains much as ever, in good order, and in frequent\\ntravel.\\nSince 1837 the New York, Stonington and Boston\\nRaih-oad has intersected this county from its northern\\nboundar3- of Hunt s River, near Hunt s Bridge, to West-\\nerly, in nearl3- the remotest south-west corner. This\\nalmost perfectl3 diagonal course gives the best average\\naccessibility from all parts of the county. A double\\ntrack extends the entire distance. A branch railroad\\nnow connects Wickford with the Wickford Junction and\\nby steamboat connection with Newport. Another branch\\nrailroad has more latel3- been constructed from Richmond\\nSwitch in Richmond to Hope Valley in Hopkinton. Still\\nanother branch railroad has been constructed and oper-\\nated since 1876 from Kingston Junction to Narraganset\\nPier, a distance of about nine miles, with important\\nstations at Peacedalo and Wakefield.\\nThree weekly newspapers are published in the county,\\nthe Narraganset Weekly, at Westerl3 the Nari a-\\nganset Times, at Wakefield, and the Wood River Ad-\\nvertiser, at Woodville.\\nThe pubUc cemeterj- incorporated b3 civil authority,\\nand placing the cit3- of the dead in the hands of\\nofficials whose death or removal is at once supplied by\\nchartered succession, alone ensures something like an\\nunfailing perpetuity of adequate super\\\\-ision and care.\\nPublic cemeteries of this kind now exist in broad dimen-\\nsions at River Bend in the vicinity of Westerly, at Al-\\nlentown in North Kingstown, at Potter Hill in Westerly,\\nat Wyoming in Hopkinton, at River Side near Wakefield,", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0486.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "RHODE ISLAND.\\nand in lessor dimensions in Soutli Kingstown, at Periy-\\nville, at Oakland near Peacedale, and at Fern wood\\nnear Kingstown.\\nIn Charlestown the State has lately convej ed to the\\nIndian descendants of Ninigret, Canonchet, Canouicus\\nand Miantonomo, certain cemetery grounds embracing\\ntheir old interments of prince or peasant, with an appro-\\npriation of $300 to defray the expense of the enclosure\\nand of a memorial to their tribal fame.\\nThe public free-school system, dating from 1828, en-\\nsures instruction in all the common English branches, in\\nevery centre of population, and everj remote nook of\\nthe countj\\\\ Graded schools exist in the townships of\\nWesterly and Hopkinton. In Westerly Village, a large\\nfree grammar school house has been latelj built, in addi-\\ntion to the Pawtucket Academj-, an incorporated institu-\\ntion dating from 1837, and a smaller academy built in\\n1814. Free high-schools have been established at Hope\\nValley and at Rock\\\\ illc, in the township of Hopkinton.\\nIn other places, private institutions of old standing,\\nsuch as Kingston and Wickford academies, embraced the\\nliigher English and classical studies from their founda-\\ntion. That at Wickford received its charter in 1800\\na noble edifice for its daj occupjing a commanding\\nand romantic spot, and attaining a marked popularitj-\\nthrough its earlier years. As the common free-schools\\ncame into use, this institution lost its prestige, and was\\npractically converted bj a lease of 99 years into an in-\\nstitute for a public school. It was destroj-od by fire in\\n1874, but a commodious structure was soon erected in\\nits stead, on the same site, and is fulfilling the lease as\\nbefore the interruption. That at Kingston has existed\\nfrom a little earlier period.\\nThe change of the county-seat from Tower Hill* to\\nKingston, near the close of the eighteenth centur}\\nchanged the residences of leading families from the for-\\nmer place to the new countj seat. With this change\\nbegan the success of the Kingston Academy. Here,\\nthrough the following 30 or 40 years, were educated the\\nsons and daughters of nearly all the contiguous families,\\nmany of the children of prominent families residing more\\ndistantly in the county and in various parts of the State,\\nand others from sections not less remote than South\\nCarolina, or even Cuba and Fayal. The fame of the\\nacademy was due to its healthful location, and to its\\naccomplished teachers.\\nBesides the mauj district free school-houses, the State\\nhas provided the county structures at Kingston, the countj\\nWith this change of village population, the old school-house at\\nTower Hill, which had existed from colonial days, and shared the ben-\\nefits of the Sewall Fund, the endowment of Samuel Sewall, and\\nseat. These consist of a comely and spacious State or\\ncourt house and jail. Since by recent law the General\\nAssembly confines its sittings to Proxadence and Newport,\\nthe court-house has been used for judicial business only.\\nPrevious to this change, it had been occupied, not only\\nfor the sessions of the courts, as now, but also for the\\nannual sittings of the General Assembly. The jail is of\\nstone, of comely style and large size, built not long\\nsince on the site and in the place of the old wooden\\nstructure of the last century.\\nThe great September gale of 1815 swept over this\\ncounty with a force and destructiveness unparalleled by\\nall previous or past tornados on this coast. The tides\\nrose more than ten feet above ordinary high-water mark\\nin waves of prodigious power and loftj height. The\\nspray, borne by the wind, sprinkled plentifully, like rain-\\ndrops, the windows of dwellings situated nearlj a mile\\nfrom the ocean in the direction of the wind. So power-\\nful was the gale, that apple orchai ds in Connecticut,\\ntwenty miles be3 ond the ocean, were affected with the\\ntaste of the salt spraj- on their ripening fruit. The\\nshores of the whole coast were a scene of desolation.\\nFrom Westerl3- to Wickford, and beyond, ponderous\\nstones, from one to three tons weight, were in some\\nplaces swept from their low-tide beds and borne in\\ncrowded groups upon the meadow surface 15 feet above\\ntheir former resting-places and scattered on this higher\\nplane from 100 to 300 feet beyond the shore. Debris\\nof houses, vessels, trees, haj and other crops, or ani-\\nmals, lined man} shores. Wickford, situated on a low\\npeninsula, was flooded in manj places above the window-\\nsills of the lower rooms and families dwelling in the\\nmost inundated parts sought safetj from theu homes in\\nboats. At Westerly, the scenes were no less alarming,\\nand their shipping, stores and dwellings suffered largel}\\nfrom wdnd or wave. At Point Judith, lives were lost bj\\nthe tidal-wave sweeping them and the herds they were\\nattempting to rescue into a common grave. Orchards\\nand ornamental trees were prostrated in all directions,\\nand forests thinned by the tornado s force.\\nThe later gale, of 1869, was in manj features similar,\\nbut of so much shorter duration as to leave less destruc-\\ntive efl ects. Some forests were then impaired some\\norchards nearly ruined and a newly-finished church at\\nNarraganset Pier utterly wrecked.\\nThe widely-spread dark day of 1780 was experienced\\nhere, much as elsewhere in New England. At noon-day\\nhouses needed to be lighted the cows came home to\\nhad been the only house of that description within the radius of a dozen\\nmiles, Kingston alone excepted, lost its former prestige. This anti-\\nquated buildin!; still stands as a monument of colonial times.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0487.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ntheir milking-yards the poultrj retired to their perches\\nand the family mused in unwonted anxiety or alarm.\\nThis county, from its earliest settlement, ever gave\\npre-eminence to religious matters. The settlement at\\nWickford was first under the influence of such conscien-\\ntious zealots as Richard Smith and Roger Williams,\\nboth refugees for conscience sake. The whole territory\\nmaj- be said to have been peopled bj three classes of\\nreligious proplc. These classes were e li. nv eiiihraced\\nin the Puritan element from Boston and Plymouth the\\nChurch of England element from Newport and Provi-\\ndence, England and Scotland the Quaker element from\\nNewport and Portsmouth, New York and Virginia the\\nBaptist element from the island of Rhode Island and the\\nNeutralist element from nearlj all these places. The pre-\\nvailing element of the county has never overshadowed all\\nothers. But in preponderance of numbers, over any one\\nsect, the Baptists maintain a majority.\\nTowns.\\nNorth Kingstown. Wickford, the principal village\\nof the town, stands chiefly- on a peninsula, extending\\ninto Narraganset Bay. Its principal street is beautified\\nwith lines of shade-trees, thrifty dwellings and sever.il\\nfine public structures. Among the latter are St. Paul s\\nEpiscopal cliurch, the Baptist church, the granite build-\\ning of the Narraganset Bank, and the academy. The\\nold Narraganset Church, which has withstood all the\\nwinters since 1707, divested only of its spire, and sur-\\nrounded by the monuments of its ancient dead, still\\nstands, a worthy monument of the piety of its foun-\\nders, and of the reverence of its present\\nguardians.\\nAt West Wickford is a spacious Ro-\\nman Catholic church, erected in 1874.\\nWestehly stands at the head of tide-\\nwater, and strictly as a group of edifices\\noccupies both sides of the Pawcatuck\\nRiver. County limits, however, confine\\nthe description to the Rhode Island ter-\\nritory alone. The chief street, leading\\nfiom the railroad station, displays the\\nnoticeable mercantile and banking edi-\\nfices of granite, brick or wood. The\\nDixon House, the most costly structure\\nof the kind in the county, stands hero.\\nIt ranks among the largest and finest in\\nNew England. Other prominent build-\\nings are the Sabbatarian, the First and\\nthe Calvary Baptist churches. The town\\nhouse, built in 1874, on the site of the\\nold union meeting-house, is a fine build-\\ning two stories high, with a tower. Many\\nof the manufactories of the place are of\\nearly origin, mostly rebuilt, improved\\nand enlarged. Spools, bobbins, looms,\\npunting- presses and machinery, woollen\\nand cotton warp goods are extensively\\nmanufactured here. The quarries on the\\neasterly hills, employing hundreds of\\nmen, yield fine granite in abundance. Rhode Island s\\ncontribution to the national monimient in Washington\\nwas obtained from these rocks. Seven quarries 3 ield\\nfour varieties the white, blue, red and macul.ited.\\nThe several manufacturing villages situated within a\\nfew miles circuit from the town, and largely owned\\nbj its residents, contribute to the aggregate business\\nof its merchants the latter now quite numerous, hav-\\ning quite supplanted the ship-builders, privateers-men,\\nnavigators and fishermen of former days. The town\\ncontains three national banks, and an equal number of\\nsavings banks. In the south-eastern part of the town\\nis the well-known seaside resort of Watch Hill. Here", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0488.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "EHODE ISLAND.\\nare seven large hotels, and extensive beaches. White\\nRock, north of Westerlj- village, contains a large mill\\nfor the manufacture of jaconets and shirtings. Hon.\\nNathan F. Dixon, a prominent lawyer, and a native of\\nWesterly-, has been for ten j-ears a member of Congress.\\nHon. George H. Pendleton of Ohio, is also a native of\\nthe town.\\nSouth Kingstown. The village of Peaeedale, con-\\ntaining about 1,200 inhabitants, is situated on the Sau-\\ngatucket River, one mile north of Wake-\\nfield. It has been a manufacturing spot\\nfrom the earliest da^s. The vicinage\\nis adorned with a stone Congregational\\nchurch of tasteful architecture. The vil-\\nlage contains many fine residences. The\\nHon. Rowland G. Hazard, who resides\\nhere, has long been known widely to the\\ncivilized world as one of the most suc-\\ncessful of manufacturers, and as an au-\\nthor of high repute. His treatise on\\nThe Will has gained a popularity\\nwhich has led to its translation into a\\nforeign tongue.\\nThe thriving village of Wakefield is\\nsituated on both sides of the Saugatueket\\nRiver. W^here this river, with mill-pond\\nand mill-dam, pours its sometimes power-\\nful cataracts into the Point Judith salt\\nlake, it is spanned by a single-arch stone\\nbridge. It has a national and a savings\\nbank, a fine town hall the munificent\\ngift of Hon. R. G. Hazard and a news-\\npaper, the Narraganset Times. The\\nprincipal streets are occupied with hand-\\nsome dwellings with ornamental grounds.\\nNarraganset Pier is mainly a village of\\nj hotels and cottages for summer resort.\\nThe beach, one mile in length, is one of\\nthe finest in New England. The mansion of the Spragnc\\nfamily, not far distant, looms u)) like an English baronial\\nretreat. Al, the southern extremity of the village stands\\nthe Stone Castle erected by Joseph P. Hazard, Esq.,\\n30 years since, with its maturing forest trees, and its nu-\\nmerous shrubs and flowers.\\nThe village of Kingston stands on a high ridge, and,\\nbeing the county seat, has a commanding prestige. In\\naddition to its public buildings, belonging to the State, it\\nj has a Congregational church, \u00e2\u0080\u0094built 80 years ago, an\\nI academj- and a stone record-building.\\n1 Dr. Thomas M. Potter, a retired surgeon of the U. S.\\nnavy, and his brothers, Hon. Elisha R. Potter, judge of\\nthe Supreme Court, and Gen. James B. M. Potter of the\\nU. S. armj-, are among the most distinguished natives of\\nKingston.\\nThe widow of Gen. Isaac P. Rodman, who fell at\\nAntietam, resides at Rock} Brook.\\nRev. Edward Everett Hale has a summer residence in\\nthe vicinity.\\nAt Matoonuc stan Is the huml k dwdlins where Com\\nOliver Hazard P i uf I il Y 1 is, born\\nThe ashington County Agricultural Society have\\ntheir gn^unds at West Kingston.\\nTower Hill, the ancient seat of the colonial county\\ncourts, has a landscape and ocean prospect almost unri-\\nvalled. The remotest cliff is surmounted b} a large hotel.\\nCharlestown. Cross s Mills, the principal centre of\\nbusiness, contains a shingle-mill, where more shingles are\\nsawed yearly, than at any other place in the county.\\nThe old Stanton homestead is located near this village.\\nHopkinton consists of several thriving villages. Hop-\\nkinton City is a business centre for the country popula-\\ntion for miles around. Carriage-making is its chief\\nindustry. A high school is located here.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0489.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nHope Valle3 contains a national and a savings bank,\\nand a manufactoiy for steam-engines and printing-\\npresses.\\nOther illages are Asliaway, Bethel, Laurel Dale,\\nLocustville, Barberville, Wyoming, Rockville, Centre-\\nville and Acadia.\\nRichmond consists of Carolina, Shannock, Usquepaug\\nand several other villages. Woollens and eassimeres are\\nmanufactured at the first-named place and at Shannock.\\nUsquepaug is noted for its romantic situation.\\nExeter comprises several small settlements, mostly\\nengaged in manufacturing. At Yawgoo, jeans, doeskins\\nand other fabrics are produced.\\nNorth Kingstown contains no Ifss than 13 villages,\\nI some of considerable importance. At Lafayette is a\\nA little removed from this, is the more ancient village proper, where a\\nmanufacturing business has been conducted since 1800, when woollen\\ncloths were first manufactured here. As early as 1720 its then mill was\\nI used for grinding grain A later-built mill was destroyed by (ire in\\nI 1847. This was soon rebuilt and operated. The villa^-i is noted as the\\nmammoth brick mill 316 feet long, built in 1877, and\\nsupplied with lirst-class machineiy for the manufacture\\nof jeans, doeskins, c.\\nDavisville* is a thrifty hamlet in the northern part of\\nthe town on the Stonington Raih oad.\\nIn the vicinity of Hammond s Hill stands the house in\\nwhich Gilbert Stuart, the portrait painter of world-wide\\nfame was born.\\nAlmost connecting with this house is the mill known\\nas the old snuff mill, which for the last century has\\nbeen used for grinding grain. In 1750 Dr. Moffat, a\\nScotch merchant, settled in Newport, employed Gilbert\\nStuart of Scotland, the father of the artist, to emigrale,\\nerect this mill and engage with him in the manufacture of\\nsnuff. Here, in 1755, the bhlh of this artist took place.\\nscat of the Le Moines or Mawneys, the Huguenot family who early be-\\ngan a settlement near this spot. The present owners, the Davis broth-\\ners, whose ancestor, Mr. Joshua Davis, operated the mill in 1720, are\\nconnected, through an ancient marriage tie, with the Le Mome Hugue-\\nnot fj.mily.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0490.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "M A T N E\\nBY REV. MARK TRAFTON, D. D.\\nMaine maj well cherish an honest pride in the motto\\non her State seal Dirigo. Her mountains are\\ngilded by the earliest morning beams her soil was crim-\\nsoned by the first blood shed in the conflict between civ-\\nilization and barbarism. The European greed for gold\\nfound its first gratification in the fauna and fish of her\\nwilderness and waters, while the first active opposition\\nto a dominant hierarchy and proud ecclesiasticism was\\nbred and nourished on her rocky shores. Well and trulj\\nma}- she saj I lead.\\nRich in rare historic facts and incidents rich in the\\nuntarnished reputation of noble sons and daughters\\nrich in her extended territorj its varied and magnificent\\nscenerj rich in her resources and productions, she\\nstands proudlj prominent in the grand sisterhood of\\nStates.\\nHer ships, built b} her own citizens, and with material\\nfrom her own forests, have sailed every sea, and borne\\nher productions to ever} clime, while her enterprising\\nsons and daughters have swelled the population and\\naided in moulding the character and shaping the destiny\\nof the Great West.\\nHer first settlers, while j-et in the discomforts of their\\nlog huts, watching with sleepless vigilance the lurking\\nsavage, made education and religion the first objects of\\ninterest, and reared the school-house and the sanctuary.\\nUpon these great principles, universal education and\\nfreedom of conscience, they based the grand super-\\nstructure the} have reared at such cost. Material was\\nbeing prepared for a great edifice, and it must be cut,\\nnot from clay but solid granite.\\nThe first permanent English settlement on the coast\\nof IMaine was upon the island of Monhegan, and was,\\nin fact, onl} a fishing-station, continuing until the break-\\ning out of the first conflict with the natives. The abun-\\ndance of fish on this coast attracted the attention of\\nEuropeans soon after its discover} and, as early as 1600,\\nthe Enghsh sent out 100 vessels annually, manned by a\\nset of vagabonds; and in 1744, the French fishing- fleet\\non this coast numbered 264 sail.\\nThe grant conferred upon the Plymouth Company in\\n1620, included the whole territory between latitude 40\\nand 48 degrees, and extending from the Atlantic to the\\nPacific, an empire in itself.\\nRobert Gorges, son of Sir Fernando Gorges, was\\nappointed governor of this wilderness, and with one\\nLevett, who received a grant of 6,000 acres of land,\\nsailed for his domain, landing first on the Isles of\\nShoals, and then, after exploring the coast eastward as\\nfar as Pemaquid, returned and selected a site for the\\nseat of empire near Mount Agamenticus, and gave it the\\nname of Gorgeana (York).\\nGorges soon wearied of this life in the wilderness, and\\nin 1624 returned to England. A part of his colony\\nremoved to Virginia, and the rest went back to England.\\nThese adventurers were slow to learn that some more\\nsterling qualities than personal prowess and lust for gold\\nwere essential to success in the work of founding an\\nempire, in a wilderness filled with roving savages, in a\\ncold climate, and on a sterile and rocky soil. It was\\nleft to the Pilgrim fathers and mothers, to show the power\\nof a living faith in God to overcome such formidable\\nobstacles.\\nStill on came the fishermen in large numbers, spending\\nthe summer and early autumn in the prolific waters of\\nMaine. Between the years 1607 and 1622, 109 ships\\nentered and cleared at Pemaquid (Bristol)\\nPlymouth Colony escaped actual starvation by suppUes\\nprocured from the fishing fleet, and in 1623 the Wey-\\nmouth Colony were relieved from the same source.\\nThe conflicting territorial claims were a serious ob-\\nstacle to the rapid settlement of this region added to\\nwhich were the ever-recurring attacks by the Indians,\\nincited and aided by the French, who claimed all terri-\\ntory west to the Kennebec, under the name of Acadia.\\nIn 1629, the Plymouth Company began to convey\\ntheir territory in such quantities as the applicants de-\\nsired John Mason took the region lying between the j\\nrivers Merrimac and Piseataqua, and gave it the name\\nof New Hampshire. This defined the western line of i\\nMaine. The whole coast, as far east as the Penobscot,\\nwas thus disposed of in large, ill-defined grants. In", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0491.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\n1635, the old Plymouth Companj-, finding no profits\\ncoming into their depleted treasuiy, surrendered their\\ncharter to the Crown, having di-s-ided the territory among\\nits members. Maine, by these several grants, fell under\\nfour jurisdictions the Gorges claim, from Piscataqua to\\nKennebunk Eigby s, from the latter place to the Ken-\\nnebec the Sagadahoc, from the Kennebec to the Pe-\\nnobscot and the French claim, from that river to the\\nSt. Croix.\\nMassachusetts, jealous of these various proprietaries,\\nand by the petition of manj of the settlers, set up a\\nclaim in 1651 for the entire jurisdiction, under cover of\\nher charter. Commissioners were sent to admit the\\nGorges and Rigb} grants to the control of the Baj Col-\\nonj-. The matter was appealed to Parliament. But\\nthere was a man now at the head of the British govern-\\nment, and a Puritan Parliament sided with their Puritan\\nbrethren in the wilderness. In 1652, 150 freemen, in\\nfive settlements, took the oath of allegiance to Massa-\\nchusetts, and Maine now became a province of the Bay\\nColonj-.\\nCromwell had, in 1653, annulled the transfer of Aca-\\ndia to France. But on the restoration of Charles II.,\\nmore to spite the Puritans than for any other reason, it\\nwas restored to France in 1067, by the treaty of Breda,\\nto become a bone of contention, and to be retaken sub-\\nsequentlj at a great sacrifice of blood and treasure.\\nBut the reader must not fancy Maine in 1067 as it is\\nseen now, with its numerous villages, and growing cities,\\nand populous towns stretching back to the Canadian line.\\nIt was almost an unbroken wilderness of woods and\\nwaters the few settlements along its coast being at Fal-\\nmouth, Saco, Sagadahoc, Damariscotta, Pemaquid and\\nSheepscot fishermen, lumbermen, and farmers gaining\\na precarious living, and looking constantly for an incur-\\nsion of savage foes. It was a struggle for life. Then\\nthe rival claimants gave constant trouble. No one could\\nclaim his land and betterments he had the title of a\\nsquatter onlj The heirs of Gorges revived their claim,\\nand appealed to the crown. But the Massachusetts\\nColony sent an agent to England, and finally extin-\\nguished this claim bj purchase of Gorges, paj-ing $0,000.\\nKing Philip s war (1675-76) burst upon these feeble\\nsettlements in Maine in its wildest fury, and nearly all\\nwere broken up, and the people muixlered or driven into\\nexile.\\nWhen this war closed, another dark cloud rose on the\\nhorizon. King Charles had been negotiating for the pur-\\nchase of the Gorges charter for the crown, but being short\\nof funds just then, the purchase was delajed, when, on\\nwaking one morning, he learned to his extreme mortifi-\\ncation that he, the King of Great Britain, France and\\nIreland, Defender of the Faith, c., c., had been\\noverreached by the Bay Colony of Massaelmsetts, and\\nthat the coveted prize was on its way across the Atlantic.\\nCharles had given to his brother, the Duke of York,\\nall the territorj east of the line at Kennebunk to the\\nPenobscot. With the progress of events, the Duke of\\nYork became king. The charter of Massachusetts was\\nrevoked, and all the Colonies were consolidated. Pema-\\nquid was annexed to Boston, and the governor. Sir\\nEdmund Andros, whose seat was at Manhattan (New\\nYork), extended his authority from the Pennsylvania\\nline to the Penobscot.\\nIt was a dark day for the feeble colonists, and little\\nprogress was made in the settlements. Indian dep-\\nredations, which commenced with Philip s war, con-\\ntinued until 1700, with little cessation. Soon after the\\ntreaty of Breda, in 1668, which ceded Acadia again to\\nFrance, a French gentleman, Baron de Castin, came\\nfrom Canada to the Penobscot, and settling at Bagaduce\\n(now Castine) on the eastern shore of the Penobscot\\nBay, erected a fort on the high land between Bagaduce\\nRiver and the bay. Constructing a truck-house, and\\nprocuring a supply of goods, he opened trade with the\\nIndians. He entered into close alUance with the natives\\nb^ taking the daughter of a Penobscot chief to wife,\\nwhile the Jesuits in his train made the conversion of the\\ntribes to Romanism a special object and so effectual\\nwas this work, that these converts remain to this day\\nflrmlj attached to the Romish Church.\\nThe Dutch, driven from New York, sailed eastward\\nand threatened the feeble settlements on this coast, but\\nwere repulsed.\\nIn 1688 Gov. Andros projected a tour of visitation to\\nthis eastern Province of his dominions. Making arrange-\\nments for a convoy by the British frigate Rose, he\\nsailed in his sloop, and, joining the frigate at Pemaquid,\\nthej proceeded on a marauding expedition to the Penob-\\nscot. They sent a boat ashore to inform Castin of their\\npresence but when the Baron learned that the notorious\\nAndros was on board, he, with his family, took to the\\nwoods and Andros, landing, broke into and robbed his\\nestablisliment of all its possessions, save an altar and\\ncrucifix, which his religious scruples restrained hi in from\\nmolesting. England and France were at peace at this\\ntime, and Castin was on acknowledged French tenitory,\\nso that this act of the puissant governor was sheer rob-\\nbery. It greatlj exasperated the Indians, and was by\\nthem retaliated on the innocent settlers.\\nWilliam and Mary came to the English throne on the\\nabdication of James, in 1690. A fierce Indian war was", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0492.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "raging throughout New England, and, b} the close of\\n1G90, only four English settlements wore left in this\\nPro% ince, Wells, York, Kitterj and Appledore on the\\nIsles of Shoals.\\nIn this bloodj struggle the savages were onlj allies of\\nthe French. The latter incited and planned tlie attacks\\nthey furnished arms and ammunition they set a price\\nupon prisoners and scalps, and joined in the attacks upon\\nthe settlements one man testifj ing that he was scalped,\\nnot b} an Indian, but a Frenchman.\\nAt Castine a plan was matured to malve a grand foray\\nupon the entire coast as far south as New York, and thus\\nput a finality to British power in the New World but\\nthis scheme was relinquished.\\nIt was a dark period in the history of this Province.\\nThe tomahawk and scalping-knife had nearly extermi-\\nnated the poverty-stricken inhabitants. Hundreds were\\nin their graves, or their ashes mingled with the cinders of\\ntheir burned dwellings. Scores of others were in a cajj-\\ntivit} worse than death.\\nImmigration, which had turned strongly upon these\\ndesert shores during the reigns of Charles II. and James,\\nwas checked by the mild reign of William and Marj\\nand then, tlie constant struggle with cold winters, sterile\\nsoil, and lurking sa\\\\ age foes was enough to cause the\\nstoutest heart to quail.\\nThe tyrannj- of Andros ended with the change of\\ngovernment at home. Massachusetts asserted her rights,\\nand was aroused to defend her possessions in the east.\\nIn 1710, Massachusetts sent an expedition against Port\\nRoyal, afterwards called Annapolis, which was taken.\\nThis gave to the English a power over the Indians, and\\nI it was used to bring them into peaceful relations with\\nI the settlers. At a conference held at Portsmouth, in\\nJn\\\\j, 1713, the western Indians were induced to sign a\\ntreaty, in which the eastern tribes subsequently joined\\nand, for a season, peace reigned in this Province. How-\\ni over, the inhabitants returned reluctantly to their old\\nhomes, suspicious of the sincerit} of the Indians.\\nThe first tax laid upon this Province was in 1735, in\\namount, \u00c2\u00a346 7s., and a special effort was made to pro-\\nmote the settlement of the lands lying back from the sea-\\nshore. To accomplish this, the first pension act was\\npassed by the General Court of Massachusetts. This\\nact gave to each man who had served in King Philip s\\nwar, and to the heirs of those who were dead, a farm in\\nthe wild lands of the State. Seven townships were set\\napart for this purpose, five in Massachusetts, and two in\\nthis Province, comprising the present towns of Gorham\\nand Buxton.\\nTlie Massachusetts authorities were active in repairing\\nthe old forts, and in erecting new ones to guard against\\nthe Indians, who regarded treaty obligations very lightly\\nEngland and France were almost constantly at war.\\nThe Norridgewock tribe were the most implacable of the\\nnatives of this Province, and completelj- under French\\ninfluence. They had with them a priest named Rasle,\\nwho, in 1721, led an expedition of 200 Indians down the\\nKennebec, and ordered all the English to depart in three\\nweeks or thej would be slaughtered.\\nBoston was aroused, and an expedition was sent\\nagainst them, with orders to bring the priest to Boston\\ndead or alive. Rasle escaped to the woods, but was shot\\nin an attack upon the village, which was destroyed, a\\nfew years later.\\nIn 1726, an attempt was made to bring all the tribes\\ninto a conference, and delegates from all except the\\nNorridgewocks met at Falmouth. Lieut. Gov. Dum-\\nmer of Massachusetts, with Gov. Wentworth of New\\nHampshire, met them. Loron, chief of the Penobscots,\\nconducted the conference for the Indians. The com-\\nplaints urged were, that the wliites had occupied lands\\nnever sold to them; that the traders sold rum to the\\nIndians. It wastes the health of our young men. It\\nunfits them to attend praj-ers. It makes them cany ill,\\nboth to your people and their own brethren. Well and\\ntruly said. The germ of the Maine liquor law Birigo.\\nIt brings a blush to the cheek to see in this conference\\na Christian governor standing before these simple chil-\\ndren of nature, and claiming lands under deeds which ho\\nknew had been declared invalid by the courts again and\\nagain.\\nThis treaty was observed by the Indians until 1744,\\nwhen war was declared by England against France, and\\nthe natives again became restless, and, incited by the\\nFrench, committed various depredations.\\nThe final struggle for supremacy was at hand. Broad\\nas was the field, there was not room for the two systems\\nof government, so dissimilar in character and aim one of\\nthem must yield, and the sword must make the election.\\nThe policy of France with the natives had been most\\nwise. Priests always accompanied their exploring expe-\\nditions, entering their huts, living with them, and exhib-\\niting a paternal interest for their welfare. They opened\\nschools, built churches, and erected the cross. They told\\nthe Indians the story of Christ and the Virgin. If land\\nwas wanted they paid for it. On the other hand, the\\nEnglish came to settle and to trade. They stole their\\npeople and sold them into slaver}-, took their lands with-\\nout compensation, and cheated them in trade. Your\\npeople, said a chief at a conference, sell us sour flour,\\nand damnified tobacco. Can one wonder that the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0493.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nunsophisticated natives looked upon the French as friends,\\nand the Enghsh as foes It was a stinging reply made\\nbj- a Norridgewock chief to a governor of Massachusetts\\nwho urged them to leave the French and join the Eng-\\nlish, with a promise to rebuOd their church, destroyed in\\na late attack by Massachusetts troops Your words fill\\nmy heart with astonishment. Leave the French Never\\nWhy should we leave them? They are our best friends.\\nThey never deceived us, or wronged us. When they\\ncame among us, they would not so much as to look at our\\npeltries. When your people visited us they came to\\ntrade. They never said one word about God, or Christ,\\nor prayer it was aU peltries. The French taught us to\\nworship the Great Spirit, and to praj-. Leave the\\nFrench, our fathers Ne^er And he strode out of\\nthe chamber in wrath.\\nIt was clear to both the home and colonial govern-\\nments that neither peace nor progress could be realized\\nwhile the French had a foothold on this continent.\\nDelenda est Carthago, cried the old Roman orator. The\\nFrench must go, said the British council.\\nSuddenly, in 1744, the Indians again burst upon the\\neastern settlements with fire and tomahawk. The Pe-\\nnobscots were held in check, but all tbe tribes east were\\non the war-path. The government of Massachusetts at\\nonce declared war against these tribes, and, we record it\\nwith pain, offered to all persons who would enter the\\nservice at their own expense, a reward of \u00c2\u00a3100 for the\\nscalp of male Indians above 12 j ears of age, and \u00c2\u00a350\\nfor women and children, and \u00c2\u00a33 additional for captives.\\nAnd the sessions of the House passing such a bill were\\nopened by prayer\\nMassachusetts, aided by her patriotic Province of\\nMaine, fitted out an expedition against Louisburg, now\\nthe strongest citadel on the coast. Aided by the Eng-\\nlish West-India squadron, this key to all the French\\npossessions on the coast was taken June 17, 1745, just\\n30 years prior to the battle of Bunker Hill. Subse-\\nquently Massachusetts received from the British govern-\\nment $1,000,000 for her expenses in this expedition.\\nThe Penobscot Indians, though at first promising neu-\\ntraUt} were unable to resist the call of their French\\nfriends, and joined in the fray. Massachusetts at once\\ndeclared war against them, and proposed the same price\\nnoted above for scalps.\\nIn 1748, a peace was patched up between the two great\\ncontending parties, and Louisburg and all Acadia were\\nretroceded to France a peace speedily to be again dis-\\nrupted. But it was only to take breath for a final strug-\\ngle, which finally culminated on the Plains of Abraham,\\nand the field of Sillcrv.\\nBefore the impending coniiict was known in England,\\nthe Indians, incited by the French, burst upon the settle-\\nments, committing numerous murders. This was the\\nfifth Indian war in which the unfortunate inhabitants had\\nbeen engaged, and the last.\\nDuring the war an expedition was fitted out against\\nLouisburg, which was entirely successful. But it was\\nattended by an occurrence which will forever leave a\\nstain upon British character wherever Longfellow s\\nbeautiful IjtIc, Evangeline, is read. Seven thousand\\nAcadians were torn from their quiet homes and dis-\\ntributed among the English colonies as far south as\\nGeorgia 61 were allotted to Maine.\\nGreat was the J03 of the inhabitants on the return\\nof peace, and the feeling of securit} which was the re-\\nsult of the knowledge that friends, not foes, were among\\nthem, north and west.\\nAnd now came a great influx of population. The\\napparently exhaustless forests of the finest timber, the\\nabundance of water-power for its manufacture, the facil-\\nities for its shipment, the abundance of fish in the waters\\nof the coast, and in the rivers and streams, and the game\\nin tlie forests, greatly stimulated immigration.\\nWhile the French occupied the Penobscot, no English\\nsettlements had been attempted, but in ten years from\\nthe fall of Quebec, a solitary settler pushed his canoe up\\nto the head of the tide-waters of the Penobscot, and the\\nfirst log-liut of a white man (one Busscl) was erected on\\nthe site of the present city of Bangor. Two j-ears later,\\na company of ten families (among them the maternal\\ngrandfather of the writer of this, Jacob Dennet),\\nascended the river, and located themselves at the junc-\\ntion of the Kenduskeag and Penobscot. It was an\\nunbroken wilderness, and 12 miles above them were the\\nfierce Tarratines, upon whose scalping-knives the blood of\\nthe victims of their cruelty was hardly dried. The pen\\ncannot fitlj describe the privations and sufierings of\\nthese pioneers of American life. They are deserving\\nof the grateful remembrance of their more highly favored\\ndescendants.\\nThe entire population of the Province of Maine, ten\\n3-ears before the breaking out of the Revolutionary war,\\nwas about 24,000, scattered in small settlements from\\nthe Piscataqua to the Penobscot. Agricultural industries\\nwere subordinate to fishing and lumbering, until the\\ngeneral pacification of the Indians, when the tide of\\nimmigration set more strongly towards the rich bottom-\\nlands on the upper waters of the great rivers.\\nIn 1 704, Maine was di\\\\-ided into three counties, York,\\nCumberland, and Lincoln, and the census showed a\\ntotal population of 23,888. The people depended little", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0494.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "MAINE.\\nupon tilling the soil. Their corn was purchased in\\nBoston by their exports of lumber and fish, at a cost of\\n50 cents per bushel. A few cattle and sheep had been\\nintroduced, but pasturage was not jet provided, liny\\nwas procured from the extensive salt marshes on the\\ncoast, and fresh-water meadows in the interior. The\\nwomen carded and spun their wool and flax, and wove\\nthe cloth for their clothing. Often they were hard\\npressed for the bare necessaries of life.\\n1 Maine entered heartily- into the Revolutionary conflict.\\nThe first step to be taken was to secure the neutrality,\\nif not the co-operation, of the Indian tribes within her\\nborders. The British powers enlisted the Canada tribes,\\nand, to their eternal disgrace, let them loose upon the\\ndefenceless settlers. And to cap the climax, a bounty-\\nwas paid the Indians for American scalps\\nBut the Penobscots could not be seduced from their\\nallegiance to the Americans. They were unwUling as\\na tribe to engage in the American cause, but a number\\njoined the armj-, sa3-ing that the}* wanted peace that\\nthey had but two fathers, Washington and the French\\nking.\\nWashington sent a letter to the eastern trilics in which\\nhe says I am glad to hear that you keep the chain of\\nfriendship, which I sent you in February last, bright and\\nunbroken. Mj good friend and brother, Gov. Pierre\\nTomar, and the warriors that came with him, shall be\\ntaken good care of, and when they want to return home,\\nthey and our brothers of the Penobscot, shall be furnished\\nwith ever3-thiiig necessarj for their journey.\\nTo farther conciliate them, a French priest, Berthiame,\\nwas employed b^- the Massachusetts authorities to reside\\nwith and instruct the Penobscots.\\nBut the alhance with France, of 1779, and the uncer-\\ntainty of the struggle, more than anj especial aversion\\nto war, doubtless restrained them, so that the inhabitants\\nhad no more apprehension of trouble with the savages.\\nj The British forces took possession of the old French\\nfort at Castine, soon after the expulsion of the French,\\nand on the opening of the war of 1775, threw into it a\\nstrong force, and greatly improved its defences. And to\\nthe scholar and antiquarian, it may be of interest to know\\nthat the celebrated Sir John INIoorc, with reference to\\nwhose tragic death at Corunna, Spain, Wolfe wrote,\\nAVl^ buried him darkly at dead of night,\\nThe sods with our bayonets turning,\\nwas an officer here, and led the forces which repulsed the\\nAmericans, who made an attempt to dislodge the British\\ntroops.\\nThe American Congress sent a fleet of 43 war, and\\nother ships, carrying 1,000 men, to take the fort, but\\nthrough the inefficiency of the commander, Saltoustall,\\nthe attempt failed, and nearly the entire fleet were\\ndestroj-ed, and the troops forced to find their way\\nthrough the forest to the Kennebec, many dying from\\nstarvation and exfjosure. The British held possession\\nof all that part of Maine until the close of the war,\\ntreating the inhabitants with a reQnemcnt of cruelty,\\nleaving little to choose between them and their less en-\\nlightened savage brethren. The sufferings of the Penob-\\nscot inhabitants during those terrible years, can never\\nbe fitl^- described. And when, in 1780, the Dark Day\\ncame on, when lights became necessary at noon, thej\\nmight well conclude that God had forgotten them, and\\nthat an end to sublunary things had come.\\nBut in 1781, peace came to the sufl ering people, and\\nit was as life from the dead. Prosperitj returned, com-\\nmerce revived, and hope illuminated the horizon.\\nBut money was scarce the depreciation of the cur-\\nrenc} was alarming. In 1780 a man could not be hired\\nfor less than $10 per day, and $20 for a yoke of oxen.\\nA pair of shoes were $12 and stockings $9. But let it\\nbe said for our heroic fathers and mothers, there was no\\nspirit of rebellion abroad, no confhct between capital\\nand labor, no strikes except the sturdy blows upon forest\\ntrees and a hard soil. They bore all, endured all for\\ntheir descendants.\\nDuring the interval of 30 years, between the close of\\nthe war of the Revolution and the beginning of the\\nsecond war with England, Maine advanced rapidly in\\npopulation and general prosperit} Towns were organ-\\nized, churches and schools established, and courts regu-\\nlarlj- held. Order and a high degree of morahty pre-\\nvailed, and the citizens looked into the future with hope\\nand courage.\\nThe persons immigrating to this Province were gen-\\nerally of good character, sober, hardy, mtelligent and\\nindustrious. Thej- came to make for themselves and\\ntheir children, homes. They came, not for the purpose\\nof temporary- speculation, but to identify themselves with\\nthe people, to take their share of the sufferings and\\nburdens of an infant Colony and found a State, and thej\\nstamped their peculiar traits upon their descendants.\\nJune 18, 1812, was a sad daj- with the people of this\\nProvince, just emerging from the gloom of savage war-\\nfare, and more savage British barbarities. War was\\ndeclared b} Congress against England.\\nThe people felt their exposure, on a coast line of 300\\nmiles, at all points open to attack by British cruisers,\\nwith verj- slight means of defence. Thcj- knew what it\\nwas to be at the mercy of drunken British officers and", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0495.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nbrutal seamen. No wonder that, in many places, bells\\nwere tolled and flags half-masted.\\nBut there was no flinching, no despair. They threw\\noff their coats and went in for free trade and eailors\\nrights.\\nSoon there appeared on the coast two noted ciiiisers\\nfrom Halifax, the Rattler, and Bream. The coast-\\ning trade of the Province was nearly destroyed, and the\\npeople suffered more from this war by far than from that\\nof the Revolution.*\\nIt was, on this coast, a war against private homes\\nagainst women and children. Private dwellings were\\nrobbed, and the plunder taken on board the English\\nships and carried to Halifax.\\nAn expedition from Halifax took possession of Cas-\\ntine, and then, learning that the U. S. frigate John\\nAdams had passed up the Penobscot for some repairs,\\nsent up a flotilla of gunboats, with 2,000 troops, to de-\\nstroy her. The frigate lay at Hampden, six miles below\\nBangor, with her guns all upon the wharf, preparatory\\nto being beached for needed j-epairs. The militia were\\nhastily collected, under Gen. Blake. The British troops\\nlanded below, in a dense fog, and marched up to Hamp-\\nden, where our raw militia were posted, opened fire, and\\nthe frightened troops took to the woods after one dis-\\ncharge of a nine-pound iron gun, which killed a dozen\\nof the English soldiers. The crew of the frigate blew\\nup the ship, and retreated across the country to the\\nKennebec.\\nThe British took possession of Bangor, pillaged the\\nstores, burned the shipping in the harbor, and, after two\\ndays, returned to Castine. But they held and claimed\\nall territory east of the Penobscot, until peace was\\nbrought in by the treaty of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814.\\nPeace was hailed with acclamations, and at once busi-\\nness revived, and hope displaced despair. But the sum-\\nmers of 1814, 15, and 16 were unusually cold. There\\nwas frost every month in 1816, and snow fell in June so\\nas to cover the ground. Little could be gained from the\\nsoil corn was $2.50 per bushel man}- farmers became\\ndisheartened and determined to remove west. Ohio was\\nopened, and the Western Reserve was described as\\nthe paradise of farmers. Manj- families sold out their\\nclaims, procured wagons covered with coarse cotton,\\nwith a span of horses, and started for the new El\\nThe following, from .a New York paper, will give some idea of the\\ncondition and privations of the people at this period\\nThe District of Maine. We are assured by persons best acquainted\\nwith that part of the State (Mass.), that the situation of the poor inhab-\\nitants is deplorable in regard to provisions, having neither flour, nor\\ncom, nor even potatoes to live upon. The WTiter urges that means be\\nat onee devised to send the needed supplies.\\nDorado. Cooking by the roadside, and sleeping in\\ntheir wagons, they slowly made their way into the un-\\nknown wilds, and helped to lay the foundations of a\\ngreat State. It is estimated that Maine lost from 12,000\\nto 15,000 of her population by that emigration.\\nThe question of separation from Massachusetts was\\nagitated, and the Great and General Court kindly\\ngave the people the privilege of deciding it for them- j\\nselves. A convention was called at Brunswick, but it j\\nwas not thought advisable to separate.\\nBut the agitation continued, and a convention in 1819,\\non an affirmative vote of all the towns, decided to sep-\\naratc and on the 15th of March, 1820, after two hun-\\ndred years of eventful provincial hfe, Maine was ad-\\nmitted into the grand sisterhood of States. Her State\\nseal is expressive. In the centre towers her pine, under\\nwhose shadow the moose quietly reclines in the back-\\nground appears the open ocean on the right stands an\\nagriculturist, with his scythe upon his shoulder; on the\\nleft, a sailor, his left hand upon an anchor, his right\\nresting upon the shield over the scroll, with the motto,\\nDiRiGO, a single star effulgent.\\nThe population of the State when admitted was\\n298,269 at the census of 1870, 626,915. The popula-\\ntion steadilj- increased until her lumber began to fail,\\nsince which time it has slightlj fallen off. But increased\\nattention is given to agriculture, and great improvement\\nis witnessed in the last decade.\\nA colony of Swedes has been commenced in Aroos-\\ntook Count}-, where the State donated lands to actual\\nsettlers, and it now numbers 600 industrious citizens,\\nwith schools and churches.\\nThe unsettled boundaries of the State caused much\\nuneasiness, and in 1837, under Gov. Fairfield s adminis-\\ntration, so great became the excitement from trespass\\nby persons from New Brunswick upon what w:*s claimed\\nas State lands, that a militaiy expedition was actuallj-\\nfitted out at Augusta, and marched to Bangor, when the\\nPresident wisely stepped in and staj ed the effusion of\\nblood.\\nThe question was finally satisfactoril} adjusted in\\n1842, when a small portion of Maine was ceded to Eng-\\nland, Maine securing in return Rouse s Point, on her\\nnorthern border, and the free navigation of the river\\nSt. John.\\nIn the war for the Union, Maine threw her whole\\nweight into the scale for freedom for aU, and union of\\nall. She sent to the front her full quota of men, fully\\nthe equals of an} who marched to the rescue of the\\nnation. Their bones are found on the most hotlj -con-\\ntested battle-fields, and their memoiy will be cherished", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0496.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "b} a grateful people. She scut to the front 72,945 of\\nher stalwart sons.\\nThe State of Maine lies between latitude 42\u00c2\u00b0 57 and\\n47\u00c2\u00b0 32 The extreme length of the State is 303 miles,\\nand its breadth 288 miles, and containing 31,500 square\\nmiles of territory-, onl^^ about 1,200 square miles less\\nthan the whole of New England besides. Her coast line\\nis about 2,48G miles, affording numerous harbors and es-\\ntuaries most favorable for commercial operations. Tlie\\nentire shore is rugged and rock3-, fitly designated as a\\nrock -bound coast. All along the coast, from Kitter}- on\\nthe west to Quodd^ -Head on the east, lie clusters, or soli-\\ntary islands, many of them covered with fertile soil, the\\nhomes of her hardy fishermen, and the summer resort of\\nhundreds of sportsmen and pleasure-seekers.\\nThe largest and most picturesque of these islands is\\nMount Desert, called bj the early discoverers The\\nIsle of the Desert Mountains. It is separated from the\\nmain land by a narrow estuary which is bridged, so that\\nvisitors reach it easily by land-carriage as well as by\\nwater. It has an area of GO, 000 acres, with two safe\\nharbors, the South-west and Bar Harbor, each the\\nresort of hundreds of summer tourists and health-\\nseekers. Its peculiar features are its mountains and\\nbeautiful fresh-water lakes. The loftiest of these moun-\\ntain peaks is 1 ,800 feet, and is a prominent landmark for\\nthe mariner. There are 13 of these loft} peaks, with no\\nconnection with any mountain range on the main land.\\nOther mountains and noteworlh} elevations are the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Blue Hills, westof Mount Desert the Camden Hills, on\\nPenobscot Ba}- and the mountains on the upper Penob-\\nscot Katahdin, with an elevation of 5,400 feet, the\\nhighest point in the Stale, and its grand compeers about\\nMoosehead Lake.\\nThe natural scenery of this State is varied and beauti-\\nful. The eye of the tourist is not wearied bj monotonous\\nviews of dead levels, as in the West, but is reUeved by\\nhill and plain, river, brook and eximnsive lake, forest\\nand cultivation and the highest aesthetic taste is gratified\\nby continuous surprises.\\nEvery variety of soil is found here, suited to each\\nvariety of vegetable production. On the banks of the\\nnumerous rivers are extended intervals of alluvial deposit,\\nenriched by the annual overflow of the waters. A rich,\\nsandy loam, with a clay subsoil, is found in other locali-\\nties near the sea. Then, in other sections, a gravelly\\nloam again an area of sand.\\nMaine must yet rank high as an agricultural State.\\nAs the lumber diminishes, attention is directed more\\nexclusivcl} to this true and primitive source of wealth.\\nIf she cannot exhibit suc4i immense crops as are grown\\nand gathered in the West, the profits are greater for the\\ncapital invested, and the expense of cultivation.\\nFrom the summit of IMount Katahdin, Maine seems a\\nvast sea, crowded with woudeMl inlands, so abundant is\\nits water system. Ko othi-r iMjual area on the globe,\\nperhaps, is so abundant!} watered. There is water-\\npower here sufficient for the machinery of the manufac-\\nturing world, if utilized. Maine has 1,800 lakes and\\nponds, besides her magnificent rivers and streams.\\nMoosehead Lake stands at the head, nearl} 40 miles\\nin length, and from 2 to 20 in breath. It lies 1,023 feet\\nabove the ocean level. It covers 120 square miles, with\\na depth of water for large-sized steamboats for its entire\\nextent. Tourists now reach this splendid summer-resort\\nwithin 12 miles by rail.\\nThere are 5,151 streams drawn upon the map of the\\nState. The border river on the west is the Piscataqua\\nand that on the north-east, the upper waters of the St.\\nJohn. The principal rivers of Maine are the Saco,\\none-half of whose basin is still an unbroken forest the\\nAndroscoggin, whose splendid water-falls at Lewiston\\nand Brunswick furnish an almost inexhaustible water\\npower the Kennebec, the outlet of jMoosehead Lake,\\nand fed bj more than a thousand streams, and ha\\\\ing a\\ndescent of 1,023 feet the Penobscot, sung bj Milton in\\nParadise Lost, and the largest river in the State;\\nand the St. Croix, four-fifths of whose basin is an un-\\nbroken forest of valuable timber.\\nIndustrial Notes. Maine s first settlers were attracted\\nby the facilities of trade. The love of gain, not glorj\\nfish, furs and peltries, turned the ej es of the great com-\\nmercial companies formed bj speculating Englishmen, to\\nthis region. Ver} naturally, the vast quantities of lumber\\nupon the sea-coast fixed the early settlers in that locality.\\nThe first inhabitants of Pemaquid cut and sent, in their\\nsmall shallops, cord-wood to Boston, bringing in return\\nthe necessaries of life. Then, taking advantage of the\\nwater-jjower everj where at hand, they soon commenced\\nthe manufacture and exportation of lumber. This for\\nmany years was the great staple of Maine. Her pine\\nlumber has been sent to every land. For many years\\nthere was no competition.\\nAt first, and until steam as a motor came into general\\nuse, all the manufactories of lumber were located in the\\ninterior, upon the water-falls, and the lumber rafted to\\ntide-water for shipment. Now it is found more economi-\\ncal to run the logs to tide-water, and cut them by steam.\\nNow from the north\\nOf Korcmbcija and the Saniocd shore,\\nBursting their barren dungeons armed with ieo\\nAnd snow and hail. Book X.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0497.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nThe waste, formerly thrown into the water, or burned to\\nget rid of it, supplies the fuel for the generation of the\\nsteam, and the lumber is taken at once on ship-board\\nwithout the labor and damage of rafting.\\nOf late years the character of the lumber cut and\\nmanufactured in this State has materially changed.\\nFifty years ago, little was cut but white pine but first-\\nquality pine is exhausted, and now spruce and hemlock\\nform the mass of the product. Yet the timber-growing\\nland amounts to the enormous surface of 10,505,711\\nacres, one-half of the entire area. Of late years more\\ncare of the forests is cherished, and waste greatlj\\nchecked.\\nThe principal centres of this industrial branch of pro-\\nduction are the counties of Penobscot, Washington,\\nHancock, Kennebec and Piscataquis.\\nThere are, by the last census, 1,099 saw-mills, 76\\nsteam-power; capital invested, $6,872,723; products,\\n$11,395,747 and giving emploj ment to 8,506 persons.\\nMaine, with an abundance of the best material for\\nship-buUding, has sent out from an early jjeriod of her\\nhistory the finest ships afloat. Checked by the ci-\\\\dl con-\\nflict, there has been, since its close, a great revival in\\nthis branch of industry, and the State now ranks second\\nto New York.\\nFor the year closing Jan. 1, 1874, there were con-\\nstructed 276 vessels, of 89,817 tons 10 ships, 25 barks,\\n12 brigs, 206 schooners, 12 sloops, and 9 steamers.\\nWe have seen in our historic sketch, that the great\\nattraction to this region was the abundance of fish on the\\ncoast and in the rivers. Cod, haddock, pollock, mack-\\nerel and halibut crowded the coast-waters, while salmon,\\nshad and alewives literally swarmed in the rivers and\\nstreams. Massachusetts alone exceeds Maine in the\\namount of production in this industr}-. The total value\\nof the catch, not including the whale-fishery, for 1870,\\nwas $975,610, employing 2,000 hands.\\nOf late years the canning of lobsters has become an\\nimportant branch of industrj-, over 200,000 cans being\\nsent out from Mount Desert alone.\\nBut with this source of wealth, as with lumber, thought-\\nless waste has greatly diminished the run offish. In the\\nearly days cart-loads of the finest fish were used as com-\\npost, as hundreds of moose were slaughtered for their\\nskins, and millions of the best timber-trees were burned\\nto clear land which did not paj for the tillage.\\nDams were built across streams and rivers without an}-\\nprovision for the passage of the fish to their spawning-\\ngrounds, until the} are almost exterminated. The legis-\\nlature has at last waked up to this matter, and fish-ways\\nupon all dams are required, and the restocking of the\\nformer favorite rivers and streams of the fresh-water fish\\nby hatching and planting, promises the happiest results.\\nThe number of manufacturing establishments in the\\nState in 1873 was 6,072, giving emploj-ment to 55,614\\npersons. Total capital, $48,808,448. Material worked\\nup, $57,911,468. Wages paid, $16,584,164. Value,\\n$96,209,156.\\nA branch of industry is just now being developed\\nwhich promises to become remunerative, and turn atten-\\ntion to the cultivation of the soil, the true source of\\nwealth that is the manufacture of beet-sugar.\\nMinerals. In addition to her exhaustless stores of\\nlimestone and slate, Maine is developing rich deposits of\\nvaluable minerals iron, lead, tin, copper and manga-\\nnese. No doubt silver and gold will yet appear.\\nThe iron smelted at the Katahdin works equals the\\nbest Swedish ore, and is now being transported to Penn-\\nsylvania to be converted into the famous Bessemer steel.\\nCopper has recentlj been discovered at Blue Hill, and\\nis being produced in pajdng quantities.\\nAlum, copperas and sulphur are also produced from\\nabundance of crude material.\\nRailroads. Maine did not come early into the rail-\\nroad enterprise, as her great business centres were easily\\nreached by steam marine. As early as 1823 or 24,\\nsteamboats were on the Penobscot, creeping along hy the\\nshore to reach Portland.\\nIn 1834, the old steamboat Bangor (afterwards\\ncrossing the Atlantic and running on the Bosphorus and\\nGolden Horn) was put on the route from Boston to Ban-\\ngor, via Portland. Then came a boat on the Kennebec,\\nthe Huntress, and the great steamboat magnate,\\nVanderbilt of New York, sent on the C. Vanderbilt\\nto run her off.\\nBut the day of railroads came at last, and now the\\nState has abundant facilities for reaching all points of\\nher extensive domain.\\nIn 1841, there were 11 miles of rail onlj^ and in 1874,\\n945. The Piscataquis road has been pushed forward to\\nBradford, within 12 miles of Moosehead Lake, and is to\\nbe extended to Canada. The European and North\\nAmerican road is now completed from Bangor to the\\nSt. John, 206 mOes and passengers will be transported\\nfrom New York to Newfoundland by rail, with a short\\nsail across the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and in five days\\nbe landed at Cape Clear, Ireland, thence by steamer and\\nrail to London.\\nEducational. It is greatl} to the credit of the early\\nsettlers of this territor}-, that with all their privations\\nand unparalleled hardships, with an almost cease-\\nless conflict with poiils which might weU. appal the", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0498.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "stoutest heart, they did not lose sight of the impor-\\ntance of educational means for the rising generation.\\nIn Bangor, for instance, in 1773, the first school was\\nopened in a log hut by Miss Abigail Ford, only three\\nyears after the first company of immigrants built their\\nlog cabins in that wilderness.\\nAs fast as towns were organized a tax was laid upon\\nthe inhabitants to sustain a school for some months in\\nthe j-ear and next after the erection of a dwelling,\\ncame the school-house. No town or plantation existed\\nwithout this building at once a place to teach the\\n3 oung idea how to shoot, and for divine worship.\\nThe General Court of Massachusetts, and then the\\nState legislature, took this matter in hand, passing\\nordinances for this purpose, and making liberal grants\\nof public lands for schools and colleges.\\nA State superintendent has the general oversight of\\nthe schools. Each city and town or plantation is hy law\\nrequired to raise and expend annually one dollar for\\neach inhabitant, for the support of schools. A school-\\nfund has been created by the sale of public lands,\\namounting to S369,883, the income of which is ap-\\njjortioned among the several towns according to the\\npopulation between the ages of 4 and 21.\\nA sj-stem of free high schools has been established by\\nthe legislature, one-half of the expense being paid by\\nthe State.\\nThe State also supports two normal schools, one at\\nFarmington, west, and one at Castine, east.\\nA State agricultural college is in prosperous operation\\nat Orono, six miles above Bangor, on a farm of 370 acres.\\nThere are also in the State, Bowdoin College at Bruns-\\nwick (Congregational), Bates College at Lewiston (Free\\nBaptist) and Colbj University at Waterville (Baptist)\\nWith the last is connected a theological department.\\nAt Bangor a theological school was established in\\n1820, and though under Congregational control, is open\\nto all who choose to enter.\\nThe Maine Wesleyan Seminary and Female Collegiate\\nInstitute at Kent s Hill, Readfleld, established in 1821, has\\nsent out over 30,000 graduates. The East Maine Con-\\nference Seminary and Commercial College at Bucksport,\\nis also a flourishing school. The two latter institutions\\nare under Methodist control.\\nThe Universalists have a seminary at Decring, with a\\ncollegiate course for young women and the Freewill\\nBaptists have recently estabhshed a similar institution\\nat Pittsfleld. All these schools and colleges have excel-\\nlent libraries.\\nReligion. The original inhabitants of this State, if\\nthey did not plunge into tliis wilderness from religious\\nconsiderations, were certainly not without religious con-\\nvictions. Among the first settlers at Pemaquid, the first\\ncolon} planted here, were many sturdy Presbyterians\\nfrom the north of Ireland, in whose veins was the blood\\nof the old Covenanters. They early engaged a clergy-\\nman and established rehgious worship.\\nPresbyterianism, of course, was the prevailing phase\\nof religious sentiment, and although there were many\\nEpiscopalians scattered among the settlers, j et the mass\\nof the people were Presbjlerians, and the first church\\norganized was of that form but gradually it was ab-\\nsorbed by Massachusetts Orthodoxy, or Congregational-\\nism. The people residing within the parish limits were\\ntaxed to support the standing order, and if thej refused\\nor neglected to pay the tax their goods and chattels were\\ndistrained to satisfy the demand. Bigotry and intoler-\\nance were not all left on the other side of the water, nor\\nwashed out by the billows of the Atlantic. But time\\nworks wonderful changes, and that exclusiveness is\\ngone.\\nThe first Methodist minister who visited this State was\\nEev. Jesse Lee, who came to Boston in 1789, preaching\\nat different points as far as Bangor, where he was car-\\nried across the Penobscot, with his horse, by Jacob\\nDennet, the maternal grandfather of the writer, in two\\nlog canoes lashed side by side, whence he passed through\\nthe forest to New Brunswick.\\nThe first Calvinist Baptist, who visited and preached in\\nthe State, was Rev. Job Macomber, under whose preach-\\ning a revival commenced at Muscongus, an island off\\nBristol. This was in 1792.\\nRev. Ephraim Stinchfield, a Freewill Baptist preacher,\\ncame to Rutherford s Island and formed a church in 1795.\\nThe first movement to abolish the odious minister s\\ntax was made by the Quakers in 1 784 and the first\\neffort to divide the money raised by tax for the support\\nof the gospel, among the different denominations, was\\nmade by the Methodists. The Rev. Joshua Taylor, in\\n1803, brought an action against the town of Bristol for\\nsuch a division, and it was given in his favor.\\nWhen we reflect upon the circumstances of the settle-\\nment of this State that it had not the sunny climate of\\nthe South, the rich prairies of the West, nor the gold of\\nthe Pacific coast to attract immigration, but instead a cold\\nclimate to endure, an unbroken forest to subdue, a hard\\nsoil to cultivate, and savage foes to meet, the wonder is,\\nthat it was not long since forsaken as uninhabitable.\\nMaine, however, as we have seen, has long since\\nachieved, if not a leading, at least a commanding and\\neminently influential position in the Union.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0499.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nANDEOSCOGGIN COUNTY.\\nBY REV. JOSEPH S. COG.SWELL.\\nAndeoscoggin CotTNTT was organized March 18, 1854.\\nIt was formed from four counties, Auburn, Danv-ille\\n(the latter since united to Auburn), Durham, Poland\\nand Minot being taken from CiTmberland County Liver-\\nmore and Turner from Oxford East Livermore, Greene,\\nLeeds and Wales from Kennebec and Lewiston, Web-\\nster and Lisbon from Lincoln.\\nThis count}- contains eleven towns and two flourishing\\ncities. Its .irea is 400 square miles, and its population in\\n1870 was 35,866.\\nThe general surface of the county is quite uneven. It\\nhas many high hills, but no high mountains. It abounds\\nin rivulets, ponds and springs. There are some noted\\nmineral springs here, such as the Poland, Lake Auburn\\nand Lewiston. The Androscoggin River flov,-s through\\nthe central portion of the count}- from north to south.\\nThe county derives its name from this river, and the river\\nobtained its name from one of the tribes of the Abenaque\\nIndian nation, called Anasagunticooks.\\nIn the cities of Auburn and Lewiston there are large\\nmanufacturing interests.\\nThe Maine Central, Grand Trunk, and Buckfield and\\nRumford Falls railroads, afford ample facilities for ti-avel\\nand commerce throughout this county.\\nA marked interest is taken in educational affairs. Bates\\nCollege ranks high among our famed New England\\neducational institutions. Besides this there is the\\nEdward Little Institute at Auburn, Hebron Academy at\\nHebron, and other excellent schools.\\nThe history of Androscoggin County is largely inter-\\nwoven with the history of the nation. Coming years will\\nadd greatly to the importance of this county, more\\nespecially in the development of her manufacturing\\ninterests, which even now arc so prosperous.\\nTowns.\\nAuburn. The first permanent settlement of what is\\nnow Auburn appears to have been in 1786. The first\\nsettlement at the Falls was made by a Mr. Marr. In\\n1798 he gave way to a Mr. Welch, who made a small\\nclearing and built a log-house where the heart of the city\\nnow is. The second house was built bv Mr. Dillincham.\\nThis was a frame-house, and stood near Foundry Brook.\\nThe third was built by Solomon Wood, and obtained the\\nname of Solomon s Temple. Michael Little put up a\\nframe for a house on the hill south-west from the Falls.\\nThe old cellar can now be seen, with large trees growing\\nin it.\\nIn 1822 Jacob Read opened the first store m Auburn\\nvillage, now Auburn city. He owned a small building\\nwhich was moved from Lewiston across the river on the\\nice.\\nThe Indians appear to have frequented this part of\\nAuburn in early days. Just south of Goff s Block, a few\\nyears ago, an old Indian burial-ground was discovered.\\nThe Indians were found buried in a sitting posture, with\\nwampum and their war-clubs iu their hands.\\nBakerstown was incorporated as the town of Poland\\nFeb. 17, 1795. In 1802 that part now called Minot, and\\na part of the present Aubuni, was set off, receiving the\\nname of Minot. In 1842 Minot was divided, the part\\nset off being called Auburn. In 1859 the small portion\\nof Danville lying to the north of Little Androscoggin\\nRiver, was annexed to Auburn. In February, 1867, the\\nremainder of Danville was annexed. Auburn adopted a\\ncity charter Feb. 22, 1869. The city government was\\norganized March 22, 1869, and Col. Thomas Littlefield\\nelected mayor.\\nAuburn extends 12 miles along the Androscoggin\\nRiver, and has a width of about 4^ miles. It contains\\nnearly 50 square miles, about one-sixth of which is\\ncovered by the waters of Taylor and Wilson ponds.\\nThe latter one is now dignified by the name of Lake\\nAuburn.\\nThe Little Androscoggin River affords good facilities\\nfor manufacturing. The Little Androscoggin Water-\\nPower Company own Barker Mill. This mill has 18,000\\nspindles, and manufactures sheetings and shirtings. There\\nare several establishments in the city for the manufacture\\nof boots and shoes.\\nIn ordinarily good times. Auburn is a very bee-hive of\\nindustries.\\nThe soil of this city is considerably productive under\\nthe excellent husbandry which it receives. Gardening is", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0500.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "carried on to a large extent. The large territory of the\\ncity gives ample room for some farms of good propor-\\ntions.\\nThe Edward Little Institute has lately been rebuilt\\nhere in a modern and tasteful style. This institution was\\nfounded by the liberality of the late Edward Little.\\nIn front of the building is a large bronze statue of Mr.\\nLittle.\\nThere are two beautiful sheets of water in Auburn. One\\nof these, Taylor Pond, is two miles long aud one wide.\\nLake Auburn is in the northern part of the city. It is\\nfour miles long and two wide. At the head of it is North\\nAubui-n, on the east is East Auburn village, and on the\\nwest, on a high ridge of land, is West Auburn, a village\\nvery beautiful for situation.\\nAuburn has good schools, numerous chiu ches, and a\\npopulation of nearly 7,000. There are six post-offices\\nin the city.\\nEdward Little (son of Josiah) was a stirring citizen of\\nAuburn, and gave liberally of his wealth for the public\\nwelfare. Besides devoting nine acres of land to the use\\nof the academy which he was instrumental in founding,\\nhe also contributed largely towards the erection of a suit-\\nable building for the school. He had been educated at\\ncollege, and was a lawyer by profession. He died in\\n1849, aged 76 years.\\nHon. C. W. Walton, a popular judge of the Supreme\\nCourt, resides in Auburn. He was admitted to the bar\\nin 1843. In 1860 he represented the second district in\\nCongress. In 1862 he was appointed judge of the\\nSupreme Judicial Court, which high office he has ever\\nsince adorned.\\nLewiston. It was not until the summer of 1770,\\nthat Paul Hildreth built his log cabin, not far from the\\npresent site of the Continental Mills. In the fall of\\n1770 this first settler was cheered by the advent of a\\nneighbor, David Pettingill. The third settler was Mr.\\nL. J. Harris of Dracut, Mass., who came to this place\\nin 1771.\\nAsa Varnum, Thomas and Jonas Cobum, Israel Her-\\nrick, Jesse Wright, Jacob Barker, Josiah Mitchell, Jon-\\nathan Hodgkin, James Ames, Daniel Read and Ebenezer\\nHam were among the first settlers of Lewiston. Jsearlj-\\nall of these came from the eastern part of Massachusetts.\\nLewiston was incorporated as a town, Feb. 18, 1795,\\nand as a city, March 15, 1861. The city government\\nwas not organized until March 16, 1863. Jacob B. Ham\\nwas inaugurated the first mayor.\\nThe soil of Lewiston, which is somewhat clayey, gives\\na fair return to the husbandman. Within the limits of\\nthe city many bricks are manufactured. The surface is\\nuneven. Ledges are to be seen near the river bank.\\nDavid s Mountain is the highest elevation of land. The\\nsummit of this mountain has been donated to Bates Col-\\nlege for a site for an observatory.\\nLewiston is a growing city. The population in 1830\\nwas but 1,549 now it is not less than 15,000. There\\nare some fifteen churches, including one Irish and one\\nFrench Catholic church. There is also a French nun-\\nnery. In educational affairs her citizens take a lively\\ninterest. Bates College, located in this city, is under\\nthe control of the Free Baptists.\\nSometime prior to 1819, Col. Josiah Little owned a\\nsmall carding and fulling mill. This stood on the site of\\nthe old red woollen-mill. In 1819, Mr. Dean Frye of\\nBrunswick, was called into the service of Col. Little.\\nSuccess in business induced them to ask the legislature\\nfor a charter for the Lewiston Falls Manufacturing\\nCompany. This charter was given Feb. 26, 1834, and\\nwas the first charter granted for the manufactories at\\nLewiston. Now there are 18 establishments, of which\\n10 are cotton, aud 5 woollen mills, carrj-ing 285,188\\nspindles.\\nHon. William P. Frye, a distinguished lawyer, has his\\nresidence in Lewiston. He became a member of Con-\\ngress in 1871, and has continued to represent the\\nSecond Congressional District since that time.\\nLewiston is also the residence of Hon. Nelson Ding-\\nley, Jr., ex-governor of Maine. For some length of\\ntime he was speaker of the House of Representatives in\\nMaine. In 1873 he was elected governor of the State\\nand in 1874, re-elected to that office. He is widely known\\nas an able advocate of the Maine law, and as editor of\\nthe Lewiston Journal, one of the ablest and best\\npatronized papers in the State.\\nAlonzo Garcelon, M. D., is a native of Lewiston.\\nHe is vridelj known as a doctor and a surgeon of rare\\nabilities. In 1878 he was elected governor of the\\nState.\\nW. H. Waldi-on, Esq., editor of the Lewiston\\nGazette, and the founder (in company with Dr. A.\\nGarcelon) of the Lewiston Journal, came from Dover,\\nN. 11., aud is a writer of ability.\\nMiNOT, population 1,600, once a part of Bakers-\\ntown, was incorporated as Poland, Feb. 17, 1795. This\\ntown, in February, 1808, was divided, and all east of the\\nLittle Androscoggin River was incorporated under the\\nname of Miuot.\\nMoses Emery, from Newbury, Mass., was the first\\nsettler, coming in the spring of 1769. He settled near\\nwhat was called Poland Empire. The next settler\\nwas Samuel Shaw, from Hampton, N, H., arriving in", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0501.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\n1776. He settled not far from Emery. Soon Levi\\nShaw came and took a lot adjoining Ms brother Samuel.\\nHenrj Sawtelle, Israel Bray, Jr., and Israel Bray, Sr.,\\nSamuel Verrill, WiUiam VerriU, Davis Verrill, Edward\\nJumper and John Leach, vfere among the first who\\nsettled in Minot. The first town meeting was held at\\nthe school-house, near Le\\\\i Shaw s, on the 5th of Ajn il,\\n1802.\\nMinot has a hard, stouj- soil, but yields fair crops to\\nthe industrious farmer. It abounds in hills and elevated\\nridges of laud. The Little Androscoggin River passes\\n^^r~\\nof great force of character, and exerted a powerful in-\\nfluence over the people in Minot. j\\nLisbon was once a part of Bowdoin, and was named\\noriginally Thompsonborough. It was incoiporated iu\\n1799, and named in honor of the Thompson famih who\\nwere large owners of land in that section. The name\\nThompsonborough not proving agreeable to the people,\\nthey petitioned the General Court in 1801, to have the\\nname changed to Lisbon. The name was changed in\\nFebruary, 1802. Little River Plantation, now called\\nLisbon F.ills, was annexed to Lisbon in 1808. In 1840\\nLISBON FALLS\\nthrough the southern part of the town, and affords some\\nmill-sites. At Mechanic Falls these are improved for\\nthe manufacturing of various articles. At Minot Corner\\nthere is a corn-packing establishment, which is doing an\\nextensive business. Mechanic Falls is the terminus of\\nthe Rumford Falls and Bnckflcld Railroad. This is a\\nthriving village, partly iu Minot and partly in Poland.\\nWilliam Ladd, Esq., one of the most noted men\\nof New England, was a man of wealth, and in his last\\nyears devoted his time wholly to the advocacy of Peace\\nprinciples. He was largely instrumental in organizing\\nthe American Peace Society, and left a large sum of\\nraonej- to that society.\\nRevs. Jonathan Scott and Elijah Jones were ministers\\nLISBON, ME.\\na division of the town was made, and a portion of its\\nterritory was set ofl forming a town on the north which\\nreceived the name of Webster. On the 4th of July,\\n1780, J. Bagley and Moses Little conveyed to Samuel\\nThompson all the land from Little River to Sabattis\\nRiver, and to the noi th unto the line di\\\\-iding Pejepscot\\nproprietors and the Kennebec proprietors.\\nEzekiel Thompson came here in 1 798. He bought of\\nhis brother Samuel, 350 acres at Little River. Thomas\\nGodfrey-, Abraham Whitney, Hezekiah Coombs, Joseph\\nCoombs, Abel Nutting, John Raymond and James Bar-\\nker were among the first settlers of the town.\\nLisbon is situated on the east side of the Androscog-\\ngin, and in the east comer of the county. The popula-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0502.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "MAINE.\\ntioii in 1870 was 2,015. There are several important\\nwater-privileges and manufacturing establishments in the\\ntown. Five of these are on the Sabattis, one at Lisbon\\nFalls, and one at Little Eiver Stream.\\nThe Maine Central Railroad affords good facilities for\\ntransportation of goods to and from this town. There\\nare four churches in the place.\\nLivEEMOEE was incorporated Feb. 28, 1795. Tlic\\nfirst settler and principal proprietor of the town, and in\\nwhose honor it was named, was Dea. Elijah Livermore,\\nwho moved from Waltham, Mass., in 1779. He died,\\nis somewhat stonj-, yet strong and productive. Apples\\nand the products of the dairy are the chief sources of in-\\ncome. The leading interest of the town is agriculture.\\nThere are four ponds in town, and excellent water-privi-\\nleges on the Androscoggin Eiver. There are three post-\\noffices, six reUgious societies, and 1,470 inhabitants.\\nIsrael Washburne, Jr., LL.D., who represented the\\nPenobscot district in Congress for several terms, was in\\n18C1-2, governor of Maine. He was afterwards collector\\nat the Portland custom-house. He is at present President\\nof Eumford Falls and Buclifleld Railroad. Elihu B. was\\nAug. 5, 1808. Gov. I. Washburne, says of tliis man\\nThe town was fortunate in having for its founder a man\\nso able and so wise, of so much financial strength and\\nweight of character as Dea. Livermore. Mrs. Carver, a\\nwidow ladj with seven children, was the second settler in\\nLivermore. Josiah Wj-er, the third settler, was a soldier\\nof the Revolutionary war, and was in the battle at\\nBunker Hill. He died in 1827, and was buried witli\\nmihtary honors. William Carver and Elisha Smith\\ncame to Livermore about the time of Mr. Wyer s ar-\\nrival. June 29, 1774, measures were taken to build a\\nsaw and grist mill in the township. Midway between\\nthe rough hills of Oxford and the undulations of Kenne-\\nbec, Livermore has the characteristics of both. The soil\\nLLS LIVERMORE ME\\n16 years in Congress, being sent from Illinois. He\\nwas secretary of state in 18G9, and since that time until\\nrecently he has been United States minister at Paris.\\nCadwallader C. was ten years a member of Congress\\nfrom Wisconsin, a major-general of volunteers in the\\nlate civil war, and afterwards governor of Wisconsin.\\nCharles A., once editor in San Francisco, and presidential\\nelector in 18G0, was afterwards minister-resident in Para-\\nguay, and author of an elaborate historj- of that countrj\\nSamuel B., once a ship-master, was a captain of a marine\\nforce in the navy, in the civil war. William D., of Min-\\nneapolis, became largely interested in the lumber trade,\\nand was of late surveyor-general of Minnesota. These\\nare all the sons of Israel Washburne of Livermore, and", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0503.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nall were natives of this good town. Bisliop Soule, of the\\nM. E. Church, was also a native of this place. He spent\\nmost of his latter daj-s in the South, where he was widely\\nknown.\\nLeeds, once known as the plantation of Littleborough,\\nwas incorporated Feb. 16, 1801. In 1780, two brothers\\nby name of Stinchfleld, came in the month of June to the\\nwilds of this place. In 1782, Jira Fish came. He had\\na large famih-. They were of great sei-\\\\-ice to the earl}-\\nsettlers, as they had acquired the art of carpentrj\\nThomas Millett came from New Gloucester about 1782.\\nThe town of Leeds lies on the east of the Andros-\\ncoggin River, about midway between Lewiston Falls and\\nLivermore Falls. It has throe churches, and a pnpnla-\\nMI-VEIIAL Sl RIXCr, bULlH POI VND, Mh\\ntion of about 1,.300. The surface is muuh di\\\\c-i=,;CfJ.\\nPeat-bogs are extensive here. Much of the land pro-\\nduces well. Dead River, in this town, has the peculi-\\narity of running both ways at times. Upon a sudden\\nrise of the Androscoggin River, the water rushes into\\nDead River, changing its course, so that it runs back into\\nAndroscoggin Pond. This continues until the pond,\\nbeing quite full, changes back the current of Dead River\\ntowards the Androscoggin River, of which it is tribu-\\ntarj-.\\nThe Jennings familj- has produced a number of dis-\\ntinguished men. Orville was an able lawyer in the\\nSouth-west. Roscoe G., at one time a surgeon in the\\nUnited States army, has resided for some years in\\nArkansas.\\nGen. Oliver O. Howard is a native of Leeds. He\\ngraduated at Bowdoin College, became professor at\\nWest Point Military Academy, and served with great dis-\\ntinction in the Union army in the ci^-il war. He is now\\nin the Pacific Department. Rowland B. is a minister and\\neditor, wcU known for his abiHties. Charles H., an aid\\nto his brother in the armj was promoted, and is now the\\npublisher of The Advance, a religious journal of\\nChicago.\\nTurner. The early history of Turner is similar to\\nthat of Bakerstown (now Auburn) in many respects. It\\nwas named in honor of Rev. Charles Turner of Scituate,\\nMass. The act of incorporation bears date July 7,\\n1786. The first town meeting was held on the 6th of\\nMarch, 1787.\\nIn 1772, Daniel Staples, Thomas Record, Elisha Record,\\n.Topcph Lenvitt and Abner Phillips came and began the\\nfiibt settlement. The Revolu-\\ntionai} war intemipted the flow\\ncf population to this townhsip.\\nIll 1784 there were 30 families.\\nIn 1^70 the population was\\n2 .l^O. The earl} name given\\nto Tin ner was Silvester Canada.\\nA ;i iculture is the chief pur-\\n-nit of the people. Many of\\nlh( laimers have acquired con-\\n^idtiable wealth. There are\\n-ciino five ^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2illages, all of them\\n-mall. The three religious so-\\nI It ties Lave each a good house\\nt f or ship. Prominent busi-\\nlu -^s men, lawyers and states-\\nmen, have been originated in\\nTurner. Among these is Mr.\\nDonham, of the fli-m of Ho)-t,\\nPortland j Gen. B. B. Murrav, Pem-\\nI ugg DuuLli\\nbroke Mr. William W. Cushing of Missouri Leonard\\nSweatt of Chicago, an eminent lawyer Hon. Job Prince\\nHon. Rufus Prince Hon. Eugene Hale, member of Con-\\ngress from the Fifth District many years Clarence Hale,\\nEsq., Portland William Carj-, Esq., late attorney-general\\nof Utah E. M. Prince, Esq., of Illinois Hon! W. Gil-\\nbert, Bath C. S. Conant, Esq., Lewiston and others.\\nPoLAXD is in the westerly part of the county. Ba-\\nkerstown was settled in the 3 ear 1768, b}- Nathaniel\\nBailey, Daniel Lane and Moses Emery. The locahty\\nwhere they settled is called The Empire, where\\nthere is now a station on the G. T. Raih-oad. Bakers-\\ntown was incorporated under the name of Poland, as the\\n93d town, Feb. 17, 1795. The first settler at Ricker\\nHiU was John Wooster, who built the first dwelling-house\\nin 1779. Before 1782, fourteen other families had joined\\nMr. Wooster in that part of the town.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0504.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "A family of Shakers came to Poland in 1819 from\\nGorliam. Of the original 50, scarce any survive. They\\nown a large stone building, designed as a dwelling-house,\\nand have other property estimated at about $30,000.\\nThey are a quiet, peaceable, honest and industrious\\npeople.\\nEastern Poland is somewhat level. Towards the west\\npart of the town it is more hilly and rough.\\nPoland Mineral Spring, in South Poland, is now quite\\ncelebrated. Large quantities are shipped each 3 ear to\\nall parts of the United States, and even to South Amer-\\nica. The most thriving village in the town is Mechanic\\nFalls, on the G. T. Railroad.\\nHere are located Evans s Gun\\nWorks, Dennison s Paper Mill,\\nand four churches.\\nDuKHAM was once designated\\nby the name of Eoj-alsborough,\\nfrom Col. Royal of Medford,\\nMass. It was incorporated Feb.\\n17, 1789. It is thought that\\nSamuel Gerrish came to this place\\nin 1769-70, as the first settler.\\nHe located where A. True Osgood\\nresided afterwards. In 1775 he\\nenlisted in the army. For many\\nlong, weary months his familj\\ndwelt alone. Soon after, Judah\\nChandler arrived. He built a saw-\\nmill, and opened up quite a tract\\nof land. These men were follow-\\ned by the Weemans, Osgoods,\\nVinings, Davises, and Strouts.\\nIn the days of the late Rebellion, this little town fur-\\nnished 95 men. The amount paid out for bounties\\nexceeded $27,000.\\nThe town has four places of worship, and a population\\nof 1,350.\\nHere lived and died Dr. Gary, the father of Annie Louise\\nCarj-, who has great celebrity as a singer. Miss Carj-\\nhas travelled in Europe, and sung in the principal cities.\\nEast Livekmore is a part of Livermore, and was set\\noff in 1844. It covers about one-third of the original\\ngrant to Livermore.\\nThe first settler of this town was a Mr. Coolidge. He\\nprobablj came from Watertown, Mass. It is thought\\nthat Mr. S. Richardson was the first farmer who settled\\nat Livermore Falls. At these falls, mills were erected in\\n1791. This was done by the original proprietor. Deacon\\nElijah Livermore. The original name of the Falls was\\nRoccomecco. The soil in the south-west of the town is\\nsand} in other parts it is uneven and hilly. As a town\\nit is quite good for farming interests. The raising of fine\\nbreeds of cattle is a considerable business with some.\\nThe water-power here is equalled by few other places,\\nbut there is no factory or manufacturing interest of any\\nmagnitude. The population in 1870 was 1,004.\\nGreene population, 1,100 was in early days called\\nLewiston Plantation then it took the name of Little-\\nborough and, lastly, Greene, in honor of Gen. Nathaniel\\nGreene, of Revolutionary memory. The organization\\nas a town was on the 18th of June, 1788.\\nBenjamin Merrill was the first settler. He moved here\\nOLD MANSION HOUfeL bOUTH POLAND ME\\nNov. 15, 1775. He came when the snow was on the\\nground a foot deep, and the snow still faUing as he\\nentered Ms log hut. He had no barn or covering for his\\noxen, who had to endure the cold until a shelter for theih\\ncould be erected. Messrs. Daggett, Comings, Stevens,\\nHerrick, Sprague and Mower soon came and settled.\\nLuther Eobbins removed to Greene in 1778-79. He\\nwas a man of good parts, and was highly honored by his\\nfellow-citizens. He represented the town in nearlj ever}\\nsession of the General Court of Slassachusetts, until the\\nseparation, in 1820. He was also postmaster for a long\\nperiod.\\nGreene is an elevated town, broken bj- ridges and\\nhills. Some of these hills approximate to mountains.\\nClark s and Caswell s hills, and one or two others,\\ndeserve the name of mountains.\\nGreene has little water-power. Agriculture is the chief\\nbusiness of the inhabitants. Moses Harris, a popular", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0505.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nand talented Universalist clergyman, and Hon. Alanson\\nB. Farwell, were born in this town.\\nWales was once larger in territory, including what is\\nnow Monmouth. It was then called Wales Plantation.\\nOn the 20th of January, 1792, the northern portion was\\nset off and called Monmouth. In 1803, the plantation\\nof Wales was organized. It was incori^orated as the\\n212th town, Feb. 1, 1816. The first settlement was in\\n1773. James Ross, Reuben Ham, Benjamin and Sam-\\nuel Weymouth, Patrick Keenan, and others were among\\nthe first who came to this place.\\nFarming is the leading pursuit of the inhabitants.\\nHodgkin s Hill is a high elevation in the south-east sec-\\ntion of the town. In the south part is Sabattis Mount-\\nain. A cave on the east side of this mountain affords\\npleasure to the lovers of Nature s work. Its dark re-\\ncesses have never been fully explored. Sabattis Pond\\nborders on the south-west of Wales. Its population is\\nabout 575.\\nWebster. The area of this town was originally\\nwithin the limits of Bowdoin, which was divided, and\\nthe western part incorporated with Thompsonborough in\\nJune, 1798. This name was changed to Lisbon, Feb.\\n20, 1802. March 7, 1840, Lisbon was divided, and the\\nnorthern part incoiporated as Webster, in honor of the\\nstatesman, Daniel Webster.\\nThe first settlement was begun in 1774-5, by Robert\\nRoss of Brunswick. He located in the central part of\\nthe town, on the banks of a stream known at this day as 1\\nthe Ross Brook. Benjamin Mara was the next set-\\ntier. He was thought to be a peculiar man, perhaps j\\na deserter from the American army. He soon moved\\naway to New Brunswick. Others came, and the settle-\\nment began to prosper.\\nWebster is situated nine miles east of Auburn. The\\npopulation, in 1870, was 939.\\nSabattis River affords some valuable water-power,\\nwhich is partially improved. Webster has her share of\\nable and noted men. It is the early home of Capt. J.\\nNowell, who carried Jerome Bonaparte and his wife, nee\\nPatterson, of Baltimore, to France, and brought the\\nlatter and child back to the United States. Also of\\nHon. Freeman H. Morse, formerly a member of Congress\\nfor a long time, and afterwards U. S. consul in London.\\nAROOSTOOK COUNTY.\\nBY ROBERT R. McLEOD.\\nAroostook County occupies the whole north-eastern\\ncorner of the State, and contains 6,480 square miles.\\nIt was a late admission, being erected in March, 1839.\\nIts territory was formerly included in Penobscot, Piscat-\\naquis, Somerset and Washington counties. The name\\nAroostook is Indian for good river (one clear of ob-\\nstructions). The Indians applied it to a large stream\\nin the northern portion of the countj The first settle-\\nments were made by Acadian French, refugees from the\\nAnnapolis vallej-. Nova Scotia, after the invasion bj-\\nCol. Monckton in 1775. Fleeing from their burning\\nhomes, they crossed the Bay of Fundy, and passed up\\nthe St. John River, far bej-ond all English settlements,\\nand on its banks became the pioneers of Aroostook\\nCounty. But the most important settlement was not the\\nearliest. To the town of Houlton belongs the first place\\nin all that pertains to the future development of the\\ncounty. It is 120 miles north-east of Bangor, and is\\nbounded easterly by New Brunswick. Through it runs\\nthe Meduxnakeag River.* The township was sui-vej-ed\\nin 1789, and in 1805, settlers began to make their homes\\nin this wilderness. These pioneers came from New\\nSalem, Mass. They were people of staunch principles,\\nwho formerly belonged in Old Salem. Their names\\nwere Samuel Houlton, Aaron Putnam, Varney Pearce\\nand Luther Tyron. In the course of two or three j-ears,\\nothers joined them, and the work of clearing and build-\\ning went on. Woodstock was the nearest settlement,\\nand there were no roads, so that many privations were\\nsuffered, and stern difficulties overcome, before a com-\\nfortable footing could be obtained. In 1826, the north-\\neastern boundary dispute between the American and\\nBritish governments brought this region into considera-\\nble prominence, for through its forests ran the line in\\ndispute, and out of the difficulty grew the bloodless\\nAroostook wars. Before 1812, there was no contro-\\nThis name signifies the noise made by the water when it touches\\nthe limbs of trees.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0506.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "versy about the boundary. At the head of the St. Croix\\nwas a monument, set up on the line, and so far that river,\\nand the lakes at its source, were agreed upon as the line\\nbej-ond, it was undetermined.\\nAfter the treaty of Ghent, a commission was ap-\\npointed, composed of Englisli and American engineers.\\nThey were to run the line due north, to the highlands\\nfrom which the waters flow towards the Atlantic and the\\nSt. Lawrence. When they had siirvej-ed about 40 miles,\\ntlicy reached Mars Hill, an isolated mountain four or five\\nmiles from the St. John River, and 30 miles north of\\nHoulton. There the English engineers _^said they had\\nreached the highlands, and the Americans contended,\\nrightfully enough, that far to the north was the intended\\nterminus. They could not agree to proceed so they\\ndecided to return, and report to their respective govern-\\nments.\\nWhile this bone of contention existed, there might\\nbe serious trouble, and, to provide for an emergency, the\\nUnited States ordered a body of troops to Houlton,\\nwhere they arrived in October, 1826. Barracks and\\nofficers quarters were built for them on Garrison Hill.\\nThe troops remained there till the final settlement of the\\nboundary dispute in 18-12. The coming of the soldiers\\nresulted in a great gain to the whole county. In 1828,\\nCongress made provision for a military road from Ban-\\ngor to Houlton, and this, when completed, in 1830, fur-\\nnished an excellent highwa} that at once did very much\\nto open up this fine region, so rich in timber and fertile\\nlands. Meanwhile, the Aroostook wars, so called, were\\ncarried on bj the State of Maine. In February, 1839, a\\ndeputy of the land agent reported to Gov. Kent that\\nNew Brunswick lumbermen were engaged in taking away\\nlarge quantities of timber from the disputed territory.\\nSheriff Strickland, of Penobscot County, with a posse\\nof 200 men, went to Mesardis, on the Aroostook River.\\nThey were in that vicinity divided, and were most of\\nthem surprised and captured without loss of blood by\\nthe provincial lumbermen, and carried to Fredericton\\nand confined. Sheriff Strickland struck for home, and\\ngave the alarm, and Gov. Kent loyally helped him, till\\nthe State voted a large sum for defence, and Congress\\ndid the same. Meantime, Gov. Harvey of New Bruns-\\nwick had worked himself up to a fighting pitch, and the\\nprospect for an amicable adjustment of the difficulty was\\nnot very hopeful. Sheriff Strickland, with 600 men at\\nhis back, marched again for Aroostook. This time he\\ngot the best of it, captured a number of ox- teams and\\ntheir drivers, and cleared the region of trespassers. At\\nthis juncture Gen. Scott arrived at Augusta with his\\nstaff. Charged with maintaining the peace and safety of\\nthe entire northern and eastern frontiers, he opened\\ncommunication with Gov. Harvey, and the matter was\\nsoon peaceably arranged, prisoners restored to liberty,\\nand nobody hurt.\\nWhile lumber has been a source of great wealth, and\\nwill continue to be so for many years, yet it is as an\\nagricultural district that Aroostook County will be best\\nknown. Already Houlton potatoes are known from\\nBoston to New Orleans for superior dryness and flavor.\\nThe soil for the most part is exceedingly rich and easily\\nworked. Where tlie land has not been cleared, it is\\ncovered by forests of spruce, pine, cedar, birch and\\nmaple. Very httle of the surface is occupied by worth-\\nless bogs and barrens, but under cultivation, it becomes\\neither excellent pasture or tillage land.\\nA glance at a map of the county satisfies one that\\nbut a small portion of it has been settled. There is\\nhardly a township or plantation where the vast unbroken\\nforest does not touch its borders, and run to the shores\\nof the St. Lawrence without a clearing. In this great\\nextent of woods, the hunter secm-es the best of game.\\nFar back among the lonely lakes of the county, moose are\\nstill plentiful, and great herds of caribou, or reindeer,\\nrange over the country. Many other wild animals,\\nnow either wanting or rare in other parts of New Eng-\\nland, are to be found common in this far-away corner.\\nFoxes, bears, deer, wolves, lynxes, beavers, fishers,\\notters, sable and mink are still trapped and hunted in\\nAroostook County. In the more remote streams trout\\nare abundant, and some of the lakes offer fine fishing for\\nland-locked salmon, pickerel and perch. A few scattered\\nencampments of Quoddy Indians are to be met with.\\nThey live by making baskets, axe-handles and moccasins,\\ntogether with a little trapping and hunting. They have\\nacquired all the vices of white men without taking kindly\\nto any of their virtues, and the consequence is poverty,\\nsickness and general degradation of what is best in human\\nnature.\\nNearly the whole county is underiaid by a stratum of\\ncalcareous shale, that is never far from the surface, and\\nserves to hold the water, and the result is, that it takes a\\ngreat deal of dry weather to seriously damage the grass\\nand grain crops. The surface of the county is peculiarly-\\nmarked by long ridges of gravel and sand (drift) vary-\\ning in height from 50 to 300 feet, and running sometimes\\n50 miles in a direct course. Locall} they are known as\\nhorsebacks. Geology has not yet satisfactorily ac-\\ncounted for them.\\nThe surface may be termed undulating. Mars Hill rises\\nin a bold sweeping outhne from among the low hills, and,\\nat a distance of 20 miles, presents a striking appearance.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0507.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nSuch in brief outline is Aroostook County. Its rich\\nand well-watered intervals, and extensive timber-lands,\\nrender it one of the most attractive sections of New\\nEngland.\\nTowns.\\nHouLTON, situated in the midst of a fine farming coun-\\ntr}-, and not far from the great timber regions of the\\ncount} was incorporated in 1831. In 1870 a branch\\nfrom the European and North American Eailroad was\\nextended to this place. This stimulated business, and\\nthe town is now one of the busiest in the county. It\\nexports in large quantities potatoes, haj cedar-sleepers,\\nship-knees, shingles, starch and cheese. The population\\nis about 3,500.\\nThe court-house is a fine brick building, conveniently\\nfurnished. The Houlton Academy, pleasantly- located,\\nand under the auspices of the Baptists, does an excellent\\nwork. There are six churches, representing the lead-\\ning denominations; two newspapers, The Aroostook\\nPioneer, and The Aroostook Times and the United\\nStates custom-house. Among the industrial establish-\\nments are a woollen-mill, hemlock bark extract works, a\\nlarge shingle-mill, three flour-mills and a starch-factory.\\nPresql e Isle, situated on the stream of that name\\nclose to its junction with the Aroostook, is surrounded\\nbj- hills, with intervals and old forests. Like most other\\ntowns in the county, Presque Isle is six miles square.\\nIn 1831 Mr. Dennis Fairbanks of Winthrop settled here,\\nand, with an eye to its future growth, built a saw-mill\\nand a flour-miU. He was soon joined by Mr. Isaac\\nWilder. Other settlers followed, and the town was incor-\\nporated in 1859. In 1860 a fire destroyed a portion of\\nthe village. This blow was severe, but it did not\\nmaterially check its growth. In 1871 there were in the\\ntownship 120 farms, many of them large and well culti-\\nvated. The population is about 1 ,200. The town contains\\na starch factorv, making 200 tons of starch annually,\\na flour-mill, a large saw-mill, and steam shingle-mills.\\nStages run every day to Houlton and Fort Fairfield,\\n12 miles distant.\\nFort Fairfield, named for Gov. Fairfield, is situated\\non the Aroostook River, near its junction with the\\nSt. John, and therefore is bounded on the east by the\\nBritish line. In 1816 settlers from New Brunswick were\\nthe fii-st to open up the forest, and make their homes on\\nthis spot. It came into prominence during the boundary\\ndisputes in 1839, and, at that time, a compau}- of U. S.\\ntroops were quartered there. It was incorporated March,\\n1858, and in 1867, an adjoining plantation was annexed\\nto it. In 1876 the population numbered 2,500, and the\\ngrowth since then has been rapid. On Dec. 7, 1875, the\\ntown was reached by a railroad that runs from Gibson,\\nopposite Fredericton, N. B. There are two starch\\nfactories in the place, a shingle manufactory, and other\\nsmaller mills. The surrounding country can hardly be\\nexcelled for fertility and rural beauty.\\nLrsDON joins Fort Fairfield on the north-west. Near\\nthe centre of the town is Caribou \u00e2\u0096\u00a0village, situated on the\\nAroostook River, at a point where it is joined by the\\nCaribou stream. The three villages. Fort Fairfield,\\nCaribou and Presque Isle are at the angles of an equi-\\nlateral triangle, and yet so crooked is the course of the\\nAroostook that they are all situated upon it. This town-\\nship contains 72 square miles of fine farming land, and\\nhas rapidly increased in value and population within a\\nvery few years. The first settler, one Cochran, came\\nfrom New Brunswick in 1835. Eight Aears after, he was\\njoined by Ivory Hardison and Col. Ormsby. Others\\nsoon followed, and so rapidly did the settlement increase\\nthat it was incorporated in 1859. In 1869 two planta-\\ntions, Eaton and Sheridan, were annexed to it. In\\nNovember, 1876, the New Brunswick Railroad was\\nextended from Fort Faii-field to Caribou. The popula-\\ntion is about 3,000.\\nNew Swedes joins Lyndon on the west. Consider-\\nable interest centres in this town, as it is the home of a\\nSwedish colon}-. On all sides is heard the language of\\nold Sweden, and one here meets with veritable yellow-\\nhaired Norsemen, whose ancestors worshipped Odin and\\nThor.\\nThese Swedes came to Aroostook in this way. In\\naccordance with pre-vious legislation on the subject, the\\nHon. W. W. Thomas was appointed commissioner of\\nimmigration, and in 1870, -visited Sweden, where he was\\nalready well acquainted. He there secured a colony of\\nSwedes for settlement in Northern Aroostook. Those\\ncolonists, 50 in number, arrived at their destination in\\nJul}-, 1870, and located in township 15, range 3, a fertile\\nand beautiful tract of countr}-. The colony has been\\nlargely increased by new-comers from Sweden, and there\\nare already many fine farms, four school-houses, a church\\nand town hall, and other e\\\\-idences of thrift and comfort.\\nRev. l^Ii-. Yiren is theu- pastor, a Swedish gentleman,\\nwho has proved a ver}- devoted and eflicient helper.\\nThe population is 700, and the experiment has in every\\nwa}- proved a success.\\nNot a great distance from this colony are the large\\nFrench settlements, along or near the St. John River.\\nLanguage, dwellings, manners and customs are all their\\nown. LTntil within a few jears they have been almost\\nisolated from the rest of the worid. Thev brought with", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0508.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "MAINE.\\nthem the peculiarities of the French peasantry of 200\\nyears ago, with a verj large share of ill-feeling toward\\nall that was English.\\n^ye find growing in their gardens the same species of\\nplants that their ancestors cultivated in France. Onions\\nof three varieties and rough buckwheat, all the kinds\\ncommon to the south of Europe, are very much grown\\nand highly relished.\\nThese settlements are Fort Kent (population 1,200)\\nFrench-i-ille (1,900) Madawaska (1,200) Grand Isle\\n(GOO); St. John (140) St. Francis* (2G0) Walla-\\ngras (300) Eagle Lake (150); Van Buren (1,000)\\nand Cyr (400)\\nMaysville, north of Prcsque Isle, contains excellent\\ntillage-land. The broad Aroostook River runs in a\\nsplendid ox-bow cur\\\\ e through the town, and along its\\nbanks are rich tracts of cultivated interval. The\\nAroostook is here spanned by a substantial wooden\\nbridge, 300 feet in length. The first settlers were Mr.\\nLewis Johnson, his brother Charles, and Mr. McCrea,\\nwho came here from Woodstock, N. B., with their fam-\\niUes, as early as 1820. This town was the first settled\\non the Aroostook. These pioneers were quite soon\\njoined hy other settlers. For 20 years the river was their\\nonly highwaj to the outside world.\\nThe other towns of Aroostook County are Wash-\\nburne, settled in 1838 by parties from New Brunswick,\\nha\\\\ ing a population of 500, and containing lumber and\\nshingle mills Mapleton, settled in 1859, and a growing\\ntown of 500 inhabitants Easton, incorporated in 18G4,\\nhaving a farming population of 600 Ashland, in the\\ncentral part of the count}-, settled in 1831, population\\n500; Masardis, population about 200 Mars Hill, named\\nfrom a mountain 1,800 feet high, within its limits, popu-\\nlation 450 Blaine, named from Hon. James G. Blaine,\\nand containing COO inhabitants Bridgewater, with 600\\ninhabitants Monticello, population 750 Littleton, hav-\\ning 750 inhabitants Ludlow, a farming district, contain-\\ning a population of 400 New Limerick, a very beauti-\\nful town of 400 inhabitants, settled largely by Irish, and\\nthe location of an extensive tannerj Linneus, granted\\noriginally to Massachusetts to endow a botany professor-\\nship, hence its name, in honor of the great naturalist,\\npopulation 1 ,000 Smyrna, containing a scattered popu-\\nlation of 200 Ilersey and Sherman, the former having\\n150 inhabitants, and the latter five times that number;\\nBenedicta, named in honor of Bishop Benedict Fenwick\\nof Boston, population 500 Weston, Orient and Amitj-,\\nwith a respective population of 400, 225 and 175;\\nHodgdon, a fine agricultural township of about 1,200\\ninhabitants and Island Falls, with a population of\\n200.\\nBeside these there are numerous plantations, and more\\nthan 100 wild, unsettled townships. For the most part\\nthey are owned by private parties. These townships\\nconstitute a great lumber regiorf, but it will not be many\\nyears before the settler will follow the lumberman, and\\npleasant homes rise up in these remote wilds.\\nCUMBERLAND COUN^TY.\\nBY REV. EDWARD PAYSON THWING.\\nCumberland Countt was organized in 1760. Be-\\nsides its present limits, its territory then covered the\\ncounties of Androscoggin and Franklin, with portions of\\nwhat are now known as Somerset, Oxford and Kennebec\\ncounties. Falmouth was the shire town until 1786, when\\nPortland was incorporated and made the county seat.\\nCumberland County has Oxford and York on the west,\\nand Sagadahoc and Androscoggin on the north and east,\\nthe Atlantic completing its boundary. There are 25\\nThis is the farthest settlement on the river. Above it arc the great\\nunbroken forests, where none but lumbermen, trappers and Indians\\nhave ever set foot.\\ntowns besides the cit}^ of Portland. The population in\\n1870 was 82,021. CascoBay,t Presumpscot and Lake\\nSebago are three conspicuous natural features of Cumber-\\nland Count}-. Each has its significance and value as\\nrelated to the commercial and manufacturing interests of\\nMaine. The bay is one of the finest on the globe, capa-\\nble of floating the largest fleet, and easy of access at all\\ntimes. Its rock-girt islands are firmly planted, and not,\\nas in some harbors, piles of sinking sand. Its bold\\nt The name Casco is an abbreviation of Aucocisco, or resting-place,\\nsignificant of many halcyon retreats among its 365 islands. Hon. S. S.\\nPrentiss said that Casco Bay was the fairest dimple on Ocean s cheek.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0509.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\npromontories, as White Head, arc well adapted for forti-\\nfications, and the remarkable volume of the tidal water-\\npower that sweeps along the ii-on-bound coast, can be\\noperated to advantage 16 hoiu-s a day.*\\nLake Sebago is a noble reservoir of the purest water in\\nNew England, 247 feet above the sea, l 0 square miles in\\narea, and pouring into the sea, through the Presumpscot,\\na volume of water-power almost incalculable. Twentj-\\nthree distinct lakes, with an area of over 90 square miles,\\nform the principal supply of the Presumpscot, which\\nfinds the sea by a course 20 miles in length, wearing a\\nnarrow channel through blue trap, capable of supporting\\nthe heaviest structures. At the driest period of summer\\nits flow is a thousand cubic feet a second. Its water-\\nshed is the easterly slopes of the White Mountains,\\nand the supplj is, therefore, inexhaustible. The purity\\nof the water makes it suitable for chemical and manufac-\\nturing purposes. The immunity from freshet as well as\\nfrom dearth makes the importance of this stream more\\nnoticeable.\\nCumberland County presents important geological fea-\\ntures. From Cape Elizabeth to Saeo are interesting varie-\\nties of argillaceous slate rocks, mica and talcose slates\\nwith magnesia, in accordance with the laws of igneous\\naction. Diluvial scratches, reticulated veins of blue\\nquartz, and sienite veins furnish the student of geological\\nhistorj with an index to guide his study of their meta-\\nmorphosis.\\nIn this brief sketch the present elements of material\\nprosperity with which this county abounds, can hardly be\\nmentioned. The statistics of the State, and the various\\nreports of government surveys, furnish ample evidence\\nof the important position which it holds in the physical\\nhistory of Maine.\\nCumberiand County has ever been prompt in her\\nresponse to all the calls of the country in time of need.\\nHer record in this respect, especially during the late\\nwar, is one of conspicuous honor.\\nIn regard to religious denominations of comparatively\\nrecent introduction into ISIaine, less is said in this sketch\\nthan of the Congregational or established religion of\\nearly days. In 1S21, for example, Greenleaf reports but\\ntwo Roman Catholic societies in Maine, and those were\\nin Lincoln County. In 1845, the Baptist Cumberland\\nAssociation, formed, Oct 2, 1811, at North Yarmouth,\\nWhile the mean tide of New Yorli is 4.8 feet, that of Maine s coast\\nis 11.6 feet; atEastport it is IS.l feet. Add to this the fact that this\\ncoast measures about 3,000 miles in length, and the importance of this\\npower becomes more apparent.\\nt This, says Gov. Chamberlain, was before there was any legal or\\nauthorized government in either Maine or Massachusetts. But the first\\nreport 12 ordained ministers. In 1821, there was one\\nFree Baptist yearly meeting held in the county. In\\n1802, seventeen Methodist preachers labored in all the\\ncircuits of Maine. In 1814, there were 15 preachers of\\nthe Christian order. In 1745, the first Presbj-tery was\\nformed at Londonderry, N. H. Its name Boston was\\nchanged to Salem at its reorganization, in 1 782. Its last\\nmeeting was at Gray, in 1791 and, in 1820, Greenleaf\\nwrites, there is not now a Presb^-terian church in the\\nState.\\nTOWKS.\\nPortland, fitly called the beautiful town that is\\nseated by the sea, and also Forest City, on account\\nof its abounding shade-trees, whether -v-iewed in its\\nmaterial, or its mental, moral and religious life, is a\\nrepresentative town, even as Cumberland Count} is,\\nalso, among the other honored counties of the Sunrise\\nState.\\nIts favorable location secured early attention. The first\\ntrader was Walter Bagnall, who came hither just 250 years\\nago, but was killed, in 1G31, by the Indians, whom he\\nhad cheated. They burned his house and canied off his\\npropertj from Richmond s Island, Cape Ehzabeth. Sub-\\nsequentlj Cleaves and Tucker settled in Machigonne.\\nCleaves went to England in 1C36 and, in 1G43, gaining\\nnot only a deed for 1,500 acres of land held by him, but\\nauthority to act as deputy of Alexander Rigby, proprie-\\ntor of Ligonia, which extended from Cape Porpoise to\\nCape Ehzabeth, he returned. The first judicial court was\\nheld Sept. 12, 1648, by Cleaves, at Casco. He died\\nin 1666.\\nIn 1675, there were about 40 families in town, of whom\\nsix were on the Neck, the Munjoys occupj-ing the east-\\nern and the Bracketts the western part. A portion of the\\ncentre was swamp}-, covered with trees and bushes. The\\ntrees on Munjoj were not cut down till after Dr. Deane s\\nday. He died in 1814. There was a meeting-house\\nwhere the Portland Compan} now has its shops, and, at\\nthe foot of India Street, Fort Loyal stood. In 1687, the\\ncaptain of this fort, George IngersoU, kept the only\\nstore on the Neck, and that year was licensed to retail\\nliquors out of doors. But, on July 15, 1690, the Court\\nof Sessions at York ordered that no rum, flip or other\\nstrong liquor be sold directly or indirectly, except in\\ncase of great necessity, as in case of sickness. f\\nMaine prohibitoiy law is earlier still. Under authority of the Duke of\\nYork, Sept. 11, 1G77, the council at Peraaquid passed the following\\norder, penned with Saxon terseness end military authoritativeness\\nNo rum to bo dranke on that side the ffort stands! Somehow the\\nmagistrates of Maine have never quite forgotten their ancestral tradi-\\ntions in their enforcement of law.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0510.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "In 1676,* and in 1790, the territory now known as\\nPortland was ravaged by the Indians. Parson Burroughs\\nescaped their hands only to fall into those of the less\\nmerciful witch-prosecutors of Salem, f\\nIn 1718 the name of Falmouth was given to the dis-\\ntrict which now embraces the city, Deering, Westbrook,\\nFalmouth and Cape Elizabeth. In 1727, Parson Smith\\nwas settled.! Simonton s Cove, Mackay s Island and\\nCushing s Point bear names of the leading men of busi-\\nness in those days. As late as 1774: the upper part of\\nthe Neck was a forest, and the buildings were mainly on\\nwere simple and rastic. Mrs. Alice Greele s inn, cor-\\nner of Back and Hampshire streets, was a favorite resort\\nbefore the Revolution, and her baked beans were spec-\\nially admired bj the epicures of those days. She stayed\\nand saved her tavern in October, 1775, when Mowatt\\nruthlessly destroyed the town. There were 414 houses\\nburned at the time, and of 100 left standing, some were\\nmuch damaged. After the war, building went forward.\\nThe first brick bouse was erected in 1785. The name\\nPortland was given to the town by incorporation, July 4,\\n178G, being the earliest name of Bang s Island and the\\n-.--^S^^^\\nFore, Middle and Back streets. Fish, fur and lumber\\nwere the principal exports. There wore 21 slaves in\\n1753, when the population was 2,712. The buildings\\nwere generally unpaintcd, all of wood, many but one\\nstory high. The pursuits and amusements of the people\\nVILW OF PORILAND. ME\\nheadland opposite. Fish Street, now Exchange, was the\\ncentre of business. From 1795 to 1802 the advance of\\nthe town in prosperity was rapid. Fortunes were made\\nby ship-builders during the war in Europe, our vessels,\\nas neutrals, taking all the business of transportation.\\nIn 1676, 34 of the inhabitants were either killed or carried into cap-\\ntivity. The remainder of the settlers for a time abandoned their\\nhomes.\\nt He was accnscd of carrying a barrel of molasses by diabolical aid,\\nand of holding a gun by his finger in the muzzle. He was executed\\nAug. 19, 1092.\\nJ When his son, Peter Th.itcher, was bom, June 14, 1731, his sister,\\nMrs. Codman, says, that all the married women upon the Neck were\\npresent at his bu-th, and, with their husbands, were entertained with a\\nsupper on the occasion which shows that the population was very\\nsmall at this time. This Peter, by the way, who received so hearty a\\nwelcome from Portland ladies, lived till his 96th year, highly respected\\nas a clergyman and a magistrate, tall, portly, free, agreeable and of\\ninfinite humor, which he was never anxious to restrain. He was pas-\\ntor at Windham.\\nAt a spiuning-bee at Parson Deane s on May-Day, 1788, 60 wheels\\nspun 225 skeins of cotton and linen yam. Over 100 ladies attended, and\\nin the evening they perfonned an agreeable variety of excellent pieces\\nin psalmody. Dancing was not allowed, as we may learn from the\\nindictment, on record in 1766, against Nutlianiol Deering and wife, John\\nWaiteand wife, and others of tlic llrst families, for d.ancing in a private\\napartment of Freeman s tavern. Tlic king s attorney, David Wyer,\\nargued the case. They were acquitted on the ground that it was a very\\nquiet, private hop, and not a public dance or ball.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0511.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nThe town then had 600 families, 431 dwellings-houses,\\none Episcopal meeting-house, one Quaker, one Unitarian\\nand two Congregational. In 1794 the Academy was\\nincorporated, and, in 1803, opened in charge of Edward\\nPaj-son. A brick building was erected in 1808. This\\nyear great distress resulted from the suspension of com-\\nmerce, and the non-intercourse policy-.\\nOn Sept. 5, 1813, the British brig Boxer was cap-\\ntured bj the Enterprise, and their dead captains were\\nlaid side bj- side in the Eastern Cemeter} with miUtary\\nhonors. The town appeared at this period like a military\\ncamp, guns being mounted on breast- works at the various\\napproaches, and constant watch kept of the enemy that\\nhovered near the coast. The Revolutionary veteran, Gen.\\nJ. K. Smith, had charge of the minute-men, formed of old\\ncitizens and exempts. With peace, business re^^ved.\\nIn July, 1823, the Patent, Capt Porter, arrived,\\nthe first steamer in our waters, brought to run between\\nPortland and Boston. In the winter of 1843-44, the\\npresent Portland Steam-Packet Company was established\\nbj- Capt. J. B. Coj-le and associates; the John Mar-\\nshall, St. Lawrence and Atlantic making daily\\ntrips between Portland and Boston. The International\\nLine, Machias Company, and the New York steam-\\ners also represent Portland capital and enterprise.\\nThe Cumberland and Oxford Canal, from Lake Sebago\\nto the sea, was finished in 1830, at a cost of $206,000.\\nThe completion of the Grand Trunk Railroad in 1853 the\\nRochester and the Ogdensburg roads still more recently\\nthe introduction of horse-cars in October, 1863, and of\\nSebago water July 4, 1870, also mark the steps of\\nmunicipal growth.\\nThe city of Portland was again consumed by fire July\\n4, 18CG. Fifty -eight streets and lanes, containing 1,500\\nhouses, were left a wilderness of desolation. Ten mil-\\nlions of property were consumed b} that conflagration,\\nkindled by a fire-cracker in a boat-builder s shop. Ten\\nthousand were left houseless, and the entire business part\\nof the town blotted out. Public buildings, churches and\\nmany historic land-marks were swept away but out of\\nThe last war furnished, among the exciting scenes, one incident\\nof special interest to Portland, the capture and destruction by rebels\\nof the United States revenue cutter Caleb Cushing, June 26, 1863.\\nCollector Jewett and Mayor McClcllan followed, on board the Forest\\nCity and Chesapeake, and took prisoners Lieut. Reade and crew.\\nThe capture also of the Chesapeake was another note-worthy event\\nof the war.\\nt Parson Smith s journal, under date of Sunday, Dec. 15, 1782, has\\nthis item Most horrid cold and windy. I could not stand it, but dis-\\nmissed the people after praying and singing. Probably his prayer was\\nshorter than usual, for under another date he writes: I had ex-\\ntraordinary assistance.; was- an hour and a half in prayer a.m., and\\nabove an hour P.M.\\nthe ruins a fairer city has risen. There are 35 places of\\nworship a score of schools, with 5,000 pupils a popu-\\nlation of about 35,000, with 10,000 more in the suburbs\\nnatural and social advantages and, in short, all the ele-\\nments of future growth and substantial prosperity.\\nNo city in New England, in its social and municipal\\nlife, more clearlj reflects the influence of its religions\\nsocieties than Portland. Few men ever exerted a wider\\npower for good than Rev. Thomas Smith, the first pastor,\\nwhose ministrj of 68 years, 1727 to 1795, ended in his\\n94th year. He came -when the place was a wilderness,\\nand lived to see it a town of business importance and\\nrising renown. He faithfuDv ministered to the spiritual\\nneeds of the people, and was no less sedulous in pro-\\nmoting their temporal welfare. For many years he was\\nthe only physician in the place. In November, 1748, he\\nwrites: I am perpetually hurried with the sick: the\\nwhole practice rests on me.\\nIn 1659, the first court ordered religious services at\\nFalmouth every Lord s Day, as the inhabitants are at\\npresent destitute of an} public means of edification in\\nthe ways of God, which shows that no religious society\\nwas then in existence at ancient Falmouth.\\nWhen Mr. Smith was settled at this place in 1727, the\\npopulation of the Neck was but 250, and his salary \u00c2\u00a370,\\nwith board and fuel, and contributions of strangers.\\nThe present elegant Second, or Pa3-sou Memorial\\nChurch, recalls, b}- waj- of contrast, the period when\\nPortland was but a fishing village, and its only sanc-\\ntuary a one-storj house, without seats or glass windows.\\nThis little unfurnished house on the corner of Middle\\nand India streets, was the only place of worship until\\n1740, when another small wooden edifice, with windows,\\nbut without tower or steeple, was erected where now the\\nFirst Parish (Unitarian) church stands. This was an\\nimprovement on the other, yet a cheerless place in\\nwinter, f\\nSome of the distinguished successors of Mr. Smith\\nhave been Elijah Kellogg, I a yery earnest and eloquent\\npreacher in his da} and father of Elijah Kellogg, the\\nMr. Kellogg owned a part of Munjoy, and about 80 years ago,\\nby planting trees along Washington Street, gave the first impulse to\\nthat taste for shade-trees which has eince made Portland the Forest\\nCity.\\nYoung Elijah early gave evidence of possessing the spirit that, at\\nthe age of 16, had sent the elder to Bunker Hill; the good man being\\ngreatly horrified one Sunday morning by hearing his young son some-\\nwhat pctul.intly exclaim, that Hercules did a deal more good, killing\\ndragons and cleaning stables, than Doddridge ever did wilh his old\\nRise and Progess. The venerable minister at once hurried away to\\nthe church and requested prayers for his son. It would seem that the\\nrequest was not in vain. The young man s fiery temper was subdued,\\nand ho still lives to preach and to write most charming juvenile books.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0512.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "popular stoiy writer; Edward Taj-son, D.D. Bennet\\nTyler, D. D. Joseph Vaill, D. D. Jonathan B. Coudit,\\nD. D., and Rev. J. J. Carruthers, D. D.\\nThe people of Portland have ever been distinguished\\nfor their culture and refinement. Among her sons and\\ndaughters, many have attained a conspicuous eminence\\nin art, literature and professional life. From the times\\nof George Cleaves, 1632, the first settler and a note-\\nworthy political leader, to the Shepleys and Fessendens\\nof our day, the bar, the senate and the national capitol\\nhave been adorned by not a few men, natives and resi-\\ndents, of commanding abilities and inlluenco. One\\nthe State. Thomas B., son of Rev. Dr. Dwight, born\\nhere in 1837, was a distinguished Philadelphia lawyer\\nand judge. He died at Andover, Mass., Aug. 31, 1878.\\nSergeant S. Prentiss, William Pitt Fessendon, George\\nEvans and George T. Da-vas have won reputation as\\nstatesmen Commodores Edward and George II. Preble\\nand Rear Admiral Alden have been distinguished in the\\nnavy Gen. Neal Dow as an unwearied temperance\\nreformer, and John Neal, Henry W. Longfellow and\\nNathaniel P. Willis as poets. Mr. Neal was born In\\n1793, and died June 20, 187G, a man wonderfully bold,\\nbrilliant and versatile. Mr. Longfellow ami Mr. Willis\\nIXE GEKEEAL IIO\\nneeds only to mention such names as Jedediah Preble,\\nTheophilus Bradbury, Da^^d Wyer, Samuel Freeman,\\nStephen Longfellow, Theophilus Parsons, Simon Green-\\nleaf, Ezckicl Whitman, Prentiss Mellon, Wilham Pitt\\nPreble, F. O. J. Smith, Ashur Ware, Nathan Clifford,\\nSamuel Fessenden, Gov. Parris, Erlward Fox, Judge\\nVirgin, Joseph Howard, Charles W; Goddard and Israel\\nWashburn, Jr., to recall brilliant^records of public life\\nspent on the bench, in Congress, as governors, or as\\nforeign ministers.\\nThe late Judge Ethan Shcplo}-, and his son Hon.\\nGeorge F., who died Jul} 20, 187^., Judge S^ monds,\\nGeorge F. Talbot, Nathan Webb, Bion Bradbury, John\\nRand, W. L. Putnam, B. Kingsbury/ Jr., S. C. Strout,\\nT. B. Reed, C. P. Mattocks, Nath.aU Cleaves and J.\\nH. Drummond have adorned a bar which has adorned\\n3PITAL, POKTLAXD.\\nwere born the same year, 1807. They need no eulog}\\nRev. J. II. Ingraham, teacher, author and Episcopal\\nclei gjinan, was born here in 1809. The Throne of\\nDavid, Pillar of Fire, and many other widely read\\nbooks, came from his pen. Accidentally dropping a\\nloaded pistol, he was killed in 18Go, or thereabouts.\\nCharles P. Ilsley has written popular tales of frontier\\nlife, and Rev. Elijah Kellogg stories for boys. George\\nPayson, Mrs. Elizabeth Payson Prentiss, Mrs. Ann S.\\nStephens, Mrs. Clara Barnes Martin, Mrs. Samuel Col-\\nman, Sarah Paj son Willis or Fanny Fern, Mrs.\\nSweat, Mrs. Elizabeth Akers Allen Florence Percy),\\nMrs. Dr. Chickering and Mrs. Abba Goold Woolson are\\nalso meritorious authors. Miss Martha B. Ripley, only\\ndaughter of Rev. T. B. Ripley, an honored Baptist min-\\nister, is known as a gifted writer, especially as a trans-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0513.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nlator from the Gci-man and French. Prof. Edward S.\\nMorse has had a chair at the universit}^ of Tokio, Japan.\\nDrs. J. W. Mighels and Isaac Ray in natural historj-,\\nand IT. A. S. Dearborn and E. H. Elwell are worthy of\\nmention. The last has recently written Portland and\\nVicinity, beautifully illustrated and carefully compiled.\\nAmong the native or resident artists may be recalled\\nCharles Codman, C. O. Cole, J. R. Tilton, Mrs. E. Mur-\\nray, Miss Beckett, C. J. Schumacher, C. E. Beckett, II.\\nB. BroTA-n, John B. Hudson, Jr., J. G. Cloudman and\\nFrederick Kimball of sculptors, Paul Akers, Charles\\nAkers and Franklin Simmons of musicians, Herman\\nTHE OB\u00c2\u00abI I II VND\\nKotzchmar, Prof. Paine, AV. II. Dennett. S. Thurston,\\nJ. Cole, W. II. Stockbridge, D. H. Chandler and others\\nwhile among the architects are Harding and Fassett, whose\\nworks speak for themselves.\\nJudge Prentiss Mellen, the son of a Massachusetts\\nminister, came to Portland in 1806. He had a tall, im-\\nposing figure, and a winning address. He used to say\\nbefore Maine separated from Massachusetts that Cum-\\nberland bar was the best in tlie Commonwealth. Besides\\nthe office of chief justice, he held those of executive\\ncouncillor and senator in Congress. He had literarj- and\\npoetic taste, and two sons who were poets.\\nAmong the ministers of Portland who will be remem-\\nbered by published works, are Bishops Southgate and\\nPerry, Drs. Deane, Nichols, Bartol, Hill, Ilayden,\\nDwight, Chickering, and Asa Cummings. Rev. Drs.\\nShailer and Carruthers have written much for the re-\\nligious press.\\nHon. William Willis has rarely been equalled as an\\nhistorical writer in fidelity and thoroughness. Hon.\\nWilliam Goold j-ct lives to aid in presening our local\\nannals. Grenville Mellen, S. B. Beckett, D. C. Coles-\\nworthj^ William Cutter, Isaac McLellan and Nathaniel\\nDeering also deserve commendatorj^ notice as authors.\\nThe visit of Lafayette to Portland in 1825, is described\\nby D. C. Colesworthy in his School Is Out.\\nOn June 25th he was met at Bramhall Hill by\\nHon. Stephen Longfellow and other dignitaries,\\nescorted through decorated streets and under\\narches of evergreen and flowers, to the State\\nHouse, Congress Street, and addressed bj- Go^-.\\nParris and Prcs. Allen of Bowdoin, who con-\\nferred the degree of LL. D. School children\\nstrewed roses along his path as he went to dine\\nat Union Hall and lodge on Free Street with\\nDaniel Cobb.\\nThe town-crier of Portland, Samuel Buntin,\\nborn about 1730, was in the sen ice of a Scotch\\nnobleman, and won the heart of his daughter.\\nThe proud lord disinherited her, and the worth}\\ncouple made this town their home. Samuel after-\\nwards did all his crying professionally, and pros-\\npered, living to be nearh 100 years old. Another\\ntown fixture was the tall, portly William Pollejs,\\nthe one guardsman whom Portland j early chose\\nto watch for smokers, tramps, and other street\\nnuisances. Even the playing of ball in the street\\nwas not allowed. Says Colesworthj- If a man\\nwas found smoking a pipe or cigar on the higli-\\nwaj- he was at once fined a dollar, such being the\\nwholesome law of the olden time when our fathers\\nloved to breathe the pure air of heaven, not poisoned bj I\\nthe fumes of a vile narcotic.\\nAnother ancient landmark was John Groves, one of\\nthe colored patriots of the Revolution. The writer\\npreached his funeral sermon at Newbury Street Church,\\nAug. 3, 1872. The age of Mr. G., as put upon the\\ncasket-phite, was 113, though others made him about\\n107. In his teens he went to sea as a cook, and privat-\\neering. He was free-born and self-reliant. He recovered\\na captured brig from a French man-of-war in 1809 bj-\\nhis daring, and it v .is very interesting to hear his stories\\n(if olden times, rie remembered how Parson Smith\\ndroned when he preached. This was before 1793. That\\nhonored schoolmaster, Joseph Libbej-, deserves passing\\nnote. He was born in 1793. graduated in 1821 at Bow-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0514.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "doin, and taught in the Portland High School some 30\\nyears. He died Aug. 27, 1871, aged 77 3-ears.\\nWith Jan. 1, 1831, began the issue of the first paper in\\nthe District of Maine, called the Falmouth Gazette\\nand Advertiser. The next j-ear Portland was incor-\\njiorated, and the paper was named the Cumberland\\nGazette. Its publisher, Thomas B. Wait, was a man\\nof ardor, firmness, honestj^, and independence. With\\nthis sheet, Benjamin Titcomb s Gazette was con-\\nsolidated in 1796. In 1803, Nathaniel Willis and Calvin\\nDay established the Eastern Argus. The former\\ndied in 1870, at the age of 90. In 1835, Ira Berry\\nand Charles Holden started the dailj- edition. The\\nCourier was issued in 1829, the first daily in the\\nState, by Seba Smith, the original Jack Downing.\\nArthur Shirle}-, from 1798, when he was a printer s\\napprentice, to his latest j-ears, was intimately con-\\nnected with the press of Maine. The first Portland\\ndirectory and the first book of sacred music came\\nfrom his press. No paper in Portland has had a\\nwider influence than the Transcript, which was\\nestablished in 1837 by Charles P. Ilsley. Edwaul\\nII. Elwell has been proprietor 30 j ears, and with\\nMessrs. Pickard as associates since 18C0. The\\nCliristian Mirror was established by Eev. Asa\\nRand in 1822. Rev. Asa Cummings was editor\\nnearly 30 j-ears, and Mr. C. A. Lord about 20 years.\\nThe former died in 1856, and the latter Aug. 7, 1878,\\naged 72. Rev. B. P. Snow was editor for a short\\nseason. Rev. I. P. Warren, D. D., is the present\\nproprietor. In 1856, Rev. S. C. Fessendcn estab-\\nlished here the Maine Evangelist, to promulgate\\nmore radical views of human rights than were heL\\nby the Mirror. Mr. F. was then a resident in\\nRockland, where he was appointed judge, and repre-\\nsented his district in the 37th Congress. The Zion s\\nAdvocate for half a century has been a Baptist organ\\nbegun by Rev. Adam Wilson, and for many years man-\\naged by Rev. Dr. W. H. Shailer and J. W. Colcord.\\nThe Tribune (1841) was a literary journal published\\nby D. C. Colesworthy, to which John Neal and the best\\nwriters of the city contributed. The Workingman s\\nAdvocate was started in 1835, and the Yankee\\nFarmer in 1836.\\nOf the public edifices of the city space allows only the\\nmention of the names. The General Hospital on Bram-\\nhall s Hill the Observatory* on Mnnjoy the City Hall,\\nPost-Offlce and Custom House, costing not far from half\\nThe view from the lofty Observatory is considered to be unequalled\\nby any in the State, embracing city and country, sea and shore, with a\\nmagnificent sweep of mountains from Mt. Washington on the west 6,300\\na million each the Mechanics Hall, and the Museum.\\nThe Catholic Cathedral is the most costly church edilice\\nin the State, with a spire originally much higher than\\nBunker Hill Monument, and elegantly decorated win-\\ndows, altar and shrine.\\nBridgton, in 1767, was named in honor of Moody\\nBridges, a proprietor, and a son of one of the grantees.\\nBefore this time the district had been known as Pondi-\\ncherry from the abundance of ponds and of wild cherries.\\nThe grant was made in 1761 of a township seven miles\\ncii^ 11 \\\\ri 1 I TLA2ro.\\nsquare, provided that oO fauiilics settle within six j-ears,\\nbuild a meeting-house, and also settle a learned Pro-\\ntestant minister, the usual conditions, and those which\\nneed no comment, as related to the intelligence and\\nvii-tue of New England.\\nIn 17G8 the first saw-mill went up, located on Stevens\\nBrook. In 1777 the records and proprietors meetings\\nwere removed from Andover, Mass., to Bridgton. These\\nrecords were burned on the night of Oct. 2, 1780, with\\nthe house of Enoch Perley, Esq. The First Church was\\norganized Aug. 26, 1784, with 17 members. Rev.\\nNathan Church was settled June 17, 1789, as the first\\nfeet high, to Agamenticus on the south only 673 feet above the sea level,\\nyet famous for being the spot where Saint Aspinquid died, 1682, at whose\\nfuneral, tradition says, 6,711 wild animals were sacrificed by the Indians.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0515.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF KEW ENGLAND.\\nIDastor. He remained 38 years. Two Acars after this\\ntheir first meeting-house was occupied. It had two\\nstories, with galleries.\\nCapt. Benjamin Kimball, of Ipswich, Mass., was the\\nfirst man who settled here. The old sea-captain kept an\\ninn and a store. He conveyed passengers and freight\\nacross Long Pond and Scbago Pond. Jacob Stevens\\nand the Gates brothers from Andover came soon after\\nalso, David Kneeland, David Clark, Enoch Stiles and\\nWiUiam Emerson, men of mark, and who lived to a\\ngood age. The Fosters, Burnhams and Hales, Enoch\\nPerley, the Ingallscs, Eobcrt Andrews, John Peabody,\\nrOST-OFFICt\\nand James Flint, are other names among the earh\\nsettlers.\\nThe town was incorporated in 1794. In 1847 a tract\\nof 4,700 acres in Fryeburg and Denmark was added,\\nwhich now is called Texas. Population in 1870, 2,685.\\nThe scenery is delightful, and the facilities furnished b}^\\nsteamers and cars attract man}- summer tourists to this\\nvillage, to Pleasant Mountain, and other localities round\\nThe early settlers here, as elsewhere, were exposed to eonstant peril\\nfrom the lurking savage foe. la an old, anonymous tract published here\\nin 1S23, by a South Carolina gentleman, it is stated th.at Daniel Mal-\\neolm, called by the Indians the very strong man, once ventured alone\\ninto the woods about Brunswick to split rails, llis loaded musket stood\\nby his side, but a band of five crafty saT.ages silently crept up and\\ncaught it, and then told him that he was their captive. He quietly sub-\\nmitted, oidy asking their help a moment. Driving a wedge, he got them\\nall to pull on one side of the clefted timber. Instantly knocking out\\nabout Bridgton. The summit of Pleasant Mountain is\\n2,018 feet high. It commands a circuit of 300 miles, in\\nwhich 50 lakes are seen, and numerous towns and vil-\\nlages. In point of beauty the view is preferable to that\\nwhich is had on Mount Washington.\\nAmong the manufactures are wooUen fabrics, canned\\ngoods, cloakings, leather, harnesses, sashes, potterj iron\\ngoods, furniture, lumber, brooms, carriages, c. The\\nbeet-sugar business is beginning to attract attention.\\nAt North Bridgton is an academy, incori^orated in\\n1808. A high school was established at the centre in\\n1872.\\nThe first minister in Bridgton was Rev. Nathan\\nChurch, who died in 18.36, aged 82. The town contains\\nSIX churches, a weekly paper, the News, and an edu-\\ncntional institution called the Bennet Institute.\\nBrunswick was first settled by a Mr. Purchase, who\\ntiaded with the savages, and, in 1675, obtained grants\\nof lands from them. The place was called Pegj^jscott,\\nfrom the tribe that occupied the place, which included\\nwhat is now Topsham. In 1690 the town was de-\\npopulated on account of savage incursions.\\nIn May, 1735, 29 persons petitioned for an act of\\nmcorporation. One reason assigned was that they\\nw ibhed power to lay a tax for the support of a pastor.\\nRev. Robert Rutherford. The chui-ch was organized\\nin June, 1747.\\nIn the summer of 1747, Mr. Robert Dunlap was\\noulained in the French Protestant Church, School Street,\\nBoston, and came to Brunswick, where he remained till\\nhis death, June 26, 1776.\\nBrunswick is midway between Augusta and Portland)\\nat the head of tide-water, and vessels of large tonnage\\nha\\\\ e been built here. The Androscoggin pushes its way\\n140 miles back into a rich and productive country, and\\nthis town has shared the wealth and activit} of which\\nthis river is the source. Nearly half a century ago it had\\n30 saw-mills, besides cotton and woollen mills. Present\\npopulation, 4,687.\\nIn 1819 there was, says Griffin, but one house on\\nPleasant Street, Capt. J. A. Dunning s, and nine only on\\nFederal Street. Three t.averns had open bars, and nine\\nstores where liquors were sold. Even respectable\\nthe wedge, he thus fastened the five in a fatal snare. A dog, he says,\\nhad long been used to carry letters on birch bark between Brunswick\\n.and the fort .at The Reach (Bath). He would travel the 15 miles in\\ntwo hours by water, and, .at his well-kno^vn howl, the fort opened. He\\nwas finally shot by an Indian, and a young man took his place. For\\ntwo years he swam by night, lying by day in the bulrushes of Merry-\\nmeeting Bay. He was captured at last, and carried to Canada. Escap-\\ning, ho returned and resumed his aquatic express business, but was again\\ncaptured by Sobattis, who was afterwards a guide to Benedict Arnold.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0516.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "women who came to market claimed their right to take a\\nsocial glass around the hogshead. The consequences\\ncan casilj- be imagined. None are now sold openly-\\nexcept at the town agency. Capt. Daniel Stone was the\\nfirst trader who refused to sell bj- the glass. Jesse Pierce\\nopened the first temperance store.\\nBowdoin College was incorporated June 24, 1794, and\\nfive townships granted for its support. Joseph McKeen\\nwas the first president, and the first class entered in 1802.\\nFour 3-ears after seven graduated.\\nThe descendants of Gov. Winthrop had tried in 1787,\\nto get an act of incorporation for Winthrop College,\\nbut the present name was finally taken. Gov. James\\nBowdoin, a grandson of a French Huguenot, was a mm\\nof culture, and vcrj- popular. His only daughter manied\\nThomas L. Winthrop. His son James gave \u00c2\u00a31,100,\\n7,000 acres of land, and collections of minerals, paint-\\nings and philosophical apparatus. Dr. Jesse Appleton,\\nPresident AVilUam Allen of Dartmouth, Dr. Leonard\\nWoods and Gov. Joshua L. Chamberlain have since been\\npresidents.\\nThe prestige of Old Bowdoin is still kept up, and all\\nits available appliances are concentrated for the best\\npossible education, and brought within the reach of all.\\nAside from the classical there are scientific departments\\nopen to the undergraduate, and four schools to the\\ngraduate; viz., letters, including fine arts; scien( e\\nphilosophy and medicine. There are about 250 student-.,\\nand 34,200 volumes in the libraries. The lower classc\\nare trained in military science and tactics.\\nThe college and the printing-press are closely alh( d\\nJoseph Grillin set up, in 1819, the first press in Brunsn itk\\nHe was a graduate of the office of Flagg Gonl 1\\nAndover, second to none, and specially good in the pri it-\\ning of classics and oriental tongues. Prof. Moses Strait\\nused to saj-, Do your best and make J our own price.\\nThe Maine Intelligencer began in 1820 The Bap-\\ntist Herald, 1824 and The Brunswick Telegraph,\\n1853. Twelve other periodicals, and uncounted text-\\nbooks and catalogues have borne the imprint of the\\nBrunswick press.\\nThe celebrated writer, Jacob Abbott, was chairman of\\na college club that, half a century ago, contributed to the\\nThe names associated with Bowdoin College form a luminous\\nrecord, but of those mentioned in Prof. E. C. Smyth s Three Dis-\\ncourses, no name, perhaps, is more honored of God than that of Phcbe\\nAnn Jacobs, a colored domestic, once a slave, and knoivn in college\\ncircles for her humble but absorbing zeal in religion. For many years\\nshe was a member of the families of three college presidents. One year\\nthe meeting in February for colleges was appointed at six o clock in the\\nmorning. Kcv. Dr. Adams, her pastor, wont at five o clock to the\\nTcstry to make suitable preparations, but, he says, Phcbe was there\\nIntelligencer. The Free Press was set up in\\n1827, and The Juvenile Key, 1831, and afterwards\\nenlarged into a family paper The Escritoir, by a col-\\nlege club, 1827; The Northern Iris, by S. L. Fair-\\nfield, 1S29, a poet who died young; The Journal,\\n1830 The E.astom Baptist, 183G The Regulator,\\n1837 Advocate of Freedom, 1838 The PortfoUo,\\n1839, E. P. Weston The Branswicker, 1842; The\\nForester, 1845; The Pojepscot Journal, 1846;\\nThe Juvenile Temperance Watchman, 1854, by\\nHoward Owen, now of The Kennebec Journal The\\nMusical Journal, 1855 The Scientific Eeview, 1871,\\nand The Orient. In 1857, A. G. Tenucy, class of\\n1835, bought The Telegraph, and now issues it.\\nMr. Griffin had published, in 1872, 78 works of Presi-\\ndents AUon and Appleton, and of nine professors.\\nCape Elizabeth is, perhaps, the most interesting of\\nthe environs of Portland, both in historic associations\\nand scenic attractions. Leaving Portland Bridge, one\\npasses first the premises of the Dr}- Dock Companj-, 25\\nbefore me, and had been two hours on the doorstep, waiting for the room\\nto be opened, meanwhile lifting up her soul in prayer Precious seed,\\nsown in faith and watered with tears beneath that wintry sky How it\\nbore fruit a hundred fold in her pastor s strengthened heart in many\\nsouls renewed in spirits made strong to brave the missionary s life in\\nlabors on the hillsides of New England, on the prairies of the West, in\\nthe great metropolis, wherever hearts then replenished have carried the\\nmessages of God s grace Three students for whom Phcbe and\\nother Christian ladies put up Epecial prayer became devoted clergymen.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0517.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nacres in extent. One of the two docks is 100 by 425\\nfeet, with a depth of 20 feet, the largest in the countiy.\\nIn this neighborhood the Penobscot Indians make their\\nsummer head-quarters, and sell their basket-work. A\\nshort ride brings the visitor to Glen Cove, tlie residence\\nof Philip II. Brown, Esq., and to the Cape Cottage built\\nby the poet John Neal. Adjoining is the stony castle\\nfonnerly occupied bj Col. Goddard, and a little further\\non, Portland Light, the first on this coast, completed\\nin 1791. It is 101 feet above the sea level, and seen 17\\nmiles away. The rocks are very picturesque, and in a\\nstorm the view is beyond description, thougli not to be\\nenjoyed without peril.* A few miles further are the two\\niron Cape Lights, 1 72 feet above the sea. Five hundred\\nvessels have here been seen at once.\\nRichmond s Island, referred to elsewhere, is a mile\\nfrom shore, and was, in the dajs of Bagnall and his son\\nin law, Robert Jordan, a jjlace of commercial impor-\\ntance.! In 1C30, Richard Tucker and George Cleaves\\ncarried on together the business of planting, fishing and\\ntrading, north of Spurwink River. Two years after,\\nbeing driven off by the agent of another grant, they\\nwent to a place now known as the comer of Hancock\\nand Fore streets, Portland, and built, in 1632, the first\\nhouse, which thej- occupied in common. In 1637, Rev.\\nRichard Gibson, an Episcopalian, settled here and\\nremained three years. Until 1648 the island prospered,\\nbut then its commerce declined. After John Winter,\\na leading trader, died, its population diminished, and it\\nceased to be a place of importance. Cape Elizabeth\\nwas incorporated Nov. 1, 1765, but with only district\\nprivileges.\\nParson Smith of the First Church, Falmouth (Port-\\nland), was settled 1727, and preached half the time on\\nthat part of the Cape which is opposite what is now the\\ncity.\\nThe second church in ancient Falmouth was that in\\nCape Elizabeth, consisting of 11 members, organized\\nSept. 10, 1734. Rev. Benjamin Allen was installed in\\nNovember of that year, and remained till his death. May\\n6, 1754. His successor. Rev. Ejjhraim Clark, continued\\n41 years, till his death, Dec. 11, 1797, at the ago of 75\\nyears.\\nThe State Reform School, established in 1853, is in\\nCape Elizabeth. The town also contains a marine railway,\\nand an extensive factory, covering two acres of ground,\\nfor the manufacture of kerosene and other oils, the product\\nElwell says, After a heavy gale parties frequently drive out to the\\nLight to see the waves dash upon the shore. A few years since two hack-\\nmen ventured too far out on the rocks, when a great wave leaped up and\\nswept them off. Their mangled remains were recovered some days later.\\nof which in 1873, was more than 4,000,000 gallons.\\nThere is a large rolling-mill emplo3-ing 200 men, and\\nturning out in the same j-ear more than 14,000 tons of\\nrail. Eight}- acres belong to the companj-, and the place\\nis called Ligonia. Extensive ship-building has been car-\\nried on in that part of the town Ij ing opposite Portland.\\nPurpooduck was its original name, and a large number\\nof its people followed the sea. Capt. Arthur McLellan,\\nborn here in 1751, was widely known as a successful\\nshipmaster and wealthj- merchant of Portland. He died\\nin 1833, aged 82.\\nPopulation 5,106.\\nDeeuing was taken from Westbrook, and incorjDorated\\nFeb. IG, 1871. It is named in honor of James Deering,\\nborn in Portland in 17C6, son of a merchant who lived\\nat the corner of Middle and Exchange streets, and owned\\n70 acres extending to the Back Cove, including the Deer-\\ning Oaks, of whose breez}- domes, Longfellow speaks\\nin his Lost Youth. Could tliese trees speak they\\nwould tell stirring tales of Maj. Church, and his victory\\nover the Indians, and other bloody scenes 200 years ago.\\nWoodford s Corner is a rapidly growing suburb of\\nPortland. Here is a new Congregational church edifice,\\nwith a bell from the Deering famil}-. Here also are\\nmany elegant residences.\\nEvergreen Cemetery is a beautiful enclosure of about\\n250 acres, less than three miles from the city, finely diver-\\nsified in surface and rich in natural and artistic attrac-\\ntions. Among the most interesting monuments arc those\\nwhich mark the resting-places of the historian Willis,\\nGen. Samuel, and Senator Fessenden, and Samuel\\nRumerj-. The circle, the arbor and lakes, are very\\nattractive. The nurseries of Charles Ramsey, and the\\nold muster-field of Stevens Plains, are contiguous, and\\nreached by horse-cars from Portland. The scenerj- along\\nthe Prcsumpscot is much admired by artists, and the\\nview of the city across the Cove, at high water, is one of\\nstriking interest.\\nThere is here a flourishing collegiate and scientific\\nschool, known as the Westbrook Seminar} opened June\\n9, 1834. The seminary has now an average of 150\\nstudents.\\nStroudwater was once a flourishing village when ship-\\nbuilding and the coasting trade were prosperous. The\\nfirst church was organized April 8, 1765, and Thomas\\nBrown was ordained as pastor.\\nThe Portland Stone- Ware Company is a leading\\nt An earthen pot, which may have been buried by them, has been\\nexhumed. It contained a number of gold and silver coins of the seven-\\nteenth century, and a heavy gold signet ring, richly chased and marked\\nwith two initial letters.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0518.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "indiistr} emplojing 70 men. Thej- have four acres and\\nsome of the largest kilns in the country, turning out dur-\\ning a single month 30,000 fire-bricks, and $2,000 worth of\\nstone-ware. Their annual production is nearh a quarter\\nof a million dollars. The Portland Packing Compan}-\\nalso have branch houses here. The flour and grist mill\\nof Waldron True produces 80,000 bushels of meal and\\n40,000 boxes of ground salt per year. A woollen fac-\\ntorj- and a tannery, boot and shoe shops, nurseries, and\\ntinware establishments, emplo} manj hands.\\nRev. Caleb Bradley was for about two generations a\\nFrancis, Lieut. Samuel, killed at Bull Run, and\\nMary E. D., were their children. Daniel Webster rode\\n20 miles through the snow and cold of a midwinter s\\nday, to attend as godfather the baptism of the infant\\nWiHiam Pitt, and always was deeply interested in the\\nbrilliant prospects of his protege.\\nFalmouth formerly included Cape Elizabeth, West-\\nbrook and Portland, with the islands an area of 80\\nsquare miles. It was incorporated 1718, and named after\\nan English town. Prior to this, documentarj histoiy\\nis nut complete, for, as Gov. Sullivan says, there was\\nGoddard Hall. Dmin; Hull Heniey H\u00c2\u00bbU.\\nWESTEKOOK SEMINAUY.\\nconspicuous figure here, and pages might be filled with\\nreminiscences of this genial and wittj- man. He resigned\\nin 1828, but continued to preach till his death, in 1801,\\nin his 90th year.*\\nMiss Ellen Maria Deering of this town, became the\\nwife of Senator William Pitt Fessenden, April 23, 1832.\\nMaj. Gen. James Deering, William Howard, Maj. Gen.\\nHe spent two years at Dartmonth and two at Harvard, graduating\\nin 1795. He never missed prayers, never was absent from a recitation,\\nand during tliese four years never received a reprimand from eitlicr of\\nhis teachers. This last fact is noteworthy, considering the inexhaust-\\niljle fund of humor possessed by him. His parish covered 36 square\\nmiles, and he faithfully cared for it. He married 550 couples and con-\\nducted 1,400 funerals. In one of the Bible classes which he gathered,\\n30 were converted. He was the great grandson of the famous Indian\\nkiller, Mrs. Thomas Dustin of Haverhill, Mass.\\nno other place where the destruction was so complete as\\nit was in the town of Falmouth. The records were not\\npreser\\\\-ed, if there were an}-, before 1G92. New Casco\\nwas the northerly portion of the town, eastward of the\\nPresumpscot River. In January, 1735, the people\\npetitioned for preaching, and in April, 17J2, to be set\\noff as a distinct parish. This parish was incorporated in\\nDecember, 1753, and the church was formed in 1754.\\nJohn Wiswall was ordained Nov. 3, 175G. Rev. Eben-\\nezer Williams labored here from Nov. 6, 1765, to Feb.\\n25, 1799, when he suddenly died by paralj sis.\\nThe Maine Central Railroad Company have put up an\\nelegant iron bridge here over the Presumpscot, 137 feet\\nin length.\\nThe West Falmouth Manufacturing Company- are now", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0519.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF XEW ENGLAND.\\ntorning out 150,000 hubs, spokes and rims yearl}-. The\\nbrick business, carriage manufacture and boot and shoe\\nbusiness also emploj- many workmen. Population, 1 ,730.\\nPresumpscot Falls and New Casco are two villages of\\nFalmouth.\\nFalmouth Foreside, or New Casco, was occupied as\\nearly as 163-2 b}- Arthur Mackworth, who had received\\nfrom Sir Ferdinando Gorges a grant of 500 acres. He\\nwas a magistrate for manj- years, and the island oppo-\\nsite bears a corrupted form of his name, Mackaj-.\\nThe Two Brothers and Clapboard Island lie near at\\nhand, while further east are seen the waters of the\\nAtlantic. Judge Goddard and Gen. Brown have sum-\\nmer residences in this neighborhood, which is one of\\nremarkable attractiveness. After the peace of 1698 a\\nfort was erected, and as a trading-post New Casco\\nbecame an important adjunct of Old Casco on the Neck\\n(Portland), where Fort Loyal had been built. In 1703\\nGov. Dudley met a delegation of 250 Indians .of five\\ntribes at New Casco. The chiefs were gaylj painted,\\nwell armed and had 65 canoes. They sung and danced,\\nand were loud in their assurances of friendship, but in a\\nfew weeks the whole eastern countrj was in a conflagra-\\ntion no house standing or garrison unattacked. But\\nfor the timely arrival of an armed vessel, this hamlet\\nwould have been blotted out by 500 French and Indians.\\nAfter the war the fort was, in 1716, demolished.\\nFreeport, in the eastern part of the county, and\\nlying between Cousin s River and Pi out s Gore, took its\\noriginal name, Harrasacket, from the river which runs\\nthrough it. The present name is said to have been given\\non account of the openness of its harbor. It was set-\\ntled as early as 1750, but was not incorporated till Feb.\\n14, 1789, being the 64th town. Freeport originallj-\\nbelonged to North Yarmouth. At the time of its incor-\\nporation it included Pownal. In 1808 a division took\\nplace and Pownal was set off. There are four villages\\nand five meeting-houses, 17 school districts and 34\\nschools several mills, brickyards and shipyards. Agri-\\ncultural occupations and shipbuilding have been its lead-\\ning industries.\\nThe first church of Freeport was formed Dec. 21,\\n1789, by ten members dismissed from the first church.\\nNorth Yarmouth. Rev. Alfred Johnson was ordained\\nthe following week. He was dismissed Sept. 11, 1805.\\nRev. Samuel Veazie ministered from Dec. 10, 1806, to\\nFeb. 6, 1809, when he died with consumption. He was\\nbut 30 years of age. The night before his decease the\\nhouse was found to be on fire, and he was carried out in\\nthe midst of one of the severest snow-storms known for\\nmany j ears. The exposure to that wintry gale hastened\\nhis death, which took place soon after reaching the resi-\\ndence of Mr. Bartol, his brother-in-law. Rev. Reuben\\nNason was pastor, 1810-15.* Rev. John S. C. Abbott,\\nthe historian, once preached hero. i\\nPopulation, 2,457.\\nRev. John Hemmenwa}- was born here in 1814, a son\\nof the somewhat noted Dr. Hemmenway, so long the j\\npastor at Wells. He is author of the Life of William\\nLadd, the Apostle of Peace, and of the Daily\\nRemembrancer.\\nGoRHAM is one of the oldest and most substantial\\ntowns in the count}-, 10 miles from Portland, on the line\\nof two railroads, the Rochester and the Ogdensburg.\\nIt was first called Narraganset No. 7, and afterwards\\nGorhamtown, in honor of Capt. John Gorham.\\nThe grantees were a part of the 840 Massachusetts\\nmen and heirs who bore arms in the Narraganset war, in\\n1675. In 1736 the forest-clearings were made b}- Capt.\\nJohn Phinnej of Pljmouth blood, who, with his boj\\nlanded in a canoe on the shores of the Presumpscot, and\\nchose Fort Hill for his home. Indians had their wigwams\\nnear by, but, for two years, this one white family lived\\nalone. The oldest daughter of this lonely pioneer aided in\\nthe transportation of provisions to and from Portland,\\nrowing a boat and carrying iJags of corn and meal around\\nthe falls. At their house the first town meeting was held\\nin 1741. It was voted to build a meeting-house, and to\\ncut a road through the wilderness to Saccarappa Mills.\\nSoon after thej- voted to spot a road to Black Point.\\nOn this old Indian camping-ground there were some\\nbloody engagements with the savages. April 19, 1746,\\nBryant, one of the first settlers, was killed in his field\\nfive children also, and his wife, were sold into captivit}-.\\nTwo men named Peale were also killed. The town was\\nsurveyed in 1762, and incorporated in 1764.\\nIn 1780 the New Lights appeared here, protesting\\nagainst Congregational taxation, ministerial education,\\nand other things. The Freewill Baptists, Methodists,\\nFriends and Shakers formed societies about this time.\\nRev. Reuben Nason cnme here, in ISIO, from Gorham Academy.\\nHe was an excellent Christian man, but had much of tho Btemncss cf\\nan English schoolmaster. He flogged with a Bible, if nothing cko v.na\\nhandy, and sometimes Come here, sir followed in close juxtaposi-\\ntion to the Amen of the morning prayer, when some young rogue had\\ndisturbed devotions.\\nYet he was kind, or if severe. In aught.\\nThe love he bore to learning was in fault.\\nHe was quick to appreciate or to answer a joke. The boys once put a\\ndonkey in his place at the recitation. Instead of becoming choleric, he\\nsimply told them that ho thought they had shown excellent taste in\\nselecting a competent instructor, a donkey to teach donkeys, and\\nretired. There was no more fun of that sort. Life of S. S. Prentiss,\\nScribner A Co,", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0520.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "The first log meeting-bouse was built when there were\\nonly 13 families in town. The first minister of Gorham\\nwas hired in 1743 for six months, at 70 shillings a week.\\nHis name was Benjamin Crocker, from Ipswich, and a\\ngraduate of Harvard. He was to preatch five or six\\nmonths to Come or Less time as may sute his con-\\nveniencj Dec. 2G, 1750, Rev. Solomon Lombard was\\nordained pastor of the church which had been organized\\nApril 4 of that year.* The present population of the\\ntown is 3,600. Hon. Hugh D. McLellan is the historian\\nof the place, f\\nGorham Academy was incorporated in 1803. In 1806\\nthe new building was dedicated, and Reuben Nason\\ninstalled principal. Thousands of scholars have been\\nhere instructed in literature, science and religion. Man}\\nhave become distinguished at the bar, in the pulpit, and\\nmedical profession in the State legislatures, and in the\\nCongress of the United States. After three-quarters of\\na centurj- s growth, the seminarj is now merged in a\\nState normal school.\\nThe scener} of Gorham is varied and commanding,\\ncspeciallj from the outlook of Fort Hill. Its geological\\nfeatures are interesting, and its water-privileges abun-\\ndant. The Presumpscot forms its line of division from\\nWindham. Dearth and freshet are not ki\\\\own. The\\nnatural advantages for improvement, and the nearness of\\nmarket make this river a mine of undeveloped wealth to\\nthe county and State.\\nHon. Stephen Longfellow, LL. D., was born in Gor-\\nham in 1776 a descendant of AVilliam, who came to\\nByfield a centur} before, and married Anne Sewall,\\nwho, on his death, married one Short, thus having both\\nLongfellows and Shorts among her children. This\\nStephen (for his father, grandfather and great-grandfather\\nwere Stephens) graduated at Harvard in 1798 prac-\\ntised law in Portland went to Congress in 1822, when\\nHenry Clay was speaker of the House was president of\\nthe Maine Historical Society in 1834, and held other\\nprominent positions. He died in 1849. His wife was\\nthe daughter of Gen. Peleg Wadsworth. Their eldest\\nsurviving son is the poet.\\nOur limits allow of reference to one onlj of Gorham\\nstudents, Hon. Sergeant S. Prentiss, born in 1808,\\nbrother of the well-known New York clergyman, Rev.\\nProf. George L. Prentiss. The latter has written a\\nThe ordination feast cost $120. Two gallons of brandy and four of\\nrum were among tlie items.\\nt It was the wife of one Hugh McLellan, who, when the savages\\nattacked the little settlement in the absence of the men, gathered the\\nwomen into the garrison, mounted the walls, and by pluck and powder\\nwon a brilliant victory over the Indians, who were thus held in check\\nby female prowess till their lords returned.\\nbiography of his distinguished brother, which is full of\\npleasant references to Gorham life 60 years ago. Though\\nalways lame. Sergeant Prentiss had a beautiful face, and\\nexhibited imperial talents early in his career. Though\\nborn in Portland, he loved Gorham with abiding affec-\\ntiou.\\nHakpswell is about 15 miles from Portland by water,\\nand 40 by land. It is a delightful summer resort. Its\\npopulation is 1,749. As earlj- as 1758, when incorpo-\\nrated, it was resorted to by the sick on account of its\\natmosphere. The promontory on which the town is built\\nwas called Merrj-coneag. Several islands surround it,\\nthe largest of which received the name Sebascodegan,\\nA canal a mile long would unite the waters of the Ken-\\nnebec at Bath with Casco Bay. Farming and fishing\\nemploy most of the people. Jan. 15, 1758, Harpswell\\nwas incorporated, the 13th town.\\nThe first preacher in town was Richard Pateshall, who\\ngraduated at Harv ard in 1735. In 1753 a church was\\nformed, and Rev. Elisha Eaton ordained, who remained\\ntill his death, in 1764. A son was next selected, Samuel\\nEaton, who also remained till his death, Nov. 5, 1822,\\nwhen 85 years of age.\\nMrs. Han-iet Beecher Stowe has spent many summer\\nmonths in this delightful retreat, and wrote The Pearl\\nof Orr s Island and other works, at a time when her\\nhusband, Rev. Dr. C. E. Stowe, was professor at Bruns-\\nwick. She says that the scenery of Harpswell is of\\nmore varied and singular beauty than can ordinarily be\\nfound on the shores of an} land whatever. At a distance\\nof about six or eight miles from Brunswick, the traveller\\ncrosses an arm of the sea, and comes upon the first of\\nthe interlacing group of islands which beautifies the\\nshore. A ride across this island is a constant succession\\nof pictures, whose wild and solitarj beauty entirely dis-\\ntances all power of description. The mngnificcnce of\\nthe evergreen forests, the rich intermingling ever and\\nanon of groves of birch, beech and oak, in picturesque\\nknots and tufts, as if set for effect by some skilful land-\\nscape-gardener, produce a sort of strange, dreamy\\nwonder; while the sea, breaking forth on the right\\nhand and the left of the road into the most romantic\\nglimpses, seems to flash and glitter like some strange gem\\nwhich every moment shows itself through the frame-work\\nof a new setting.\\nMr. Elwell says To the eastward of Harpswell\\nNeck lies Bailey s Island, one of the most beautiful in\\nthe ba} but seldom visited. In line \u00e2\u0096\u00a0with it northward\\ncomes Orr s Island, the scene of Mrs. Store s novel,\\nThe Pearl of On- s Island. These islands, indeed, are\\nrich in literary associations. Ragged Island, which lies", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0521.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nbroad off in the ba}-, midway between Bailej s Island\\nand Small Point Harbor, is supposed to be the Elm\\nIsland of Rev. Elijah Kellogg s stories. Whittier has\\npresen-od a legend of these isles, and tells in his ^^go^-\\nous verse the storj of The Dead Ship of Ilarpswell, a\\nspectre ship which comes driving in as an omen of death,\\nbut never reaches land\\nIn vain o er Harpswcll Neck the star\\nOf evening guides her in,\\nIn vain for her the lamps are lit\\nWithin thy tower, Segiiin\\nIn vain the harbor-boat shall hail,\\nIn vain the pilot call\\nNo hand shall reef her spectral sail,\\nOr let her anchor fall.\\nThe Southern slaveholder quoted under the head of\\nBrunswick, admits that he came hither with bitter preju-\\ndice towards Yankees, but praises the people he found\\nhere in 18 20. He says that Harpswell had 2,000 tons of\\nshipping and innumerable small craft. He visits its\\nenchanting scenery regularly, and receives every\\nattention from an active, intelligent people, who live in a\\nplain but independent manner. In fact, it is almost\\nimpossible for a man to be poor here at anj rate, no\\none can starve except he is too lazy to gather the\\nbounties Providence has sent to his door. Harpswell is\\nhigh, and the prospect on every side commanding. The\\nsoil is of clay and yellow loam, rich and Aigorous.\\nMany of the farms are in a state of high cultivation.\\nImmense quantities of the best fish are taken within a\\nstone s throw of the shores, even from their wharves.\\nHe commends the college and students of the neighbor-\\nhood refers to the destruction by fire of the largest col-\\nlege building in 1823, and adds a significant sentence,\\nsuggesting closer alliance with the North, for perhaps\\n1 half a centurj may not roll awaj ere our slaves ma}\\nnecessitate our looking to the North for protection, and\\nthat even Missouri, in blood, may lament her boasted\\nacquisition.\\nNew Gloucester, situated on the Grand Trunk and\\nMaine Central railroads, 22 miles from Portland\\npleasantly diversified in surface and scenery, and pre-\\nsents the appearance of social thrift and refinement.\\nThe population in 1870 was 1,496. Having long been a\\nhalf-shire town with Portland, it attained more importance\\nthan some others, and furnishes ample materials for the\\nhistorian.\\nOn March 27, 1736, the Massachusetts Court granted\\nthis territory, six miles square, to 60 citizens of Glouces-\\nter, Mass. There were to be 63 equal shares, one of\\nwhich was to be reserved for that indispensable adjunct\\nof a New England community, a learned Orthodox\\nminister, and another for the ministry, and a third for\\nsupport of schools. This grant was confirmed the fol-\\nlowing year in July. A saw-mill and 12 log-houses\\nwere at once built Jonas Mason being the first settler\\non what is now Harris Hill.\\nIn the autumn of 1742 the household efllects of the\\npioneer settlers were brought by a vessel from North\\nYarmouth, and poled up Roj al s River on rafts to\\nthe bridge, which had been erected in 1739. The\\nhostility of savages, as well as the obstacles of nature,\\nretarded the growth of the place. For some years it was\\nwholly abandoned, but, in 1753, a block-house was built,\\nof thick hewn timber closely fitted and dove-tailed, bullet-\\nproof, and furnished with two swivel-guns and 100\\npounds of powder and lead, and guarded night and day.\\nIt stood 100 rods south-west of the meeting-house, on\\nthe lower side of the road. For six years it was a\\nhome, a fort, a church. Its solid door of hewn oak pre-\\nvented ingress b} the lurking foe. Long slots in the\\nwall let in the light, and made port-holes for the gunners\\nwithin. A blazing fire on the hearth cooked their food,\\nand lighted their apartment by night. (Haskell s Cen-\\ntennial Address.)\\nThe ruined mills, bridges and cabins having been re-\\nbuilt, a n\u00c2\u00abw road was cut in 17.56 by Walnut Hill to\\nNorth Yarmouth. In 1758 a grist-mill was put up.\\nBefore this the com was often carried on the shoulders\\nin the morning, and the meal brought back the same\\nday, a distance of 24 miles. Two j-ears later a road\\nwas cut to Gray, then New Boston. Clearings were\\nmade and occupied. New bounties brought new settlers.\\nCol. Isaac Parsons of Gloucester, Mass., came in Juno,\\n1761, and came to staj li^^ng, and dying at the age of\\n85 years, Oct. 9, 1825, on the farm now occupied bj- his\\ngrandson, Peter Haskell. John Woodman, wife and\\nchild came the same year. The first meeting of pro-\\nprietors here was held in the old block-house, Nov. 22,\\n1763. Prior to this the business had been done at\\nGloucester, Mass.\\nThe year 1764 was made memorable by the erection of\\nthe school-house, the arrival of the schoolmaster and the\\nminister. The name of the latter was Samuel Foxcroft,\\nson of a Chauncy Street minister, Boston. His salary\\nwas \u00c2\u00a380, and boards, shingles and other materials suffi-\\ncient to make a house for his use. This building,\\nerected in 1765, is still occupied by his grandson, bear-\\ning the same name. The church was formed and the\\npastor ordained Jan. 16, 1765. Those who think that\\nour fathers never enjoyed themselves should recall the\\nmemorandum made by Parson Smith in reference to this\\nwintry warming of the old fort It was a jolly ordina-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0522.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "tion, and thej- lost sight of decorum. The fort Tvas\\nused as a church edifice till 1770. The canons of the\\nchurch had a significance in those daj s.\\nThe first meeting-house, a quaint edifice, stood till\\n1838, having a square tower on the south-west end, and\\na porch at the other. Twent3--six windows lighted it\\nwith their little 8 bj 10 panes galleries on three sides rose\\nto the level of the ej-es of the preacher, perched aloft\\nunder the threatening sounding-board the deacons sat\\nby the communion table, and the folks hard of hearing\\nsat fronting them the well-to-do yeomen enjoyed the\\nbroad aisle, and those of a darker hue, who came to\\ngive color to the occasion, were seated on the pulpit-end\\nof the galleries. Wardens watched for sleepers, and\\nstirred them up with their long poles. Holes in the floor\\nserved for spittoons, and seats were hung with hinges.\\nHow they banged their response to the welcome Amen\\nat the end of the long praj-er Queer enough, the muni-\\ncipal powder, Haskell says, was kept in small closets\\nwithin the sacred desk, probably because it was the driest\\nspot in town. Then those bass viols, flutes and fiddles\\nthat led the singers to the grand old tunes of long ago,\\nand the intentions of marriage that were cried aloud from\\nthe galleries three consecutive Sundaj-s, and the excit-\\ning scenes witnessed on election daj-s in that old meeting-\\nhouse, all clothed the place with ineffaceable associations.\\nThe Shakers own 1,000 acres in New Gloucester, and\\nprosecute their varied industries with laudable skill and\\nsteadfastness.\\nFrom 1792 to 1805, the courts alternated with Port-\\nland, sitting each winter at the court-house, near the\\npresent pound. The stocks and whipping-posts exerted\\ntheir salutary influence over the turbulent and recalcitrant\\nspirits. Sundays, town meeting and training daj-s fur-\\nnished subjects for discipline. In 1832 the first prohiln-\\ntion of liquor-selling was made, and, for a dozen years\\npast, not a single grog-shop has existed within its\\nborders. The town has no debt.\\nMaine s honored senator, William Pitt Fessendcn,\\nspent his boj-hood here. Hon. S. C. Fessendcn, his\\nbrother, member of the 37th Congress, 1860, was\\nborn here. Samuel, their father, began the practice of\\nlaw in this town. He died in Portland in 18G9, at the\\nage of 84, a few months before his son Pitt died.\\nThe mother of the Hon. W. W. Thomas, late ma3-or\\nof Portland, was born in New Gloucester, 1779. She\\nwas a daughter of Judge Widger} and married Elias\\nThomas in 1802, who died, 1872, over 100 years old.\\nShe was a lady of great benevolence and public spirit,\\nand lived 82 years.\\nScAKBOEOUGii was first settled about 1630 by one\\nStratton, whose name has long been given to two islands\\nnear the town. Black Point was granted in 1G81 bj- the\\ncouncil of Plj-mouth to Thomas Cammock, and became\\nan important place in fisheries and trade.\\nAnother settlement by the Algers from England was\\nmade at Dunstan s Corner, but was destroyed in the\\nIndian war of 1C75. In 1671 Jossel^-n sajs that there\\nwere 50 dwelling-houses, a magazine and corn-mill,\\nwith cattle and horses near upon 700.\\nThe population was 2,235 in 1791, much larger than at\\npresent. The Indian name, Ow.ascoag, signified much\\ngrass. At its incorporation, May, 1658, it took the\\nname of old Scarborough of England. The next year\\nJohn Libbj- came from Kent Count} He died in 1632,\\nthe ancestor of a large familj-. The jear 1675 is remem-\\nbered for an attack sufl ered from the Indians.\\nThe date of the settlement after the evacuation of 1690\\nis not certain. About 1703, after peace had been made,\\na part}- of seven in a sloop came from Ljnn, and, for a\\n_year, were the onl} inhabitants. In August, 1703, that\\nlittle handful held the fort for daj-s against 500\\nFrench and Indians under Bcaubarin. The foe first,\\nunder a flag of truce, demanded surrender. Capt.\\nJohn Larrabee threatened to shoot the first one who\\nmentioned that word. The attempt to undermine the\\nbuilding was foiled, as at Thomaston, by a heavy rain\\nwhich continued two days, and caused the soil to yield,\\nand fill up the excavation. The enemy retired, leaving\\nthe gallant defenders unharmed.\\nNo town government was organized till March, 1720.\\nThe guerilla warfare carried on for 11 years during\\nQueen Anne s war prevented anj growth of population.\\nRichard Hunniwell, the Indian-killer, as he was called,\\nwas specially dreaded by the savages. They had killed\\nhis wife and cliild. His revenge was terrible. At one\\ntime surprised, while mowing, bj- an Indian, he cut oflT\\nhis head with the scythe, and, putting it on a pole,\\ninvited the remainder of the red man s partj- to share the\\nsame fate. Another band entering a house on Plummer s\\nNeck, Charles Pine, secreted, fired, and killed the two\\nforemost with the same bullet. The survivors fled. One\\nJames Libby, on horseback, was once chased by an Ind-\\nian on foot, and so nearly captured that the latter had\\nreached his side and was about to pull him down. Two\\narmed comrades appearing, the Indian sprang back into\\nthe woods.\\nThe sight of Libhy, with his eyes almost bnrstin;; from their sock-\\nets, his body thrust forward on the horse s neclc, and his legs far in ad-\\nvance of the animal, so convulsed his brother and comrade, that neither\\ncould steady their muskets to fire at the Indian. Libby was never again\\nheard to boast of the speed of his favorite mare.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0523.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nAfter the peace of 1749 a dozen saw-mills found ample\\ncmploj-ment, and prosperity again returfaed. Scar-\\nliorough was prompt in responding to the call of the\\nContinental Congress, and sent 50 men to Cambridge\\nafter the battle of Lexington. Manj- also engaged in\\nthe expedition to Castine, in 1779.\\nScottow s Hill is still remembered as the place where\\nthe beacon and signal fires telegraphed danger to the\\nneighborhood in olden times.\\nThe first preacher of tlic Second Parish, organized in\\n1734, was Richard Elvin, a baker by trade, from Salem\\nconverted under Whitefield, and, though not trained in the\\nseliools, an ardent, devoted and useful minister. He\\nusually preached without notes, wliich was not a common\\nthing in those days. He remained 32 years, till his\\ndeath.\\nRev. Robert Jordan of Spurwink (Scarborough) 1G59,\\nis referred to as one whose intelligence and decision sup-\\npressed the first attempt of the ^llany of witchcraft in\\nMaine. (See N. E. Hist, and Gen. Register, vol. xiii.,\\n1859, pp. 193-6.) Parson Burroughs of old Falmouth\\nwas executed, but in Salem, 1G92, not in Maine.\\nRufus King, and bis half-brother William, first governor\\nof Maine, were born here. The foiTner, says Willis,\\nwas a consummate orator and statesman. None of\\nGreek or Roman fame surpassed him. William, the\\nSultan of Bath, belonged to the first order of energetic\\nintellect. He was at the head of the Democracy of\\nMaine, with the skill of Talleyrand, but with much more\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\irtue. While Rufus enjo3-ed the classic culture of\\nCambridge, William tended a saw-mill, and learned the\\nart of log-rolling. He acquired a fortune as a merchant,\\nand as a politician he was second to none in his partj in\\nMaine. Instrumental largely in bringing about the sepa-\\nration of Maine from Massachusetts, he became very\\npopular, and was elected with an immense majority the\\nfirst governor.\\nAmong other distinguished citizens were J. Wingate\\nThornton, the historian, and Seth Storer, prominent as a\\npolitician, who represented the town in various capaci-\\nties, and his district in the State Senate, and who was\\nregarded by all parties as God s noblest work, an honest\\nman.\\nWindham was at first known as New Marblehcad.\\nThe grant was made December, 1 734, to Abraham How-\\nard, Joseph Blaney, and 58 other citizens of Marble-\\nhead, Mass. The name Windham was given in 1762\\nfrom a town in the county of Norfolk, Eng. Capt.\\nThomas Chute felled the first trees and built of logs the\\nfirst dwelling in 1737 on the banks of the Presumpscot.\\nThe same year the site of the meeting-house was se-\\nlected, though its building was delayed till 1740. The\\nfirst settlers met with hardships in their new home, but\\nthey were not strangers to toil. Old Marblehead was\\nfar from being a paradise. When Whitefield first\\nsaw that rough, rocky, and verdureless place, late in\\nautumn, he exclaimed, Praj where do they bury their\\ndead Though Windham has rock enough, it has also\\na loamy and fruitful soil, with other excellent natural\\nadvantages, which have been but partly developed.\\nA substantial fort was erected in 1 744. For six years\\nthe harassed colonists dwelt within its walls and escaped\\ndeath from the savages, though one was wounded and\\nfour taken prisoners. Parson Smith s journal gives a\\ngraphic description of these tr3 ing times. Ever3-thing\\nis dark and distressing. God is weakening us exceed-\\ningly and grievously thinning our small numbers in this\\ncountrj-.\\nFrom 1751 to 1754, there was a brief interval of peace\\nand consequent growth, but in Februarj-, 17oG, Joseph\\nKnights was captured. He afterwards escaped. On\\nIMay 14 following, Poland, king of the Rockomeca tribe\\nkilled and scalped Ezra Brown and soverelj wounded\\nEphraim Winship. Two men and two bojs, Anderson,\\nManchester, Cloudman and Winship pursued the foe,\\nshot the king and two of his men. Others from\\nthe fort captured and killed another Indian laden with\\nbooty. This was the last notable encounter, and until\\nthe war of the Revolution prosperity was enjoyed.\\nSeventy-one sensed in the war, and $2,280 in silver\\nwere paid by the town for its prosecution.\\nThe first church was organized Dec. 14, 1743, and\\nJohn Wight ordained at that time. The next pastor\\nwas Peter Thatcher Smith. At his ordination, Sept. 22,\\n1702, there were onlj^ 39 families in town. He remained\\ntill Sept. 20, 1790, and died here, 1826, aged 96 years.\\nHis father was 93 at his death in 1795.\\nAlthough chieflj agricultural, the place has marked\\nfacilities for manufactures, as its ponds and rivers afford\\nthe best mill-privileges.\\nAmong the mechanical activities of the place are the\\nSouth Windham Oriental Powder Company the North\\nWindham Company, cooperage boot and shoe manu-\\nfactories, tannery works, factories for carriages and\\nagricultural implements, staves, shocks and lumber.\\nThe population is 2,428.\\nMrs. Abb} Goold Woolson, daughter of Hon. William\\nGoold, was born in Windham. She is favorablj- known\\nas an author and lecturer. Mr. G., now in his 72nd\\nj-ear, has pubhshed valuable historical works.\\nWestbrook was taken from old Falmouth and incor-\\nporated Feb. 14, 1814. It took the name of Stroud-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0524.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a2water. In 1815 its name was changed to Westbrook in\\nhonor of Col. Thomas Westbrook. It was one of the\\nwealthiest towns in Maine until the portion nearest\\nPortland was set oflf as Deering, Feb. 16, 1871. Sac-\\ncarappa* and Cumberland Mills are two flourishing\\ntillages.\\nGeorge Munjoyf settled here about 230 years ago.\\nHis wife was Mary, the only daughter of John Phillips\\nof Boston, who was the purchaser of the district east of\\nClay Cove in 1659, the year after the Province came\\nunder Massachusetts. This Boston merchant was a\\ndeacon in the North Church, and died in 1683. Though\\nhe did not reside in Saccarappa, he, with his son-in-law,\\nearned on a large business in lumber.\\nSaccarappa was long celebrated for its manufacture of\\nlumber, which was begun in 1729, by Benj. Ingersol and\\nothers. The lumber was largelj exported to the West\\nIndies. Latterly the village has set up the spindle and\\nloom, and introduced the flour-miU, wire works, and other\\ngainful industries. In 1748 the only mill between Saco\\nand North Yarmouth was here, and the miller, one\\nConant, ground 1 ,000 bushels of corn during the winter,\\nwhich was one of great severity. Westbrook has eleven\\nwater-powers, two at Saccarappa of 12 and 19 feet, and\\nat Cumberland Mills a 20-feet fall containing 14 mill-\\npowers, or 2,013 horse power. The width of the stream\\nis 176 feet, and the reservou-s available to these powers\\nhave an approximate area of 90 square miles.\\nCumberland Mills, once an Indian planting-ground\\ncalled Ammon-Congin, later known as Munjoy s Mile\\nSquare, was bought of two sagamores, June 4, 1666.\\nIt is the site of extensive paper manufactories, giving\\nemployment at times to 300 workmen.\\nThe town of Westbrook has not neglected her schools.\\nAt the time of its division it was pajing the highest\\nwages for teachers of any town in the county outside\\nPortland, and had school property to tlie amount of\\n$43,150. Among the natives and residents are several\\nnoted men and women.\\nThe second church (Cong.) at Westbrook, the first\\nbeing in Deering, is in the village of Saccarappa. It\\nwas organized Jan. 17, 1832. There is also a flourishing\\nMethodist church at Saccarappa.\\nPaul Akers, the sculptor, was bom here in 1825, and\\ndied in PhUadelphia in 1861.\\nThe name of the former was originally written Sacarlbigg, an Indian\\nword, said to signify towards simrising.\\nt Munjoy is a name given to the fine hill which forms the easterly\\nportion of the city of Portland.\\nX Its first lawyer was Simon Grecnlcaf, who will be remembered as\\namong the first American jurists.\\nEev. Prof. Henry B. Smith and Miss Annie Louise\\nCary spent their earlj life here.\\nFabius M. Raj-, Esq., a graduate of Bowdoin, 1861,\\nwho studied afterwards at Heidelberg, a lawyer of ability\\nand author of two voliunes of poems and many other\\nliterary productions, has for some years been a resident\\nof this place.\\nYarmouth, situated on Casco Bay, 11 miles from\\nPortland, until a comparatively recent date, 1849, formed\\na part of North Yarmouth. The two villages are the\\nCorner and the Falls. Shipbuilding and navigation\\nhave occupied the attention of its people in former days,\\nbut latterlj the abundant water-powers furnished by\\nRoyal s River have been utilized bj manufacturers. A\\ncompany named after this stream make cotton-warp and\\nseamless bags. The Forest Paper Company manufac-\\nture wood-pulp paper. There are earthenware and corn-\\ncanning establishments, machine-shops and a foundry.\\nYarmouth has literary advantages as well as natural\\nand mechanical. In 1870 it reported the highest rate of\\nwages paid male teachers of any town in the county ex-\\ncept Westbrook, and by far the largest in private tuition.\\nNorth Yarmouth Academy is a well-known institution\\nwith 85 students. The high school has 80 scholars.\\nNew buildings are going up, and several fine vessels\\nhave been recently launched.\\nThe Central Church was organized April 27, 1859.\\nMr. Frank T. Sanborn was recently ordained and in-\\nstalled pastor.\\nPopulation, 1,872.\\nThe remaining towns of Cumberland County are\\nBaldwin, a manufacturing place of 1,100 inhabitants,\\nlocated on Lake Sebago incorporated, June 23, 1802,\\nand possessing at Great Falls on the Saco a magnificent\\nwater-power Casco, incoporated in 1841 population,\\n1 ,000 Cumberland, 10 miles north from Portland, partly\\non Casco Bay population, 1,626 incoporated in 1821\\nthe seat of the Greeley Institute, and the native town\\nof numerous ministers, missionaries, authors and teach-\\ners: Geay,| incoiporated in 1778, containing 1,738 in-\\nhabitants Harrison, named in honor of Harrison Gray\\nOtis of Boston; population, 1,200; incorporated in\\n1805 Naples, a lumbering and farming town, incorpo-\\nrated in 1834, and containing 1,060 inhabitants: North\\nYarmouth, settled prior to 1640 incorporated in 1680,\\nRev. Ammi R. Cutter, author of a dictionary of the Indian lan-\\nguage, was the first pastor here. Rev. Rufus Anderson, D. D., the\\neminent missionary author, and officer of the American Board for over\\nhalf a century; Hon. Eilward Russell, secretary of State in 1829-30;\\nWilliam Cutter, poet, editor and author; and the Boston millionaire,\\nPeter C. Brooks, were born m this town.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0525.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nand containing a population of 950 Otisfield,* a town\\nof 1,100 inhabitants, incorporated in 1798:Pownal,\\npopulation, 1,000; incorporated in 1808: Eaymond, in-\\ncorporated in 1803, and containing 1,120 inhabitants:\\nSebago, producing pine lumber, made a town in 182G\\npresent population, 800 and Standish, which includes\\na good part of Lake Sebago. The latter town was\\nincorporated in 1 785, and named in honor of Miles Stand-\\nish. The population is 2,090.\\nFRAN^KLIN COUNTY,\\nBY REV. J. S. SWIFT.\\nFranklin County, having been cut off from facilities\\nfor the introduction of manufacturing interests be^ ond\\nthe suppl3^ of its local demands, affords, perhaps, the best\\npossible illustration that can be found in New England\\nof the relative profits of exclusively agricultural invest-\\nments in a region distant from large markets, and owing\\nnone of its prosperity or wealth to commerce, manufac-\\nturing or lumbering operations. This feature of historic\\ninterest is strictly in accordance with fact as regards 1 7\\ntownships, composing the Sandy River Valley, the\\nsoutherl3 half of the countj and the portion containing\\nmuch the larger part of its population.\\nThe Saddleback and Abraham range of mountains\\nstretches across the county, dividing it into two nearlj\\nequal portions, separating the Sandy River Valley on the\\nsouth from the Dead River and Androscoggin valle3 s on\\nthe north. The two first-named valleys are lateral\\nbranches of the more extensive Kennebec Vallej-. The\\nwatershed on the west leaves the town of Weld, and\\nparts of Carthage and Jay in the Androscoggin Valley\\nAnother remarkable and interesting feature is the\\nalmost unprecedented combination within one little\\nsaucer-shaped vallej containing barely an extent of\\na radius of 10 miles from the natural centre, the town of\\nFarmington, -the scenery embracing the grand and bold\\nfeatures of great continental ranges of mountains, and\\nthe distinctive geological features and botanical exuber-\\nance which usually require extensive countries for their\\nsuccessful study.\\nThe Sand} River Vallej is surrounded by hills and\\nmountains on three sides, forming a magnificent amphi-\\ntheatre, through the centre of which meanders the river,\\nskirted with deep, rich intervals, backed sometimes by\\nfertile plains of sand, and sometimes without the inter-\\nNiuncd for Harrison Gray Otis, one of the original proprietors.\\nvening plains, rising in romantic undulations up to the\\nsurrounding watershed, often shooting up summits\\nabove the lower strata of clouds. The scenery is bold\\nand striking, and elicits the admiration of tourists. The\\nbeautiful river, fed by innumerable mountain torrents\\nthrough its whole course, here, rushing with foaming\\nrapidity over pavements of granite bowlders, and there,\\nentering deep channels, and losing the momentum of its\\nflood in winding pools, often bearing the traditional\\nname of salmon holes, the banks fringed with elms,\\ntowering over the varied foliage of mingled varieties of\\nthe forest trees of northern regions, or shading the inter-\\nval lawns extending to the river s brink, while in the\\nbackground distance mellows the tinted haze on the\\ncloud-piercing hills, present landscapes which have\\nexcited the attention of many successful artists, and\\nwhich can never be forgotten by the tourist. Nor is the\\nscenery less striking or attractive in the region north of\\nthe Saddleback range. Looking down from the dividing\\nsummits towards the north, the broad and beautiful\\nvalley of the Umbagog or Rangely Lakes, partly in\\nOxford and partly in Franklin, as also the valley of\\nthe Dead River, another tributary of the Kennebec, pre-\\nsent a magnificent and varied foreground. Three or four\\nof the townships are largely cleared, and show rich and\\nbeautiful farms, with abundant buildings of the most\\npopular style of rural architecture. The settled town-\\nships are around and among the famous cluster of lakes\\nwhich have become noted within a few years for their\\nnumber, beauty, and the abundance of the largest trout\\nwith which thej abound, and which attract, as a sum-\\nmer residence, great numbers of the wealthy and busi-\\nness inhabitants of such cities as Boston and New\\nYork. Beyond these settled townships, the eye wanders\\nover a broad range of forest, unbroken except by inter-\\nspersing lakes, till the hazy horizon of the Canadian", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0526.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "boundaiy highlands terminates the background of the\\nlandscape.\\nIndian History. The villages or homes of the\\naborigines of Maine were almost exclusively confined to\\nthe vicinity of the ebbing and flowing tide, where, when\\nother food failed, thej^ could resort to the clam, the qua-\\nhaug and the oj-ster, and where embankments of half-\\ncharred shells still show that Indian homes must have\\nbeen maintained for a great number of generations-\\nDuring the milder portion of the j ear, the whole interior\\nof Maine was their hunting and fishing ground. One of\\nthe very few exceptions to the rule of location we have\\nassumed, existed in the case of the Sandy River Valley)\\nwhere the skirting banks of rich interval and warm sand\\ninvited more than their usual attention to their rude agri-\\nculture, while, at the same time, the facilities were\\npeculiarlj- favorable for taking salmon and alewives. The\\nNorridgewocks, a considerable tribe, established their\\npermanent home on the Sandy River. Their principal\\nvillage was near where the river falls into the Kennebec.\\nHigher up the river, a considerable village, and perhaps\\none or two smaller ones, were located in what is now\\nFranklin County. The principal of these was at Farm-\\nington Falls, where the river, crossed hy a jagged mass\\nof primitive rock, made it a famous place even for years\\nafter the region was settled by the whites, for taking\\nsalmon and alewives. Another favorite location was at\\nthe rapid, or fall, at Chesterville Centre, on the Little\\nNorridgewock. When settlers first explored the region\\nin 1776, thej found remains of palisades, erected by the\\nIndians for protection, and including some three acres\\nwhere the Falls village now stands. The enclosure\\nincluded an Indian burying-ground, where bones, wam-\\npum and other Indian relics are often dug up. The\\nFrench from Canada earlj gained the confidence of the\\nNorridgewocks, and converted them to the Catholic\\nfaith, and they remained under French influence, and\\nparticularly of a French priest who lived among them, till\\nit became necessary for the New England colonists to\\ndestroy their village and church at the mouth of the\\nriver. The remains of the half-exterminated tribe joined\\notlier tribes, occasionally visiting their old hunting and\\nfishing grounds, though a verj few straggling families seem\\nto have made difl^erent points in Franklin their homes for\\nyears after, cultivating with more or less intimacy an inter-\\ncourse with the hunters and trappers who found their way\\ninto the forest region as early, perhaps, as 15 j-ears\\nbefore its exploration with a view of settlement. The\\nfirst settlers found the camp of one of these straggling\\nIndians on the Sandy River, by the name of Pierpole. He\\nappears to have been on friendl}- terms with the whites,\\nassisting them with valuable local information, but not\\nreceiving all the sympathy desirable from his selfish\\nneighbors, and, being a persistent Catholic, he at length\\nbecame discontented, and migrated with his family,\\ncarrying the body of a dead child through the woods to\\nCanada.\\nFirst Settlement. Previous to 1776, nothing was\\nknown to the inhabitants near the coast of Maine in\\nregard to the whole interior region including what is now\\nFranklin County, excepting through confused and indefi-\\nnite statements of Indians and hunters. The fame, how-\\never, of the Great Interval had created so great a de-\\ngree of interest as to induce in that year five enterprising\\nj-oung men, living in Topsham, to undertake an explora-\\ntion of the region with a view of settlement. Thej were\\npiloted by a hunter by the name of Wilson, and voyaged\\nas far as Hallowell, then containing three or four houses\\nand some fish stores. Proceeding in a north-westerl}\\ndirection, among straggling settlers, some eight or ten\\nmiles to the last clearing, they entered the trackless\\nforest, travelling in a west-north-west course by a com-\\npass. They struck the Sandy River in New Sharon,\\nsome five miles east of the Great Interval, crossed the\\nstream, and travelled up its northern bank, passing\\nopenings where the Indians had once had their corn-\\nfields, and arrived at the interval tract of which they\\nwere in search. In the centre of this they selected lots\\nfor their future homes, measuring them off with strings of\\nbark, which they stripped from a bass-wood tree. The\\nadventurers who formed the part} were Stephen Tit-\\ncomb, Robert Gower, James Henrj-, Robert Alexander\\nand James Macdonnel. After exploring the forest further\\nup the river, thej^ hastened home, and made preparations\\nfor returning and felling trees. Arriving again at the\\nSandy River with their axes, they began the work of\\nclearing the land for the new settlement.\\nThough this company commenced operations on their\\nlots as early as 1776, no family moved into the place till\\n1781. Mr. Titcomb and his associate settlers during the\\nintervening years continued to increase their clearings,\\nprepare for securing hay to winter stock, and build log-\\ncabins, and were joined bj others, who made similar\\npreparations. Mr. Titcomb intended to become the first\\nsettler with a famil} in the place, and, having put every-\\nthing in readiness, he started with his household in the\\nautumn of 1780, but was blocked up and stopped by the\\nsnow at the last house on the route, which was situated\\nin Readfield. When spring opened, he left his family\\nwhere they had been compelled to winter, and went to\\nhis clearing and put in his crop when, on returning for\\nhis family, he met Joseph Brown and Nathaniel Davis", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0527.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\non the way with their families. When the pioneers\\nalluded to had brought, with their families, the com-\\nmencement of social attractions into the lone wilderness,\\nand others, at different places on the intervals, up and\\ndown the river, had made little openings preparatory to\\nfollowing with other families, the Sandy River region\\nbegan to be a topic of conversation, and many of the\\nmost intelligent and enterprising of the young men were\\nwinnowed out of the flourishing agricultural towns along\\nthe sea-coast of Maine, from southern New Hampshire,\\neastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut,\\nto plant skill, taste, culture and pietj in a new and\\nattractive location. Within three or four j ears the\\nsmoke, rising thickly from little openings in the dark\\nforest, proved that industry was making rapid conquest,\\nand that a happy community was beginning to develop\\nthe privileges of social, intellectual and religious inter-\\ncourse. Among those who removed their families into\\nFarmington in 1781, Mr. Titcomb was from Topsham,\\nMe., his wife from Rhode Island; Brown and Davis\\nwere from Winthrop and others who soon followed\\nwere from Topsham, Harpswell, Nobleborough, Dama-\\nriscotta, and from different towns in eastern Massachu-\\nsetts. A large number of the most enterprising pioneers\\nof Franklin were from Martha s Vine3-ard. When Tit-\\ncomb, Brown and Davis removed their families, the\\nnearest grist-mill was at Winthrop, to reach which the\\nI Sand} River settlers were obliged to follow spotted lines,\\noften with hand-sleds, through the woods. Some years\\nelapsed before all the difficulties were overcome which\\nprevented the permanent success of a grist-mill, the\\nI first being built on Davis s Mill-Stream, now the Temple\\nMill-Stream, near the centre of Farmington. The com-\\nj bined enterprise of the settlers put a saw-mill in success-\\nful operation in the autumn of the first j-ear that families\\nwintered in Farmington.\\nRevolutionarj soldiers, retiring from the armj at the\\nclose of their enlistments, and others, soon after dis-\\ncharged from the service by the peace which followed,\\nduring a few years that followed our last dates, furnished\\nlarge numbers of the truest and best of men to Farming-\\nton, Chester\\\\ ille, New Sharon, and sui-rounding towns,\\nand the decade which intervened between 1781 and 1791\\nwitnessed a surprising development of numerical in-\\ncrease, as well as of material prosperity within the limits\\nembraced in our present historical sketch. In 1781,\\nEnoch Craig, a Revolutionarj- soldier, born in Massachu-\\nsetts, and several others from Hallowcll and Augusta,\\ncommenced clearing farms. Craig was the founder of\\none of the most substantial and enterprising famihes of\\nFranklin, but he was not married till 1789, when he and\\nDorothy Starling, of one of the leading pioneer families,\\nwere obUged to make a journey to Ilallowell before they\\ncould be legall} united. Solomon Adams, from Chelms-\\nford, Mass., a Revolutionarj- soldier, commenced clearing\\none of the Adams fai-ms in 1781 Nathaniel Blodgett\\ncommenced in 1780; Samuel and Joseph Butterfield in\\nthe same j ear, and Peter Corbett removed from Milford,\\nMass., in 1782. Francis Tufts, who built the first mills\\nat Farmington Falls, removed his family in 1783. For\\nseveral years all the lots selected, except a few in Ches-\\nterville, were on the interval tracts which skirt the\\nSandy River, but within three or four years the most\\nenticing locations on the intervals were taken up, and\\nlots on the undulating uplands were commenced upon to\\nso gi eat an extent as to scatter the rapidly increasing\\npopulation over wider regions.\\nIn Chesterville, Abraham Wj man settled as early as\\n1782, and Dummer Sewall, 2d, and Samuel Linscott had\\ncommenced clearing as earlj- as 1783. Rev. Jotham\\nSewall and Elder Edward Locke settled in Chesterville\\nsoon after. As early as 1784, Joshua Soule and Perkins\\nAllen had established themselves in Avon, and were\\nsoon after followed bj Moses Dudley, Ebenezer Thomp-\\nson, Mark Whitten, T. Humphrej T. Dwelley, and\\nSamuel and Jeremiah Ingham. In 1784, WiUiam Reed\\nfrom Nobleborough, accompanied bj- Edward Flint, John\\nDaj-, Joseph Humphi-ey, Jacob Sawyer, WiUiam His-\\ncock, and others, settled in Strong. In 1791, Daniel\\nCollins and Abner Norton removed their families into j\\nNew Vinej ard, and were immediately followed bj quite\\na colony of people, most of them from Martha s Vine-\\nyard, Mass. Prince Baker, from Pembroke, Mass.,\\nremoved to New Sharon in 1782. He was early followed\\nby Nathaniel Tibbitts, Benjamin Chambers, Benjamin\\nRollins, James Howes and Samuel Preseott, 1st. Mills\\nwere built in Wilton as early as 1791, and among the j\\nsettlers are enumerated Isaac Brown, William Walicer,\\nAmmial Clough, Joseph Webster, Silas Gould, Ebenezer\\nEaton, Josiah Perham, Ebenezer Brown, Joshua Perlcy\\nand Josiah Blake. Phillips was settled as early as 1790. j\\nPerkins Allen, Seth Greely and son, Jonathan Pratt, j\\nUriah and Joseph Howard, and Isaac Davenport were\\namong the first settlers.\\nThus it appears, that within the first ten years from\\nthe wintering of the first families in Farmington, the\\nSandy River Vallej^, through most of its extent, had\\nbecome the seat of a flourishing community. At great\\nexpense of labor it had become supplied with mills, roads\\nand bridges, rendering the region a desirable location for\\nthe rapidly increasing population. At the end of our\\nfirst decade Farmington alone contained 85 families.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0528.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "MAINE.\\nAgriculture. Wc are quite positive tliere is no spot\\nin New England whei-e facts present a test so perfect of\\ntlie relative profits of agricultural industr3^ Through\\nthe whole count} not one of the pioneer settlers can be\\nnamed who brought wealth with him, or through inherit-\\nance received it afterwards. For three-fourths of a\\ncentury, separated by long and hilly roads from any\\nnavigable waters, no commercial enterprise was practi-\\ncable beyond supplying an agricultural population with\\narticles of necessity, and the marketing of agricultural\\nproducts. The cost of transportation kept the invest-\\nment of capital, owned elsewhere, out of every branch\\nof manufacturing industry here. Fishing, mining, ship-\\nbuilding, lumbering, c., upon which other counties\\nhave partially depended, and from which, with com-\\nmerce, thej have derived much of their surplus capital,\\nhave added nothing to ours. Wc are speaking of the\\nSandy River Valley, not the region communicating with\\nthe Androscoggin north of the Saddleback range of\\nmountains. A comparatively small amount of ship-\\ntimber, and a little pine and hard-wood lumber, have\\nbeen carried out of the county for a market since the\\nrailroad has been in operation but it is presumed that\\nmore money has been paid for pine lumber brought from\\nthe Kennebec, and for lumber used in cabinet and car-\\nriage making, machine-work, c., for the supply of our\\ndomestic wants, than has ever been added to our cap-\\nital for all the produce of our forests earned to an\\noutside market. The fact we wish to impress is this\\nthat the whole aggregate of the capital now invested in\\nfarms, mills, roads, bridges, houses, churches, cattle,\\nhorses and sheep, together with the large estates which\\nhave been accumulated here and carried out of the\\ncounty, or invested in stocks in other regions, and the\\namount carried West b} an unbroken tide of emigration,\\nhas been dug out of the soil of Franklin in less than a\\ncentury. Some incidental considerations essential to the\\nlessons of our history must be alluded to in connection\\nwith the question, What has agricultural industry, unas-\\nsisted by an3^ other enterprise or investment, done for a\\ncommunity of 17 towns in the interior of Maine? It\\nhas, for nearly a century, supported, in comparative afflu-\\nence, an average population of some 20,000. The fami-\\nlies composing our population have always been high\\nlivers. All dairy products have been used in almost\\nevery family in what would be, in cities, called reckless\\nextravagance. For more than half the period eggs were\\nnot worth carrying out of the county, and, with poultry,\\nwere lavishly used in every family. Veal and lamb,\\nbeef and pork have been used with an extravagance\\nwhich would appal a city population, or a community of\\nmanufacturers or mechanics. And what community\\ndepending on other business ever had the luxury of such\\nfires on a hearth around which to spend a winter s even-\\ning, as our exhaustless supplies of the best fuel have\\nfurnished? No city or manufactm ing community of\\nthe same proportional population, ever consumed an\\namount of fruit half equal to that on which the rural\\npopulation of Franklin have luxuriated. And what\\nbusiness ever, or anywhere, clothed a community of\\n20,000 up to the average point of as respectable or com-\\nfortable a standard? And again, what city community\\never had the rent of an average of as roomy and com-\\nfortable dwellings? Thus our history illustrates and\\nrecords an unimpeachable answer to the question, Does\\nfarming pay\\nUp to the time when railroad communication was estab-\\nlished with an outside market, the people of Franklin\\nencountered peculiar disadvantages which gave a special\\ndirection to their agricultural investments. In conse-\\nquence of the distance of a produce market, little of the\\nmonej^ brought into the county or value rendered for im-\\nported goods was exchanged for heavj^ articles of produce.\\nThe wealth and prosperity to which Franklin has attained\\nas an agricultural communitj is traceable to the fact that\\nits people were compelled to regard the territory as a\\ngrazing region. And just in proportion as grazing, that\\nis, stock growing, was made a specialty, their prog-\\nress and prosperity have been conspicuous. The writer\\nknows of no instance where a FrankKn farmer has kept\\nout of speculation and experiment, and made a specialty\\nof grazing through a series of j-ears, who has not become\\npecuniarily independent.\\nA railroad was opened to Farmington in 1859, bring-\\nthe Sand} River Valley into convenient market proximitj-\\nto Portland removing all obstacles to the development of\\nits natural resources. Movements are now in operation\\nfor extending that communication to Phillips. But thus\\nfar the railroad has not wrought, nor will it ever become\\nlikely to work anj essential change in the direction of\\ndomestic industrj Franklin will continue to be a graz-\\ning region, and cultivated crops will continue to sustain\\na subordinate relation to the more profitable investments\\nof producing and using grass and hay. Both soil and\\nclimate are particularlj- adapted to the production of corn\\nand wheat, and oats on the intervals not unfrequentlj*\\nproduce from 75 to 90 bushels to the acre. These crops\\nare raised quite largelj-. A large business is done in\\ncanning sweet-corn, and farmers find it profitable to sell\\nto the canning establishments from $50 to $150 worth of\\ngreen ears each autumn. The apple crop has been one of\\nthe incidental investments which has proved a successful", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0529.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nauxiliary in increasing tlie capital of our farmers. Noble\\norchards were earlj planted all over the count} not from\\nanj anticipated niarlict for their produce, but for domes-\\ntic use of the fruit, and the manufacture, for home use,\\nof what was once the popular beverage of New England\\ncider. These orchards passed their prime and be-\\ncame somewhat wasted bj decay before railroad commu-\\nnication gave market value to the fruit but as cider\\nwent out of use, and an extensive market opened for\\ndried apples, domestic industry turned the fruit crop to\\nwith tall spire, erected for public worship before the\\ngrowing influence of various denominations divided the\\nCongregational strength of New England and led to the\\nerection of great numbers of smaller and convenient\\nhouses. The old Farmington meeting-house had ceased\\nto be used on ordinary occasions, and while the ground-\\nfloor was retained for a town house, the gallery was\\nturned over to the county, and the re-arrangement and\\nremodelling of its roomy space makes it, in every respect,\\none of the best rooms for court purposes in the State.\\nMANSION, V1.1\\nprofitable account, and sometimes from two to three\\nhundred dollars a j-ear has been added to the capital of\\nof each of the families who have appropriated their sur-\\nplus time to apple drj-ing. It is thought that within\\nabout 20 years, in some 15 towns in Franklin, not less\\nthan $50,000 has been invested in efforts to replenish\\nthe old orchards, nearly the whole of which has proved\\na total loss, as the trees sold bj- agents from the nur-\\nseries of New York have proved to be too tender for the\\nseverer winters of Maine.\\nThe public buildings and private dwellings of Frank-\\nlin are a noticeable feature, even in a brief description.\\nWlien the county was organized there was in Farming-\\nton, the shire town, one of those large wooden structures\\nLUE, FAnMIVCTON, MB,\\nThe first sermon preached in Franklin Count} was b}-\\nRev. Mr. Emerson, at the log-house of Stephen Titcomb,\\nabout 1783. The religious element was deeplj rooted in\\nthe minds of the select representatives of New England\\nthought and feeling, who brought a large share of what\\nthen existed of Puritan veneration, civilization and re-\\nfinement into the Sandj River Valley. Profound respect\\nfor religion was almost universal, and that respect, to an\\ninteresting extent, soon began to ripen in the develop-\\nment of its emotional power. As early as 1800, a\\nMethodist meeting-house was erected at Farmington\\nFalls. The meeting-house at the Centre, now the court-\\nhouse, was raised in 1803, and, within a few years after,\\nthe erection of other houses generally neat, substantial", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0530.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": "and well-finished structures, many of them with spires,\\nand several with bells commenced and was carried on\\nwitli generous liberalit} and perseverance in all parts of\\nthe countj In Farmington a brick meeting-house was\\nerected in the northerly part of the town, a union house\\nat the Falls, and subsequent!}-, at the Centre village, the\\nBaptists, Congregationalists, Free Baptists, Methodists,\\nUnitarians and Catholics each erected houses of worshijD\\nrepresenting the investment of a large amount of capi-\\ntal, and adding much to the attractions of that elegant\\nand flourishing village. The Methodists have just re-\\nplaced their first house at this village by a house eostiut;-\\nmore than $10,000. Some\\n20,000 inhabitants in the\\ncountj of Franklin are not\\nonly accommodated by the\\neight churches enumerated\\nin Farmington, but by two\\nhouses in Chester\\\\ille, two\\nin Weld, three in .Jay, four\\nin Wilton, three in Tem-\\nple, four in New Sharon,\\ntwo in Industry, three in\\nNew Vineyard, one in\\nFreeman, two in Strong,\\nthree in PhUlips, and per-\\nhaps others. This list pre-\\nsents an aggregate of a\\nmeeting-house to about 555\\ninhabitants. The average\\nvalue of these 37 houses\\nis, probably, not less than\\n84,000 each, or $148,000.\\nMost of the villages of\\nFranklin have commodious scenery at apboii i \\\\Mir\\nhalls, some of them elegant, paitiLuliilj at Farrmngton\\nCentre. The county has three flourishuig agricultural\\nsocieties, each with an enclosed park and proper build-\\nings for purposes of exhibition. The tlu-ee annual\\nshows of these societies are occasions of great at-\\ntraction in a community so largely agricultural, and\\ndraw together, for two or three days, many thousands of\\nspectators. Every j-ear more or less town shows are held.\\nAmong the public buildings of the county may be\\nenumerated several school-houses, in dilferent towns,\\nerected within a few years, which vie with similar struc-\\ntures in our principal villages and cities. The largest of\\nthese was erected at Farmington, in 1877. One erected\\nrecently at Phillips is an honor to that enterprising and\\ngrowing village.\\nThe normal school building at Farmington is a speci-\\nmen of tasteful and substantial architecture, and is loca-\\nted on a beautifully undulating lot, shaded by a dense\\ngrove. The Willows, a noble and costly edifice, erected\\na few 3 ears since on the slope of the hiU overlooking the\\ncallage from the north, for a young ladies seminary,\\nadds largely to the attractive features of Farmington,\\nthough not 3-et proving a lucrative or successful enter-\\nprise. The Wendall Institute, under the management\\nof the Misses May, has a building pleasantlj- located\\nand admirably adapted to its frugal wants, and has be-\\ncome a deservedly popular school.\\nTh(, Little Blue, or Abbott Family School, established\\nin 1844, by Eev. Samuel\\nP. Abbott, in a house built\\nby Rev. Jacob Abbott,\\nind where he performed\\nmuch of his literary work,\\nli IS become more famous.\\nIt IS generallj believed,\\nthan any similar institu-\\ntion in the world, and is\\nsc^^ing as a model for\\nothers. On the death of\\nits founder, in 1849, it\\n)assed into the hands of\\nill A. H. Abbott, under\\nwhose management, as-\\nsisted bj his accomplished\\nlad} a daughter of the\\nit(. Hon. Hiram Belcher,\\nIt soon rose in popularity\\nso as to attract pupils from\\nbcjond the limits of the\\nUnited States. The park\\noccupies a large square be-\\ntween the tv\\\\o pnncipal utiects of the village, and is in-\\nlersected by a small stream, winding through the square\\nnearly from corner to corner, presenting precipitous\\nbanks, lawns sloping graduallj- to the sandj beach, cata-\\nracts, rapids, darkly-shaded pools, with two navigable\\nlakes, with coves, islands, and whatever art can supply\\nin imitation of nature.\\nOpposite the little Blue School is the cottage residence\\nof Jacob Abbott, surrounded by pleasingly diversified\\ngrounds.\\nIn 1832, a printing-press was introduced into Franklin\\nCounty, and the Sandy River Yeoman was published\\none year, when the enterprise was abandoned. In\\n1840, the Franklin Register was started at Farming-\\nton, and four years after changed to the Chronicle,\\nwhich, with several different publishers, has been sus-\\nlOOT lAKArrVGTOX, MF", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0531.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ntained uninterruptedly ever since. It is now published\\nand edited by Charles W. Keyes, and enjoys the repu-\\ntation of being one of the best countr} papers in New\\nEngland. In 1858, the Franklin Patriot was started\\niu Farniington, and was for j-ears well sustained. It\\nwas a smart political opponent of the Chronicle, and\\nof the war of the Rebellion. Soon after the close of\\nthe war it was discontinued. Franklin has now two\\npapers, the Chronicle, and the Phillips Phono-\\ngraph, started in 1878, and a job-printing establishment\\nat Farniington, owned by Mr. David H. Knowlton.\\nupon by ledges or rocks, morasses or ponds, as to dis-\\nqualify it for a profitable farm. The Sandy River makes\\na course of some twelve miles through the town. A\\nrange of lots extends each side from the river about a\\nmile, with an average width of some forty rods. These\\ncontinued lines of lots iuclude interval soil on the ri\\\\-er\\nends, and undulating slopes for pasturage and woodland,\\nin the opposite extremities. Two roads, one of which\\nintersects every one of these lots, extend along the val-\\nley the whole length of the town. The numerous build-\\nings connected with these long, narrow farms, all of\\nVVESTEEN NOKUAL SCHOOL, FAJIMINGTON.\\nFarmington Falls was temporarily, during the earlier\\nportion of her literary career, the abode of perhaps\\nMaine s sweetest living singer, then Mrs. Taj-lor, after-\\nwards Mrs. Paul Akers, but more widely known as\\nFlorence Percy.\\nTowns.\\nFarmington, in the centre of the Sandy River Valley,\\nis the shire town of Franklin, which, as a countjs was\\nincorporated from contiguous parts of three adjoining\\ncounties in 1840. It is a large township, and has been\\ngenerally regarded as the best for agricultural puiposes\\nin Maine. In all its territory it has not one lot, accord-\\ning to the original survej which is so far encroached\\ncourse on the lines of the roads, give the whole length of\\nthe valley much the appearance of a continuous village,\\nand make a ride through the town one of the most inter-\\nesting which a tourist can find in New England.\\nFarmington Centre, spreading over some COO acres of\\na beautiful and slightly undulating plain, has the county\\nbuildings, six churches, the normal school building, the\\nLittle Blue Family School buildings, the Willows Female\\nSeminary and Wendell Institute buiklings. The village\\nowes much of its population, and many of its beautiful\\nresidences, and the garden-like culture of its surrounding\\nterritory, to the tendency on the part of retiring farmers\\nand business men, and orphaned families, to seek it as\\nan economical and attractive home and if its intellectual", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0532.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "and religious associations maintain their present char-\\nacter, and tlie prestige of its educational character and\\nfacilities remains permanent, the prospect is that its\\ngrowth will continue till miles of the surrounding plain\\nwill be covered with suburban cottages. The village at\\nFarmington Falls is partl3- in Farmington and partly in\\nChester\\\\ ille, and has some forty tenements, an extensive\\nspool-factory, two saw-mills, an iron-foundry, pulp-\\nmill, excelsior factory, and other machinerj Its ma-\\nchinery has, and will continue to have, a constant supply\\nof timber. Two miles west from Farmington Falls,\\nbeautifully located on a plain through which runs the\\nWilson Stream, surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills,\\nis the village of Keith s Mills, or North Chester\\\\ ille.\\nThis is likewise located partly in Farmington and partly\\nin Chesterv-ille, and has a beautiful union village church,\\nwith a hall that was a donation from Eev. Jotham Sewall,\\nwidely known as Father Sewall, and sometimes desig-\\nnated the Apostle of Maine, whose remains lie en-\\ntombed in the outskirts of the village.\\nThis village is the centre of the wholesale manufacture\\nof wagons and sleighs, which have attained character in\\nan extensive market. Using the machinery at the vil-\\nlage, the manufacture is can-ied on largely on the sur-\\nrounding farms, each of which has a shop, profit-\\nably, as it is supposed, mixing manufacturing and agri-\\ncultural industry.\\nA pretty village, with a fine church, and all sorts of\\nmachinery for manufacturing lumber, is situated on the\\nLittle Norridgewock, at Chesterville Centre. Here is\\nlikewise the tannery of the Messrs. Riggs, the largest in\\nthe county, where bj the use of large reels made to\\nslowly revolve by water and steam power, some 9,000\\ndozen sheepskins per week are alternately plunged into\\nand drawn out of great vats of the tanning liquor pro-\\ncured by the annual use of 500 cords of hemlock bark.\\nThe town has a population of 3,280.\\nWilton, a highlj cultivated township containing 1,90G\\ninhabitants, in addition to its agriculture improves the\\nj valuable water-power of the Wilson stream in two im-\\n1 portant villages. A woollen-factory, established here in\\n1843, though at first unsuccessful, is at present hope-\\nfully prosperous. A scythe-factorj-, including the manu-\\nfacture of the lightning hay-knife, a very remunerative\\nbusiness, is located here. The railroad passes through\\nthe village, and it has the trade of a well-developed\\nagricultural region around it.\\nTwo or three miles above East Wilton is another large\\nvillage. It is located on Wilson s stream, at the outlet of\\nits great natural reservoir, Wilson s Pond. The stream\\nhas been crossed bj a number of dams, and the water-\\npower has been utilized to the best advantage. A su-\\nperior flour-mill, a large peg-factory, and machinery for\\nmanufacturing short lumber in every useful form, in\\nconnection with facilities for a constant supply of tim-\\nber in the immediate vicinitj make the village a scene\\nof busy, cheerful life seldom equalled in New England.\\nTwo tasteful churches and a noble academy building are\\namong the attractions of a public character. A large\\ntannery is located here. About 1852 an enterprising\\nand public-spirited citizen of the place, Mr. D. Fernald,\\nconceived the idea of establishing a factory for the special\\nmanufacture of woollen-yarn for knitting. He introduced\\nand multiplied machinerj adapted to the design till he\\nalmost monopolized a very large market territory for the\\nbeautiful and delicate article he had succeeded in suc-\\ncessfully introducing. At the present time, however,\\nthis mill-property is devoted to the manufacture of fur-\\nniture.\\nTemple and Avon, adjoining towns, with a respective\\npopulation of 640 and 510, possess a romantic and some-\\nwhat peculiar interest. The summit of Mount Blue, a\\nmountain famous throughout New England, and rising\\n2,804 feet above the ocean, is situated in the south-west\\ncorner of Avon, with the bold front of its southern pre-\\ncipitous slope in Temple. Eastward, the successive\\npeaks of the range become gradually depressed along\\na line nearly parallel with the dividing line of the two\\ntownships, till the ridge terminates in the precipitous\\nbluff of Day s Mountain, where it almost overhangs the\\nSandy Eiver channel in Strong. Gathering its head-\\nwaters from this mountain range, the Temple stream\\nmakes its descent through the whole length of Temple\\nand a part of Farmington to its union with the Sandy\\nRiver just below the Centre Village. A strip of beauti-\\nful inter\\\\-al skirts the part of this stream which runs\\nthrough Temple, which is beautiful and fertile, thickly\\nsettled and highly cultivated. Aside from this valley,\\nthere are fertile valleys and side-hill slopes forming\\nexcellent farms in other parts of the town but most of\\nthe township resembles a tumultuous sea of hills and\\nmountains, upheavals of the earliest geological age,\\ncovered with bowlders and soil enough to support enor-\\nmous supplies of timber largely consisting, in all the\\nmore elevated parts, of spruce. These rough and pre-\\ncipitous mountain regions are proving to be profitable\\nterritory. A pretty and growing village uses up the\\nwater-power of the Temple stream, near the south-east\\ncorner of the town in the manufacture of the lumber\\nprincipally spruce, poplar and birch.\\nWeld, population 1,130, has two flourishing villages\\nwhere, by water-power and steam, immense quantities", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0533.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "IIISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nof lumber arc manufactured into spools, scythes, salt\\nand other boxes. Webb s Pond, a large pond in the\\ncentre of Weld, discharges its water b}^ Webb s River,\\nrunning tlirough a broad plain in Carthage, containing\\ngreat quantities of pine timber, into the Androscoggin.\\nBerr3- s Mills is a small lumber-manufacturing village in\\nCarthage.\\nPhillips, a few 3-cars ago, would have been described\\nas having two flourishing villages, some three-fourths of\\na mile apart, and, perhaps, with a feeling of a little\\nrivalr}- between them but now an attractive school edi-\\nfice, a costly church, a large new public-house, and neat\\nand showj private residences have so iilled up the inter-\\nvening space that tourists cannot locate the dialing line\\nbetween the two villages. Phillips has many of the best\\nfarms in Maine, and the lillage is surrounded by a\\nlarger territory naturally dependent upon it as a business\\ncentre than any other village in Franklin. Its water-\\npower is capable of almost indefinite development and\\napplication. It is the abode of Abner Toothaker, Esq.,\\nwho, with the large sums he annually pa3-s out to labor-\\ners, makes it the centre from which he directs his\\nextensive lumbering operations in the Rangely Lake\\nregion. A printing-iDress has just been established\\nthere. It is already the location of a large amount\\nof professional ability, of talent, culture and refine-\\nment, and it can hardlj escape becoming one of the\\nlargest interior villages of Maine. The population of\\nthe town is 1,375.\\nMadrid has a prett3 village on the road leading from\\nPhillips to the Rangeley Lake region, where the water-\\npower of the Western Branch of the Sand3- River is used.\\nThe town has several saw-mills, and extensive resources\\nin spruce lumber on the steep slopes of Saddleback and\\nMount Abraham. The summits of these mountains rise\\nabove the limits of forest vegetation, and present hun-\\ndreds of acres covered with long moss, with occasionall3\\na mere sprig of arctic vegetation seeming to cling to the\\nmoss.\\nNew Sharon, containing 1,450 inhabitants, was one\\nof the first settled, and is now one of the townships, the\\nnatural advantages of which have become most full3 de-\\nveloped. Its numerous farms have made a long list of\\nI proprietors independent and aggregated large amounts\\nof capital, which has gone forth as a constantl3 flowing\\ntide to swell the investments of cities and plant prosperity\\nover all the wide West. The town has one of the pret-\\ntiest interior villages in Maine, situated on both sides of\\nthe Sandy River, where a natural fall is crossed b3 a\\ndam and an expensive covered bridge. In addition to\\nthe mills required by the necessities of agricultural com-\\nmunities, a chair-factor3- maintains successful operation\\nin this illage.\\nOther towns of Frankhn Count3 are Freeman, a fine\\nagricultural township, with a population of COO Salem,\\na flourishing farming town of 300 inhabitants Industry,\\npopulation 725, situated at the outlet of Clear Water\\nPond, and having, at Allen s JIiUs, a water-power of\\ngreat value, used in manufacturing shovel-handles and\\never3 variet} of lumber Kingfield, named from Wil-\\nliam King, first governor of Maine, population 5G0 and\\nNew Vineyard, containing 755 inhabitants, a manufac-\\nturing town noted for its romantic scenery and its almost\\nunexampled privileges of natural water-power.\\nSome twent3- townships of the territory of Franklin,\\nl3-ing north of the Saddleback and Abraham mountain-\\nrange, differ materiall3 from the southern part of the\\ncount3 Only a narrow strip, comparativelv, is settled,\\nor has been stripped of the lumber of the primeval\\nforests. The partiall3- settled and border region of the\\ngreat tract of forest stretching north to the Canada line,\\nhas, within a few years, attracted great attention as a\\nsummer residence for parties and families from New\\nYork, Boston, and other places, and the prospect now is\\nthat the region will become one of the most popular\\nsummer resorts in the United States. With a few brief\\nobsei-\\\\-ations, we will pass over northern Franklin.\\nRangeley, the oldest of the settled townships, has its\\nname from an English gentleman, who, emigrating to\\nNew York, in some business investments unintentionally\\nbecame proprietor of the tract. He visited his township\\nafter a few pioneer families moved into cabins where\\ntho3- had begun to make clearings, and was so well\\npleased with his new wilderness possessions as to con- j\\nceive the romantic idea of reproducing, as near as Amer-\\nican institutions might render practicable, the English\\nrelation of lonl and tenantr3-. lie selected a beautiful\\nlocation, and, though separ.ated b3 a belt of some 15\\nmUes of forest from the nearest carriage-road, at great j\\nexpense erected a two-storj- mansion of no inconsidera1)le i\\nclaims to architectural merit. Into this he moved with\\nhis accomplished famih Though he found little con-\\ngenial S3 mpath3 among the increasing band of settlers,\\nwhile he often encountered undeserved opposition and\\nprejudice, he persevered, b3^ the erection of mills and the\\nopening of roads, and in other wa3-s secured the rapid\\ndevelopment of a flourishing settlement. The settlers\\nwisel3 turned their attention specially to grazing, as,\\nwhatever difficulties distance or character of roads might\\ninterpose, they were sure of a cattle-market at their very\\ndoors. When subsequentl3 the great business enterprise\\nof running pine-logs down the Androscoggin became", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0534.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "established, the haj -crop found a readj- market in sup-\\nplj-ing the logging camps. The first crops of wheat,\\nbarlej^, potatoes, c., preparing the way for the grass\\ncrops, proved to be large, and between burnt-crop-\\nping, grazing and lumbering, many of the settlers be-\\ncame, not merely pecuniarily independent, but wealthj-.\\nThe Kiles family, and the Toothaker family, among\\nothers deserve historic renown for the industry and per-\\nseverance with which they have led the way in devel-\\noping the latent resources of the soil and forests of\\nnorthern Franklin. Particularl}^, Abner Toothaker,\\nEsq., in his vast lumbering operations, by the regular\\nemployment of great numbers of men, and the prompt-\\nness and liberality with which he distributes a great\\naggregate of capital in the form of payment, has con-\\nferred unmeasured benefits upon Phillips and upper\\nFranklin.\\nMr. Rangely continued to reside at the Lakes 15 years,\\nwhere in his home he carried out much of the form and\\nceremony practised by the English nobility. Mrs. R.\\nwas never contented. The daughter died, and Mr.\\nRangely at length sold his possessions and removed to\\nPortland, where he resided several years. His last\\nremoval was to Henry County, N. C, where he died.\\nHANCOCK COUNTY.\\nEY IIO\\\\. PACKER TUCK AXD MISS C. E. IIOMEK.\\nj The exceedinglj- irregular triangle of Hancock County\\nI is bounded on the east by Washington Count} on the\\nsouth by the Atlantic, and on the west and north by\\nPenobscot Bay, River, and County. From north to\\nsouth it measures about 85 miles, and from east to west\\nvaries from 6 to 40 miles. Population in 1870, 36,495.\\nWithin its limits lie some 300 islands, the largest of\\nwhich is the most conspicuous upon the Atlantic coast\\nand at 20 miles distant from the me3-ne land, Mt.\\nDesert Rock raises its half-acre of surface. Among these\\nislands wind many devious channels, through which pre-\\nsumably cruised the gallant Norsemen in their adven-\\nturous voj-ages, leaving traces of their presence along\\nthe seaboard.\\nThe early history of Hancock County is almost the\\nearliest histor} of the State, and well deserves the at-\\ntcntiiin of the antiquarian. Leaving in the misty past\\nthe vo3-ages of Cabot, the Portuguese Cortereal, and the\\nFlorentine Verrazani, with those reported of other navi-\\ngators, such as Gomez and Thevet, indicating a knowl-\\nedge of this section at a very early period, we come\\ndown to the commencement of the seventeenth century,\\nwhen the real, tangible history of this region begins.\\nIn 1603, the Sieur De Monts received from Henri IV.\\nof France, a commission as governor-general of Acadia,\\nhis jurisdiction extending from Virginia to Hudson s Baj-.\\nHis colony made a settlement on Mt. Desert Island,\\nwhich was soon given up, and the patent cancelled by\\nthe king. The application of some of his associates to\\nthe French government for aid awakened the attention of\\nCatholicism to the new field, and missionaries were sent\\nto Port Royal (now Annapolis, N. S.), whence fathers\\nBiarde and Masse found their way to Mt. Desert in\\n1609.\\nIn 1613, came the band of 25 colonists led by Suas-\\nsaye, the agent of the beautiful and pious Madame\\nde Guercheville, who, desirous of bringing the Indians to\\nthe knowledge of the true faith, by her influence with\\nMarie de Medicis, had obtained from the king a transfer\\nof the grant of De Monts. They landed, erected a\\ncross, celebrated mass, and from gratitude at their escape\\nfrom the terrible gales on the coast, named the place\\nSaint Sauveur. How long they remained here is\\nuncertain, but a fort was built and a settlement made at\\nthe localit} now known as Ship Harbor, Tremont.\\nIn 1605, the famous Champlain, with several followers,\\nsailed by Mt. Desert, to which, in honor of De Monts, he\\ngave the name, L isle de Monts Desert, and Isle au\\nIlaut, then sailed up the river called Pemptagoet, which\\nis, without difficult} identified from his minute descrip-\\ntion as the Penobscot. De Monts took formal possession\\nof his country, by setting up a cross, naming it Acadia,\\nby which name it was known for many years. The region\\nwas subsequently visited by Martin Pring, Capt. Wey-\\nmouth, Capt. Samuel Argall of Virginia, who broke up\\nthe Catholic settlement at Saint Sauveur, and by Capt.\\nJohn Smith.\\nWeymouth took possession of the countiy for his", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0535.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nsovereign James I. of England, so it became a source\\nof contention for the two rival European powers, France\\nclaiming it by virtue of the exploration of Cartier in\\n1534 and possession by De Monts, England from the\\ndisco verj- of Cabot in 1498 and claims of Weymouth.\\nFor 180 years, the countr^^ east of the Penobscot was a\\npart of Acadia, and shared its fortunes, which kept this\\nregion almost unsettled during the provincial histor} of\\nMaine. Bancroft says the first intelligible welcome which\\ngreeted the Pilgrims at Plymouth was from an Indian\\nwho had learned a little English from the fishermen at\\nI Penobscot.\\nIn 1626, a trading-house was established at Pentagoet\\nbj the Pl3 mouth Companj^. Pentagoet, the name given\\nby the French to the peninsula now occupied by Castine,\\nPenobscot and Brooks-\\\\dlle, is supposed to be an Indian\\nname filtered through the French language, meaning\\nthe entrance of the river. Other names were Baga-\\nduce and Penobscot, which last name was spelt b}- the\\nI earl} settlers in nearlj sixtj ways, most of them scarcely\\nj recognizable. It is derived from penops and suk, signi-\\ni fying rockj- place. The country was inhabited bj the\\ni Tarratines, who then occupied the Penobscot territory.\\nThe Pilgrim trading-post had a flourishing trade until\\n1632, when it was pillaged by the French and property\\ntaken to the amount of \u00c2\u00a3500. Three years later, it was\\ntaken and the occupants driven away by D Aulnay de\\nCharnise, a subordinate officer under Isaac de Razillai,\\ngovernor of Acadia. The Plymouth Colonj soon tried\\nto regain the peninsula, and Capt. Girling in the ship\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Great Hope, accompanied b} Miles Standish in a bark\\nwith 20 men, was sent against the fort, occupied bj- 18\\npersons. Capt. Girling fired away his powder before he\\nwas near the fort, and had to retreat, lea\\\\ing himself an\\nI object of ridicule to those in the fort, who had found no\\nI need of braverj\\nI After this first recorded battle in Penobscot waters,\\nuntil 1654, the French held undisputed possession of the\\nI territorj but there was little peace in it, for after the\\ndeath of Gen. Razillai in 1G35, the fierce contest for\\nsupreme command between the rival lieutenants. La Tour\\nj and D Aulnay, kept all Acadia in commotion. For 16\\nyears the struggle continued, with varying success, but\\nthe fierce D Aulnay held his position at his fortress of\\nPentagoet, which was the chosen resort and favorite\\nhome of the Romish missionaries. To this time belongs\\nthe little chapel to Our Ladj- of Holy Hope, erected\\nby the pious Father Leo of Paris in the mission of the\\nCapuchins in 1 648.\\nIn 1651, D Aulnaj died, and shortly after his enemy, i\\nLa Tour, who had been driven awav, returned from some\\nquarter, professing conversion to Catholicism, and mar-\\nried the widow of his whilom rival. He lived at St. John\\nafter this, where by his Catholic professions he gained\\nthe support of the Jesuits and Indians, as well as that of\\nthe French court and Romish Church.\\nIn 1654, Oliver Cromwell, under pretence of attacking\\nthe Dutch at New York, sent one Maj. Sedgwick, who\\nturned his fleet this way, took the fort at Penobscot, and\\nconquered all the country from thence to Port Royal.\\nLa Tour was allowed the free use of hig possessions until\\nhis death, when he bequeathed them to his son Stephen,\\nto whom, with William Crowne and Sir Thomas Temple,\\nCromwcU in 1656 granted the charter of Acadia, in-\\ncluding Pentagoet. Col. Temple was established here\\nfor several years, where he built up a flourishing trade,\\nand untU the treaty of Breda, the English held quiet\\npossession of Acadia. By that treaty, in 1667, Nova\\nScotia was surrendered to the French, and in 1670, a\\nformal surrender of Pentagoet was made to the Chevalier\\nde Grandfontaine, commander.\\nAbout the time of the treaty of Breda, Baron Jean\\nVincent de St. Castin came from Quebec to Pentagoet.\\nHe was born at Oleron, in the district of Beam in the\\nLower Pj renees, of noble family, and possessed a com-\\npetent education was at one time a colonel in the king s\\nbody-guard, and afterwards commanded a regiment called\\nthe Carignan Salieres. At the close of the war the\\nregiment was dischai^ed from the armj and he decided\\nto remain in this country. Accordingly he came to this\\npeninsula and took up his abode with the Indians, mar-\\nrying the daughter of the chief Madockawando, and real-\\nizing in the New World the feudal S3 stem of the Old.\\nBold, brave, and adventurous, the savage life had a great\\ncharm for him, and for it he relinquished the delights of\\ncivilization. Highly esteemed by the French, he kept\\naloof from the English, to whom he was bitterly opposed,\\nand bj his influence with the Indians, who admired and\\nrespected him almost as a divinity, he held the Penobscot\\nterritory for his eountrj-men.\\nA census of Acadia in 1671 gives the population of this\\nplace as 31 souls 6 civilians and 25 soldiers.\\nIn 1674, the fort was surprised and taken by a Flemish\\ncorsair, thought to be encouraged b} the English in Bos-\\nton. The commander, M. de Chambly, was carried pris-\\noner to the St. John s River, and afterwards ransomed at\\nthe price of a thousand beaver-skins. Two j ears subse-\\nquentlj- the Dutch came in a man-of-war, and captured\\nthe fort at Pentagoet, but were promptly driven out by\\nan expedition sent from Boston.\\nFor the next ten years there was peace, and Baron de\\nSt. Castin made himself rich by the fur trade, and power-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0536.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "fill bj- his connection with the French and Indians. As\\nin the daj-s of D Aulna}-, this was a favorite resort of the\\nCatholic priests, who called Castin s Penobscot residence\\ntlie parish of the Sainte FamiUe.\\nIn the year 1 GS8 Sir Edmund Andros, governor of New\\nEngland, came in the frigate Rose and plundered his\\ntrading-house of its valuables, leaving only the little\\nchaijcl untouched. The Baron, who had fled to the\\nwoods, was notified hy an Indian that his goods would\\nbe restored to him if he would ask for them at Pcmaquid\\nI and obej the king of England, which conditions he re-\\ni fused, and justly incensed at this outrage, would have\\nretaliated, had not the government of Massachusetts im-\\nmodiatoly disclaimed any responsibility in the matter,\\nand adopted pacific measures.\\nIn 1G90 Sir William Phips was sent by the General\\nCourt of Massachusetts to subdue Nova Scotia. He\\ntook formal possession of the coast from Port Royal to\\nI Penobscot, which was confirmed to the State by the\\nProvincial charter of 1691. In 1693 Castin gave in\\nhis adhesion to the English Crown, which, however, \u00c2\u00bblid\\nnot prevent him, three years later, from aiding the\\nFrench with a companj of Indians in an attack upon\\nPcmaquid. In 1697, by the treaty of Rjswick, peace\\nI was concluded between the French and English, and\\nafter a few years of quiet trading, Castin, in 1701,\\nreturned to France. In 1704 Col. Church came with\\nI an expedition into this region, where he captured and\\nkilled man J French and Indians; and in 1710 Acadia\\nwas subdued by an army under the command of Gen.\\nNickolson, raised by the New England Colonies.\\nFrom that time to the three 3 ears war with the\\nIndians, in 1744, there was a cessation of hostilities,\\nbut no English settlement was made on the Penobscot\\nRiver.\\nI In 1688 two French families of eight souls were found\\nat Naskeag Point, in what is now Brooklin, and appear-\\nances of old French settlements have been found in\\nmany of the coast towns of the countj In this jear\\nLouis XIV. gave to M. de la Motte Cadilliac a grant of\\n100,000 acres, comprising the whole neighborhood of\\nMt. Desert, which he held as Lord of Donaquee and\\nJIt. Desert until 1713, when the whole territory of\\nAcadia was ceded to England by the treaty of Utrecht.\\nAfter the Revolutionary war this claim was presented to\\nthe General Court of Massachusetts bj IMadame Marie\\nThercse de Gregoire, granddaughter of M. Cadilliac, and\\nin consideration of a request made by Gen. Lafayette in\\nI her favor, in 1787 it was recognized as valid, the only\\nj French claim ever sustained to lands in Maine. To com-\\nj pcnsate to Madame Gregoire for the lands included in\\nher claim, which the government had disposed of,\\n60,000 acres were quitclaimed to her. This tract in-\\ncluded the present towns of Trenton and Lamoine, with\\na part of Sullivan, Ellsworth, Hancock, Eden and Mt.\\nDesert, with the islands in front of them and manj- of\\nthe present settlers hold their lands under old French\\ntitles. Many of the original titles are acquired from\\nProvince grants and from Indian deeds. The Gregoire\\nfamily settled in Mt. Desert, where they lived, and M.\\nand Madame Gregoire were buried outside of the burial-\\nground at Hull s Cove, Eden. Their children are sup-\\nposed to have returned to France.\\nAfter the capture of Louisburg, as the outlet of the\\nSt. John River was strongly fortified by the English, the\\nPenobscot became the onlj route for the French and\\nIndians into Canada, and the General Court of Massa-\\nchusetts resolved, at the recommendation of Gov. Pow-\\nnall, to erect a fort to secure the possession of the\\ncountry and complete His Majesty s dominions on the\\nAtlantic. Early in May, 1759, Gov. Pownall, with a\\ncompany of men under the command of Brig. Gen.\\nPreble and Gen. Samuel Waldo, who, as proprietor of\\nthe immense Waldo Patent, was deeply interested in\\nthe settlement of the country, started to take posses-\\nsion of the Penobsoct and erect a fortification there.\\nWasumkeag Point, now called Fort Point, in Stockton,\\nwas selected as the site of the proposed fort but before\\ncommencing it Gov. Pownall, with a detachment of 136\\nmen went up the river, and landed on the eastern side a\\nfew miles above Brewer. Here, on the top of a verj\\nhigh piked hill on 3-0 east side of ye river about three\\nmiles above Marine Navigation he buried a leaden plate\\nwith this inscription\\nMat 23,1759. Provixce Massachvsetts Bay,\\nDominions of Gueat Britain\\nPossession Confirmed by Thomas Pownall, Governop..\\nThis formal act of possession made the evidence of\\njurisdiction confirming the eastern boundary of the State\\nof Maine, and enabled the commissioners of the treaty\\nof 1783 at Paris to insist upon the St. Croix instead of\\nthe Penobscot; otherwise eastern Maine would have\\nbecome a part of New Brunswick, or as was proposed\\nduring the Revolution, a separate province under the\\nname of New Ireland, with Castine for its capital.\\nFort Pownall was completed July 28, 1759, at a cost\\nof \u00c2\u00a35,000. A garrison was maintained until the Revo-\\nlutionary war, and it became the trading-post for all this\\nsection, where settlers now began to come in. The Tar-\\nratine tribe was at this time so wasted by war and dis-\\nease, that, as stated by themselves, they were reduced to\\nfive sachems, 73 warriors and about 500 others. They", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0537.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEAV ENGLAND.\\ncame to the fort for trade, and faithfiillj kept the treaty\\nmade with them.\\nIn 17G2, six townships of land, each sis miles square,\\nbetween the Penobscot and Donaqua rivers, were grant-\\ned bj- tlie General Court of Massachusetts to Da\\\\-id\\nMarsh and 352 other citizens of Massachusetts and New\\nHampshire, to be located in a regular contiguous man-\\nner. In each township were reserved one lot for parson-\\nage purposes, another for the first settled minister, a\\ntliird for Harvard College, and a fourth for the use of\\nschools, making 1,200 acres for public use. Upon the\\nsame terms were granted sis other townships east of the\\nDonaqua, three of which are in this county and as the\\nwhole sur^ ey wa s made by Samuel Livermore, with sis\\ntownships on each side of the river, its name was\\nchanged to Union, which it has since borne.\\nThe country now began to be settled from different\\nquarters. To Township No. 1 (Bucksport), in 17G2,\\ncame Col. Jonathan Buck, James Duncan, Richard\\nI Emerson, WiUiam Duncan and William Chamberlain\\nfrom Haverhill, Mass. The nest j ear, Joseph Gross, a\\nI soldier from Fort Pownall, built a log house. In 17G4,\\nCol. Buck built a saw-mill, the first one on the Penob-\\nscot River.\\nIn 1764, Mr. Joseph Gross moved from Buckstown to\\nNo. 2, said to take its name, Orland, from Oar-land,\\nhe having found an oar upon its shores. Ebenezer Gross\\ncame the next 3 ear, and Joseph Viles in 1766, who built\\nthe first framed house. Zachariah Gross, the first white\\nchild, was bom in 1766. Between 1767 and 1780, a\\nnumber of settlers came from Boston and took up lots on\\nthe east side of the river. John Hancock, a relative of\\nthe famous colonial governor, and Samuel Keyes from\\nBoston, settled on Gross s Point. In 1773, Calvin Tur-\\nner built the first mills. In 1775 there were 12 families\\nin Orland, and 21 in Buckstown.\\nThe first permanent settler in Penobscot was Charles\\nHutchings in 1 768. Aaron Banks came with his familj-\\nfrom York, Me., in 1765, and settled in the presentlimits\\ni of Castine. In 1767, Samuel Averill settled upon the\\nnorth-west side of Northern Bay, and Jacob Perkins\\nnear him. Finle} McCuUam settled upon the east side\\nj of Northern Baj in 1769 and, in 1773, Daniel Brown.\\nj Joseph Wilson settled at the head of the tay in 1774.\\nIn 1759, Andrew Black came to Naskeag (No. 4), now\\nSedgwick, in honor of Maj. Robert Sedgwick.\\nJoseph Wood and John Roundy came from Beverly,\\nMass., in 1762 to No. 5, now Blue Hill, from a majestic\\nhill within its limits, which rises to an altitude of 950\\nfeet above high-water mark. The third family was\\nformed by the marriage of Col. Nathan Parker, from\\nAndover, with the eldest daughter of Mr. Wood. Jona-\\nthan DarUng, the first child, was born in 1765.\\nThe first English settlers of No. 6, named hj the Jar-\\n\\\\-is proprietors for Surrey in England, were Symonds,\\nAV^eymouth and James Flye. In 1 762 a settlement was\\ncommenced at Sullivan, b^^ Sullivan, Bean, Simpson and\\nothers. In 1763, Benjamin Milliken settled in what is\\nnow Ellsworth, so called in honor of Oliver Ellsworth,\\none of the delegates to the National Constitutional Con-\\nvention. In twentj j ears there was a population of 992.\\nSettlements were made in Trenton by Englishmen about\\n1763, but their names are not found. As early as-1700\\nsquatters had found their way to Gouldsborough, but the\\nnames of the first settlers were Libb}-, Fernald, Ash and\\nWilly, from Saco and vicinitj-. The town took its name\\nfrom Robert Gould, one of the original proprietors.\\nIn the spring of 1761, Capt. Abraham Somes of\\nGloucester, Mass., took up a land grant, and came to\\nthe head of the lake now known as Somes s Sound in Mt.\\nDesert, where he built a mill and made other improve-\\nments. Stephen Richardson located himself at Bass\\nHarbor, and in 1 763 a famil}- named Thomas settled in\\nEden, and John Robei tson, upon one of the Cranbeny\\nIsles, since called by his name. About 1770 Christopher\\nBartlett of Bartletl s Island, obtained from the General\\nCourt a deed of 100 acres at the same time his brother\\nIsrael settled at Prettj Marsh. Deer Isle, so named\\nfrom the abundance of deer in its forests, was first set-\\ntled by one Carnej who afterwards moved to Carney\\nIsland, giving it its name. The first real settler was\\nWilliam Eaton, who came from Haverhill, Mass., in\\n1762. The first child born upon Deer Isle, Timothy\\nBillings, died in 1854, at the age of 90 years.\\nDuring the Revolutionary war the Enghsh ministry\\nsaw the importance of a military post in this quarter,\\nand for this purpose selected the peninsula of Bagaduce.\\nIn June of 1779, on the fourth anniversary of the battle\\nof Bunk-er Hill, the English fleet, under the command of\\nCapt. Mowatt, with VOO men commanded by Gen. Fran-\\ncis McLean, appeared before Maja-Bagaduce, then a\\nplantation of 20 houses. A fort was immediately com-\\nmenced upon the heights, commanding the whole Penob-\\nscot valley, to be called Fort George. This occupation\\nof the country caused great terror among the suiTound-\\ning villages, and many citizens fled for safety, preferring\\npovert}- and danger to submission or the required oath of\\nallegiance.\\nIn July, the General Court of Massachusetts, without\\nconsultation with the Continental authorities, or even\\nasking the advice of Washington, organized an espeili-\\ntion to expel the invaders and re-capture the post. The", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0538.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "result of their efforts was the ill-fated Penobscot Expe-\\ndition, one of the most disastrous defeats of the whole\\nwar. The fleet consisted of 19 armed vessels, caiTjing\\n344 guns, and 24 transports, convej-ing over 1,200 men\\nand with this force at command, the pusillanimous com-\\nmodore remained for 21 daj s besieging an unfinished\\nfort, w ith a comparativelj small garrison, and onl} three\\nsloops of war, delaj ing operations until reinforcements\\ncame to their aid, when he gallantly informed the cap-\\ntains of his vessels, who had c6me on board the flag-ship at\\nhis signal, that each must look out for himself. Ships\\ni and transports crowded sail and moved up the river,\\nwhere all were lost the transports were burned, and the\\nbeautiful frigate Warren, the first of that class built\\niu the United States, shared the common fate, being\\ndestroj-ed to prevent falling into the hands of the enemy.\\nThis defeat was rendered more mortifying from the fact\\nthat Gens. Lovell and Wadsworth, with the brave Col.\\nPaul Ecvcre, were eager for action and confident of suc-\\ncess, and the first attack had shown the bravery of the\\nmen. Gen. McLean is said to have been willing to sur-\\nrender the first daj if the demand had been made upon\\nhim, but the delay enabled him to strengthen his fortifica-\\ntions and await assistance. Commodore Saltonstall was\\nafterwards tried by court-martial for cowardice and casli-\\nicred, but Gens. Lovell and Wadsworth were honorably\\nacquitted. The men succeeded in saving a small stock\\nof provisions, and with great difficulty made then- way\\nthrough the wilderness to the Kennebec settlements.\\nThe cost to Massachusetts was immense, amounting to\\nmany millions of dollars. After this defeat, the British\\nretained possession of Bagaduce until peace was declared,\\nand left it in December, 1 783.\\nFort George was finished according to the original\\ndesign, and ruled the surrounding country, though the\\ntreatment of the people was for the most part concil-\\niatory. During this occupation the towns at the east\\nwere chiefly lojal to the cause of the Colonies, and suf-\\nfered in proportion to their fidelit} Many of the inhab-\\nitants returned to Iheir former homes, where they\\nremained until after the peace, when they began gradu-\\nally to return and settle the new country but for a long\\ntime there was great poverty, and no expensive works\\ncould be undertaken.\\nIn 178G, Massachusetts attempted a lottery sale of 50\\ntownships between the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy\\nrivers, but onl}- a small proportion of the tickets were sold\\nand the lands undrawn, with the greater number of the\\nprize lots, were bought by William Bingham of Philadel-\\nphia, who also in 179G purchased the residue of the\\n(iregoire grant, making him owner of a large portion of\\nthe county. The lotter} townships in Hancock County\\nsold to Mr. Bingham were Nos. 14,15 and 16, each con-\\ntaining 23,040 acres. A daughter of Mr. Bingham\\nmarried Alexander Baring of London, and it was as\\nagent for the Bingham purchase that Gen. David Cobb\\ncame to Gouldsborough, where the grand city of the\\nfuture is now but a faint dream of the past.\\nEmigration flowed rapidly into the State, and a divi-\\nsion of the great county of Lincoln, embracing the east-\\nern country from the Kennebec to the St. Croix, became\\nnecessar} consequentl} in 1789 a new county was\\nestablished by an act of the General Court, and named\\nfor Gov. John Hancock, then the most eminent and\\npopular man in New England. The limits of the new\\ncountj were along the coast from Thomaston to the\\nhead of the east branch of Gouldsborough River, and\\nnorthwardly to Canada. Penobscot was made the shire\\ntown. Within its limits were 13 incorporated towns and\\nplantations. Penobscot, the largest town, had a popu-\\nlation of 1,048 Belfast, 245 and Bangor*, 567. Cas-\\ntine, says Judge Crosby, was then the capital of all\\nthat vast territory lying east of the counties of Lincoln\\nand Kennebec the centre of its societj and commerce,\\nand its seat of justice.\\nIn 1791, a part of the county was set off and re-\\nannexed to Lincoln. By the grant of the townships\\nprovision was made for the support of the Protestant\\nministry, and the inhabitants of most of the towns full}-\\ncarried out the views of the grantors. The following vote\\nis recorded in the town records of Blue Hill for 1768, only\\nsix j-ears after the coming of the first settlers To\\nraise money for to hire a person for to preach the gospel\\nto us, and for to pay his board. As earlj as 1772 a\\nchurch of 14 members was gathered at Blue Hill by the\\npreaching of Rev. Daniel Little, a minister atKennebunk,\\nwho made missionary tours to the eastern settlements,\\nthe nearest church at that time being at Phipsburg,\\nand the next nearest at Brunswick. In 1768 a church\\nwas built. In 1796 Rev. Jonathan Fisher was ordained\\nto this chm-ch, and Rev. Ebenezer Price in Belfast. In\\n1773 a church was established in Deer Isle, of which\\nOliver Noble was pastor but the first settled minister\\nwas Rev. Peter Powers, in 1789. In 1791 Rev. Daniel\\nMerrill was settled in Sedgwick. In 1791 Rev. Jona-\\nthan Powers was settled in Penobscot, and in 1798 Rev.\\nWilliam Mason came to Castine. In 1793 a committee\\nwas chosen in Buckstowu to hire Rev. Abraham Cum-\\nmings to preach the gospel, and in 1803 a church of six\\nmembers was organized, and Rev. Mighill Blood of\\nIlollis ordained as its pastor, which connection was con-\\ntinued until 1840. The first minister in Ellsworth was", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0539.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nRev. J. Urquhart, in 1785, and in 1812 Rev. Peter\\nNourse was ordained.\\nIn 1 794 Metliodism was preached in Maine hj elder\\nJesse Lee of N irginia, who made an eastern tour of\\nseveral months, survej-ing the region of the coast\\nfrom Portsmouth to Castine. The next j-ear the Rev.\\nJoshua Hall preached the first Methodist sermon in Bel-\\nfast. There were then several of that denomination in\\nBuckstown, where a meeting-house was built in 1799,\\ntwo stories high, with a gallery on the inside it was\\nnever finished, but Rev. John Kinney preached in it for\\na number of years. Rev. Joshua Hall was the third\\npreacher sent to the district, and his Sabbath appoint-\\nments were Hampden, Onington, Buckstown, Frankfort,\\nBelfast and Union, each of which he visited once in six\\nweeks. Scarcely a horse excepting his own was then\\nowned on the river, and to hear him, people went from\\n10 to 20 miles in canoes and boats. In 1800 Rev.\\nJoshua Tajlor preached in Castine, and was mobbed and\\ndrummed out of town with tin kettles, besides being\\notherwise shamefuUj handled.\\nBefore the Revolution, no public provision was made\\nfor schools, but very soon after peace was declared, atten-\\ntion was turned to education. In 1789 a law was passed\\nto provide for the instruction of j outh, and for the\\npromotion of good education, hy which everj town of\\n50 or more famihes must be provided with one or more\\nschoolmasters, to teach children to read and write and\\ninstruct them in the English language, as well as in\\narithmetick, orthogi-aphy and decent behaviour, under\\na penalty of \u00c2\u00a310. In 1794, \u00c2\u00a330 were raised in Bucks-\\ntown for the support of schools, and the next year the\\ntown was divided into districts, and \u00c2\u00a318 raised. In 1791\\nthe town of Penobscot made its first appropriation for\\nschools so in all the towns, as population increased,\\nthe need of schools began to be felt, and was supplied\\nimmediatelj from the public funds, with due regard to the\\npublic interest. School districts were fonned, teachers\\nprovided and school-houses built as fast as the circum-\\nstances of the towns admitted of them. In 1803 an\\nacademj was located at Blue HiU, largel3- owing to the\\nefforts of Parson Fisher, where for manj j-ears it was a\\nflourishing institution.\\nThe first post-office mentioned in the county was at\\nGouldsborough, in 1792, and the next year, George\\nRussell of Castine, was employed to pass once a fort-\\nnight with letters between Belfast and Wiscassct, where\\nthe connection with the western mail was made. At\\nfirst, he caiTicd the mail in a handkerchief, afterwards in\\na leather bag strapped to his back then, as the roads\\nbecame sutFicientlv cleared for a horse, he used saddle-\\nbags. The earliest mail from Castine to the eastern\\npart of the State was carried bj John Grindell of Sedg-\\nwick, about the j ear 1795. His contract with Joseph\\nHabersham, U. S. postmaster-general, has been pre-\\nsen-ed, by which he was to carry the mail from Passa-\\nmaquoddy by Machias, Gouldsborough, Sullivan, Tren-\\nton and Blue Hill to Penobscot in the District of Maine,\\nand from Penobscot b} the same route to Passama-\\nquoddy, once in two weeks, at the rate of $84.50 for\\nevery quarter of a year. As there were no roads at\\nthat time he went in a boat along the shore. From\\nEllsworth to Castine the mail was carried bj Abner Lee,\\nat first with a stage and two horses, but tradition says,\\nha^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ing lost one horse, he drove the other for several\\nj-ears harnessed with a heifer.\\nThe first newspaper published in this section was the\\nCastine Gazette, established in 1798 by Daniel E.\\nWaters. The second was the Castine Journal and East-\\nern Advertiser; and in 1805, the Gazette of Maine\\nwas estabhshed in Buckstown bj W. W. Clapp, which\\ncontinued for about seven yeai-s. Various other news-\\npapers have been started, but the Ellsworth Ameri-\\ncan is the onl} newspaper now published in the countj-.\\nIn June, 180fi, the Penobscot Bank of Buckstown\\nwent into operation -with a capital stock of \u00c2\u00a7150,000,\\nand being the onl} monetary- institution in this \u00e2\u0096\u00a0sdcLnitj-,\\nflourished well, and money was abundant for a time, but\\nthe embargo of 1807 checked business to a great extent,\\nand for this reason, with others, the bills of the bank\\ndechncd to 12 percent, discount taken at par, however,\\nfor rum and lottery-tickets. In October, 1810, the bank\\nfailed, and with it most of the business men of Bucks-\\ntown, the great loss to the stockholders never being\\naccounted for by the bank officers.\\nThe first physician in this section was Dr. WUliam\\nCrawford, who was located at Fort Pownall for several\\nj-ears in the double capacity of surgeon and chaplain,\\npreaching in the chapel erected by Col. Goldthwait. He\\nis said to have married the first couple ever united here\\naccording to Protestant fonns.\\nIn 1801 Martin Kingsley, Esq., of Hampden, was\\nemplo3 ed to take the valuation of all the towns in the\\ncounty of Hancock. Bangor then was the smallest of\\nall the towns given in these statistics, and Frankfort\\nthe largest.\\nIn the first years of the centurj- immigrants came to\\nthe inland part of the county and took up grants of\\nland. Mariaville, named for a daughter of Mr. Bing-\\nham, was settled in 1802, and from its limits have been\\nsince taken Aurora, Amherst and Waltham. The early\\nsettlers of these towns endui-ed great hardships, but", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0540.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "struggled bravelj- on, carrying their grain 8 or 10 miles\\non their backs to have it ground, before roads were\\nmade, and finding their waj- bj- a spotted line on the\\ntrees. No. 8, afterwards Dedham and Otis, was settled\\nin 1805 bj men from Massachusetts. The new country\\nwas rich in timber, and mills were built as soon as the\\nmeans of the settlers admitted of it shipbuilding was\\nalso commenced in the maritime towns. The first vessel\\nin Buckstown, and probabl} on the Penobscot, was built\\nbj- Col. Jonathan Buck in 1 770 she was sloop-rigged,\\nand called the Hannah. This has always been a\\nleading industrj- of the countj and joined with the\\nfisheries has largely built up the seaboard towns, while\\nlumbering and farming have been the business of those\\ninland.\\nIn 1812 war was proclaimed between the United States\\nand Great Britain, which gave an opportunitj to renew\\nthe vexed question of the boundary between Maine and\\nthe Provinces, which was improved bj- the English in\\ntaking possession of the disputed temtorj Sept. 1,\\n1814, a fleet of eight vessels of war, with 11 transports,\\nconveying 3,500 men, besides the usual camp-followers,\\narrived at Castine one vessel, the Tenedas, having\\npreviously (August 9) had a little flght with some fisher-\\nmen at Norwood s Cove, Mt. Desert, in which the fisher-\\nmen, bj coolness and a little strateg}-, got the better of\\nthe red-coats, killing and wounding several of them.\\nThe small garrison at Fort Porter, seeing the uselessness\\nof resistance to so powerful a force, without waiting to\\nsurrender, discharged their cannon, blew up the maga-\\nzine and fled up the ba}-, leaving the English in full\\npossession of the town, which thcj- retained until April\\n15, 1815, when thej quietly abandoned their stronghold.\\nDuring their staj Castine became the most important\\nplace in Maine. Fort George was repaired, other bat-\\nteries built, and a trench commenced by Mowatt in 1799\\nwas enlai-ged, making an island of the lower part of the\\npeninsula. Detachments were sent to the neighboring\\ntowns to take possession, and the countrj east of the Pe-\\nnobscot was declared under English rule, the inhabitants\\nbeing obliged to take an oath of allegiance or of neu-\\ntrality- to ensure protection. Trade was brisk and moncj-\\nplenty, and the presence of the array of occupation\\nadded much to the business of the town, while the people\\nof the surrounding country were glad to have the trade\\nthat would relieve to some extent the terrible privations\\nto which they had been subjected for the last two years.\\nAfter the departure of the English ami} the American\\nforces took their places and remained until March, 1819.\\nIn 1814 Bangor was made a half-shire town in 1810\\na portion was taken to form Penobscot Count}-, and in\\n1827 a part was taken off for Waldo. In 1S31 a change\\nwas made in the partition line between Hancock and\\nWashington. In 1838 Ellsworth was made the shire town\\nand the courts removed thither, since which time, with a\\nvery few changes, the countj- has held its present limits.\\nIn the earlj daj-s, communication with the outside\\nworld was bj- boat, and in the sorry days of the Pen-\\nobscot Expedition aid was solicited from Boston by\\nsending whale-boats later came the packets, which made\\nthe voj-age to Boston at the will of the wind, convcj-ing\\npassengers, who made their wills before starting and\\nasked the prayers of the congregation for their safe\\nretm-n. In May, 1824, the first steamboat came to the\\nPenobscot waters, the Maine, of 105 tons and in\\nJune the steam brig New York commenced her trips.\\nThe temperance cause has made wonderful progress\\nsince the da3-s when 1,200 gallons of rum and molasses,\\niji equal quantities, formed part of the outfit for the\\nPenobscot Expedition and a little later, in 1792,\\nat a meeting in Blue Hill, the selectmen were emplojed to\\nprocure one barrel of rum, also molasses and sugar suf-\\nficient for framing and raising the meeting-house. In\\nthose days rum flowed freelj-, but the various reforma-\\ntory societies have done their work nobly, and the many\\nlodges of Good Templars and Reform Clubs, scattered\\nthrough the county, speak loudly- of the advance made\\nin this direction.\\nThe commercial advantages of Hancock Count}- arc\\nexcelled bj no section of the State, and a great portion\\nof its wealth is invested in navigation. Lumbering and\\nfishing have been the principal industries from the first\\nsettlement, but stone-cutting and mining bid fair to\\nbecome the most important in fbture.\\nThe first settlers were men and women of strong, sub-\\nstantial character, who laid firmlj- the foundations of the\\nnew societj- and if, in their excess of zeal, thcj- refused\\nto admit questionable persons into the full privileges of\\nthe towns, and warned them from the limits, had they\\nnot good warrant for so doing in the usages of the parent\\nState? The Roll of Honor of Hancock, in the late\\nwar, proves that the sons were faithful to the ancestral\\ntraditions, and not afraid to risk life for countrj- 3,912\\nmen went directlj- from the diflfercnt towns, and many\\nfrom other sections of the North, who claimed Hancock\\nas their birth-place, did loyal duty at the nation s call.\\nHancock has a greater extent of seacoast, including\\nthe incurvation of the larger baj-s, than anj- other county\\nin the State and there are more first-class baj-s, har-\\nbors and islands than on any other seaboard of equal\\nlength on the American coast.\\nThe fisheries are divided into deep-sea, harbor and", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0541.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ninterior, for all of which there is good opportunity and\\nlucrative return the Magdalen and Grand Menau her-\\nring fishing is conducted chiefly by the people of Lamoine\\nand Swan s Island, and porgie fishing employ s large cap-\\nital and manj men. Salmon fishing is confined to the\\nPenobscot and Bagaduce rivers. There are factories for\\npacking and canning lobsters at Castine, Deer Isle,\\nBrooklin, Gouldsborough, Mt. Desert, Cranberry Isles,\\nand at other points, and the aggregate value of this\\nproduction in 1876 was estimated at $52,000.\\nTowns.\\nBucKSPORT, containing a population of about 3,500,\\nthe western town of\\nthe countj-, the termi-\\nnus of the stage lines\\nto Sedgwick, Castine,\\nEllsworth, and Blue\\nHill, was incoiporated\\nJune 27, 1792, as\\nBuckstown, rccei\\\\mg\\nits present name ui\\n1817. It is bcuiti-\\nfuUy situated on the\\neast bank of the I\\\\\\nnobscot, at the ii-\\nrows, and forms i\\nlovely picture, with iN\\nstreets and houses lis\\ning on a gentle bl()p\\nfrom the water, tin\\nsummit of the hill\\ncrowned bj the build\\nings of the East Maine\\nConference Seminarj^ standing in bold relief against the\\nsky, which make the most prominent feature of the \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^^l-\\nlage. The seminary itself stands upon the site of the\\nold meeting-house erected bj the fathers of the town.\\nThe scliool was established in 1851, and has done good\\nwork in eastern Maine. The streets are laid out with\\ngreat regularity, for which the town is indebted\\nlargely to Stephen Peabody, Esq., who commenced the\\ngood work of improvement in 1804, agsiinst the strong-\\nest opposition. Bucksport has the only railroad in the\\ncounty, the Bucksport and Bangor Railroad, which, in\\nthe winter season, makes the fine harbor available for\\nbusiness men up river. Since the earliest days of the\\ntown, ship-building has been one of its chief industries,\\nand a large proportion of its wealth is invested in navi-\\ngation. On the mill-stream, mentioned by the earlj\\nsettlers, arc the saw and grist mills, a cardiug-machinc\\nLPPE.. DVM, AT ILLSUOUTli\\nand a tannery, and still nearer the Great Pond the Pen-\\nobscot salmon-breeding works, founded in 1872.\\nThe public schools compare favorably with those of\\nother towns in the vicinity. The churches Congrega-\\ntionalist and Methodist are fine buildings. Silver\\nLake Cemetery is beautifully located, and laid out\\nwith much taste. On Main Street is the old burjang-\\nground first chosen by the early citizens to lay away i\\ntheir dead, but long since abandoned, except the Buck I\\nlot, maiked by a heavy granite monument to Col. Jona-\\nthan Buck. Rufus Buck, the last occupant of this lot,\\ndied in the spring of 1878, having, for many years, filled\\na prominent place in the town. East of the seminary\\nis the cemetery where\\nrepose most of the\\nother citizens of the\\ntown. Chief among\\nthese worthies were\\nHon. Samuel Pond,\\nI piominent lawj er,\\n(Ml of the first abo- j\\niitioniits in this re-\\n_i )ii a pioneer, too,\\n1 the cause of tem-\\nince in the State\\nliidj;e Pcabodj re-\\nnowned for his quaint\\nu jids and waj s Dea.\\n1 h -s Blodget, Joseph\\n1 idky, Joseph R.\\nKom, the Swazey j\\nbi others, and the late\\nIlenrj Darling, for 48\\nyeais deacon of the\\nCongregatioualist society. In this cemetery stands the\\nmonument to the memoiy of the soldiers who fell in the\\nRebellion.\\nEllsworth, the lone city of the countj -with a popu-\\nlation in 1870 of 5,257, once New Bowdoin (incorpo-\\nrated Feb. 26, 1800), has a large teiTitorial area, al-\\nthough the cit} proper is comparatively small. Most\\nadvantageously situated for lumbering operations, it\\nowes its prosperitj- mainly to that enterprise, which is\\nstill the leading industry.\\nThe business portion of the town is situated on Union\\nRiver, around the falls, where the water has a total fall\\nof 100 feet in two and a quarter miles. Ellsworth has a\\ngross water-power of 6,600 horse. The miUs for the\\nmanufacture of lumber, .also of shingles, boxes, clap-\\nboards, staves, doors, barrels, puAps, c., are numer-\\nous. The count.y and city buildings are in good order,", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0542.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "and the citj- is apparently- having a fair measure of success in its\\nenterprises. The only bank is the Hancock County Savings. The\\nEllsworth American, the newspaper of the county, has made its\\nweekly visits to its patrons since 1853. The town was incorporated\\nas a city Feb. G, 1869, with James F. Davis as major. The removal\\nof the courts thither has materially aided the place in its advance-\\nment. Rev. Peter Nourse, ordained in 1812, did much toward the\\neducation and moral training of the j outh of his daj-, and for several\\nyears taught school as well as preached. The honored and respected\\npastor. Rev. Sewall Teiiney, settled Nov. 11, 1835, still Ines among\\nhis people, to whom he preached for 40 years. Hon. Eiidene Hale\\nwho has represented the 5tli district in Congress for tlK\\npast ten j-ears, is a resident here, while associated with\\nhim is Hon. L. A. Emery, attorney-general of Maine.\\nCastine, the southern portion of the peninsula of old\\nPentagoet, was incorporated Feb. 10, 1796, taking its\\nname from the bold baron who had there lived hi\\nstrange, romantic life. It became the countj -seat bj\\nthe act of incorporation. Its commanding position and\\neligible location have always made it conspicuous, and\\nno place in the State has been subject to so man} powers\\nIndians, French, Flemish pirates, Dutch, English and\\nAmericans ha\\\\ e iiad eath atenuof uile. jS \\\\(1 \\\\Mth()ut\\na garrison from 2\\n1630 to 1783, It\\nhas seen five na-\\nval engagements\\nin its broad har-\\nbor, and many a\\nfierce fight upon\\nthe shore. Gen.\\nDe Peyster saj s\\nTliis is one of\\nthe most remaik-\\nable points all\\nalong our coasts\\nwhich, under a.ny\\nother government\\nthan our own,\\nwould have long\\nsince been trans-\\nformed into a na-\\n.val and military\\nfortress of the first\\nclass. So much\\nof life has passed within its limits, that one wonders at\\nits present quiet, and fancies an awakening must speed-\\nily come, when the echoes of the past will sound, and\\nthe roar and rush begin. Wonderfully beautiful is the\\nold town, with its air of leisure and repose, resting upon\\nthe slope of the hill, with the grand harbor, dotted with\\nislands, spread out before it. The fine old\\nhomes, telling of comfort and case the\\nmany relics of the past, from the ruins of\\nFort Pentagoet to\\nthe carved Cot-\\nton s Head the\\nsummit of the pro-\\nmontor} crowned\\nbj- the rectangular\\nchain of hillocks,\\nit once recogniz-\\nc 1 IS the ruins of\\n1 it George the\\n^nificent view\\nII those ruins,\\n11 combine to\\nin one of the\\n^t interesting\\n1 ts in the coun-\\nti The outlines\\nof the fort are al-\\n1 st perfect, and\\n(juires but lit-\\nnnagination to\\nit as it was\\n1 the daj s when\\ne now quiet\\nechoed to the\\nimng of can-\\nand the stan-\\n1 of St. George\\nttd defiantlj\\no\\\\ trthe ramparts.\\nAt V arious dis-\\ntcs from Fort\\nI ge are the\\niiims of seve-\\n1 itteries, and\\niil\\\\ south are\\nmarks of tlie\\nold i rench fort,\\nsupposed to have\\nbeen erected by\\nD Aulnay.*\\nProb.ibly he built no new fortification as the one formerly occu-\\npied by the Plymouth Colony was ready to his hand. This is the Fort\\nPentasoct in Acadia, surrendered by Capt. Richard Walker to tlie\\nChevalier de Grind-Kontamc Aii^ 5, 1670. It was afterwards occupied\\nby Baron do Castm, an.l i^ roniiiKiuly called Castin s Fort. A fort was\\nbuilt about 1811 liv i1h ATiiniiaiis, which was occupied by a British\\ndetachment in ISl l-ir aii.l called by them Fort Castine. Durin? the\\nlate civil war it was rebuilt and garrisoned by a company of United\\nStates troops. At one time it was called Fort Porter.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0543.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nAbout two-thirds of the way from the light-house to\\nthe Block-house Point is a large granite bowlder, called\\nTrask s Rock, preserving the name of the gallant bo}-\\nwho cheeril}- played his fife under its shelter while his\\ncomrades, commanded b} Gen. Lovell, were marching\\non to the attack of the British stronghold, Julj 28,\\n1779.* Several old cannon still remain as relics of the\\nheroic days the palmj^ days of Castine. f\\nFormerly ship-building was a leading industry here,\\nand fitting out vessels for the Grand Banks was carried\\non verj extensively-. Meantime, though the removal of\\nthe courts to Ellsworth in 1838, the decline in ship-\\nbuilding, and the repeal of the act granting bounty to\\nfishermen, have all contributed to the commercial injury\\nof the town, yet Castine is a place of not a little\\nenterprise and thrift. For a few years past it has been\\na famous summer resort.\\nSept. 7, 18G7, the Eastern State Normal School was\\nopened, and its new school-house, finished in 1873, is\\none of the best in the State in many respects. It has\\naccommodations for 200 pupils. The churches are fine\\nbuildings, and the residences mostly handsome. Rev.\\nWilliam Mason, the first minister of Castine, was ordained\\nas Congrcgationalist, but became Unitarian, the influence\\nof which change is still felt, Castine having one of the\\ntwo Unitarian chiu-ches in the county. Isaac Parker,\\nthe fii st lawj-er in the qount} was a man of great legal\\nability and influence, He was representative in Con-\\ngress from this district ft-om 1796 to 1798. Ilezekiah\\nWilliams, a respected inember of the Hancock bar, was\\nrepresentative from 1815 to 1849. William Abbott came\\nto Castine in 1801, a sound lawyer and a man of great\\nability and honor. His son, C. J. Abbott, was a mem-\\nber of the famous cltiss of 25 at Bowdoin College, and\\nhonors the name he bears, having filled manj- offices of\\ntrust in town and State. Mr. Samuel Adams, for nearly\\n40 j cars deacon of the Congi cgationalist society, one of\\nthe oldest and most respected citizens, has been in mer-\\ncantile life ever since his first coming to the town in 1809.\\nDr. Joseph L. Stevens hs.s been the physician since 1819,\\nthough, of late years, not in active practice, which has\\nA Capt. Ilinklcy Is reported tq have been shot down while cheering\\nhis men to the assault from this rock, which is said to still bear the stain\\nof his blood.\\nt A quantity of ancient silver coins were aceldentallr found in Castine\\nin 1840, mostly French and Spanish pieces, with some Massachusetts\\npine-tree shillings and si-xpences of the date of 1652. There were in\\nall nearly 2,000 coins, and they were probably left or lost hero by some\\nof the Castin family when they departed for Canada; or, perhaps, by\\nthe Baron when he fled to the woods at the time of Sir Edmund Andres s\\nvisit in 1GS8. A complete collection of these coins was made at the\\ntime by Dr. Joseph L. Stevens, who still has them In his possession. In\\n18G3 a piece of sheet-copper about 8 by 10 inches in size was found.\\nbeen taken bj Dr. G. A. Wheeler, author of the Ilistorj-\\nof Castine, a valuable and interesting work. The popu-\\nlation of the town is about 1,300.\\nBlue Hill (incorporated Jan. 30, 1789; population,\\n1,725) is beautifully situated at the head of Blue-hill\\nBay. The attractions of the town, as a summer resort,\\nhave long been known to tourists. The granite here is\\nunsurpassed by any in the State. It is being used for\\nthe great East River Bridge. There are four quarries\\nand a cemeter}- monument establishment in the town.\\nThe mines (mostlj- cojjper) were discovered bj- William\\nDarhng, and have passed through several hands, but are\\nnow owned by the Blue-hill and Boston Mining Company.\\nExtensive crushing-works have been erected, and the\\nbusiness is thriving. Rich specimens of ore have been\\nfound, equalling anj- in the country-, excepting the native\\ncopper from Lake Superior. From Blue-hill Mountain\\nmanganese has been taken to the Mount Katahdin Iron-\\nWorks, to be used in smelting the iron-ore and other\\nminerals, valuable in the arts, are found in the moun-\\ntain.\\nThe old Academy is still open, and the churches arc\\nprosperous. Rev. Jonathan Fisher, the first pastor in\\nthe town, was a graduate of Harvard College, and in\\neverj respect a remarkable man. He lived with this\\npeople for more than 41 years.\\nGouLDSBOROUGH, J the south-east town of the count^-\\n(incorporated Feb. 16, 1789), embraces Stave, Jordan s,\\nIron-bound, Porcupines, Horn s, Turtle and Schoodic\\nislands, and, in 1870, that part of No. 7 known as\\nWest Bay Stream, was annexed. It has the most exten-\\nsive seacoast of any town in the countj Coasting and\\nfishing are the principal occupations of the people, the\\nlatter of a somewhat less exciting nature than in the old\\ntimes of whale-fishing, in which many of the earl}- citi-\\nzens were engaged.\\nThe first settlement at Gouldsborough Point was made\\nabout 1769 by Francis Shaw\u00c2\u00a7 from Massachusetts, and\\nTobias Allen from Kitteiy-. Robert Gould, Godfrey\\nWright, Shaw and Gould obtained the grant, and by\\ntheir efforts the township was formed. The early settlers\\nbearing a Latin inscription, which may be translated substantially as fol-\\nlows 1C48, Juno 8, 1, Friar Leo of Paris, a Capuchin missionary, laid\\nthis foundation in honor of our Lady of Holy Hope.\\nX Gouldsborough was once regularly planned for a city. Its streets\\nwere laid out, and sites for public buildings were selected. A hill in\\nthat vicinity is still called Church Hill, from having been chosen as the\\nlocation of a church. The enterprise failed utterly, and the city at\\npresent numbers perhaps 20 houses.\\nFrancis Shaw was the leading spirit of the colony, and his word\\nwas law with his devoted followers, who yielded implicit obedience to\\nhis authority, which was rigorously exercised, but generally for the\\nbenefit of the settlement.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0544.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "suffered manj- privations, their only food at one time\\nbeing the clams which the coast afforded. They were\\nalso greatly harassed by wolves, which abounded on the\\nPoint.\\nThere is a broad field for the antiquarian in the acres\\nof shell-heaps, containing arrow-heads, stone hatchets\\nand chisels, pieces of rude potter} bones of moose, deer,\\nbears and birds, among the latter those of the Great Auk,\\nnow extinct, showing that an arctic elhnatc once prevailed\\nhere. Hay, potatoes, butter and wool are the principal\\nproducts, with large quantities of eggs. At a very early\\nday a mill was built at Prospect Harbor by John and\\nAbij.ah Guptill and others from Massachusetts.\\nGen. David Cobb, the great man of that day, came\\nhere from Taunton, Mass. He was one of Gen. Wash-\\ningtorfs aids in the Revolution, and chief justice of the\\nCommon Pleas for the count} of Hancock. He bought\\nthe first house built in town by Mr. Shaw, rebuilt it,\\nand kept up a magnificent establishment for those days.\\nThe schools of this town are among the best in the\\ncounty. The population is about 1,700. Robert Gould\\nShaw became a Boston millionaire, and owned a magni-\\nficent residence on Beacon Street.\\nThe Cole familj are very influential, and to them\\nbelongs one of the few poets in the county, f\\nCol. Hall, who served with distihction in the war of\\n1812, was a native of this place.\\nOrland (incorporated Feb. 12, 1800, population 1,700)\\nat one time bearing the name of Alamasook, from a pond\\nof that name, then of Eastern River, is a busy town.\\nTwo-thii-ds of the voters are farmers, and few agricultural\\ncentres in Maine show greater activity than Orland vil-\\nlage. Bricks of excellent quality are made here. A cave\\non the north-east side of Great Mountain has been ex-\\nplored for 60 feet, and several rooms, with walls and\\nceiling of basaltic finish found in it. The business centre\\nof the town is at the Corner, where are several fine\\nresidences. On one side of the river the Methodist and\\nCongregationalist churches stand in close neighborhood,\\nand on the hill on the other side are the town-house and\\nWhen this house was taken down in 1872, a number of bullets were\\nfound deeply imbedded in tlio wood, whicii were supposed to have been\\nfired from a British privateer in an attack made during the Revolution-\\nary war.\\nt Asa Cole, who published a volume of poems, which had, in its day,\\na wide circulation.\\nJ William Ilutchings, his son, was bom at York, Oct. 6,1764, and died at\\nPenobscot, May 2, ISCC, aged 101 years 6 months and 26 days. Ho was\\nthe last Revolutionary pensioner in New England, and the last but one\\nin the whole country. A boy at Majabagaduce, when the British took\\npossession of the place, he was pressed into the service of the enemy and\\ncompelled to assist in drawing the first stick of timber for the foundation\\nof Fort George. After the destruction of the American fleet, he went\\nUniversalist Church. Dr. John Burnham was one of the\\ncharacters of the town. A man of intellect and learn-\\ning, his quaint speeches are cuiTent with this as well as\\nthe last generation. Mr. John Buck was for manj j cars\\nidentified with the interests of Orland.\\nSdrkt, on the west bank of Union River, incorporated\\nJune 21, 1803, has a large comparative area of good til-\\nlage land, and the cultivation of cranberries is receiving\\nmore attention each jcar. Some lumber is manufactured,\\nbut farming is the chief business, and two farmers clubs\\nflourish. The large Jarvis farm was in 1840 the best\\nin the count} In 1874, a small quantity of silver coin\\nwas found buried on We} mouth Point, when and by\\nwhom left, no one knows. Leonard Jarvis was promi-\\nnent for several years in State matters, and representa-\\ntive in Congress from 1831 to 1837. Hon. Samuel\\nWasson, member of the State Board of Agriculture from\\nits first organization and compiler of a valuable Survey\\nof Hancock County, has his home here.\\nPenobscot, the eldest town of the county, was in-\\ncoqDorated Feb. 23, 1787, taking its name from the\\nriver and bay. In the act of incorporation it is called\\nMajorbigwaduce. In 1790, fifty persons, after the I\\namiable fashion of that day, were warned from the town.\\nSince the separation of Castine, in 1796, Penobscot, like i\\nother towns, has held its course with nothing of marked\\ngeneral interest, but of late it has renewed its age with\\nnew industries. In 1876, there were 5 lumber-mills,\\n2 grist-mills, 4 brick-yards, and a mitten manufactory\\nemplo}-ing 300 knitters, and yielding a yearly product of\\n$12,000. The town is engaged in navigation to some\\nextent, but must be considered an agricultural town. Its\\nwater-power is excellent. There are some fine farms\\nand good pastures as well as timber land in Penobscot\\nand Brooksville, and cranberry culture is receiving much\\nattention, promising to become a paying crop. Rev.\\nJonathan Powers, the first settled minister, was a grad-\\nuate of Dartmouth College, and settled here in 1795.\\nCharles Ilutchings, the first actual settler of Penobscot,\\nendured great hardships during the war, being obliged\\nwith his father to Newcastle, where he enlisted, a boy of 15, in the\\nAmerican army, and served the term of his enlistment at a place called\\nCox s Head, upon the Kennebec River. At the close of the war,\\nhe returned to his father s farm in Penobscot, where he settled and\\nspent his life in fanning and lumbering, being at one time master of a\\nvessel, which gave him the title of captain. For 68 years he was a pro-\\nfessing Christian, and for many years by profession and practice a total\\nabstinence man. His son served in the war of 1812, and several great-\\ngrandsons in the war of the Rebellion, supporting the cause so dear to\\nthe heart of the old hero. In 1SC.5, when he had commenced his second\\ncentury, ho participated in a Fourth of July celebration at Bangor, upon\\nthe invitation of the municipal authorities, where every possible attention\\nwas shown to the aged veteran.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0545.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nto flee with his family through the wilderness to the\\nwestern settlements. He died in Penobscot, aged 92\\n3-ears. The population is 1,418.\\nDeer Isle, incorporated Jan. 30, 1789, was formerlj-\\nfamous as a fishing town, but since the repeal of the\\nBounty Act a class of coasting-vessels has taken the\\nplace of the fishermen. At Green s Landing is a large\\ngranite quarry, and on the Reach shore one of\\nmarble. At Oceanville is the establishment of the Port-\\nland Packing Company.\\nIsle au Haut, the youngest town of the county, in-\\ncorporated Feb. 28, 1874, is one league directly south of\\nDeer Isle. The highest part of the territory is in the\\nmiddle of the island, and exhibits the appearance of a\\nsaddle. Kimball s Island was settled during the Revo-\\nlution bj Seth Webb, a noted hunter for whom Webb s\\nPond in Eastbrook is named. Anthony Merchant settled\\non Merchant s Island in 1772. Deer Isle is the nearest\\npost-office. There is a canning factory for lobsters, but\\nthe principal business is fishing and boat-building.\\nThe remaining towns of Hancock County are, Brooks-\\nviLLE (incorporated in 1817, population 1,280), its\\nprincipal business being coasting and fishing, although\\nthe granite quarries give employment to a large number\\nof persons Sedgwick (1789-1,116), the location of a\\nvaluable silver mine Franklin* (1825-1,042), having\\nshipped more spars, railroad-ties, and ship-timber than\\nany town of equal size in this or Washington County\\nHancock (1828-974), comprising Crabtree s Neck, an\\ninviting resort for pleasure-seekers Mt. Desert f (1789-\\n918), having grist, lumber, and woollen mills, a granite\\nquarry, and an annual ice-crop of 1,200 tons Tremoxt\\n(1848-1,822): Eden (179G-1,19G), containing Bar\\nHarbor, a popular resort for summer A-isitors Cran-\\nberry Isles (1830-350), its principal business being\\nMuch of the prosperity of Franklin is due to Hon. John West, a\\nmuch respected citizen, who died in 1874, aged 76.\\nt Green Mountain, in this township, is the highest peak on the Atlantic\\nborder, from Lubcc to the Rio Grande, nor can so fine a view bo ob-\\ntained from any eminence on the coast.\\nJ Milk-white statuary marble and red granite are found on this island.\\nSouth-west Harbor is the largest on the coast. The Russian war-vessel,\\nCimbria tarried in this harbor for some time during the summer of 187S.\\nfishing and curing fish the last four towns situated on\\nMt. Desert t Brooklin (1849-927) Sullivan (1789-\\n79G), named in honor of Capt. Daniel Sullivan, a Revo-\\nlutionary soldier, its chief business coming from its inex-\\nhaustible beds of granite. II a summer resort of some note\\nDeduam (1837-450), called, from its group of ten clus-\\ntered mountains, the Switzerland of Maine, its water-\\npower being second to very few in the State Maria-\\nviLLE (1836-3C9) Waltham (1833-366), having a\\nvaluable water-power, but being principally a farming\\ntown: Amherst (1831-350), unrivalled in the improve-\\nment of its stock: Trenton (1789-678), containing\\ntokens of prehistoric settlement at Cox Point Lamoine,\\nincorporated from Trenton in 1870: Aurora (1831-\\n212), exclusively devoted to farming Otis (1835-246),\\nhaving lumber manufacture for its chief business East-\\nbrook (1837-187), having in 1876 no lawj er, doctor,\\npauper, or grogshop and Yeuona (1861-352), its chief\\nindustrj being weir-fishing, noted for having grown more\\nhard- wood to the acre than anj other town in the count}\\nThere are two outlying island plantations. Swan s\\nand Long Island, the latter comprising some 17 islands.\\nIn 1823 Israel B. Lunt made a permanent settlement on\\nLong Island. Fishing and furnishing fishing-supplies\\nmake the principal business of the islands, with a steam-\\nmill for staves on Lo ng Island.\\nTradition saj s that somewhere on the islands along the\\ncoast lies buried the money of Capt. Kidd, and many a\\nlegend is told of this fair}- gold, which as yet has\\nblessed no man s sight. But more practical people have\\nutilized the small islands with fair results as sheep pas-\\ntures, thereb}- bringing more genuine coin of the realm\\ninto their possession than this fabled wealth of the ancient\\npirate ever did to any treasure-seeker, although the man-\\nner of it may not be especially romantic.\\nThere are evidences of an old French settlement here, and m 1S41\\nan earthen pot, containing French coins of the date of 1725, and over\\n$400 in value, was dug up. In 1875, human bones, supposed to bo\\nFrench, or Indian, were found.\\nII In 1877 a silver mine was discovered here, of which C. W. Kempton,\\nmining engineer, says This discovery is the most wonderful ever\\nmade in New England, and in some respects the most astonishing found", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0546.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0549.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0550.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "KEN^^EBEC COUKTY.\\nBY WM. E. LAPHAM, M. D.\\nA LARGE proportion of the territorj of what is now\\nKennebec County, was once embraced in the Plj-mouth\\nPatent, afterwards called the Kennebec Purchase. On\\nthe 13th of Januarj-, 1G29, the old Ph-mouth Colonj\\ngranted to AVilliam Bradford and his associates of New\\nPljTnouth, in America, territorj described as follows\\nAll that Tract of Land or part of New England in\\nAmerica, which h eth witiiin or between and extendeth\\nitself between the utmost limits of Cobbiseconte, alias\\nComaseconte, which adjoineth to the river Kennebeck,\\nalias Kennebekike, towards the western ocean, and a\\nplace called the Falls at Neguamkike in America afore-\\nsaid, and the space of fifteen English miles on each side\\nof the said river commonly called the Kennebeck Eiver,\\nand all the said river called Kennebec, that lies within\\nthe said limits.\\nThe very loose and indefinite manner in which the\\nlimits of this grant were described, gave rise to frequent\\ndisputes and much litigation, but finally, in 1757, the\\nwhole matter was referred to five verj* eminent lawyers,\\nwho decided that the southern boundary- should be the\\nnorthern line of the town of Woolwich, in the present\\ncounty of Sagadahoc, and the northern boundary the\\nsouthern line of Comville, in the present county of Som-\\nerset. A better idea of the extent and boundaries of\\nthis grant is had in tlie statement that it was 30 miles\\nwide, and extended from Merr_\\\\Taeeting Bay to the falls\\nbelow Norridgewock, and contained a million and a half\\nof acres. This decision was adverse to the extravagant\\nclaims of the New PljTnouth Company, which claimed\\nthe sea as the southern boundar}-. In 1G40 the proprie-\\ntors of the Kennebec Purchase ceded their grant to all\\nthe freemen of New Plymouth Colonj-, and after that tlie\\nterritory took the name of the New Plymouth Grant.\\nThis tract was valuable on account of its facilities for\\ntrade with the natives, and its valuable fisheries of sal-\\nmon, sturgeon and shad. To all these privileges the\\nPlj-mouth Colony claimed exclusive right, and seemed to\\nhave no other interest in the territory. They made no\\nattempt to settle it, beyond the establishment of trading-\\nposts at convenient points along the ri\\\\er, and treated\\nit simply as a possession from which to derive revenue.\\nBetween 1648 and 1653, the Colony obtained deeds from\\nthe Indian sagamores, of the land extending from Cush-\\nnoc, now Augusta, to the northern limit of the grant.\\nThey built forts, and sent magistrates into the country\\nto enforce and protect their claims, but they encountered\\nvery many difficulties. Their monopoly of the trade and\\nfishing was unpopular, and nnable to continue them\\nthemselves, they leased them, reserving jurisdiction by\\nthe appointment of resident magistrates. Tired at length\\nof the vexation which the ownership of the property had\\ncaused them, in 1661 they sold their entire right in the\\npatent for \u00c2\u00a3400 sterling, to Antipas Boies, Edward Tyng,\\nThomas Brattle and John VTinslow. Neither these pur-\\nchasers nor their heirs did anything toward settling the\\nterritory for nearly a hundred years after its purchase.\\nIn the year 1676 the Indians destroyed all the settle-\\nments on the river, above Swan Island, and burned all\\nthe buildings.\\nIn the j ear 1749 the proprietors of the Kennebec\\nPurchase began to agitate the question of settling the\\nterritorj-, and held a meeting, at which new proprietors\\nwere admitted. In June, 1753, an act was passed bj\\nthe General Court of Massachusetts, permitting persons\\nholding lands in common and undivided, to act in the\\ncapacity of a corporation. Under this act a now corpo-\\nration was formed bj- the name of Kennebec Pur-\\nchase from the late Colony of New Plj-mouth, which\\nwas the legal title, although it was nsuallj- known bj- the\\nname of the Plymouth Company. The meetings of the\\ncompany were regularly held from 1749 to 1818, when\\nthe corporation, having disposed of all its interest in the\\nterritorj-, ceased to exist. The large tract of laud in-\\ncluded in the Plymouth Patent, as has alreadj- been\\nstated, was rich in fur-bearing animals and in fish of\\nvarious kinds, and when discovered, and for many years\\nafterward, was owned and occupied by the large and\\npowerful tribe of Indians called the Canibos, who\\nclaimed the land on both sides of the Kennebec River,\\nfrom its source to Merrymeeting Bay. They embraced\\nseveral sub-tribes, or families, all of which acknowledged\\nallegiance to the great chief, Kennebis, who had his\\nresidence upon Swan Island. Some of these political", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0551.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nfamilies were, the Norridgewogs, who dwelt at Norridge-\\nwock, the Tacconets of Watervillo, and the Cushnocs\\nof Augusta. The Canibos, or Kcnnebecs, were numer-\\nous when the countrj- was discovered, numbering more\\nthan 1,500 warriors. The different families spoke the\\nsame language, with only slight variations, and in all\\nenterprises which had for their object the common good,\\nwere one people. According to Sebastian Rasle, a\\nFrench Jesuit missionar}-, who resided many years\\namong these Indians, thej were more intelligent and less\\nbarbarous than most of the New England tribes.\\nIt is supposed that the Kennebec River derived its\\nname from Kennebis, the name of the great Indian\\nsagamores, a long line of whom it is thought may have\\nruled over the Indians who dwelt upon its banks. It is\\nhardly necessary for us to say that Kennebec County\\ntook its name from the river. Cushnoc, at the present\\nhead of na-\\\\-igation on the Kennebec, now called Augusta,\\nwas earl}- known and often visited for the purposes of\\ntrade. The first trading-post estabUshed within the\\nlimits of Kennebec County was located here, in 1629,\\nthe year the patent was obtained by the New Plymouth\\nproprietors. A post was established at the same time\\nat Richmond Landing, but this was soon discontinued,\\nit is supposed for the reason that the fur trade, which\\nwas the source of the most profit to the proprietors,\\ncould be carried on to better advantage at Cushnoc, the\\nrichest furs coming from the upper waters of the river.\\nThis establishment was successfully carried on for many\\nyears, until it was broken up by the Indian wars. We\\nshall speak more particularly of the history of the ancient\\nCushnoc in our history of Augusta.\\nThe wars between England and France, in which the\\nIndians almost miiformly took sides with the Latter, very\\nmuch retarded the settlement of the interior of Maine.\\nThe records of the company, even after the reorganiza-\\ntion, give abundant evidence of the difficulties they en-\\ncountered in obtaining settlers. Euroiie did not then\\ncontain the surplus population that it since has, the fre-\\nquent bloody wars preventing any great increase of num-\\nbers, and those who did come over preferred to settle in\\nthe older Colonies, where they found a more stable gov-\\nernment. Great inducements were offered to any who\\nwould settle upon the fertile* lands of the Kennebec.\\nThe proprietors offered 100 acres of land to each head\\nof a family, to pay their passage from Boston, to build\\na block-house for their protection against the Indians,\\nand to advance six months provision. Still no settlers\\nc:imc. To remove the dread of the hostile Indians,\\nwhich had much to do with deterring settlers from com-\\ning upon the patent, the company chose a committee to\\ntreat with the different trilies, and in 17.54, in order to\\ngive securit} to the settlements on the Kennebec, they\\nvoted to build a fort at Cushnoc, on condition that the\\ngovernment of the Massachusetts Bay would build an-\\nother at or near Ticonic. This proposition was accepted,\\nand Fort Western was erected at Cushnoc (Augusta) in\\n1754, and Fort Halifax, at Ticonic (Wiuslow), was\\ncompleted the following year.\\nAmong the proprietors admitted at the reorganization\\nof the company, in 1753, was Dr. Sylvester Gardiner of\\nBoston, a gentleman of ample means, possessed of sound\\njudgment, and persistent in whatever he undertook to\\nperform. He at once assumed the management of the\\naffairs of the company, moved and carried an assessment\\nof \u00c2\u00a35,000 on the shares, which was expended in pro-\\nmoting the interests of the coqioration. Pre\\\\nous to\\n1760, the county of York embraced the whole district\\nof Maine, but in that year the counties of Lincoln and\\nCumberland were organized, the former of which in-\\ncluded nearly all the territoiy east of the Androscoggin\\nRiver. In 1761 the Plymouth Company erected county\\nbuildings for the new county, at Pownalborough, now the\\ntown of Dresden, on the east side of Kennebec River,\\nand about two miles above the head of Swan Island.\\nThe old court-house, in a good state of preservation, is\\nstill standing, and is occupied as a dwelling. Dr. Gardi-\\nner, fully comprehending the value of the patent for\\npurposes of settlement, and finding the company s efforts\\nineffectual, decided to take hold of the matter himself,\\nand at his own expense. He built a sloop, which he kept\\nconstantly running between Boston and the Kennebec in\\nsummer, and to the Sheepscot in winter. In December.\\n1754, the company granted him the falls and part of the\\nland, forming the present town of Gardiner, not as a\\ngift, but as a portion of what he would be entitled to in\\nthe future divisions of the company s property. The\\nDoctor at once commenced, and in a few years completed\\ntwo saw-mills, a grist-mill, a fulling-mill, a convenient\\nwharf, stores, and several dwelling-houses. He also\\ncleared up large tracts of land.\\nThe fall of Quebec in September, 1759, and the sub-\\nsequent treaty which ceded the Canadas and maritime\\nProvinces to Great Britain, put an end to the Indian\\nwars in Maine and removed the cause which had so long\\nprevented the settlement of the interior towns. The\\nPlymouth Company now renewed their efforts to settle\\ntheir patent, and with verj gratifj-ing success. They\\ncaused an advertisement to be extensivelj- circulated in\\nEngland, Ireland and America, that they proposed lay-\\ning out three townships to be granted to settlers upon\\nperforming settling duties, and directed six townships six", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0552.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "miles square to be laid out on the west side of Kennebec\\nRiver commencing 3 miles and 16 rods from the river\\nand 4 miles north of Cobbosseconte, and running 12\\nmiles to the west line of the patent, and 18 miles north\\nand south and that 200 acres be granted to every\\nfamily settling therein, on condition of building a house\\n20 feet square and 7-fect post, and clearing five acres of\\nland all to be completed in three years, and residing in\\nperson or by substitute on the same for seven years.\\nSettlements were begun in several townships previous to\\n17G5, and in several more before 1770, The northern\\npart of the county was settled much later.\\nBy an act of the Massachusetts General Court, ap-\\nproved Feb. 20, 1799, the northern part of Lincoln\\nCounty was erected into a new county by the name of\\nKennebec, with the shire town at Augusta. The south-\\nera tier of towns in the new county were Unity, Free-\\ndom, China, Malta, Pittston (wliich then included Gardi-\\nner) Litchfield, Monmouth and Greene and at the\\norganization of the Maine State government in 1820,\\nincluded the following incorporated towns, besides a large\\nextent of unsettled territory Hallowell, Winthrop, Vas-\\nsalborough, Winslow, Pittston, Greene, Readfield, Mon-\\nmouth, Mt. Vernon, Sidney, Farmington, New Sharon,\\nClinton, Fayette, Belgrade, Harlem (China) Augusta,\\nWajTie, Leeds, ChesterviUe, Vienna, Waterville, Gardi-\\nner, Temple, Wilton, Rome, Fail-field, Unity, Malta\\n(Winslow), Freedom, Joy (Troy) and China.\\nI By the erection of Somerset County in 1809, Kenne-\\nI bee County lost nearly four-fifths of its tenitory. Waldo\\nwas incorporated Feb. 7, 1827, and took from Kennebec\\nthe four towns of Unity, Freedom, Joy and Burnham.\\nBy the incorporation of Franklin County, March 20,\\n1838, the towns of New Sharon, Chesterville, Wilton,\\nTemple and Famungton were taken from Kennebec\\nCounty and when Androscoggin County was formed, in\\n1854, Kennebec County lost the towns of East Liver-\\nmore, Greene, Leeds and Wales. The county is now\\nmade up of 24 towns and 3 cities, the latter situated\\nupon the river, Augusta and Gardiner being only six\\nmiles apart, with Hallowell between.\\nUp to the year 1787, the only courts held in the county\\nof Lincoln were a term of the common pleas and one of\\nthe sessions annually at Pownalborough. In 1786 it\\nwas decided to make Hallowell a half-shire town, and\\nthe first term of the court was held in PoUard s tavern at\\nthe Fort Western settlement, on the second Tuesday of\\nJanuary, 1787, by William Lithgow, James Howard and\\nNathaniel Thwing. At this time no lawyer resided on\\nthe river above Pownalborough, but in the following\\nyear William Lithgow, Jr., opened an office at Fort\\nWestern settlement, and was, therefore, the first lawyer\\nin what is now Kennebec Countj The first term of the\\ncourt of sessions was held in March following, in Col.\\nNorth s house.\\nThe first court-house was built in Augusta, then Hal-\\nlowell, in 1790, and stood in Market Square, just above\\nDickman Lane. This building was used until 1801,\\nwhen Kennebec County having been incoriDorated, and\\nAugusta set off from IlalloweU, the county commenced\\nthe erection of a new court-house, on the site of the\\npresent jail, on State, then called Court Street. This\\ncourt-house, finished in March, 1802, was a large and\\ncommodious building for the time, and served the countj\\nfor 30 years. It was subsequently moved to the lot\\nnorth of the Mansion House, and is still standing and\\nknown as Concert Hall. The Court of Sessions at the\\nDecember term in 1827 decided that a more convenient\\nbuilding was needed for the accommodation of the court\\nand county officers. A granite building, 50 bj CO feet,\\nwas soon after erected and occupied for the first time\\nJune 1, 1830. Judge Mellen held the first court in\\nthe new building, and pronounced it superior, for the\\npmiooses for which it was erected, to any other in the\\nState. A brick building, with fire-proof vaults, for the\\nsafe-keeping of the county records, was built in 1813,\\nand used for that purpose until the completion of the\\npresent court-house, which accommodates not only the\\ncourt, but all the county officers. A jail was erected,\\nof wood, in 1793, on the lot afterwards occupied by the\\nstone jail. This was on the corner of Winthrop and\\nState streets, on the lot now occupied by Ai Staples. In\\n1808 it was bui-ned, together with the jailer s house. A\\nnew building was erected in 1808 which served the pur-\\nposes of the county for half a century. In 1858 the\\ncount} commissioners decided that it was inadequate to\\nthe wants of the county, and decided to build another.\\nThe old court-house lot was selected as the place upon\\nwhich to erect the new structure. The building was\\ncompleted at a cost of over $50,000 and opened for\\npublic inspection Feb. 1, 1859. It is constructed of\\ngranite, .ii on and brick, and is considered the finest\\nbuilding in the city and the finest and most substantial\\njail building in the State.\\nKennebec, though in area one of the smaller counties,\\nis one of the best, if not the very best agricultural\\ncounty in the State. The soil on both sides of Kenne-\\nbec River is a clay loam, easily cultivated and very pro-\\nductive. Probably more hay is harvested in the towns\\nbordering on the Kennebec River than in any other\\nsection of equal size in New England. Most of the\\nunderlj ing rock in Augusta, Hallowell, Manchester and", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0553.jp2"}, "542": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe various other towns iii this county, is granite. Sev-\\neral quarries have been opened, and the business of\\nquarrying and hammering granite for shipment is quite\\nextensively carried on at the present time. This granite\\nis composed of wliite feldspar, silvery gray mica and a\\nlittle quartz the feldspar being the predominating in-\\ngredient. Tlie color of the rock is grayish white, and\\nwhen smooth hammered, at a little distance appears like\\nwhite marble. The mica is arranged in such a manner\\nas to cause the stone to split easily into the desired\\nforms. It is also susceptible of a fine polish.\\nThe farmers of this couutj- were early aware of the\\n1629, a trading-post was estabhshed here near the head\\nof tide-water. But in the second Indian war the settle-\\nment was entirely laid waste. It was resumed again,\\nwith partial success, after the peace of 1713, when a\\ngranite fort was built under the direction of Dr. Noyes,\\nsaid to be the strongest in the country. The place was\\nagain destroyed during the subsequent Indian wars, and\\nremained so until the Plymouth proprietors in 1754, built\\nand manned Fort Western, on the east bank of the river,\\nnear the present Kennebec bridge. One of the buildings\\nof the fort, occupied as a store-house and for barracks,\\nstill standing, is believed to be the oldest structui-e on\\nSTATE HOUSE, AUGUSTA, ME.\\ngreat value of associated effort in promoting the inter-\\nests of agriculture and horticulture, and an agricultural\\nsociety was organized here previous to 1800, which con-\\ntinued in operation many years. Since that time several\\nsimilar societies have been chartered b}- the legislature,\\nas the interests of agriculture seemed to demand, and at\\nthe present time there are three within the limits of the\\ncountj-, all in a flourishing condition.\\nTowns.\\nAugusta. The ancient Cushnoc was alwaj-s a noted\\nplace. A powerful sub-tribe of Indians had their head-\\nquarters here, and a Jesuit mission was early estabhshed\\nfor their conversion to the Catholic faith. Soon after the\\nland was granted to the Plymouth C oionj-. As earl}- as\\nthe river, erected by the Plj-mouth Company. Up to the\\nclose of the war, the soldiers at Fort Western were the\\noul} English people here, but after the fall of Quebec, a\\nsettlement was gradually effected, though as late as 1770\\nthere were but few families within the present limits of\\nAugusta.\\nJames Howard, who commanded Fort Western for\\nmanj j ears, must be regarded as the first settler of Cush-\\nnoc, as he continued to reside here, and his descendants\\nhave alwaj-s been residents of the town. After the close\\nof the war, he and his sons, Samuel and William,\\nengaged in business, monopolizing the extensive liunbcr\\ntrade, and the father was for many years the wealthiest\\nand most prominent man in this region. He came to\\nthis country from the north of Ireland, and belonged to", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0554.jp2"}, "543": {"fulltext": "a respectable familj-. Among the other early settlers\\nwere James Page and Moses Greely from Haverhill,\\nEphraim Cowan and Ephraim Butterfield from Dunstable,\\nMass., and Daniel Hilton, long In the service of the\\nHowards. May 22, 1771, the first meeting was held in\\nHallowell, under the act of incorporation which was\\npassed April 26 of that 3 ear. The town then contained\\n99 taxable polls.\\nThe Fort Western settlement was set off from Hal-\\nlowell and incorporated by the name of Harrington, Feb.\\nseveral saw and other mills. In 1867 the dam and fac-\\ntory passed into the hands of the Sprague Company of\\nProvidence, R. I. The present Kennebec bridge, a most\\nsubstantial structure, was rebuilt in 1827, and was made\\na free bridge in 1860. Augusta became a city in 1849,\\nand Alfred Reddington was elected mayor.\\nThe leading denominations all have church edifices,\\nand sustain regular preaching. The granite church occu-\\npied by the Congregationalists, is one of the most sub-\\nstantial church edifices in the State. This denomination\\nHIGH SCHOOL, AUGUSTA, ME.\\n20, 1797; the name was changed to Augusta, June 11\\nof the same year. Augusta was made the shire town of\\nthe county in 1798, and capital of the State in 1828.\\nGround was broken for the new state house the same\\nyear. The buildings were completed and first occu-\\npied in 1832. The insane hospital was finished in 1840.\\nIt is the only Maine State institution of the kind,\\nand has been much enlarged since that time. In 1850\\nthe building was partially destro3 ed by fire, by which\\nseveral patients lost their lives. A United States arse-\\nnal was authorized to be built here in 1827, and the cor-\\nner-stone of the main building was laid June 14, 1828.\\nIt has been occupied as a military post since that time.\\nThe dam across the Kennebec was built from 1835 to\\n1838, and a cotton factory was erected in 1845 also\\nis among the oldest in the city, and the wealthiest. It\\nsustained meetings long before there was a church edifice\\nin town, when Augusta was only a small hamlet.\\nAugusta has been the home of many eminent persons.\\nHon. Reuel Williams, one of its most distinguished\\nnative-born citizens, was a member of the U. S. Senate.\\nLuther Severance, the founder of the Kennebec Jour-\\nnal, served with distinguished abilitj in Congress. Hon.\\nJames W. Bradburj a native of Parsonsfield, came here\\nwhen a young man, and commenced the practice of law.\\nHe has been a resident of the city about 50 j-ears.\\nBesides occupying prominent positions under the State\\ngovernment, he served one term in the U. S. Senate.\\nHon. Lot M. Morrill of Readfield, in this county, came\\nhere in early manhood, and was the law partner of Mr.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0555.jp2"}, "544": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nBradburj-. Hon. James G. Blaine, a native of Penn-\\nB3lvania, came here irhen a 30ung man, and bj his great\\nnatural ability and energy, has become one of the fore-\\nmost men of the nation. As Speaker of the National\\nClouse of Representatives, he won distinguished honors,\\nand was a prominent candidate for the presidency in\\n1876. He is now a member of the U. S. Senate.\\nAugusta is pleasantly situated on both sides of the\\nKennebec River, at the head of tide water and of navi-\\ngation. The surface is very uneven, being intersected\\nb}- deep gorges which open into the river but this only\\nadds to the picturesqueness of the situation. It has a\\nbracing air, pure water, and is one of the healthiest\\ncities in New Eng-\\nland. It contributes\\nlarge sums for educa-\\ntional purposes, and\\nits schools are con-\\nsidered among the\\nbest. Mount Pleas-\\nant, Riverside, and\\nForest Grove ceme-\\nteries have received\\ncareful attention, par-\\nticularl} the latter,\\nwhich is one of the\\nmost tastefully ar-\\nranged burial-places\\nto be found anywhere.\\nThis city has suf-\\nfered much from fire,\\nbut the citizens have\\nalways, at such times,\\nshown commendable\\npublic spirit, and have rebuilt better than before. The\\npopulation numbers 7,811. Among the present promi-\\nnent and enterprising citizens of Augusta not akeady\\nmentioned, are Hon. R. D. Rice, once judge of the Su-\\npreme Judicial Court Hon. Artemas Libbj now judge\\nof the same court Hon. Wm. P. TVhitehouso, judge of the\\nSuperior Court Hon. James W. North, the historian of\\nAugusta, for many years major of the city Hon. Joseph\\nH. Williams, son of Reuel Williams, once governor of\\nMaine Hon. John L. Stevens, for many j-ears editor of\\nthe Kennebec Journal, minister to Paraguay, and now\\nminister resident at Stockholm and Hon. Selden Con-\\nnor, a brave officer of the late war, and late governor of\\nthe State.\\nGardiner. This town, including West Gardiner,\\nwas part of Pittston until 1793. West Gardiner was\\nset off and incorporated Aug. 8, 1850. The fine water-\\nCOBBOSSEE CONTEE FALLS, GARDINER, ME\\npower on the Cobbossee Contee stream was taken up\\nand improved by Dr. Gardiner, and formed the neu-\\ncleus of a thriving village which in time, became a city.\\nDr. Gardiner was born in Bristol, R. I., in 1707, and\\nbecame an eminent pln-sician and surgeon in Boston.\\nOn the breaking out of the Revolutionarj- war, he\\nespoused the royal cause, and on the evacuation of\\nBoston, left with the British army. His property\\nwas confiscated, and his fine library sold at auction.\\nThe proceedings with regard to the confiscation of the\\nestates on the Kennebec were found to be Ulegal, and\\nwhen peace was declared the property fell to the heu-s\\nof Dr. Gardiner. The larger portion of the property\\nin Gardiner eventual-\\n_-= ly fell to Robert Hal-\\nlowell, a grandson of\\nDr. Gardiner, on con-\\ndition that he should\\ntake the surname of\\nGardiner, which he\\ndid. When he came\\ninto possession of his\\nproperty-, there were\\nabout 650 people set-\\ntled within the limits\\nof Gardiner, manv of\\nwhom were squatters,\\nhaving no title to the\\nsoil. The proprietor\\ndealt generously by\\nsuch, and all differ-\\nences were compro-\\nmised and arranged\\nsoon after he became\\nof age. He built the fine stone mansion on Oakland\\nfarm, which is still in possession of the family.\\nSamuel and Nathaniel Ben-y, who came from West\\nBath, were early in Gardiner, and the daughter of the\\nformer, named Lydia, bom Aug. 22, 1765, was the first\\nwhite girl born in Gardiner or Pittston. Nathaniel Berr}\\nwas a Revolutionary soldier and a member of Washing-\\nton s Life Guards. His death occuiTcd Aug. 20, 1850.\\nDr. Zechariah FUtner, a Gemian physician, was among\\nthe early settlers. He has descendants in Pittston.\\nGen. Hcnrj Dearborn settled in that part of Pittston\\nnow Gardiner, in 1784-5. He had sen ed eight years in\\nthe war of the Revolution. He was U. S. marshal,\\nsecretary of war and a member of Congress while a\\nresident of Gardiner. He was subsequentlj- collector of\\nBoston, and in 1812 accepted the command of the north-\\nern army. He died June 6, 1829, aged 79 j-ears.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0556.jp2"}, "545": {"fulltext": "Gardiner is a tliri^ing cit} and situated at tlie head of\\nna^ngation for large vessels on the Kennebec. The\\nmanufacture of lumber is an important industr3 and the\\nice business has, in later 3-ears, been largely engaged in.\\nThere are two weekly papers published here, and Gardiner\\nhas several moneyed institutions. The town was incorpo-\\nrated as a city in 1850. Seven religious denominations\\nhave houses of worship in the citj-. Population, 4,496.\\nHallowell was incorporated April 26, 1771, and\\nthen included Augusta, Chelsea and part of Manches-\\nter. It was named for Mr. Benjamin Hallowell, who\\nwas a proprietor and aided in its settlement. Augusta\\nwas set off in 1797, and Manchester and Chelsea in\\n1850. Hallowell was incorporated a city in 1850, and\\nthe charter was adopted in 1852. When the town was\\nfirst settled that part which is now called Augusta was\\nknown as Fort Western, or Cushnoc, and that which is\\nnow Hallowell as the Hook. The first settler at the\\nHook was Dea. Pease Clark, who came from Attle-\\nborough, Mass. The first clearing made was near the\\npresent citj- hall. His house, which was the first erected\\nwithin the limits of Hallowell, stood on Academy Street.\\nAmong the early prominent residents of Hallowell was\\nDr. Benjamin Vaughan, who was born in England April\\n30, 1751, and married Sarah, the eldest daughter of\\nBenjamin Hallowell, Esq. During the French Revolu-\\ntion he was a member of the English Parliament, and\\nIjeing compromised in some political movements he fled\\nto France, and finally came to this country, arriving in\\nHallowell in 1796. He was a public-spmted man, and\\ndid much for the settlements on the Kennebec. He\\ndevoted a part of his time to the practice of his pro-\\nfession, but always without paj^, and was deepl}^ inter-\\nested in agriculture and horticulture. He planted a large\\nnurserj of fruit-trees, from which orchards were set out\\nin various places in the icinit3-. He had a large and\\nvaluable librar3% the medical portion of which he pre-\\nsented to the Maine Insane Hospital. He died in his 85th\\nyear, Dee. 8, 1835. Charles Vaughan, a brother of\\nBenjamin, born in London June 30, 1759, came to Hal-\\nlowell in 1790. Besides running a flouring-mill and\\nbrewery he was much devoted to agriculture and hor-\\nticulture, and the importation of improved breeds of\\ncattle. He died May 15, 1839. John Merrick, of Welsh\\nlineage, but born in London, was another early resident\\nof Hallowell. He came over as tutor in the Vaughan\\nfamily, and subsequently married a sister of Dr. Vaughan.\\nHe was a man of profound learning, an overseer of\\nBowdoin College and a trustee of Hallowell Academy.\\nHe died in Hallowell in 1861, aged 95 j ears.\\nHallowell Academy was incorporated and partiallj\\nendowed March 5, 1791. The school was formally\\nopened May 5, 1795, under the care of Mr. Woodman.\\nWithin a few years the old institution has been merged\\ninto the Hallowell Classical Institute.\\nBefore the dajs of railways, when the Kennebec River\\nwas the principal thoroughfare for travel and traffic\\ntln-ough this region, Hallowell was an important business\\ncentre but since the construction of the Maine Central\\nRailwa} (back route) the business of the city has much\\nfallen ofl\\nThe granite found in this vicinity is of superior\\nquality. The figures which compose the monument to\\nthe Pilgrim Fathers, in process of erection at Plymouth,\\nMass., including the huge statue of Faith, were cut at\\nthe Bod well works in Hallowell. Hallowell has a fine\\ncemeterj-, an appropriate soldiers monument and a pub-\\nlic library. The various religious denominations are\\nwell represented. Population, 3,010.\\nWateeville. That part of the town of Winslow\\nsituated on the west side of Kennebec River was set off\\nand incorporated as Waterville on the 23d of June, 1802.\\nTiconic Falls furnish a most excellent water-power. In\\n1792 a dam was constructed, and a double saw-mill built\\nnear the foot of the main fall. The mill was put in\\noperation in the spring of 1793, and soon after, Mr.\\nRedington, the builder of the mill, put up a house and\\nmoved his family from Vassalborough. At this time\\nthe onlj persons living in the vicinity of the falls were\\nJohn Searl, Isaac Temple, Ivory Low and their families.\\nAmong those who settled near the falls we find the\\nnames of Nathaniel Low, Daniel Carter and others. The\\nMarch town meeting of Winslow for 1798 was held at\\nthe new public meeting-house, on the west side of the\\nriver, in what is now Waterville.\\nThe institution now known as Colbj^ Universitj^ was\\nfirst organized and incorporated Feb. 27, 1813, and was\\nendowed with a township of timber land situated on\\nPenobscot River, the same which now constitutes the\\ntowns of Alton and Argyle. In 1816 it was decided to\\nlocate it at Waterville. In 1820 the institution was\\ngranted collegiate powers, and subsequent!}^ allowed to\\ntake the name of Waterville College. The first gradu-\\nates were George Dana Boardman, who afterwards be-\\ncame a missionary to India, and Ephraim Tripp. In\\n1867 the college received a large endowment from Gard-\\nner Colby, a wealthy gentleman of Boston, and the\\nlegislature that year changed the corporate name of the\\ninstitution to Colby University. Rev. Dr. J. T. Champ-\\nlin, the faithful president, spent the best years of his life\\nin the interest of the college and its present fiourishing\\ncondition is largely due to his untiring etlorts.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0557.jp2"}, "546": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nIn 1873 West Waten-ille was set off and incorporated\\nas a separate town. Shorn thus of its territory, Water-\\nville is the smallest town in the countj having an area\\nof only 13 square miles yet it has a population of over\\n5,000. The village, situated on the right bank of the\\nriver is one of the pleasantest in Maine. The streets\\nare broad and beautifull}- shaded, and bordered by ele-\\ngant residences. Lumber of all kinds is largely manu-\\nfactured here. The Lockwood cotton-mill, recentlj^ put\\nin operation, is among the best in New England.\\nWatcrville has a national\\nbank and an institution\\nfor savings, and several\\npublic or circulating libri\\nries. The local journal is\\nthe Waten-ille Mail\\nPiTTSTON was incorpor i\\nted and named in honoi\\nof Hon. John Pitt of Bos-\\nton, Feb. 4, 1779. Jt\\nhad pre\\\\-iously been calh d\\nGardiner s-town, in hon\\nor of Dr. Gardiner, and\\nwould have perfjetuatod\\nhis name but for the fact\\nthat he espoused the cause\\nof the king against the\\ncolonists, which rendered\\nhim very unpopular with\\nthe patriots of Pittston\\nAmong the early settle is\\nof Pittston was Rogc i\\nLapham, son of Joshi\\nand Mary CWood) L:ii\\nham of Scituate, Mass\\nHe was a ship-wright,\\nand worlced at Bath, but\\nflnallj came up and settled in Pittston. One of his sons,\\nRoger, Jr., still occupies the old homestead.\\nPittston is broken bj hills and ravines, but is a good\\nfarming town. The only -village is situated on the Ken-\\nnebec, opposite Gardiner.* The first Congregational\\nchurch was gathered here in 1812. The Methodists had\\na station here in 1794. The population is 2,355.\\nWiNTHROP. This town was included in the Plymouth\\nGrant. The first white person who made his home in the\\ntown, was a hunter named Scott, who built him a hut\\nnear the great Cobbossee Contee Pond, on the land which\\nIn a gully which opens into the Kennebec, near the north-west part\\nof the town, is the so-called Money Hole. Here, many years ago, a\\nman named Lambert spent much time in digging for buried treasure,\\nTimothy Foster, the first permanent settler, occupied.\\nMr. Foster came first in 1764. and the next j-ear brought\\nhis family. The next settler was Squier Bishop from\\nRchoboth, Mass,, with his wife and six children. Foster,\\nand also families by the name of Fairbanks, Stanley and\\nPullen, came from Attlcborough, Mass.\\nMr. Chandler from Ipswich, N. H., built a saw-mill,\\nnear where the cotton-factory now stands, in Winthrop vil-\\nlage, and during the j-ear erected a grist-mill a gi-eat con-\\nvenience to the settlers, as previous to that time the near-\\nest mill was at Gardiner.\\nThe town was incorpo-\\nrated bj- its present name,\\nApril 2G, 1771, being\\nnamed in honor of Gov.\\nAViiithrop. In March,\\n1791, the town was di-\\nvided, and the north half\\nwas incoi-porated bj- the\\n.lame of Readfield.\\nDuring the war for In-\\ndependence, the people\\nof Winthrop were found\\non the patriotic side.\\nWinthrop is an excel-\\nlent farming town, and\\nthe land is in a high state\\nof cultivation. It has\\nalways been famous for its\\nfine apple-orchards and\\nfor its stock. The Win-\\nthrop Jersey stock is well\\nknown, and highlj piized\\nthroughout the State.\\nThere are several ponds\\nin the town, the largest\\nof which, the Cobbossee\\nContee, deserves to be called a lake. Winthrop village,\\nsituated on the Maine Central Railwaj has mills and\\nfactories, and is an important centre of trade. The\\npopulation of the entire town is 2,230. A Congrega-\\ntional church was organized Sept. 4, 1776, and Jeremiah\\nShaw was probabl}- the first pastor.\\nWiNSLOW. In 1754 the government of the Colon}-\\nof the Massachusetts Bay, erected a fort on the triangle\\nnear the mouth of the Scbasticook River. This struc-\\nture was named Fort Halifax. One of the block-houses\\nof this fortification is still standing, and is a conspicuous\\nand the operation has been repeated several times since. A pit was\\nexcavated, 80 feet in depth, and a large body of earth (but no money)\\nhas, at different times, been removed.\\nAILKMLI-L, MK.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0558.jp2"}, "547": {"fulltext": "object between the Maine Central Railway and the river.\\nThis fort formed the nucleus of a little settlement and,\\naccording to Williamson, eleven families gathered around\\nit the year it was completed. The plantation name was\\nKingsfleld. The town was incorporated April 26, 1771,\\nand named in honor of Gen. John Winslow. It was\\nsituated on both sides of the Kennebec River, and\\nincluded the present towns of Waterville and West\\nWatcrville. The ancient name of Winslow was Tacon-\\nnet (Ticonic), an Indian word signifying Falls in the\\nWoods, and the Falls at Waterville are still called by\\nthis name. A road suitable for carriages, was con-\\nstructed between Forts Western and Halifax, by order\\nof Gov. Shirlej-, during the j ear 1754, which was the\\nfirst road of any length\\nconstructed for military\\npurposes in Maine. The\\nfirst town meeting was\\nheld at Fort Halifax on\\ntlie 23d of May, 1771.\\nThe people of Wins-\\nlow exhibited commend-\\nable zeal and patriotism\\nduring the war for In-\\ndependence. The en-\\ntire Declaration of In-\\ndependence was spread\\nupon the town records.\\nIn 1795, Rev. Joshua\\nCushman was ordained\\nas minister, although\\nthere was no church or-\\nganization during Mr.\\nCushman s ministrj-, which continued for a period of\\nnearly 18 years.\\nTiconic was a favorite resort of the Indians of the\\nKennebec, on account of its fine salmon fishing, and a\\npowerful sub-tribe of the Kennebec or Cannabis tribe\\nhad its head-quarters here. The woods also abounded\\nin moose, deer, bears, and also various kinds of fur-\\nbearing animals. In the present town of Winslow,\\nbetween Fort Halifax and the bridge across the river to\\nWaterville, is an old Indian burying-ground, from which\\nstone implements of curious workmanship are often dug,\\nwith human bones. A large area has been dug over by\\nthe students of the college and by others, in pursuit of\\nthese relics. Situated on a little elevation, is the place\\nset apart by the early settlers as a cemetery.*\\nThe little village in the vicinity of Fort Halifax was,\\nat one time, an active business place, but Waterville,\\nsituated at the Falls, has absorbed the most of it.\\nLAST BLOCK HOUSE OF FOKT HALIFAX.\\nWinslow has some excellent land on the river, but\\nfarther back it is rocky and sterile. The population is\\n1,440.\\nChina. Early in the season of 1774, John Jones,\\nbetter known as Black Jones, came up the Kennebec\\nRiver as far as Hallowell, and then made his way east-\\nward for the purpose of running out a new town,\\nwhich he successfully accomplished and, in July of that\\njear, the pioneer s axe was heard for the first time in tlie\\npresent town of China. The first settlers were Edward,\\nJonathan, Andrew and Ephraira Clark from Nantucket.\\nThese four brothers were accompanied by their aged\\nfather, Jonathan Clarlc, and Miriam, his wife. Ephraim\\nClark was 23 years of age when he came here, and\\nwas not married until\\n21 3 ears after, yet he\\nraised up a family of\\nsix sons and six daugh-\\nters, all of whom came\\nto maturity. George\\nFish, who was an Eng-\\nlishman, and Ephraim\\nClark, built, on Clark s\\nBrook, the first mill in\\ntown. The new town-\\nship was called Jones\\nriantation until 179G,\\nwhen it was incorpo-\\nrated into a town by\\nthe name of Harlem.\\nThe first town meeting\\nwas held at the house of\\nShubael Bragg. Feb.\\n5, 1818, parts of the towns of Winslow and Fairfax,\\nand the northerly part of Harlem, were incorporated into\\na town by the name of China. Two years later Harlem\\nwas annexed to China. The present population is 2,218.\\nA Baptist church was organized in 1801, and a church\\nedifice built some years after. Miriam Clark, wife of\\nJonathan, Sr., whose maiden name was Folger, and who\\nFrom one of the headstones in this cemetery, we copied the follow-\\ning epitaph\\nHere lis the body of Richod Themos\\nan inglishman by birth\\nBy occupation a Cooper,\\nnow food for worms.\\nLike an old rumpimcheon\\nmarked, numbered and shooked,\\nHe will be raised again and finished\\nby his Creator.\\nHe died September 28, 1824, aged 75.\\nAmerica, my adopted country my best\\nadvice to you is, take care of your liberties.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0559.jp2"}, "548": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nis said to have been the sister of the mother of Benja-\\nmin Franlvlin, was a member of the Society of Friends.\\nThe first meeting-house erected in China still stands on\\nits original site. The Friends have alwajs been among\\nthe leading citizens. Among the more prominent were\\nEli and Sybil Jones, who travelled in Europe, and made\\ntwo or three trips to the Holy Land in the interest of\\ntheir denomination.\\nReadfield. This town, formerlj the northerly half\\nof Winthrop, was set off and incorporated March 11,\\n1791. Among the early settlers and proprietors, was\\nJoshua Bean from Gilmanton, N. H., who owned a con-\\nsiderable tract. His family have always been prominent\\nM. E. Church and denomination, and a share of the\\npatronage of all denominations, is in a most flourishing\\ncondition.\\nThe surface of Readfield, like nearly all the towns in\\nKennebec County, is hilly, but the soil is rich and the\\nland under careful cultivation. The town has several\\nponds and parts of ponds, and is watered by them and\\ntheir tributaries and outlets, as well as by the overflow\\nof Greely Pond in Mt. Vernon.\\nVASSAXBOROucn. The first settlers, largely from towns\\non Cape Cod, came about the year 1 760. The progress of\\nthe settlement was slow, and, eight years afterwards,\\nthere were only 10 families in town. In 1775 Dennis\\nBearce Uall. Sampson Ilall.\\nMAINE WESLEYAN SEMINARY AND FEMAI.E COLLEGE, KENT S HILL.\\nin the town. Readfield is especially noted for its fine\\ncattle, its extensive dahies, and its fruit product. At\\nReadfield Corner are the grounds of the Kennebec Agri-\\ncultural Society, the oldest association of farmers in the\\nState. The annual exhibitions here are always highly\\ncreditable. There are four villages in town; viz.. East\\nReadfield, Readfield Depot, Readfield Corner and Kent s\\nHill.\\nKent s Hill was so named from a familj of Kents, who\\ncame here early from Marshfield, Mass. Here is located\\nthe IVIaine Weslej-an Seminary and Female College.\\nThe former was incorporated in 1821, and the college\\nwas chartered in 1859. Rev. Dr. H. P. Torsey has, for\\nmanj j^ears, been at the head of the institution. The\\nbuildings are beautifully and conveniently situated on a\\nhigh and sightly elevation, in the north-west corner of\\nthe town, and the institution having been liberally\\nendowed by the State, and receiving the support of the\\nGatchell was chosen capt.ain of the town, for the emer-\\ngency of the times. His brother, John Gatchell, was\\nthe pilot of Arnold s expedition up the Kennebec to\\nQuebec, in 1776. The town was incorporated April 26,\\n1771, and named in honor of Florentius Vassal, who\\nowned one-fourth part of the Plymouth patent. He was\\nthe son of William Vassal, who early came to Scituate,\\nMass. The son returned to England, and died in Lon-\\ndon in 1778.*\\nThe first settlers in Vassalborough were sometimes\\nannoj ed by the Indians, and John Gatchell f dug an\\nHis will is recorded -nith the Kennebec County Probate records,\\nand is dated Sept. 20, 1777. It covers U large sheets of parchment,\\neach page being 24 by 30 inches. It is written in old English text-\\nhand, and is a fine specimen of chirography, the letters being cut\\napparently with the uniformity and accuracy of type.\\nt This man was a gi-eat hunter, and possessed of remarkable strength.\\nOnce, having wounded a full-grown moose, he caught hiin, threw him\\ndown and cut his throat with his jack-knife.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0560.jp2"}, "549": {"fulltext": "underground passage from his house to a gully, as a\\nmeans of escape in case of an attack.\\nA Baptist church was gathered here in 1788. In 1808\\na second church was organized. The most of the earlj-\\nsettlers of this town belonged to the Society of Friends, a\\nregular meeting of which was begun in 1780, so that most\\nother churches are of comparatively recent date. This is\\na large town, and has five post-offices. Its population is\\n2,915. At North Vassalborough the Woollen Mills\\nCompany manufacture a fine quality of goods and at\\nEast Vassalborough is manufactured flour, meal and lum-\\nber of various kinds. Friend J. D. Lang, one of the board\\nof Indian commissioners, and an experienced woollen\\nmanufacturer, resides here, and is a leading man in his\\ndenomination and in the town. His son, Hon. Thomas\\nS. Lang, now of Oregon, was the breeder of the ftimous\\nKnox horses, so celebrated for their trotting qualities.\\nThe remaining towns of Kennebec County are Mon-\\nmouth* (incorporated in 1792), an agricultural town,\\nwith 1,744 inhabitants; Litchfield (incorporated in\\n1795; population, 1,505), an excellent farming town.\\nwhere the annual exhibitions of the Litchfield Farmers\\nClub are held: Clinton (1795, 1,76G), formerly noted\\nfor its lumber, the masts of the famous United States\\nship Constitution being cut here: Sidney (1792,\\n1,471) named in honor of Sir Philip Sidney Belgrade\\n(1796, 1.485), with its vahuible water-power, the native\\nplace of Lot M. and Anson P. Morrill, both ex-governors\\nof Maine, and the former at one time United States\\nsenator: Albion (1804, 1,356): Mt. Vernon (1792,\\n1,252), originally called Washington Plantation, and\\nreceiving its present name to commemorate the home of\\nWashington: Chelsea (1850, 1,238), the seat of the\\neastern branch of the National Soldiers Home Wind-\\nsor (1809, 1,266): Benton (1842, 1,180): West\\nGardiner (1850, 1,044) WATNEf (1798,938), named\\nin honor of Gen. Wayne, a town peculiar in its geological\\nformation: Fayette (1795, 900), containing manufac-\\ntories of edged-tools, lumber, c. Farmingdale (1852,\\n860) Vienna (1802, 740) Rome (1804, 725) and\\nManchester (1850, 732). Besides these are Unity\\nPlantation and Clinton Gore.\\nKNOX COUNTY\\nEY L. F. STARRETT.\\nThe county of Knox was formed from portions of\\nLincoln and Waldo counties in 1860. It is situated on\\nthe south-west coast of Penobscot Baj The river St.\\nGeorge runs entirelj through it, its mouth being nearly-\\ndue south from the point where it enters the county at\\nthe north. The centre of a line between these two\\npoints would be not far from the head of its tide-waters.\\nThis river drains nearly all the count} except where the\\nsurface inclines directly to the bay or sea-shore. It has\\nmany branches, which are the outlets of numerous ponds.\\nThus nearly all parts of the county are supplied with\\nwater privileges, some of which are of great value. The\\nscenery is diversified, and many views are afforded not\\noften surpassed for attractiveness. In the north-eastern\\npart of the county are the Camden Hills or Mountains.\\nOf these Mt. Megunticook is 1,265 feet high; Ragged\\nMountain, 1,230; Mt. Pleasant probahh about the same\\nJohn Ch.indler, the first town clerk of Monmoutli, a n.itive of\\nEpping, N. H held many important offices both in the State and in the\\nnation, including that of United States senator.\\nheight as the latter; Bald Mountain, 1,140 feet; and\\nMt. Baltic nearly 1,000 feet. These are all in the town\\nof Camden except Mt. Pleasant, which is partly in\\nCamden and partly in Warren. There is also quite an\\neminence in Hope, known as JIt. Hatchet, and another\\nin Rockland which is 558 feet high, and is known as\\nMadambettox, Methabesec, and also as Dodge s and as\\nMarsh s Mountain. The soil of the county may be\\ndescribed as tolerably fertile and easy of cultivation in\\nthe vallej-s of the streams and along the margins of the\\nponds hardly less remunerative, but more difficult of\\ncultivation on the declivities of the hills, and sterile\\nupon the ridges and along the coasts.\\nTo the earl} voyagers A-isiting the coast of Maine, the\\nlands bordering upon the ocean oflfered far less attraction\\nto the eye seeking a desirable place for colonization, than\\nthose which were found bj the explorers who penetrated\\nt An island situated almost in the centre of Great Androscoggin\\nPond, in this town, was used by the Indians as a place for the burial of\\ntheir dead.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0561.jp2"}, "550": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\na little way into the interior. The mouths of the rivers\\nbeing narrow, and the entrances to the bays guarded\\nwith islands, the openings to the water-courses by which\\ntliese explorations were made, had to be carefully sought\\nout. Though the accounts of these explorations possess\\ngreat historical interest, since they led to organized\\nattempts at settlement, and became the basis of royal\\ngrants b}^ \\\\-irtue of which nations contended for empire,\\nit hardly falls within the compass of this sketch to nar-\\nrate them.\\nIn 1G30 the Pl3-mouth Company granted to Leverett\\nand Beauchamp, two English merchants, the tei-ritory\\nlying between the Penobscot and Muscongus rivers, ex-\\ntending north far enough to form a tract 30 miles square.\\nThis is known as the Muscongus or Waldo Patent.\\nThis grant is the basis of most of the land titles in Knox\\nand Waldo counties. Though in its origin one remove\\nfrom royal, it was roj-al in its proportions, assuming to\\npass title to nearly 600,000 acres. Something was done\\nj in the way of settlement, Indian traffic, and the ship-\\nment of timber from the river under the auspices of the\\nfirst proprietors, but at the breaking out of King Philip s\\nwar all operations were suspended, and they were not\\nrenewed again for more than half a century. During\\nthat period such parts of New England as were colon-\\nized experienced the vicissitudes of thi-ee bloody Indian\\nwars.\\nIn 1719 John Leverett, president of Harvard, who was\\na grandson of Leverett the patentee, became sole pro-\\nprietor of the patent. He associated with himself 30\\nothers, one of whom, Spencer Phips, received his share\\nin return for the Indian title which he had inherited from\\nSir William Phips, to the land on the St. George, as far\\nas the head of tide-waters. Sir Wilham acquired this\\ntitle in 1C94, bj- purchase from Madockawando, the\\nfamous Tairatine chief. In 1719-20 two block-houses\\nwere built, the smaller being near the river and mount-\\ning several pieces of cannon. The two were connected\\nby a covered way, the whole constructed of the largest\\nhewn logs. The work was several times repaired, and\\nprobably enlarged, as during the later Indian wars the\\nupper block-house was 100 feet long, vdth. walls 16 feet\\nhigh. Within its enclosure were barracks and a well.\\nThe work took the name of Fort St. George. Around\\nthis the proprietors proposed to build a town, which they\\nhad already named Lincoln. The Indians exhibiting\\nsigns of hostility to these operations, the white men\\njustified their occupation by the Phips purchase to\\nwhich, however, the Indians answered that Madocka-\\nwando had no right to make such a sale. In conse-\\nquence of the hostile attitude of the Indians, the propri-\\netors garrisoned the fort with 20 men, under command of\\nCol. Westbrook, one of their number. Their plans of\\nsettlement were interrupted ])y the breaking out, in 1722,\\nof what is known as the fourth Indian, or Lovewell s\\nwar.\\nThis fort continued to be the most easterly, and con-\\nsequently most exposed, mihtary post during the Indian\\ntroubles.\\nIn 1724 the command was given to Josiah Winslow,\\nson and gi-andson respectively of the two governors of\\nthe Plymouth Colony of that name, and a recent gradu-\\nate of Harvard. On April 30 he went down the river\\nwith a small force in two whale-boats. The Indians\\nwatched his movements and laid in wait for his return.\\nHe remained at the Green Islands over night, and com-\\ning back the next daj a man in the companion boat shot\\na duck. The boat, dropping behind to get the fowl, was\\nattacked by a great body of Indians, judged to be 200\\nor 300. Seeing the peril of his companions, Winslow\\nwent back to their assistance. The men fought with the\\nbravery of desperation, until all the whites and six of\\ntheir Indian allies were killed. Capt. Winslow was one\\nof the last to fall. He was onlj 22 ^-ears of age, and\\nregarded as a j oung man of great promise. One of the\\nfriendly Indians who escaped from this encounter badlj-\\nwounded was pensioned bj^ Massachusetts.\\nAt length, after repeated attacks upon the fort by the\\nIndians, and as frequent repulses, though with more or\\nless loss on both sides, a conference was held here in\\nJul^-, 1725, between two Massachusetts commissioners\\nand 13 Indian chiefs. This was adjourned to Boston,\\nwhere a second meeting was held in November, at which\\nthe Eastern Indians were represented by four of their\\nprincipal chiefs. The discussion was continued a full\\nmonth, each party endeavoring to throw the responsibil-\\nity of the war on the other. The Indians opened the\\nquestion of Madockawando s right to sell their land, and\\ncontended long for the abandonment of the forts at the\\nSt. George and the Kennebec. Finally arrangements\\nwere made to establish trading-houses at these points,\\nthe goods to be sold at rates which would barely cover\\nexpenses, the principal object, under the circumstances,\\nbeing to conciliate the Indians.\\nThis arrangement, which put an end to the bloodj-\\nLovewell s war, is known as the Dummer treaty. It\\nwas ratified the ensuing summer, by a large representa-\\ntion of the chiefs, at what is now Portland.\\nCapt. John Giles, who had been an Indian captive in\\nhis youth, and so had become familiar with tlieir lan-\\nguage, was appointed to the command of the fort in\\nDecember, 1725, and retained it for 17 years. j", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0562.jp2"}, "551": {"fulltext": "The -war being now closed, the proprietors of the\\npatent began to exert themselves to obtain settlers for\\ntheir lands. It was at this juncture that we first hear\\nof Samuel Waldo, a j^oung Boston merchant, who, hav-\\ning recently inherited an interest in the patent, subse-\\nquently came into possession of nearl} the whole of it\\nhis possessions embracing what is at present included in\\nthe towns of Camden, Hope and Appleton. By inherit-\\nance and jjurchase, Mr. Waldo thus became sole patentee\\nof half a million acres, his northern boundary, as he\\nclaimed it, being not far south of the present city of\\nBangor.\\nOne of Mr. W. s first acts was to open the lime-quany\\nwhich waa long afterwards enclosed bj- the walls of the\\nMaine State Prison and developed by convict labor.\\nHere he commenced to manufacture lime for shipment to\\nBoston, thus being the pioneer in what was destined to\\nbe a leading industry\\nThe work of colonization was finall}- begun here in\\ngood earnest, Mr. Waldo contracting (Apr. 29, 1735),\\nto deed to each settler a lot 40 rods wide on the river,\\nand running back so as to contain 100 acres the settlers\\non their part, the first party consisted of 27 families,\\nof Scotch-Irish extraction,- agreeing to build houses,\\nand within two years to clear four acres of land on their\\nseveral lots.\\nThe deeds to these lots were given in June, 1 735. The\\nnext year these pioneers came with their families and set-\\ntled upon their respective farms. In many cases the cellars,\\nover which their first rude houses were built, may still be\\nseen. The names of these settlers, still represented in\\nWarren, are Patterson, Boggs, Creighton, Starrett,\\nSpear, Lermond, Mclntj re, Robinson and Kalloch.\\nGen. Ellis Spear, now (1878) commissioner of patents,\\nis a native of Warren and a descendant of the settler\\nof that name.\\nGen. Waldo rebuilt the saw-mill at Mill River, latel3-\\ndestroj ed b} the Indians, in 1735. In 1740 he erected\\na grist-mill at Oyster River, and also the meeting-house\\nwhich he had engaged to build.*\\nAt about this period Waldo also located some 40 lots\\non the western side of the river, in what is now Gushing.\\nAbout 30 of these were at once occupied, substantially\\nthe same terms being made with the settlers as had been\\nmade with those of the upper town and in distinction\\nfrom that, this took the name of St. George s lower town.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2It was an unpretentious log building of 30 by 40 feet, its exterior\\nclapboarded, its interior destitute of other finisli than the smoothing of\\nthe clear pine lumber of which it was constructed. Rough benches were\\nthe only scats provided, and the windows were glazed with 3 by 4 panes,\\nwhich were broken out during the Indian wars, before the building was\\nmuch used. Its pleasant situation by the river s side is identified by\\nIn 1742 Giles was succeeded in command of the fort\\nbj Jabez Bradbury-, who continued to hold the position\\nduring the stormy events of the next 15 years. He was,\\nduring this period, truck-master at such times as there\\nwas trade with the Indians.\\nIn 1743 a settlement was effected at what is now\\nFriendship, then known as Meduncook. These settlers\\nwere of English Puritan extraction. In 1 754 there were\\n22 families, representing the following names: Jameson,\\nWadsworth, Bradford, Davis, Lawry, Gaj-, Gushing,\\nBartlctt, Demorse, Bickmore, Morton and Cook.\\nIn 1 744 war was declared on the Indian tribes east of\\nthe Passamaquoddy, and subsequently, August 14,\\nin consequence of their having shared, to some extent,\\nin an attack (Jul}- 19) upon the fort, against the\\nTarratines as well and in fact, against all the eastern\\ntribes.\\nIn 1745 occurred the famous expedition which took\\nLouisburg. Of this Waldo was second in command.\\nMany of the settlers enlisted in it others, who had\\ncome from Massachusetts, returned thither, and all the\\nrest took refuge with their families in the fort or bloclv-\\nhouses. Of these, one was a little farther up the river\\nthan the fort, and was under command of Capt. Benj.\\nBurton after his return from Louisburg another, at\\nPleasant Point, near the mouth of the river, under com-\\nmand of Capt. Henderson.\\nWith the return of peace the settlers went back to\\ntheir farms, and prosperity seemed for a while to smile\\nupon the settlement. Rev. Robert Rutherford, a worthy\\nPresbj-terian minister who became chaplain to the garri-\\nson some time during the war, remained and preached\\nat intervals to them, and sometimes to the settlers, till\\nhis death, which occurred at the fort in 175G. Trade\\nwas resiuned with the Indians, and formal conferences\\nwere held at the fort with their leading men, at which the\\ntreat} of 1749 was ratified.\\nIn 1753 Waldo settled another colon} of 20 Scottish\\nfamilies some two miles from tlio river on the western\\nside. Of the names of these settlers those which be-\\ncame identified with the future history of Warren arc\\nAnderson, Dicke, Crawford, Malcolm and Kirkpatrick.\\nThese emigrants gave to their settlement the name of\\nStirling, which is still retained by the neighborhood\\nwhere their village was located.\\nIn November, 1754, the news that the Indians had\\nthe ancient churchyard, where sleep the forefathers of the hamlet. This\\nis enclosed by a hedge of handsome fir-trees, the evergreen foliage of\\nwhich gives constant beauty to the place. Several of the graves are\\nmarked by low stones of dai-k marble, with inscriptions surmoimted by\\nthose reminders of mortality deemed by the sentiment of the times\\nappropriate the skull aud cross-bones.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0563.jp2"}, "552": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nattacked Fort Halifax on the upper Kennebec reached\\nthe settlements, whereupon the entire population at once\\nbetook themselves to the fort and block-houses, which\\nhad been recently greatly strengthened and enlarged.\\nThe war soon became general,* and for four years\\nyears of mortal terror to the settlers the contest con-\\ntinued.\\nIn 1757 Thomas Pownal succeeded Gov. Shirley. He\\nwas very energetic in his measures against the Indians,\\nand very popular in consequence with the settlers here.\\nAt about this time Bradbury was succeeded by Capt.\\nJohn North, one of the Scotch-Irish settlers. He was a\\nsurvej or, had been much emplojed as such at the settle-\\nments further west, and laid out the original lots on the\\nriver. After Bradbury s relief, but before he left the\\ngarrison, occurred, in August, 1758, the last of the\\nseveral unsuccessful attempts upon Fort St. George.\\nWith the destruction of the French power in America\\nthe Indians of the east realized that it was useless longer\\nto contend against the English. By the treaty they were\\ncompelled to acknowledge that they had forfeited their\\nlands by taking up arms against the king and we hear\\nnothing more of the bound established by the purchase\\nfrom Madockawando. Gen. Waldo, however, did not\\nlive to avail himself of this libertj^ to extend his settle-\\nment. He died in 1759, leaving his estate to his family.\\nHis son-in-law, Thomas Flucker of Boston, subsequently\\ncame into possession of the larger part of the patent.\\nDuring the interval between the close of the French\\nwar and the breaking out of the Revolution, several\\nbeginnings of settlements were made. Elisha Snow was\\nthe pioneer in the settlement of South Thomaston. He\\ncame in 1767, associated with himself John Mathews,\\nand they were soon followed by other settlers named\\nTenant, Coombs, Bridges and Orbeton. They settled\\non the banks of the Wessawweskeag.\\nThe first settlement in Camden was made in 17G8, by\\nJames Richards. He was followed next year by two\\nbrothers, and shortly after by other settlers named\\nMinot and Ogier. These all settled at Camden village,\\nThis result was greatly precipitated by an outrage, perpetrated by cer-\\ntain wtiite men, fiends in liuman form, on defenceless and friendly Tarra-\\ntines. On July 1, one James Cargill, on his way from New Castle with\\n31 men, came upon an Indian and his wife, upon whom they fired, kill-\\ning him and mortally wounding her. The woman asked them to take\\nher infant, which she called Nit, to Capt. Bradbury. One of the party\\nanswered, every nit will make a louse, and cruelly knocked the child\\nin the head before the eyes of the dying mother. On arriving at the fort\\nthe next morning, and exhibiting their bloody trophies, the women at\\nthe fort at once recognized the scalp of the woman as that of Margaret\\nMoxa, a Tarratino squaw, who had rendered signal service to the gar-\\nrison in warning them of the approach of enemies. Shocked by this\\nact of Ijrutality, the wicked deed was loudly and unqualifiedly Con-\\nor Mcgunticook. At what is now Rockport village,\\nRobert Tliorndike was the pioneer. He was followed by\\nhis brother Paul and others named Harkness, Ott and\\nBallard. Still another settlement wns made at Clam\\nCove by Gregory, Buckland, Porterfield and Upham.\\nAt about this time settlements were made on the Fox\\nIslands.\\nThe first clearing in Union was made in 1772 by four\\nyoung men from the Scotch settlement below. As that\\nwas called Stirling this took the name of Stirlingtown.\\nIn 1774, Dr. Taylor of Lunenburg, Mass., purchased\\nfrom the Waldo heirs the entire township for \u00c2\u00a31,000.\\nFrom him the plantation took the name of Taylortown,\\nand it was known sometimes by one and sometimes by\\nthe other of these names until its incorporation in 1786.\\nAt this time there were in it 77 inhabitants of the names,\\nAdams, Bowen, Butler, Cummings, Grinnell, Hawes,\\nHills, Holmes, Mero, Partridge, Robbins, and Ware.\\nThe settlers within the limits of what is now Rockland\\nat the commencement of the Revolution bore the names\\nof Lindsey, Spear, Fales, Crockett, Tolman and Jame-\\nson, all of which names are worthily represented in the\\ncitj of to-day.\\nAt the breaking out of the war of the Revolution, the\\nsympathies of the people were generally with the cause\\nof freedom. In 1774 the fast day recommended bj the\\nGeneral Court was observed at Meduncook with religious\\nexercises, and the Solemn League and Covenant,\\nbinding to non-intercourse with Great Britain until the\\nBoston Port Bill should be repealed, was signed by 55\\nadults, male and female, and many of the children.\\nEarly in 1775, Capt. Samuel Gregg, with 20 men from\\nthe upper and lower towns, marched to Fort Pownal,\\nsituated at Fort Point at the mouth of the Penobscot\\nRiver, and demanded of the commander, Goldthwaite,\\nto know why he had given up his cannon to the enemy.\\nHe told them the fort was the king s, showed them the j\\norder of Gov. Hutchinson, and further excused himself j\\nhy saying that to have refused compliance with the terms I\\nof the order would have caused the total ruin of the\\ndemned. The writer recalls the impressive manner with which he has\\nheard old people who in their youth had heard it talked of liy those\\nwho were in the garrison at the time, tell of the prediction made, and\\nfulfilled, that no one of the guilty party would ever die in their beds.\\nThe Massachusetts authorities endeavored to placate the just resent-\\nment which the Tarratines felt at this outrage, and assurances were\\ngiven that justice should be meted out to the guilty parties. Cargill\\nwas apprehended and tried, the trial, it is presumed, being at York.\\nThe defence set up was, that some of the partj- were St. John Indians,\\nand at that time the prejudice against the race was so strong that a ver-\\ndict of acquittal was rendered. Thenceforward the difficulties with the\\nTarratines increased, and on Nov. 5, 17S5, war was declared against\\nthem, followed in the succeeding June by the declaration against France.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0564.jp2"}, "553": {"fulltext": "river. The party professed to be satisfied witli the\\nexplanation, but perhaps thinldng that arms and ammu-\\nnition would be safer in their own hands than in the\\nhands of one so prompt to obey the orders of the roj al\\ngovernor, made a demand upon him for a quantity to\\nprotect the settlement at St. George. He delivered to\\nthem 7 muskets, 10 pounds powder, and 24 pounds ball.\\nOn June 6th the inhabitants of the settlements on the\\nriver and Wessawweskcag met and chose their first\\nCommittee of Safety and Correspondence.\\nOn Nov. 7, 1776, the town of Warren was incori^o-\\nrated, taking its name from the hero who had so lately\\ngiven his life for the cause of freedom. This was fol-\\nlowed on March 20, 1777, by the incorporation of\\nThomaston, which included what is now South Thomas-\\nton and Rockland, and which was named for Gen. John\\nTliomas, who like Warren had recently laid down his life\\nfor liberty, having fallen a victim to disease while leading\\nback the remnant of the ill-fated army which followed\\nIilontgomer} and Arnold to Canada.\\nThe coast, at this period, was exposed to predatory\\nattacks from British armed vessels, and here and there\\nwas found a loj-alist willing to guide them on their\\nmarauding expeditions. Others, more timorous or less\\nsensitive to appeals to patriotism than interest, when the\\nevent seemed unpropitious for freedom, gave to the enemj\\nan indirect support. The few settlers along the bay shore\\nand on the Fox Islands were especially lialile to incursions\\nfrom their proximity to the British post at Bigu3-duce.\\nA Tory named John Long, piloted an English party\\ninto Camden harbor. They plundered wherever they\\ncould find anything worth plundering, and burned\\nnearly all the buildings, including the saw-mill. When\\nthe war was over, most of those who had been conspicu-\\nously active in the royal cause were glad to find homes\\nelsewhere. Long, however, remained, and risked the re-\\nsentment which, more than once, as we are told, mani-\\nfested itself in violence.\\nThe settlements of this region were largely represented\\nin the unfortunate expedition against Biguj-duce in 1779.\\nAfter the defeat, many of the patriots of Belfast and the\\nupper Penobscot, who would not take the oath of alle-\\ngiance to the king, came in a bod} to Camden, where\\nsome remained, while others went further west where\\nthej had friends.\\nPerhaps no hero of the Revolutionary era obtained a more pro-\\nnounced local fame than farmer Robert Jameson. Having been ruth-\\nlessly plundered of cattle, hogs and farm produce, and himself taken\\nprisoner by one Pomcroy, a Tory and former schoolmate, and who had\\nbeen promoted to the command of a privateer brig, Jameson availed\\nhimself of the earliest opportunity, regardless of consequences, in the\\nmost bitter terms to denounce Pomeroy to his face, and to characterize\\nDurirg the progress of tho war. Gen. Peleg Wads-\\nworth was appointed to the command of the Eastern\\nDepartment, and had his headquarters at Thomaston.\\nUpon a certain occasion it chanced that ho was supplied\\nwith onlj a small bodj -guard. This fact having been\\ncommunicated by certain Tories in the vicinity to tho\\nBritish at Biguyduce, a heutenant and 25 men were sent\\nto capture him. Thej surprised him, together with his\\nwife and three children, and a Miss Fenno, a friend of\\nINIrs. W., guarded only by three men. After these were\\novercome, and the rest of the house occupied, the General\\ndefended himself in his own room until a bullet shattered\\nhis arm, when he surrendered. His wife and Miss Fenno\\nhastily bound a handkerchief over the fracture, and threw\\na blanket over his shoulders, when he was hurried away\\ninto captivity.\\nOne of Gen. Wadsworth s companions in bonds was a\\nMaj. Benj. Burton of Warren, through whose ingenuitj\\nand indefatigable efforts was effected his own and Gen.\\nWadsworth s escape from confinement. Burton, son of\\na famous Indian fighter, was a character. Being acci-\\ndentally in Boston at the time, he volunteered as a\\nmember of the Boston Tea Party. Proceeding to the\\nmetropolis at once after his escape from a British dun-\\ngeon, he enlisted as captain of marines in the American\\nnavy. Again made a prisoner bj- the fortunes of war,\\nthe end of the struggle which he had helped to begin in\\nthe hold of a tea-ship, released him from confinement\\nin the hold of a prison-ship. Landing at New London,\\nwith onl}^ eight shillings in his pocket, he made his way\\nhome to enjoy in peaceful pursuits the liberty ho had\\nserved so faithfully to gain. He died May 24, 1835,\\naged 86, and was buried in the town churchyard at\\nWarren, where a low, long monument, in box form, marks\\nhis honored grave.*\\nAt the close of tlie war a great deal of uncertainty and\\nanxiety existed about land titles. Fluekcr had espoused\\nthe cause of the king, and been included in the act of\\nproscription, and in the unsettled condition of affairs\\nmany people had located upon the proprietary lands\\nwithout obtaining title. Meantime, such portions of the\\npatent as iiad not been disposed of came eventually, by\\ninheritance and purchase, into the possession of Gen.\\nHenry Knox, the son-in-law of Flucker. If the pro-\\nprietary claim was to be recognized, it must have been\\nhis baseness in unmistakably plain English, adding that, if ever the j\\nopportunity should be presented, he should not fail to take ample satis- j\\nfiiction for tlic treatment he had received at his hands. By a singular\\ncombination of circumstances it so happened that years afterwards\\nPomcroy did fall into Jameson s hands, when the latter proved as good\\nas his word. Calling upon him to defend himself as best he might, Jame-\\nson proceeded to .administer to him condign and exemplary punishment.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0565.jp2"}, "554": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\na satisfaction to patriotic citizens to learn that it was to\\ninure to the benefit of one who had so well approved\\nhimself as a friend of freedom. It is believed that his\\ndealings with the delinquents were characterized bj-\\nforbearance.\\nAfter Ids arduous services in the Revolution, and in\\nthe organization of the Department of War, Gen. Knox\\nfelt that he had earned the right to retire to private life.\\nThe possession of this vast tract opened before him a\\nprospect that was particular!} attractive to a mind that\\nwas fitted b} nature and habit to deal with great things.\\nlie planned to make his home upon his estate, and to\\nidentify in the closest manner, his own interest with the\\ninterest of the community. In preparation for his\\nremoval hither, he caused to be erected near the old\\nfortress of St. George, and at an expense of $50,000, an\\nimposing mansion.*\\nTo this mansion, to which Mrs. Knox gave the name\\nof Montpelior, the General removed his family upon his\\nretirement from public life in 1795. He opened it with a\\ngrand feast, to which all, rich and poor, were alike\\ninvited, and here he continued during his life-time to dis\\npense the most bountiful hospitality. f Among his dis-\\ntinguished guests were Talleyrand and Louis Philippe.\\nHe entered upon the development of his estate with\\ncharacteristic energy engaged very largely in the manu-\\nfacture of lime erected mills carried on extensive\\nagricultural operations, and introduced new varieties of\\nfruits and vegetables, and improved breeds of cattle and\\nsheep. His extensive operations attracted new settlers,\\nand contributed largely in many waj-s to the prosperit}^ of\\nthe community. But the maintenance of so extensive\\nan establishment was a serious drawback upon his\\nresources, and necessarilj compelled him to relj much\\nupon others in the carrj ing out of his plans his bene-\\nvolent disposition and ardent temperament sometimes\\ninvolved him in unprofitable schemes, so that it is little\\nwonder that the great estate was found at his death to be\\ninsolvent.\\nThe General died suddenly in 1805. He was buried\\nwith militarj honors, and his remains now rest in the\\ncemetery at Thomaston, marked by a monument erected\\nby his wife.\\nNothing, says a late writer, is now to be seen of tlic jiiazz.as,\\nbalconies, balustrades and other ornaments of the mansion the\\nsplendid gateway leading into what is now Knox Street, surmounted by\\nthe American eagle carved in wood; the walks, summer-houses, gar-\\ndens, orchards, well-arranged grounds and forest openings. Time has\\ngathered them all, with their reno^vlled author, and all the proud spirits\\nor broken hearts that once composed his family, to their native\\ndust.\\nt It is related, that at one time he invited tho entu-o remnant of the\\nIn the war of 1812, the interest in this section mainly\\ncentered in the exploits of the privateersmen upon the\\ncoast. So closely was the coast guarded, that, at one\\ntime, a valuable cargo was transported to Boston hy ox-\\nteams rather than risk the dangers of the sea.\\nIn the war of the Rebellion, Knox County furnished\\nher full proportion of volunteers. Maj. Gen. Hiram G.\\nBerr3 after making for himself a high reputation as a\\nskilful officer, died the death of a brave soldier while in\\ncommand of his division of the army of the Potomac on\\nthe bloody field of Chancellors-s-ille. J\\nIn closing this historical sketch, it is fitting that a\\ntribute should be paid to the memory of the man by\\nwhose painstaking labors the record of so much that is\\ninteresting in the histor} of the county has been pre-\\nserved. Cyrus Eaton was born at Framingham, Mass.,\\nin 1784 came to Maine as a teacher at the age of 20\\nj-ears settled in Warren, and became by his own exer-\\ntions a very learned man, proficient in various branches\\nof science, and master of several languages. In 1845\\nhe became blind, and, assisted b} his invalid daughter as\\namanuensis, turned his attention to the writing of the\\nlocal histories for which he had been, in the intervals\\nsnatched from his other engrossing labors, collecting\\nmaterials from the commencement of his residence in\\nMaine. For accuracy, excellence of style and general\\nmerit, his works have seldom been equalled in their\\ndepartment of literature. Mr. Eaton received distin-\\nguished honors from various institutions and learned\\nsocieties, in recognition of his historical and other liter-\\nary labors. He died in 1874, having attained the patri-\\narchal age of 90 j-ears.\\nTowxs.\\nRockland. On the division of the old town of Thom-\\naston in 1848, the eastern p.-irt was incorporated as East\\nThomaston. In 1850 the name was changed to Rock-\\nland, and on April 17, 1854, it was incorporated as a\\ncity. Its harbor, connected with Penobscot Bay, is\\ndefined bj two headlands, Jameson s Point on the\\nnorth, and Owl s Head on the south. The city is located\\non level land, so that it does not show to advantage from\\nthe harbor but from the promontory of Owl s Head, or\\nTarratine tribe to pay a visit to his estate, which they not only accepted,\\nbut prolonged for some weeks, until he was obliged to remind them that\\nit was time for them to return home.\\nHis remains were brought for interment to Rockland, the city of\\nhis birth and residence, from the citizens of which he had frequently\\nreceived the most conspicuous honors within their gift. A colossal\\nstatue of tho deceased hero, executed in Italian marble by Simmons,\\nthe celebrated Maine sculptor, and erected on a handsome pedestal,\\nkeeps guard over his last resting-place.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0566.jp2"}, "555": {"fulltext": "from the loftj hills which enclose the plain on the shore\\nside, one obtains a fine iew of it.\\nI Rockland has several tasteful public buildings. The\\npost-office is a handsome and spacious structure of St.\\nGeorge granite, recently built, at a cost, including\\nI grounds and furniture, of $142,000.\\nI The coimty court-house was erected in 1874, at a cost\\nof $80,000.\\nj There are eight churches in town, the latest built and\\nmost expensive being the Universalist, erected in 1876,\\nat a cost of $26,000.\\nI There are three fine school-houses. Another prom-\\ninent structure is the Farwell building, erected in 1871,\\nI by Hon. N. A. Farwell and A. F. Ames, Esq.\\nI The principal industry of Rockland is the manufacture\\nof lime, which is carried on here to a greater extent than\\nI at any other place in the country. Quite a large fleet is\\nemployed in the transportation of tliis commodit)\\nThomaston, verj pleasantly situated on the St. George\\nRiver and K. L. R. R., has fine and well-shaded\\nstreets, along which are many handsome and costlj resi-\\nI donees. The most conspicuous public building is the\\nState prison, originally erected in 1824. The enclosure\\nconsists of several acres, but includes an abandoned\\nlime-quarr3 The principal buildings are of brick and\\nstone, and are well adapted to their several uses.\\nThere are six church edifices in Thomaston, of which\\ni that of the Congregationalists is the largest and hand-\\nsomest. The Baptist church is now being rebuilt in\\nmodem st3 le.\\nI There are seven patent lime-kilns in the town.\\nThe building and sailing of vessels was, up to about\\n1855, a leading industry in all the towns of the county\\nbordering on the coast or having building pri^dleges on\\nthe tidal rivers. Since that time other interests have\\ngradually come into prominence in most places but this\\none has retained its pre-eminence in Thomaston. The\\ngentleman who has been most conspicuously successful\\nin this business is Hon. Edward O Brien, who is reputed\\na millionaire. Mr. O Brien has recently created two\\nfunds of $10,000 each for the benefit, respectively, of the\\ndeser-i-ing poor of Warren and Thomaston, thus pro-\\nviding for the permanent assistance of a class of whose\\nclaims he has always been mindful.\\nAmong Thomaston s distinguished lawyers may be\\nmentioned Hon. John Euggles, once a U. S. senator\\nHon. Wm. J. Farley Hon. Jonathan Cilley, whose\\ndeath in a duel while a member of Congress in 1839,\\nwas regretted as a national loss and A. P. Gould, Esq.,\\nwho is very widely known as one of the ablest men in his\\nprofession.\\nCamden has two principal villages, Camden and\\nRockport, each with its accumulation of capital and its\\npecuUar industries and attractions. Chief of these last,\\nwith Camden, is its fine mountain close at hand. Health\\nand pleasure seekers are coming to find here a desirable\\nsummer resort.\\nThe town has an excellent water-power located on the\\nMegimticook stream, the outlet of Canaan Pond, which\\nhaving a surface of 500 acres, is an abundant reservoir.\\nOn this stream, which is only about three miles long, are\\n14 water-powers, having an aggregate of 150 feet head,\\nof which 10 are occupied. At the lower fall, only three\\nrods from tide-water, is located the anchor- factory of H.\\nE. W. G. Alden. This is the only establishment of\\nthe kind in Maine.\\nSome distance up the stream is the three-set woollen-\\nmill of the Knox Woollen Company. The goods of\\ntheir manufacture have a high reputation.\\nD. Knowlton Co. manufacture passenger and freight\\ncars, water-wheels, ship s steering-wheels, capstans,\\npumps and windlasses.\\nD. H. Bisbee manufactures yearly some 9,000 kegs\\nof powder.\\nShipbuilding is carried on both at Camden and Rock-\\nport and considerable capital is invested in navigation.\\nRockport has a good harbor. Its situation is verj^\\npicturesque, and its scenery pleasing. The manufacture\\nof lime is here an important Industry.\\nWarren. Shipbuilding was largely carried on at\\nWarren from an early to a comparatively recent period,\\nbut has been entirely abandoned. From 1770 to 1866,\\nnearlj 400 vessels were built there. At Warren village\\nis situated a shoe-factorj employing on the average about\\n150 hands. Here also is located a four-set woollen-mill.\\nAt the falls, a little above Warren village, where is one\\nof the very best of water-privileges, the manufacture of\\npowder is carried on by E. Wason of Boston.\\nUnion. The principal manufactory at Union is that\\nof carriages. At South Union is a valuable water-privi-\\nlege, where is situated Brown Brothers manufactory of\\nreed organs.\\nThe valley of the Georges is the best farming section\\nof the county, and the inhabitants of Waircn, Union,\\nAppleton, Washington and Hope are generally devoted\\nto agricultural pursuits. Some lumber is manufactured\\nat Washington, and at South Hope is a carriage and sleigh\\nmanufactor3 and also a door, sash and bUnd factory.\\nThe inhabitants of South Thomaston are interested\\nin agriculture, and to some extent in granite-cutting and\\nnavigation.\\nThe town of St. George is greatly interested in navi-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0567.jp2"}, "556": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ngation, a large proportion of its citizens being seamen.\\nThe soil is general!} poor, and the wealth of tlie town\\nfor it is wealth} and prosperous has been mainly de-\\ni rived from the sea. Here, also, are valuable granite\\nI quames.\\nI CusursG and Friendship have some agi-icultiu-al re-\\nsources, and are also interested in na-vigation and fishing.\\nThe same remark will appl} to North IIa-n-en, where, as\\nalso at ViKAL Haven, is a lobster-canning factor) The\\nlatter is a thriving place, and has dailj steam communi-\\ncation with Rockland. Its leading business is granite-\\ncutting, which within a few years has, at this and other\\nplaces in tlie county, assumed large proportions. The\\nstone is a handsome graj granite, susceptible of a high pol-\\nish, and very free from foreign substances, which would\\ndiscolor or make imperfections in the wrought siuface.\\nThe works at Hurricane Island are owned and ope-\\nrated by Gen. Davis Tillson of Rockland, his investment\\nthere representing over \u00c2\u00a7100,000. He is a West Point\\ngraduate, who, entering the service during the late war\\nas captain of artUler} attained to the rank of major-\\ngeneral. He employs ten engines of diiferent kinds,\\nruns his drills by the force of compressed air, handles\\nhis granite b} steam derricks and transports it b} steam\\ncars over iron tracks which he has laid from the wharf to\\ndiiTerent parts of the quarrj His largest contract has\\nbeen for the furnishing of the granite for the .St. Louis\\npost-office. At present he has about 200 men, but has\\nemployed 800.\\nOff the coast of South Thomaston lies Dix Island,\\nsome 50 acres in extent, which, with some larger but com-\\nparativelj- unimportant islands, constitutes the Muscle\\nRidge Plantation. Here extensive granite operations\\nwere commenced at an earlier daj than at any other\\npoint on the coast. While working on the contract to\\nfurnish the granite for the New York post-office 1 ,500\\nmen were at one time emploj cd, and then the little island\\nwas a busj place indeed.\\nFarther south, at Spruce Head, on the coast of St.\\nGeorge, are two quarries of very valuable building gran-\\nite, extensively worked. Still farther south is Clark s\\nIsland, so close to the main land that it is connected\\nby a bridge, where an extensive granite business is also\\nconducted. The next quarrj in order is at Long Cove.\\nNo granite is handsomer, more durable, more readilj-\\naccessible for shipment, or more generally desirable than\\nthat which is found in inexhaustible quantities along the\\ncoast and on the islands of Knox County.\\nTo\u00c2\u00abxs\\nPopulation.\\nDate of\\n18T0.\\nIncorporation.\\ncimdcn,\\n4,.512\\nFeb. 17, 1791\\nCusln.i-\\n7U4\\nFeb. 7, 1803\\nFricndsliip\\n890\\nFeb. 25, lb07\\nHope,\\n907\\nJune 23, 1804\\nKorth Haven\\n806\\nJune 30, 1846\\nEockland,\\n7,074\\nJuly 28, 1848\\nSouth Thomaston,\\n1,C93\\nJuly 28,1848\\nSt. Georpe\\n2,318\\nFel,. 7, 1803\\nTliomaston\\n3,092\\nMarch 20, 1777\\nVinal Haven\\nmi\\nWarren\\n1,974\\nWashington\\n1,276\\nFeb. 27, ISll\\nMatinicus I lantation,\\n277\\nJIusclcKidse Plantation,\\n263\\n_\\nHurricane Isle\\n30,823\\nFeb. 7, 1878\\nLIXCOLX COUXTY.\\nBY U. K. SEM ALL.\\nThe rugged shores of Lincoln County were among tlio\\nvery first on this continent to be visited and explored b^\\nmodern Europeans. f\\nAs early as 1G05, De Monts, a French navigator, hav-\\ning wintered near the present site of Calais, on the St.\\nLincoln County contains the follOTving towns Alna (population\\nin 1870, 740) Boothbay (3,200 Bremen (797) Brbtol (2,917) Dara-\\nariscotta (1,241) Dresden (996) Edgccomb (1,057) Jefferson (1,821)\\nMonhegati Plantation (145) Newcastle (1,732) Noblcborough 1,150)\\nSomerville (505) Southport (634) VValdoborough (4,174) Westport\\n(740) Whitefield (1,603) and Wiscasset (1,977).\\nCroix, cast anchor in the mouth of the Kennebec, and\\ntook possession of the shores of this, and of the adja-\\ncent territor} This French voyager described the\\nregion as a country of remarkable features, and left\\non its rocks the national emblem I of French dominion.\\nt That it must also have been visited by the Northmen, nearly 1,000\\nyears ago, seems evident from the Runic characters found on its rocks ou\\nthe little island of Monanas, in a ravine near the Fog Bell. Whether\\nwrought by hand, or traced by nature, the characters are certainly unique-\\nJ A rudimentary Jleur de Its, cut into and across the solid granite\\n.f Damariscove.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0568.jp2"}, "557": {"fulltext": "This same j car, Capt. George Wej-mouth, of the\\nArchangel, sailing northward from Cape Cod, on the\\n1 7th of Maj came in sight of, and shortly after touched\\nat, that prominent landmark of voyagers on this coast,\\nMonhegan, an island about six miles from shore, and\\nsome six miles in circumference, and which was soon\\ndestined to become the most prominent point of traffic\\non the coast of Maine.*\\nWith a small armed party, WejTiiouth early proceeded\\nto the adjacent mainland, exploring the shores of the\\nregion, and taking an abundance of fish. These surveys\\nuncovered a countrj magnificent bej-ond all anticipation.\\nIt was a surprise and wonder of hill-tops, intervals,\\nmast-pines, and spar- timber, with stands of old oak\\ntrees, like pasture oaks of England.\\nShortly- after his arrival in these waters, Capt. Wey-\\nmouth was visited by the natives in large numbers, for\\npurposes of traffic, eager to exchange valuable furs for\\nknives, hatchets, beads and other trinkets an expres-\\nj sion of confidence and good-will, on the part of these\\nuntutored children of the forest, rewarded by an act of\\nthe grossest and most unpardonable perfidy the kid-\\nnapping of five Datives and conveying them to England ;t\\nan act that, by the suspicions it awakened, and the bit-\\nterly revengeful spirit to which it gave rise in the breasts\\nof the savages, went far to lay the foundation of those\\nlong-protracted and almost unparalleled Indian atrocities\\nthat subsequentl} above quite every other section of\\nthe country, desolated and depopulated the province of\\nMaine.\\nThe region visited by Weymouth, in consequence of\\nhis glowing representations of the same, became a sub-\\nject of all-absorbing interest in England. It was said\\nthat nowhere on earth could be found more sunny skies,\\na more genial clime, or more fertile soil. The forests\\nwere of unspeakable gi andeur, the water of crj-stal pu-\\nCapt. Weymouth thus describes this island It is a round, high\\nisle, with a smaller island, Monanas, near, between which is the harbor.\\nIt is woody gi own, with fir, birch, oalc and beech. On the verge arc\\nstrawberries, wild pease, and wild rose. To Capt. John Smith it was\\na wonder that such trees could grow upon craggy clitTs, rocks and\\nstony isles, the rcmarltablcst he ever saw.\\nt The names of these captives were Nahanada, Sldtterwarrocs, Tis-\\nquantum, or Squantum, Assecommet and Dchamida. These were all\\nmen of ranlc. It is pleasant to add, that they were all kindly treated,\\nand subsequently rcturaed to their native land, serving often most im-\\nportant and useful purposes as interpreters and guides. One of these,\\nSquantum, visited at an early period the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth.\\nForgetting the crime of the wicked men who stole him, he became the\\nwarm friend of those who proved his benefactors.\\nt This region was called Pemaquid, doubtless from a pond and river\\nby that name in the vicinity. It probably embraced Pemaquid Point,\\nthe site of the ancient town and harbor of Pemaquid, and much of the\\nacljacent territory now embraced in the town of Bristol.\\nrity, and it was a luxury to breathe its salubrious air.\\n(Abbott.) Deemed thus the fairest clime in the New\\nWorld, naturally it was thought to be a most desirable\\nspot for the location of colonies.\\nIn 1C07 the Plymouth Company, having obtained a\\ngrant including all this Pemaquid territorj sent out\\nthereto, under Gov. George Popham and Kaleigh Gilbert,\\na colon} Aug. 18, 1G07, after a long and careftd\\ncruise among the neighboring shores, seeking for a suit-\\nable site for planting their enterprise, a landing was\\nfinally made, as is supposed, at the mouth of the Saga-\\ndalioc (Kennebec), at the extremity of the peninsula\\ncalled Phipsbm-gh.|| The settlement took the name of\\nthe Sagadahoc Colony. For a while it prospered but\\nits excellent governor, Popham, having died, and the\\ncolony in consequence fallen into anarchj-, the enterprise,\\nafter a trial of about one j^ear, terminated in a disgrace-\\nful and most discouraging disaster.\\nIn 1614 Capt. John Smith arrived at Monhegan Is-\\nland, and went at once to the Kennebec, where he traded\\nprofitably with the Indians, explored the coasts, and\\ncompiled a short historj of the country. This eminent\\nvoyager, however, left no permanent impress on the\\ncountr}\\nMonhegan, the first, or one of the first spots in Maine\\npermanentlj peopled by Em opeans, was settled in 1622.\\nThe earliest inhabitants of this island were fishermen and\\ntraders. Indeed, Monhegan early became probalilj the\\nmost important depot for fishing and trading vessels on\\nthis coast. Meanwhile settlements of a similar nature,\\nby a similar population, sprang up also on the mainland,\\nand along the adjacent shores. So rapidl}-, indeed, did\\nthis region, during this period, make advances in thrift\\nand population, that it verj soon came to be far more\\nimportant and conspicuous in these regards than even\\nits better known, though apparently languishing neighbor.\\nThe Plymouth Company was an association of English gentlemen,\\nformed to plant colonics in the newly found Eden of Pemaquid and\\nSagadahoc. The members of this company, intelligent, far-seeing,\\nChristian men, desiring to send the glad tidings of the gospel to\\ntheir benighted brethren of the wigwam and forests, and realizing\\nthat religion and civilization should go hand in hand, determined to\\nsend to the shores of the Pemaquid and Sagadahoc the artisan and\\nscliool-master, as well as the Bible, the Christian teacher and organized\\nchurch.\\nII It is an interesting fact, that the first Protestant sermon ever\\npreached on the continent of America was probably delivered by Kev.\\nRichard Seymour, chaplain of Popham s colony, upon the occasion of\\nthe solemnization of the inauguration of this colony, on Phipsburgh\\nPoint, in August, 1607. It is also probable thivt the previous 9th d.ay of\\nthis same month, was the first time since the world s creation that God,\\nas revealed to us in the person of his Son Jesus Christ, was worshipped\\non that portion of the world s surface called Maine. The worshippers\\nwere the Popham Colony at Sagadahoc.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0569.jp2"}, "558": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OK NEW KNGLAND.\\nI lyiM.iiitli. Diiriii^r tlic Kiiuiiiici- iiioiillis, ((iiilc a llcci, of\\nvchscIh iiiif^lil hiivi! Iiccii Hccn rilling ill, aiiclior in ilH\\nwiitciH. \\\\Vcll-iii!iimf(l lioiitH wen! coriliiiiiiilly uli liiif^ to\\nand fro in all (lircclionH anionj^ the iHliuid.s iind aluii{^ tiiu\\nBliorcH, cujinf^ril in (iKliing and llio I nr tnuic.\\nI (!tna(jnid i-Hpccially made rapid jirof^rcHH at UiiH (,im(!.\\nTwo ItiiliHli incrclianlH liad j)ui clias( d it on coiKlition\\ntiiat they wonld, at tluiir own coHt transport colonists\\nUktc, and cstalilisli u Hcttlcnictit. In conscqucnco of\\nthis measure, not only did itra))i(lly incrcaso in population,\\nbut ft lii ltcr class than tins rudi; sailors and lishcrincn of\\nformer years novv lief^an to conio in. Farinera and\\nnir(lmiii s came. A brisk trade in(!anwliilo was opened\\nwith I lynioiith, Hhallo|)-loads of corn being exchanged\\nfor fnis. A court also was cHtablishe(l here, I ematjuid\\nthus bet oming th(! centre not only of trade, but of law,\\nfor lli(^ new anil oix ning region. I Ik; situation of I enia-\\n(|Mid, which was the most eligible inMJjil.nid iii:ir IMoullo-\\ngiiii, \\\\v:is very alluring. It had a line, deep h.nbor, and\\nwas every way J ininently adaptecl to conujiereiid cnter-\\nl)rise. Natiu ally, therefore, it early became (|uile the\\nbusiest spot on the Ts ew Knghind coast. It is said, in-\\ndeed. Hint, at Ihe time of which we write it was a more\\niiiipoi(:iiil, port even than Quebec, the capital of tianada.\\nCerlnin it is that subse(|ucntly it became by far the most\\ninemoralih; locality on tlui coast of ISIaiue.*\\nSettlements increased rai)idly in various direetioiis\\nand spread inland. Jt is probable that during tlu^ year\\n1(i23 individuals (M)nuneneed a ])ermanent residence\\nnpon Arrowsic Islaial, near the mouth of tlu! Saga-\\ndahoc, and upon the mainland ut the entrance of the\\nriver at Shec^pscol, and at Damariseolta. Seven years\\nlater it was reported that not less than HI families,\\nbesides (Ishermen, weiv residing along thc const in this\\nregion.\\nand various industri s d.^vi lopc.! .\u00e2\u0096\u00a0nid eslMliJislied. An\\naccount of tht! country at this time sets forth that tla^\\nwhole coasts of the sea had become studded with Knglish\\nhouses, well linilt and in excellent condition, rem.-iipiid,\\nIJoothbay, and Monhegan were now filled with dwellings\\nand stages for ilshcrnum, and withal had i)lenty of cattle,\\naralile lands and marshes. The seaeoast was well in-\\nhabited. The lisheries Were llourishing, while th(^ Kng-\\nl iinii(|iil(l I lilnt, wiiH tlio \u00c2\u00bblto of llio ancient town nnil Inirbor of\\nl iiim(|iilil. I lhiiiKli nut nhirtly i)rc-lil\u00c2\u00bbti)rli yet this region, by vlrtno\\nof llm rcllcH of a im.st lilHloiy, ami an extinct clvlIl/.ntlon, with wlilili it\\niilioiiiidx, iH liivi Nti d Willi a MtninKO, 11 fiiHelnnlini; Interest. Tlitnk of\\nluxuriant llrlilH now coverInK the groniul where 200 years ago the liam-\\nlils Nlooil In whiwo iHiHy, thnniKed streets tlio nioeeaiiineU Indian and\\nthe ICnropean adventurer met In eogcr tniflle. About this devoted spot\\narmies have gnthcrod liko eagles tu tlio cureusH, and tliu din of wui in\\nlish, settled jiere in great numbers, had a largo country\\ncleared and under improvi iiient.\\n]{ut the time cauK! at length when the Pemaquid\\ncouiitiy, (illed thus with separate and bustling hamlets,\\ncall(;d for a more stable government, and a more vigor-\\nous, cflicic ut udministi-atioii of law. Unlike the settle-\\nments on the Massachusetts coast, this region had not at\\nfirst been occupied by God-fearing and law-abiding men,\\nbut rather by a lawless class. The early and worthy cllbrts\\nl)ut forth, and looking towards the Christian colonization\\nof these parls, had, for tin; most ])art, i)roved abortive.\\nInstead of the I mitan and Cavalier, the reckless, un-\\nprineii)led advcntuicr had takcin possession of this fair\\nregion. Many of the inhabitants wei e runaway seamen.\\nSome were fugitives from justice, and some were those\\nvagr. ints from civilization, who, by a strange instinct,\\nseek seclusion from all religious and civil restraints. The\\nstal(! of society, therefore, at an early day in this Pema-\\nquid country, nattn ally became distinguished for lawless-\\nness. Kveiy man followeil his own impulsi^s unchecked.\\nThe grossest innnoralilies hence ])revailed. The Indians\\nwere outraged and cheated in a way that rendered their\\nsubsequent nameless atrocities a natural, if not a merited\\nretribution. TluTO was no Sabbath. No clergy were\\ntliei- to ])roelaim the gospel of Jesus Christ, with its al-\\nluring ])romises and wholesome resti-ainls. Yea, while\\nthe i liysieal atmosphere was healthy and invigorating in\\nthe high(!st degi ce, and the skies outrivallcd in sph ndor\\nthe far-famed skies of Italy one of those cases truly\\nWliiTC! every ])r iM])ect i leuHcH,\\nAmi only man Jh vile,\\nit, would seem as if the elements of social and civil\\nanarchy and disruption were from the fu st fatally rife in\\nth(! very constitution of the l (^ma(]uid coummnilies.\\nJMeantime, this region had come fortunately to ac(iuirc\\nsuch notoriety, thrift and poi)ulousncss, as a colonial de-\\npendence, as to Hcem a prize which even a king might\\ncovet. On INIareh If), lOfil, accordingly, by royal grant,\\nthis whole l ema(|uid country became the estate, and was\\nmad(^ a Province of the Duke of York.\\nThis gi-!int of a ducal estate, embracing the ancient\\nplantations of Popham, Ciorges on the adjacent islands\\nof the Damariscove, Monhegan, and the Sheejiseot\\nfarms, with Cape-ne-wagon, on the .MIi of September,\\nall llN aci-uiuulaliil horrors of l)lood and enrnnKO, haH raped. The slilps\\nof eonteiidiuK nallons have tln^ ed Us waters with hnnmn gore, and\\nIKiuicd Uirir iron hall In Ihe destructive broadsides npon Its fortilleii\\njihuc s, till tlunnthless storm has swept Its streets and crushed out at\\nt)iue the life and cnerjiy of its defenders. Here the red man with howl\\nof dellame, and the white man with the sulidncd voice of prayer, have\\nbitten tin) dust togetlier, andd the shrieks of forlorn women and helpless\\nelilldren. ^nciViii Dominions of ilaint.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0570.jp2"}, "559": {"fulltext": "MAINE.\\n1005, was organizod into a count} and cuUiul C^ornw.-ill.\\nTlio ancient I cinucniid colonial plantations tluis were at\\nonce aggr(!gatcJ into a dnla^doin, and made tiic nortli-\\neuHt(Ta county of the State of New York. SliccpH-\\ncot Farms, at the same tiino, was incorporated into a\\ntown, created a sliirc of the new count} and called New\\nDartmouth. Tlio commercial capital of tlio new county\\nwas called Jamestown, of wliieh New Harbor was an\\nea.st( ru sul)url). New Dartmouth inland, and J.-unes-\\ntown at tlio seaside, made I emaquid tlio metropolis of\\ntlio Kastern Parts. Old Shccps-cott, the Farms\\nof early days, and in thrift tho Oardc^n of tho East,\\niu its coqiorato relations of New Durt-month,* cm-\\n))riiciul a district of If) miles in width Ix twcu^n tho Ken-\\niicl)(!C and Damariseotta rivers, and to tho sea. Tlu;\\ntown was laid out on a nock of land covering tho site of\\nan earlier poj)ulation, a dozcm miles or moro inland,\\nnorth-west of Jamestown. Jamestown, tho metropolis\\nl)roi)er of tho remaquid Colony, was a compactly Imilt\\nvillage and, besides its commercial importance, was tli\\nseat of tho gciKTal government and crown officers. The\\nremains of 182G show that more than 300 cellared build-\\nings covered tho site of this ancient town.\\nA Court of Gi^neral .Sessions sat at JameKtown, of\\nwhich Henry Jocclyn, Esq., was chief jiistiec!, till KlH i.\\nTho early admiiiistration of tho law hero was of a vi\\nprietary, or feudal jurisdiction. J iiis was at l( nglh\\nreplaced by a colonial or ducal governor, C j1. Richard\\nNichols was tho first governor. Lovclaco succeeded\\nhim. Then caino Sir Edmund Andros. Keligioiis in-\\nstructions were provided for by law. For tho promotion\\nof piet} it was onlcred tli. it a fit pi^isou ])o apiioiiitcd\\nto read prayers and the Holy Scriptures.\\nFort Charles was si tuat(^d on the soiith-west atigh; of\\nthe village, at tho month of the; hailtoi, ho as to cover\\nits entrance (150 feet wide only) and all its sea ap-\\njiroaches.\\nT lider tho new r/-gimo tho various fragmentarj settle-\\nments just named w( r(! reduced t soniething like a gov-\\nernment, and ord(;r reigned. It is an interesting fact,\\nby no means unworthy of notice in this connection, that\\nLincoln County, while it yet existed as tho county of\\nCornwall, with a view to moro effectually hedging in tho\\nThe remnlno of prndcd Btrccts and tho rtilnn of a hundred or moro\\ncellars, many of them ntoncd, oullliicH of iiiibllc l)ulldln;, of larKO\\ncapacity, remains of shipyards and other relies of a cultivated, dense\\nand thrlftfiil people have hien unearthed hero U an extent startling to\\nthe antiquarians of the d ly. Tho shipyard, liy tradition. Is pointed out\\nas that In which tl]\u00c2\u00ab flrst governor of the I njvlneo of MassachusettH,\\nIjoni in Maine of parents resident at IVmaquld, Kir Wni. Thlps, worlicd\\nI at Ills trade and built a ship, wliich, In King Philip s war becanio an\\nark of safety to tbo Shccpseot people. It may be added, that next to\\nevils of iiitciiipcraiicc, jiiid legally restraining tho liso of\\nintoxicating drinks as a bi^verage, as early as Nov. 22,\\n1( 8;5, ])assed a stringent proliibil-ory liquor huv; an\\nenactment, surely, that spi aks well for the patriolism and\\nt(!m()eranco prillcipl(^s of the old Cornwall men the\\nfathers of the jin^sent Liiiiiiln Couiily.\\nAt the outbreak of King I hilip s war, tli(! HclXKanenls\\nof Cornwall, scatU^nid oviT a widi; extent, embraced\\nsome too families. A long and fruitful state of aniily\\nand int(!rcourse had been maintained in tho Dukes I rov-\\niuco on tho part of tho settlers, with tho environing sav-\\nag(^8, and this largely in virtue of tho I lunaquid iiillii-\\n(!nec and administration of afl airs. From the first,\\nmutual fri(!ndsliip, confidence and good fc i^ling liiul pro-\\nvaih^d. But th time aiiproaclies wlicii this long-(!stab-\\nlisluid confidence and good-will is to bo rmli ly sunden d,\\nand the Colony is to taste tli(! horrors of merciless,\\nsavage warfare.\\nJ ho first hostile invasion of tlu Kcniu licc or Sagada-\\nhoc region dining King riiiTqi s war was b} certain west,-\\neru Indians and others of the Kennebec tribe. TluMr\\n(thief was captured, taken to Hoston, condeiinie(l to death,\\nand executed. Tho long and p ac liil icikjso of th\\nCornwall settlemtmts was now bioNiii up. I henciiforth,\\nuntil 1700, the Indians held the country in terror. Tins\\ntowns of these as well as other settlitments W(tr(! sackiid,\\npillaged and burned, and tlus iiihubitants ruthlessly\\nslaughtered. With tomahawk and torch, with only brief\\nintervals of rei)ose, the savages ravaged and dcisolatcid\\nthe fields and the homes of the territory. J riie, afler\\nthe cessation of I hilip s war, Cov. Andros inaugurated\\nmeasures to reston; the inhabitants of tli(! Ducal prov-\\niii(!0 to tlu ir homes, and to (\u00e2\u0096\u00a0stablish them in their\\nwont(!d pursuits; and, for a sctason, ])ros])i rily r !vived\\nin tliiisc desolated and abandoned homesteads of Corn-\\nwall. Nay, during the next decade this old count} is\\nsaid to have reach(!d its highest eminence and infliHuieo.\\nJamestown of enia()uid exulted anitw in metropolitan\\nprid(!, and power, and thrift, and was onco more a\\ncentre of cultivated social influence, and tli(! si at of\\nofficial and commercial activity and eiiter|)rise. J his\\npctriod of rccuporation and of prosperity, however, was\\ndesline l to be of but brief continuance!. Taking ad-\\ntho mounds of the W(;Ht, tho niitiM of tho Colorado and Its trlhutarlcs,\\ntho licad-waters of tho Darnariseotia and Klicepseot abound In i re-lils-\\ntorlc remains. Noruml)ega, tho lost clly of New Kiigland tlio shell\\nIicaps of tho Oyster and Damariseotta, tho work of unknown Iiaiids j\\ntho offal of focdlTig generations, or of eoneeutrated tliraisands of human\\nbeings, with their treaHiiri;s of a lost history In relies of stono ami m\u00c2\u00ab-\\ntallle aKjpcrago and broniso and fragments of pottirry, all mark the sites\\nof homes of a long-lost people whoso Industries onco gave life and\\nInterest to tho heart of Lincoln County.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0571.jp2"}, "560": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nvantage of the anarch}- of the defenceless and disordered\\nstate of affairs in the settlements incident to the revolu-\\ntion of 1688, the savages, led by one Moxas, entered\\nupon a career of rapine and massacre, that resulted\\npractically in the complete desolation and depopulation\\nof Cornwall Count}-.\\nGov. Phips, the first ro3-al governor of the new prov-\\nince under William and Mary, naturally desirous of\\ndoing something, if possible, for the recovery from the\\ndominion of the savage of the land of his birth, and the\\nhome of his youth, and to restore the same to its ancient\\nimportance and thrift, himself visited the Pemaquid\\ncountr} and ordered that the fort (Fort Charles, which\\nhad been reeentlj destro}-ed,) be rebuilt, while Maj.\\nChurch was detached, with adequate forces, to punish\\nthe savages and restore peace. No sooner, however,\\nwas this fort rebuilt (named Fort William Henrj\\nthen regarded as one of the largest and strongest for-\\ntresses in North America thau the French and Indians\\nunder Iberville, Aug. 15, 1G96, invested and finally re-\\nduced it. And now accordingly, for the second time,\\nPemaquid and its defences were overthrown, the town\\nsacked, the fort dismantled, and Pemaquid became a\\ndesolation, and old Cornwall a homeless, depopulated\\nwild, a condition in which it was destined to remain\\nfor a generation following.\\nThe Pemaquid countrj now presented a sad picture\\nindeed. More than 100 miles of seacoast in this part of\\nMaine, once adorned with flourishing settlements, im-\\nproved estates, and comfortable habitations, now lay in\\nmournful desolation. In the long reign of fire and pil-\\nlage and war all title-deeds and records had been swept\\naway. Nay, with the lapse of years, even the sites of\\ntowns, clearings, plantations and homesteads had re-\\nturned to their original solitudes.\\nBut this once populous and thriving country could not\\nalways remain a desert. The exuberance of a virgin\\nsoil, the value of the fisheries, and the vast resources\\nof mast and spar timber abounding here, could not but\\nin time draw public attention again to these wastes of\\nwar in the heart of Lincoln Count}\\nIt was not, however, till 1729 that the permanent\\nro-peopling of Lincoln County began to take place. At\\nthis time a new era opened upon these war-worn planta-\\ntions of Pemaquid. The home government seems to\\nhave retained its ancient appreciation of the value of the\\nPemaquid country, and at this date detached Col. David\\nDunbar, an officer in the Irish army, as a commissioned\\nsurveyor-general of the king s woods, and governor, to\\nserve in the eastern parts of New England. Landing\\nat Pemaquid, on the ruins of Fort William Henry, he\\nrestored the walls, and repaired the breaches of this\\nancient stronghold, and named it Fort Frederick. Es-\\ntablishing his headquarters amid the ruins of James-\\ntown, he there introduced the Presbyterian church ser-\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\ce, and at once set vigorously about settling the\\ncountry. His first movements were directed to the loca-\\ntion and laying out of towns and cities on most eligible\\nsites. He projected a city on Pemaquid Point, and laid\\nout the towns of Harrington, Walpole and Townsend.\\nThis latter embraced the ancient Cape-ne- wagon and its\\nmagnificent harbor and islands. Harrington covered\\nthe southern and western section of Bristol. With un-\\ntiring zeal he applied his remarkable energy and powers\\nto fill up the land with Protestant English emigrants.\\nFort Frederick was garrisoned with detachments of royal\\ntroops. He commissioned agencies and stimulated their\\nactivity by land grants to actual settlers, each being\\nassigned a homestead of 10 or 12 acres, with adequate\\nproportionate back-grounds of 100 acres. Emigration\\nnow poured in apace. Multitudes were allured to the\\nshores of this rock-bound and hill-topped Pemaquid\\ncountr}-, a population whose descendants to this day\\nform most of the inhabitants of Lincoln County. Grad-\\nually the towns of the county, including Townsend,\\nHarrington, Walpole, Medomack, Frankfort and Wis-\\ncasset Point became once more so populous, that a fur-\\nther change in the civil organizations in the creation of\\na new county was required by the exigencies of the\\npublic convenience.\\nLincoln County was organized in 1760, the new\\ncounty being incorporated the plantation of Frankfort,\\nand the new town of Wiscasset Point being erected\\ninto a naunicipality at the same time, the latter being\\nnamed Pownalboro after Gov. Pownall of Massachu-\\nsetts.\\nThe name of the county was undoubtedly derived\\nfrom Lincoln, Eng., a city famous for its antiquity\\nand its noble cathedral, and the birth-place of Gov. Pow-\\nnall.\\nNewcastle, the Sheepscot Farms, the old shire of\\nNew Dartmouth, was incorporated June 19, 1753. Its\\ncorporate existence, antedating the county organization,\\nwas due largely to the influence of the Rev. Christopher\\nTappan.\\nBristol, the territory of the ancient metropolis of\\nPemaquid, was organized into a separate town, named\\nas above, June 18, 1765.\\nPownalboro was broken up into the towns of Dees-\\nDEK and Alna, the original municipality being reduced\\nto Wiscasset Point Precinct, which latter was incorpora-\\nted as Wiscasset in 1802.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0572.jp2"}, "561": {"fulltext": "Edgecomb was incovporatcd March 5, 1773. It was\\nformerly known as the plantation of Free Town, because\\nits territory did not come within the bounds of any of\\nthe ancient disputed proprietary claimants, the same\\nbeing the old purchase of the Indians called Mason s\\nand Jewett s Neck, running south to Poen s Mouth\\nsettled by Samuel Trask, under the Boston and Wis\\ncasset proprietors.\\nNoBLEBOROUGH, previously known as Walpole, was\\nincorporated Nov. 20, 1788, and named by Arthur No-\\nble, one of the heirs of the proprietor.\\nJefferson was incorporated, Feb. 24, 1807.\\nDamariscotta, originally a part of Nobleborough and\\nBristol, was incorporated July 26, 1847.\\nIn 1828, the town of Bremen was organized, em-\\nbracing the Pierce Plantation of 1G21 in the Pema-\\nquid countrj thus reducing the territorj of Bristol by\\ncutting off its Muscongus Precinct, and erecting it\\ninto a new town.\\nBooTHBAV, in like manner, was shorn of its western\\nprecinct, the Island of Cape-ne-TVagon, which now\\nconstitutes a distinct municipality called Southport, and\\nthe western precinct of Edgecomb, the ancient Squam\\nIsland (spring clam place), was erected into the town\\nof Westport, while the northern extremity of White-\\nfield, watered by the feeders and milling streams of the\\nSheepscot River, was incorporated into a new town. It\\nwas Patrick Town Plantation, but is now Somerville,\\nand distinguished for its milling and agricultural facili-\\nties, while the ancient Monhegan Island remains still\\na plantation.\\nJune 29, 1773, the ancient Muscongus plantation on\\nBroad Bay, resettled by Gen. Waldo s efforts, and a\\nDutch population, was incorporated as Waldoboro in\\nhonor of the proprietor and patron of the settlement.\\nLincoln County-, at the time of its organization, had\\na population of 4,347, and Pownaltown, its capital, 889.\\nThe East Parish meeting-house was completed in Maj\\n1771 and in 1773, the parish was duly organized.\\nThe first ripple of Kevolutionarj excitement appeared\\nhere in raising a committee of correspondence in re-\\nsponse to letters sent from Boston to Pownalboro in\\n1773. Jonathan Williamson, Abiel Wood, Thomas Rice\\nand John Page were that committee. The ground tliej\\ntook was eminentl} patriotic, and jxt conservative,\\nexpressing sorrow for the general uneasiness, and a\\ndesire to see it removed, and by the enforcement of\\ncharter rights. The committee also expressed the desire\\nthat the tic between the mother countr\\\\-, might last till\\nthe end of time, provided, government was administered\\nin the good old way.\\nThe controversy deepened. Supplies were laid in for\\nthe emergencies of war, and a delegate to the Provincial\\nCongress at Watertown chosen Ma^^ 31, 1775; and\\nThomas Rice was sent to the General Court at Boston.\\nCharles Cushing of Pownalboro was elected general of\\nthe militia, but no soldiers were detailed for service.\\nMoses Da\\\\is of Edgecomb was chosen another repre-\\nsentative to the Provincial Congress.\\nIn Maj 1776, Gen. Cushing and Thomas Rice were\\nchosen representatives to attend, one at time, in-\\nstructed, that if the Continental Congress shall de-\\nclare for independence they should support the measures\\nthereof.\\nSome 90 families resided in Bristol at the date of the\\nRevolutionary period. The place at this time was cov-\\nered with garrison houses. Fort Frederick was the great\\ncentral refuge in times of danger. Rev. John Murray\\nwas sent by that town as representative to the Provincial\\nCongress at Watertown. He was a Presbj terian clerg}--\\nman, and pastor of the Boothbay church, organized\\nDec. 22, 1763.\\nThe people of the seacoast of Lincoln suffered much\\nin the Revolutionary struggle. During the war large\\ndrafts were made from Bristol for service on land and\\nthe sea, into which the people entered with zeal, suppos-\\ning thej were defending their homesteads, and it is\\nalleged at least one-fourth of the inhabitants enlisted\\nduring the conflict.\\nFort Frederick was often assailed, and by vote of the\\ntown. May 2, 1774, the walls of Pemaquid Fort were\\npulled down. The reason was, the fear of the seizure\\nof the fort bj British forces.\\nLincoln Count}-, during this period, was infested with\\nthe usual amount of Toryism and sometimes here, as\\nelsewhere, the patriot masses, under more or less provo-\\ncation, degenerated into lawless and riotous mobs, and\\nwere guilty of acts of gross and illegal violence upon\\nthe persons and property of the reputed Tories and\\nsometimes these Tories made daring and successful re-\\nprisals upon their persecutors. One John Jones, a sur-\\nveyor, a resolute, independent fellow, having been once\\nimprisoned, and otherwise annoyed in consequence of\\nhis royalist sentiments, at length determined to be re-\\nvenged, and accordingl}^ went to Halifax, obtained com-\\nmand of a company of men, returned bj night to Pow-\\nnalboro and actually succeeded in kidnapping Gen.\\nCharles Cushing, and conveying him safely to Halifax.\\nFrom the ratification of peace to the war of 1812,\\nWiscassct Point enjoyed great commercial prosperity-.\\nThe harbor was filled with ships. Ship-building became\\nan extensive industry Immense rafts of timber and", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0573.jp2"}, "562": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nlumber from the Kennebec came to the Point for dock-\\nage and export. The West India trade was hicrative.\\nBanks and insurance companies were organized and\\nprospered. The Point was famed for its genial and\\nprincely hospitality, and the culture and courtesj of her\\nleading business men.\\nFort Edgecomb, on Folly Island, which makes the\\nnorth shore of Hooper s Narrows, opposite Wiscasset,\\nwas constructed in 1808-9. The fortification was a\\nver3 imposing structure, and its aspect, as -Niewed from\\nthe sea, was formidable.\\nWiscasset and its deep water-ways was then, as it\\nstill is, the gateway to the capital of Maine, and in\\nstrategic importance the key to the heart of the State.\\nWar clouds are again seen looming up on the horizon.\\nThe non-intercourse and embargo acts had begun to tell\\nfearfully on the material interests of Lincoln County,\\nand especially on its capital town, Wiscasset. Then\\nfollowed the convulsions and blight of the war of 1812,\\nwith Great Britain.\\nOne of the most gallant sea-fights of this war took\\nplace off Pemaquid coast, between the American sloop\\nIncrease, commanded by Com. Tucker, already a\\nveteran, of Bristol, and a British privateer schooner,\\ncommanded by Capt. Jennings, resulting in the capture\\nof the latter by the venerable American commodore,\\nwith verj- slight loss. This Tucker, tlje hero of this\\ntransaction, was no less a person than Com. Samuel\\nTucker, who commanded the U. S. frigate Boston,\\nappointed to convej- John Adams, minister to France, to\\nthat court in Revolutionar}- times.\\nAnother incident of great public interest occurred\\nnear the same place, off Pemaquid, Sunday-, Sept. 4,\\n1813, in a naval conflict between the British brig\\nBoxer and the U. S. brig Enterprise. The action,\\nwhich was most spirited, lasted about 40 minutes.\\nCapt. Blythe, the English commander, fell in the early\\npart of the engagement, and also Lieut. Burrows, in\\ncommand of the American brig. The British being\\ndefeated, the sword of Capt. Blythe was brought and\\nplaced under the head of the A-ictorious, but d3-ing Amer-\\nican officer, who, on seeing it, murmured, I die con-\\ntented.\\nThe rival commanders were buried side by side, in\\nPortland. Thej were borne to their burial with impos-\\nIn 1824 an event occuired which not only produced a profound im-\\npression on the people of Lincoln County, but upon the whole country.\\nThe brig Betsey, engaged in the rum traffic, sailed from Wiscasset\\nfor Cuba Dec. 13, 182-4, with her customary cargo, but was wreclied on\\none of the islands of the Bahama group. The hapless crew there fell\\ninto the hands of a gang of blood-thirsty pirates, and by them were\\ning militarj- ceremonies, the same marks of respect being\\nshown to each.\\nThe enemy suffered the loss of some 25 killed and 14\\nwounded; and of the crew of the Enterprise, one\\nwas killed and 13 wounded, 3 mortally.\\nThis sea-fight was in view of Edgecomb Heights and\\nthe Damariscove islands, inside Monhegan, as well as\\nfrom the headlands of Pemaquid. Fishermen were near\\nenough, in one instance, to notice the blood running from\\nthe deck of the Boxer, and to see the lifeless and\\nmangled remains cast from her into the sea. The thun-\\nder of the cannonade filled the surrounding country, and\\nfell heavily on manj ears and hearts. These were dark\\ndays for Wiscasset, which was filled with soldiers. Bat-\\nteries bristled all round the Point. The fort at the\\nNarrows was manned and guarded. Squara Heights\\nopposite was occupied bj- a star-battery of six guns,\\ncommanding the river with a plunging fire, and protected\\nbj- chevaux-de-frise of fallen timber trees, with sharp-\\nened branches bristling with pointed stakes, which\\nran across the island from river to river below the bat-\\nteries. It was called Fort McDonough. In Boothbay,\\nRev. Mr. Sawyer had just named his text, when the\\nboom of the cannonade began. The audience rose and\\nrushed to the neighboring hill-tops, whence it had full\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0view of the ocean and the contending vessels.\\nBejond the usual routine,* no events of importance\\noccurred in this county to disturb the ordinary develop-\\nment and progress of society-, after the close of the war.\\nThe revival of commerce, however, did not relieve Wis-\\ncasset Point of its business depression. Its wharves\\nwent to decaj Its warehouses became dilapidated,\\nits shops rotted along its shores, and its merchants had\\ngone into bankruptcy.\\nBut commercial disasters are not the onh ones which\\nhave visited this region.\\nIn 1866 a fire broke out in the night-time, in the north\\ntenement of what was known as the Taylor Block,\\nwhich consumed the block and swept all below it, be-\\ntween Water and Middle streets, and all the warehouses\\nalong the wharves, clearing the Point of every building,\\nstore and warehouse, with the buildings of the United\\nStates customs. The loss of propert} was verj consid-\\nerable.\\nOn the 15th of December, 1870, a second fire broke\\nmercilessly butchered, one Collins alone, a resident of Wiscasset, sur-\\nviving to tell the tale. The story of that slaughter, and of CoUins s hair-\\nbreadth escape, is one of the most thrilling and blood-curdling on\\nrecord. An effort was at once put forth to lid the Caribbean waters of\\npirates, which was effectually done by Com. Rogers and a detachment\\nof the naval force of the United States.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0574.jp2"}, "563": {"fulltext": "out. It originated in No. 15 Main Street, a grocery,\\nand swept away all the buildings, stores and dwelling-\\nhouses, from Main Street south to the line of the fire in\\n18GG and also, the remaining warehouses and wharf\\nproperty east, within its range. The cold was intense,\\nand the wind fierce from the north-west, with the ther-\\nmometer at 20\u00c2\u00b0 above zero. The losses of this confla-\\ngration were very heavy, in goods and merchandise and\\nmechanical industries. Many families had barely time\\nto escape in what thoj had on. More than $G0,000\\nworth of property was consumed, and from it the town\\nhas not jet fully recovered.\\nIn September, 1823, a season of unexampled drouth\\nprevailed throughout Lincoln County, and on the 4th of\\nthat month devastating forest fires became ignited in the\\nsuburbs of Wiscasset Point. For days together the\\nheavens were hung in lurid volumes of smolie, which\\ndarkened the sun and oppressed respiration. The fire\\nswept the northern section of the town, through Alna to\\nthe Sheepscot, consuming all in its way 79 houses were\\nburned and 30 families made homeless. Fields, crops\\nand timber were alike destroj-ed. Dismay and distress\\npervaded the region. One woman was burned to deatli.\\nAnother, and her children, went down into the well, and\\nso escaped. The loss of property amounted to over\\n$72,000. The town voted $500 to the suflTerers, and\\nsome $20,000 were contributed as a relief.\\nThe enterprise of the countj- has developed itself main-\\n1} at VViscasset, in the project of a sj stem of railroad\\nconnections, one of which is the Knox and Lincoln Rail-\\nroad, which traverses the seaboard towns of the countj\\neast and west, and will ultimately become a trunk thor-\\noughfare coastwise, and the Wiscasset and Quebec Rail-\\nroad, b} the way of Point Levi, and the Levis and Ken-\\nnebec Railroad, yet to be built, and which will make the\\ncommodious harbor and deep land-locked waters of Wis-\\ncasset, an entrepot-hnUveen London and the United States\\nand Canadas, shorter and nearer by four daj-s than any\\nother point in North America. The strange fish pond\\nfound in the sea at and about Monhegan, bj- Capt. John\\nSmith, in 1G14, has become utilized in the manufacture\\nof oil and fertilizing matter, of great economic and com-\\nmercial value.\\nIn 18G4 a company erected factories for the manufac-\\nture of oil from menhaden, called porgie factories, in\\nBristol, since which the business has concentrated there\\nand at Boothbay, tUl, in 1877, a capital of $1,083,G12 has\\nbecome invested, and 17 steam factories erected and run\\nin the producing of 7,959,459 gallons of oil and 89,981\\ntons of fertilizing matter, of great value for agricultural\\nuses. Bristol, Bremen and Boothbay, are now the cen-\\ntres of this great industry.\\nIn 1872, a contract was made with tlie inhabitants of\\nWiscasset, to bridge the Wiscasset Point to Birch Point\\nacross Ilobson s Island, by Ira D. Sturgiss and others,\\nwith a view to the erection of extensive milling and ice\\nworks, on the peninsula of Birch Point, a projection\\nor spur of Cushman s Mountain north-easterly. In pur-\\nsuance of tliis contract, a first-class establishment of\\ncomplete milling works and machiner} driven by steam,\\nwas put up and went into active operation, together with\\nca[)acious ice-houses, in the interest of the Kennebec\\nLand and Lumber Companj-.\\nThe culling of deal for the English market has been\\nextensively and successfully carried on for the past five\\nj-ears. The shipments of lumber to England from these\\nworks, and of ice to India and the South, have employed\\nthe heaviest tonnage known to New England commerce,\\nthe past 3 ear, and the industry is one of increasing mag-\\nnitude and importance while, on the waters of the\\nSheepscot below, the ice works of the Knickerbocker\\nIce Compan} have employed a very considerable ton-\\nnage all the j-ear round, in the export of ice.\\nSuch is the existing state of the industries, population\\nand condition of Lincoln Count} whose centennial was\\nduly celebrated at Wiscasset in accordance with the reso-\\nlution of Congress, and the recommendation of the Pres-\\nident of the United States, on the 4th of July, 1876.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0575.jp2"}, "564": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nOXFORD COUNTY\\nBY WILLIAM B. LAPHAM, M. D.\\nThe ten years between 1750 and 1760, stand out in\\nbold relief in American histoiy as a period which changed\\nthe destinj- of the whole continent.\\nThe peace following the French and Indian wars, was\\nvery grateful to the citizens of Maine, who for genera-\\ntions had been in constant fear of their lives. Thej-\\nbcgan to explore the interior of the State with a yiew to\\nsettlement, and the sound of the woodman s axe was\\nsoon heard far away from the seacoast. The valley of\\nthe Saco was visited by the English prior to 1725. The\\nstory of Lovewell s famous engagement with the Pequak-\\nett Indians, under their celebrated chief, Paugus, on the\\nshores of Lovewell s Pond, in the present town of Frye-\\nburg, has often been told. This was in 1725; and,\\nalthough Lovewell was slain, and most of his band were\\neither killed, or perished in the wilderness, yet was Pau-\\ngus also slain, and the power of the tribe so brolcen, that\\nthey soon afterwards abandoned the hunting-grounds of\\ntheir fathers and went to Canada. The fertility of the\\nsoil in the Saco Valley, and the fine crops of maize\\nraised bj the aborigines, were noted by Lovewell s party,\\nand the survivors who returned to the settlements on the\\nMerrimac, told marvellous stories of the wonderful\\nresources of the section of country through which the}-\\nhad passed. In 1762, soon after the close of the war, a\\ntownship of land on the Saco was granted to Gen. Joseph\\nFrj-e, a native of Andover, Mass., and a famous soldier\\nduring the French and Indian wars. He commanded a\\nregiment at the surrender of Fort William Henr}^, and\\nwas prominent in the struggles with the French in the\\nmaritime Provinces. This was the first grant made with-\\nin the limits of Oxford County, and the town was named\\nin honor of the grantee, Frj-eburg. The place began to\\nbe settled the following year. This was an important\\nevent, as it was the opening up of a large region, far\\ninto the wilderness, among the mountains, as an outpost\\nof ci\\\\-ilization, a rallying point for other settlements a\\nsort of half-waj house to the region of the Androscog-\\ngin. Other grants were made, and settlements soon\\nsprang up in Waterford, Bethel, Rumford, Paris, Hebron,\\nBuckfield, Livermore and Turner, all within the original\\nlimits of the county of Oxford.\\nThe territory comprising the county of Oxford, was\\nformerly embraced within the limits of the county of\\nYork, as in fact was the entire district of Maine. In\\n1760, when Cumberland Count} was organized, the terri-\\ntor} now comprising Oxford, with the exception of a few\\nwestern towns, was included in the new count}-. Oxford\\nCounty was erected by an act approved March 4, 1805,\\nfrom portions of York and Cumberland, and by the same\\nact, Paris was made the shire or county town. The\\nsouthern tier of towns in the county were Turner, Hebron,\\nNorway, Waterford, Lovell, Denmark, Hiram and Por-\\nter, and included all the territory north of these towns,\\nbetween New Hampshire on the west, and Kennebec\\nCounty on the east to Canada.\\nAt the time of the separation from Massachusetts in\\n1820, Oxford County had the following incorporated\\ntowns Fryeburg, Turner, Hebron, Buckfield, Paris,\\nSumner, Lovell, Albany, Andover, Newry, Porter,\\nWoodstock, Sweden, Mexico, Joy, Livermore, Bethel,\\nWaterford, Norway, Hartford, Rumford, Brownfield,\\nDixfield, Gilead, Denmark, Hiram, Greenwood and Weld.\\nSince that time, Joy, Livermore, Turner and Weld,\\nbesides several unincorporated townships have been set\\nofl to other counties Stowe, Stoneham, Roxbury, Upton,\\nand Grafton have been incorporated from plantations,\\nOxford has been taken off from Hebron, and Hanover\\nfrom Bethel.\\nThe scenery of Oxford County is unsurpassed by any\\nin New England, and the mountainous region embracing\\nit has sometimes appropriately been called the Switzerland\\nof America. The White Mountains in New Hampshire\\nare prominent objects towards the west, and lesser peaks\\nof the same chain bound the horizon from the west to the\\nnorth-east. The county is well watered. The principal\\nrivers are the Androscoggin, the Little Androscoggin,\\nEllis River, the Saco, the Great Ossipee, and Crooked\\nRiver. These, with numerous smaller streams, afford an\\nimmense water-power, a large portion of which is yet\\nunimi^roved.\\nWhen first settled, Oxford County was covered with a\\nheavj forest growth, consisting largely of pine, spruce,\\nhemlock, rock-maple, beech and birch. The pine growth", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0576.jp2"}, "565": {"fulltext": "MAINE.\\nou the Androscoggin and Saeo, and in some other sec-\\ntions, was large and vahiable, but the owners realized\\nl)ut little from it. Most of the pine Las been cut, but\\nthere are still standing considerable areas of spruce, hem-\\nlock and hard -wood growth. This is especially so in the\\nnorthern part of the countj iu the vicinity of and\\nbe3 ond the lakes.\\nPrevious to the construction of the Grand Trunk Rail-\\nwaj-, which was completed through the county in 1850,\\nthe people were accommodated bj a stage-line, which\\narrived from Portland twice a week. The fanners also\\ncarried their produce to Portland market with their teams.\\nA branch of this road leaves the trunk line at Mechanic\\nFalls, and passes through Hebron, Buckfield, Sumner\\nand Hartford, into Canton.\\nThe underlj ing rock of Oxford County is granite,\\nmuch of it in the form denominated gneiss. Small quan-\\ntities of silver, gold, lead, zinc, arsenic, plumbago and\\niron, are found in various places, and many varieties of\\nvaluable minerals. At Mount Mica, in Paris, have been\\nfound the best known specimens of green and red tour-\\nmaline, and several other rare minerals. The rock-\\nribbed hills and mountains almost everywhere show\\ndiluvial workings, and the uneven surface in various\\njjarts is due to the deposit of drift. The soil is a sandy\\nor gravelly loam, usually resting upon a solid bed of\\ncoarse gravel, called the pan. It is generally strong\\nand productive. Along the rivers are broad belts of\\ninterval formed of alluvial deposits mixed with vege-\\ntable mould. The hill-sides are well adapted to grazing,\\nand there is no county in the State better suited to sheep\\nhusbandry*.\\nOxford Count} has three agricultural societies; viz.,\\nOxford County, West Oxford and East Oxford. Each\\nof these societies is in a prosperous condition.\\nThe Indians who inhabited Oxford County were of the\\nAbenakis nation. The Pequaketts who lived on the\\nupper waters of the Saco were a sub-tribe of the Sokokis,\\nor Sacos. The Anasagunticooks occupied the entire\\nvalley of the Androscoggin to Merrymeeting Bay. This\\nwas formerly a powerful tribe, and very fierce and war-\\nlike. Their implements have been found in great num-\\nbers on the banks of the river, and more or less of them\\nare annually turned up bj the plough. The Anasagun-\\nticooks left for Canada about the year 1750, and settled\\non the St. Francis River.\\nThe county of Oxford has ever been prudent and\\neconomical in its expenditures, and its indebtedness is\\nmuch less than that of many of the other counties. The\\ncounty buildings are convenient and comfortable, but far\\nfrom extravagant. The jail is often without a tenant,\\nwhich speaks well for the morals of the people, and the\\nterms of the court are brief. Tiie comity has a rural\\npopulation mostly engaged in agriculture, and as a whole\\nthe inhabitants are industrious and thrifty.\\nTowns.\\nFrtebcrg. March 3, 17G2, the General Court of\\nMassachusetts granted to Gen. Joseph Frye a township\\nof land, to be selected from the unoccupied lands on\\nSaco River. The usual reserves for schools, the minis-\\ntrj and Harvard College, were made. The line between\\nMassachusetts and New Hampshire was then unsettled,\\nand in running out the grant, the survej-ors by mistake\\nwent over the State line and took in more than 4,000\\nacres, which now belong to Conway. Subsequently\\nanother gi-ant was made from lands lying to the north\\nof Frj-eburg which was called Fryeburg Addition. This\\ntract includes the valley of Cold River, and was incor-\\njjorated as Stow in 1834.\\nGen. Frye was the son of John Frye of Andover,\\nMass., and was born in that town in 1711. He was a\\njustice of the peace, a member of the General Court,\\nand a useful citizen. He was at the siege of Louisburg,\\nand commanded a regiment at Fort William Henry on\\nLake George, when the fort was captured by Montcalm\\nin 1757. After his surrender he was seized by the\\nsavages who formed a part of Montcalm s command,\\nstripped of his clothing, and led to the woods with an\\nevident design of torturing him to death. Arrived at\\nthe wood, Gen. Frje suddenly sprang upon his savage\\ncaptor and killed him. He then made his escape, and\\nafter wandering about for several days reached Fort\\nEdward. He died in Fryeburg in 1794.\\nThe same j ear the grant was made some persons\\nfrom Concord, N. H., came through the woods with their\\ncattle and commenced clearings on the present site of\\nFr^yeburg village. The next j ear, 1763, they brought\\ntheir families. Nathaniel Smith with his family was the\\nfiret settler. In November of this year came Samuel\\nOsgood, Moses Ames, John Evans and Jedediah Spring,\\nwith their families. In 17GG, Lieut. Caleb Swan* and\\nhis brother James Swan came to Fryeburg. The next\\nyear there was a large addition to the colonj- from Con-\\ncord, Andover and Bradford. The winter and summer of\\n17G6 marked a period of greatest privation and suffering.\\nThe settlers were obliged to send men to Concord, through\\nLieut. Swan, a graduate of Il.irvard College, and who married\\nDorothy Frye, a niece of Gen. Joseph, was an officer in the French war\\nand a valuable eilizcn of the new town. His son Caleb Swan, Jr., was\\npaymaster-general under Washington s administration, and a man of\\nability and of the strictest integrity.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0577.jp2"}, "566": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe wilderness, on snow-shoes, for a supply of food. They\\nreturned with loaded hand-sleds, a distance of 80 miles.\\nThe settlement when fairly commenced, soon became\\nprosperous.\\nThe town was incorjioratcd by its present name, Jan.\\n11, 1777. A Congregational Church was organized\\nAug. 28, 1775, and Rev. William Fessenden, a gi-aduate\\nof Harvard, was ordained pastor Oct. 11, 1775, continu-\\ning in this relation until his death. May 5, 1805. He\\nwas the father of Gen. Samuel Fessenden, a distin-\\nguished lawj-er, and grandfather of Hon. William Pitt\\nFessenden. In the war for independence Frj-eburg bore\\nan honorable part, sending some of its best citizens into\\nthe Continental army.\\nFrj-eburg Academj was incorporated Feb. 9, 1792,\\nand has ever maintained high rank as an institution\\nI of learning. Paul Langdon, a graduate of Harvard, and\\na son of its president, was the first preceptor. He was\\nsucceeded in 1801 b} Daniel Webster, then a j oung man\\nunknown to fame. A new academy building was erected\\nand dedicated in 1803. The first lawj-er in Frj eburg,\\nand in fact the first in what is now Oxford Countj-, was\\nJudah Dana, Esq., a native of Pomfret, Vt. He came\\nto Frjeburg in 1798. Daniel Webster was at one time\\nhis student.\\nFryeburg is situated south of, and in full view of the\\nWhite Hills. Fr3-eburg A ^illage, situated near Lovewell s\\nPond, is a quiet, staid old place, and is much visited in\\nsummer. The Saco winds in its serpentine course through\\nthe town. Population, 1,50G.\\nBethel. The first attempt to clear land for the\\npurjjose of making a settlement in this region, was bj-\\nNathaniel Segar of Newton, Mass., in the spring of\\n1774. The breaking out of the Revolution put a stop\\nto the settlement for the time being. In the si)ring of\\n1779, Segar returned, accompanied bj- Jonathan Bartlett\\nand a boj- named Aaron Barton. In the fall of 1770,\\nSamuel Ingalls and his wife came from Andover to Sud-\\nbury Canada, as the place was then called, and she\\nwas the first white woman in town. He did not long re-\\nmain. In the spring of 1781 there were but ten families\\nin the plantation.\\nOn the third daj of August, 1781, a party of Indians\\nfrom the St. Francis River in Canada, made an attack\\nupon the upper settlements, plundering the houses and\\ndriving many of the settlers into the woods. Securing\\nall the plunder thej- and their captives could carry, thev\\ntook as prisoners Benjamin Clark, younger brother of\\nLieut. Jonathan, and Nathaniel Segar, and started for\\nCanada, following the course of the Androscoggin River.\\nSegar and Clark suflTered terrible hardships ou their\\nmarch through the forests. They were detained as pris-\\noners until the close of the war, when they were per-\\nmitted to rejoin their friends, who had not heard from\\nthem during their absence of 16 months.\\nAfter the close of the war, settlers came in very rap-\\nidly-. Six stalwart Bartlett brothers from Newton, Mass.\\nwere among the first aiTivals. The earlj settlers were\\nmen of character and ability, and the town has always\\ntaken high rank in the count}-. Rev. Eliphaz Chapman,\\nwith a large family of sons, came to Bethel in 1789.\\nThe town was incorporated June 10, 1796, the name\\nbeing suggested by Rev. Mr. Chapman. The first town\\nmeeting was held at the house of Gen. Amos Hastings,\\nAug. 15, 1796. The first religious society was organ-\\nized the same J ear. In 1799, Rev. Daniel Gould was\\nsettled as pastor. Dr. John Brickett of Haverhill\\ncame to Bethel in 1796, and was the first phj sician. He\\nremained but a short time, and returned to Haverhill.\\nDr. Timothy Carter came in 1799, and practised in town\\n46 years. Dr. Carter was the father of CuUen Carter,\\nonce a member of Congress from New York. WUliam\\nFrye, son of Gen. Joseph of Fryeburg, was the first\\nlawyer in Bethel. He came iu 1823, married here, and\\nreared a large familj\\nGould s Academy was incorporated in 1836. Some of\\nthe ablest men of the countrj have attended this school.\\nIsaac Randall was the first preceptor, but the institution\\nattained its highest rank while under the care of Dr.\\nNathaniel T. True, who was principal from 1848 to 1861.\\nBethel Hill, the principal village, is one of the most pic-\\nturesque places in the State. The town is finelj watered\\nby the Androscoggin and its tributaries. The Grand\\nTrunk Railway provides easy communication with the\\nseaboard at Portland. Bethel is one of the best farming\\ntowns in the county. It has a population of 2,285.\\nNorway is made up of what was formerly called Rust-\\nfield Plantation, and Lee s and Cummings s Grants, and\\nthree tiers of lots from the east side of Waterford. The\\nwhole town comprises about 2,400 acres. The first set-\\ntlement made within the limits of the town was in 1786,\\nby Joseph Stevens, Jonas Stevens, Jeremiah Ilobbs,\\nAmos Hobbs and George Lesslej-, all from Gray, Cum-\\nberland Count)-. Most if not all of them had seen ser-\\nvice in the war for independence, and had suffered from\\nthe depreciation of the currency to that extent that they\\nwere obliged to go into the wilderness and begin life\\nanew.\\nAmong those who moved into town during the year\\n1788 was Lemuel Shedd, who had been one of Wash-\\nington s Life Guards, and who had serv-ed all through the\\nwar. The first child was born in town, Oct. 17, 1787, to", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0578.jp2"}, "567": {"fulltext": "Jonas Stevens, and was named Sarah. She became the\\nwife of Jonathan Edwards of Otisfield, and lived to a\\ngood old age.\\nIn 1789, Henry Rust, the proprietor of Rustfleld,\\ncommenced building a saw and grist mill on the outlet\\nof the pond, on the site still occupied by mills at the\\nupper part of Norway Village. Mr. Rust brought from\\nSalem some small, six-lighted windows, which he fur-\\nnished to the settlers, which was the first glass in the\\nplace. After the erection of the mills, the town filled up\\nwith settlers very rapidly, and the town of Korway was\\nincorporated from the several grants, March 9, 1797.\\nIn 1800, Bailey Bodwell, from Mcthuen, Mass., moved\\ninto town, and built the first two-story house in what is\\nnow Norway Village, and also a clothing and a carding-\\nmill These mills were carried on b} him many years,\\nand afterwards by Horatio G. Cole, who came here from\\nWinthrop. The Universalist church and society is the\\noldest in town. As early as 1798, Rev. Thomas Barnes\\nwas called here to preach, and continued his pastorate\\nseveral j ears. A Congregational church was organized\\nin 1802. The Methodists gathered a church here about\\n1812, and have since been quite strong in numbers and\\ninfluence.\\nNorwaj is a good farming town, and the village the\\nmost active and prosperous business centre in the county.\\nPennissewasse Pond, a beautiful sheet of water several\\nmiles long, abounds in fish, and its overflow furnishes a\\ngood water-power. A large shoe-factor}-, owned by par-\\ntics in Lynn, Mass. has been successfully operated during\\nthe past five years. The village has a national bank, a\\nsavings institution, and a weekly paper, the Norwaj-\\nAdvertiser. The town has a papulation of about 2,000.\\nParis was granted in 1771 to Joshua Fuller and oth-\\ners of Watertown, as a reward for militarj- services per-\\nformed by their ancestors. The first settlement was\\nmade on the site of the present village of Paris Hill, in\\n1779, by John Daniels, Lemuel Jackson, Dca. John\\nAVillis and others, from Middlcborough, JIass. The first\\nopening with a view to settlement was made bj- John\\nDaniels, and it is said that he purchased land now Paris\\nHill Village, of an Indian, the price paid being an iron\\nkettle. The first church gathered here was a Calvinist\\nBaptist, in 1795, and Elder James Hooper of Berwick\\nwas that j-ear ordained their pastor. He ministered to\\ntheir spiritual wants for nearly half a century.\\nParis Hill, where the county buildings are located, is\\nthe most elevated village in the coinitj-, and before the\\ndays of railways was very thriving. It is a healthy\\nlocation and a favorite summer resort. Hannibal Ham-\\nlin, U. S. senator from Maine, and vice-president one\\nterm, was born and spent his minority here. Hon.\\nSidney Perham, who was six years in Congress and\\nthree years governor of Maine, now resides in Paris\\nHill. Tlie Oxford Democrat is published here bj-\\nGeorge W. Watkins.\\nSouth Paris is a thriving village on the line of the\\nrailway. It has a large flour-mill and iron foundrj-, the\\nLittle Androscoggin River furnishing the power. West\\nParis, situated on the same stream, seven miles above\\nSouth Paris, has a good water-power, which is well im-\\nproved by S. B. Locke Co. A furniture factorj-,\\noperated bj- steam power, is located here. North Paris\\nhas a water-power formed from the overflow of a large\\npond, and a grist-mill was built here soon after the\\nsettlement of the town, around which quite a hamlet\\nsprang up. Snow s Falls, on the Little Androscoggin,\\nreceived their name from the tragic death of a man\\nnamed Snow, who was hunting near tlie falls before the\\ntown was settled.\\nParis was incorporated, June 20, 1793. It became\\nthe shire town in 1805. The surface is generally un-\\neven, but the soil is rich and strong. .Population, 2,7CG.\\nBcCKFiELi) was first settled in the spring of 1777 l\\\\v\\nThomas Allen and Abijah Buck. The latter was the j\\nagent of the proprietors in making the purchase of the j\\ntownship, and as he and his brothers, Nathaniel and\\nJohn, were large owners, the plantation was named for\\nthem, Bucktown and March IG, 1793, was incorporated\\nas Buckficld.\\nSeba Smith, the well-known poet and journalist, and\\nauthor of the famous Jack Downing Letters, was\\nborn here in 1792. Virgil D. Parris, a prominent poli-\\ntician, and for two terms a member of Congress, was also\\na native of Buckficld. Hon. John D. Long, lieutenant-\\ngovernor of Massachusetts, the son of Zadoc Long of\\nthis town, was born and spent his minority here.\\nRev. Nathaniel Chase was probably the first preacher\\nin Buckfield. He served in the war of the Revolution,\\nand after being mustered out he made his way through\\nthe wilderness on foot, in search of a place to locate.\\nHe took up the farm in Bucktown which is still owned\\nand occupied by his grandson. He was a minister of\\nthe Baptist denomination, and travelled and preached\\namong the early settlers in Paris, AVoodstock, Green-\\nwood and in other places. He was a good man and\\nmuch respected among the people. He left a large pos-\\nterity ,_ among whom are tlic well-known firm of Chase\\nBrothers, nurserjmen, of Rochester, N. Y.\\nA Baptist church was gathered in Buckfield quite\\nearly, and this has always been the leading society in\\ntown, their house of worship being at the village.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0579.jp2"}, "568": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nBiickfield, like Paiis, -nliich it joins ou the west, is a\\nhilly town, but it has a large area of arable land under\\na good state of cultivation. The village is the natural\\nbusiness centre, not onlj of this, but of several of the\\nadjoining towns, and a large amount of trade is here\\ncarried on. The population of the town is about 1,500.\\nRtjrFOKD was granted, Feb. 3, 1774, to Timothy\\nWalker, Jr., and others of Concord, N. 11 to tonipc n-\\ns:ite them for losses sust lined by th( m in the settlement\\nof the boundar} 1)1 1\\\\\\\\ ei n M i--. k liiis( it, ind w 1 1 unii\\nthe Indians made their attack upon Sudburj Canada, an\\nadjoining plantation. This so frightened the settlers of\\nNew Pennacook that they fled to New Gloucester and\\nremained there until the spring of 1783, when they\\nreturned and occupied their lands. The early settlers of\\nthis town were largely from Concord, N. 11. Such were\\nthe Walkers, Abbotts, Elliots, Wheelers, Famums, Vir-\\ngins and Mil tins.\\nIhe toTMi was incoriioratcd F(b. 21, I iOO, and named\\nHI lionoi oi omit Uinuioi 1 vh 1 thi n-inu of Benja-\\nUPPEll FALLS, EUMFORI\\nshire. The record being lost, the grant was renewed\\nApril 13, 1779. The plantation was called New Penna-\\ncook, having the plantation name of Concord. In\\nDecember, 176G, Jonathan Keyes of Shrewsbuiy, Mass.,\\npurchased four of the rights in New Pennacook, and in\\nthe following March set out with liis family for the Dis-\\ntrict of Maine. They came to New Gloucester, and\\nleaving his wife there, Mr. Keyes, accompanied by his\\nson Francis, a lad of ten years, went to New Penna-\\ncook and commenced a clearing on the farm where he\\nafterwards resided, and which is now occupied by Tim-\\nothy Walker, Esq., grandson of the principal proprietor.\\nHe moved his wife here, iu 1779, and was the first\\nsettler. Three others had come previous to 1781, when\\nmin Thompson, was a former resident of Concord, N. II.,\\nand married the daughter of Rev. Timothy Wallvcr,\\nthe first settled minister of Concord and the father of\\nthe grantee of New Pennacook. Hon. Peter C. Virgin\\nof Concord, N. II., was the flrst lawj-er, and practised\\nthere over 50 years. lie was a member of the conven-\\ntion tliat framed the Constitution of Maine, and tlie\\nfather of Judge William Wirt Virgin of the Supreme\\nCourt of Maine.\\nThe Androscoggin River flows through the town, and\\nthere are broad and fertile intervals on each side. The\\nCongregationalists, Methodists and Universalists have\\nchurch edifices and maintain religious services in the\\ntown. Rumford Falls, on the Androscoggin, furnishes", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0580.jp2"}, "569": {"fulltext": "MAINE.\\nthe finest water-power in the State, most of whicli is yet\\nundeveloped. White Cap is a prominent mountain in\\nthe north part of the town and there are also several\\nother mountains of lesser elcwation.\\nThe population of Rumford is about 1,200.\\nIIinAJi was iirst settled in 1774, incorporated Feb. 14,\\n1714, and was named, it is said, bj- Timothy Cotter, an\\ncarl3- settler, in honor of Hiram, King of Tyre. The\\nfirst settler was Lieut. Benjamin Ingalls, who was born in\\nAndovcr, Mass., in 1728, old style. He was a descendant\\nof Edward Ingalls, who came from Lincolnshire, Eng.,\\nto Lj nn, Mass., in\\n1G29. Lieut. Ingalls\\nserved in the arm}\\nand was with Sir\\nWilliam Pciipcn 11 at\\nthe siege of Louis-\\nburg, in 1745. Li\\n1774,he, in comp m}\\nwith five others,\\namong whom -n as\\nDaniel Foster, A^ho\\nhad married his sis-\\nter Anne, came to\\nSaco River, and .se-\\nlected and survived\\nfor themselves lots\\nof land situated in\\nwhat is now Hinm.\\nAmong the pi oini-\\nnent earl} residents\\nof Hiram was Gen.\\nPeleg Wadsworth, a\\ndistinguished oflleer\\nduring the Revolu-\\ntionarj war. He was born in Duxburj Mass., April 25,\\n1 748, and was the son of Deacon Peleg Wadsworth.\\nHe subsequentl}- moved to Plymouth, then built and\\noccupied the brick house next west of the Prclslc\\nHouse ill Portland, Me. Finall}-, he moved to Hiram,\\nwhere had large landed interests, and died there in\\nNovember, 1829, aged 80 3 ears. One of his daughters\\nwas the mother of the poet Longfellow. His descend-\\nants still reside in the town.\\nHiram is situated on Saco River, and has much good\\nfarming land. The I ortland and Ogdenshurg Railway\\npasses through the town. Hiram Bridge is a thriving\\nj little village with a good hotel and picturesque scenerj-.\\nHiram has a population of 1 ,400.\\nIt is related of him that when, three years afterwards, the Jacksons\\ncommenced a clearing on what is now Paris Hill, ho was very much\\nLOWER FALLS, RirMFORD, MJ5.\\nNVatekford was settled in 1775, bj David McWaj-ne,\\nail eccentric person who resided hero alone in the wilder-\\nness.* Eleazer Hamlin, father of Dr. C \\\\rus, who after-\\nwards lived in Paris, and grandfather of Hon. Hannibal\\nHamlin, was among the first settlers. He was provi-\\nousl} of Pembroke, Mass. The town was incorporated\\nJNIarch 2, 1797. The centennial of the settlement of\\nthe town was celebrated in 1875. Prof. William Warren\\nGreene, M. D., the distinguished surgeon, was born in\\nWaterford. An Orthodox minister was settled in 1799,\\nand this has always been the leading religious societ}-.\\nDr. Shattuck swater-\\ncure establishment,\\nt,_^ located in this town,\\nhas a wide reputa-\\ntion. Staves, sliooks\\n3 and lumber of va-\\nt 1 lous kinds are maii-\\nu I ictured indifferent\\nputs of the town.\\nPopulation, 1,.300.\\nHebron, including\\nthe present town of\\nOxford, set off in\\n1829, was granted to\\nAlex.ander Shepard,\\nof Newton, Mass.,\\nfor ser\\\\ ices rendered\\nin survej ing the pub-\\nlic lands of Maine.\\nHe, with Dr. God-\\ndud, .John Green-\\nwood, and other men\\nfrom Newton, were\\namong the first set-\\ntlers. John Colwell of Ipswich is said to have been the\\nfirst settler. The town was incorporated Jlarch 6, 1792,\\nand was named from the ancient Hebron spolcen of in\\nthe Bilile. Hebron Aeademj chartered in 1804, and\\nendowed by a valuable township of land, has fitted a\\nlarge number of prominent men for college. It is now\\nconducted under the auspices of tlie Maine Baptist Edu-\\ncation Society. Hebron contains a popidatiou of nearl}\\n800.\\nAVooDSTOCK, a town of 1,000 inliabitants, is made up\\nof the two halves of a township which were granted, one\\nto Dummer Academj- in 1797, and the other to Gorhain\\nAcademy in 1807. The first settlement was made in\\n1798, by Christopher and Solomon Bryant, sons of Solo-\\nannoyed at the prospect of having neighbors so near, although they\\nwere 12 or 15 miles away.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0581.jp2"}, "570": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nmon Brj-ant of Paris. Soon afterwards settlements were\\nbegun in other parts of tlie town. Woodstock was incor-\\nporated Feb. 7, 1815.\\nBr3ant s Pond, a fine sheet of water in the west part\\nof the town, was named for the first settlers. Tlie vil-\\nlage of the same name is situated on the line of the\\nGrand Trunk Railwaj-. Eev. Ransom Dunham resides\\nhere, who came into town about 40 years ago, and was\\nsettled over the Baptist Church. Lemuel Pcrham, the\\nearl^ settler, was grandfather of ex-Governor Perham of\\nPalis, who was born in this town, and cultivated a hill-\\nside farm in his earlj- manhood. Four religious societies\\nhave church edifices in town, and sustain preaching.\\nHamlin s Grant, a small gore of 1,270 acres, granted to\\nDr. C3TUS Hamlin in 1816, was annexed to AVoodstock\\nin 1872.\\nAndover, situated on the borders of civilization, was\\npurchased March 11, 1791, of the State of Massachu-\\nsetts, bj- Samuel Johnson and other parties, of Old An-\\ndover. Ezekiel Merrill was the first settler. He came,\\nwith his family, from Andover, Mass., and resided in\\nthis wilderness two jears with no neighbor nearer than\\nNow Pennacook. The early settlers were the Poors, Mer-\\nrills, Abbotts, Stevenses, and others, from Andover, and\\nwere among the most respectable citizens of that town.\\nThey brought with them their religious institutions,\\nwhich they transplanted in the wilderness, and Andover,\\nnotwithstanding it is a border and isolated town, has\\never been noted for its good society and high standard\\nof morals. A few miles to the north of Andover arc\\nthe lakes which form the head-waters of the Androscog-\\ngin River, and beyond these lakes is the broad belt of\\nforest which extends far into Canada. Andover Corner\\nis a favorite resort for city people, and is the headquar-\\nters of fishermen, who, in the proper season, resort in\\nlarge numbers to the lakes. Andover has much good\\nfarming land. The population is about 800.\\nThe remaining towns of Oxford Countj- are Brq-wn-\\nFiELD, named for Capt. Henr^ Young Brown of Haver-\\nhill, Mass., the original grantee and founder, and incor-\\nporated Feb. 20, 1802, population 1,325: Denmark,\\ncontaining Pleasant Mountain, incorporated Feb. 20,\\n1807, population 1,075: Dixfield, named in honor of\\nDr. Elijah Dix of Boston, incorporated June 21, 1803\\nCanton, containing several thriving villages, incorjjorated\\nThe Albany basins and kettles circular excayations in the\\nsolid rock, made by the action of the water, arc natural curiosities which\\nattract a large number of visitors.\\nFeb. 5, 1821, population 985 Porter, ha-\\\\-ing important\\nmanufactories, incorporated Feb. 20, 1807, population\\n1,120 Peru, noted for its hop-growing and sheep hus-\\nbandry, incorporated Feb. 5, 1821, population 930:\\nGreewvood, the location of an extensive spool manu-\\nfactory, incorporated March IG, 1816, population 845:\\nLovell, granted to tlie surviving officers and soldiers\\nwho participated in the famous Lovewcll fight, and to\\nthe heirs of those who fell in that engagement contain-\\ning manufactories of various kinds incorporated Nov.\\n13, 1800, population 1,025: Scmner, incorporated June\\n13, 1798, population 1,175 Hartford, incori^orated on\\nthe same da}- as Sumner, population 1,000: Gilead, a\\nmountainous town, incoqiorated June 23, 1804, popula-\\ntion 330: Albany,* settled in 1800, incorporated June\\n20, 1803, population 651 the native place of Rev. Asa\\nCummings, D. D., for manj- j-ears the able editor of the\\nChristian Mirror, published at Portland: Oxford,\\nincorporated Fell. 27, 1829, population 1,630, embracing\\nthe two active business centres of Craig s Mills and\\nTVelchAalle the former having been the residence of\\nJohn J. Perrj-, for two terms member of Congress\\nStoneham, incorporated Jan. 31, 1834, population 425,\\ndevoted successful!} to agriculture and manufacturing\\nHanover, t incorporated Feb. 14, 1843, population 188,\\nand noted, though a small town, for having some of the\\nbest inten-al on the river, and for being the only town in\\nthe county free from debt: Mason, settled in 1826, and\\nincori^orated Feb. 5, 1843, named in honor of Moses\\nMason, who built mills in town population 127 Stowe,\\nsettled in 1770, incoi-porated in 1833, situated in part in\\nthe beautiful Cold River VaUcy, population 427 Swe-\\nden, incorporated Feb. 26, 1813, population 550 Mex-\\nico, incorporated Feb. 13, 1818, population 458 Rox-\\nbury, incorporated March 17, 1835, population 162:\\nByron, like the two last mentioned towns, on Swift River,\\nincorporated Jan. 24, 1833, population 242 the most part\\nof its surface being still covered with primeval forest,\\nextending almost unbroken to the northern line of the\\nState, and far into Canada: Newry, settled in 1781, by\\nIrish immigrants, incorporated June 15, 1805, popula-\\ntion 416 Grafton, settled in 1838, incorporated in 1852,\\npopulation 94: and Upton, incorporated Feb. 9, 1860,\\npopulation 187.\\nBeside these there are several plantations.\\nThe house built by Nathaniel Segar, the first settler in Bethel, of\\nwhich Hanover once formed a part, is still standing in Ilanovej-, and is\\noccupied by his descendants.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0582.jp2"}, "571": {"fulltext": "PEN^OBSCOT COUNTY.\\nBY E. F. DUREN.\\nPenobscot Codnty, incorporated Feb. 15, 1816, is the\\nninth and last count} in the District of Maine, organized\\nprior to the separation from Massachusetts in 1820. It\\nlies on both sides of tlie Penobscot River, north of Han-\\ncock and Waldo counties. Its outline is much like the\\nsign which the deaf and dumb use for the figure three.\\nIt formerly embraced the northern part of Hancock\\nCounty. From 1814 to 1816, Bangor, now the shire\\ntown, was a half-shire town with Castine. Some towns\\nnow in Piscataquis and Aroostook counties have since\\nbeen set off from it. It contains 3,200 square miles, or\\nabout three million acres.^and is the largest county in\\nthe State except Aroostook. The number of townships\\nis ninet} each, with few exceptions, six miles square,\\nand containing 23,040 acres each. It has 57 towns, one\\ncitj-, and six plantations, the largest number of anj\\ncounty in the State. The population in 1870 was 75,150.\\nFrom the earliest period, it has been reported as the\\nmost attractive of any portion of the State. Spanish,\\nFrench, Dutch and English navigators all unite in praise\\nof Penobscot Bay, Penobscot Ei\\\\er, and the territorj\\nsurrounding. The earliest Spanish explorer, Gomez, in\\n1525, gave to the river his name, Rio de Gomez.\\nOther Spanish navigators called it the Rio Grande,\\nRio Hermoso, the great, the beautiful river. The\\nFrench, who visited it in 1556 for fish and the fur\\ntrade, and who in 1604-5 had a charter of the territorj-\\nfrom Henrj- IV., hy their chronicler, Thevet, designated\\nit as one of the finest rivers in the whole world.\\nSamuel Champlain, a French explorer in 1604, speaks\\nwith enthusiasm of the scenery: The river banks arc\\nco^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ercd with verdure, and here and there lovely stretches\\nof meadow.\\nThe name, as Judge Godfrey says, was reported bj-\\nthe French in sixty diflfercnt ways during their occu-\\npancy to 1664. The principal was Panauanshek. The\\nEnglish, the New Plymouth colonists, caught the word\\nPenobscot, by which it was known as early as 1626.*\\nThe Dutch were pleased with the region, and sent a\\nThe Indian name was Pcnohsceaj;, or Pcnobscoote, snggestcd by\\nthe rocky falls just above Bangor. Penobsg (rock), uteral (a place)\\nman-of-war to it in 1676, and captured the French forti-\\nfications in the bay and river. They were driven off in\\nturn b}- the English and the colonists. The French had\\npossession of a part of the region to 1745, when most\\nof them removed to Canada. In 1759, after the fall of\\nQuebec, the whole passed from the possession of the\\nFrench.\\nIn 1763, the General Assembly of Massachusetts\\ngranted thirteen townships, each six miles square, lying\\non the east side of the Penobscot River, to thirteen com-\\npanies, or proprietors, who laid out the townships, and\\n60 families settled in each township and made improve-\\nments. These settlers employed an agent at the court\\nof Great Britain to solicit the royal approbation to sever\\nit from Massachusetts and form a new government,\\nunder the authority of the crown. They reported the\\nsoil as remarkablj good, well adapted to the culture of\\nevery sort of English grain, and hemp, flax, e., and\\nespecially good for grazing, in which it excels every\\nother part of America, and for raising cattle. Its\\nwoods abound with moose, and other kinds of deer, and\\nseveral kinds of game, good for food. On the\\nrivers and streams are saw-mills. It gives\\npromise of being a rich and fruitful countr}*.\\nThe Tarratines, or Abenaques, of which the Indians\\nat Old Town are a remnant, were the native inhabitants\\nof the Penobscot, about two centuries ago, and had\\nmuch intercourse with the French, who assisted them or\\ndenied them, as their interest seemed to dictate. They\\nwere numerous and powerful, having at one time more\\nthan 2,000 warriors. About 1660, there was a bloody\\nand exterminating war between the New England In-\\ndians and the Mohawks. Tradition has it that the Tar-\\nratines took part in it, and were followed to the banks\\nof the Penobscot by the Jlohawks in 1669. The locality\\nnear the mouth of the Kenduskeag, as it enters the Penob-\\nscot at Bangor, was their resting-place, extending as far\\nas what is now known as the Red Bridge, near where the\\nPujejewock stream unites with the Penobscot River.\\na rocky place. In another dialect, Penapse (stone^, auke (place) the\\ni-ock-placc river.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0583.jp2"}, "572": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nWith the increase and extension of settlements by the\\nwhite men the Indians wore displeased, and, about 174.5,\\nbegan to threaten their further progress. When war\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was declared with all the tribes, in 1755, the Penobscot\\nIndians were excepted; for it was stated, that no\\neastern trilje has treated the English with so much for-\\nbearance and honor.\\nDuring the Rcvolutionarj^ war, and when the British\\nvisited the Penobscot region, coming as far as Hampden\\nand Bangor, as an enemy in 1779, they transferred their\\nfealty to the patriots. It is said of them, The Tar-\\nratines conducted the whole campaign with all due fidel-\\nitj and friendship towards the Americans.\\nThe Penobscot River has been called the main artery\\nof the State. Its length, including the east and west\\nbranches, is about 300 miles its course within the limits\\nof the county, about 120 miles. The Mattawamkeag\\nRiver, the principal north-east branch of the Penobscot,\\nis about 100 miles in length, including its eastern and\\nwestern branches. The Passadumkeag River takes its\\nrise in the town of Lee, and enters the Penobscot at\\nPassadumkeag. The Kcnduskeag River has its rise in\\nGarland, and flows into the Penobscot at Bangor. No\\ncounty has a larger number of lakes, ponds, rivers,\\nbrooks and streams than this.\\nThe earliest regular settlement of the county com-\\nmenced at Bangor in 1 709 then followed settlements at\\nBrewer and Orrington in 1770; Hampden, 1772; Old\\nTown, 1773; Orono, 1774; Veazie, 177C Eddington,\\n1780; Ilolden, 178G Herman, 1791; Newport, 1794;\\nCharlestown and Corinth, 1795; Carmel, 179G; Levant\\nand Newburg, 1798 Dixmont, 1799 Hudson, Kcndus-\\nkeag, Milford and Stetson, 1800; Dexter and Exeter,\\n1801 Garland, 1802; Bradford, 1803; Corinna, 1804;\\nGlcnburn, 180G ^tna and Plymouth, 1807 Clifton\\nand Greenfield, 1812; Passadumkeag, 1813; Maxfield,\\n1814; Bradley, 1817; Alton, Arg3le, Howland and\\nLagrange, 1818 Enfield and Lowell, 1819 Chester,\\nGrccnbnsh, Mcdway, Pattagiimpus, West Indian and\\nWoodville, 1820 Lincoln, 1823 Burlington and Lee,\\n1824 Mattamiscontis, 1825 Edinburg, 1827 Patten,\\n1828 Carroll, No. 2, Grand Falls and Springfield, 1830\\nMattawamkeag, 1834; Winn, 1835; Prentiss and Whit-\\nney Ridge, 183G Mount Chase, 1838 Webster Planta-\\ntion, 1843 Drew Plantation, 1845 Staceyville, 1850\\nLakeville Plantation, 1855 and Kingman, 18G4.\\nThe court-house, until the j ear 1831 was in the building\\nnow known as the city hall, in Bangor. The town meet-\\nings were held in the same building, and public worship on\\nthe Sabbath, until a church edifice was built. The pres-\\nent court-house was built in 1831, at a cost of $20,000.\\nRoman Catholic missionaries came with the French in\\ntheir carl^ visits to the Penobscot, and mingled with the\\nIndians, and they became Catholics. Jesuit missiona-\\nries were with them in IGll, and for several years after.\\nAbout the year 1700, in the reign of Louis XIV., a\\nFrench architect erected for them a place for public wor-\\nship. The church was burned, probably in 1757. The\\ngovernor of the tribe has now in his possession a medal\\nwith the likeness of Louis XIV. In 1797, the tribe was\\nvisited by Right Rev. Bishop Chevcrus of Boston, and\\ntwo years after. Rev. James R. Romaigue, a French\\nfriar, had pastoral charge, in connection with the Passa-\\nmaquoddj tribe, in Washington Count} He returned\\nto France in 1819. Rev. Stephen Coilleaux, born and\\neducated in Paris, was his successor, and was with them\\nseveral years.\\nPublic worship and religious ordinances were sustained\\nby the colonists, and chaplains were stationed generall}-\\nat the forts. A reason given in 17G8 for having one at a\\nfort on the river, was that he was needed to preach to the\\nsettlers in the audience of the Indians, and to ensure\\npeace with them and because there was no minister\\nof the gospel within a circle of 100 miles diameter, now\\ngenerally peopled, though but thinl} From 1774 to\\n1779, John Herbert, the first physician in Bangor, was\\nan exhorter at religious meetings, and, in the winter,\\ntaught schools. The first minister that preached statedl}\\nwas Rev. Mr. Knowles, from Cape Cod, who, about\\n1780-83, was with the people scattered along the banks\\nof the river from Frankfort to Bangor. Rev. Seth\\nNoble, a Congregational minister, a native of Westfield,\\nMass., who had done patriot service in Nova Scotia,\\nand was compelled to flee from thence because of his\\nsympathy with New England in the Revolutionary strug-\\ngle, and who was afterwards at Machias, came to Ban-\\ngor in 178G, and was engaged bj the people as a settled\\nreligious teacher and preacher, at \u00c2\u00a3100 per year. He\\nwas installed Sept. 10, 178G, under some ancient oaks,\\nnear the corner of Oak and Washington streets, Bangor.\\nRev. Daniel Little of Wells, who had performed mis-\\nsionary work in Bangor and vicinitj* at different times,\\nwas deputed by the church in Wells, without the great\\ntrouble and expense of convening a council, to induct\\nhim into office. He gave hira the charge and the right\\nhand of fellowship. Mr. Noble preached the sermon.\\nHe remained five years, and died in Ohio in 1807.\\nThe first Congregational church organized was at\\nBrewer, Sept. 9, 1800. Rev. James Boyd was pastor,\\nand died two years after.\\nIn 1825, when the Penobscot Congregational Confer-\\nence was organized at Brownville, then in Penobscot", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0584.jp2"}, "573": {"fulltext": "County, there were 3 ministers, 8 duirdies, and 400\\nmembers. In 1878 there were 13 ministers, 15 cliurchos\\nand 1,780 members.\\nIn 1793 Kcv. Jesse Lee, from Virginia, the Methodist\\napostle of Kew Enrjiand, came to Mai.)e, and, on Sep-\\ntember 9 of that 3 car, spent a month in miscionarj work\\nalong the Penobscot River. In Januarj-, 1794, he came\\nagain as far as Orono, holding meetings aloi;g the route,\\nand returned by waj- of the Kennebec to Portland. In\\n1795 Rev. Joshua Ilall, of the Kew London (Conn.)\\nConference, organized societies in the county In 1799\\nRev. Timothy Jlerrill was on the Hampden circuit, and\\npreached in Bangor.\\nThe first Baptist chureli was organized at Etna in 1807\\n1)3- Rev. J. hn Chadbour e of Shapleigh, who was the\\nfirst missionar) of the denomination in the countj-.\\nThe Free Baptists were organized in Dixmont about\\n1809.\\nThe first Ei)iscoiialian c hurcli in Penobscot Countj was\\ngatliered at Bangor in 1834, and the first of the Univer-\\nsalist denomination at Hampden in 1825.\\nThe Unitarian church at Bangor was formed in 1818,\\nand the Swedenborgian in 1840.\\nThe Christian denomination formed their first churches\\nin Exeter and Newport in 1815, and the Adventists\\ni organized in this countj- in 1842-3.\\nI Schools were estabhshed at the first, and liave always\\nhad a prominent place in the plans for the elevation of the\\nj people.\\nLumbering, and the manufacture of lumber, have\\nlargelj- engaged tlie attention of the people of the\\ncounty. Lumbermen, mill-men, river-drivers, log-drivers\\nand raftsmen form an active and important part of the\\npopulation. Logging-camps are a unique and interest-\\ning feature of forest life.\\nShip-building has been carried on to a considerable\\nextent, chiefly in Bangor and Brewer.\\nThe first steamboat on the Penobscot, the Maine,\\nCapt. Cram, arrived in Bangor Maj- 23, 1824. The next\\ndaj- it made an excursion to Bucksport. It ran to I ort-\\nland in the summer season. The Bangor, a larger\\nboat, Capt. George Barker, arrived in 1834. There are\\nnow two steamers of the Sandford Line, which ply\\nbetween Bangor and the towns on the river to Boston\\nmost of the year, making three trips weekly. A steamer\\ngoes to Portland, making three trips weeklj connecting\\nwith another steamer at Rockland for Mt. Desert, and\\neast as far as Eastport and Calais. A steamer runs\\ndirect to Mt. Desert from Bangor, and smaller steamers\\nare emploj-ed to tow vessels uj) and down the river, and\\naccompany barges on pleasure excursions. In 1849\\nsmall and fiat-bottnmcd steamers commenced running\\naliove Bangor, affording beautiful views of island, forest\\nand river scenerj\\nRailroads permeate the county, radiating from Bangor,\\nwest and north. The first road opened was the Bangor,\\nOld Town and Milford Railr.:ad, incorporated in 1833,\\nand opened iu 183G. It was discontinued on the com-\\npl tion of the Shore Railroad, now the European and\\nNorth American Railway.\\nThe Maine Central Railroad extends a distance of 27\\nmiles in Penobscot County, passing from Bangor, west-\\nward, to Newport, and thcnco irto Somerset County.\\nThe Dexter and Newport Raiiroad, opened in 186S, is\\na branch of the Maine Central Raih oad.\\nThe Bangor and Piscataquis Railroad was chartered\\nMarch 5, 1861. The construction of the road was com-\\nmenced in the spring of 1HC9, and completed from Old\\nTown (where it connects with the European and North\\nAmerican Railway) to Blanchard in the fall of 187G.\\nThe length of the road is 63 mil(;s passing through Ihe\\ntowns of Old Town, Alton and Lagrange in Penobscot\\nCounty, 15 miles, the balance in Piscataquis County.\\nThe cost was abimt $1,500,000. It is now a branch of\\nthe European and North American Railwaj\\nThe Bucksport and Bangor Railroad was chartered\\nMarch 1, 1870. The survey was made in the autumn of\\n1872. The construction was commenced in the spring\\nof 1873, and trains began to run rcgularlj- to Buckspoit\\nDec. 21, 1874. The length is 19 miles, 9J. miles are\\nin Penobscot County, passing through Brewer and Orring-\\nton the balance is in Hancock County. Cost, $693,-\\n755.95. It is now a branch of the European and North\\nAmerican Railway\\nCharters have been granted for a railroad from Bangor\\nto Winterport, and from Bangor to Machias but the\\nroads are not yet built.\\nThe usual military organizations have been main-\\ntained. They have been called into active service chiefly\\nin 1814, in repelling the British forces that came up the\\nPenobscot River; in 1840-41, during the excitement\\nattending the question of the north-cast boundary of the\\nState, which was peaceablj- settled by a treaty between\\nGreat Britain and the United States, ratified by the\\nSenate Aug. 20, 1842 and again during the late civil\\nwar. In this campaign, the second Maine regiment,\\nsix companies of the sixth Maine, and the eighteenth\\nJNIaine regiment, afterwards the first heavy artillerj-, were\\ncomposed chieflj of residents of this count} Monu-\\nments in memory of the patriot soldiers, deceased, are\\nerected in the cemeteries at Bangor, Brewer, Ilamjjden,\\nDexter, Newport, and other places.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0585.jp2"}, "574": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nTowns.\\nBangor was incorporated Fob. 2o, 1 79 1 The situation\\nis pleasant and attractive, having the Penobscot River as\\nits south-western border, and the Kenduskeag River from\\nthe north-west, passing through the val-\\n]ej, into the Penobscot, the grounds on\\neach side, east and west, gradually ris-\\ning, affording a fine view, especiallj- on\\nThomas Hill (west), of the territory for\\nseveral miles in all directions. It is at\\nthe head of the tide and of na\\\\-igation,\\nCO miles from the bay and ocean.\\nThe site of the city and the surround-\\ning territory was verj- attractive to the\\nearlj- Spanish, French, Dutch and EngUsh\\nexplorers, na^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2igators, and adventurers, seal of the cit\\nIt was called Norombega in 1;3. 9, and was thought to\\nbe the site of a famous city of that name.* It was known\\nafterwards as Kenderquit, Condeskeag and Kendus-\\nkeag. In 17C9 it\\nwas the Kendus-\\nkeag Plantation.\\nThe earliest record\\nnow in the archives\\nof the cit} is dated\\nMarch 27, 1787.\\nThe TaiTatines,\\nor Penobscot Ind-\\nians, were the abo-\\nriginal inhabitants,\\nmaking their head-\\nquarters in the re-\\ngion near what is\\nnow known as the\\nRed Bridge, near\\nTreat s Falls, and\\nwhich afterwards\\nwas the business-\\nquarters of the ear-\\nly settlers. Here\\nwas the first post-\\noffice, Maj. Treat\\nbeing postmaster.\\nIn 1779 and 1816,\\nhostile demonstra-\\ntions were made b}\\nBritish troops, who\\noccupied the town.\\nThe histoi^ of Bangor, embraced in an address by Hon.\\nJohn E. Godfrey, at the centennial celebration of the in-\\nThis name is now given to the principal hall and market of the city.\\nVNGOB, 1834.\\nNOROMBEGA, 1539\u00e2\u0080\u0094 KENDFSKEAO PLANTATIorx, 1\\ncorporation of the town in 18G9, furnishes a full and inter-\\nesting account of its discoveiy, settlement and progress,\\nfrom which many of the items of this history are taken.\\nJacob Russell, from Salisbury-, Mass., was the first\\nsettler, in 1 7G9. He was a hunter, fisher,\\nboat-builder and cooper. He had a wife\\nand nine children. His son, Stephen\\nRussell, with his wife, Lucy Grant, and\\nCaleb Goodwin, with his wife and eight i\\nchildren, from Castine, followed in 1770.\\nIn 1771-72 the settlement contained 12\\nfamilies, the later settlers most of them\\nfrom Woolwich and Brunswick, in this\\nState. The first physician to commence\\npractice was John Herbcit, in 1774.\\nRev. Seth Noble, the first settled min-\\nister (1786), was elected a representative to the General\\nCourt, and was deputed to procure the incorporation of\\nthe town. The name Sunbury had been selected, as\\ndescriptive of the\\nattractive appear-\\nance of the place\\nbut, fur some rea- I\\nson, he gave it the\\nname of his favor-\\nite tune Bangor.\\nThe first bridge\\nwas built in 1807\\nover the Kendus-\\nkeag. The Bangor\\nBridge Company\\nwas incorporated\\non Feb. 16, 1828,\\nand they built the\\nfirst bridge over\\nthe Penobscot in\\n832. It was 440\\nyards in length,\\nand cost $50,000.\\nThis was carried\\naway by the great\\nflood in 1846, and\\nwas rebuilt in 1847.\\nThe first print- j\\ning-press was es- j\\ntablished by Peter\\nEdes in ISlo. He i\\nissued the Ban- I\\n1815. Mr. Edes died\\n83 j-ears, at that time\\n25,\\ngor AVeekly Register Nov\\nin Bangor March 29, 1839.\\nthe oldest printer in the United States.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0586.jp2"}, "575": {"fulltext": "An acadcnw was established in 1817. During subse-\\nquent j ears much has been done to sustain and improve\\nthe schools. There are now one high school, and 57\\nschools of a lower grade.\\nThe Bangor Theological Seminar^ received its charter\\nfrom Massachusetts in 1814. It was first located at\\nHampden (181 C), and removed to Bangor in 1819. A\\nclassical school was connected with it for several j-ears.\\nThe number of graduates is over 500, who have become\\nministers, pastors, missionaries and professors in this\\ncountry and in other lands. It has a library of 14,000\\nvolumes.\\nThe first meeting-house was built in 1788.\\nBangor was incorporated as a city in 1834. The first\\nmaj-or was Allen Gilman. The population in 1870 was\\n20,000.\\nIn 1833-34 the business of the place increased rapidly,\\nthe basis being chieflj lumbering and ship-building, and\\nthere was considerable speculation and rise of real\\nestate. A check was given to this progress in 1830-37\\nbut from 1840 onward, the business and growth of the\\ncity have been gradualh augmenting.\\nIt has an extensive coast trade, a Southern and West\\nIndia trade, and sends lumber in various forms and\\ndimensions to European ports. In 1847 it became a port\\nof entry, and a custom-house was built of granite in\\n1853-56, on a foundation laid in the Kenduskeag River,\\nbetween the Kenduskeag and Central bridges. The river\\nis of sufficient depth to float the largest vessel. Winter-\\nport, 14 miles south, is at the head of navigation in\\nwinter. The average time for the closing of the river\\nfor the last CO j-ears, has been December 10.\\nThe first post-office was established in January, 1801.\\nAt Treat s Falls there are two extensive iron-foundries.\\nOn the Kenduskeag River (north) are grist, plaster, plan-\\ning, moulding, lumber and saw mills. On the Penobscot\\nRiver are saw, lumber, planing, moulding and steam\\nmills. Beside these, there arc in the city various other\\nmanufactures.\\nThe Holly water-works at Treat s Falls went into\\noperation in July, 1876. The Bangor Gas Compan}- was\\nincorporated Aug. 20, 1850, and the Bangor and Piscat-\\naquis Slate Company in 1855.\\nThe Bangor Historical Society was incorporated March\\n4, 18C4.\\nThe Bangor Orphan Asylum was organized in 1839,\\nand occupied a building on Fourth Street. It is now\\ncalled the Children s Home. Mrs. F. W. Pitcher left a\\nlegacy for the building of a larger and more substantial\\nedifice on Thomas Hill, which was dedicated in 1869.\\nThe Home for Aged Women was incorporated in 1872.\\nMount Hope Cemetery is a large and beautiful burial-\\nplace in the north-cast part of the city. It contains\\nabout 150 acres. Besides this there are four cemeteries\\npleasantly located.\\nThere are manj attractive drives and places of resort\\nin the neighborhood of Bangor. When tlie river is\\nopen there are almost daily excursions by sail-boats and\\nsteamers to summer resorts on the river, and among the\\nislands of the hay and also to the islands and locali-\\nties north.\\nAmong the residents of Bangor who have held office\\nin Congress, and other eminent stations, are Francis\\nCan-, member of Congress in 1811 James Carr, son of\\nthe preceding, congressman in 1815 William D. Wil-\\nliamson, governor of Maine in 1821, later a member of\\nCongress, and author of a history of Maine Hannibal\\nHamlin, late vice-president of the United States, and\\nnow U. S. senator Jonathan P. Rogers and George W.\\nIngersoll, once attorneys-general of the State Edward\\nKent, a former mayor of the cit3 governor of the\\nState from 1838 to 1840, and justice of the Supreme\\nCourt from 1859 to 1873 G. Parks, a member of Con-\\ngress and U. S. minister to Peru Elisha II. Allen, U.\\nS. congressman in 1841\u00e2\u0080\u009442, since chancellor of the Sand-\\nwich Islands, and now representative of the Islands at\\nWashington John Appleton, chief justice of the Su-\\n[)reme Judicial Court from 1862 to the present time\\nCharles Stetson, member of Congress in 1849-50;\\nJoshua W. Hathawaj- and Jonas Cutting, justices of\\nthe Supreme Court John A. Peters, attornej--general of\\nthe State, member of Congress for five jears, and now a\\njustice of the Supreme Court Samuel F. Hersey, late\\nU. S. congressman II. M. Plaisted, recently State attor-\\nnej -general, and member of Congress in 1875-70 and\\nGeorge W. Ladd, at present a member of Congress.\\nHampden, named in honor of John Hampden, the\\nEnglish patriot, was first called Wheelsborough, for\\nBenjamin Wheeler, the first settler, who removed from\\nDurham, N. H., in 1772 and built mills near the mouth\\nof Sowadabscook River. Many of the first settlers came\\nfrom Cape Cod. The first representative in General\\nCourt, in 1802, was Martin Kinsle} afterwards member\\nof the Senate and Council of Jlassachusetts, and member\\nof Congress.\\nHon. Hannibal Hamlin, now U. S. senator, was a\\nresident of this town nearly 30 years. He came from\\nParis, Me., his native place, in the spring of 1833,\\nremoving to Bangor in the spring of 1862, which has\\nbeen his residence since that date. He studied law and\\nwas admitted to the bar in 1833, continuing in active\\npractice until 1848 was a representative from Maine in", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0587.jp2"}, "576": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nCongress, 1843 to l. ^40 U. S. sonat r fro:n 184o to\\n18G1 was vice-president of the United States, and pre-\\nsided over the Senate from 18G1 to 18Ca appointed col-\\nlector of tlio port of Boston in 1865, resigning in 1866\\nelected again to the U. S. Senate, and re-elected in 1875,\\nhis terra of scrAnce expiring in 1881.\\nIn 1814 this town was the scene of a sudden gather-\\ning of the militia and volunteers, to repel the British\\nfleet which was reported ascending the Penobscot Eiver\\nto ciiptm-e the U. S.\\nc;)rvette \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Adams,\\nwhich was lying at the\\nwharf, with two nhi .^r.\\nable merchant sscl =L._ ~-~__-=^\\nat anchor in th-; ri\\\\ 1 1\\nBrig. Gen. Blake, cf\\nBrewer, was in com\\nmand of tin foices\\nCaptain Moriii^, who\\nh.id foi-med two bit\\nterics upon C losl)^\\nwharf, on pore ci\\\\ ins\\nihc approach of the\\nfleet, preceded b\\\\ a\\nnumber of barges full\\nof soldiers, opi ncd i\\nspirited fire up )u t l\\nenemy for al;out\\nan hour, when seem\\ntho milili.T, on tliv, 1 ill\\ni:i hi.5 rear wcie rap-\\nidly retreating as\\nappeared aftcrw aids\\nwithout orders ui I\\nknowing that, m i\\nvery short time he\\nwould be outflanked\\nhe spiked his guns\\nset fire to the -Ncsel\\nand the storehouses, and retreated with his brave\\npanions to Bangor, and thence through the woods to the\\nKennebec. The vessels and the village were soon within\\nthe power of the enem} the people were maltreated,\\ntheir houses and stores pillaged and burned and their\\ncattle killed.\\nSowadabscook River, which has its source in Stetson,\\nempties into the Penobscot River at Hampden. Two\\nmiles from its mouth it falls 1 20 feet, furnishing valuable\\nmill-privileges. Two paper-mills and a gii;t-inill are\\nhere located. Hampden Academy was incorporated in\\n1803. The place contains three churches.\\nOld Town. Tho water-privileges of this town are\\nunlimited, and immense quantities of lumber have been\\nmanufactured in jjast years. There are now 30 manu-\\nfactories of long and short lumber, oars, bateaux, bar-\\nrels, saws, files, c., and a grist-mill. Old Town con-\\ntains a high school and seven churches.\\nIndian Old Town Island, containing about 350 acres,\\nis occujjied bj the remnant of the TaiTatine or Penob- I\\nscot tribe of Indians. Once claiming, as its original\\ninhabitants, all the i\\nterritory in the region\\non both sides of the\\nriver, bj several trea-\\nties made with tho\\nEnglish and Colonial\\ngovernments, they re-\\nlinquished a consid-\\nerable portion. In\\n1785 they yielded yet\\nmore, rcser^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^ng only\\nOld Town Island, or\\nns it wr.s called in\\n1710, The Island\\nof Lett, and 28 other 1\\nislands in the river\\nJ lilt above it. All tho\\nlands on the waters\\nof the Penobscot Riv-\\ner, above Piscataquis\\nand Mattawamkeag,\\nwere to be reser\\\\-ed\\nas hunting-grounils\\nfor them, and were\\nnot to be laid out or\\nsettled by the State\\nor indivieluals. An\\nanimated controversy\\nas to the possession\\nof lands by the Ind-\\ni. 1 having arisen in 1706, a new treaty was formed,\\nreleasing for a consideration, in annual pa3raents,\\n189,426 acres. In 1820 they held 2,670 acres, 40 of I\\nwhich were under cultivation. Thej receive from a\\ntrustee fund about $4,500 annually. The present num-\\nber is 450. Stephen Stanislaus is governor. Thej- have\\na chureh (Roman Catholic) and schools taught by the\\nSisters of Mercy. The Indians cultivate the ground to\\nsome extent, and many are hunters and guides. In\\nsummer some of them encamp by the seaside.\\nOrono derives its name from an Indian chief, Joseph\\nOrono, an able and friendly chief of the Taxratines,", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0588.jp2"}, "577": {"fulltext": "often at the head of deputations to meet connnittees of\\nthe Provincial Congi-ess in reference to the interests of\\nthe tribe. Ilis mark, or signature, was the fac simile of\\na seal. Ilis countenance was fair and beautiful, and in\\nold age his hair was milkj white. He died in 1801 aged\\n113 years. Mrs. Mace gives the following tribute to his\\nmemory\\nNoblest among the brares was Orono,\\nA kingly nature, just and wise, and tnic,\\nTo bis dark brethren f.iithful, ret at Iieart\\nThe white man s friend. With clear prophetic view,\\nOur larger work and destiny he knew.\\nWorthy of honor, well do v.e licrtow\\nOn this, his dwelling-place, the name of Orono\\nThe first white settlers (1774)\\nborn in Dracut, Mass\\nin 1736, and Joshui\\nEaj res. Shortl al\\nterwards, came John\\nMarsh, a native of\\nMendon, Mass., wlio\\nlocated on the island\\nin Penobscot Enei\\nwhich bjars his name\\nIsrael Washburn, Ji\\nsettled in Orono in\\n1834. He ably repre\\nsented Maine as one\\nof her representatneb\\nin Congress from 18j5\\nto 1860. He was gov\\nernor of Maine in\\n1860; appointed col\\nlector of the district\\nof Portland and Fal\\nmouth in 1863, continuing in office until 1877. From\\n1864 he has been a resident of Portland. In 1874 Mr.\\nWashburn delivered the address at the centennial anni-\\nversary of the settlement of Orono.\\nThe water-privileges are abundant, and have been\\nimproved largely for the manufacture of lumber in all its\\nforms. Flour and grist mills are in operation, and estab-\\nlishments for machinery, cooperage, oars, boats, c.\\nFrom 1832 to 1835, during the great laud speculation,\\nthe population increased from 1,500 to 6,000. Many\\nfortunes were made and lost. This period led to great\\nactivity in trade and manufactures. The now and capa-\\ncious town house was erected in 1874. There are four\\nchurches withiu the town.\\nThe State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic\\nArts, located in Orono, was chartered in 1865. It has a\\npleasant and healthy location between the Penobscot and\\nStillwater rivers, on grounds oiiginally cleared and\\nsettled by a French Canadian. The Stillwater Eivcr\\nflows in front of the buildings, forming the water bound-\\nary of the college farm, and adding much to the beauty\\nof the surrounding scenery.\\nBiiEWER, taken from Orrington, is opposite the city of\\nBangor, with which it is connected by a covered bridge\\nover the Penobscot Eiver, and the railroad bridge. The\\nfirst settlement was made in 1770 by Col. John Brewer,\\nat what is now Brewer Village, whcse name was given to\\nthe town. Other early settlers were Isaac Eobinson,\\nElisha Skinner, Lot Eider, Deodat Brastow, Benjamin\\nSnow, the Holyoke, Farrington and Burr families.\\nBefore the Revolution, there were 160 inhabitants. A\\njiost-offlce was opened\\nit Bie-nei illagc in\\nIMH) Colonel John\\n1 1 noi po ^tmaster,\\n\\\\\\\\\\\\i held the oflice for\\n-^tris The mail\\n5\\\\ IS it fltst carried\\non lu rsLl ack once a\\nT\\\\ (_ I k Onlj one vcs-\\ns 1 vv as then owned in\\nfli MCinitj The first\\nii_iegationil church\\n1 the count} was es-\\nli hedheieinl800,\\nn in an extent of\\nI I miles there were\\nnh nine houses. At\\nsent there are three\\nchinches in the town.\\nIhe business pursuits\\nare agriculture, ship-building, and various industrial\\nmanufactures.\\nOne of the localities of Noronibega, which was supposed\\nto be a famous city in the fifteenth or sixteenth century,\\nis on Brimmer flats, Brewer, opposite the mouth of the\\nKenduskeag Eiver. Gov. Pownall, governor of IMassa-\\nchusetts, built the fortification at Fort Point, on Penob-\\nscot Eiver, and while superintending it sailed up the\\nriver with an expedition from Boston in 1758, and landed\\nhere, probably near Treat s Falls. Brig. Gen. Waldo,\\nwhile t^alUing with him, soon after landing, died sud-\\ndenlj- of apoplex}-, and was buried on the 23d of May.\\nOrrington was the first town incorporated in the\\ncounty. Its charter is dated March 21, 1788. It was\\nnamed for Orangetown, Md., but by an error in spelling\\nit became Orrington. It was known previously as New\\nWorcester. Brewer and Holden were originally within\\nMEB\u00c2\u00ab!TERS ORONO", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0589.jp2"}, "578": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nits limits. It is six miles south of Bangor, on the line\\nof the Bangor and Biicksport Railroad. The first settle-\\nment was made b_y John Brewer from Worcester, Mass.,\\nin June, 1770, at the mouth of Segeunkedunk stream,\\nwhere he built a mill. On March 25, 178G, Capt. Brewer\\nand Simeon Fowler purchased of the government 10,864\\nacres, comprising the front or water lots. The residue\\nof the territory was granted to Moses Knapp and others.\\nThere are four post-offlceS, located in Orrington, East\\nOrrington, Goodale s Comer, and South Orrington. The\\ntown contains several churches. There are many good\\nfarms in the town, and much attention is given to dailies.\\nAt Goodale s Corner there has been a large nurserj and\\norchard, the fruit furnishing the largest and best variety at\\nthe pomological and agricultural fairs of the county and\\nState. There are here a manufactory of earthen-ware and\\ntiles, of churns, a tannerj-, and lumber and grist mills.\\nDexter is a pleasant and thriving manufacturing town\\nat the terminus of the Dexter and Newport Railroad and\\nStage Lines to Moosehead Lake, Dover and Exeter. It\\nwas first called Elwinstown. The plantation was granted\\nMarch 13, 1804, to Amos Pond and eight others, and\\nnamed in honor of Samuel Dexter of Boston. It has\\nwoollen, cotton, and various other manufactures.\\nDixMONT was the residence of Samuel Batman, repre-\\nsentativo in Congress from 1827 to 1833 Garland was\\nlong the home of Rev. John Sawj-er, emploj-ed b} the\\nMaine Missionary Society from 1810 to 1850, and who\\ndied in 1858, aged 103 j-ears Patten manufactures\\nlumlier, sashes, doors, c. and contains an academy in-\\ncorporated in 184G Corinth is a fine farming township\\non the Kcnduskeag River: Newport is also a good\\nagricultural town Corinna is the seat of Union Acad-\\nemy, incorporated in 1857 IIowland is a picturesque\\ntown on the Piscataquis River Lincoln contains an acad-\\nemy and has important manufactures Milford is across\\ntlie Penobscot River from Old Town here are the Old\\nTown Falls, one of the best water-privileges in the United\\nStales Lowell is diversified bj- numerous streams and\\nponds, and is a region of delightful scenery Carroll\\nhas many good mill-pri%-ileges, and contains one of the\\nfinest lime-quarries in the State Kenduskeag has man-\\nufactories of lumber, barrels, farming tools, and contains\\na foundry, grist-mill and cheese-factory II olden was\\nlong the residence of Maj. Gen. John Blake, a native of\\nBoston, and an officer in the Revolutionary army and in\\nthe State militia Prentiss was named for Hon. Henry\\nE. Prentiss, at one time mayor of Bangor, who owned\\nmostof the town Mattawamkeag is situated in a beau-\\ntiful and fertile vallej and much attention is given by\\nthe inhabitants to farming and sto; k-raising.\\nThe other towns of Penobscot Countj-, with the date\\nof settlement and incorporation and their respective pop-\\nulation, are named in the following table\\nAlton,\\nArpvle,\\nBanl o.-,\\nBradtbrJ,\\nBradlev,\\nBrewer,\\nBurlington,\\nCarmel,\\nCarroll,\\nChester,\\nCliarleston,\\nClifton,\\nCorinna,\\nCorinth,\\nDexter,\\nDixmont,\\nEddin^on,\\nEdinljuri;,\\nEnfield,\\nEtna,\\nExeter,\\nGarland,\\nGlenbum,\\nGreenbush,\\nGreenfield,\\nHampden,\\nHcrmon,\\nIlolden,\\nHowland,\\nHudson,\\nKcnduskeag\\nKingman,\\nLagrange,\\nLee,\\nLevant,\\nLincoln,\\nLowell,\\nMattamiscontis,\\nM attawam keag,\\nMaxfield,\\nMedwav,\\nMilford\\nMount Chase,\\nNewbury,\\nNewport,\\nOld Town,\\nOrono,\\nOrrington,\\nPassaduinkeas,\\nPatten,\\nPlymouth,\\nPrentiss,\\nStacevviUe,\\nPLANTATIONS.\\nDrew,\\nLakevillo,\\nNo. 2, Grand Falls,\\nPattaiTHmpus,\\nWebster,\\n1795,\\n1812,\\n1804.\\n1795,\\n1801,\\n1827,\\n1819,\\n1807,\\n1801,\\n1802,\\n1806,\\n1820,\\n1312,\\n1772,\\n1823,\\n181!),\\n1825,\\n1834,\\n1814,\\n1820,\\n1800,\\n18.38,\\n1798,\\n1794,\\n1773,\\n1774,\\n1770,\\n1813,\\n1828,\\n1807,\\n183fi,\\n1812,\\n1832,\\n1811,\\n1845,\\n1834,\\n1811,\\n1816,\\n1807,\\n1811,\\nISll,\\n1822,\\n1834,\\n1834,\\n1794,\\n1814,\\n1852,\\n1826,\\n1825,\\n1813,\\n1829,\\n1837,\\n18.-0, 1860,\\n1800, 1831,\\n1776, U- 1S-.3,\\n1835, I 1S57,\\n1820, I 1875,\\n1845,\\nia55,\\n1830,\\n1820,\\n1813,\\n1875,\\n18.-)6,\\n1875,\\nThe unincorporated townships of Penobscot County,\\neach six miles square, contain a population of about 2,000.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0590.jp2"}, "579": {"fulltext": "PISCATAQUIS COUNTY.\\nEY KEV. AMASA LOKING.\\nWhek the sale and settlement of the townships now\\ncomprised in Piscataquis Count} began, they were in-\\ncluded in the counties of Hancock and Somerset, with\\ntheir courts and registries at Castine and Norridgewock,\\nrespectively. The portion included in Hancock Count}-\\nbocame a part of Penobscot at its incorporation in 1816.\\nMarch 23, 1838, Piscataquis County was incorporated,\\ntaking three tiers of townships from Somerset County\\nand four from Penobscot embracing all that laj north\\nof the south line of Wellington, and of the south line of\\nthe sixth range, north of the Waldo patent, as far east\\nas Medford, to Canada, and including IGO townships.\\nTwentj -two of these were then incorporated, and in four\\nothers there were settlements. Dover was made the\\nshire town.\\nIn March, 1844, 60 of the most northern townships were\\nannexed to Aroostook Countj The same j-ear a fire-\\nproof court-house was built. Bj mutual agreement the\\njail in Bangor is still used.\\nSix townships of wild land in this county were granted\\nto Bowdoin College, and four half-townships- to as many\\nacademies. One township was granted to the Massachu-\\nsetts Medical .Society, and one-half of a township to the\\nSaco Free Bridge.\\nThe early settlements were all upon the Piscataquis\\nRiver and its branches. The first trees were felled in\\nthe county, with a view to permanent settlement, bj\\nAbel Blood of Temple, N. H., in June, 1779, opposite\\nDover \u00e2\u0096\u00a0sdllage. He led a conipanj- of seven men from\\nNorridgewock, carrj ing their provisions a part of the\\nway in birch canoes, and a part on their shoulders,\\nabout 50 miles, mostly through an unbroken forest. By\\n1802, openings had been made in the present towns of\\nFoxcroft, Sangerville, Sebec, Atkinson and Milo. In\\nthe spring and autumn of 1803, the first families were\\nbrought in, and permanent settlements made.\\nFormidable hardships were encountered by these earl}\\npioneers. The roads were rough and mudd} in summer,\\nand covered with deep snows in winter. Mills, stores and\\nph3sicians wore remote, and provisions were convej ed\\nfrom distant towns. Some hcav} articles were boated u[)\\nthe Penobscot and Piscataquis to Brownville and Dover.\\nAs earl} as 1805 a saw and grist mill was built at\\nSebec. Others soon followed framed buildings were\\nerected, and life was made more comfortable. The\\nsettlers reaped heav} harvests. IMoose, deer and other\\ndesirable game were found in the forests, and the streams\\nand lakes swarmed with trout, alewives and salmon.\\nNo inauspicious event occurred until the the war of\\n1812 was declared. All were then afraid of the Penob-\\nscot Indians, to whom all the rivers, lakes and settle-\\nments in this new region were famiUar. Only two towns\\nhad then been incorporated, and there were no militarj\\norganizations. A general panic prevailing, a public\\nmeeting was called and plans of defence were discussed,\\nbut none were agreed upon. So thej waited, in dire\\nsuspense. When the British marched to Bangor, and\\ntook it, in September, 1814, a new excitement was\\nenkindled. Man} of the men seized their muskets,\\nfilled their knapsacks and started to repel the invaders.\\nA volunteer company was formed, Capt. E. Chase, a\\nRevolutionary veteran, being chosen, commander, and a\\nhasty march to the conflict began. But they were en-\\ntirely too late. They heard of the surrender and halted.\\nThe Indian scare now amounted almost to a panic,\\nand savage outrages were hourly expected. They never\\ncame. The Indian kept from the war-path, and peace-\\nably tracked his game. Bangor was soon evacuated,\\nthe speck of war faded out, and national peace was\\nrestored.\\nThe cold seasons were a still more serious calamity.\\nExcept late-planted corn aliundant crops had usually j\\nripened. But in 1815 an early frost cut off all the corn,\\nand pinched the grain. The summer of 1816 was still\\ncolder. On the 29th or 30th of May, five inches of\\nsnow fell. Up to June 10th there were frequent snow-\\nsqualls and the ground froze by night. Every month\\nfrost was seen, and October 6th three inches of snow\\nfell, and cold weather set in. Corn and beans were a\\ntotal failure wheat, rye and potatoes came in light. A\\nscarcity of provisions followed. Teams could not pass\\nover the summer roads to other places. Wheat sold for\\n$3 per bushel. The heads of large families then made\\nevery shift to keep the wolf from the door and they", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0591.jp2"}, "580": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OV NEW KNCLAXD.\\nsucceeded, for none perished with liungcr. Tlic _ycar 1817\\nproved a little more favorable and the following summer\\nof 1818 was one of great heat. A bountiful crop was then\\nharvested, and the land was full of bread. The next\\nwinter wheat sold in Bangor for 75 cents per bushel, and\\nother products accordingly. These cold seasons checked\\ntlie increase of set;lement the Ohio fever prevailed,\\nand manj- moved awa}- who had made beginnings. But\\nonlj- once since (in 1832) has corn proved an entire\\nfailure, and then an excess of wheat compensated.\\nThe great fire of 1825 was another severe calamity.\\nThough this portion of the State enjoys a steadier rain-\\nfoil than many others, that year a prolonged di-ought\\nprevailed. It began in August and continued until the\\nmiddle of October. Fires were fearlessly set in manj-\\nnew clearings, and they continued to smoulder. But\\nlittle damage was done until the night of October 7th.\\nThe wind rose on tliat memorable night to afurii)us gale.\\nThese lingering fires were all kindled anew, and driven\\nfinally on through field and forest, lighting up the\\ncountry with their roaring, crackling flame. Many wells\\nhad failed the small streams were diy, and the means\\nto arrest the fiery dclu;;e were limited. The decaying\\nstumps and log fences and the dead trees in the forest were\\nas drj- as tinder, and sparlvs of fire were strewn abroad\\nlike snow-flakes in winter. Almost every farm-house\\nwas in danger, and every one awake and active to save\\nthem. Thus wore that horabiUs w-a; away. About\\ndaylight the gale abated, and the rage of the devouring\\nelement was satisfied. Four dweUiugs in Guilford, with\\ntlicir well-filled barns, were laid iu ashes, and some in\\nI arkman and other towns, while the damage to wood\\nand fine timljer lands could not be eiisilj estimated.\\nLarge tracts were burned over from Moosehead Lake to\\nBangor, which time is now restoring. In the calm\\nwhich followed the gale, a dense smoke enveloped the\\nwhole region. Of some of the scenes of that night the\\nwriter was an eye-witness.\\nThe only railroad in the county is the Bangor and I is-\\ncataquis, chartered from Old Town to Moosehead Lake,\\nand now completed to Blanchard, 12 miles from the lake,\\nand connecting with Bangor by a junction with the\\nEuropean and Korth American Railway at Old Town. It\\nis a great public convenience, and has increased the\\nvaluation and business of the county, but up to this date\\nhas not paid any dividend to its stockholders. Should\\nproposed roads from Canada meet it, it will become a\\ngreat thoroughfare for travel and business.\\nLumbering has been a large and lucrative pursuit in\\nthis county. Immense quantities of clapboards from the\\npine, and shingles from the cedar, have been sawed and\\nconvejxd to Bangor, the most convenient market. For\\nmanj 3-ears they were rafled down the river, but numer-\\nous dams rendered it difficult and dangerous. Kow the\\npine is so much reduced, that not much is manufactured\\nfor distant markets, but the cedar knows but little abate-\\nment. More lumber is now driven ilown the rivers in\\nthe log than formerlj-, and work, d up nearer tide-water.\\nA few woollen-factories are running, and other kinds\\nof skilled industr} pursued but a small amount consid-\\neiing the inviting water-power, and other facilities for\\nprofitable investments.\\nAgriculture is and ever must be the leading pursuit in\\nthis county-. Many, Ijy improved modes of culture, and\\nby easier methods of harvesting, have learned how to\\nmake the farm pay. Stock-raising and dairying are\\nprofitable in these northern counties. Three annual\\nagricultural fairs are held in the county.\\nThe Katahdin Iron orks, situated in township No. 6,\\nrange 9, on the west bank of the Pleasant River, 40\\nmiles south-west of Mt. Katahdin, are a noticealile indus-\\ntry of the county. A bed of ore was discovered at the\\nbase of Ore Mountain in 1843, and Walter Smith Sons\\nundertook to develop it. They purchased the greaier\\npart of the township, and put up a blast-furnace to be\\nheated with charcoal. The ore proved unusually good,\\nand the furnace can now turn out ten tons per day. It\\ngave business to a large number of men and teams. A\\nhotel was opened, boarding-houses built, and quite a set-\\ntlement grew up around the works. In some years the\\nfurnace has produced nearly 2,500 tons of iron.\\nThe surface of the county is moderately hilly, with a\\nfew high mountains its soil fertile, not very stony, bear-\\ning a heavy primary growth, portions of it originally\\nabounding with pine, spruce, hemlock and cedar timber,\\nwith convenient lakes and streams for log-driving and for\\nmill-privileges. lis whole tcrritorj is north of the 4. )th\\nparallel of latitude so in clim;.te it is temperate in sum-\\nmer, with cold snaps and deep snows in winter. Except\\nin unusually cold seasons, agricultural pursuits produce\\naljundaut and mature harvests. Some of its mountains\\nare historic. Katahdin, towering 5,000 feet above\\nsea-level, showing the broad s.ripes which the mighty\\navalanche has drawn, stands in solitary grandeur near\\nthe eastern border of the county, and about midway be-\\ntween its north and south extremities. Kinco, too, is\\nbeautifully sublime, rising 700 feet from the surface of\\nMoosehead Lake, in a sheer and naked clill, like a proud\\nand defiant sentinel. Near its base, at this point, the\\nlead sinks 1,200 feet more to find the bottom.\\nSquaw Mountain on the west side, and the Spencer\\nmount-ins on the east side of Moosehead Lake, and the", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0592.jp2"}, "581": {"fulltext": "Ebeeme, north of Katahdin Iron Works, arc all\\ngrand and lofty elevations.\\nMoosehead, the largest bod} of inland water in New\\nEngland, covering a surface of 120 square miles, nearl}-\\n40 long and 12 wide, lies on the western border of the\\ncount} It includes Sugar and Deer isles, and manj- other\\nsmaller ones. Kennebec Eiver issues from it, and its\\nsurface is 1,070 feet above tide-water. A dam, at the\\noutlet, raises its surface seven feet, and subserves lumber-\\ndriving.\\nChesuncook, 25 miles north-east of Moosehead, is a\\nreservoir of the Penobscot, through which the west\\nbranch of that river runs, after passing within 1^ miles of\\nthe head of Moosehead Lake. This lake is 15 miles\\nlong, and from 1 to 3 wide.\\nSebec Lake, north of Foxcroft, and Schoodic, east of\\nBrownville, are large and useful bodies of water.\\nThe Piscataquis and its branches water nearly all the\\nsettled parts of the county. Its principal tributaries are\\nthe Schoodic, Pleasant, Sebec and Salmon rivers on the\\nnorth, and Cold, Alder, Black and Carleton s streams on\\nthe south side.\\nThe northern and unsettled part of this county abounds\\nwith lakes and streams, most of which flow into the\\nPenobscot, and are useful to lumbermen.\\nLittle has been said of educational institutions but\\nthe young have not been overlooked in this backwoods\\npart of Maine. The common school, which has been\\nmainlj- relied on to reach the masses, was earl} planted.\\nWhen all things were new and rough, the school-houses\\nwere plain and cold, the school-books were imperfect,\\nand the teachers often but poorly qualified. But im-\\nprovements came. Better houses supplanted the old,\\nand with them were introduced better books and teach-\\ners more fully qualified. Larger appropriations were\\nmade to sustain schools, and longer terms were kept.\\nWhen Foxcroft Academy was established it raised the\\nstandard of requirements for the common-school teacher\\nand gave a new impulse to education. Teachers insti-\\ntutes have also been a power for good. So, too, have\\nhigh schools, with their superior advantages. These are\\noccasional rather than permanent, but have proved highly\\nbeneficial.\\nBoth of the academies in this county have been aided\\nby the State. Each has received a grant of a half\\ntownship of wild lands. These have been sold and the\\nproceeds held as a permanent fund, contributing largely\\nto their success.\\nMany young men have gone from these academies to\\nvarious colleges to secure still higher attainments.\\nIn the summer of 1838, George V. Edes started a\\nweekly paper in Dover, called the Piscataquis Herald.\\nIts name was changed to Piscataquis Farmer, and\\nagain in 1848 to Piscataquis Observer. Mr. Edes\\ncontinued to edit and publish it till his death in Novem-\\nber, 1875. His youngest son, Mr. S. D. Edes, is the\\npresent proprietor.\\nIn the late civil war this county furnished some oflScers\\nof high daring, and its full proportion of the gallant\\nsoldiery who went forth and did battle to presei-ve the\\nUnion. Col. C. S. Doutty and Maj. C. P. Chandler,\\nnumbered with our fallen heroes, were natives of this\\ncounty.\\nTowns.\\nDover (originally No. 3, Range G) was purchased of\\nthe State by R. Hallowell and J. Lowell for C. Vaughan\\nand John Men ick, who sold the soil to its settlers.\\nAbel Blood bought a tract a mile square on the north\\nside of the town, which extended across the Piscataquis\\nRiver, and contained the mill privilege and site of East\\nDover village. He made the first opening in both town\\nand county in 1799, and raised the first crop in 1800.\\nThe next year, Thomas and Moses Towne bargained for\\na part of Blood s purchase, and felled trees upon it. In\\nthe spring of 1803, Eli Towne started with his wife and\\nchild from Temple, N. H., to occupy permanently that\\nremote wilderness home. They came by water from\\nPortsmouth to Bangor thence they started on foot, he\\ncarrying the child. On reaching Levant settlement, now\\nKenduskeag village, he found a boy from Charleston.\\nHiring the boy to walk home, he placed Mrs. Towne on\\nhorseback with the grist. Thus they reached Charleston,\\nwhere he hired the horse to complete their journey.\\nThus they plodded on, guided only by a spotted line.\\nA thick snow-storm deepened the gloom of the lone-\\nsome forest. Fatigued and dispirited, near the close of\\nthe day they reached the Piscataquis River. A small\\nopening, black with logs and stumps, a solitary log\\ncabin, and a boundless forest beyond, were all that\\ncheered their sight. Crossing the river, they entered\\nthat humble, scanty cabin, and thus. May 8, 1803, the\\nfirst family settled in this town and county. Other fam-\\nilies came, and the settlement progressed steadily. In\\n1810 there were 94 persons there. Until 1805 the near-\\nest grist-mill was at Dexter, fifteen miles distant. Until\\n1807 no boards could be obtained. In a cavity hollowed\\nin a solid rock the settlers bruised their corn with a\\nstone pestle. In March, 1805, Sibyl, daughter of Eli\\nTowne and wife, was born, the first birth in town.\\nDover was incorporated as a town, Jan. 19, 1822. A\\nrapid increase of population and business now followed.\\nSaw and grist mills were soon after started, a bridge", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0593.jp2"}, "582": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwas built across the river, and, a few years later, another\\nat East Dover. In 1826 C. Vaughan put a large flour-\\nmill in operation on the Great Falls, with a cleansing\\napparatus, which became the most celebrated mill in the\\ncountj-. Mr. Vaughan also started a carding and cloth-\\ning mill. This, in 1836, was changed to a factorj-, and\\nfour j-ears afterwards it was burned, together with the\\ngrist-mill. A generous communit}- aided, and thej were\\nsoon relmilt. During the civil war the profits of the\\nfactory were considerable, and a large brick mill, now\\ncontaining six sets of machinerj-, was then erected.\\nWhen Dover was made the shire town, it gave a new\\nimpulse to the growth of Dover village. The town is\\nnow first in population, business and wealth in the\\ncounty. It lies on both sides of the Piscataquis, and\\ncontains a large amount of meadow land. Dover -village\\nhas, beside its wooUen-factoiy, an excellent flour mill.\\nAt East Dover, there are various manufactories, and at\\nDover South Mills, a saw and shingle mill. The town\\ncontains several churches, a graded school, and sixteen\\nschool districts. Population, 1,983. Hon. J. H. Rice\\nwas three times elected to Congress while a resident of\\nDover.\\nSebec. This township, with three others, was\\ngranted, in 1794, to Bowdoin College. In May, 1803,\\n16,000 acres were sold to Richard Pike of Newbury-\\nport, Mass. Soon after this, B. Wyatt, Da^id and\\nCharles Coffin, Mary Pike, and Philip Coombs, bought\\nequal shares of Mr. Pike, and became proprietors. The\\nsettlement was at first called Cofiinsville. The first\\nfamily in town that of Capt. E. Chase moved here\\non ox-sleds from Bingham, Me., in the fall of 1803.\\nJames Lj-ford, Mark Trafton, and others were the next\\nsettlers. The first saw and grist mill in the county was\\nbuilt in the spring of 1805, at the outlet of Sebec Lake.\\nSebec was incorporated, Feb. 28, 1812, the first town\\nin the countj-. N. Bradbur}- opened the first store near\\nSebec Bridge in 1820. About two j-ears later, J.\\nN. Bodwell started a carding and fulling mill. In 1836,\\nJ. Cushing Co. established a woollen-factor}-. This\\nwas burned in 1856, but was rebuilt by the same owners.\\nSebec is situated on the north banic of the Piscataquis\\nRiver. The outlet at Sebec Lake affords one of the best\\nof water-powers. Sebec village, the largest settlement,\\nhas saw, woollen, clapboard and shingle mills, a tannery\\nand other industrial establishments.\\nThe religious interests are represented by three\\ncliurches. The population is 960. Sebec has had some\\nmen of note. Among them are Capt. E. Chase, a Rev-\\nolutionary soldier, and self-taught physician James\\nLyford Mark Trafton and Dr. F. Boynton, a grandson\\nof Gen. F. Blood, an offieer in the Revolution. Dr.\\nBoynton was drowned while running a raft in 1822.\\nMild was first settled in the fall of 1803, by Benjamin\\nSargent, from Methuen, Mass. His wife and j oung\\nchildren rode on horseback from Bangor. The^- lived in\\nan open camp two months, until the harvest was gath-\\nered, and a log-house built. Settlers came in slowly, j\\nand in 1820 it had but 97 inhabitants. The town was\\nincorporated in 1823, and the next year mills were built\\non the Sebec River by W. A. Sweat. In 1842, Joseph\\nCushing erected a wooUen-factorv, which was burned in\\n1848. GifTord Co. then built in another place, and\\ntheir mill is still operating successfully. Milo is on the\\nrailroad, 12 miles north-east of Dover. It has a good\\nsoil, with a large amount of interval. Piscataquis, Se-\\nbee and Pleasant rivers pass through the town. It has\\nfree bridges across the two last-named rivers, and a toll-\\nbridge and ferr^ across the Piscataquis. The population\\nis 938.\\nSangertille. This township was purchased hy Col.\\nC. Sanger of Sherburne, Mass. Phineas Ames, from\\nHancock, N. H., moved his family here in the fall of\\n1803. The following year J. Wej-mouth and J. Brock-\\naw.iy moved in. In 1810 there were 126 inhabitants.\\nSaw and grist mills were subsequently- put in operation,\\nand in 1816 the first carding-machine in the countj- was\\nstarted. The first fulling-mill in the count}- was estab-\\nlished the next year.\\nIn 1814 the town was incorpor.ated and named in\\nhonor of its proprietor. A woollen-factor}- was put\\nin operation at the Village in 1869, and it is in suc-\\ncessful operation at the present time.\\nSangerville is a good agricultural township. It has six\\nmill-pri^ileges now utilized, and formerly had two more.\\nFoxcROFT was bought by Col. J. E. Foxcroft, Nov.\\n10, 1800, for \u00c2\u00a77,940. In March, 1806, John Spaulding\\nmoved here with his family. Clearings had previously\\nbeen made. Other families soon after followed, and a\\nlog dam, the first across the Piscataquis, was constructed,\\nand also a saw and grist miU. This mill was subsequently\\nbought by Col. J. Greeley, whose sons settled there and\\nran it.\\nIn the summer of 1807, Capt. S. Chamberlain and\\nEphraim Bacon came from Charlton, INIass., and put\\nup a frame-house near the mill, the first in town. In\\nOctober, they brought in their families, moving them\\nfrom Bangor on an ox-wagon. They had to cut the road\\nwider in many places, and bridge sloughs and bogs. In\\none place they built a bridge 30 feet long.\\nIn 1810 there were 65 inhabitants in the place, and\\nFeb. 29, 1812, the settlement was incorporated and named", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0594.jp2"}, "583": {"fulltext": "MAINE.\\nafter Col. Foxcroft. lie presented the town with 100\\nvolumes for a librar}-, which was subsequently burned.\\nSix j-ears after iucorporation a portion of Foxcroft was\\nannexed to Dover. In 1812 a distillery was built. It\\nproved injurious to the morals, industry and estates of\\nthe people, and unprofitable to its owner. Its fires went\\nout, and it was converted to better uses. About 1819 a\\ncarding-machine was put in operation by a Mr. Sherman\\nwhere Jordan s grist-mill now stands. The next year the\\nfirst bridge across the Piscataquis was built, heavily\\ntaxing the town of Foxcroft. It was a complicated piece\\nof architecture, and stood about ten years, when it was\\nreplaced hy another. This was swept away in 1854, and\\nthe present bridge succeeded it. In 1823, Rev. Thomas\\nWilliams was settled as the minister of the town, and\\nFoxcroft Academy was chartered and opened, the first\\nnorth of Bangor. Before 1844, fulling, carding and\\nlumber mills and a tannery had been constructed. In\\nthat year J. G. Maj-o Co. put up a woollen-factor3%\\nIt is still running, and employs about 60 operatives.\\nA spool-factory was erected in 1870 by L. H. Dwelley\\nCo. It was burned in 1877, but has been rebuilt.\\nIt works up some 1,200 cords of white and yellow birch\\nannuall3\\\\\\nFoxcroft lies north of Dover, and has an excellent\\nwater-power. It contains eight school districts, one\\ngraded school, a flourishing academy, and with its varied\\nindustries presents a thriving appearance. The Congre-\\ngational Church of Foxcroft and Dover was organized in\\n1822, and in 1833 a house of worship was built in the\\nformer place. It was laid in ashes soon after its con-\\nstruction, but a second edifice was erected in another\\nplace. This, too, was burned in 1850, and the next jear\\nthe present handsome edifice was built. Foxcroft has\\na population of about 1,200.\\nParkman, formerly No. 5, 6th range, was bought by\\nSamuel Parkman, father of the late Dr. George Parkman\\nof Boston. The first settlers P. and William Cummings,\\nA. Andrews, A. Briggs, and William Brewster, moved in\\nabout 1812, and were from Greene. Samuel Pingree,\\nEsq. -was an early settler, and acted as agent for Mr.\\nParkman.\\nIn August, 1818, a Baptist Church was organized.\\nThe settlement had a steady growth, and in 1820 there\\nwere 255 inhabitants. In 1822 it was incorporated as\\nthe town of Parkman. Several persons in this town were\\nsufferers by the great fire.\\nParkman is situated 12 miles west of Dover on the\\nsouth branch of the Piscataquis and the Pingree River.\\nIt contains 14 school districts and four religious societies.\\nElder Z. Hall was long an influential minister in this town.\\nThe remaining towns of Piscataquis County are Guil-\\nford (population, 800) incorporated in 181G Brownville,\\ncontaining extensive slate-quarries (860, 1824) Atkin-\\nson (800, 1819) Abbot (700, 1827) WelUngton (680,\\n1828) Monson, the location of six slate-quarries (600,\\n1822) Orneville, population, 575 incorporated as Mil-\\nton in 1832, as Almond in 1841, and by its present name\\nthe following year Greenville, the entrepot of lumbering\\non a part of the Kennebec and Piscataquis waters (375,\\n1836) Medford, population, 300 incorporated as the\\ntown of Kilmarnock in 1824, and by the name it now\\nbears in 1856 Shirley (200, 1834) Williamsburg, also\\nthe site of slate-quarries (175, 1820) Kingsbury (175,\\n1836) and Blanchard (165, 1831). Beside these, there\\nare several unincorporated townships and plantations.\\nSAGADAHOC COUNTY.\\nBY UEV. HENRY 0. THAYER.\\nSagadahoc County comprises the territory lying\\nchieflj on the Sagadahoc River and Merr^-meeting Hay.\\nNew Meadows, or Stevens River, and the Androscoggin\\nseparate it on the west from Cumberland County. The\\nSheepscot and the Kennebec divide it from Lincoln\\nCounty. Its length, north to south, is 33 miles\\nbreadth, between Stevens River and the Sheepscot, 7J-\\nmiles. Northward it varies from 6 to 17 miles. Three\\nof its eleven towns are islands three others nearly so\\nonly one is not reached by the tide. The shore-line\\non tide- water, excluding smaller bajs and creeks, is 165\\nmiles. Its land area is about 250 square miles. An\\nadditional water area of 45 square miles is included\\nwithin its proper bounds.\\nSoils are widely diverse, claj-, loam, sand, and every\\nvariety of mixture. In the lower towns prevail rocky,\\nledgj ridges and heights, joined to arable and meadow\\nlands, and salt marsh. The first view suggests rock and", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0595.jp2"}, "584": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nsterility, especially near the coast but better knowledge\\ndiscerns valuable tillage and grass lands for a large pop-\\nulation. These ledgj and forbidding shores are yet\\ndotted with the homes of hard} fishermen and mariners.\\nThe northern towns present wider extent of tillage, bet-\\nter soils and farms.\\nIn 1854 Sagadahoc County was formed from the west-\\nern part of Lincoln. Bath became the shire town. The\\npopulation of the county, in 1870, was 18,803 and its\\nvaluation, $11,041,340.\\nThe first known entrance of Europeans to the Saga-\\ndahoc was in June, 1605, M the intrepid Champlain,\\nleading the exploring compan} of De Monts from the\\nj St. Croix.\\nAfter the failure of Popham s attempt to establish a\\ncolony at the mouth of the Sagadahoc, as elsewhere de-\\ntailed, voyages for fishing and the fur-trade were made\\nto this region.\\nAt a later period, the French from St. Croix -N-isited\\nPopham s Fort as they came to the river for grain. In\\n1G14 Capt. John Smith explored the region. On his\\nmap King Charles afterwards displaced the aboriginal\\nSagadahoc by the name Leethe. The Council of Plym-\\nouth planned occupation and laid schemes of trade.\\nSanguine of rich harvests, expectations centered in the\\nSagadahoc. The islands in its mouth (Arrowsic and\\nParker s) were set apart for a city. When the council\\nwas dissolved, and the territory from the Hudson to\\nCape Sable divided, 10,000 acres on the east part of\\nSagadahoc were added to each of seven of the twelve\\ndivisions, that these noblemen might share in the sub-\\nurbs of this visionary metropolis of New England. Yet,\\nhad events turned otherwise than thcj- did, the vision\\nmight have in part been realized.\\nThe grant to Gorges, in 1G22, had for its eastern\\nboundary the Sagadahoc. From this he granted, in\\n1C37, to Sir Richard Edgecomb, a tract on Merrymeeting\\nBay, and another on the coast, probably on New Mead-\\nows harbor. Thomas Purchase received an extensive\\ngrant west of the Sagadahoc, and located on it as early\\nas 1G27. He is the first known settler in this region.\\nFishermen may have had temporary dwellings on the\\nshores. The Pilgrim colonists at New Plymouth ob-\\ntained a patent on the upper Kennebec in 1023; en-\\nlarged in 1G29. Four j-ears later the} came here with a\\nshallop-load of corn, and began traffic with the natives.\\nIt can scarcely be doubted that Edward Winslow, after-\\nwards governor of the Colony, the commander of these\\nfirst coasting expeditions, left his name to the noted lodge\\nin the channel against the citj of Bath, which at least\\nfor 230 years has borne its present name, Winslow s\\nRock. Their trading-house was built in 1G28 at what\\npoint is not certain. Permanent occupation now began.\\nRights to the soil were obtained from the Indians. The\\nfirst known was the Nequasset purchase, in 1G39, one of\\nthe earliest deeds on record. Lands adjoining, on the\\nnorth, were bought in 1648 the islands below soon\\nafter and within a score of years the whole of Sagada-\\nhoc Count} and adjacent lands were held under titles\\nderived from the native lords of the soil.\\nGrants from the king covered large portions also\\nseeds of litigation for future generations. Boston mer-\\nchants chiefly were engaged in this eastern trade. Many\\nearUest residents are traced to that city, Salem, and\\nvicinitj Probably not many actual settlers were here\\nprior to 1650. But from this date larger operations\\nbegan; farms were opened, stocks of cattle introduced,\\nlumbering operations were commenced, mills built,\\nand coo])er and smiths shops set up. Ship-building,\\nalso, was undertaken grain-mills, with bakeries for the\\nconvenience of the people, were in existence as early as\\n1660.\\nThe lands west of the Sagadahoc were in Gorges\\njurisdiction. That on the east, and all lands as far as\\nPemaquid, made one of the divisions of the Plymouth\\nCouncil. Their scheme of government failed. Fisher-\\nmen, planters and traders seemed to have been a law\\nunto themselves, except as offences were brought under\\nthe cognizance of the parent Colonies at Pl3mouth or\\nMassachusetts Bay. But in 1654 New Pl^-mouth Colony\\ninstituted a form of government, in view of her opera-\\ntions on the Kennebec. This practicall} covered the\\nSagadahoc territory. But the endeavor shared the for-\\ntune of their waning occupation. Business declined\\nthey withdrew in 1660, and sold their right the next\\nyear.\\nA change of aflfairs came with the restoration of\\nCharles II. in 1660. James, his brother, was put in\\npossession, in 16G4, of eastern Maine. His bounds\\nextended from the St. Croix to Pemaquid, and thence\\nby a direct line to Kennebec. The lands below this hue,\\ncomprising all of Sagadahoc County east of the river,\\nlay outside of this grant yet they were really brought\\nunder the Duke s government for the king s commis-\\nsioners appeared on the Sheepscot in September, 1665,\\nand erected the Duke s territory into a county called\\nCornwall. Eight persons from the Sagadahoc lands\\nyielded to the call for allegiance. Justices were ap-\\npointed, and the machinery of government set up. This\\nauthority was proljably slight it was certainly brief.\\nIn a few years it had faded out. Hy the treat} of Breda,\\nNova Scotia was resigned to the French. They boldly", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0596.jp2"}, "585": {"fulltext": "claimed to the Kennebec, and might proceed to talic\\npossession. This was distasteful to Massachusetts, who,\\n113^ concurrence of popular favor, had established her\\njurisdiction over western Maine. Hy ordering a new\\nsurve} of her eastern line, and by a politic expedient,\\nshe brought all as far as Pemaquid under her charter\\nrights. The Sagadahoc settlers had no objections, as\\nman}- were Massachusetts men. In 1672 the} petitioned\\nfor her protection, having had no government for previ-\\nous 3-ears. This territor}- bejond the Sagadahoc became a\\ncount}- called Devonshire. West of the river was York-\\nshire. The river, which had been the boundary of early\\ndivisions of the Plymouth Council, then of Gorges and\\nthe Duke of York s grants then, under the claim of\\nFrance, the dividing line between two nations, now\\nonly separated two counties under a common govern-\\nment. James was careless of his Province. Massachu-\\nsetts quickly and firmly established her authority ap-\\npointed officers set up courts organized militia, and\\nlevied taxes. The population then within the present\\nSagadahoc County can only be imperfectly estimated.\\nForty to fifty families of planters arc believed to have\\nbeen resident also fishermen, workmen and traders.\\nFifty years advance Lad given prosperous settlements\\nand apparent stability. Fishing, farming, the mechanic\\narts and trade were profitably prosecuted. The founda-\\ntions of civil order were laid, and institutions of religion\\nwere not neglected. Robert Gutch and Ichabod Wis-\\nWL ll ministered to the people. This period of peaceful\\npromise was followed by various Indian troubles.\\nThe autumn of 1675 brought no hostile acts in this\\nregion but the plundering of Mr. Purchase s house, and\\nthreats. Disarming of the Indians was undertaken,\\nconciliation effected, and ratified by old Robinhood s\\napplauded dance. A year of quiet gave confidence and\\nrelaxed watchfulness. Suddenly, in August, 1676, the\\nstorm fell, in the treacherous surprising of the house of\\nRichard Hammond (quite certainly in Woolwich) and\\nthe stealthy seizure of the strong fort of Messrs. Clarke\\nLake, on Arrowsic, who were wealthy Boston mer-\\nchants, and large owners of Kennebec lands. Ham-\\nmond, a step-son, and a workman were killed. Capt.\\nLake escaped, but was pursued and slain on Parker s\\nIsland. Fift\\\\-three were made captives. This opened\\nthe war which in following days swept over the settle-\\nments east of Casco Bay. No concerted resistance was\\npossible. The terrified people fled to the coast and the\\nislands, and then to the western towns and Boston.\\nHow many were slain can never be known. Cattle and\\ncrops were surrendered to the savages mills and dwell-\\nings plundered or burned. In November a treaty was\\narranged with the Penobscots, and some captives re-\\nturned, but no similar favor was received from the Ken-\\nnebecs. Maj Waldron s expedition, in February, accom-\\nplished little in subduing the enemy or obtaining cap-\\ntives. He established a garrison of 40 men near the\\npresent Phipsburg Centre. This, after sad losses, was\\nsoon withdrawn. In July the Kennebecs held at least\\n20 captives. The Androscoggins put their prisoners to\\ndeath. In April, 1678, articles of peace, made at Casco,\\nembraced the release of captives and the return of inhab-\\nitants without molestation.\\nIn 1679, 60 persons were living on Stage Island, at the\\nentrance to the Sagadahoc. In answer to a petition of\\n26 men in their behalf, Gov. Andros assigned to them\\nthe lower part of Arrowsic for a compact settlement.\\nThis, when established, was defended by a fort, and bore\\nthe name of Newtown. Another fort was in this period\\nbuilt near the mouth of the river. Andros had set up,\\nin 1677, a vigorous government over the Duke s eastern\\nProvince. Pemaquid became the seat of authority, and\\nthe port of entry for all vessels. In 1683-84, there were\\nsome seven families on the west side of the river. This\\nterritory belonged to Yorkshire, and was under the juris-\\ndiction of Massachusetts. Yet Andros s authority\\nencroached upon it. The government of New York\\nand Sagadahoc, practically comprised both banks of\\nthe river. In 1684-85, many new Indian purchases were\\nmade of land long before bought and occupied. Among\\nthese was the deed of Worumbo and others of the lands\\nin the purchase and Wa}- patent. Seguin was bought in\\n1685 by Robert Patteshall.\\nAndros visited the Sagadahoc in the spring of 1688,\\nand also the Penobscot, and established garrisons one\\nat Newtown, one at Sagadahoc, somewhere near the\\nmouth of the river also at Fort Anne, which may have\\nbeen the name given to the block-house that had been\\nbuilt on Merrymeeting Bay. There was also the new\\nneighboring fort at Pejepscot. One hundred and eighty\\nmen garrisoned these during the winter. On the insur-\\nrection against Andros in Boston, in the next April, the\\nsoldiers revolted, and abandoned the forts and the river.\\nThe Indians, under French instigation, had begun bloody\\nwork elsewhere in the previous season, as at N. Yar-\\nmouth and at Shecpscot. Captives had been taken at\\nSagadahoc, and many were killed at Merrymeeting Bay.\\nBut the summer of 1689 brought final destruction on this\\nregion. Newtown was burned, all but one house. The\\ninhabitants retired to western towns and to Boston.\\nThe number slain is altogether unknown. Property was\\nwasted, and mills and houses ruined. The savage was\\nagain master of the soil. It is doubtful if anywhere", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0597.jp2"}, "586": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ninhabitants liad a foothold in Sagadahoc County in the\\nnext 25 j-ears. The first expedition of Maj. Church\\nascended the Kennebec in the fall of 1689. The second\\nvisited Pejepscot Fort and the Androscoggin, in 1G90.\\nOn his third, two years later, he had a fight with the\\nsavages in the Kennebec, and pursued them into the\\nwoods. Maj. Hilton s expedition in March, 1707, sur-\\nprised a party at Cox s Head, and slew 18.\\nThe treat} of Utrecht in 1713, gave hopes of settled\\npeace. At once the principal landholders planned re-oc-\\ncupation. The heirs of Clarke and Lake projected a\\nsettlement, and extensive operations. Sir Bibye Lake of\\nLondon, grandson of Capt. Thomas Lake, killed in 1G76,\\nfurnished means and aid. John Watts, a merchant of\\nBoston, was agent and owner, and was succeeded, on his\\nearly decease, by Capt. John Penhallow. In 1715, 20\\nor more families were bj them located on Arrowsic Island,\\nand soldiers were ordered for their protection. In Maj\\n1710, the island, with its hopeful colonj-, was incorporat-\\ned under the name of Georgetown.\\nOn the west of the river, the larger part of the present\\nSagadahoc Count}- was comprised in the Wharton right.\\nThis, and nearl}- all minor titles, were purchased hy eight\\ngentlemen all but one of Boston who took the name\\nof The Pejepscot Proprietors. Divisions were made\\nto each. Besides their settlement at Brunswick, one was\\nprojected by Dr. Oliver Nojes, one of the compan} on\\nthe western side of the Small Point Peninsula, now\\nPhipsburg. This, laid out on a liberal scale, provided\\nwith a strong stone fort, received the name of Augusta,\\nwhich for a time was indeed applied to the whole penin-\\nsula. Swan Island, and the shores of Merrymeeting\\nBay, received early settlers. From 1717 to 1720, large\\nnumbers of Scotch-Irish immigrants Presbyterians\\nwere induced to come hither.\\nThe Indians, stirred by French influence, soon mani-\\nfested hostilit} and resented occupation of their lands.\\nGov. Shute s conference with them at Arrowsic in 1717,\\nmaintained the lawful rights of the settlers. Sentiments\\nof peace prevailed, and a former treaty was renewed.\\nTwo years later, insolence, threats, and the killing of\\ncattle, evinced the hostile spirit of the Indians. Con-\\nciliation was found impossible, and the military force was\\nincreased. The Jesuit Rasle, the agent and intriguing\\ntool of the French, had unbounded influence. In 1721,\\na large force, accompanied by Rasle and others, visited\\nArrowsic, making demands and threats and only the\\npeace policy of a few hindered a bloody assault. Jn June.\\n1722, settlers houses about the baj were dcstroj ed, and\\nsome captives taken. In September, a body of Indians\\nburned a largo part of the houses on Arrowsic, whose\\ngarrisons alone saved the inhabitants. ]\\\\Iany settlers\\nbecame discouraged and abandoned their homes. Gov.\\nDummer s treaties of 1725-27 relieved the harassed\\npeople of Maine.\\nA new period now began. Fresh accessions of enter-\\nprising men and families entered all these Sagadahoc\\ntowns. In 1738, bj increase of inhabitants, the lands\\nbetween the chops of Merr^-meeting Bay and the sea\\nwere united with Arrowsic, to share its incorporate rights\\nand name, Georgetown.\\nAgain war burdened and afflicted the people. France\\nhad allies and emissaries in the savages, whose prowling\\nand skulking bands were a constant terror. From 1 744\\nto 1758, bold incursions and murderous work and seizure\\nof captives for sale in Canada, were frequent. Gamson\\nhouses were the means of safety. In 1751, at least 20\\nof these were in Georgetown. Richmond Fort, built in\\n1718-19, was the frontier post till 1754. The fall of\\nQuebec in 1759, terminated the Indian wars.\\nNot alone did the savages render the settlers insecure\\nin their possessions. Disputed land-titles were a con-\\ntinual cause for vexation and discouragement. In 1729\\ncame Col. Dunbar, the king s commissioner, asserting the\\nroj-al ownership in the soil from the Kennebec to the St.\\nCroix. This subverted previous ownership, and dis-\\nheartened persons located or about to enter. In behalf\\nof the Clarke and Lake proprietors, and others eastward.\\nSir Bibye Lake presented a petition to the king, who sus-\\ntained the ancient rights, and confirmed the owners in\\nquiet possession.\\nA new state of public ferment began 20 j-ears later.\\nThe ancient New Pl3-mouth patent was bought by some\\nwealthy men, who became the Company of the Kenne-\\nbec Purchase. An obscure phrase allowed them to push\\ntheir claim to the ocean. Fifteen miles each side of the\\nriver took in much more than all the present Sagadahoc\\nCounty. This claim would sweep avray the rights of the\\nPejepscot, the Clarke and Lake, and the Wiscasset pro-\\nprietors, and all derived from them. Fierce controversy\\nand prolonged litigation resulted. The owners of the\\nKennebec Purchase, with generosity which was also pol-\\nicy, offered full titles to all actual owners who would take\\nup under them. Legal decisions and acceptance did not\\nbring quiet to the Sagadahoc residents till after nearlj- a\\nscore of years. For others on the Androscoggin and\\nthe Damariscotta, the case was not set at rest for more\\nthan half a century. Neither these difficulties, nor the\\nalarms of the old French war, prevented a substan-\\ntial growth.\\nIn the period from 1750 to the Revolution, civil and\\nreligious institutions were developed, education fostered.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0598.jp2"}, "587": {"fulltext": "and quite a number of houses of worship built. In\\n1752, Georgetown was divided into two parishes. The\\nnorthern or second parish rapidlj- advanced in numbers,\\nand became the town of Bath in 1781.\\nIn 1759, the Nequassct district was separated from\\nGeorgetown, and became Woolwich. Settlements north\\nof the baj- were advanced, and Bowdoinham was incor-\\nporated in 17G2 and likewise Topsham in 17G4.\\nLincoln County was formed in 17G0, at the instance of\\nthe Kennebec Compan3%\\nAs the Revolution drew on, the Sons of Liberty\\nwere active in resisting British aggression. The king s\\ncause, too, had many friends, bold and open, or dis-\\nguised. The search for and destruction of tea, forcing\\nto sign the league under threats to burj alive, the mob\\nspirit, collisions between patriot and Torj- townsmen, in-\\ndicated the fierce spirit of the times. A large amount\\nof the king s timber in the docks was seized. Coast\\nguards were maintained, and especially a careful watch\\nat the mouth of the river. The burdens of war in fur-\\nnishing supplies, the required clothing and beef,\\npaying bounties, and the hindrance to coastwise trade,\\nwere grievous. In 1778, one-seventh of the male popu-\\nlation of Georgetown was in the Continental army. In\\n1780, two British ships entered the river, anchoring in\\nJones s Eddy, against Arrowsic. Night preparation of\\ncannon on the bluff, the rall3-ing of the citizens, and a\\nspirited attack caused them to slip their cables and has-\\ntil} retire. The occupation of the Penobscot by the\\nBritish created great apprehensions lest the Kennebec\\nshould be seized. This alarm continued, and even in\\nthe beginning of 1783, was so great as to induce a\\nmemorial to Gen. Washington. The Tories, fugitives\\nfrom these towns and elsewhere, congregated on the\\nPenobscot, were exceedingly troublesome in foraging\\nalong the shores and islands for sheep, cattle and crops.\\nA company was despatched on the Lexington alarm.\\nForces sent in 1776 were ordered to Rhode Island.\\nOthers were assigned to the coast defence, here and at\\nBoothbay and Machias. A portion participated in the\\nattack on Castine. Cols. Samuel McCobb and Dummer\\nSewall were the leading officers. With the dawn of\\npeace, strenuous opposition was declared against the\\nreturn to their homes of all loyalists. But one act of\\nconfiscation of their property occurred in this count}-.\\nThis was against the ancient Phipps farm in Woolwich,\\nowned hy Col. David Phipps of Cambridge. B3 reason\\nof a technical error the case was continued for judgment,\\nwhen a new resolution of Congress staj ed proceedings,\\nand left the property to its owner.\\nIn the years following the war, an extensive trade\\nwith the British and Spanish islands was established.\\nIn the prospect of war in 1794, the militia was filled up,\\nand soldiers were equipped for service at a minute s\\nwarning. The embargo acts of 1808-9 were burdensome\\nand ruinous to a people largely engaged in commerce.\\nMemorials were presented to the government, with great\\nunanimitj against the embargo, which was prostrating\\nbusiness and causing suffering. The disturbed condi-\\ntion of the following years of war seriously affected a\\npeople whose earnings were so largely derived from busi-\\nness connected with the sea. Twentj -four vessels are\\nreported built in 1812; onlj- three in 1813; sixteen in\\n1814 and but forty-five in 1815. Nor will it be strange\\nin tliis depression of business, the closing of usual mar-\\nkets, and the scarcity of monej-, if provisions which\\nfinallj- fed the enemy were slipped to sea. Armed\\ncruisers sent boats ashore for forage, or to empty the\\nhousewife s milk-pans, as the mood suited. On such an\\nerrand, or, as her antagonist s men said, chicken-\\nstealing, was the boat of the brig Boxer engaged\\nwhen the Enterprise sighted her at Pemaquid. This\\nnotable engagement, and victor}- by the Enterprise,\\neast of Seguin, Sept. 5, 1813-, was watched with eager\\nej-es bj the people of Parker s Island. British cruisers\\non the coast gave constant apprehensions to the people.\\nEspecially was this felt in 1814, when England attempted\\nthe blockade of the coast, from Nova Scotia to Florida.\\nThe Bulwark, of 74 guns, laj ofl the Kennebec. The\\nmilitia were put in readiness. Detachments were sta-\\ntioned at Cox s Head, and near Goose Rock passage,\\nnorth of Parker s Island, while at other points sentinels\\nwere readv to give earliest alarm. Twice in 1814 was the\\nsoldicrj- called out. In September, an alarm was given\\nthat the enemy was coming up the river. Great excite-\\nment prevailed in Bath, verging to a panic. Impromptu\\nbatteries were erected, goods prepared for removal, and\\nspecie conveyed from the bank to a place of safety.\\nThe fright was causeless. British barges in this j-ear\\nmade an incursion up the Sheepscot, to burn some ship-\\nping. The military companies on that side hastil} as-\\nsembled for possible skirmishing, and at one point were\\nunder fire of their swivels, probably the only touch of\\nactual warfare in this count}-.\\nThe growth and improvements of peace followed. A\\nhalf-century s changes, inventions and successes brought\\nthe people in very different condition to the war of the\\nRebellion. Materials and men were not lacking. Two\\nfull companies from Bath and vicinity entered the third\\nMaine regiment. Men and officers wore furnished to\\nmany others. The Bath soldiers monument, erected in\\n18G7, bears 110 names of those whose service even unto", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0599.jp2"}, "588": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ndeath the city honors. The total number of men cred-\\nited to Sagadahoc Countj- is 2,488.\\nThe countj has great manufacturing facilities in an\\nextensive water-power. Steam-power is also emploj ed\\nfor local convenience. Lumber in everj variety is still\\na large product. A considerable export of brick is\\nmaintained. Several quarries of feldspar have been\\nopened. In 1878, coal was discovered near Fort Pop-\\nham, but in what quantity is not determined. Ship-\\nbuilding has from the first been a foremost industry,\\nand even now, in the depression of this business, is weU\\nsustained.\\nThe shore fisheries of cod, hake and mackerel are\\nwell prosecuted. On the interior waters, by weirs and\\nseines, large quantities of shad and alewives are taken.\\nSalmon are now obtained in considerable numbers, in-\\ncreasing by the fostering of fishery laws. The winter\\nsmelt fishing is productive. The sturgeon fishery, pros-\\necuted extensively in the first settlements, has been\\nrecentlj i-esumed, with large returns.\\nThe ice business, so noted on the Kennebec, has had\\nlarge increase in the county since 1870.\\nSteam-power was used on the Kennebec as earlj- as\\n1818 forpropelhng a rude craft. In 1823, steam com-\\nmunication was opened from Bath to Boston.\\nThe Kennebec and Portland Railroad was opened\\nfrom Brunswick to Bath in 1849. From Brunswick it\\nintersects Topsham, Bowdoinham and Richmond, on the\\nroute up the river. The Knox and Lincoln Railroad,\\nopened for traflSc in 1871, has its western terminus at\\nBath thence by steam ferry across the Kennebec, and\\nthrough Woolwich east to Rockland.\\nIn 1820 was published the first newspaper in the\\ncounty. There are now but two, both at Bath.\\nEight banks and two institutions for savings are lo-\\ncated in the countj-.\\nTowns.\\nBath, a city of nearly 8,000 inhabitants, occupies a\\nportion of a tract containing some 14,000 acres between\\nthe Kennebec and New Meadow rivers. It is attached\\nby narrow necks to Phipsburg on the south-cast and\\nBrunswick on the west. The central part of this penin-\\nsula, where the city is built, was bought by Robert\\nGutch in 1660, who was minister and missionary here.\\nIt was subsequently purchased by Nathaniel Donnel and\\nothers, and furnished a test case in the controversy with\\nthe proprietors of the Kennebec Purchase.\\nIn 1738 it was joined to Georgetown, and in 1753\\n40 ftimiUes had settled within its limits. A house of\\nworship was built in 1758-60. The early ministers were\\nSolomon Page, John Wyeth, and Francis Winter. In\\n1781 it became a separate town by the name of Bath.\\nIt was organized as a city in 1847. Three years pre-\\nvious the south-west portion was set off as the town of\\nWest Bath. The first bank was organized in 1810.\\nBath is the foremost of Maine towns in ship-building.\\nIt has also extensive manufactures of anchors, boilers,\\nengines, iron and brass, lumber, cars, drain-pipe, c.\\nThe city contains seven churches, a fine custom-house,\\na military and naval orphan asylum, and an old ladies\\nhome.\\nPhipsburg is situated on a peninsula between the\\nKennebec and New Meadows Baj-, and is joined to West\\nBath bj a neck of 200 rods, the Winnegance carrjing-\\nplace. The south part was bought of Indians in 1656\\nby Thomas Atkins, the remainder by John Parker, Jr.,\\nin 1659, and the northern part was assigned to his\\nbrother-in-law, Thomas Webber, who also obtained an\\nIndian title. The well-known Silvanus Davis owned and\\nimproved a farm south of Webber s. These lands were\\nin the Purchase and Waj grant, and were confirmed\\nanew to Parker after Wharton s purchase. The heirs of\\nParker occupied lands here in the second settlement.\\nThe Pejopscot proprietors purchased (1715-20) the rights\\nof most of these owners. Dr. Noj-es s town, called\\nAugusta, at Small Point Harbor, was onlj well begun\\nwhen the savage hostilities of 1 720-22 forced the settlers\\nto abandon all. The place was re-occupied in 1737 by\\nClark, Hall, Wallis, Wj-man and others.\\nThe extension of the North Yarmouth line direct to\\nthe ocean brought this part into that town, but for con-\\nvenience to the inhabitants it was annexed to George-\\ntown in 1741.\\nAdditions were made to the settlement on the Ken-\\nnebec side after Dummer s war. Col. Arthur Noble built\\na strong garrison about 1734 on the north side of the\\npeninsula near Fiddler s Reach. Near this was erected\\nin 1736 the first house of worship known in this settle-\\nment. Some 35 years later an Episcopal Church was\\nerected on the same site. About 1802 the present Con-\\ngregational Church was built at the Centre, soon dis-\\nplacing the use of the old house of the first parish opposite\\non Arrowsic.\\nAt the entrance to the river at HunneweO s Point is\\nFort Popham built of granite begun about 1861, but j-et\\nunfinished. A brick breastwork and water-batterj had\\nexisted previously, planned, and probably in part built,\\nin the French wars. Near this was the location of the\\nnoted Popham colony in 1607. Cox s Head, a mile\\nnorth, had an earthwork for defence of the river in 1812.\\nThe village at Parker s Head (formerly Vereen s", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0600.jp2"}, "589": {"fulltext": "Head) Is 3 miles, and the Centre 5 miles from the\\nentrance to the river. Phipsburg was separated from\\nGeorgetown in 1814, and named in honor of Sir William\\nrhips. Population in 1870, 1,344.\\nParker s Island, or Georgetown, is east of Arrowsic,\\nand extends below to the mouth of the river. It was\\npurchased in 1G50, of Robiuhood, bj- John Parker of\\nBiddeford, Eng., who is said to have been a fisherman\\nhere for 20 years. A part was sold. The rest became\\nthe inheritance of his son Thomas, some of whose de-\\nscendants bj- the name of Oliver, have occupied lands\\nto the present. In 1804 one-fifth of the polls bore the\\nname of Oliver. Its Indian name was Rascohcagan\\n(variously spelled). Its southern part is the locality\\nbearing the name Sagadahoc in early voyages and\\nhistory, and was a centre of fishing operations in the\\nseventeenth century.\\nGeorgetown, the incorjjorate name of Arrowsic, was\\nextended over this island and other territory in 1738.\\nAfter successive portions had been erected into towns,\\nthe final separation of Arrowsic in 1841 surrendered to\\nParker s Island that ancient town-name which its sister\\nisland had first received. It shared similar disasters\\nwith Arrowsic in the Indian wars. The second or per-\\nmanent settlement dates from about 1730.\\nRobinhood s Cove is thrust in from the north, and\\nSagadahoc Ba} from the south, almost dividing it into\\ntwo islands. Attached to it are McMahan s, and The\\nFive Islands on the Shecpscot side. Stage and Salter s\\nislands on the ocean, and Long and Marr s islands in\\nthe river. The Centre at the mills on the Cove is\\n12 miles b}- stage line from Bath. Population in 1870,\\n1,135.\\nWoolwich is the northerly- town east of the river.\\nIts Indian and plantation name was Kequasset (Ne-\\nguascag), from its pond and stream. It was purchased\\nin two portions, in 1G39 and 1G48, of Robinhood. Bate-\\nman, Brown, Smith, Cole, Phips and White were the\\nfirst known residents. It passed, in 1G58, into the hands\\nof the Boston merchants, Clarke and Lake. The title\\nto part of the territorj was disputed, and finally jielded\\nto the heirs of James Smith. Mills at Nequasset Falls\\nwere built between 1650 and 16G0. The south-east sec-\\ntion was owned and occupied b} James Phips (or\\nPhippes), where was bom, in IGol, the son, afterwards\\ndistinguished as Sir Wm. Phips, by whom and his heirs\\nthe farm was possessed for more than a century. Verj-\\ndirect tradition determines that his ship which saved the\\ninhabitants in 1C76 was built on this shore. The second\\nsettlement was begun in 171 G in the southern part and\\non Merrj-meeting Bay, but abandoned or destroj-ed in\\n1722. This region was permanently re-occupied in 1730.\\nSettlements were made under the direction of Cadwalader\\nFord, Esq., of Wilmington, Mass., agent for Clarke and\\nLake, proprietors, and bj- Samuel Martain of Andover.\\nIn 1740 fourteen families were located in the place.\\nThirty more were added bj 1754. It was set off from\\nGeorgetown and incorporated in 1759, a house of worship\\nhaving been previously erected. The ministry of the\\nRev. Josiali Winship of Cambridge, Mass., began in\\n17G5. He was the first Congregational pastor ordained\\nover a church in the Kennebec valley.\\nWoolwich has manufactures of lumber and brick.\\nThree ice companies carry on an extensive business.\\nPopulation in 1870, 1,1G8.\\nBowDoiNHAJt, north and west of Merrj-meeting Bay,\\noriginally extended up the river and included Richmond.\\nThe sachem Abagadasset had his residence on the Point\\nnow bearing that name. Alexander Thwait purchased\\nof the Indians and lived at this place before 1C5G. After\\nsome j-ears residence in the territorj- now included in\\nBath, he returned here in 1665. In the next centurj-\\nthe Pejepscot proprietors claimed the territory, made\\ndivisions, built mills before 1718, but flnalh j ielded to\\nthe Kennebec proprietors b^ adjustments of 1758 and\\n1763. It included a grant of 3,200 acres made to Wm.\\nBowdoin.\\nThe town was incorporated in 1762. It has manufac-\\ntures of lumber, plaster and brick, and contains a bank,\\nthree churches, and about 1,800 inhabitants.\\nRichmond, the most northerly town of the count}\\nwest of the river, is 14 miles from Bath. It was included\\nin Christopher Lawson s purchase from the Indians in\\n1G49. Thwait had previouslj- obtained a tract. Fort\\nRichmond, built in the south-eastern part, and rebuilt\\nin 1740, was demolished on the erection of forts Halifax\\nand Western, on the river above. It was a truck-house\\nwhere Indians were supplied, and to which they came for\\nconference and complaints, and was sharplj- beset by\\nthem in 1722 and 1750.\\nThis tract was united with Bowdoinham in the incor-\\nporation of 1762, and l)orc the name Plantation of Rich-\\nmond. It became a separate town iu 1823. Richmond\\nhas two banlcs, three churches and a libraiy association.\\nSeveral active ship-building firms and ice companies are\\nengaged in business here. The chief manufactures are\\nlumber, brick, boots and shoes, harnesses and brass.\\nPopulation in 1870, 2,442.\\nTopsnAM is situated on the north of a bend of the\\nAndroscoggin, as it approaches the lower falls, and there\\njoins MeiTj-meeting Bay. The first known residents were\\nThomas and James Gyles (1658), and three men by the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0601.jp2"}, "590": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nname of York, who bought lands on the ba}- and river\\nbefore Philip s war. The new settlement was projected\\nbj the Pejepscot proprietors in 1715. Sixteen families\\nhad located by 1721. In 1750 there were said to be\\nonly 18 families. The town was not incorporated until\\n17G4. A minister was employed in 1721, but later the\\npeople probabl} worshipped at Brunswick, till the erection\\nof the meeting-house in 1759. The first church organi-\\nzation in 1771, was Presb3-terian. The town furnished\\n50 men for various service in the Revolutionary war.\\nIn the war of the Rebellion 144 men entered the service.\\nThe Johnson Family School for boys is located here.\\nThe falls of the Androscoggin furnish abundant and\\nunused water-power. Tlic manufactures arc lumber,\\nsash, flour, feldspar, paper. The Bowdoin Paper Com-\\npany employs 75 hands. Population in 1870, 1,498.\\nThe remaining towns of the county are: Bowt)OIN,\\nnamed from the family of Gov. Bowdoin, incorporated in\\n1788 population, 1,345 West Bath, set off from Bath\\nin 1844 population, 375 having a valuable water priv-\\nilege, where mills were built in 1039 Arrowsic,* an\\nisland on the east side of the Kennebec, the site of one\\nof the earliest settlements of the countj set off from\\nGeorgetown, and incorporated in 1841 and Perkins, or\\nSwAn s Island, incorporated in 1847, and containing\\nless than 100 inhabitants.\\nSOMEESET COUNTY.\\nBY E. r. MAYO.\\nThe early histoiy of Somerset County is the old stor3\\nof struggling against many odds with but few helps.\\nWhat are to-day the beautiful cultivated farms and flour-\\nishing villages along the banks of the Kennebec, were\\nbut a centur3 ago an unbroken forest. The Indian tribe\\nwhich inhabited the region now included in Somerset and\\nKennebec counties, was known as the Canibas or Ken-\\nnebecs, a name which they doubtless took from an old\\nchieftain who lived in this region about IGGO, and whose\\nname was Kennebis. From this tribe the river which\\nruns from Moosehead Lake to the sea took its name.\\nUpon this stream the dusky redskins formerlj- paddled\\ntheir canoes unmolested.\\nWhere this tribe originated, or how long thcj* had\\nbeen here, is not known positively but suffice it to say\\nthey were here in 1614, for Capt. John Smith, of Poca-\\nhontas fame, came and saw them the first Englishman\\nwho ever looked upon them.\\nThey were early subdivided into clans, and the Nor-\\nridgewogs were those stationed at what is now Norridge-\\nwock. These several clans owned the soil in common.\\nThey did not believe that one person could own soil.\\nEach person owned an undivided portion of the whole.\\nThe sachems were able to convey to another certain por-\\ntions of land, but always with the understanding that\\nThe island was three times (in 1676, 1689 and 1722) nearly swept\\nclean of inhabitants by the savages. It is said tliat there are more old\\nand unknown cellars in the place than those now occupied. The first\\nwhen the purchasers died the land reverted to the trilje\\nagain. It was this point that caused, perhaps, one-half\\nof the trouble between Indians and white men in this\\nsection. When the white men bought, they made out the\\ndeed holding the land forever and so the trouble began\\nwhich cost many lives, broke up many homes, and only\\nended when the red man was driven from the land.\\nEarly in the history of these Indians we find records of\\nFrench Jesuits, who came into the unbroken forests\\nuninvited, to preach the Catholic religion, and strive to\\nlead the natives to live a better life. They came from\\nFrance to Canada, and not being as well received as thcj\\nthought their ser\\\\-ices deserved, came to the forests now\\nembracing this countj-. They took up their abode with\\nthe Kennebecs about 1613. At this time there was an\\nIndian population in Maine of about 37,000, including\\n11,000 warriors. Of these probably about 1,500 war-\\nriors, or an entire number of 5,000, lived on the Kenne-\\nbec, and were known as Kennebecs, or Canibas. Some\\nof these Jesuits were a great help to the ignorant savages,\\nboth physically and morally, while others tended to de-\\ngrade them even lower than before thej- were taught at\\nall. The Jesuits, in their labors at Norridgewock, suc-\\nceeded in erecting a chapel of fir-trees in 1646, it\\nbeing the first church ever built on the Kennebec River.\\nknown house of worship in the Sagadahoc region, was bnilt probably\\nabout 1660, at the northern point of the isLind. In the southern part was\\nerected, in 1761, the meeting-house of the First Parish of Georgetown.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0602.jp2"}, "591": {"fulltext": "In this chapel great numbers -were converted to the\\nCatholic religion. It was destroyed by a party of Eng-\\nlish hunters in 1G74, but was rebuilt in 1G87 by English\\nworkmen sent for the express purpose from Boston,\\naccording to treaty stipulations. In many instances the\\nJesuits caused the Indians to be hostile to the English,\\nbut friendly to the French. The last and most dis-\\ntinguished of the Jesuits in America was Sebastian\\nKasle, who came from France, where he was educated, in\\n1G89. He learned several Indian languages, and, doubt-\\nless, taught the Indians many things, and inculcated\\nhabits of industry to which they were strangers before.\\nHe came to Norridgewock in 1G89, and at once began\\nhis labors. His success was simply astonishing. The\\ngovernor-general of New England, hearing of his suc-\\ncess, and not being friendly to the Catholic religion, sent\\nseveral missionaries to this tribe, hoping to divert their\\nminds from the French teacher. It was of no avail\\nhowever Raslc had obtained such a hold upon the\\nsuperstitious red men bj^ his forms and ceremonies, that\\nj a no less formal service could effectually engage their\\nattention. The missionaries were finally driven away.\\nj It was a great victory for Rasle.\\nj During Queen Anne s war the Norridgewogs were ver}-\\ntroublesome to the English. About 1710, in one day\\nthe} killed over 200, and took 500 prisoners. They\\nreturned to tlieir encampment after the slaughter, with 10\\ncanoes filled \u00c2\u00abith valuable plunder. Two hundred and\\nfifty warriors did the work, under the command of Rasle,\\nit is charged. If he did not order it, there is no record\\nI that he used his influence to prevent such things so long\\nas the English were the victims. So great was the feel-\\ning against him at this time, that a reward of \u00c2\u00a31,000 was\\noffered for his head. This did not frighten the Indians\\nnor their spiritual teacher, for the outrages continued\\nuntil the government became alarmed, and the capture\\nand punishment of Rasle was determined upon. In\\nDecember, 1721, Col. Westbrook was ordered to Nor-\\nj ridgewock to secure him. War was formally declared\\nagainst the Indians in August, 1722. An unsuccess-\\nful attempt to capture the Norridgewogs was made in\\n1 1720 by Capt. Harmon, with 120 men. What was\\nthen called Norridgewock is now known as Old Point.\\nIt is situated three miles above Norridgewocic village,\\nnear the confluence of the Sand} River with the Ken-\\nnebec, and is one of the most beautiful spots in New\\nEngland.\\nThe rude huts of the Indians that of Father Raslc\\nundistinguished from the rest were placed in two par-\\nallel rows, running north and south a common road\\nskirting the bank of the river, while, between the rows\\nof cabins, was a fine street 200 feet wide. At the north-\\nern extremity of the street stood the church.\\nWhittier has graphicallj described this sylvan village\\nin all its loveliness in his poem of Mogg Megone. At\\nthe lower end of the village was a chapel erected and\\ndedicated to the Virgin Mary, while at the upper end\\nthere was still another chapel, erected and used for the\\nworship of secular days.\\nIn 1721 the government of Massachusetts sent a de-\\ntachment of troops, with instructions to capture Rasle if\\nit were possible. The troops were only able to secure\\nthe priest s papers, he having fled. The documents\\nsecured, however, revealed the plans of the Jesuits.\\nThese remarkable documents are now in the librarj of\\nHarvard University. This attack on Rasle greatly\\nenraged his devoted followers, and several startling\\natrocities followed, which induced the government to\\ncapture the source of all the trouble at any hazard.\\nOn the 19th of August, 1724, a detachment of four\\ncompanies, consisting of 208 men, in 17 whale-boats,\\nleft Fort Richmond, guided by three Mohawk Indians.\\nOn arriving at what is now Winslow, the} left the boats\\nunder a guard, and proceeded along the river through the\\nwoods to the illage. Capt. Harmon crossed the river at\\nthe Great Eddy in Skowhegan with 60 men, for the pur-\\npose of cutting off the retreat of those who might be at\\nworlc in the corn-fields on the Sandy River, while, after\\nlea^ang 10 men with the luggage, Capt. Moulton proceeded\\nwith the remaining 98 men for the doomed village. They\\nreached the highlands overlooking the village August 24.\\nThe Indians, GO in number, were in their huts, and the\\ntroops approached unobserved. An old Indian, acci-\\ndently stepping to the door, discovered the troops and\\ngave the war-whoop, which brought out the warriors.\\nThe engagement was short and decisive. There were\\n80 warriors slain and 14 wounded. The rest escaped.\\nRasle was discovered, and not only shot through and\\nthrough, but he was scalped and his body mutilated in a\\nhorrible manner, showing that not all savages have dusky\\nfaces. Little children and women were cruelly shot down\\nwhile escaping for their lives across the river. The\\nchurch was robbed of its sacred vestments, and then\\nset on fire. The bell on the church was afterwards hid-\\nden by the Indians who returned to view the scene of\\ntheir former peaceful village. Some years ago it was\\nbrought from its hiding-place, and is now to be seen in\\nthe cabinet of Bowdoin College. It weighed 64 pounds.\\nAfter the capture, or outrage, as it might have been more\\nproperly termed, the English forces returned to Rich-\\nmond without the loss of a man. The Norridgewogs\\nwho escaped from the slaughter, returned to find their", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0603.jp2"}, "592": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nvillage ill ashes. They were thoroughl}- disheartened,\\nand left to take up their abode in the north, thus giving\\nway to the march of civilization.\\nIn 1833 Dishop Fen wick of Boston purcliased an acre\\nof land around the grave of Rasle at Old Point, and\\ncaused an appropiiato monument to be erected to his\\nmemory. The dedication of this monument proved to\\nbe a very imposing affair for the Catholics. The monu-\\nment now stands on the spot where Raslo is supposed to\\nhave fallen, facing death manfuUj It is a plain granite\\nl yramidal shaft or obelisk, 1 1 feet high, and 3 feet square\\nat the base. This monument is now all that remains to\\nmark the existence of this once strong and powerful tribe.\\nAfter the death of Raslc, in 1724, there was a pros-\\npect that this vast waste\\nof wilderness would at\\nlast be opened to en i\\\\-\\nization. As early as\\n1G07, according to Sul-\\nlivan s history, an at-\\ntempt was made by tlio\\nEnglish to settle on tlic\\nKennebec River. Ihe\\ncolonists remained about\\na jear, when, beoomnig\\ndiscouraged, they rehn-\\nquished their holdings,\\nand departed in quest of\\nsome more genial clime\\nIn 1771 the first dcUi-\\nmined effort was made\\nto settle what is now\\nSomerset County. The\\nKennebec Company had granted a strip of land to\\nThomas Temple, consisting of several thousand acres,\\nreaching through a part of the towns of Fairfield,\\nCanaan, Norridgewoek and Starks. This strip struck\\nthe Kennebec River on the north side, and was a\\nmile in width. It was bought by John Nelson, and,\\nat his death, sold to J. Palmer, of New Hampshire,\\nOut of this lot, 1,780| acres were reserved to give\\naway to actual settlers, to advance the price of the\\nland about it. In accordance with this plan, Peter\\nHc3 wood secured 600 acres on the river, two or three\\nmiles below Skowhegan Falls. Joseph Weston pro-\\ncured a lot in that vicinity in Julj^ 1771- They came\\nfrom Concord, Mass., and their descendants are still\\nliving here. These two sturdy j-eomen were the first\\nsettlers north of Winslow, excepting a few at Sebasti-\\ncook. These men carried with them 20 head of stock,\\nand, on their arrival iu the spring of 1772, erected a\\nMOM MIlNF\\ncamp 20 feet square. They went to work with a will,\\nand were soon able to cut hay on the islands in the river,\\nwhich were included in their purchase. What land they\\ncleared on the Bloomfield side of the river, was devoted\\nto corn and potatoes. With Peter Ile^wood and Joseph\\nAYeston were John Ileywood, son of the former Isaac\\nSmith, aged 16 years, and Eli Weston, son of Joseph\\nWeston, aged 11 3 ears. Peter Ileywood, Jr., joined the\\nsettlers the nest j-ear. Mr. Ileywood, Sr., died in\\n1803, aged 77 years. Joseph Weston died in 1775, aged\\n43, having contracted a severe cold while accompany-\\ning Arnold s expedition up the Kennebec. Peter Iley-\\nwood, Jr., and Isaac Smith, then but mere bo3-s, were\\nthe first white persons to pass a winter above Water-\\nm11( The next settler\\nIS .lohn Hale, from\\nS( li isticook, who settled\\non the fann known now\\nas the residence of the\\nlate Dca. Thomas Pratt.\\nHale did not stay very\\nlong, and the boys Hey-\\nnood and Smith, aged\\n^o 10 and 11 j-ears, were\\nleft to winter alone in\\nA*^fe\u00c2\u00bb%l then small cabin. They\\nli id good trusty firo-\\nj iiins however, and they\\n(hd not want for what is\\nnou a gi-eat rarity,\\nlusli game. In the fall\\nof 1772, John Oakcs,\\nAMth several sons, came\\nto settle and Messrs. Ileywood and Weston gave them\\nwhat is now known as Oakes Island, and thej- located\\non a farm opposite it. Mr. Oakes went into the French\\nwar soon afterwards. He helped make the coffin for\\nGen. Wolfe. He afterwards returned to Canaan, where\\nhe died iu 1788. His son William, born soon after his\\nremoval to Canaan, is believed liy many to be the first\\nwhite child born in the town, or in what is now Somerset\\nCounty.*\\nNow that a settlement was once firmly established,\\nother settlers took courage and moved into the clearing.\\nJeremiah Pease, Scth Wyman, Dea. John White and\\nJoel Crosby came in 1773. The latter came to assist\\nAVeston, Heywood and Oakes in erecting a mill at Skow-\\nhegan Falls, the first mill erected on this part of the\\nriver, if not the first north of Gardiner. Mr. Crosby\\nThe cjaim is disputed, however, many claimlnpc that Abraham\\nSmith, son of Isaac, who came to Canaan in 1773, was the older.\\nsiE, ^()RI!II)(.^^^ocIl.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0604.jp2"}, "593": {"fulltext": "afterwards moved to Starks, where lie was a successful\\nruill-wright up to the time of his death. In 1774 Jonas\\nParlin came and settled in Skowhegan village. Daniel\\nSteward settled in Bloomfield in 1775. The following\\nyear came Solomon, Phineas and Dea. William, uncles\\nof Daniel Steward. Joseph Weston was the only Revo-\\nlutionary soldier from this part of the Kennebec River.\\nCanaan was survej-ed in 1779, and was called for the\\nfirst settlers, Ileywoodstown but, for some reason, was\\nsoon changed to the plantation of Wesserunsett, the\\nname of the river running through it. Afterwards the\\npresent name of Canaan was selected, as best typifj-ing\\nthe charming appearance of the place to its residents\\nafter their struggles and discouragements. What was\\nthen known as Canaan has since been divided into the\\nthree towns of Canaan, Skowhegan and Bloomfield.\\nIn 1769, emigration not progressing as fast as it was\\ndesirable, the Plymouth Company offered to give awaj-\\nland in the region of the Kennebec River, beginning at\\nSkowhegan Falls, and running up to Old Point on the north\\nside, to all persons who would immediatelj settle on the\\nsame. It was decided that the lots in what is now Nor-\\nridgewock should begin on the river and i-un back one\\nmile and a third, and be 75 rods wide.\\nSubsequently thej offered another tier of lots on the\\nsouth side of the river, reaching from Sandy River to\\ni Canaan, the new gift containing a good mill-privilege,\\nwhich was highlj prized in those days. This very liberal\\noffer brought William Warren here from Pepperell in\\n1773. James McDaniels, William Fletcher and a Mr.\\nLamson came about the same time, and settled in what is\\nnow Norridgewoek village.\\nThe passage of Arnold s anny up the Kennebec in Sep-\\ntember, 1775, was a great event in those days of dreariness.\\nThe armj halted at Skowhegan and at Norridgewock.\\nAt the former place they marked a road around the falls\\nbj- spotting the trees, the location of the flourishing\\ntillage of Skowhegan of to-daj At Norridgewock thej^\\nleft the last trace of the white men for, at that time, no\\ntrack of a settler could be found farther from the sea than\\nXorridgowock village.*\\nSomerset County was organized March 1, 1809, and\\nNorridgewock was selected as the shire town. For a\\nnumber of years the courts were held in an old wooden\\nbuilding. In 1810 the present jail was built, and, ten\\nForty-eight miles above Sliowhegan the army encamped for several\\nweeks, and the national ensij^i was there planted and ever since that\\ntime the place is known as FlagstaflT. A gentleman of some note\\nresides here, bearing the honored cognomen of Miles Standisli, a\\ndescendant of Capt. Miles Standish of Plymouth memory. Among his\\nancestors he also includes the excellent Gov. Bradford. Mr. Standish\\nis said to be the first male descendant of the Bradford family born out-\\nyears later, a court-house was erected. This continued\\nin use as built until 1847, when extensive repairs were\\nmade. In 1871 the legislature changed the shire to\\nSkowhegan, on condition that that town should furnish\\nsuitable accommodation for the offices of the county.\\nThe offices were furnished, and the shire was removed,\\nthus causing a feud between the two towns that only\\n3ears can heal. In 1873 ex-Gov. Abner Coburn erected,\\nat his own expense, a court-house costing upwards of\\n$54,000, and presented it to the county. The old jail in\\nNorridgewock is still in use, but that must soon give\\nplace to a better structure in the shire town.\\nFrom the old towns of Canaan and Norridgewock the\\nsettlements spread in every direction, following the rivers\\nthe more closelj however. Starks was probably the next\\nsettled, and then came Anson, Fairfield, Cornville,\\nAthens, Bingham, Mercer, New Portland, Salem, Har-\\nmony, Ilartland, Palmyra, Madison and others in quick\\nsuccession. In every instance the best land was taken\\nfirst. The settlers were remarkably fortunate in this\\nrespect, or thej would not have prospered so well.\\nWhat is now Somerset County was formerly the upper\\npart of Keniiebec County. When it was incorporated,\\nin 1809, it took about four-fifths of the territory from\\nthe mother county. Since that time, the territory has\\nbeen curtailed to help make up Franklin, Piscataquis\\nand Aroostook counties. Divided as it has been, it is\\nstill of good size, and has a steady and substantial pop-\\nulation. Notwithstanding it has miles upon miles of\\nfine farms, there are still large tracts of woodland j-et to\\nknow the axe of the settler. Somerset has 28 incor-\\nporated towns, and has some 20 or 30 plantations. The\\ncounty is bounded on the north bj the Canadian line, on\\nthe east by Penobscot and Piscataquis counties, on the\\nsouth b}- Kennebec County, and on the west b}- Frank-\\nlin County. In the north-east corner of the county lies\\na portion of Mooschead Lake, a body of water 35 by\\n12 miles, with an area of 120 square miles. The lake is\\n1 ,023 feet above the level of the sea. This lake is the\\nsource of the Kennebec, which runs the entire length of\\nthe countj furnishing unsurpassed water-power. The\\nwhole county lies in the valley of the Kennebec,\\nmaking the soil of great value. The principal tribu-\\ntaries of the Kennebec in this county are the Sandy\\nRiver at Starks, Corobossett at Anson, Dead at Bow-\\nside the limits of Plymouth County. His mother, horn in Gorham\\nMe., in 1804, is still living, an excellently preserved and intelligent old\\nlady. Mr. Standish himself, so rich in ancestral memories and virtues,\\nis also rich in temporal things. Of a very commanding presence, moving\\nto Flagstaff in 1841, for 33 years he has been successfully engaged in the\\nlumber-trade. There is probably hardly a man in Somerset County who,\\nin the same length of time, has carried on a more extended business.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0605.jp2"}, "594": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ntown, Moose at Moosehead Lake, and the Wesserimsett\\nat Skowhegan. The prevailing rock is mica-schist, run-\\nning into claj slate in\\nand broken 113- gran-\\nite veins. In nearlj\\nevery portion of the\\ncountj- granite of suf-\\nficient quantitj for or-\\ndinarj- building pur-\\nposes can be found\\nThe lower part of thi\\ncounty is onl} brok( n\\nby small hill-, but\\nabout the forks of the\\nriver the hills rise to\\nthe dignitjr of small\\nmountains. In the yi-\\nciuity of the like the\\nmountains and hills\\ndisappear, lea^ uig i\\nflat, open coun tn It\\nwill thus be seen th it\\nthe land is S])(tiill3\\nadapted to agncultu-\\ning at the falls to catch salmon and other fish in abun-\\ndance. The town formerlj- had an area of 19,071 acres,\\nelsewhere into gneiss, but in 18G1 Bloomficld, just across the river, was an-\\nnexed, so that it now\\nhas an area of 30,981\\nacres. Of this, some\\n75 or 100 acres are\\ncovered by ponds of\\nwater. The popula-\\ntion is over 4,000.\\nThe water-power fur-\\nnished by the Ken-\\nnebec River is very\\nvaluable. The total\\nfall is 28 feet in half\\na mile, a large por-\\ntion of which is per-\\n[icndicular. An isl-\\nand at the head of\\nthe fall divides the\\nriver into two chan-\\nnels. The bed of the\\nriver on both sides is\\nof solid rock. The\\ni^?? ^V-\u00c2\u00abf _\\ns\\n1 \\\\N NLL D \\\\M, SKOW 1\\nlal pursuits, while the water-power of the Kennebec and I power is estimated at 5,852 horse-power, or 234,000\\nits manj- tributaries, great and small, affords unsurpassed spindles. There are two saw-mills, a carding-miU, two\\nfacilities for manufacturing purposos. Two rnilrondf! run pii\u00c2\u00abt-mill=;, two or hrop mnohine-sliops, paper, pulp and\\ninto the count}-, fur-\\nnishing excellent fa-\\ncilities for transpor\\ntation on favoraljU\\nterms. The principa\\ntowns are as follows\\nSkowhegan (situ-\\nated at the t( nnuui\\nof the branch of tht\\nMaine Central Rul\\nroad from AVater\\\\ lUe)\\nis the shire tow n, and\\nthe largest and mist\\nwealthy in the ount\\nThe territory was a\\npart of Canaan, the\\nfirst town settled in\\nthe county. In 1S23\\nit was incorporated\\nunder the name of\\nMillburn. In 18 it\\ntook its present i.amo,\\nthe falls by the Indians,\\nwatch, referring to the\\nplaning mills, an oil-\\ncloth factory, and a\\nnumber of smaller\\nestablishments. The\\ntown is the natural\\ncentre of trade for all\\nthe upper part of this\\ncounty, and for por-\\nlous of Franklin and\\nPiscataquis counties.\\nIts churches are in a\\nflourishing condition\\nin 1 its schools are\\nuccessfuUj- managed.\\nJ li town, as well as\\nth( county and State,\\n1 largely indebted to\\nex Gov. Abner Co-\\nbuin for its present\\nprosperous condition.\\n.isuN 11 IDOL iuib AN UN VND MADISON, ME jir. Cobum s father,\\niL.^L was g.\\\\^.. t\u00e2\u0080\u009e tl.\u00e2\u0080\u009e l\u00e2\u0080\u009ev-..Lt, ct LLv. Zv.r C\u00e2\u0080\u009el n.\u00e2\u0080\u009e.cd f.o..i M-.ssachusetts in 1792,\\nThe name signifies a place to at the age of 15 years, being one of the early settlers on\\nhabits of the savages of gather- the upper Kennebec Valley. The father was a farmer and", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0606.jp2"}, "595": {"fulltext": "survej-or. Abner was born in 1803 in Canaan, and after\\narriving of age, he, mth a younger brother. Philander,\\nassisted his father in survej-ing and exploring the million\\nacres included in the Brigham purchase, so called.\\nThe three afterwards formed a copartnership under the\\nname of E. Coburn Sons. At the death of the father,\\nin 1845, the sons continued the business. The junior\\npartner died in 187G. The companj-, of which the\\ngovernor is almost the sole member, now owns about\\n450,000 acres in Maine, and several thousand acres in\\nthe Western States. In fact, Mr. Coburu is said to be\\nthe largest landholder in the United States, and the\\nwealthiest man in Maine. He was governor of the State\\nin 1863. His charities have been very large of late\\nyears. The largest have been the gift of lu elo_ mt\\ncourt-house to his na- J\\ntive county, and $75,-\\n000 to Colby University.\\nNOKEIDGEWOCK (for-\\nmerly the shire town)\\nis five miles from Skow-\\nhegan on the Kennebec\\nRiver and the Somerset\\nRailroad. The name\\nwas derived from the fa-\\nmous Indian chief Nor-\\nridgewog, which signi-\\nfies smooth water.\\nThe river, as it passes\\nthrough this village, is\\nremarkabh smooth,\\nbut three miles above\\nthere is an unimportant water-fall of eight feet, at what\\nis known as Bambazee Rips. In the village, on the\\nsouth side of the river, there is a small power furnished\\nby the Sawtelle stream, which runs into the Kennebec\\nhere. The town was settled as early as 1773. It was\\nincorporated in 1788. While agriculture is the principal\\nbusiness of the place, the village contains manufactories\\nof lumber, furniture, harnesses, boots and shoes, granite,\\nc. The popular Eaton Family School is located here.\\nThe streets of the village are lined with beautiful trees,\\nset out many j-ears ago. Old Point, the home of the\\nIndians 200 3ears ago, was formerly in this town, but\\nhas passed into the limits of Madison. The population\\nis nearly 2,000.\\nCanaan was the first town settled in Somerset Countj-.\\nSkowhcgan was set otf from it in 1822, and later. Bloom-\\nfield. The town was settled in 1770, and incorporated\\nin 1788. The population is about 1,500. The principal\\n1 business is farming, although there is considerable lum-\\ns\\nVI\\nber manufactured. One of the sons of Joseph Weston,\\none of the very first settlers Samuel was a verj prom-\\ninent man in the town, ClUng a large number of local\\noffices. His descendants are now living here in large\\nnumbers.\\nStarks was first settled b^ James Waugh, who came\\nfrom Massachusetts in 1772. Ho started up the Kenne-\\nbec river, with his gun and dog, and said he was deter-\\nmined to travel until he found a farm to suit him, if ho\\nwent to Canada. He settled at the mouth of the Sandy\\nRiver, on the site of what is now one of the very best\\nfarms in the State. This farm is opposite Old Point, and\\nits productiveness is truly wonderful. Capt. Fletcher\\nand his two sons, also from Massachusetts, were the\\nIK xt to arrive to keep him eompany. In 1734, Waugh\\nand the two younger\\n_ I letchers were married,\\na and brought theu wives\\ninto the little settle-\\nment to help them share\\nthe hardships of the al-\\nmost imbroken forest.\\nAir. Waugh was tho\\nihief man of tho place\\nlor many 3 ears, in fact,\\nduring his lifetime, and\\nhe left a largo familj-,\\nfiom which descended\\nne irh all who bear the\\nname in this vicinitj-\\nto daj-. In February,\\n1795, the town was in-\\ncorporated, taking its name from Gen. John Stark, the\\nBennington hero. Tho population is about 1,100.\\nPrincipal among the remaining towns are Anson (in-\\ncorporated in 1798 population, 1,74G), having an acad-\\nemy and a newspaper the Advocate and devoted\\nsuccessfully both to agricultural and manufacturing pur-\\nsuits stock raising being somewhat of a specialty hero,\\nwool also, and formerly wheat: Madison (1804, 1,408),\\nnamed for President Madison, and containing 30,000\\nacres of land, its principal business being farming:\\nPiTTSFiELD (populaiion nearly 2,000), formerly called\\nPlymouth, but in 1824 named Pittsfield in honor of\\nWilliam Pitts, Esq., then a large property-holder in\\ntown a small manufacturing town, and the seat of the\\nMaine Central Institute, a preparatory school of Bates\\nCollege: New Portland (1808, 1,454), settled in 1783,\\nand originally given to tho sufferers of Falmouth, now\\nPortland, by the General Court of Massachusetts, to in-\\ndemuily thorn in part for losses sustained by the destruc-\\nr f\\n13\\nM^^-,\\n^^J\\n^v\\n111 I-IILID", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0607.jp2"}, "596": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ntion of the town by the British fleet in 1783, its oldest\\ninhabitant bavins; been Andrew Elliott, one of the earlier\\nthe manufacture of lumber Salem (incorporated in\\n1808, 1,170), settled in 1782, one of the most beautiful\\nsettlers, a verj public-spirited man, and who lived to the villages of the Kennebec valle}-, and the centre of trade\\nadvanced age of 103 years: Fairfield (1788, 2,999), for several towns: and Athens (1804, 1,540), settled\\nso called because of the flne appearance of the country, about 1782, a flourishing agricultural town, and favored\\nhaving five -vdllages, and doing a flourishing business in I with a thriving village.\\nWALDO COUNTY\\nBY ALBERT C. WIGGIN.\\nA GLANCE at a map of the State of Maine, shows that\\nWaldo County is situated upon the waters of Penobscot\\nBay and River, which bound it upon the east and south-\\ncast. Knox County forms the southern border, Kenne-\\nbec County the western, Somerset the north-western, and\\nPenobscot County the northern. Waldo County is some-\\nwhat near a square in form, although its outhne is irreg-\\nular. Its largest side, and nine of the towns, are upon\\nthe bay and river this extent of shore line gives excel-\\nlent maritime facilities. An open winter harbor anj--\\nwhere on the coast, and many spacious havens wilh good\\ndepth of water, afford the best of advantages for ship-\\nbuilding, commerce and the fisheries. The agricultural\\nresources of the county are good, and farming is carried\\non in oveiT town with more or less success.\\nWaldo County formed part of York County s territory\\nuntil 17G0, when Lincoln County was established, which\\nincluded it till 1789, when Hancock County was erected\\nthis next held it until 1827, when on Februarj 7th, it was\\nincorporated as the county of Waldo, and was named\\nfor Gen. Samuel Waldo. The erection of Knox County\\nin 1860, took off from Waldo County the towns of\\nAppleton, Camden, Hope, North Haven, and Vinal-\\nhaven. In its present form, Waldo County embraces 25\\ntowns and one city. The population in 1870 was 34,640.\\nThere are no mountains in the county, strictly speaking,\\nbut there arc several high hills which have been given\\nthe title. The surface is broken and uneven. In Pros-\\npect, Stockton and Frankfort, the view of the Penobscot\\nRiver and valley from the high, rounded hills, almost\\nequals the sceneiy of the Hudson. At Belfast, the har-\\nbor has often been called as beautiful as the Bay of\\nNaples.\\nA history of Waldo County properly begins with an\\naccount of the Muscongus, or Waldo Patent. This grant,\\nissued by the Plymouth Council in 1630, to John Beau-\\nchamp of London, and Thomas Leverett of Boston,\\nEng., extended on the seaboard between the Muscongus\\nand Penoliscot rivers, and comprised nearlj- 1,000 square\\nmiles, taking in the whole of the present county of Knox,\\nexcept the Fox Islands, and of Waldo Countj^ with the\\nexception of territor} now covered by five towns. No\\nprice was paid for this tract it was thought that the\\nsettlement of this section would enhance the value of\\nothers. Success in the fisheries at Mouhegan, and in\\nother localities along the coast of Maine, hastened an\\noccupation of the Muscongus grant and in the spring\\nof 1630, Edward Ashley and William Pierce, agents of\\nthe patentees, came with laborers and mechanics, and\\nestablished a trading-house on the George s River, in\\nwhat is now Thomaston.\\nThis settlement was broken iip by King Philip s war,\\nwhich terminated in 1678. After this the whole territorj-\\nlay desolate for nearly 40 years. On the death of Beau-\\nchamp, Leverett became bj- law possessed of the whole\\ngrant, and for several years he assumed its management.\\nThrough him the patent descended to his son. Gov. John\\nLeverett of Massachusetts, and in 1714, to President\\nJohn Leverett of Harvard College, the grandson of the\\nlatter, and the great-grandson of the original grantee.\\nIn 1719, peace was apparently restored, and Leverett\\nentered upon measures for resettling and reorganizing\\nthe patent. He parcelled the land into ten shares in\\ncommon, and conveyed them to certain persons thence-\\nforth called the Ten Proprietors. These owners\\nadmitted 20 other partners, termed the Twenty Asso-\\nciates, among whom were Cornelius and Jonathan\\nWaldo of Boston. The Twenty Associates afterwards\\ntransferred to the Waldos, 100,000 acres. Under their\\nauspices, in 1719-20, two plantations, which subsequent-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0608.jp2"}, "597": {"fulltext": "ly became the thriving towns of Thomaston and Warren,\\nwere commenced. This may be regarded as the first\\npermanent settlement of the patent. In 1726, one David\\nDunbar, -who had obtained an appointment styhng him\\nSurvej or-General of the King s Woods, became very\\naggressive. He claimed a reservation of all pine-trees\\nin Maine, in diameter over two feet, as masts for the\\nBritish navy. He drove the lumberers, by force, from\\ntheir homes, seized their timber, and burned their saw-\\nmills. Samuel Waldo was sent to England to procure a\\nrevocation of Dunbar s authority, and in the end suc-\\nceeded. For this, and other valuable ser^^ces, the 30\\npartners conveyed to him one-half ot the whole patent.\\nIn 1 744 he distinguished himself at the capture of Louis-\\nburg, and gained the title of General or Brigadier Waldo.\\nAfter the accession of Gen. Waldo to so large an inter-\\nest in the patent, added to what he had inherited of his\\nfather s share, about 200,000 acres still belonged to the\\nold proprietors. In 1734 Gen. Waldo contracted with\\nthe Twenty Associates to purchase one-half of their\\nshares, leaving them 100,000 acres this arrangement\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was not completed until 1768. Gen. Waldo offered\\nfavorable inducements for Eui opean immigration, and in\\n1749 German colonists established the town of Waldo-\\nborough. Owing to his influence Fort Pownall, Stock-\\nton, -was built at a time when no white inhabitant retained\\na dwelling-place upon the shores of Penobscot River or\\nBelfast Bay. While upon a tour of observation to this\\nportion of his estate, he died suddenly near Bangor,\\nMay 23, 1759, at the age of 63 years. A county,\\ntwo thriving towns, and the lofty elevation of Mount\\nWaldo, perpetuate his name.\\nThe land descended to the general s four children,\\nSamuel, Francis, Lucy and Hannah. The last named\\nbecame the wife of Thomas Flucker, secretary of the\\nProvince. Flucker afterwards purchased the shares be-\\nlonging to Samuel. Lucy died without children, and her\\ninterest fell to the brothers and sisters. Flucker and\\nFrancis Waldo were Tories. Thej removed to England,\\nand their property became forfeited to the State. In\\n1774, Henry Knox, afterwards a general in the Revo-\\nlution, married Miss Lucy Flucker, the second daughter\\nof Thomas and Hannah (Waldo) Flucker, and the grand-\\ndaughter of Gen. Waldo. When the Revolution had\\nended, Gen. Knox purchased four-fifths of the whole\\npatent the remainder was the property of his wife.\\nThe territory was surveyed, the lines adjusted, and in\\n1792 Gen. Knox took formal possession of his estate,\\nwhich then contained only nine incorporated towns. He\\ndid much to induce immigration. Sometime before his\\ndeath which occurred in 1806 he became involved in\\npecuniary embarrassments. In 1798 he mortgaged that\\npart of his domain now comprised in Waldo County to\\nGen. Lincoln and Col. Jackson, who had been his sure-\\nties. This mortgage was in 1802 assigned to Messrs.\\nIsrael Thorndike, David Sears, and William Prescott,\\nof Boston and they foreclosed it. They established a\\nland agency in Belfast in 1809. Many of the land titles\\nin Waldo Count}^ are derived through these proprietors.\\nIt is not known what price was paid for the mortgage\\nby Thorndike, Sears and Prescott. The valuation of\\ntheir unsold land in the county was, in 1815, $148,000.\\nThe lands owned by the original mortgagees are now\\naUenated excepting Brigadier s of Sears Island in Sears-\\nport, which is the property of David and Henry F. Sears,\\nof Boston, great-grandsons of the first mortgagee.\\nIt was not until the j-ear 1 759 that a permanent settle-\\nment was planted in Waldo County. The British crown\\nhad secured and fortified St. John s River, and the en-\\nemy had no other outlet to the sea than through the\\nPenobscot River. Gov. Pownall of Massachusetts hav-\\ning called the attention of the legislature to the im-\\nportance of establishing a fortification at Penobscot,\\nan expedition, headed by the governor, proceeded to the\\nregion, and began the construction of a fort at Wasaum-\\nkeag Point, now Fort Point, within the present limits of\\nStockton. [See p. 479.] It was while accompanying a\\ndetachment which had ascended the river a few miles\\nabove where Brewer now stands, and had taken formal\\npossession of the country for the Province of Massachu-\\nsetts Ba}-, that Gen. Samuel Waldo dropped down in a\\nfit of apoplex}-, and soon after expired.\\nThe deceased general was buried at the Point, with\\nmilitary honors and religious services, on the evening of\\nMay 25, 1759. A sermon, the first in Waldo County,\\nwas preached by Rev. Mr. Phillips. The fort, completed\\nJuly 28, 1759, was called Fort Pownall. Until the Re-\\nvolutionary war a garrison was constantly maintained.\\nGen. Jedediah Preble, with a force of 84 men, was first\\nplaced in command. Both in civil and military life he\\nso distinguished himself as to inscribe his name upon the\\npage of history. He was the father of Commodore\\nPreble, a still more distinguished man. He died at\\nPortland in 1807, at the age of 77. In 1763, Gen.\\nPreble resigned the command of the fort, and was suc-\\nceeded by Col. Thomas Goldthwaite, a native of Chelsea,\\nMass. He was paymaster in the expedition against\\nCrown Point in 1755. While resident at Fort Pownall,\\nhe was commissioned as the first justice of the peace in\\nthis section. He solemnized the first marriages on the\\nriver. In 1770 he was superseded by John Preble, son\\nof the first commander of the fort. But Gov. Hutchin-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0609.jp2"}, "598": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nson, a zealous roj-alist, coming into power the following\\nj-ear, reinstated Goklthwaite into his former office. Be-\\ning a Torj-, Goldthwaitc permitted Capt. Mowatt, of the\\nBritish sloop Canseau to dismantle the fort and take\\naway its defences in 1775. This brought down upon\\nhim the wrath of the settlers. The next year all his\\ncommissions were revoked, and Goldthwaitc joined the\\nBritish forces. He was drowned during the Revolution-\\narj- war bj- the shipwreck of the vessel in which he had\\ntaken passage for Nova Scotia. In July, 1775, the\\nblock-house and all the wooden works were burned to\\nthe ground for fear that they would be occupied by the\\nenemy to the prejudice of the neighboring inhabitants.\\nThe trading-house was kept up until 1777.\\nThe remains of the breastwork of Fort Pownall are\\n3 et to be seen, about 25 rods from the water s edge, in\\nfront of the present great summer hotel, called the\\nWasaumkeag House. Fort Point is the outer promon-\\ntory of what is now the town of Stockton, but was the\\ntown of Prospect formerly. It rises quite abruptly on\\nthe south and east, some CO or 70 feet from the sea, but\\non the westerly side a passage opens of easy ascent from\\nthe water s edge to the heights above. Looking down\\nthe eastern channel of the Penobscot Bay a long and fine\\nsea-view is had, while all the towns and villages from\\nBucksport round nearly to Owl s Head, are distinctly\\nseen. On the old parade-ground a growth of trees\\nsome 18 inches in diameter now stands.\\nOne of the first centennial celebrations ever held in\\nthis country was held at Fort Point, on the 28th of July,\\n1859. The number of persons present was estimated to\\nbe at least 8,000.\\nWhen it was found that the garrison at Fort Pownall\\nafforded protection and securit} the tide of emigration\\nsoon began to set in the direction of Waldo County.\\nBetween 1760 and 1772 all the towns washed bj-\\nPenobscot waters, between Camden and Bangor on the\\none side, and Castine and Brewer on the other, were\\npenetrated by hardy yeomanry, designing here to make\\na home for themselves and their descendants. All the\\ntowns within the shore limits of the count}-, except Sears-\\nport, Stockton and Winterport, received acts of incorpo-\\nration between 1773 and 1812. Little did the men who\\nerected Fort Pownall, or the men who, under its protec-\\ntion, first settled the shores of the Penobscot, apprehend\\nwhat marvellous changes the succeeding century would\\nwitness.\\nThe Rev, Joshua Hall of Frankfort, 91 years of age, was president\\nof the day. Among the aged people in attendance was a Mrs. Bassick,\\naged 97 years, who was born near the fort soon after its erection, and\\nwho had lived to sec its last perishable vestige pass away, and the gene-\\nration with it.\\nTowns.\\nThe city of Belfast is the shire town of Waldo\\nCount} and the terminus of the Belfast and Moosehead\\nLake Railroad. It is situated at the mouth of the Pas-\\nsagassawakeag River, in the north-west angle of Penob-\\nscot Bay, about 20 miles from its entrance, and about\\n10 miles westerly from the mouth of the Penobscot\\nRiver. Belfast Harbor is the north-western arm of Pe-\\nnobscot Ba}\\nThe situation of the city is elevated. Along the shore\\nof the bay and river the land rises graduallj exhibiting\\nan undulating surface, intercepted bv an occasional riv-\\nulet. The summit of Congress Street is 1 78 feet above\\ntide-water. From this point is a prospect of great ex-\\ntent and beauty. Passing over the populous part of the\\ncity, which occupies the declivity of the hill, the eye\\ncommands a A iew of Penobscot Bay, having a width of\\n12 miles, with the lofty peaks of Mount Desert rising in\\nthe far distance.\\nNext to Prospect, as originallj formed, Belfast, then\\ncalled Passagassawakeag Plantation, was the first tract\\nsurveyed b} the Waldo proprietors for actual purchasers.\\nThis was in 1768. The first settlers were of Scotch-\\nIrish extraction, who emigrated to America, and built\\nup a town in New Hampshire, which they called Lon-\\ndonderry.\\nAmong the first settlers of Londonderry was one John\\nMitchell. His son in after j ears acquired a high reputa-\\ntion as a practical surveyor. In 1765, while on the pas-\\nsage from Passamaquoddy, where he had been making\\nsurveys under the direction of Gov. Barnard, he visited\\nPenobscot Bay. Impressed with the natural advantages\\nof the harbor, and learning at Fort Pownall that the\\nland upon which it bordered was for sale, he communi-\\ncated the information to his neighbors. The result was\\nthe establishment of a communitj or proprietary,\\nas it was called, for the purchase of the township.\\nMitchell was the largest owner, and is generall}- regarded\\nas the founder of the town.\\nIn Maj 1770, the first immigration of the new settlers\\ntook place. A party of 30 or more removed their goods\\nfrom Londonderr} to Haverhill. Here a gondola floated\\nthem down to Newburyport, where they embarked. On\\nreaching Belfast, some of the pilgrims were so discour-\\naged at the gloomj prospect that they did not even step\\na foot on shore, but returned iu the vessel. Others,\\nhowever, were not so easilj cast down. With hopeful\\nhearts, James Miller and wife, two sons and a daughter,\\nfirst landed, at the foot of the Frothingham lot. For\\nmanj- years, the descendants of Miller used annually to\\nrepair to the rock where the first landing took place, and\\nI", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0610.jp2"}, "599": {"fulltext": "dulj celebrate the event. The settlement thus begun\\ngrew slowly, and June 22, 1773, Belfast was incorporated\\na town, although but 25 families had arrived. The name\\nwas given by Miller to perpetuate that of his birth-place\\nin Ireland.\\nIn their religious beliefs, the first settlers were rigid\\nPresbj-terians. Two meeting-houses were erected in\\nthe summer of 1792 one on either side of the river.\\nRev. Ebenezer Price, the first minister, was settled four\\nyears after. After the occupation of Castine by the\\nBritish, the settlers deserted the town and did not return\\nuntil 1783. Town government was resumed in 1786.\\nIn the war of 1812, Belfast was invested by the British,\\nbut no harm was done to any person, and all goods taken\\nwere paid for. The first post-oflSce was opened in 1797\\nand Belfast was made a port of entrj in 1818. The\\nHancock Gazette, begun in 1820, was the first news-\\npaper. The present newspapers published in Belfast\\nare The Progressive Age, and The Republican\\nJournal. There are no other papers published in Waldo\\nCounty. Belfast was made the shire town of the county\\nin 1828. A city charter was adopted in 1853. The first\\nmayor was Hon. Ralph C. Johnson.\\nBelfast has twice been visited by extensive conflagra-\\ntions. The first was Oct. 12, 1865, when the loss was\\n$2dO,000. The second, and the more disastrous, oc-\\ncurred during the afternoon and evening of Sunday,\\nAug. 24, 1873. The whole loss by this fire was $350,000.\\nAt present, Belfast is a handsome city, well laid out,\\ncompact in the business portion, while the streets de-\\nvoted to residences are wide and well shaded. In the\\npast, ship-building has been the principal business of the\\nplace, and to-day the citizens have large amounts in-\\nvested in navigation. A large shoe-factorj gives steady\\nemploj-ment to a considerable number of men, and a\\nsash and blind factory is also a flourishing institution.\\nThere are also many minor manufactories. The city\\ncontains two banks, a custom-house, and six churches.\\nThere is no instance of the trial of any person for a\\nThere is extant an ancient acconnt-book, which was liopt at the fort\\nfrom 1773 to 1775. It is in that fine record-hand our ancestors were\\naccustonicd to write, and is in every way a rare cariosity. From the\\nprices charged, the currency then used must have been some kind of\\ndepreciated money. Like almost every book of its kind and date,\\nnearly every other charge reads, for rum. One gallon of this great\\narticle of trade was considered a fair equivalent for about half a dozen\\nmoose. On some pages of the account-book, one-third of the charges\\nare for rum, and on some others, nearly one-half. Against the most\\nrespectable names of that day are frequent charges of J pint rum, 2s. 3d.,\\nand perhaps at the same time, i pound tea, 15s., or two ounces, 7s. 6d.\\nUsing ardent spirits freely at such a price will partly account for the\\npoverty of those early days. Yet so strong was the conviction of their\\nnecessity, or so imperious the demand of appetite, that men would go\\nin debt for N. E. rum at 2s. 3d. a half-pint.\\ncapital oflence alleged to have been committed in Belfast.\\nBut four trials for murder have ever taken place in the\\ncounty. The present population of Belfast is about\\n6,000 valuation of estates, $2,660,879.\\nProspect was the first town settled in Waldo County.\\nThe 3-ear 1759, in which Fort Pownall was erected,\\ndoubtless dates the beginning of its historj-. The early\\nsettlers named their plantation Frankfort. When Frank-\\nfort was incorporated, June 25, 1789, it embraced the\\npresent towns of Hampden, Winterport, Prospect, and\\nparts of Stockton, Searsport and Belfast. Feb. 24, 1794,\\nFrankfort was divided into three towns, and Prospect\\nwas incorporated on that date. The latter, being the\\nlongest settled, retained the old records but not the\\nname. This town was set off from Hancock County,\\nand annexed to Waldo County in 1827. Later, Prospect\\nwas itself divided, Searsport being taken off in 1845,\\nand Stockton in 1857. Fort Point is now in the town of\\nStockton, but for the sake of clearness we shall tell the\\nstory of the first settlement of this region under the\\nhead of Prospect. The first inhabitants of what was\\noriginall3- Frankfort, then Prospect, and now Stockton,\\nsettled near Fort Pownall. Several had been soldiers in\\nthe French and Indian wars, and some had helped to\\nconstruct the fort.*\\nThe season of the Revolution was a time of privation\\nand peril, as well as poverty to the earl}- inhabitants.\\nFort Pownall, having been dismantled, afforded no pro-\\ntection to them. Castine was in the possession of the\\nBritish in 1779. f The people were required to take the\\noath of allegiance to the king of England. But this did\\nnot save them from various annoyances. While the\\nBritish had possession of Castine, they frequently sent\\ntheir boats across the bay for plunder. Subsequentlj\\nthe Americans kept a small force at Camden for the pro-\\ntection of the inhabitants of that vicinit}\\nOne of the earliest settlers of the region contiguous to\\nFort Pownall, was Joshua Treat, the ancestor of the\\ngreat and respectable family of Treats now inhabiting\\nt Great was the terror following the defeat at Castine. Part of the\\nvessels of the American fleet fled up the river, and were pursued in\\nthe night by British vessels, which kept up a firing upon the shore as\\nthey proceeded. The inhabitants fled to the recesses of the forests for\\nsafety. Parents took their children to some deep glen, out of the reach\\nof the enemy s shot. There, wrapping their little ones in blankets,\\nand laying them upon rude beds of boughs, they watched them with\\nsleepless an.xicty.\\nX He is spoken of by Gov. Pownall as Lieut. Joshua Treat, and was\\nemployed by him at Fort St. Georges, when on his voyage to the Penob-\\nscot, as interpreter in an examination there had of some Indians. He\\nevidently was an officer in that fort. When Fort Pownall was built,\\nthat at Georges River was abandoned, and Lieut. Treat being a gun-\\nsmith by trade, soon came to this place, settled near the fort, and pur-\\nsued his trade not only at the garrison, but also with the Indians.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0611.jp2"}, "600": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nKnox, in honor of Gen. Knox of Revolntionarj fame, j\\nThe river here is confined between high banks, and Fort\\nKnox commands tlie narrows and the river in both\\ndirections.* Before the decay of American shipping\\nseveral surrounding towns. He is believed to have\\nbeen the first person of English extraction that settled\\nupon the Penobscot River. Between the time of the\\nsettlement of Mr. Treat, 1759, and 1775, several men,\\nfrom whom have descended large families, settled these j interests considerable ship-building was carried on in\\nshores; Zetham French in 1766, Benj. Shute and Henry Prospect. About one-fourth of the land is fertile,\\nBlack in 1769, Miles Staples near the same time, i the remainder is rockj and hilly. The south branch\\nStaples s son Crawford, bom in 1771, was the first white of Marsh River runs through the town. There arc\\nmale child born in the place. Phoebe, a daughter of three small ponds. The two principal elevations are\\nCharles Curtis, bom\\nFeb. 5, 1770, was\\nthe first white child\\nclaiming nativity in\\nthe town. In 1773,\\nJas. Nichols settled\\nat the shore, wheic\\nthe village of Sears-\\nport now is. John\\nPark and Peleg Pen\\ndleton settled at tli\\nHarbor shortly alt i\\nthe Revolution. John\\nOdom, who settled it\\nSandy Point, about\\nthree miles above the\\nfort, built the first\\nmill on the Penobscot\\nRiver. At the close\\nof the Revolution,\\nthere were 23 fami-\\nlies in the territory\\nafterwards incorpo-\\nrated as the town of\\nProspect. Deep pov-\\nerty prevailed in the\\nlittle communitj\\nThe first post-office\\nin Prospect was es-\\ntablished in 1795, and\\nBcnj. Shute was postmaster. At the time the town\\nwas incorporated, it was 17 miles in length from north\\nto south. About 18 square miles of it were taken\\noff to form Stockton, March 13, 1857, leaving but 13\\nsquare miles to Prospect. The United States govern-\\nment began in 1846 the erection of a stupendous fortifi-\\ncation at Prospect Ferry. Tliis fort was named Fort\\nFort Knox has no garrison it is in cliarge of old Serg t Walker, a\\nveteran who was a favorite of Gen. Scott, and is therefore kept in the\\nservice. The fort is built of granite from Mt. Waldo, and it is massive\\nand solid as the rocks on which it rests. Begun in 1846, it is not yet\\ncompleted, as work on it has long since ceased and will probably\\nnever be resumed. Costing about a million dollars, it stands a monu-\\nFOKT KMiX 1 I (isl K I ML\\n[The view wliich wo have given aiiove, has l t-cn carefully cupici\\nfrom a photograph of this interesting fortification, recently taken\\nHeagan Mountain, in\\nthe north-east, and\\nMack Mountain, in\\nthe west. The popu-\\nlation numbers 886.\\nSeaesport, former-\\nly a part of Prospect\\nand Belfast, was set\\noff and incorijoratcd\\nFeb. 13, 1845, and\\nnumcd in honor of\\nI )avid Sears of Bos-\\nton, owner of Sears s\\nIsland. The village\\nis located on the Pe-\\nnobscot River, and is\\na landing-place for\\nsteamers. Back from\\nthe river there are\\nsome excellent farms.\\nThe inhabitants have\\nalways been largely\\ninterested in naviga-\\ntion and ship -build-\\ning. The natural ad-\\nvantages of the place\\nare indeed remark-\\nable. There is a fine\\nharbor, and therefore\\nexcellent facilities for\\nship-building. Man} wealth} sea-captains reside here.\\nA spool-factor} does a prosperous business. There are\\nseveral shipyards, and some of the best ships that float\\nhave been built here. The churches are three in number.\\nAt a large and handsome building called Union Hall,\\nthe Farmers and Mechanics Association hold an annual\\nfair, which has ever a great variety of exhibits. Many\\nment of human folly; for since the present advance in the science of\\nwar, it would not be much more eifective in time of danger than an\\nancient feudal castle of the Middle Ages. A walk through its winding\\npassages and long encircling rifle-gallery is interesting to the visitor,\\nbut wearisome. The fort has reached its only usefulness that of a\\ngood show place.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0612.jp2"}, "601": {"fulltext": "of the farmers arc those enterprising and adventurous\\nmen who have made their town famous the world over\\nfor the beaut} and stanchness of its ships, as well\\nas for the skill with which the}- are handled. And\\nthey are good farmers, saj-s the Belfast Journal,\\nstrange as it may seem that those who in their j oung\\ndaj-s ploughed the sea, should in the leisure of middle\\nage successfullj- plough the land. Thej^ bring into their\\nland vocation the heartiness of the sea, and the en-\\nthusiasm of the amateur. They have travelled. The\\nquiet-looking man who smokes his evening pipe at the\\ngate can, if he chooses, tell you of the dangers of the\\nsea in far-off regions, of hurricanes and cyclones, of\\nthe sailor s perilous }ard-arm in mid-ocean gales, of the\\nwinter night s watch on the icy deck, of the captain s\\nanxietj for the safety of property- and life. Thej^ have\\ndoubled the eastern and western capes, sailed to far\\nIndia and Australia, and brought the wealth of seas to\\nimprove and adorn their homes. One prevailing excel-\\nlence of the Searsport man is the neatness about his\\ngrounds. It is born of that pride which delights in the\\nsmart appearance of a ship, and which holj stones the\\ndeck to snowy whiteness, squares the yards to exactness,\\nand disposes the running rigging in concentric coils. So\\nthe home on land is one of clipped lawns, handsome\\nhouses, well-kept fences, and a general air of thrift.\\nThe population in 1870 was 2,282.\\nStockton, on the west bank of the Penobscot River,\\nwas incorporated from Prospect, March 13, 1857. The\\ntown comprises much level and productive land. For-\\nmerly ship-building was extensively earned on, and\\nmuch of the wealth of the town is due to that business.\\nThere are good harbors at Sandy Point, Fort Point Cove\\nand Cape Jellison. A light-house, erected in 1837,\\nstands on Fort Point, which has an elevation of 123 feet\\nabove the level of the sea. Population in 1870, 2,089.\\nWiNTERPORT, formerlj part of Frankfort, is situated\\non a fine harbor in the Penobscot River, which is gener-\\nally open in winter, hence the name of the town. The\\ncapacious wharves, large storehouses and quiet ship-yards,\\ntell of the former activity and prosperit} Since 1870\\nthere has been little, if anj-, increase of population,\\nmany mechanics having moved to the granite islands of\\nPenobscot Bay, while some have gone West. Formerly\\nship-building was carried on, making this one of the\\nmost prosperous towns in Maine. The hard times of\\n1857, and stagnation of vessel property following,\\nbrought financial ruin to builders and owners but an\\nThese haulers were dubbed Israelites, for their early rising. Fre-\\nquently 100 or more teams would bo on the wharf for a load, at one or\\ntwo o clock, A. M. in the winter, and the late hours of the day would\\noccasional vessel has been built here since then. Years\\nago large quantities of flour, grain, and other commodi-\\nties were landed here and hauled 13 miles to Bangor,\\nthus making employment for farmers teams for miles\\naround.*\\nThirty years ago Theophilus Cushing conducted a steam\\nmill, the usual annual product of which was 11,000,000 i\\nfeet of lumber, and 200,000 sugar-box shooks. The\\nmill then employed 100 men, and was run day and night.\\nVVinterport is the pioneer town in the State in the man-\\nufacture of clothing. The town was incorporated March\\n12, 18G0. Population in 1870, 2,744.\\nLiNCOLNViLLE, situated on the western shore of Penob-\\nscot Bay, was incorporated June 23, 1802, and named in\\nhonor of Gen. Lincoln of Massachusetts. The first per-\\nmanent settlement was made bj Nathan Knight, in 1770,\\nand on the farms now occupied by his two grandsons,\\nRufus and Samson Knight. j\\nJoseph Thomas settled in the plantation in 1773, on\\nthe farm where Capt. James Thomas now resides the\\nlatter is the only surviving member of a large family.\\nCharles Thomas, brother of Joseph, came about the\\nsame time ho had a family of 20 children, all living at\\none time. Noah Miller was another earlj- comer. At\\none time he was so straitened for bread for his family-, j\\nthat he travelled on foot to the distant town of Waldo-\\nborough, and paid four dollars for one peck of corn.\\nHaving got it ground, he brought it home on his back, fol-\\nlowing a rugged path over the mountain. He arrived at\\nhome about midnight. The faithful mother of his chil-\\ndren made some bread immediately, and awakening the\\nlittle ones, gave each one a piece it was the first bread\\nthej- had had for two weeks.\\nMaj. Gen. George Ulmer, who called the first town\\nmeeting, settled at Duck Trap, shortl}- after the close of\\nthe Revolution, in which war he was an officer. lie was\\nborn in Waldoborough, Feb. 25, 1756. Gen. Ulmer\\nengaged largely in the lumber business, and was one of\\nthe most noted and prominent men in this section. In\\nany group or assembly of men. Gen. Ulmer was person-\\nally conspicuous tall, broad-shouldered, and somewhat\\ncorpulent, he always bore the air of a military man. His\\nholiday dress was ever of the militarj- cut. He died at\\nKendall s Mills, where he had removed some years pre-\\n\\\\-ious.\\nMajor Philip Ulmer, brother to George, was born in\\nWaldoborough, Dec. 25, 1751. He was an officer in the\\nRevolution, and was at Bigujduce, now Castine, when it\\nfind the early bird of the morning back for a second load, so that ho\\ncould get an early start on the next morning. The road to Bangor was,\\nin good sledding, covered by one continual string of teams.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0613.jp2"}, "602": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwas taken by the British. He settled here soon after the\\nwar.\\nMrs. Hope Gould, a daughter of Noah Miller, was the\\nfirst female child born in Lincoln\\\\ille. The first white\\nperson buried in the town was a man named Car^^er,\\nbelonging in Waldoborough. He became lost in the\\nwoods, and after wandering in the forest for a number of\\ndaj-s without food, arrived at the house of Nathan\\nKnight in a perishing condition. He survived but a few\\nhours. He was buried near the margin of the beautiful\\nmeadow in the vicinity of Lincolnville Comer.\\nThe first settlers of this town during the Revolutionary\\nstruggle, endured great privations and suffering, not\\nonly from the common difficulties incident to the settle-\\nment of a new country, but from the depredations of the\\nTories, who robbed them and drove off their cattle and\\nsold them to the British, then at Biguyduce. These set-\\ntlers of this town would undoubtedly have perished for\\nwant of food, had it not been for the abundance of wild\\ngame at that time.\\nThere are three small villages Duck Trap, French s\\nBeach, and Lincolnville Centre. The two former, or\\nrather the one continuous village which extends two\\nmiles along the shores of the baj has an extended har-\\nbor of good anchorage. The surface of the town is\\nbroken and hillj Peaked Mountain, in the north-west\\npart, has an elevation of 800 feet. The shore villages\\nlie upon the bay between the two eminences which form\\nthe two ends of the semi-circular chain of hills. It will\\nat once be seen how these settlements became the depots\\nof the larger part of Lincolnville, as well as of other\\ntowns. Formerly considerable ship-building was carried\\non, the facilities for procuring the timber in this and the\\nadjacent towns then being good. It was here that the\\nbarque Georgiana was built, which was seized by\\nthe Spanish steamer Pizarro, and confiscated bj the\\ngovernment of Spain. Thirty j-ears ago 100,000 barrels\\nof lime were made at Lincolnville now the manufacture\\nis reduced to a small amount. Farming is at present\\nthe principal occupation, and as an agricultural town\\nLincolnville ranks high. There are three church edifices.\\nPopulation, 1,900.\\nSearsmont. The first permanent settlement occurred\\nabout 1800 the town was incorporated and named for\\nthe first of its three proprietors, Feb. 5, 1814. The pop-\\nulation in 1870 was 1,418. In the latter part of the last\\ncentury there was undoubtedly more pine standing in\\nSearsmont than in any other town in the Waldo patent.\\nThis fact, and the feasibility of turning the pine to a\\nready account, early attracted the attention of Gen.\\nKnox, the proprietor under Flucker. His lumbering\\noperations in Searsmont were continued from 1798 to\\n1806, the last date being two years subsequent to what I\\nmay be called the first settlement.\\nOne of the pioneers, and withal the singular characters\\nof Searsmont, was Mr. Joseph Meservey. He was famil- j\\niarly called Uncle Joe. He had lived to see a flourish- i\\ning village grow up where 70 j-ears before he had hunted\\nwith the red man, the moose, deer, bear and wolf.*\\nSearsmont once had its hermit, Mr. Timothj- Barret.\\nHe had his abode at the head of Hook s mill-pond,\\nsleeping in a hollow log, or cave, for nearlj- 35 j-ears.\\nCivilization advancing upon him, he retreated to the west\\nbranch of George s River, at the head of True s mill-\\npond, in Montville, where, in his hermit s soUtude, he\\ncontinued to live until his death.\\nThe growth of Searsmont has been slow, though the\\nfarming is good, and the water-privileges are perhaps\\nunequalled by those of any town in the State.\\nMontville, originallj called Davistown, and incor-\\nporated, Feb. 18, 1807, has a population of 1,468. It\\nwas settled between 1780 and 1783. The first perma-\\nnent settler was James Davis, a Presb3 terian minister\\nfrom Massachusetts. Hence the name Davistown. Wm.\\nClark and Archibald McAlister were also earlj- settlers. I\\nTimothy Barret, from Concord, Mass., to whom refer-\\nence is made in Searsmont, came in 1793. I\\nThe surface of the town is broken into hills. In the j\\ncentre is Hogback Mountain, a considerable eminence.\\nThe principal business of the town is farming the\\nslopes of the hills furnish good pasturage, and in many 1\\nplaces fair tillage. Lumber was once extensively manu-\\nfactured, but now the forests are nearly exhausted.\\nThere are four church edifices, and three postal vil-\\nlages, Montville, Centre Montville and South Mont- i\\nville.\\nBenj. White of Montville was a representative to\\nCongress in 1843 he was a farmer. Rev. Ebenezer\\nKnowlton, another resident, was representative to Con-\\ngress in 1855. Richard S. Aj-er, who now resides in\\nA writer in an old newspaper printed 30 years ago, says of Uncle I small island of which we have spoken. The beautiful place of his resting\\nJoe Mcsen cy, then living lie has always preserved his youthful is known to very few and this is all the world knows of him, who he\\npredilection for the forest and the stream. Among the earlier recoUec- was, except by name, and why he chose the solitary life of the forest. His\\ntions of Mr. Meservey, is that of a Mr. Braddock, who lived in a camp simple request marks him as a man who had fine sensibility, however\\nalone, near the head of the pond. There he died, and by his o\\\\vn re- rough might have been his person or manner. How many romances\\nquest, made to these only companions he knew, he was buried upon the have had a less romantic foundation than these simple circumstances.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0614.jp2"}, "603": {"fulltext": "Montville, was formerly representative in Congress from\\nVirginia.\\nFrankfort is situated on the west side of Penob-\\nscot River, 15 miles from Belfast, on the Belfast and\\nBangor stage-Hue. It was incorijorated, June 25, 1789.\\nOriginally Frankfort extended from the Sowadabscook\\nstream to Belfast. It was the north-east town in the\\nWaldo patent.\\nThe first settlers were J. Treat, E. Grant, J. Kinna-\\nkum, J. Woodman, P. King, S. Kenney and E. Ide. These\\nsettlers got their living by hunting moose, beaver and\\nmuskrats, and by fishing in Penobscot River.\\nShip-building was formerly extensively carried on in\\nFrankfort, but it has now died out. John Kempton of\\nOak Point built the first vessel. The inhabitants were\\nat one time extensively interested in navigation, and\\nseveral good-sized fortunes were once made in it. There\\nare some well-cultivated farms, but the surface is rough\\nand broken. In the south part of the town are Mount\\nWaldo and Mosquito Mountain, where there are quarries\\nof granite, immense quantities of which are annually\\nwrought out. Mt. Waldo is a huge, dome-shaped mass\\nof naked rock, and rises 964 feet above the river. It\\ncan be seen for the distance of 20 miles around. From\\nits summit a magnificent view is obtained, embracing a\\nvast extent of countrj dotted with villages, hamlets and\\ntowns, among which are the cities of Bangor and Belfast.\\nThe mountain is composed entirely of a peculiar porphj--\\nritic granite remarkably pure, free from foreign mat-\\nters, and wiU resist well the action of the weather.*\\nMosquito Mountain is 527 feet in height above high-\\nwater mark. It is composed entirely of porphyritic\\ngranite, which is extensively quarried. The rock is a\\nhandsome building material, and withstands the action\\nof the TV eather without changing color. Operations were\\nfirst commenced there in May, 1838, since which time a\\nlarge fortune s worth of granite has been quarried and\\nhammered for the New York market. The Albany\\nExchange is constructed of this stone. From this quarry\\nthe Maine block of granite was forwarded to Washing-\\nton, in 1849, for the Washington National Monument.\\nThe population of Frankfort in 1870 was 1,152.\\nNoRTHPORT is on the west side of Penobscot Bay, and\\njoins Belfast on the south. It has nine miles of sea-\\ncoast. The na\\\\ igable advantages are good, nevertheless\\nit is not a seaport of much importance. Formerly there\\nThe Pharaohs of Egypt, Bays Dr. Jackson, would have gloried\\nin a mountain like this, for after removing sufficient granite to build a\\ncity, the nucleus, if left in a pyramidal form, would be more than twice\\nthe magnitude of the Great Pyramid of Egypt, and this mountain has\\nthe advantage of being founded upon an immovable basis.\\nwere some ship-building and lime-burning done here, but\\nboth industries have fallen into decay. The principal\\nresource of the town is agriculture. The surface is\\nbroken, especially along the shore a high bluflf that\\nrises directly from the water, can be seen for a great dis-\\ntance on the bay, while from its crest the view is of\\ngreat extent and beauty. Northport was first settled\\nabout 1780, and formed the north part of the plantation\\nof Duck Trap until it was incorporated, Feb. 13, 1796.\\nThe first settlers were Thomas Burkmar, Samuel Bird,\\nDavid Miller and others. These men were hardly\\nsettled when they were called off to the war of the\\nRevolution. The settlement made no progress until\\npeace was proclaimed. While the British troops held\\nCastine across the bay they made raids upon the\\nfarmers and fishermen of this plantation, and sometimes\\nshots were exchanged between the Yankee yeomen and\\nthe red-coats but no blood was spilled. The place\\ngrew but slowly, and its history is uneventful.\\nThere are three small villages Brown s Corner, Wes-\\nleyan Camp Ground and Saturday Cove. The second\\nnamed is a picturesque collection of summer cottages in\\na noble grove on the shores of the baj Formerly the\\nMethodist societies of the neighboring towns met here\\nevery year in the month of August, lived in canvas\\ntents and held open-air meetings gradually they began\\nto build cottages and reside several weeks in the summer\\nat the camp-ground. Within the last few years the\\nplace has grown rapidly, and now there are nearly 300\\ncottages and a large hotel, which in the summer of 1878\\nentertained upwards of 3,000 guests. This resort at\\nfast changing from its original design, as a place of\\nreligious gathering, to a summer watering-place. Dur-\\ning the warm season several steamers touch at the wharf,\\nand there are daily excursions from all the river and\\nshore towns. The natural beauties of the place are\\nmany it reminds one forcibly of the Cottage City of\\nMartha s Vineyard.\\nThe third-named village, Saturday Cove, is also finely\\nsituated upon the bay, with a view of Long Island, with\\nits farm-houses and churches, immediately opposite, and\\noffers, by its retired and pleasant position, as well as by\\nits refreshing air, a pleasant sojourn in warm weather.\\nThere is a neat and cosy hotel here.\\nThe salubrious climate and quiet life of Northport are\\nfitted to produce longevity, and many of the citizens\\nhave attained a good old age, but none before reached the\\nyears of Mrs. Rebecca Pendleton, who died in 1863,\\naged 104 years and 6 months.\\nThere is one church edifice, occupied by all denomina-\\ntions, and at Wesleyan Grove there is a sheltered pulpit", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0615.jp2"}, "604": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nand a large collection of comfortable benches roofed only\\nby the overhanging branches of trees.\\nPopulation atlast census, 902.\\nIsLESBOEOUGH consists of several small islands and a\\nlarge one, in Penobscot Bay. The latter is called Long\\nIsland, and is 12 miles in length, and 3 miles in its\\ngreatest width, but in the middle it does not exceed\\nthree rods in width. The population in 1870 was 1,230.\\nThe settlement was begun in 1769, by Wm. Pendleton\\nand Benj. Thomas. The town was incorporated Jan.\\n28, 1789. One of the early settlers named Gilkey was\\nimpressed into the British sen-ice, while his wife and\\ntwo children were left in povert}- on the island to gain a\\nliving as they best could. At the end of the Revolution\\nthe town began to be tLicklj settled. In June, 1794,\\nElder Thomas Ames was ordained the first pastor.\\nThe inhabitants are largelj* engaged in maritime pur-\\nsuits, but far more so formerlj- than now. In 1855, 153\\nvessels sailed from Islesborough, many of which were\\nowned in the town, while all the masters were residents\\nthere. The inhabitants are hardy, vigorous and intelli-\\ngent. Islesborough has three churches, all Baptist, and\\neight school districts.\\nThe towns of Waldo County not already described\\nare: Trot (incorporated in 1812, population l,2i:i),\\nfirst called Bridgton Plantation, in honor of Gen. Bridge,\\nand at the time of its incorporation as a town known as\\nKing% iUe: Unity (1804, 1,202), having a number of\\nmanufacturing establishments: Moneoe (1818, 1,375),\\na farming town named for President Monroe Palermo\\n(1804, 1,224), containing saw and grist mills: Liberty\\n(1827, 907), a manufacturing town of considerable\\nacti\\\\ ity and thrift: Knox (1819, 890), so called in\\nhonor of Gen. Henry Knox, and a good agricultural\\ntown: Brooks (1816, 868), mainly engaged in farm-\\ning: Freedom (1813, 717) Jackson (1818, 707), con-\\ntaining the remains of the celebrated Great Farm of\\nthe proprietors of the Waldo Patent, and the native\\ntown of Ezra Abbot, LL. D., the distinguished oriental\\nscholar: Burnham (1824, 788), well supplied with\\nwater-power by the Sebasticook River: Belmont (1814,\\n629), a pleasant rural town: Swanville (1818, 770)\\nThoendike (1819, 730), having a number of flourishing\\nfarms: Waldo (1845, 648), formerly engaged quite\\nlargely in the manufacture of lumber and Morrill\\n(1855, 523), the birthplace of Addison O. Whitney.\\nkilled, at the age of 22 years, in the Baltimore riot of\\nApril 19, 1861.\\nWASHINGTON COUNTY.\\nBY GEORGE W. DRISKO.\\nThere is strong evidence that the first English foot-\\nprint upon the soil of Maine was on Cross Island, at\\nthe mouth of Machias River. This first adventurer on\\nthese shores was Capt. John Rut and his crew of\\nthe English vessel called The Mary of Guilford, in\\n1527. Capt. Rut reconnoitered along the shore of\\nMaine, sailing westerly from Liverpool, N. S. His\\njournal shows that he landed on a small island, westerly\\nfrom Eastport, which he called Neutral, and which,\\nin 1603, was named by De Monts, the Holy Cross.\\nEvidence of De Monts visit to Cross Island existed to\\nwithin the present century, and by the white settlers\\nwas attributed to the Indians.\\nThere is no authentic record of a settlement bj whites\\non Machias River prior to June, 1763. There is good\\nauthority for the belief that trading-posts were estab-\\nlished here prior to that date also that Richard Vines\\nset up a trading-house on the west side of Machias\\nRiver, near Clark s Point, now Machiasport, in 1632 or\\n33. Vines did not remain here long, but left his store\\nin charge of five men. In less than one month, La\\nTour, a French explorer on the Maine coast, visited\\nVines s store and confiscated all the property, made pris-\\noners of the men and sent the whole to France. In\\n1644 the French planted a few habitations here, but were\\nunsuccessful and in 1674 a similar effort by them re-\\nsulted in failure.\\nIn July, 1734, Gov. Belcher visited Machias River.\\nHe was accompanied by Rev. Mr. Prince, pastor of the\\nOld South Church Edward Winslow, sheriff of Suffolk\\nCounty; and other distinguished residents of Boston.\\nThis company spent a Sabbath on board their vessel in\\nthe harbor, but found no inhabitants in the region.\\nThese visits attracted the attention of the Massachu-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0616.jp2"}, "605": {"fulltext": "setts Colonj- to this section of the territoiy now Wash-\\nington Count}-, and efforts were made to encourage set-\\ntlement here. In 1748 Richard Hazen was emplo3-ed bj-\\nthe governor to make survej s and form a chart and plan\\nof the coast.\\nThe governor of Massachusetts in 1753 recommended\\nthe appointment of a tribunal for the settlement of land\\ntitles, and for devising measures for filling up the country\\nwith settlers.\\nFloreutius Vassal, a resident of the Island of Jamaica,\\nproposed that if Massachusetts would transfer the terri-\\ntorj- between St. Croix and Penobscot to him and his\\nassociates, thej would settle there, within a specified\\ntime, such a number of inhabitants as would form an\\neffective barrier to the French, and hold in check the\\nIndian tribes. The legislative branches assured him\\nthat if he would, within five j ears, obtain His Majestj s\\napprobation, introduce 5,000 settlers, a proportionate\\nnumber of Protestant clerg3 men, and satisfy the Indians\\n1 as to their claims, the emigrants should have all the\\nI lands they would settle, and all the islands within three\\nmiles of the coast.\\nAbout 1760 another proposition was made to Massa-\\nchusetts, b} the Earl of Catherlough and Francis Vassal,\\nto settle the lands on each side of the Machias River, 12\\nmiles in width, extending from the mouth of the river\\nupward for 50 miles, the colony to contain 600 Protest-\\nant families, and not less than 3,000 persons. This was\\nso near the close of the old French war, that nothing\\nwas done. About this time the king authorized the\\nGeneral Court of Massachusetts to make free grants of\\nland, which might be selected from the royal domains, to\\nthose officers and privates who had ser\\\\ ed in the French\\nand Indian wars, just terminated. A captain was to\\nreceive 3,000, a subaltern 2,000, and a private 50 acres.\\nThis decree of the king no doubt interfered with the\\nproposition of Catherlough and Vassal.\\nAfter the close of the Indian war, in 1760, the native\\ntribes of Maine, especially the Quoddies and other\\nlesser tribes, between Quoddj and the Penobscot, mani-\\nfested a disposition to maintain peace and amity with\\nthe white settlers, and to the present time this friendship\\nhas not been interrupted. This, and the cessation of\\nactive hostilities between the English and French, proved\\nto be events of great utility to the settlers of Washing-\\nton County.\\nFor many years Joseph Neptune was the chief of the\\nPassamaquoddie tribe. He was assisted b} Francis\\nNacola Neptune, Captain Salmo, and other leading\\nIndians. Their fighting force numbered 500 able-bodied\\nmen. During the Revohitionarj- war this force of\\nfriendly- Indians was increased to 600. Joseph Neeala\\nwas the chief of the Indian forces at Machias. The\\nMereshete tribe, who had their headquarters at or\\nnear St. Andrew s, N. B., contributed many fighting\\nIndian aids and expert gunners to the Machias colonists,\\nin their subsequent successful efforts to repulse British\\nwar vessels which were sent to reduce Machias and all\\nneighboring settlements. The descendants of the above-\\nnamed chiefs have in their possession Proclamations\\nand Letters, greeting, issued as early as 1776-7, by\\nJeremiah Powell, president of the Council, at Boston,\\nfor the State Massachusetts Bay. These letters and\\ndocuments, so much as could be deciphered, were pub-\\nlished in the early part of 1857, in the Boston Jour-\\nnal, and the latter part of the same j ear were incorpo-\\nrated, bj the publishers of the Machias Union, into a\\nvolume entitled The Life of Hannah Weston.\\nThe principal rivers in Washington County are the\\nNarraguagus, Pleasant River, Machias, Denny s and the\\nSt. Croix. These rivers were formerly noted for their\\nfalls and rapids, affording excellent power for driving\\nmachinerj for their lakes, ample reservoirs, frequented\\nby pickerel, trout, togue, perch and salmon. They were\\nheavily timbered on their sources, and at their outlets\\nvast territories of salt marsh have been diked, re-\\nclaimed and made valuable ha3--producing lands. The\\nbottom lauds are rich, and these tracts, fine arable soils,\\nare bearing heavy j-ields of corn, wheat, ha} and potatoes.\\nThe fisheries emplo} an extensive capital and large\\nnumbers of men and boys. At Lubec, and other places\\nin proximity to Passamaquoddy Bay, fishing is a re-\\nmunerative industry.\\nThe granite business is receiving much attention.\\nExcellent granite is found for building purposes at Addi-\\nson, Jonesborough, Marshfield, and Red Beach in Calais.\\nQuarries are in operation in each of the above places.\\nAt Red Beach improved machinery- has been erected, for\\nsawing, planing and moulding, so that posts for gate-\\nway s, arches and bases, and columns for monuments,\\ntops for tables, and shelves and chimney-pieces are fur-\\nnished. The Scotch granite, at Red Beach, when pol-\\nished, becomes a beautiful material for house-furnishing.\\nPrior to May, 1790, all that part of Maine east of\\nthe Kennebec was known as Lincoln County. In May,\\nHancock and Washington counties were organized, in-\\ncluding all the territory east of the Penobscot River.\\nThe di\\\\ ision line between Hancock and Washington\\nwas the westerlj^ line of Steuben the latter included in\\nWashington, the western town, and Gouldsborough, the\\neastern town in Hancock. Washington County, in 1790,\\ncontained 2,758 inhabitants.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0617.jp2"}, "606": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nBj^ an act of Congress, passed in 1789, all the coasts\\nand ports of Maine were classed into nine commercial\\ndistricts, in each of which a collector and other customs\\nofficers were appointed bj President Washington. Ma-\\nchias was made a port of entrj-, and Stephen Smith\\nreceived the appointment of collector.\\nSince the earliest settlement of the county, the people\\nhave been largel}- engaged in ship-building, and are now\\nextensive ship-owners. In 1873, 9,482 tons of shipping\\nwere built in Machias district.\\nIn 1856, 17 vessels, 100 to 1,000 tons each, were built\\nat Robbinston. Pembroke, Calais, East Machias, Lubec,\\nMillbridge, Columbia Falls and Addison are ship-build-\\ning towns.\\nThere are many enterprising vessels masters in the\\nabove towns. The J oung men commence sea-life at an\\nearl_v age. By saving their earnings, at 21 thej are fre-\\nqueutlj masters and owners of an eighth or a fourth of\\nthe vessel each commands. In a few years thej become\\nshareholders in several vessels. When they retire from\\nsea-life they not unfrequently become builders them-\\nselves.\\nTowns.\\nMachias. In 1762 persons from Scarborough, Me.,\\nin scows and boats, passed along the shores of the State\\neastwardly as far as Machias River. They landed in\\nSeptember, and made some explorations of the marshes,\\nwater-power, forests of timber, and privileges for fishing\\nand trapping game. On their return their neighbors\\nwere so well pleased with the report thej made, that an\\nassociation of 16 persons was formed the succeeding\\nwinter, and in the April ensuing they embarked in a\\nsmall vessel at Black Point, and on the 20th of May,\\n1763, they landed at Machias.\\nThese settlers made a double log-house on the bank\\nof the river, where is now the central part of the town.\\nTwo women, wives of Westbrook Berry and Isaac Lar-\\nrabee, and their children, were of the compan3 Joel\\nBonney, a millwright, and Wooden Foster, blacksmith,\\nhad been hired by the settlers to assist in building a mUl.\\nThis saw-mill, the first built on the Machias, or in\\nthis section of Maine, was erected on the site now occu-\\npied by Ilemenway s steam-mill.\\nIn August, 17G3, the wives and families of nine more\\nof the settlers were removed from Scarborough to Ma-\\nchias. They were conveyed in a vessel by Capt. Joseph\\nWallace, father of the Capt. Joseph Wallace who settled\\nat Mill River, now Harrington, about the same time\\nMachias was settled. In 1765, the colony was increased\\nby immigrants from Scarborough, Kittery, Cornwallis,\\nN. S., Boston, and other places.\\nIn 1787, the saw-mills were destroyed by fire. In the\\nspring of 1789, a high freshet carried 3,000 logs out\\nto sea, and damaged the mills to the amount of \u00c2\u00a3600.\\nIn 1794, 1,600,000 feet of lumber was manufactured in\\nthe place.\\nMorris O Brien and his sons came to Machias in 1765.\\nHe had resided at Boston, but was a native of Ireland.\\nO Brien and his sons built a double saw-mill on the site\\nwhere the present Dublin mill stands. The O Briens\\nsettled on the south side of the river hence the name\\nDublin given that important section of the town.\\nThe season of 1767 was noted as a season of great\\nscarcit} The winter was unusuallj severe, harbors\\nwere ice-bound, spring was late. It has been designated\\npoverty times. The settlers subsisted on clams,\\neels, potatoes and moose meat the latter a luxury.\\nIn 1768, Ichabod Jones, Jonathan Longfellow and\\nothers built a double mill on the island, where the Rock\\nmill now stands. Tlie same year, Joseph Getchell and\\nothers built a saw-mill at the outlet of Bowker s Lake,\\non Middle River, now Marshfleld. A militia company\\nof 100 men was formed in 1769. Stephen Jones was\\nconunissioned captain.\\nLate in the year 17G9, 80 men, all residents of Ma-\\nchias, addressed a petition to the General Court of Mas-\\nsachusetts Bay, for a grant of land eight by ten miles\\nsquare, to include all the settlers lots in Machias. The\\nGeneral Court, on the 26th of April, 1770, acted upon\\nthe request, and granted the tract desired and described\\nbj- the petitioners. His Majesty s surveyor restricted\\ncutting all trees on the township 21 inches in diameter\\n12 inches upward from the ground. Similar reserves\\nwere made in all land grants, the timber being designed\\nfor use in the ro3 al navj The larger and best trees\\nwere called king s masts. A fine of \u00c2\u00a3100 was imposed\\nfor cutting such reserved trees without a license. This\\ngrant established the petitioners proprietors or owners\\nin fee of the soil, within the limits described.\\nThe town now seemed to enter upon general prosper-\\nity. Immigrants were arriving monthly new lots were\\ntaken up above and below, on both sides of the river,\\nand saw-mills were erected at East Machias and on the\\noutlet of Gardner s Lake.\\nIn Jul}-, 1771, the settlers voted to hire a minister of\\nthe gospel.\\nIn 1774, the first meeting-house was built. It was\\nplaced on a lot given by George Libby, the same lot\\non which Libby Hall now stands. The church was one\\nstory high, 42 feet long, and 25 feet wide. There were\\nno pews, but plank seats arranged on each side of the\\nnarrow aisle. The cost was met by private subscription.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0618.jp2"}, "607": {"fulltext": "The building cost $220. On the 29th of Ma}-, 1786, by\\nvote of the town, \u00c2\u00a3200 were raised to build two meeting-\\nhouses.\\nThe people at Machias are noted, not only for having\\ndeclared war against Great Britain, and introduced the\\nRevolution, as it were, on their own responsibility, but\\nfor having fought the first naval battle, and captured the\\nfirst naval prize of the Revolutionary epoch. A Mr.\\nIchabod Jones of Boston, and temporarily residing in\\nMachias, having, in 1774, brought from Boston to Ma-\\nchias two boat-loads of provisions, which, by the British\\nAdmiral Graves he had been directed to exchange for\\nlumber for the use of the British troops, and the patriots\\nof Machias having quietlj determined that Jones s ves-\\nsels with their lumber should not return to Boston, ar-\\nrangements were made for attacking the latter, together\\nwith the British naval consort of the same, the Marga-\\nretta, Capt. INIoore, commander. The chief leader in\\nthe proposed attack on the Margaretta and Jones s\\nvessels was Benjamin Foster, a bold, energetic man,\\nwho had had some experience in the French wars. He\\nwas strongly supported bj- one Jeremiah O Brien. After\\na meeting or two had been called for purposes of con-\\nsultation, plans were matured first of all for the capture\\nof Jones s vessels, which were successful. These were\\nthen duly manned, and an attack made on Capt. Moore.\\nDuring the brief conflict which followed, the latter was\\nmortally wounded, and his vessel surrendered. The\\nMargaretta was taken to Machias, and her crew\\ndetained as prisoners of war. Capt. Moore was taken\\nto the house of Stephen Jones, where he died, June 13,\\n1775. Tradition states that on board the Margaretta\\nwere two 3 oung ladies, to one of whom Capt. Moore\\nwas shortly to be married. Shortl} after this, the\\nschooner Diligence, carrying four four-pound guns,\\nand the schooner Tatmagouch, were also captured bj-\\nCaptains Foster and O Brien.* For these brave deeds\\nthese patriots and their associates, as yet utterly unrec-\\nognized, received a vote of thanks at the hands of the\\nProvincial Congress.\\nIn the summer of 1777, the governor of Nova Scotia\\nordered Sir George Collier, with a fleet of 4 vessels and\\n80 men, to proceed to Machias and reduce it, as a chas-\\ntisement of the people for their resistance to the king s\\nauthority. So warm, however, was the reception which\\nAlbert Gallatin, afterwards in Jefferson s cabinet as secretary of the\\ntreasury, came to Machias in September, 1780. He was placed in com-\\nmand of the fort at Quoddy, and when he left for Eastport, ho assisted\\nhis men in dragging a cannon a distance of nearly fifty miles through\\nthe woods, over streams, there were no bridges or turnpikes, to be\\nplaced in the intrenchraents at Quoddy. When .at Machias ho made\\nI\\nthey received, that they were glad to beat an earlj- and\\na hasty retreat to Halifax.\\nThe British obtained no foothold at Machias during\\nthe Revolutionarj war. j\\nMachias was incoqjorated June 22, 1784. Popula- i\\ntiou, 2,530.\\nThe town has some fine public buildings. The court-\\nhouse and jail, brick and granite, were built, the former\\nin 1855 at a cost of $25,000, and the latter in 1857 at a\\ncost of 835,000. Centre Street Church and Libby Hall\\nare fine wooden buildings. The post-office and custom-\\nhouse, erected in 1871, of brick and granite, cost\\n\u00c2\u00a730,000. This afi ords as large and well arranged offices\\nas any similar building in Maine.\\nThe town has nine buildings for the use of schools,\\nsome being large and commodious. There are thirteen\\nsaw-miUs, one operated by steam, the others by water-\\npower. There are six lath-mills two grist-mills card-\\ning-machine one foundry and machine shop, and three\\ncarriage-factories.\\nThe first newspaper published in Machias was by\\nJeremiiih O. Balch, dated Dec. 23, 1823, caUed the\\nEastern Star.\\nThe water-power afforded by the falls at Machias, is\\none of the finest in North America. Vessels of 600 tons\\nreceive cargoes within 300 feet of the saw-mills, and mill-\\nmachinery is secure, hence valuable, by the natural for-\\nmation of islands at the head of the falls in connection\\nwith banks of the river.\\nIn early times alewives and salmon were abundant.\\nMultiplied saw-mills became oflTensive to these fish in\\ntheir migratory habits, and the} disappeared. Within\\nten years past fish-ways have been built, and it is\\nthought the fish are gradually returning.\\nThe forests of timber on Machias River have been a\\nsource of large wealth.\\nThe first church in Machias, Congregationalist, was\\norganized in September, 1782, Rev. James L)-on, pastor.\\nThis was the first church established in Washington\\nCounty, and is one of the largest in the State.\\nCol. John Allan, one of the patriots of the Revolution,\\nwas born in Auld Reekie, Edinburg Castle, Scotland,\\nJan. 14, 1746. His father, a man of letters and wealth,\\nremoved from Scotland to Halifax, N. S., in 1750. His\\nsympathies being with the American patriots, Mr. Allan\\nthe acquaintance of Col. O Brien, spent some time at O Brien s house,\\nand shared largely of the Colonel s well-known hospitality. During the\\nlast years of Jefferson s administration, Mr. Gallatin caused Col. O Brien\\nto bo appointed collector of customs for the district of Machias, an office\\nwhich he held eight years. It was complimentary to the Colonel, as he\\nhad not asked for it, neither had his friends petitioned for him.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0619.jp2"}, "608": {"fulltext": "580\\nHISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwas forced to leave Nova Scotia in 1776, and when onl}-\\n30 years of age came within the limits of Maine. Sub-\\nsequently he established his residence at Machias, and\\nlater at Allan s Island in Eastport.\\nIn 1777, by order of Gen. Washington, and by direc-\\ntion of Congress, Col. Allan was made superintendent of\\nIndians in the eastern department, and commander of the\\ntroops at Machias, under the General Court of Massa-\\nchusetts, which positions he continued to hold till near\\nthe close of the war.\\nGen. Washington had unbounded confidence in Col.\\nAllan. Congress entrusted to him important interests.\\nThe Indian tribes respected him as a father.\\nLove of liberty seems to have been a ruling passion\\nwith him. On the curtains of his bed he inscribed\\nin large letters: Where liberty dwells, there is my\\ncountrj. His descendants are numerous, and distin-\\nguished for industry, frugality and integrity.\\nCol. Allan s burial-place is on the island formerly\\nowned by him, latterly known as Treat s Island, in East-\\nport. A marble monument, suiTounded by an iron fence,\\nmarks his resting-place.\\nRev. James Lyon was a native of Princeton, N. J., a\\ngraduate of Princeton College, and was first settled as\\na minister in Nova Scotia. He came to Machias in\\n1771. He was the first pastor in town, and continued\\npreaching at the West and East villages until he died in\\n1795. He was a man of more than ordinarj ability, of\\ndeep piety, and great energy of character. He was very\\nactive as a patriot during the Revolution. The descend-\\nants of Mr. Lyon are living at Machias, Marshfield, and\\nadjoining towns. No headstone marks his burial-place.\\nGeorge S. Hillard, who died in Boston Jan. 21, 1879,\\nwas a native of Machias. Mr. Hillard became a leading\\nlaw\\\\er at the Suffolk bar, served in both branches of the\\nlegislature, and was United States district attorney for\\nthree yeais. He was author of several works on history,\\ngeography, philosophy and travel, and a series of school-\\nreaders known as Ilillard s Readers. He was a man\\nof rare literary ability.\\nCalais. Daniel Hill, who came from Jonesborough,\\nMe., was the first permanent white settler of Calais. He\\nwas piloted through the woods from Machias by a friendly\\nIndian. He made a clearing on Ferry Point, built a\\ncabin there, and often declared that he found a much\\nbetter countrj than he had anticipated.\\nHe was a remarkably athletic and fearless man, and\\nserved as a private in the Indiau war of 1758-60. The\\nQuoddy Indians knew this fact, and although Mr. Hill\\nkindly aided them and instructed them in farming, thej-\\ngreatly feared him.\\nIn 1781 Samuel Hill came to Calais from Machias,\\nand engaged in farming. In 1782 Daniel Hill, Jacob\\nLibby and Jeremiah Frost built the first saw-mill. It\\nstood near the mouth of Porter s stream. There were\\nso few men that the women assisted in raising the frame\\nof the mill. Daniel Hill imported the first oxen and did\\nthe first farming in Calais.\\nIn 1789 the General Court of Massachusetts ordered\\nthe division into townships of a large tract of land\\nbordering on the St. Croix. Calais included about\\n19,000 acres of heavily timbered and valuable land.\\nIn June, 1789, a committee appointed by the General\\nCourt sold the township to Waterman Thomas of Wal-\\ndoborough. Me., for the sum of about \u00c2\u00a3672. About six\\nyears later, Mr. Thomas sold half the township to Shubael\\nDownes of Walpole, Mass., one-quarter to Edward II.\\nRobbins of Milton, Mass., and one-quarter to Abiel\\nWoods. Subsequently Edmund Munroe bought a large\\nshare of the lands belonging to Downes and Woods. In\\na few j ears Samuel Jones re-surveyed the township and\\ndivided the land into settlers lots of 50 to 100 acres\\neach. Jones s lines remain the boundarj- and division\\nfarm-lines to this day.\\nIt is said that Calais in 1 790 contained less than 20\\nwhite residents. Its present population is 5,945.\\nJairus Keen, from Duxbury, Mass., came to Calais, and\\nin 1801, built a vessel which he named Liberty, the\\nfirst vessel built on the river. In 1803, Abner Hill\\nCo., and others, erected a very good saw-mill at Still-\\nwater, now Milltown. This machinery worked so rapid-\\nIj^ that it became known to lumbermen as the Brisk\\nmill. Other mills were built, and the lumber business\\nincreased largely year by year.\\nIn 1804 or 1805, Stephen Brewer, Esq. of Boston,\\nbecame a resident of Calais. He was educated, wealthy,\\nand became influential. He was the first to export lum-\\nber from Calais. He presided at the first town meeting,\\nwas the first justice of the peace, and the first postmas-\\nter. He introduced the first wagon, and aided largely in\\nfitting and furnishing the first church. Mr. Brewer died\\nin 1814. In 1815 his widow received a chaise from\\nfriends of her late husband in Boston, the first carriage\\nof the kind seen at Calais.\\nShubael Downes, Jr., son of the land proprietor, came\\nto Calais in 1804. He was an energetic, industrious\\nman, and built and kept the first hotel. He also con-\\nstructed the first grist-mill.\\nFrederic A., James S., and Charles E. Pike, sons\\nof William Pike, an earlj settler, became distinguished\\nas financiers, writers and politicians. Frederic repre-\\nsented his district in Congress eight j-ears. James", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0620.jp2"}, "609": {"fulltext": "S. was several 3 ear3 on the editorial staff of the N. Y.\\nTribune.\\nCalais was incorporated in 1809. The first minister\\nwho preached here was Rev. Duncan McCall in 1790.\\nThe first Congi-egational church, however, was not organ-\\nized until Aug. 17, 1825. Their first church was built in\\nthe ensuing year. Among the earliest itinerant preachers\\nin these parts were Rev. Mark Trafton and Rev. Jere-\\nmiah Eaton.\\nTwo newspapers are pubhshed in this place, the Ad-\\nvertiser, and the Times. The first bridge built across\\nthe St. Croix was at Milltown, in 1825. The bridge con-\\nnecting Calais and St. Stephen was constructed in 1826.\\nCalais has produced a few authors of note, among\\nwhom ma}- be mentioned Mrs. F. A. Pike, author of\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Ida May, Caste and Agnes, and Harriet Pres-\\ncott Spofford of Newburyport, Mass.\\nIn 1849-50 a railroad, mainly for the transportation of\\nlumber, was built, connecting Calais and Baring. A\\nfew years later the road was extended up the St. Croix\\nto Princeton.\\nA city charter was granted to Calais Aug. 24, 1850\\nHon. George Downes was chosen mayor. In 1872, 38\\nmills, besides lath, clapboard and shingle mills, were in\\noperation at Baring and Calais, mostly owned by resi-\\ndents of Calais. But the once stately pine forests on the\\nSt. Croix have disappeared, devastated bj^ the axe and\\nby fire, and the very superior water-power of Calais is\\nnow left comparativelj^ unimproved.\\nEastport, first settled by James Cochran, who came\\nfrom Newburj port, Mass., in 1772, was incorporated\\nFeb. 24, 1798, as Eastpoi-t, because it was the most\\neasterly port in the United States. The first church\\n(Free Baptist) was built in 1810. There are now seven\\nchiu-ches in the place. Rev. James Murphy, Baptist,\\nwas the first settled minister.\\nFort Sullivan is situated upon a hill in the central part\\nof the town. The fort, with its lunette breastwork in\\nfront of the same, was built in 1809, the year of the\\nembargo. United States troops were stationed here dur-\\ning the war of 1812, under command of Col. George\\nUlmer, succeeded by Maj. Perley Putnam, who was in\\ncommand of the fort when it was captured by a British\\nfleet in 1814, who held possession of the town until\\n1818, claiming that the island was included in the orig-\\ninal limits of New Brunswick.\\nThe island is about four miles long and two miles wide.\\nThe earliest settlers were fishermen from Newburyport,\\nMass., and Portsmouth, N. H. Catching and curing fish\\nfor the leading markets in the United States has been,\\nand is, the principal industry.\\nThe Soldiers Monument, of marble, was built in 1868.\\nA Memorial Hall was erected by the town in 1870.\\nA fire swept off the principal business street in the town\\nin 1839. The same street and territory was again burned\\nin October, 1864. In October, 1869, a tidal wave swept\\nalong the bay, causing damage to the extent of $100,-\\n000. The loss by the two fires and the tidal wave\\nexceeded half a miUion of dollars.\\nThe town, situated on the southerly side of the island\\ncontains 100 ware-houses and stores, and is connected to\\nthe mainland with a long covered bridge leading to\\nPerry. Its population is 4,000. The harbor is spacious,\\nand never closed b} ice.\\nThe town has eight schools, graded and well con-\\nducted one newspaper, the Sentinel a savings\\nbank a bank of discount, the Frontier National Bank\\na library and various manufacturing establishments.\\nThe Passamaquoddy Hotel is one of the largest and\\nbest public houses in the State. Eastport is yearly\\nbecoming more favorably known as a watering-place.\\nPrior to the incorporation of the town of Eastport in\\n1798, it included the territory of the present town of\\nLubec, which was afterward set off and incorporated in\\n1811.\\nPembroke was a part of Dennysville until Feb. 4,\\n1832, when it was incorporated. Population, 2,550.\\nHatevil Leighton, who came from Gouldsborough,\\nMe., in 1774, was the first settler. In 1780, Edmund\\nMahar and William Clark, from Boston, the former an\\nIrishman, spelling his name Meagher, a man of\\nparts, settled near Cobscook Falls. He and his wife\\nwere buried on the farm where they first settled.\\nThe Herseys, early settlers, were soldiers in the war\\nfor independence. Theophilus Wilder was a captain in\\nthe Revolutionary army under Gen. Gates, and was\\npresent at the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga, Oct.\\n17, 1777. Captain Wilder died at Pembroke, Oct. 28,\\n1821. The proprietors of the township were Gen. Ben-\\njamin Lincoln, Thomas Russell and John Lowell, all of\\nMassachusetts.\\nThe natural curiosity of the town is Cobscook Falls.\\nThe tide rises 30 feet at these falls. Above is a wide\\nand deep basin, and there is a similar basin below. The\\nfall is through a narrow, walled passage, and over a\\njagged, rocky bottom. The volume of water passing\\nfour times each twentv-four hours is greater than the\\nvolume passing Hell Ciate at New York.\\nEzekiel Foster commenced building the iron-works es-\\ntabhshment in 1832. Foster Bartlett operated them a\\nfew 3 ears. Subsequently, Gray Co. of Boston bought\\nthe property. In 1849, the works were purchased by", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0621.jp2"}, "610": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe present proprietors, William E. Coffin Co. of\\nBoston. For fifteen j ears prior to 1873, tiie company\\ndid an extensive business.\\nShip-building has been a prominent industry, com-\\nmencing in 1825.\\nUnion Church was erected in 1842, the first in the\\ntown. Robert Crossett, Congregationalist, was the first\\nsettled minister. There are now four religious societies.\\nStephen C. Foster, a native of East Machias, came to\\nPembroke in 1833, and was long identified TNith the\\nbusiness prosperity of the place. He was a representa-\\ntive in Congress from 1857 to 18G1. lie was at one\\ntime nearly resolved tocdiiciti hmi -tlt for the nnni^tn\\nHe died in October,\\n1872, aged 74 years.\\nEast Machias,\\nprevious to 1826 a\\npart of Machias,\\nwas incorporated as\\na town Jan. 24, 1826.\\nSam l Scott was the\\nfirst settler, in 1 765.\\nHe was followed by\\nCol. Benj. Foster and\\nothers in 17G8-69.\\nThe first church built\\nin the town, a small,\\none-stor}- building, is\\nused now for a store.\\nThere are now three\\norganized churches.\\nJames Lyon was the\\nfirst minister.\\nWashington Acad-\\nemj- was established in 1823. For 56 years it has been\\na successful educational institution. The first principal\\nwas Solomon Adams. Among the natives of East\\nMachias who received their academical training in this\\ninstitution maj be mentioned Samuel Harris, D. D.,\\nof Yale College Prof. Roswell D. Hitchcock, Union\\nTheological Seminary William C. Talbot, San Fran-\\ncisco, capitalist Andrew J. Pope, of the same city,\\nwho died in January, 1879, leaving an estate valued at\\n$3,000,000; Frederic Talbot, New York, merchant;\\nCharles H. Talbot, Providence, ship-owner; P. Foster\\nFolsom, merchant, Boston; Rev. M. J. Talbot, D. D.,\\nWarren, R. I. Rev. Henry L. Talbot, Durham, N. H.\\nThomas H. Talbot, Brookline, Mass. and George F.\\nTalbot, Portland, and John C. Talbot, East Machias,\\nbrothers, lawyers Leonard Scott, of the L. Scott Pub-\\nlishing Company, New York Stephen C. Foster, who\\nIjOWKU JTAl^Lb, JiASI MACHIAS, Mii\\ndied in 1876, at Pembroke, Me., member of Congress\\nfrom Maine, two terms Stephen C. and Lowell Talbot,\\ncommission merchants. New York S. H. Talbot, James\\nR. and F. Loring. of East Machias, and P. S. J. Talbot,\\nMaiden, Mass., four brothers, sons of M. Jones Talbot,\\nmerchants and ship-owners.\\nIn January, 1827, the first temperance societj- in this\\nsection was formed at East Machias.\\nGardiner s Lake and Hadley s Lake are bodies of\\nwater in near proximity to the wharves at tide-water.\\nTheir outlets afford unequalled water-powers.\\nThe population of the town is 2,017.\\nLlbfc wis settkd b^ P rendi people, who came from\\nNova .Scotia in 1758.\\nMost of these fami-\\nlies remained but a\\nshort time, but went\\nto Madawaska, on\\nthe St. John River,\\nor to Lower Canada.\\nCol. John Allan,\\nand several others,\\ncame from Cumber-\\nland County, Nova\\nScotia, in 1776, and\\ncommenced a per-\\nmanent settlement.\\nJune 21, 1811, the\\ntown was incorporat-\\ned, and named Lu-\\nbeck, from the old\\nGerman city of that\\nname. The Congre-\\ngational church was\\norganized in 1820, under the labors of Rev. Elijah Kel-\\nlogg. Rev. Andrew Bigelow was the first pastor, or-\\ndained in 1821. The people of Lubec are largely engaged\\nin the fisheries and agriculture. Population, 2,136.\\nWhen the British occupied Eastport in 1814, Louis F.\\nDelesdernier and Nehemiah Small moved to Flagg s\\nPoint, where Lubec village now stands, and built houses\\nand stores, being the first settlers and traders on the Point.\\nCherkyfield was settled in 1757, by Ichabod Willey\\nand Samuel Colson.\\nThe first meeting-house was built on the east side of\\nthe river, near Campbell s mill. Cherryfield Academy\\nwas incorporated in 1829. In 1850 the present academ}-\\nbuilding was erected. It has done much excellent work.\\nUnion Hall, the pride of Cherryfield, is in the academy\\nbuilding. There are three churches in the place.\\nThe population is 1,760.\\n\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00a7i\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00ab^i^^* ?fe\u00c2\u00ab^|ft^i.\u00c2\u00ab^\u00c2\u00bb^^-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0622.jp2"}, "611": {"fulltext": "William Freeman, born at Portland in 1783, died\\nFeb. 22, 1879. He was a lawj-er by profession, and a\\nperson of rare literarj- attainments. In his dying mo-\\nments he asked his daughter Lizzie, who sat by him,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Lizzie, are my feet in the right way? Yes,\\nfather. If my feet are in the right way I will\\nmove on and with this last utterance he departed.\\nOther towns in the county are Machiaspokt (in-\\ncorporated in 182G, population 1,514), formerly a part\\nof Machias IIarkington (1791, 1,192), for 30 years\\nlargely interested in ship-building: Jonesport (1832,\\n1,305), extensively engaged in the fisheries: Mill-\\nbridge (1848, 1,565), one of the pleasantest towns on\\nthe coast of New England: Addison (1797, 1,201), the\\nnative place of William J. Corthell, a leading educator\\nof Maine: Peket (1818, 1,149), containing, at Pleas-\\nant Point, a remnant of the Passamaquoddj Indians\\nan excellent agricultural town, 48,000 bushels of pota-\\ntoes having been raised there in 1878 Steuben (1795,\\n1,063), named in honor of Baron Steuben, and a noted\\nlumbering town Princeton (1832, 1,073), previous to\\nthe destructive fire of 1876 quite largely engaged in\\nmanufacturing: Robbinston (1811, 926), ship-building,\\nuntil quite recently, being a leading industrj Cutler\\n(1826, 926), having one of the finest harbors on the\\nAtlantic coast: Columbia. (1796, 607), famous for its\\nblueberries, thousands of bushels being gathered ever3\\nseason: Columbia Falls (1863, 608), in ancient times\\na very patriotic place: Trescott (1827, 603), a good\\nfarming town: Whitneyville (1845, 569), lumbering\\nbeing its chief industry Jonesborough (1809, 522) the\\nbirth-place of John L. Shorey, the well-known Boston\\npublisher: Denntsville (1818, 489), so called from\\nDenny s River: Charlotte (1825, 467), famous for its\\nfive lakes: Alexander (1825, 456), producing large\\nquantities of hay Baring (1825, 464) Topsfield\\n(1838, 453), containing the farm of William Stewart,\\nEsq., one of the most productive in New England\\nWhiting (1825, 445), its principal founder being Col.\\nJohn Crane, a Revolutionary patriot, and one of the\\nIndians who threw the tea overboard in Boston har-\\nbor: Edmunds (1828, 448) Bailetville (1828, 377),\\nonce the residence of Hon. William Delesdernier\\nCooper (1822, 360), named from Gen. John Cooper, an\\nearly and honored settler: Marshfield (1846, 350),\\ncontaining the old homestead of Samuel Harmon, at one\\ntime largely engaged in ship-building: Wesley (1833,\\n336), its leading industries being lumbering and farm-\\ning: Danforth (1860, 313), another agricultural town\\nMarion (1834, 213) Meddtbemps (1841, 200), sup-\\nplied with abundant water-power: Crawford (1828,\\n209), having a range of fine lakes: Northfield (1838,\\n190) Deblois (1852, 139), with its excellent water-\\nprivilege at the Falls: Centreville (1842, 145), con-\\ntaining immense tracts of bottom lands, producing 3 early\\nthousands of tons of hay: Beddington (1833, 134), its\\nlake and Spruce Mountain affording superior sporting\\ngrounds and fine scenery Eaton (incorporated in 1873),\\nwith its tanneries Vanceborough (1874), also having\\ntanneries: Talmadge (1875): and Waite (1876).\\nThere are five townships not incorporated, occupied by\\nsettlers engaged in farming and lumbering.\\nY O E K C C) U T Y\\nBY REV. GEO. B. ILSLEY.\\nThe territory now included in York County was orig-\\ninally embraced in lands granted to Ferdinando Gorges\\nby the Plymouth Council in 1622.\\nSettlements were commenced at Kitter} Agamenticus\\n(now York), Berwick, Wells, Cape Porpoise, Biddeford\\nand Saco nearly at the same time. Belknap thinks there\\nwas a beginning at Agamenticus as carlj- as 1623. Wil-\\nliamson places it in 1624. Edward Godfrey, governor\\nof the Province, under or after Gorges, says that he\\nwas an inhabitant in 1629 30, the first that built a\\nhouse. Gorges was ambitious to have his colony rival\\nthat of Massachusetts. For this end he had sent hither\\nmechanics and common laborers to carry on improve-\\nments, and so concentrate the population that the place\\nmight be regarded as one of safety for immigrants in\\ntaking up lands in its vicinity. To effect his pui-poses\\nhe even caused it to be incorporated as a cit}- the first\\nin America and gave it the name of Gorgeana, in honor\\nof iiimsclf. For a few years the place enjoyed prosperity.\\nIt is thought that the men whom Gorges sent to pre-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0623.jp2"}, "612": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\npare the way located on the eastern bank of York River,\\nnear its mouth.\\nThe settlement at Kittery Point commenced in 1623.\\nIt was called Piscataqua until 1G52, when it received its\\npresent name. John Andrews, John Bursele} Humph-\\nrey and William Chadbourne, Nicholas Frost, WilUam\\nEverett and Nicholas Shapleigh were some of the first\\ninhabitants.\\nThe exact date of the settlements in Saco and Bidde-\\nford is not known. A grant was made to Thomas Lewis\\nand Richard Bon3-thon in 1630, on the east side of the\\nriver, extending inland eight miles. Thej- took legal\\npossession June 28, 1631. Edward Hilton acted as\\nattornej- for the council. This grant was overlapped bj-\\nthe Plough patent, given the same year, which extended\\n30 miles on the coast and 40 miles inland. For many\\nyears the settlers made their residence at Old Orchard\\nBeach and towards the mouth of the river.\\nThe settlement on the Biddeford side was near the\\nPool. As early as 1616-17, Richard Vines passed the\\nwinter here. But the date of the charter made to him\\nand John Oldham was not till Feb. 1, 1630. Legal pos-\\nsession was taken the next June, before Isaac Allerton,\\nCapt. Thomas Wiggin, Thomas Purchase, Capt. Waters,\\nand others. Rev. William Blackstone of Shawmut (Bos-\\nton), William Jeffries and Edward Hilton of Piscataqua\\nwere the attorneys of the council to deliver the possession.\\nAn agreement between Pe3 ton Cook and Richard Wil-\\nliams, for the furthering of clapboard-making, is dated\\nJan. 27, 1635. They were rived and not sawn. If we\\nmaj rely on the minister s rate-book for the names of\\nearly settlers, we have those of Richard Vines, Henry\\nBoade, Thomas Williams, Samuel Andrews, William\\nScadlock, and others.\\nA place near the head of the Pool, long known as\\nLeighton s Point, is said to have been the site of a court-\\nhouse in the early da3-s of the Province.\\nWells appears to have had settlers previous to 1640.\\nIn 1640 Gorges ordered that all the inhabitants, from\\nPiscataqua to Kennebunk, should present their children\\nfor baptism as soon as they had a minister, from which\\nit is inferred some families were located east of York.\\nHistory seems to award the honor of being pioneer in\\nthe settlement of Wells to the celebrated Rev. John\\nWlieelwright. But it is evident that Edward Littlefield\\nhad previously established himself here by building a\\nsaw-mill. It is probable that Wheelwright came to the\\nmouth of the Ogunquit River, and that many of his fol-\\nlowers came with him, among whom was Robert Boothe,\\nthe clerk of the plantation. In 1643 Gorges conveyed\\nto Wheelwright about 400 acres on the eastern side of\\nthe Ogunquit. It is thought that he did not continue his\\nresidence here more than three years, but, with others,\\nreturned to New Hampshire. And j et some of his asso-\\nciates made their permanent abode here.\\nStephen Batson was the first occupant of Drake s\\nIsland. The farthest inland settlement at this early\\nperiod was probably at or near the village of North Ber-\\nwick. Arundel, or Cape Porpoise, was no doubt occu-\\npied between 1624 and 1640. Newichawannock, or Ber-\\nwick, was settled, it is supposed, as soon as 1624, near\\nSouth Berwick village, known in Indian dialect as\\nQuampheagan Falls.\\nThe government which prevailed at first seems to have\\nbeen vested in Gorges himself. Courts were soon estab-\\nlished to adjust legal and moral difficulties. Gorges, in\\nthe capacity of absolute monarch, by the terms of his char-\\nter appointed the governors and councillors. There was\\nno popular election of officers, and yet there was no\\ndoubt a very good mutual understanding among the\\nsettlers. Thomas Gorges, brother of Ferdinando, was\\nthe first governor. He opened a court in Saco, June 25,\\n1640. His councillors were Richard Vines, Francis\\nChampernoon, Henry Jocelyn, Richard Bon3thon, Wil-\\nliam Hooke and Edward Godfrey. On the governor s\\nreturn to England, in 1643, Edward Godfre3 was ap-\\npointed his successor, with Nicholas Shapleigh and\\nThomas Withers as members of his council.\\nThe provincial government included Piscataqua,\\nGorgeana, Saco and Casco, It appears that when the\\nincorporation of the city government of Gorgeana took\\nplace, Thomas Gorges was also made its first mayor.\\nIn 1644 a woman was tried in the mayor s court for\\nthe murder of her husband, and was condemned and\\nexecuted.\\nAbout this time troubles arose in England between the\\nking and parliament, which culminated in war. Al-\\nthough a man of seventy. Sir Ferdinando espoused the\\ncause of the king, and was in Prince Rupert s army at\\nthe siege of Bristol, in 1643. When the forces of par-\\nliament retook it, in 1645, Gorges was captured, plun-\\ndered and thrown into prison. During this period he\\ngave no attention to affairs here. Hearing nothing from\\nhim, the court appointed a governor and deput3 and\\ncontinued the administration as provided by the charter.\\nIn 1647 they heard of his death. They then called a\\npopular convention at Gorgeana, and after discussing\\ntheir rights, duties and difficulties, the inhabitants of\\nKitter3 Gorgeana, Wells, and probably those of the\\nIsles of Shoals, formed themselves into a confederacy\\nfor mutual protection and the support of government.\\nEdward Godfrej was elected and was serving as governor,", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0624.jp2"}, "613": {"fulltext": "when the Massachusetts commissioners came to set up\\ntheir claim of jurisdiction. The General Court at Bos-\\nton had so interpreted the terms of their charter as to\\nwarrant it. Weakened by dissensions and the instabil-\\nitj of their government, there was but slight resistance.\\nMost of the people accepted the new order of things.\\nGodfrey and his oflScers of course withstood it. Having\\nno disposition to j-ield, he called a general court, and\\ndetermined to send a petition to England and get his\\nconfederacy established. But Massachusetts at once\\ntook steps to defeat it. Replies and rejoinders followed.\\nWith so many choosing to come under the rule of Mas-\\nsachusetts, Godfrey saw his efforts to resist would be\\nfutile. Furthermore, Cromwell being in power, and\\nfavoring the Puritans, it\\nwould be of little use to\\nsend his petition home to\\nEngland. His struggle\\nended by signing the re-\\nquired articles of submis-\\nsion in 1653. This being\\ndone, an annual court\\nwas appointed at York,\\nto be conducted by one\\nof the principal magis-\\ntrates of the Colony, to-\\ngether with four assist-\\nants nominated by the\\nfreemen of the county,\\nand approved by the\\nGeneral Court of Massa-\\nchusetts. The first bench\\nthus constituted was com-\\nposed of Edward Godfrey, Abraham Preble, Edward\\nJohnson, and Edward Eishworth, all of York. Henry\\nMarshall was appointed sheriff of the county. The\\nright worshipful Richard Bellingham presided. This\\nwas in 1653. During this year, according to Williamson,\\na jail was built.\\nIneffectual attempts, continuing through a series of\\nyears, were made by the heirs of Gorges to obtain\\npossession of his American gi ants. The commissioners\\nsent over by Charles II. to effect a settlement of the\\nmany disputed points in the controversy, accomplished\\ncomparatively nothing. In the meantime Maine was\\nindependent of the other Colonies. It was while in this\\nrelation that the first inferior court was held at Wells, in\\n1665 and one of its orders was, that every town should\\nhave erected before the next court met, a pair of\\nstocks, a cage, and a cucking-stool on which to punish\\ncommon scolds.\\nGARRISON nOUSE, TORE, ME,\\nIn 1668 Massachusetts sent four commissioners with\\na military escort, who proceeded to open courts and\\nexercise the functions of government. This was a bold\\nstep on the part of Massachusetts, but it was success-\\nfully carried out till 1676, when, after sending agents to\\nEngland, and upon a careful hearing of the case, the\\nking confirmed the original charter of Massachusetts,\\nand left Maine to the heirs of Gorges, both as to soil\\nand government. As soon as Massachusetts learned\\nof the decision she sent an agent to Gorges with propo-\\nsitions to purchase the Province. He accepted the terms\\nin March, 1677, and without consulting the wishes of\\nthe king or people, relinquished his rights for \u00c2\u00a31,250.\\nThis offended the king and astonished the people. He\\ndemanded a re -assign-\\nment of the pro vince to\\nthe crown, and offered\\nto repaj the agent the\\nprice given but Mas-\\nsachusetts refused, and\\nproceeded to organize a\\nnew mode of govern-\\nment. Under this ar-\\nrangement the first court\\nwas held in York, in\\nMarch, 1680. Thomas\\nDanforth was president.\\nIn 1716 all the lands,\\nfamilies and settlements\\neast of Sagadahoc, with-\\nin the provincial char-\\nter, were ordered by the\\nGeneral Court to be an-\\nnexed to Yorkshire, and York was appointed to be the\\ncounty seat.\\nIn 1735 the legislature of Massachusetts allowed\\ninferior courts to be held alternately in York and Fal-\\nmouth (Portland). It was at this time that the county\\ntook the name it now bears. In 1760 the counties of\\nCumberland and Lincoln were formed and set off.\\nOxford was set off in 1805, making the Great Ossipee\\nthe boundary.\\nIn 1800 the Supreme Court was held in Kennebunk.\\nAfter a severe contest it was removed to Alfred in 1802,\\nwhich is still the county seat. In late years the Supreme\\nCourt is held at Saco.\\nIndian troubles did not become severe tiU 30 years\\nafter the settlement then York County had its full\\nshare. The hostility of the savages was such that they\\nseemed determined to utterly destroy the settlements.\\nGarrison-houses were early erected, and a brave defence", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0625.jp2"}, "614": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nmade against the wily foe. A sudden and most disas-\\ntrous attack was made upon York Feb. 5, 1692. The\\nforce was made up of nearly 300 Indians under the lead\\nof French Canadians. In half an hour over 150 of the\\ninhabitants were killed or captured. Those who suc-\\ni ceeded in getting into the garrisons made good their-\\nI defence. Preble s, Harmon s, Alcock s and Norton s\\nI were the houses best fortified. Those north of the river\\nwere burned. The Rev. S. Dummer, for 20 years minis-\\nI ter of the town, was killed while mounting his horse at\\nhis door. His wife also was taken cajJtive. The Indians\\nI made a hasty retreat, taking prisoners and booty with\\ntiiem. This march was attended with such suffering\\nfrom cold and snow that many of the captives died\\nbefore reaching Canada.\\nAnother attack was signalled by the burning of a\\nhouse on the Saeo side on Sept. 18, 1675. The sentinel\\nsoon discovered an Indian lurking behind a fence.\\nMaj. Phillips, exposing himself to iew, was slightly\\nwounded in the shoulder. Supposing him killed, a fierce\\nassault was made upon the garrison, but they were re-\\npulsed, with their leader mortally wounded. They set\\nfire to Maj. Phillips s saw-mill, hoping thereby to draw\\nthe people from their defence. They next made an\\ni unsuccessful attempt to fire the garrison. Six were\\nj killed, 15 wounded, and the assault abandoned. Of the\\n50 persons in the house, none were killed.\\nIn the summer of 1693 Maj. Converse built a stone\\nfort just below the falls. Until quite recently, its re-\\nmains could be seen. Soldiers were stationed here under\\nCapt. George Turfey and Lieut. Pendleton Fletcher.\\nThe latter, his two sons and three soldiers were after-\\nwards captured while shooting water-fowl.\\nDuring King Philip s war, in 1676, 40 were killed or\\ntaken captives, and the whole village at Cape Neddoek\\nburned. Only two men and women, with two or three\\nI children, escaped. It was in September of this year that\\nJames Gooch of Wells was shot on returning from\\nj worship, and his wife cut in pieces. At a later period,\\nan attack on WeUs was repulsed with a slight loss to the\\ngarrison. The treaty of peace concluding King Philip s\\nwar was made at Canso April 12, 1678.\\nj During King William s war, which soon followed,\\nthe tribes of Maine were the first to begin hostilities.\\nWells seemed to be an object of their special hatred.\\nHere, and in other places in the \\\\dcinity, several des-\\nperate and sanguinary contests ensued. We have no\\nmeans of estimating the numbers who perished. The\\nwar closed in 1697.\\nIn 1703 the hostilities of Queen Anne s war com-\\nmenced. Winter Harbor near the mouth of the Saeo\\nwas attacked in December, 1703, and again in August,\\n1710. This war ended in 1713.\\nAt the outbreak of King George s war the defences\\nwere on a larger scale than ever before. Two regiments\\nof soldiers were raised, containing 3,105 men. Col.,\\nafterwards Sir Wm. Pepperell, commanded one of them.\\nHe was at this time very popular.\\nAt the commencement of the Revolutionary war, many\\nin this county were enlisted, and the coast was guarded\\nfrom Kittery to Falmouth. Men hurried into the ranks\\non the impulses of patriotism, rather than good pay.\\nThe conflicts of the past had nurtured brave men in\\nthese towns. No sooner was the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence adopted than it began to be read from pulpit\\nto pulpit. The morning after the news of the battle of\\nLexington reached Y ork, 60 men set out for Boston.\\nNot long after James Scammon led a full regiment to\\nCambridge.\\nIt may seem incredible to the reader that the evils of\\nslavery ever had an existence in this eountj but such\\nwas the case. In Kittery, York, Wells, Biddeford and\\nSaeo, slaves were once held. When inventories were\\ntaken they were usually classed with the farm stock.\\nSometimes they were sold at public auction. Indians\\nas well as negi-oes were held in bondage. Kittery at one\\ntime retui-ned 43 slaves, three of whom were Indians.\\nIn 1754 a smart negro boy was appraised at \u00c2\u00a353. The\\nmeeting-houses had a place set apart for the slaves. It\\nwas the upper story of the porch. Instances are not\\nwanting in the records of this county of the cruel sepa-\\nration of mother and child, and it seems not to have\\naffected the sj mpathies of either seller or buj^er.\\nIn 1764, there being no newspaper in Maine, the\\nPortsmouth Gazette was made the medium for adver-\\ntising the sale of slaves. Old Tom, owned b} Capt.\\nJames Littlefield of Wells or Kennebunk, is supposed\\nto have been the last. He died earl}- in the present\\ncentury, aged over 100 years.\\nTOWKS.\\nBiDDEFOBD, in population and rapidity of growth, is\\nthe leading town in the county. It was also among the\\nearliest settled. Until 1718 it included Saeo, when it\\nwas incorporated and named from Biddeford, Eng.,\\nwhence some of its settlers emigrated. The city charter\\nwas adopted in 1855. D. E. Somes was the first major.\\nRichard Vines, the founder of the settlement, was a\\ngentleman of education and a skilled physician. He\\nwas a leader in the business of the Colony, and was left\\nin charge when Gorges went to Europe. He removed\\nto the West Indies in 1645.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0626.jp2"}, "615": {"fulltext": "The right to build the first saw-mill on the Saco was\\ngranted to Eoger Spencer in 1653. For many j ears\\nafter 1742, Hon. Rishworth Jordan, who lived in the lower\\npart of the town, was chief magistrate. He afterwards\\nbecame chief justice.\\nLieut. Wm. Phillips was an extensive lumberman he\\nsold half of Factor} Island to Capt. Bonython for 800\\npine-trees. He also was a large landholder. Capt. D.\\nSmith, who came from Exeter in 1719, was for a long\\ntime tavern-keeper. Thomas Gilpatrick, the ancestor\\nof a numerous family, emigrated from Colraine, Ireland,\\nand others built the first bridge to Indian or Factory\\nIsland, in 1767.\\nThe first resident minister was Eichard Gibson. Pre-\\nvious to 1636 he Uved at Spurwink. In 1640 Rev.\\nEobert Jordan came from the west of England. Thomas\\nJenner, a Nonconfoi-mist, preached here in 1641, and is\\nthought to have been the first Puritan minister in Maine.\\nGeorge Barlow, a follower of Wheelwright, so annoyed\\nthe people by his efforts to preach that the court forbade\\nhim under penalty of \u00c2\u00a310.\\nThe first Congi-egational church was formed in 1730.\\nEAILEOAD BRIDGE, SACO, ME.\\nand settled here in 1735. He had nine sons. In 1750\\nthe Biddeford side of the river was the most populous.\\nAt that time three saw-mills were in operation. A\\nfew years previous a ferry had been established just\\nbelow the lower bridge. In September, 1746, two sons\\nof Joseph Gordon, working in Cole s mill, were sirrprised\\nwhile on their way thither by the Indians. One was\\nkUled and the other taken to Quebec.\\nH. Scamman was the first town representative. Capt.\\nP. Goldthwait, the inspector of the port, was the only\\nperson in town who opposed the Revolution.\\nSome shipping belonging here was destroyed bj^ the\\nBritish in 1812. The post-office was established here in\\n1789, Benjamin Hooper, postmaster. The mail was\\ncarried by Joseph Barnard, on horseback. Thomas Cutts\\nThe same year S. Willard was ordained pastor. His\\nson Samuel became an eminent divine, and for several\\nyears was president of Harvard College. In 1742\\nMoses Morrill, a recent graduate of Har^-ard, was set-\\ntled here. His useful and happy pastorate lasted 35\\nyears. During this period Whitefield s labors were\\nexciting great interest. Mr. Morrill invited him to\\npreach for him several times. The second church was\\norganized in 1805, and the Pavilion Church in 1857.\\nThe Methodists organized a church here in 1847, and\\nthe Baptists in 1852. Other leading denominations are\\nwell represented, and few New England cities have finer\\nor more attractive church edifices than Biddeford.\\nDr. Lj-man, from York, was one of the early physicians.\\nThe Saco has a descent of 40 feet in an eighth of a", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0627.jp2"}, "616": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nmile. On this are several manufactories. The Pepper-\\nell Company, capital $1,000,000, has three extensive\\nmills, operating 70,000 spindles, and producing on an\\naverage 1,200,000 yards of various kinds of cotton\\nfabrics per month. The Laconia Company has also a\\ncapital of $1,000,000, and runs 1,100 looms. Besides\\nthese are the Harding Machine-Shop Company, the Saco\\nWater-Power Company, the Gas Company and the\\nPaper-Collar Company.\\nBiddeford has two newspapers and four banks. The\\n1 population of the city is 10,285. The Pool is a most\\ncharming summer resort.\\nSaco, when incorporated in 1718, was a part of Bidde-\\nford. It was sep-\\narated in 1762, and\\nreceived the name of\\nPepperellborough, in\\nhonor of Sir William\\nPeppercll. In 180. i\\nit acquired its present\\nname. On accoimt\\nof its excellent falls,\\nthe neighboring lands\\nwere soon regarded\\nI as very valuable, and\\nthe heirs of the Lewis\\nI and Bonythou patent\\nwere eager to clabu\\ntheir titles. It ap-\\nt pears to have been di-\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ided into small lots\\njust east of the falls.\\nThe large purchases\\nby Pepperell in 1716\\nincluded the right of\\ntimber on 4,500 acres. This estate at the time of his\\ndeath amoimted to 5,500 acres. It was confiscated\\nb3 an act of the General Court in 1779, in consequence\\nof j-oung Sir William s adherence to the crown but the\\nlife-interest of his wife and daughter was respected by\\nthe authorities.\\nOf those who have been conspicuous in the affairs\\nof government, may be mentioned John Fairfield, after-\\nwards governor of the State and U. S. senator John\\nF. Scamman, member of both houses of Congress Seth\\nScamman, congressman in 1858 and E. P. Tapley, asso-\\nciate justice of the Supreme Court in 1865. A city char-\\nter was obtained and adopted in 1867. Joseph Hobson\\nwas chosen first mayor. The population has never ex-\\nceeded 6,300.\\nSaco has been noted for its extensive manufactm-e of\\nlumber 21,000,000 feet were cut in the year ending Sept.\\n30, 1827. Iron-works were erected on Factory Island in\\n1811 by Joseph Calef and Thomas Cutts. In 1825, a\\ncompany, mostly from Boston, bought the larger part of\\nFactory Island, with the water-power on both sides, for\\ncotton-mills. The canal was dug through solid rock.\\nExtensive buildings erected in 1829 were burned in\\n1830. Soon after, the York Manufacturing Companj was\\nformed, with a capital of $1,200,000. It has five mills\\nwith 35,000 spindles and 800 looms. It employs 1,200\\nhands, and produces 6,000,000 yards of cotton goods\\nannually.\\nSaco liberally contributed men and means in the war\\nof the Revolution. In\\nthe late civil war Saco\\nwas also truly loyal.\\nSamuel White was\\nj the first regular phj--\\nsician. Hon C3TUS\\nKing, Joseph Bart-\\nlett, Wm. P. Preble,\\nand Ethan Shepley,\\nare the names of law-\\nyers who once prac-\\ntised in this town.\\nThe Congregation-\\nal was the first church\\nerected. Sir William\\nPeppereU gave four\\nacres in 1752, for a\\nchurch, school-house\\nand burj-ing- place,\\nand for no other\\nuse whatever. John\\nFairfield was ordain-\\n3 ears. The present beau-\\na 1863. The other religious\\nBEACH, ME\\ned first pastor, and served 36\\ntiful church edifice was built i\\nsocieties are now, as a general thing, in a flourishing state.\\nSaco has had excellent schools for the past 50 years.\\nIt has two national, and also two savings banks.\\nOld Orchard, with its extensive beach, has become\\nwidely known of late years as a summer resort. The\\noutlook upon the sea is grand. Its spacious hotels,\\nprivate cottages and accessibility, must continue to keep\\nit in popular favor.\\nThe surface of Saco is generally level, and its soil\\nwell adapted to tillage. There is a thousand-acre bog in\\nthe centre. On Foxwell s Brook there is a beautiful cas-\\ncade of some 60 feet in the midst of romantic scenery.\\nKiTTEET was first called Piscataqua, and was settled\\nat the Point in 1623. It was incorporated in 1647.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0628.jp2"}, "617": {"fulltext": "Nicholas Shapleigh, John Heard, and Nicholas Frost\\nwere the first selectmen. The Quakers were watched\\nwith a jealous ej^e after the submission to Massachusetts.\\nAt one time the Superior Court ordered Nicholas Shap-\\nleigh and the other selectmen to be deposed on account\\nof defending the Quakers in their rights to worship.\\nIn the struggle for independence, although some of the\\nleading citizens were Tories, j-et Kitterj- voted men and\\nmeans as thej- were required. The harbor was fortified\\nand garrisoned. Fort McClarj was garrisoned in 1812,\\nand in the late EebelUon. Previous to 1800 rum was\\nconsidered essential at all ship-launchings a barrel for\\nthe men, and a barrel of\\nwine for the women A\\nbill of expense incuirtd it\\nan ordination near Kittt i\\nPoint was as follow s\\nquarts of rum and 2 quaif\\nof brand}- for the tkig\\\\\\nand council. For a func\\nral there were allowed\\ngallons of rum, 10 lbs I\\nsugar, and a half pouii 1\\nof allspice for the mouin\\ners. The old whipping\\npost was at Spruce Creek\\nOf the men distinguished\\nin the earl^ annals of this\\ntown, Robert Cutts stands\\nfirst. He was one of thi\\\\ e\\nsons who came from Wales\\nChristopher Adams was an\\nearlj- inhabitant. His son\\nMark represented the tow u\\nin the Massachusetts legis\\nlature 20 j ears. He used to weai a thiee-coinered hat,\\nand scull across the river Sundays to hear Dr. Buck-\\nminster preach. Gen. William Whipple, one of the\\nsigners of the Declaration of Independence, was born\\nhere. He was commander of a vessel before he was\\n21. He made successful trips to Europe, the West\\nIndies, arid the coast of Africa, whence he brought home\\nslaves.\\nThe name best known to fame is that of Pepperell.\\nSir William was born June 27, 169G. He was early\\ntrained to habits of business as clerk in his father s\\ncounting-room. As soon as he was free, he became\\njustice of the peace and captain of a cavalry company, and\\nat the age of 30 he was a colonel. He was representative\\nto Boston in 1726-7, and councillor of the government\\nthere for 32 3-ears. His career at Loui.sburg gained for\\nhim the rank of baronet. He died July 6, 1759, soon\\nafter his appointment as lieutenant-general. The old\\nPepperell mansion is now in a dilapidated condition.\\nIn the Eevolution it was used as barracks. Besides\\nJohn Braj William and Samuel Badger were noted ship-\\nbuilders one building 100 and the other 45 ships during\\ntheir lifetime. The America, famous as a war ship,\\nwas built at Badger s Island, and launched Nov. 5,\\n1782.\\nThe navy yard was established at Kittery in 1806.\\nThe largest ships can be built or repaired here. An in-\\ngenious piece of machinery is the Floating Balance Drj^\\nDock. There are three\\nimmense ship-houses. The\\nkeel of the frigate Con-\\ngress was laid here in\\n1837. The Kearsarge,\\nwhich sunk the rebel cor-\\nsair Alabama, was also\\nbuilt here On account of\\nits facihties for shipping\\nand fishing interests, Kit-\\nt( 13 increased in its early\\nd n s moie rapidly in popu-\\nlation and wealth than any\\nothei place in Maine. The\\nI t ppi ull tomb and monu-\\n1111 lit IS well as the family\\n111111-.! in the old Congre-\\n^iliouil Church, and the\\npiisonage, in which Dr.\\nStL^ ens had his study for\\n10 jeais and the Spar-\\niT\\\\k house, are all objects\\nof great interest to visitors.\\n1 oit McClarj fine views of sea\\ntki, mL\\nFrom Batten Hill iii\\nand land are gained.\\nThe First Congregational Church was organized in\\n1714 Eev. John Newmarch was its first pastor, and his\\nministry lasted 55 3ears. Dr. Stevens served 40 3 cars\\nas the next pastor. In 1814, at the time of Rev. Wra.\\nBriggs s dismissal after a ministry of 20 years, there was\\nnot a male member left.\\nThe First Baptist Church in Maine was formed here,\\nSept. 25, 1652.\\nA large part of the Isles of Shoals belongs to Kittery.\\nSome years ago the government built a sea-wall from\\nStar Island to Smutty Nose, so as to form safe anchorage\\nfor fishing vessels. Between Smutty Nose and Malagur,\\na sea-wall 14 rods long, 13 feet wide, and 20 or 30\\nhigh, was built by Mr. Haley, king of the Shoals.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0629.jp2"}, "618": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nThe chasms in the rocks appear to have been made by\\nearthquakes. Star Island is most remarkable. Tradition\\nsays that Betty Moody hid herself here from the Indians.\\nThe Betty Moody Hole is now pointed out. The islands\\nwere once called Appledore, and had from 300 to 600\\npopulation. A later name was Gosport. They are now\\na noted summer resort, with large hotels. The popula-\\ntion of Kittery is 3,335.\\nYork. This town was first called Agamenticus, a\\nname wliich its highest hill or mountain still bears. The\\nancient city of Gorgeana was within the present limits\\nof the town. For nearly 120 years York was the shire\\ntown, and courts were held there till 1833. It suffered\\nof Massachusetts in 1777, and served 12 years. In 1789\\nhe was appointed judge of U. S. Court for the district of\\nMaine, which office he held for 29 years. He died in 1825,\\naged 90 j-ears.\\nWm. P. Preble, a native of Y ork, was a foreign minis-\\nter during Pres. Jackson s administration.\\nThe First Congregational Chm-ch, formed in 1672, had\\nRev. Shubael Dummer as its first pastor. His pastorate\\nof 20 years was terminated by death bj^ the Indians.\\nRev. Samuel Moody was his successor for 49 years. He\\nwas a good but eccentric man, was called Father Moody,\\nand served as chaplain in the ex]3edition to Louisburg.\\nThe next pastor, Isaac Lyman, sei-\\\\ed nearly 60 years.\\nLIIL.LANT LAliUAJJELS UAKlUbON, KLNNLLl Nli l,ij\\ngreatly from the Indians. It is said to have sent the first\\nsoldiers that entered the Continental army from Maine.\\nOne Benj. Simpson, a young man of 19, an apprentice\\nto a bricklayer in Boston, was from this town, and helped\\ndestroy the tea in the harbor. Johnson Moulton led\\nforth the town troops, and rose to the rank of lieutenant-\\ncolonel. Daniel Bragdon was delegate to the Provincial\\nCongress. Col. Jere. Moulton, who was captui-ed by the\\nIndians and taken to Canada in 1692 when the town was\\ndestroyed, led 200 men with Capt. Harmon to Nomdge-\\nwock in 1724, and destroyed an Indian \\\\illage, killing\\nFather Rasle, and 26 others. He also commanded a\\nregiment at the taking of Louisburg.\\nHenry Sewall is said to be the first emigrant from\\nwhom all of the Sewall name descended. His son John\\nsettled in this town. His son David, who graduated\\nfrom Harvard in 1755, became judge of Supreme Court\\nThe Second Church was organized in 1730. Joseph,\\nson of Father Moody, was its first pastor.\\nYork has an extensive sea-board, with good beaches\\nand harbors. Agamenticus, 680 feet high, is a noted\\nlandmark for sailors on the coast. The people are mostly\\nengaged in agricultural pursuits. Cape Neddock and\\nY ork Village are fine places for summer resort. The\\npopulation of the town is 2,654.\\nKennebunk was set off from Wells in 1820. Perma-\\nnent settlements did not take place on the Mousam till\\n1718. Up to the time of the Revolution, its increase in\\npopulation and business enterprise was very rapid.\\nShip-building and trade with the West Indies were ex-\\ntensively carried on. In 1798, 50 vessels were owned\\nin Kennebunk River.\\nPrevious to the Rebellion, ship-building had become\\nextensive. Much of the wealth of Kennebunk was", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0630.jp2"}, "619": {"fulltext": "gaiued by commerce. It ranks as one of the richest\\ntowns of Maine. Its beautiful village has quite a num-\\nber of fine residences, and considerable manufacturing\\nbusiness is done on its excellent water-privileges.\\nThe first Congregational church was organized in\\n1751, and Daniel Little was ordained its pastor, which\\noffice he filled most acceptablj for 50 j-ears. His suc-\\ncessor was pastor 28 j^ears. The church is now the\\nUnitarian church of the village. There are several other\\ndenominations in town.\\nMany able and distinguished men have been residents\\nhere. Of later date, we may mention Judge Bourne,\\nSr., Judge Bourne, Jr., and J. M. Stone. The Hon.\\nHugh McCulloch was formerly among the business nicn\\nof Kennebunk. There are\\nmany venerable families,\\nwhose names are still repre-\\nsented by worthy descend-\\nants. Population, 2,603.\\nKennebunkport. The\\nIjoundary between this town\\nand Wells was fixed in 1G6()\\nCape Porpoise was so called\\nby Capt. John Smith, who\\nsaw a school of porpoises\\noflf the cape in 1614. Legal\\ntown meetings were held as\\nearly as 1688, but the re-\\nincorporation of the place,\\nwith the name of Arundel,\\ndid not take place till 1719.\\nThe present name was taken\\nin 1821. Steps were taken to build a meeting-house in\\n1727. The Indians did not so severely trouble this place\\nas others. A fort was erected on Stage Island, which\\nwas besieged so long at one time that Nicholas Morey, a\\nlame man, took a broken canoe, the only thing then in\\ntheir possession, and embarked one dark night for Ports-\\nmouth for aid. The inhabitants were taken on the ves-\\nsel which came to their relief, and never retui ned to the\\ncape. In the Revolution, two companies of militia\\nwere raised, commanded by Jonathan Stone and Benja-\\nmin Durrell. When news of the battle of Lexington\\ncame, many of the citizens went to Cambridge and joined\\nthe army, and took part in the battle of Bunker Hill.\\nCape Porpoise harbor was visited but once, when an\\nEnglish brig of 18 guns came in. A crazy man, one\\nWildes, went out in a small canoe, and demanded that\\nthe enemy surrender or leave the port. He was wounded,\\nbut escaped. The inhabitants soon gathered on Trott s\\nIsland, and then passed to Git Island, where a conflict\\nensued. A number of the British being killed, they\\nfinally retreated. Capt. James Burnham was the only\\none killed on the Ameroan side. In 1812, a fort was\\nbuilt at the Point, and a company under Capt. Small\\nfrom Limiugton stationed there. The privateers fitted\\nout from here were captured.\\nAt the end of the Revolution, there were but four\\nhouses within the village limits. Cape Porpoise was the\\ncentre of business. The custom-house was established\\nat the Port in 1800. The village was incorporated in\\n1837. Of late years it has become a favorite summer\\nresort.\\nThere appears to have been a church at Cape Porpoise\\n:it an early ilale. The first town minister was Rev. John\\nEverleth, a Harvard gradu-\\n-^_ ate. He was school-teacher,\\nblacksmith and farmer, and\\nthe best fisherman in town.\\nThos. Prentice was ordained\\nin 1730, and remained eight\\nyears. He bought the first\\nslave, and introduced pota-\\ntoes into the place. Rev.\\nJohn Hovey was his succes-\\nsor for 27 years. There be-\\ning a dispute over the loca-\\ntion of the meeting-house,\\ntwo boys set it on fire and\\nconsumed it, Apr. 28, 1763.\\nThe new one was placed on\\nBurbank HiU. Silas Wood,\\nthe next minister, had a pas-\\nThe number of inhabitants in the\\nTHE CLjrrS, CAPi. AKUNDJiL, ILL.\\ntorate of 44 3-ears.\\ntown is 2,372.\\nWells was incorporated in 1653. John Wheelwright,\\ngrandson of the celebrated Rev. John Wheelwright, was\\na most earnest, public-spirited citizen. He was deemed\\nthe bulwark of Massachusetts against the Indians as-\\nsaults on the east. One of the brave women was Mrs.\\nAbigail Littlefield. She defended her home against scores\\nof Indians, while her husband was haying on the marsh.\\nThe first preacher employed by the town was probably\\nRev. John Wheelwright. A Congregational church was\\ngathered in 1721. Samuel Emery was the first pastor.\\nRev. Moses Hemmenway, D. D., settled in 1759, was an\\neminent theologian. He was pastor over 50 years.\\nWells, whose population is 2,774, has a large and\\nproductive territory, a pleasant village, and a fine beach,\\nwith excellent hotels.\\nBuxton was early known as Narraganset No. 1,\\nhaving been granted to the soldiers who had fought in", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0631.jp2"}, "620": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe Narraganset war. The grant dates from Boston\\nCommon, June 6, 1733. The soldiers belonged in Ips-\\nwich, Haverhill, Greenland, and other towns in that\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\icinity. In 1750, William Hancock, John Elden, Sam-\\nuel Merrill, and four others began a pennaneut settle-\\nment. Great dangers were encountered from the In-\\ndians. Buxton gave early attention to building roads,\\nl ridges and mills. It sent a goodly number of soldiers\\ninto the war of the Revolution. The first glass window\\nwas a single pane, procured bj- Rev. Mr. Coffin from\\nSaco. It was 4 hj 6. He set it in a board for his study.\\nHe soon obtained from Boston four panes, 7 by 9, and set\\nthem in sash. The first public school, taught by Rev.\\nSilas Moodj began in 1761. The first meeting-house\\nwas built of logs, not far from the Lower Corner.\\nThe Congregational chui ch was foiTued in 1763, with\\nPaul Coffin, a graduate of HaiTard, for pastor. Bux-\\nton, containing a population of 2,546, has excellent\\nfarms, and fine water-power. Hon. Mark H. Dunnells,\\nrepresentative to Congress from Minnesota, is a native\\nof this town.\\nBerwick (Newichawannock) whose present popula-\\ntion is 2,291, was settled in 1624 bj- emigi-ants sent by\\nGorges to the New World. Rowles, the sagamore of\\nthe Indians up and down the Piscataqua, sold the lands.\\nIn his old age he requested that a few hundred acres\\nshould be marked off for his children, and recorded as a\\npubUc act of the town, so they might not perish as beg-\\ngars. The Parish of Unity was organized in 1673. Dur-\\ning the Indian troubles many lives were lost and much\\nproperty destroyed. This town furnished 150 men for\\nPepperell in his expedition against Louisburg. In 1735\\nits population was over 3,300. It then included South\\nand North Berwick. John, father of John SuUivan, gov-\\nernor of Massachusetts, came from Limerick, Ireland,\\nand for some time taught school in the town. He pur-\\nchased 70 acres nearly opposite Great Falls, where he\\nlived for 60 j-ears. At his death he was 105.\\nJeremiah Wise was pastor of the Parish of Unity for\\n48 j-ears. His successor, Jacob Foster, a gi-aduate of\\nHan-ard, entered the army of the Revolution as chaplain.\\nThe history of the Baptists begins with 1768. The\\nchurch formed at Great Hill was the second in the State.\\nThe village adjacent to Great Falls is a growing place.\\nAlfred, the county seat, formerly a part of Sanford,\\nand called North Parish or Massabesic, was incorporated\\nin 1794. Its forests were often visited by trappers and\\nhunters, but Simeon Coffin has the honor of being the\\nfirst settler. This was in November, 1764. He dwelt\\nfor a time in an Indian wigwam, Daniel Lary, a tanner,\\nis supposed to have built the first frame-house in town.\\nThe Shakers residing here have excellent orchards, and\\nare a temperate, industrious and quiet people. The Con-\\ngregational church was formed in 1780.\\nAmong the prominent men of Alfred have been Hon.\\nJohn Holmes, who was active in promoting the separa-\\ntion of Maine from Massachusetts, and was afterwards\\nTJ. S. senator for 11 years; Hon. Daniel Goodenow,\\nLL. D., judge of the Supreme Court; Hon. N. D.\\nAppleton, Hon. William C. Allen, Jeremiah Bradbury.\\nEsq., Jeremiah Goodwin, Esq., Dr. Abiel Hall, and Dr.\\nUsher Parsons, author of Life of SirWilUam Pepperell.\\nThe north part of Alfred is hilly, and abounds in gran-\\nite rocks and hard-wood forests. Its beautiful village is\\nsituated near the centre of the town. There is some\\nbusiness in lumber stiU carried on, but farming is the\\nmain occupation. Its present population is about 1,400.\\nThe remaining towns in the county are: Sanford,\\nincorporated in 1768, population, 2,403, a thrinng man-\\nufacturing place: South Bervtick (1814, 2,511), a\\nmanufacturing town with some excellent farms, also the\\nsite of a flourishing academv its prominent men in for-\\nmer times being Gen. Ichabod Goodwin, of Revolution-\\nary fame Gen. John Lord, a prosperous merchant, whose\\nfather, Nathan Lord, LL. D., was once president of\\nDartmouth and Benjamin Green, U. S. marshal under\\nJohn Quincj Adams Lebanon (1767, 1,953), with sev-\\neral excellent farms, and an academy in its west village\\nPaesonsfield (1785, 1,894), one of the largest towns,\\nand the seat of a once famous seminarj- its eminent men\\nbeing Hon. J. W. Bradbury, a classmate at Bowdoin\\nwith Longfellow, Hawthorne, CiUey and Cheever, and\\nU. S. senator in 1853, when Webster, Clay, Calhoun,\\nCass and Douglass were members Dr. Moses Sweat, a\\nskilful surgeon and William B. Wedgwood, LL. D.\\nElliot (1810, 1,768), a fine fruit-growing place Lisi-\\nington (1792, 1,630), having excellent water-power, but\\npartially improved: North Berwick (1831, 1,628),\\nhaving a fine gi owth of pine timber, and the birth-place\\nof President Chadbourne of Williams College Water-\\nborough (1787,1,548), mainlj- an agiicultural town:\\nHoLLis (1798, 1,544), with abundant water-power, and\\nsome good farms Limerick (1787,1,425), one of the\\nfinest interior towns of the county: Newfield (1794,\\n1,193), with its two villages and four churches Cornish\\n(1794, 1,100), a picturesque town, formerly regarded by\\nthe Indians as good hunting-ground: Shapleigh (1785,\\n1,088), having beautiful landscapes: Ltman (1780,\\n1,053), so named in 1803 from Hon. Theodore Lyman\\nof Boston: Acton (1830, 1,008), with its recently-dis-\\ncovered silver mines and Dayton (1854, 612), contain-\\ning a boiling spring, regarded as quite a cmiosity.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0632.jp2"}, "621": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nNEW HAMPSHIRE\\nBY DANIEL F. SECOMB, ESQ.\\nIn 1621 Capt. John Mason procured a grant of land\\nfrom the Council of Plymouth, extending from the river\\nof Naumkeag, now Salem, round Cape Ann to the river\\nMerrimack, and up each of those rivers to the farthest\\nhead thereof, then crossing over from the head of the\\none to the head of the other, with all the islands Ij-ing\\nwithin three miles of the coast. This district was called\\nMariana.\\nThe next year another gi ant was made to Mason and\\nSir Ferdinando Gorges jointly, of all the lands lying\\nj between the rivers Merrimack and Sagadahoc, extending\\nback to the great lakes and the river of Canada. This\\nterritorj^ was called Laconia.\\nA company was formed in England soon after, styled\\nthe company of Laconia, who took measures to estabhsh\\na colony and fishery at the river Piscataqua. In the\\nspring of 1623 they sent over David Thompson, a Scotch-\\nman, and Wilham and Edward Hilton, fishmongers of\\nLondon, with a number of other people, furnished with\\nall necessaries to carry out their design.\\nOne of the parties, under Thompson, landed on the\\nsouthern shore of the river, at a place they called Little\\nHarbor, where they erected salt-works, and built a house,\\nafterwards called Mason s Hall.\\nThe Hiltons, with their party, proceeded eight miles\\nfarther up the river and settled on a neck of land called\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2by the Indians Winnichahannat, which they named Nor-\\ntham, and afterwards Dover.\\nNear the close of 1623 Mason and Gorges divided\\nthe territorj of Laconia into two parts, the part lying\\neast of the Piscataqua being assigned to Gorges. This\\npart was named by him Maine the portion lying west\\nof the Piscataqua was assigned to Mason, and bj- him\\nnamed New Hampshire, from the place of his residence\\nin England. In this division the rights of each of the\\ngrantees and the other members of the company in the\\nsettlements commenced were reserved. Most of the\\nproprietors relinquished their claims to Mason and\\nGorges. The latter soon transferred his interest to\\nMason, who thus, in a few j-ears, became almost the\\nsole proprietor. Endued with untiring perseverance.\\nand sanguine of ultimate success, he continued to send\\nover supplies of settlers and means of subsistence.\\nWhile anticipating an improvement in his affairs, he\\nwas, in 1635, removed by death. Although he commit-\\nted many mistakes in the management of the Colony, his\\nname deserves to be held in grateful remembrance as the\\nfather of New Hampshire.\\nBy the pro\\\\ isions of his will the bulk of his property\\nhere was left to his two grandsons 1 ,000 acres of land,\\nhowever, was devised for the support of an honest,\\ngodly and religious preacher of God s word, and another\\nthousand for the support of a grammar school.\\nAfter his death his widow and executor sent over an\\nagent to take charge of the plantation. She, however,\\nsoon became discouraged with an enterprise which\\nrequired a great outlay with but slight returns, and in\\n1639 sent over word to her employes that they must pro-\\nvide for themselves, appropriating her goods and cattle\\nin the payment of the arrearages of their wages and\\ncan-ying with them the avails of their shares. Some of\\nthe settlers left the plantation, others remained, keeping\\npossession of the buildings and improvements, which\\nthej thenceforth claimed as their own. In a few years\\nthe principal agents and stewards had left the Piscata-\\nqua, and the proprietor s goods and effects were scattered\\nto the winds.\\nBeing thus left without a government, the settlers at\\nDover and Portsmouth formed themselves into voluntary\\nassociations for the management of their affairs. This\\narrangement continued but a short time, when the neces-\\nsitj of a stronger and more energetic government was\\nfelt, which they saw no prospect of obtaining but by\\nunion with the prosperous Colony of Massachusetts.\\nOvertures for that purpose were made, and being ac-\\ncepted, in 1641 a union took place, which existed to the\\nsatisfaction of both parties nearly 40 years.\\nIn 1638 a settlement was made at Exeter by Rev.\\nJohn Wheelwright and a company of his friends and\\nadherents who had been banished from Massachusetts on\\naccount of their religious belief. Here they formed the\\nfirst Congregational church in New Hampshire. Hamp-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0633.jp2"}, "622": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nton was settled about the same time by Rev. Stephen\\nBatchelder and a colony from England, who formed the\\nsecond church.\\nThe union of New Hampshire with Massachusetts\\nbeing noticed b}- the heirs of Mason, Joseph Mason was\\nsent over to look after their interests. He found the\\nlands at Newichwannock in the possession of Richard\\nLeader, against whom he brought actions in the count}\\ncourt but the court judging the action not to be within\\ntheir cognizance referred the matter to the General\\nCourt, who ordered a survej of the northern bounds of\\ntheir patent to be made. This being done, it was decided\\nthat some lands at Newichwannock, with the river,\\nbelonged to Capt. Mason, and a quantity- of land pro-\\nportionable to his disbursements, with the privilege of\\nthe river, was ordered to be laid out to his heirs. Hav-\\ning tarried long enough in the country to observe the\\ntemper of the government and the management used in\\nthe determination of his suit, Mason returned to Eng-\\nland and the estate was given up, unless the English\\ngovernment should interjjose.\\nIn 1647 the foundation of the present New England\\nschool system was laid by the legislature. A law was\\npassed which required a school to be kept in every town\\nwhich contained 50 families, where all the children might\\nlearn reading and writing. As the towns increased in\\npopulation thej were divided into districts for the sup-\\nport of schools.\\nIn 1652, Dover, having a sufficient number of inhabit-\\nants, was allowed to send two representatives to the\\nGeneral Court. Strawberry Bank, at that time contain-\\ning less than 60 families, was incorporated as Ports-\\nmouth.\\nIn 1675, Robert Mason, the only sur\\\\-iving heir of\\nCapt. John Mason, petitioned to the king the second\\ntime for the restoration of his property, and the crown\\nofficers, as before, reported favorably to his claim. The\\nking, who was displeased with the government of Massa-\\nchusetts and disposed to favor Mason, caused a letter to\\nbe sent over requiring that government to send agents to\\nEngland within six months, fully empowered to answer\\nthe complaints made against them b} Mason and the\\nheirs of Gorges, and to receive the royal determination\\nin the matter. This letter was sent over by Edward\\nRandolph, a kinsman of Mason, who was interested in\\nhis behalf, and was prepared to use all means to further\\nhis interests.\\nAfter laying the king s order before the government of\\nMassachusetts, Randolph passed into New Hampshire,\\nfreely declaring the business on which he had come, and\\nreading a letter from Mason to the inhabitants, some of\\nwhom he found ready to complain of the government\\nand anxious for a change. The great body of the people,\\nhowever, were satisfied. The inhabitants of Dover in\\nopen town meeting protested against the claim of Mason\\nand appointed Maj. Waldron to petition to His Majesty\\nin their behalf to inter|)ose his royal authority that they\\nmight continue peaceably in the possession of their\\nrights under the government of Massachusetts. A simi-\\nlar petition was prepared at Portsmouth.\\nOn Randolph s return to Boston he was reproved by\\nthe governor for making his errand known and endeav-\\noring to cause discontent among the people. After\\nabout six weeks stay he returned to England irritated\\nat the reception he had met with, and reported that the\\npeople of New Hampshire were complaining of the\\nusurpations of the Boston government, and were earn-\\nestl} hoping that the king would interpose and grant\\nthem relief from their oppressors. In a strain of bitter-\\nness he inveighed against the government of Massachu-\\nsetts. Ilis report still further inflamed the prejudice felt\\nagainst that Colony, and prepared the way for the sepa-\\nration which was meditated.\\nWilliam Stoughton and Peter Bulkley were sent over\\nas agents of Massachusetts to defend her interests, j\\nAfter hearing the parties the judges decided that the j\\ntowns of Dover, Portsmouth, Exeter and Hampton were\\nout of the bounds of Jlassachusetts. This decision was i\\naccepted and confirmed by the king in council. I\\nIn 1679 a royal commission was issued restraining the\\njurisdiction of Massachusetts, and erecting New Hamp-\\nshire into a ro3 al province. A form of government was\\nprovided, a president and council named and the election\\nof an assembly provided for. This commission was sent\\nto New Hampshire b^y Randolph, who arrived at Ports-\\nmouth Jan. 1, 1680. It was received by the officers\\nnamed with regret. They however took the necessary\\noaths and assumed the government of the Province.\\nIn the meantime, during Philip s war, incursions were\\nmade into New Hampshire houses were burned and\\npersons killed in Somersworth and Durham. Between\\nExeter and Hampton, the whole country was in confusion\\nand alarm. The people collected together in large\\nhouses, which they fortified as well as they were able,\\nand armed bands of men scoured the woods in quest of\\nthe enemy, but met with no great success.\\nThe winter of 1675 was one of uncommon severity.\\nThe ground was early covered with snow to a great\\ndepth, and the Indians in the northern part of New\\nHampshire, being unable to procure the means of sub- j\\nsistence, became inclined to peace. Thej came to Maj.\\nWaldron at Dover, professing sorrow for the past and j", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0634.jp2"}, "623": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\npromises of friendship in the future. A peace was con-\\nchuled with them, by which the captives were restored,\\nand the colonists had a breathing time of several months\\nduration. Philip being killed in August, 1676, some of\\nhis followers came north and east and joined the tribes\\nin New Hampshii-e and Maine, who were incited by\\nthem to a renewal of hostilities. Two companies of\\nsoldiers were sent from Boston to assist in the defence of\\nthe colonists. On their arrival at Dover thej found a\\nlarge number of Indians of the Pennacook and other\\nNew Hampshire tribes collected together for the purpose\\nof confirming a peace with Maj. Waldron. With them\\nwere quite a number of refugees from the southern\\ntribes who were known to have been engaged in the late\\nwar. B} a stratagem the Indians were put in the power\\nof the soldiers, who dismissed those of the New Hamp-\\nshire tribes, but secured the refugees, some of whom\\nwere executed, and the rest sold into slaver}-. Against\\nthis procedure it is said Maj. Waldron protested. The\\nPennacooks, who had hitherto been peaceable, were\\ndeeplj incensed at what thej deemed a breach of faith\\non his part, and j ears afterwards took their revenge.\\nThe war was finally closed in 1678, by a treaty made\\nwith the chiefs at Casco.\\nA general assembly was called together at Portsmouth,\\nMarch 16, 1680.\\nDuring this administration, things went on nearly in\\nthe old channel, and in the same spirit as before the\\nseparation. A jealous watch was kept over their rights\\nand privileges, and every encroachment upon them was\\nwithstood to the utmost.\\nNear the close of 1680, Mason came over from Eng-\\nland with a writ from the king to the president and\\ncouncil, commanding them to admit hun to a seat in the\\ncouncil, which was complied with. He soon entered\\nupon his business, endeavoring to persuade some of the\\npeople to take leases of him, threatening others, if they\\ndid not, asserting his right to the Province, and assuming\\nthe title of lord director. His agents made themselves\\nobnoxious to the people by demanding rents, and threat-\\nening to sell the houses of several persons for pa3Tnent.\\nThe council, taking notice of this, ordered him and his\\nagents to desist from their proceedings, upon which he\\nrefused to sit with them and when they threatened to\\ndeal with him as an offender, he in turn threatened to\\nappeal to the king, and published a summons to the\\npresident and several members of that body, and other\\npersons, to appear before His Majesty within three\\nmonths. This was deemed an usurpation over His Maj-\\nesty s authority, and a warrant for his arrest was issued,\\nwhich he evaded and returned to England.\\nBeing convinced that the government he had caused\\nto be erected was not likely to be administered to his\\nsatisfaction. Mason, on his return to England, made it\\nhis business to solicit a change. In accordance with his\\nrequest, Edward Cranfield was sent over as governor,\\nwith almost unlimited powers. Of a tj-rannical disposi-\\ntion, he soon became an object of popular aversion.\\nFailing to induce the assembly to submit to his wishes,\\nhe dissolved it. Members of the council who were ob-\\njectionable to him were suspended from office. The\\ndeath of others made vacancies which he filled with men\\nsubservient to his wishes, and the courts were filled with\\nofficers prepared to enforce his commands. Before these\\ntribunals suits were brought by Mason against some of\\nthe principal inhabitants for holding lands and felling\\ntimber. Seeing no chance for an impartial trial, no de- i\\nfence was offered, and judgment was given against the\\nparties. In one instance, an appeal was made to the\\nking, but without success. I\\nThe people were finallj- driven to the necessity of\\nmaking a vigorous stand for their rights. C ommunicat-\\ning their sentiments to one another, they privately 1\\nraised a sum of money by subscription, and appointed\\nan agent to proceed to England and present their com- j\\nplaints. The result was, the govei-nor s suits were not I\\nsustained.\\nMason, being disappointed in obtaining possession ofi\\nthe inhabited parts of the Province, endeavored to laj a\\nfoundation for realizing his claim to the waste lands- i\\nHe confirmed the million-acre purchase made of the i\\nIndians }-ears before by Tyng and others, for the annual\\nrent of ten shillings, and about the same time farmed\\nout the mines, minerals and ores of the Province for\\n1,000 j-ears, reserving one-fourth part of the roj-al ores\\nand one-seventeenth part of the baser ones. Having\\nput his affairs in as good order as the times would admit\\nof, he sailed for England.\\nOn the departure of Cranfield, Lieut. Gov. Barefoote\\nassumed the chair, and occupied it until the arrival of\\nPresident Dudley. His method of government seems to\\nhave been similar to that of Cranfield. Attempts to\\nlevy executions were forcibly resisted at Dover, and\\nwhen the sheriff sought to arrest the rioters, he and his\\nassistants were so roughly handled that they were glad\\nto escape with their lives. Barefoote himself, in at-\\ntempting to assist Mason in a personal contest, was\\nassaulted and badly injured. During his administra-\\ntion, a treaty was made with the Pennacook and Saco\\nIndians.\\nWhen the charter of Massachusetts was forfeited, and\\na new government established for New England, its", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0635.jp2"}, "624": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\njurisdiction included Maine, New Hampshire, Massa-\\nchusetta, and the Narraganset or King s Province.\\nBeing left, upon the occasion of the deposition of\\nGov. Andros, \u00e2\u0096\u00a0(vithout a government, the people of New\\nHampshire thought it best to return to their ancient\\nunion with Massachusetts. A petition for that purpose\\nha^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ing been presented. tlie_v were readily admitted until\\nthe king s pleasure should be known. This union lasted\\nabout two j-ears.\\nIn the meantime Mason had died, and his heirs had\\nsold their claims in New Hampshire to Samuel Allen, a\\nmerchant in London, who solicited a recognition of his\\ntitle from the crown, and a commission for the govern-\\nment of the Pro\\\\-ince, which he finallj- obtained. His\\nson-in-law, John Usher, was appointed lieutenant-gov-\\nernor to act in Allen s absence. The councillors ap-\\npointed to assist him were generaUj acceptable to the\\npeople, but Usher was not, as he had been one of the\\nadherents of Andros in his oppressive government, and\\nalso had an interest in Allen s claim upon their lands.\\nHe arrived with his commission and took the command\\nin August, 1692.\\nAnother Indian war was now in progress. Incited bj\\nthe recollection of previous wrongs, and by more recent\\ntroubles on the Penobscot between the French and Gov.\\nAndros, on the 27th of June, 1689, the Indians, ha^dng\\nby artifice obtained admittance into several houses at\\nDover by night, revenged themselves by killing Maj.\\nWaldron and other inhabitants of the place. Others\\nwere carried into capti^ity and sold to the French in\\nCanada. With the exception of some short truces, the\\nwar lasted until the close of 1699. But few of the New\\nHampshire towns escaped injury from the furj- of their\\nsavage enemies in this war.\\nSoon after Usher s arrival, he made inquiry for the\\npapers relating to Mason s suits. These were kept\\nsecreted for some time, but were finally delivered to him.\\nHe also exerted himself to have the boundar} line estab-\\nlished between the provinces of Massachusetts and New\\nHampshire. A charter was granted in 1694 of the\\ntownship of Kingston to about 20 inhabitants of\\nHampton.\\nGov. Allen came over in August, 1698, and, his com-\\nmission being still in force, assumed authority.\\nThe Earl of Bellamont, who had been appointed gov-\\nernor of New York, Massachusetts Ba^-, and New\\nHampshire, came into the Province and published his\\ncommission, July 31, 1699. As the new governor was\\na fiiTO friend to King William, and had no interest in\\noppressing the people, they rejoiced iji the change. The\\ngovernment was settled in their favor, and the waj-\\nseemed open for an adjustment of their difficulties and\\ndisputes.\\nAllen now began to take measures to enforce his\\nclaims. On examining the records of the Superior\\nCourt, 24 leaves were found missing, in which it was\\nsupposed the judgments recovered by Mason were\\nrecorded. No e\\\\-idence appearing of his having re-\\ncovered possession, the whole work had to be com-\\nmenced anew. A suit was brought against Waldron,\\none of the principal landholders, in which Allen was\\ndefeated, judgment being given against him, with costs.\\nFrom this decision he appealed to the king, but his ap-\\npeal was not allowed by the court. He then petitioned\\nto the king, who by an order of council granted him an\\nappeal, and allowed him eight months time to prepare\\nfor its prosecution. The appeal being brought before\\nthe king. Usher managed it on the part of Allen, and\\nVaughan acted as attorney for Waldron, the assembly\\nbearing the expense of the defence.\\nAfter hearing the case, the judgment in favor of Wal-\\ndron was affirmed, but the order Of council directed that\\nAllen should be at liberty to begin de novo by a writ of\\nejectment in the courts of New Hampshire, to tr}- his\\ntitle to the lands or to quit-rents payable for the same.\\nIn answer to a petition praying that Allen might be\\nput in possession of the waste lands, the attorne^ -gen-\\neral reported that Allen s claim to the wastes was valid,\\nand that all lands unenclosed and unoccupied were to be\\nreputed waste that he might enter into and take pos-\\nsession of them, and if disturbed might assert his rights,\\nand prosecute trespassers in the courts there. This re-\\nport was accepted, and the assembly of New Hampshire\\nwere apprised of the royal determination on the appeal\\nand petition.\\nAllen soon after took possession of the common land\\nin each township, and brought a suit of ejectment against\\nWaldron, at the same time notifying Gov. Dudlej of it,\\nthat he might be present and demand a special verdict.\\nThe governor being taken ill at Newbury, while on his\\nway to tije court, was unable to be present. The jury\\nrefused to find a special verdict, but found for the defend-\\nant with costs. From this verdict Allen appealed.\\nPerplexed by his repeated disappointments, and becom-\\ning low in purse and weakened bj age, Allen now sought\\nan accommodation with the people with whom he was\\ndesirous to spend the remainder of his days in peace.\\nVery advantageous offers were made to Waldron and\\nVaughan if thej- would purchase his title, but thev utterly\\nrefused to do it. j\\nAfter his death his son, Thomas Allen of London, re-\\nnewed the suit bj- pernussion of the queen, by bringing", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0636.jp2"}, "625": {"fulltext": "JP:W HAMPSHIRE.\\na new suit of ejectment against Waldron in the Court of\\nCommon Pleas, where it was decided against him. He\\nthen removed it to the Superior Court where it had been\\ntried three 3-ears before. On this occasion the full\\nstrength of both parlies was brought out, the managers\\non Allen s part being James Meinzies and John Valentine.\\nWaldron was represented by John Pickering and Charles\\nStorj The famous Wheelwright deed here made its\\nappearance. The jury returned a verdict for Waldron\\nwith costs, thus affirming the decision of the court below.\\nBeing sent out a second time with instructions from the\\ncourt in regard to a special verdict, they returned with\\nthe same verdict thereupon the court ordered judgment\\nto be entered.\\nAn appeal was moved to the Queen in Council which\\nthe court allowed, on a bond being given to prosecute it\\nbut the loyalty of the people, and the distresses under\\nwhich they labored by reason of war, caused the queen s\\nministry to suspend a final decision. The death of\\nAllen in 1715 put an end to the suit, which was not\\nrenewed by his heirs.\\nDuring Queen Anne s war several expeditions were\\nsent out against the Indians with varjing success. At-\\ntacks were frequently made upon the settlers, many of\\nwhom were killed. Others were carried into captivity,\\ntheir houses burned, and their cattle killed. This state\\nof affairs continued until July, 1713, when the hostilities\\nwere ended by a treaty made at Portsmouth.\\nIt being a time of peace, attention was now paid to\\nthe improvement of the Province, and the development\\nof its natural resources. Its lumber and naval stores\\nbecame objects of close attention both here and in Eng-\\nland. Laws were passed and directions sent from the\\nliome government for the preservation of all pine trees\\nlit for masts, and a surveyor of the woods was appointed\\nto cause their enforcement. These acts caused much\\n1 trouble among the people. The cultivation of the land,\\nthe manufacture of iron, and the raising of hemp were\\nencouraged.\\nIn 1719 the Province unexpectedly received an acces-\\nj sion of inhabitants from the North of Ireland, the\\nI descendants of a colony of Scotch Presb3-terians who\\nhad settled in that country during the reign of James I.\\nThey had borne a large share in the sufferings which the\\nProtestants in that country underwent in the reign of\\nIn the dispute about the bound.ary lines, the long dormant Mason\\nclaim was revived, through the instrumentality of some of the Massa-\\nchusetts politicians. A flaw having been discovered in the title held by\\nAllen from Mason, John Tufton Mason, a descendant from the first pro-\\nprietor, was induced by them to make an effort to recover the posses-\\nsions of his ancestor. They first treated with him for the release of all\\nCharles I. and James II. Some of them were engaged\\nin the famous siege of Londonderry-, where they endured\\nall but death in its defence. Having spent the winter in\\nHaverhill, Mass., they heard of good land about IG miles\\nfurther up the river at a place called Nutfield, where they\\nlocated themselves on a tract six miles square, by per-\\nmission of the Assemblj of Massachusetts.\\nIn 1722-23, hostilities on the part of the Indians hav-\\ning been renewed, the frontier settlements in New Hamp-\\nshire suffered severely. Dover, Kingston, and Oyster\\nRiver were visited, and some of their inhabitants killed\\nor can-ied into captivity. Scouting parties ranged\\nthrough the forests and occasionall} met and despatched\\nsome of the enemy. The war was closed by a treaty\\nmade at Boston, in December, 1724.\\nIn 1 728 the Province was visited by a destructive sick-\\nness to which the name of the throat distemper was given.\\nIt first made its appearance at Kingston, from whence it\\nspread into other places. Its ravages continued for more\\nthan a j-ear, during which time not less than 1,000 per-\\nsons, 900 of whom were under 20 years, became its lc-\\ntims.\\nOn the 6th day of March, 1740, after repeated and\\nlong protracted controversies, the boundary line* be-\\ntween New Hampshire and Massachusetts was estab-\\nlished substantially as at present a division eminently\\nsatisfactory to the former Province, inasmuch as it gave\\nit a tract of country 14 miles in breadth, and above 50 in\\nlength more than had ever been claimed, including 28 new\\ntownships from the territor3- of Massachusetts. In 1 741\\nwhen New Hampshire was finally made a distinct Pro-\\nvince, Benning Wentworth, oldest son of the late lieu-\\ntenant-governor, John Wentworth, was appointed gov-\\nernor.\\nIn the expedition against Louisburg in 1745, about 500\\nmen were engaged from New Hampshire, who aided\\nlargel} in the capture of the place.\\nWith the war between France and England, came\\nanother war with the Indians who were friendly to the\\nFrench. The settlements in the south-west part of the\\nProvince, near Connecticut River, were attacked, and\\npersons were killed or carried into captivity from Bos-\\ncawen, Hopkinton, Concord and Rochester. Scouting\\nparties were kept out for the protection of the frontiers,\\nbut with little success. The war was finally closed in\\nthose lands in Salisbury, Amesbury, Haverhill, Methuen and Dracnt\\nwhich the line would cut otf, and for \u00c2\u00a3500 currency obtained a quit-\\nclaim of them. In regard to liis claims in New Hampshire in January,\\n174G, he conveyed his whole interest to a company of 12 persons, for\\nthe sum of \u00c2\u00a31,500 currency. Controversies, however, in reference to\\nthe grants, continued until closed by the Revolution.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0637.jp2"}, "626": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe summer of 1749. For several jears subsequent to\\nthis war, the progress of the Pro\\\\-ince was greatly retard-\\ned by the various disputes that prevailed between the\\ngovernor and the assembly.\\nWar was again commenced by the Indians in August,\\n1754, at Plymouth. Soon after an attack was made\\nupon Salisbury, and a few days later Charlestown was\\nassaulted. During this war not less than 4,000 men were\\nraised for various expeditions against the enemj-. Mean-\\nwhile the settlements were continually harassed by the\\nattacks of the St. Francis Indians. Hopkinton, Keene,\\nWalpole, Charlestown and Hinsdale suffered severely.\\nIn 1 759, 1 ,000 men were raised who served under Gen.\\nAmherst in the successful campaigns of that year. In\\nSeptember, Maj. Robert Rogers, with about 200 rangers,\\nwas sent to destroy the Indian A-illage of St. Francis.\\nAfter a fatiguing march of 21 daj S, he came within\\nsight of the place, and halted his men at a distance of\\nabout three miles. In the evening he entered the ^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2illage\\nI in disguise, with two of his officers. On the ensuing\\nmorning the town was, just before daj attacked, set on\\n1 fire, and destroyed. After experiencing many hardships,\\nand suffering much from hunger and fatigue, a remnant\\nof the company finally reached their homes.\\nIn 1756, Daniel Fowle setup a printing-press at Ports-\\nmouth, and on the 7th day of October, issued the initial\\nnumber of the New Hampshire Gazette, the first news-\\npaper printed in the Province.\\nThe western boundarj- of the Province remaining un-\\nsettled, Gov. Wentworth maintained that it extended as\\nfar west as that of Jlassachusetts and Connecticut. He\\naccordingly granted a township six miles square, situated\\n24 miles east of Hudson s River, and six miles north of\\nthe line of Massachusetts, in the year 1749. Objection\\nbeing made by the government of New York to Went-\\nworth s claim, they claiming the territory eastward to the\\nConnecticut River, it was agreed to submit the matter to\\nthe king. Gov. Wentworth, however, continued to make\\nI grants of townships in the disputed territory, until the\\ncommencement of hostihties in 1754 put a stop to appli-\\ncations. The same cause prevented a decision being\\nmade by the king until the close of the war.\\nDurilig the war the territory was often traversed by\\nthe soldiers and the value of the land became known.\\nWhen peace was restored, numerous applications were\\nmade for grants, and in 1763, 138 townships of six miles\\nsquare had been granted west of the Connecticut River.\\nThe authorities of New York becoming alarmed, issued\\na proclamation setting forth the right of that Province to\\nthe territory. This was answered by one from Gov.\\nWentworth asserting the rights of New Hampshire in\\nthe premises. Finally the case was decided by the king\\nin council, who on the 20th of July, 1764, passed an\\norder declaring the western bank of Connecticut River\\nfrom where it enters the Province of Massachusetts to the\\n45th degree of north latitude to be the boundary-line\\nbetween the provinces of New Hampshire and New\\nYork.\\nThis was the beginning of a controversy which lasted\\nin various forms for more than 20 years. It was finally\\namicably adjusted.\\nThe war having been happily closed by the conquest\\nof Canada, the English government proposed to reim-\\nburse themselves for some of the expense they had en-\\ncountered in its prosecution by taxing the Colonies. The\\nmeasures taken for that purpose met with a decided op-\\nposition, and nowhere were these claims resisted more\\nforcibly than in New Hampshire. Men whose whole\\nlives had been a constant struggle for existence knew\\nthe value of their rights, and were determined to main-\\ntain them.\\nSome complaints having been made in England against\\nGov. Wentworth in relation to the grants of land and the\\nmanner of discharging his duties as survej or-general of\\nthe forests, it was decided to remove him. His nephew,\\nJohn Wentworth, being then in England, and in a posi-\\ntion to favor him, so used his infiuence with the ministry-\\nthat he was permitted to resign instead of being censured\\nand removed.\\nUpon the resignation of Gov. Wentworth, John Went-\\nworth was appointed governor and sur\\\\ e3-or-general. He\\nwas a native of Portsmouth, a son of Mark Hunting\\nWentworth, and a graduate of Harvard College. He\\nwas received by the people with every mark of respect\\nand affection, and exerted himself to merit their good\\nopinion. During his administration agriculture and man-\\nufactures were encouraged, schools were established,\\nroads built, and all proper means used to develop the\\nresources of the Pro\\\\ ince and promote the welfare of its\\ninhabitants. But he had fallen upon evil times. Loyalty\\nto the king was not consistent with loyalty to the people,\\nand after an administration of eight years, he withdrew\\nfi-om the Province, the last of the royal governors.\\nIn 1771 the Province was divided into five counties,\\nthree of which, Rockingham, Hillsborough and Cheshire\\nwere organized at once. Strafford and Grafton were an-\\nnexed to Rockingham until 1773, when they were organ-\\nized. Five other counties have since been organized,\\nCoos in 1803, Merrimack in 1823, Sullivan in 1827, Bel-\\nknap and Carroll in 1842.\\nIn the troubles preceding the Revolution the governor\\nexerted himself to preserve the peace of the Province.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0638.jp2"}, "627": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nHis prudence and the -Nagilance of the magistrates pre-\\nvented an outbreak at Portsmouth when the East India\\nCompanj sought to introduce their tea into the place.\\nHe endeavored, but without success, to prevent the\\nsending of delegates to the Congress at Philadelphia.\\nOn the 14th of December, 1774, a companj led l^y\\nJohn SuUivan, John Langdon and Thomas Pickering,\\nassaulted the fort at New Castle, and carried off barrels\\nof gunpowder which were stored there. The next daj\\nanother party removed 15 of the lightest cannon, all the\\nsmall arms, and some other militarj stores. Shortly-\\nafter a frigate and sloop arrived, with several companies\\nof soldiers, whp took possession of the fort and the\\nheavy artiUerj*.\\nThe assault upon the fort was an act of treason, and\\nthe governor felt it his duty to do all in his power to ar-\\nrest the perpetrators. He accordingly issued a procla-\\nmation calling upon all officers, civil and military, to assist\\nin the effort, and exhorting and enjoining all of His\\nMajesty s liege subjects to beware of suffering themselves\\nto be seduced by the false arts or menaces of designing\\nmen.\\nA member of the assembly, who had been expelled\\nfrom the house, having spoken his mind freely in public,\\nwas assaulted by the people and took refuge in the gov-\\nernor s house. The people demanded him, and brought\\na gun mounted on a carriage to the door, upon which he\\nwas delivered up and conveyed to Exeter. The gov-\\nernor, deeming himself insulted, retired to the fort, and\\nthe house was pillaged. He finally sailed for Boston,\\nbut returned in the month of September to the Isles of\\nShoals, where he issued a proclamation, adjourning the\\nassemblj to the next April. This was the final act\\nof his administration, and the last time he visited the\\nProvince.\\nOn the receipt of the news of the battle of Lexington,\\nabout 1,200 men marched from New Hampshire to join\\ntheir brethren who had collected in arms in the vicinity of\\nBoston. Of these some returned others formed them-\\nselves into two regiments under the authoritj of the\\nMassachusetts convention.\\nWhen the Provincial Congress of New Hampshire met\\nthej^ voted to raise three regiments for the service of the\\ncountry. The men were to serve until the last of the\\nnext December unless sooner discharged. The command\\nof the regiments was given to John Stark, Enoch Poor\\nand James Reed.\\nSome 1,060 volunteers from New Hampshire, including\\nStark and Reed s regiments, and a full company from\\nIlollis in Col. Prescott s regiment, were engaged in the\\nBattle of Bunker Hill. Gen. Sullivan making an appeal\\nto the citizens of New Hampshire, for aid to strengthen\\nthe siege of Boston, 31 companies, numbering 2,058 men,\\nwere promptly raised, who remained until the evacuation\\nof the city the following March.\\nOn the 5th day of January, 1776, a temporary consti-\\ntution was adopted, to continue in force throughout the\\nwar with Cxreat Britain. Three regiments, numbering in\\nthe whole 2,000 men, were raised this year. Three hun-\\ndred men were posted at the forts in Portsmouth harbor,\\nand a regiment recruited in the western part of the State\\nwas sent to Canada to assist in the operations there.\\nOn leaving Boston, the three regiments went with\\nGen. Washington to New York. From thence thej were\\nsent up the Hudson and down the lakes to Canada, under\\nthe command of Gen. Sullivan, to reinforce the army sent\\nthe preceding year into that country-, which was now\\nretreating before a superior force. They met the re-\\ntreating troops at tlie mouth of the Sorel. Their com-\\nmander, Thomas, having died of the small-pox, and the\\nsecond in command having been taken prisoner. Gen.\\nSullivan assumed the command and conducted the re-\\ntreat with great prudence. At St. John s the pursuit\\nceased. Nearly one-third part of the New Hampshire\\ntroops are said to have died from sickness this year.\\nThe forts of Ticonderoga and Mount Independence hav-\\ning been fortified by the militia from the neighboring\\nStates, the New Hampshire regiments continued their\\nmarch to Pennsylvania, where they joined Gen. Wash-\\nington, and although they were worn down with fatigue\\nand almost destitute of clothing, they participated in the\\nbattles of Trenton and Princeton. They remained in the\\narmy six weeks after their term of enlistment had ex-\\npired, and two regiments of militia which were sent as\\nreinforcements remained until March.\\nIn 1777 the regiments were reorganized, and the term\\nof enlistment extended to three 3 ears, or during the war.\\nStark, who considered himself superseded by the appoint-\\nment of Poor as brigadier-general, resigned his commis-\\nsion and left the armj his place being supplied bj\\nJoseph Cilley. Nathan Hale and Alexander Scammel\\ncommanded the other regiments. Thej- were stationed\\nat Ticonderoga under the immediate command of Gen.\\nPoor. On the approach of Gen. Burgoyne a army, Ticon-\\nderoga being found untenable, it was decided to evacuate\\nit, and in the retreat the garrison were pursued b} the\\nBritish who overtook them at Hubbardston. In the action\\nwhich ensued. Col. Hale with several other officers of his\\nregiment and about 100 of his men, were taken prisoners.\\nThe main body of the army continued their retreat to\\nSaratoga.\\nThe people of the New Hampshire grants, finding their", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0639.jp2"}, "628": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ncountry invaded, wrote in the most pressing terms to the\\nauthorities of New Hampshire for assistance. The legis-\\nlature was called together, but the prospect was gloomj-.\\nTheir means were nearly exhausted, manj- of their men\\nwere slain or in captivit}-, and a powerful foe was on\\ntheir borders. For a time thej- sat in silence. At length\\nJohn Langdon, the speaker of the House, left his place,\\nand said I have $3,000 in hard money my plate will\\nbring as much more. I have also 70 hogsheads of Tobago\\nrum, which shall be sold for what it will bring. With the\\navails of this property we will organize an expedition,\\nand mj friend John Stark shall command it. If we suc-\\nceed, I may be repaid if we fail, the property is of no\\nconsequence. Within three days provision was made\\nfor the expedition, and Stark engaged to command it.\\nThe result of this expedition was the victory of the\\nAmericans over the British forces at Bennington, and\\nthe ultimate defeat of Burgoyne s army.\\nJohn Langdon s speech at Exeter was the turning\\npoint of the Revolution.\\nAll danger of an invasion from Canada being removed,\\nthe New Hampshire regiments, in the year 1778, were\\nengaged in the operations at New Jersey and other\\npoints in the Middle States. At the battle of ]Monmouth\\ntheir bravery elicited the praise of Washington.\\nIn the summer of 1779 the New Hampshire brigade\\nformed a part of the expedition sent under the command\\nof Gen. Sullivan against the Indians in central New\\nYork. In 1780 the New Hampshire regiments served at\\nWest Point and in New Jersey, where Gen. Poor died.\\nThe next j ear a part remained in New York, while the\\nothers were engaged in the operations around Yorktown,\\nand witnessed the surrender of Cornwallis, which practi-\\ncallj closed the war. Shortly before this event Gen.\\nScammel died.\\nJune 2, 1784, the new State Constitution went into\\noperation. With the amendments made in 1792, 1851\\nand 1876, it remains in force at the present time.\\nIn 1786 the people of this State, in common with\\nthose of the neighboring States, were excited on the\\nquestion of a supply of money. A mob at one time\\nassembled around the court-house in Exeter when the\\nlegislature Was in session and held that body prisoners,\\ndemanding the passage of laws they deemed desirable to\\nrelieve them from their troubles. This outbreak was\\nspeedily quelled by the promptitude and firmness of\\nPresident Sullivan.\\nJune 12, 1788, the delegates of the people of New\\nHampshire, assembled in convention at Concord, ratified\\nthe Constitution of United States.\\nIn the war of 1812, New Hampshire men retained the\\ngood name as soldiers won by their fathers in previous\\nwars. Their prowess was displayed on many a bloody\\nfield, and the names of Miller, Cass, McNiel and Ripley,\\nand their commands, will not soon be forgotten. In the\\nrecent war of the RebeUion the sons of New Hampshire\\nwere not behind their fellows. The quotas of the State\\nwere promptly filled, and her soldiers were found in the\\nseverely contested battles of that conflict, freely giving\\ntheir lives for the sake of the Republic.\\nThe State prison was erected at Concord in 1812, and\\nshortly after a revision of the criminal laws was made.\\nThe number of capital oflFences was diminished and\\nimprisonment substituted for the whip and the pillory.\\nA large addition was made to the penitentiary in 1832.\\nIn 1877, the latter being filled and inconvenient for the\\nmanagement of the inmates, provision was made for the\\nerection of new prison buildings at some distance from\\nthe village. These are now in process of construction.\\nConcord having been fixed upon as the permanent\\ncapital of the State the erection of a State house was\\ncommenced in 1816. It was completed in 1819. In\\n1863-4 the house was enlarged and refitted.\\nThe New Hampshire Bank, incorporated in 1791, was\\nthe first banking institution established in the State.\\nNear the close of 1804 the first cotton-factorj in New\\nHampshire was put in operation at New Ipswich. It\\nwas used at first in the manufacture of cotton yam. The\\nfii-st cloth woven by a power-loom in the State was under\\nthe direction of John Steele at Peterborough, in May,\\n1818. From small beginnings the manufacture of cotton\\ngoods has become one of the most important branches\\nof industry in the State. Villages and cities have\\nsprung up around the falls in the water-courses old busi-\\nness centres have been deserted, and new ones better\\nadapted to meet the wants of the population have arisen.\\nBesides the cotton manufactures, other branches of\\nindustry have sprung up, giving employment to thou-\\nsands of the people.\\nIn October, 1838, the Nashua and Lowell Railroad\\nwas opened to Nashua. In the following year the Bos-\\nton and Maine Railroad was opened to East Kingston.\\nFrom these lines others have been built, so that but few\\nof the towns are without railroad facilities.\\nWe have thus glanced at the history of New Hamp-\\nshire since its settlement. The struggle for existence in\\nwhich its early settlers were involved, fostered a race of\\nhardy, self-reliant men, who have left their impress upon\\ntheir descendants, and probably at this day no half\\nmillion of people exist on the face of the globe superior\\nin intelligence and enterprise to those who claim New\\nHampshire as a birth-place.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0640.jp2"}, "629": {"fulltext": "HI H- PUT R(0\\nWhiip M(Tiral;nni;-.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0643.jp2"}, "630": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0644.jp2"}, "631": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nBELKNAP COUNTY.\\nBY BEV. LEANDEB\\nPerhaps no more suggestive statement describing\\nthis county can be made, tlian that it furnishes the\\nlarger part of the shore of New Hampshire s crystal\\ngem, Lake Winnipiseogee. By what authority the\\northography of our childhood s memory has been ch:nig d\\nIt is filled with islands It is said there are 365, one for\\neach day in the year. But as this is affirmed of several\\nother places, it is to be doubted if this statement is correct.\\nThe lake is 30 miles long, and nearly 15 wide, and\\nnostles among tlic mountains, which form the southern\\nRATTLESNAKB ISLAND, LAKE -WINNrPISEOGEE.\\nwe do not know. But to-day the above is accepted as\\nthe coiTect name of the lake, which Indian tradition\\ninforms us signifies The smile of the Great Spirit.\\nThe Creator s orthography, by which he has written its\\nmeaning before our eyes, has never changed. Even in\\nwinter, when its mask of ice covers with a sterner mean-\\ning, and hides the smile, it still is beautiful in its repose.\\nBut when the hills which so nearly encu cle it are covered\\nwith their summer garbs when the fields at their bases\\nare ripening for the harvest when the elegant steamers\\nthat ply its waters begin their trips when the summer\\nresorts around it are astir with the throngs which come\\nto rest and admire, then the lake is simply entrancing.\\nextremity of the White Mountain cluster. On the north\\nrise the old gray mountains of Tamworth and Ossipee.\\nTo the west Mount Bellinap and Mount Major. To the\\nsouth-west the hills of Alton Bay. To the south-east\\nthe more even lands of Wolfborough break the moun-\\ntainous monotony. The outlet of the lake is about 20\\nmiles from its southern extremity on the western shore,\\nand is the source of the world-renowned Merrimack a\\nriver not as grand as the Connecticut or Penobscot, in-\\ndeed, but much mightier than they in power. The main\\nfeeder of the lake is the Merrymeeting River, which has\\nits rise from a lakelet of the same name in the town of\\nNew Durham, not 25 miles in an air-line from the At-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0645.jp2"}, "632": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nlantic. There is a tradition, that the waters of this river\\nonce flowed down the Cocheco Valley, the head-waters of\\nwhich river flow south-east within a very short distance\\nof where the Merrj-meeting flows north-west, seeking\\nthe Merrimack tlirough the lake, making the distance\\nof nearly 200 miles to reach the sea, only 25 miles\\nfrom its source. There is some indication of this.\\nJust before the Merrymeeting flows into the lake, at\\nAlton Hay, it cuts its way through a horseback.\\nto distinguish between the terms incorporated and char-\\ntered. The former is the term used to define the act\\nof New Hampshire as a sovereign State. The latter\\nis the term used to define the act of the British Crown,\\neither dii-ect or through a governor appointed by the\\ncrown.\\nOld Gilmanton was granted, by a charter from King\\nGeorge, to 24 persons by the name of Gilman, and to 152\\nother subjects of Groat Britain. Mav i:^. 17-27. The\\nILTON EAY.\\nwhich once must have formed a lake whose waters\\nwould perhaps have flowed the other way. The growths\\nof trees, and all the conditions of the cut through\\nwhich the river flows, show it to be of quite recent\\nformation.\\nThis county was originally a part of old Strafford, and\\nwas incorporated Dec. 22, 1840. Its present population\\nis 18,549.\\nThere are ten towns in Belknap County. The early\\nhistory of the countj- will be introduced into that of the\\ntowns, whose history antedates many years the incorpo-\\nration of the countj\\nTowns.\\nGiLMANTOK. There are towns to-day in the county of\\ngreater importance and influence than this. But in the\\nearly pioneer history, this town leads. It may be well here\\nfollowing is the heading and declaration of the charter\\nmaking the grant\\nGeorge, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France\\nand Ireland, King, defender of the Faith, c.\\nTo all people to whom these presents shaU come,\\ngreeting\\nKnow that we of our especial knowledge and mere\\nmotion, for the encouragement of settling a new planta-\\ntion, by and with the consent of our council have given\\nand granted, and by these presents, as far as in us lies,\\ndo give and grant, in equal shares, to sundry of beloved\\nsubjects, whose names are in a schedule hereunto an-\\nnexed.\\nIt will be seen by this that the history of Gilmanton\\ntakes us well back into colonial days, when Portsmouth\\nwas an important town full of loj-al subjects of the crown", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0646.jp2"}, "633": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nto days when the hardj- settlers had to battle not only\\nwith inhospitable forests, but also with the savages.\\nFor j ears the only approach was through bridle-paths\\nfrom Dover. And now, while the tides of modern travel\\nthunder on railwa3 S up the vallej-s of the Merrimack and\\nCocheco while the steamers on the lake take the place\\nof the canoes of the savages, for travel and commerce,\\nthe old cemetery and Smith s meeting-house, on Meet-\\ning-house Hill, the old theological seminary, long since\\nDec. 30, 1768. It was originally called New Salem.\\nThe situation of this town, and its scenery upon the\\nshore of the lake, render it a favorite summer resort.\\nIt is an excellent farming town, and has considerable\\nmechanical and mercantile enterprise. The population\\nis 1,807.\\nSanbornton was chartered March 1, 1770. This is\\nan agricultural town. By its dismemberment the thriv-\\ning towns of Tilton and Franklin came into existence.\\nabandoned to be used as a simimer resort Andover and\\nBangor ha-^dng taken its place all stand, along with the\\nsquare old mansions of Gilmanton Corner, as stranded evi-\\ndences of New England s early civiUzation and enterprise.\\nGilmanton has furnished her quota of men in every\\nwar for national integrity. She has enriched the man-\\nhood of the Commonwealth with many noble names.\\nEvery walk of life, ci-\\\\ic, military and commercial, has\\nbeen honored and adorned by the noble sons of this, one\\nof our oldest towns. Population, 1,644.\\nBaknstead was chartered March 28, 1761. Rev.\\nJoseph Adams and others received this territory as a\\ngrant from the crown as early as Maj 20, 1727. This\\nis one of the best farming towns in the State. The Sun-\\ncook River passes through the town. Population, 1.544.\\nMeredith is the next in the historical order, and was\\nchartered by John Wentworth, the provincial governor.\\nThe town lies to the west of Meredith, and has a popu-\\nlation of 1,236.\\nNew Hampton was chartered in 1777, and had pre-\\nviouslj been known as Moultonborough Addition. The\\nname of this town was given by Gov. Wentworth in\\nhonor of his native town. The Freewill Baptist denomi-\\nnation has a flourishing school here, the New Hampton\\nLiterary and Biblical Institution. The business of the\\ntown is agriculture. Population, 1,257.\\nAlton, a large, irregular-shaped town, diversified by\\nmountain and lake scenerj^, was incorporated in 1796.\\nThe place is delightful as a summer resort. The beauti-\\nful steamer Mount Washington makes daily trips\\nacross the lake, connecting with the Boston and Maine\\nRailroad trains. The Advent camp-grounds are situated\\nat the Bay. A fine hotel accommodates the many visitors\\nwho resort here for health or pleasure. Population, 1 ,800.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0647.jp2"}, "634": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nCentre Harbor was incorporated in 1797. It is\\nchiefly noted as a summer resort. The Boston and\\nMaine Company s steamer makes two daily trips to this\\ntown during the travelling season. The Senter House,\\none of the most elegant summer homes in the White\\nMountain region, is always open, and many smaller and\\nless pretentious houses furnish delightful homes. The\\nscenery around Centre Harbor, northward toward the\\nWhite Mountains, and southward over the lake, is not\\nsurpassed in the world for loveliness, although it may be\\nin grandeur. The population of the town is 515.\\nGilford, incorporated in 1812, was taken from Gil-\\nmanton. The enterprising place known as Lake Village\\nis situated in this town, although it is more intimately,\\nassociated with Laconia, which it joins, and forms with\\nit really one village. Population, 3,361.\\nLaconia, although in area one of the smallest towns\\nin the county, and one of the most recently or-\\nganized, being incorporated in 1855, and taken from\\nMeredith, is the most important town in the county. It\\nis the county seat. Through this town, the vast supplies\\nof water which enter the world-renowned Merrimack\\nfrom Lake Winnipiseogee, flow, furnishing an excellent\\nwater-power which is well improved for manufacturing\\npurposes. The population of the town is 3,100.\\nTiLTON, a thriving town of 1,147 inhabitants, and for-\\nmerly a part of Sanbornton, known as Sanbornton Bridge,\\nwas incorpoi ated in 18G9. It is the seat of the New\\nHampshire Conference Seminary and Female College.\\nInteresting Indian relics are found here.\\nBelmont, also incorporated in 1869, was taken from\\nold Gilmanton, before noticed. Population, 2,185.\\nCARROLL COUNTY\\nEY HON. LARKIN D. MASON.\\nThe early history of Carroll County must be taken in\\nconnection with that of Straff ord till the year 1840. At\\nthat time, this county, together with Belknap, was given\\nan independent organization. The south-western border\\nof the county is washed by the waters of Lake Winni-\\npiseogee, and a portion of its northern boundary extends\\nthrough the midst of mountains. It is estimated that\\nmore than half its surface is covered with lakes or\\nmountains.\\nTowns.\\nWoLFBOROTJGH, a town of 2,000 inhabitants, on the\\neastern shore of Lake Winnipiseogee, is the most impor-\\ntant town in the county. The scenery is of surpassing\\nbeauty. On the east and north, the lofty mountains of\\nOssipee and Tuftonborough rear their towering heads,\\nwhile numerous lakes nestle within the broad, rich\\nvalleys lying between the woody hills of the town.\\nAt the foot of a hill near one of these lakelets is a\\nmineral spring, which is a place of considerable resort.\\nWith these natural attractions, and the ample facilities\\nof the fine hotels to give entertainment to summer\\nguests, Wolfborough may be styled the Saratoga of\\nCarroll County, and perhaps of New Hampshire.\\nThis town was granted, in 1770, to Gen. John Went-\\nworth, Mark H. Wentworth, and others. Among the\\nfirst settlers were John Flagg, Joseph Larry, James\\nLucas, John Kennet, Benjamin Blake and William\\nRogers. These early settlers were mostly poor. Horses\\nand oxen were not generally possessed hence there was\\na great demand for physical strength. The necessary\\narticles of food were brought on the shoulders of men\\nfrom Gilmanton, Rochester, and other more distant\\ntowns. The first person who permanently established\\nhimself in town was Benjamin Blake, a hardj and some-\\nwhat eccentric man, who often remained in his field for\\ndays, taking his food and sleeping upon the bare earth.\\nHe served for a time in the northern army and when\\nreturning from Ticonderoga, walked the entire distance\\nhome barefoot, though the ground was partially covered\\nwith snow. Of himself and worthy wife are related\\nmany incidents illustrative of their hardihood. Jona-\\nthan, a son born soon after their arrival at Wolfborough,\\nbecame one of the most promising citizens of the town.\\nWilliam Fullerton, another of the earliest settlers, was\\ndrowned while attempting to ford the strait between the\\ninner and outer bays near Smith s bridge, soon after he\\nremoved his family to the township. James Lucas was\\nthe moderator at the first town meeting, and his de-\\nscendants are still prominent citizens. Jonathan Larry", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0648.jp2"}, "635": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nheld paternal relation to the child who first raised its\\ninfantile cry in Wolfborough. Reuben Libby made a\\nincorporated, Feb. 22, 1829. The first minister in town\\nwas Rev. Samuel Arnold, settled in 1829. The Ports-\\nWOLFBOROUGH.\\npermanent settlement in town, and stocked it with cattle. I mouth, Great\\nHe married Sarah Fullerton, and this was the first mar- tions in this\\nriage solemnized in\\nthe town. The first\\nmeeting-house erect-\\ned in Wolfborough\\nwas the one known\\nas the town meeting-\\nhouse, which was oc-\\ncupied by the Con-\\ngregationalists until\\nthe death of their\\npastor, Mr. Allen, in\\n1806. Afterwards it\\nwas occupied by min-\\nisters of different de-\\nnominations till the\\nyear 1840, when it\\nwas converted into\\na town-house. The\\npopulation numbers\\nabout 2,000.\\nOssiPEE, south of Tamworth, is the shire town of the i Sandwich\\ncounty. It was originally called New Garden, and was town in the\\nWOLFIiOKOUOII.\\nFalls and Conway Railroad has four sta-\\ntown. West Ossipee is a favorite resort\\nfor summer boarders.\\nJohn G. Whittier,\\nthe poet, has spent\\na portion of the sum-\\nnioi, for many con-\\nsecutive years, at\\n(he Bearcamp River\\nHouse. The popu-\\ntion numbers 1,822.\\nThis town was, a\\nfew years since, the\\nscene of a revolting\\nnuu der. A man by\\ntlie name of Abbott\\nkilled his wife, and\\nattempted his own\\ndestruction, but was\\nauested, tried, and\\nsentenced to State\\nprison for 30 j ears.\\nhaving a population of 1,85-1, is the first\\nL ounty in tlu iirodiiction of fruit and maple j", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0649.jp2"}, "636": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nsugar. It was granted to Gov. Benning Wentwortli in\\nI 1763, and comprised sis square miles. In 1764, the\\ngrantees received additional territory on the east and\\nj south sides. This was incorporated, Oct. 25, 1768, and\\nwas called, Sandwich Addition. Rev. Daniel Smith,\\nsettled in 1827, was the first minister. The first house\\nwas built in 1725, on land now owned by William M.\\nWeed, Esq.\\nThe scenery of this town is very beautiful. Not less\\nthan a thousand persons spend their summer vacations\\nbeside the mountain streams in this vicinity. In Octo-\\nber, 1820, after a long drouth, a hea-\\\\-j- rain set in, and\\ncontinued for several days, causing a heavj- slide from\\nMount Whiteface into the valley at its base. A deep\\nra\\\\-ine was formed in its sides for several miles in extent.\\nHon. Isaac Adams, the distinguished inventor of the\\npower-press, has his residence in this town, and gives\\nemplojTnent to a large number of men.\\nConway, containing 1,607 inhabitants, and the second\\ntown in the county in importance, was first settled in\\n1764-5, by James and Benjamin Osgood and others.\\nConway village (Pequackett) on the Great Falls and\\nConway Railroad, contains a savings bank and an ex-\\ntensive machine-peg manufactory.\\nConway Centre, a flourishing rural hamlet, is the resi-\\ndence of Hon. Joel Eastman.\\nNorth Conway has become a city of hotels, and it is\\nestimated that 2,000 strangers spend a portion of the\\nsummer months in this enchanting village, besides the\\ntens of thousands who are transient visitors. This\\nregion is a favorite resort for artists, no other place\\naffording finer views of Mount Washington. The house\\non Mount Kearsarge looms before the \\\\asitor as from no\\nother standpoint. The Portland and Ogdensburg Rail-\\nroad intersects the Great Falls and Conway Railroad in\\nthis village.\\nConwaj^ Academy, a well-managed literary institution,\\nand several churches, furnish educational and religious\\nfacilities.\\nThe Kearsarge House, of extensive reputation, has\\naccommodations for 300 permanent boarders. The\\nbroad and fertile interval on the south side of the street,\\nwith the Saco River meandering through it, together\\nwith the grand sceneiy of the mountains, give an almost\\nenchanting variety of landscape to this most favored\\ntown.\\nTamworth, a town of 1,344 inhabitants, in the north-\\nern central part of the county, was granted Oct. 14,\\n1766, to Jonathan Moulton and others. The first per-\\nmanent white settler was Mark Jewell, who came about\\nthe j-ear 1770.\\nThis town was the head-quarters of the Rev. Samuel\\nHidden, celebrated for his efforts in behalf of the cause\\nof education in Carroll County. He was for man} years\\nthe faithful pastor of the Congregational church, being\\nordained in 1792. The place chosen for the ceremonj-,\\nwas a huge rock in the wilderness, capable of seating 20\\npeople on its flat top. The scene was at once novel and\\nstriking. In 1862, the seventieth anniversar}- of this event\\nwas celebrated, and a monument erected commemorating\\nthe ordination. At this meeting four persons were pres-\\nent who, 70 years before, had attended the ordination\\nser\\\\ice.\\nTamworth is well watered by the Beareamp and Swift\\nrivers, which oflfer valuable water-power. The largest\\nmanufactory of rakes in the world is run by Beareamp\\nwater at South Tamworth. The first cut nails manufac-\\ntured bj machinery in New Hampshire, were made in\\nthis town bj- Samuel Folsom. The first screw-auger ever\\nmade was invented by Nathaniel Weed, a mechanic in\\nthis town. Iron was manufactured from ore taken from\\nthe bed of Ossipee Lake, from about 1775 to 1810.\\nIn 1876, a scene of tragic character was enacted in\\nthis heretofore quiet and peaceful town. The scene was\\nat the beautiful Chocurua Lake, where resided one Syl-\\nvester W. Cone. Becoming enraged at some intrusive\\nfellows who attempted to bathe in the lake within sight\\nof his family, he, instead of taking proper measures for\\ntheir arrest and punishment, fatally shot the leader of\\nthe company who was advancing toward him. After a\\nprolonged trial. Cone was sentenced to Concord prison\\nfor 30 years.\\nMouLTONBOROUGH is Situated north of Lake Winnipi-\\nseogee, and touches Squam Lake on the west. It has a\\npopulation of 1,300. Red Hill, which rises about 2,000\\nfeet above the level of the sea, is composed of a beauti-\\nful sienite, in which the feldspar is of a gray ash color.\\nNear the summit, where the ledges of rock are exposed\\nto the action of the air, the rock is of a reddish hue.\\nThe first frosts always change the foliage a deep crimson,\\nfrom which fact the eminence received its name.\\nThis town was granted Nov. 17, 1763, by the Maso-\\nnian proprietors to Col. Jonathan Moulton. The first\\nhouse of public worship was erected in 1773, and was\\nblown down by a violent east wind in 1819. The Con-\\ngregational church was formed in 1777, and Rev. Samuel\\nPerley was the first minister.\\nIn October, 1767, a colony containing thirteen families,\\nsettled in Moultonborough, which township was owned\\nmostly at this time by Gen. Jonathan Moulton of Hamp-\\nton. These families appear to have been the first to\\nmake a permanent settlement. One of the colonists, a", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0650.jp2"}, "637": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\n607\\nboy 14 years old, tired of this kind of life, resolved to\\nrecross the lake on the ice to Alton Bay and return to\\nOld Hampton. He was found three days after near the\\nWeirs, completely exhausted and nearly frozen. He was\\nconveyed to Portsmouth, and had both legs amputated,\\nand the knee-caps removed. He recovered, and after-\\nwards wore a boot resembling a huge oval box. For\\nhalf a century he was a wanderer among the hills of Car-\\nroll County, and known to aU its inhabitants as Uncle\\nNat. Mason. He died in Old Hampton in 1836.\\nThe Ossipee tribe of Indians once resided in this vicin-\\nity, and some 3 ears since a tree was standing in Moulton-\\nV)orough, on which was carved in hieroglj-phics, the his-\\ntory of their expeditions. Many native implements and\\nrelics have been found, indicating this to have been at\\none time their favorite residence. In 1820, on a small\\nisland in Lake Winnipiseogee, was found a curious gun-\\nbarrel, much worn by rust and age, divested of its stock,\\nand enclosed in the body of a pitch-pine tree 16 inches\\nin diameter. About GO years ago, at the mouth of Mel-\\nvin River, a gigantic skeleton was found which had been\\nburied in the sandy soil, apparently that of a man more\\nthan seven feet high.\\nIn August, 1784, a huge bear attacked a child of Mr.\\nLeach, who had been sent to a pasture with a horse. Be-\\nfore the father could reach the spot, the bear took up the\\nl)oy and fled to the woods, in the very sight of the father,\\nIt being night-fall, pursuit was impracticable. The\\nparents, after a night of anguish, discovered the hat and\\nthe bridle which the boy had with him, and following a\\ntrail of blood about 40 rods, found the mangled bodj\\none tliigh partly consumed by the savage beast. The\\nlatter was discovered near the spot and killed.\\nWakefield is situated on the Eastern Raihoad, 50\\nmiles north-east from Concord. The former name of\\nthe town was East Town, and it was incorporated Aug.\\n30, 1774. The surface is broken and hilly, and dotted\\nhere and there with ponds. Province Pond lies for 450\\nrods on the boundary between this town and Effingham.\\nThe principal branch of the Piscataqua River takes its\\nrise from East Pond in the south-eastern part of the town.\\nCapt. John Lovewell surprised and destroyed a party\\nof Indians in the early days, near the eastern shore of a\\nlarge pond lying in the south part of the town. This\\npond was named from him, Lovewell s Pond. Pine-\\nRiver Pond is the source of a river of the same name.\\nUpon the summit of this mountain is a commodious summer hotel.\\nThe view from this house is grand, the White Mountains on the west,\\nand the ocean on the east, being plainly visible.\\nt About 1788 Col. Jerry Oilman, from Plaistow, N. H., Esquire Weed,\\nMr. Mead and Mr. Emerson settled the inteiTal lying east of Chocu-\\nThese sheets of water afford several very valuable mill-\\nprivileges. Along the streams there is considerable\\ninterval, which is very productive and well cultivated.\\nThe Congregational chm ch was organized in 1785.\\nRev. Asa Piper was the first minister.\\nThe scenery of the town is fine, and the place has\\nbeen quite a favorite resort for tourists. It has a popu-\\nlation of 1,185. Two celebrated lawyers, Josiah Hobbs\\nand his son Frank, were born in this town.\\nTuFTONBORODGH, ou the north-cast shore of Lake\\nWinnipiseogee, was originally granted to J. Tufton\\nMason. It was settled about 1780, and incorporated\\nDec. 17, 1795. Among the early settlers were Benja-\\nmin Beau, Phineas Graves and Joseph Peavey. Rev.\\nJoseph KeUum (CongregationaUst), was the first minis-\\nter (1800). The number of inhabitants is about 950.\\nEffingham was settled but a few years before the\\nRevolution. It was first called Lea\\\\ itt s Town. It was\\nincorporated Aug. 18, 1778. Rev. Gideon Burt was the\\nfirst settled minister. He entered upon his duties as pastor\\nof the Congregational church in 1803 and was dismissed in\\n1805. The best water-power in the county is at Effingham\\nFalls. Iron was formerly manufactured by this power\\nfrom ore taken from Ossipee Lake. Population, 904.\\nThe towns of Carroll County not previously described\\nare Freedom, incorporated in 1831 population, 738\\nformerly called North Effingham, and having an impor-\\ntant lumber business: Eaton, granted in 1766; pop-\\nulation, 656 Madison, set off from Eaton in 1852\\npopulation, 646, including a valuable mineral region\\nBaktlett, incorporated in 1790, having at present 630\\ninhabitants, and containing beds of iron-ore Jackson,\\nincorporated under the name of Adams in 1800, receiv-\\ning its present name in honor of President Jackson in\\n1829 population, 475, having an inexhaustible supply\\nof tin and iron ore Chathaji, a town of 450 inhabi-\\ntants, originally granted in 1767, and containing the\\nnoted Kiarsarge Mountain,* 3,400 feet high, and Bald-\\nface Mountain 3,600 feet high Brookfield, incorporated\\nin 1794; population, 416; the scene of the revolting\\nmurder in 1875 of Susan Hanson by James Buzzell\\nand Albany, t granted in 1766, called Burton until 1833,\\nhaving a population of 340. From 1790 to 1793, a\\nlinen manufactory, established bj Col. Jerry Oilman,\\nwas operated in the latter town, and was the only estab-\\nlishment of the kind ever known in the State.\\nma, which bid fair to be a fine farming section, till a murrain called Bur-\\nton-ail appeared among their neat-stock, and swept off their herds.\\nThe progress of the town was greatly retarded by this disease, render-\\ning it almost impossible to raise cattle. Superstition and tradition\\npoint to the curse of Chocurua as the cause.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0651.jp2"}, "638": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nCHESHIKE COUNTY.\\nWILLIAM E. GRAVES.\\nThe snow was Ijnng deep, covering the rude stone\\nwalls and fences, that faintlj traced the lines of almost\\nobliterated roads 3-et, in the meadows, the fleecy mantle\\nseemed to soften and to slowlj settle and sink away un-\\nder the bi-ight sun and westerl3 winds of a cheery spring\\nmorning, near the close of a long and dreary winter.\\nAs the daj advanced and the roads were broken out, the\\nfanners sought the woods where the air was fragrant\\nwith the breath of pines. Noon came, and with it,\\nwarmth and as the hours of afternoon sped on, the\\nfainter blue of the sky, and lengthening shadows, foretold\\nthe approach of evening. But long before the sun had\\nset behind the distant Monadnock, the last important\\nwork of the Colonial legislature of New Hampshire had\\nbeen accomplished, and John Wentworth, its last Pro-\\nvincial governor, had approved the act of March 19,\\n1771, forming that Province into counties five in num-\\nber the one nearest the west bearing the title of\\nCheshire, from a county of that name in the west of\\nEngland.\\nNearly 150 j^ears had passed since the landing within\\nthe Province of a company of European colonists at a\\nplace now known as Dover Point. Beyond a doubt,\\nthey were the first white men whose feet had pressed that\\nbarren soil. Leanng home and friends for a cheerless\\nwilderness the abode of uncivilized Indians these\\nColonists had suffered hardships almost beyond endur-\\nance. Dover, Portsmouth, Exeter and Hampton had\\nbeen settled Charles II. had made New Hampshire a\\nroj al Province its destinies had been swayed 133 various\\nprovincial governors and now its last royal ruler hav-\\ning signed the act dividing it into counties was about\\nto leave the land of his birth, a voluntary exile, never\\nmore to return.*\\nTime passed on, and the long struggle of the Revolu-\\ntion followed. During that eventful period, and for\\nmany years in the present century, the old charter of\\nCheshire embraced numerous towns not included in its\\nI present limits. As the count} increased in wealth and\\npopulation, the courts were burdened with business, and\\nGov. John Wentworth left New Hampshire at the beginning of the\\nI Revolution. He died at Haliiiix in 1820.\\na part of its territory was set ofl^ to form a new county.\\nAt a later period the State legislature of New Hampshire\\npassed an act dated Jan. 2, 1827, defining the boundaries\\nof Cheshire as follows: Beginning at the south-east\\ncorner of Rindge then westerly bj the State line to the\\nwest bank of Connecticut River thence, up the same\\nbank to the north-west corner of Walpole thence by\\nthe northerlj lines of Walpole, Alstead, Marlow and\\nStoddard, to the line of the county of Hillsborough\\nthence, by the line of the last-mentioned county to the\\nbounds first mentioned. Fiftv j ears have passed since\\nthe passage of that act, and the boundaries of Cheshire\\nremain almost undisturbed. At the present time the\\ncounty contains 22 towns, including the city of Keene,\\nfor many 3 ears its capital or count^ -seat.\\nBy no means a level territorj Cheshire abounds in\\npleasant plains. The largest of these lies in the lovelj-\\nvalley of the Ashuelot River, and forms the site of\\nKeene. Here, a large area of open country ^three miles\\nin extent, and about the same in width forms one of\\nthe finest plateaus of fertile meadow and rich interval\\nland to be found in the State. Many similar vallej-s,\\nsmaller in size, but mostly light sandy plains bordered\\nbj- upland, are scattered throughout the various towns.\\nAs a whole, the surface is generallv uneven, with a few\\nprominent elevations like the Ashuelot Mountains, and\\nthe Monadnock, regarded bj geographers as a continua-\\ntion of the White Mountain range. The county of\\nCheshire contains almost everj variety of soil, and much\\nof it is good. Along the vallej- of the Connecticut River\\nwhich washes its western border, the soil is unsurpassed\\nfor general agricultural purposes, and abundant crops\\namplj- repay the farmer for his toil.\\nBoth the Ashuelot and the Sugar rivers flow into the\\nConnecticut, the western bank of which forms the bound-\\nary between New Hampshire and Vermont. The first\\nnamed of these rivers has its source from a pond in the\\ntown of Washington, Sullivan County and after receiv-\\ning two branches from Keene and Swanzey, and several\\nsmaller streams in Winchester, empties into the Con-\\nnecticut River at Hinsdale, in the extreme south-western\\ncorner of the county. Sugar River flows from the west", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0652.jp2"}, "639": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nside of Lake Sunapee, where it lias its source, and pass-\\ning tiirough Newport and Claremont, unites witli the\\nConnecticut. The Ashuelot and its tributaries, and the\\nhead Ijranches of tlie Contoocook, witli other streams,\\nsupply an abundance of water for manufacturing and\\notlier purposes.\\nLakes Sunapee and SpafTord are Lirge sheets of water,\\nin the latter of whicli is a picturesque island, containing\\nabout eight acres. Mount Monadnock, mostly in Dub-\\nlin, but partly- in Jaffrey, and the highest mountain in the\\ncounty is 3,450 feet above the level of the sea. The\\nwell-known Bellows Falls on the Connecticut River in\\nWalpole, are the finest in the county of Cheshire. The\\nCheshire Railroad, from Fitchburg, Mass., to Bellows\\nFalls, Vt., and the Ashuelot Railroad from South Ver-\\nnon, Vt., to the city of Keene, are wholly within this\\ncounty.\\nCheshire belongs to the third judicial district, a law-\\nterm for which is held annually on the first Tuesday in\\nJuly. There are two jury terms for the Supremo Judi-\\ncial Court, and for the Court of Common Pleas, both\\ncommencing at the same time, on the third Tuesdays of\\nMarch and September.\\nThe vicissitudes of a New England climate are less\\nstrongl}- marked in Cheshire, than in counties bordering\\non the seacoast and its exceeding healthfulness is\\nshown by manj noteworthy instances of longevity, and\\nby a sustained and gradual growth which neither war,\\npestilence, nor emigration has been able to overcome.\\nIn 1 77.5 the countj was peopled by a stern and hardy\\nrace of men, who made the forests recede to give place\\nto the comfortable habitations and cultivated farms of\\ncivilization.\\nThe earliest settlement in this county was made about\\nthe year 1G82 at Hinsdale, then a part of Northfield, and\\nimder the government of Massachusetts. This town was\\nincorporated in 1753, receiving its name from Col.\\nEbenezer Hinsdale, at that time a prominent resident of\\nthe place. It was settled as earlj- as 1G83, and was\\nformerl3 known as Fort Dummer, and later as Bridg-\\nman s Fort. In common with all frontier settlements,\\nit suffered severely during the Indian wars. At the time\\nthe fort was built, murders were frequent, and captures\\nof the settlers an almost every-day occuiTence One of\\nthe band of Indians who attacked this fort in 1746, was\\nkilled by Daniel How, who was at last taken prisoner.\\nIn the Indian assault of 1747, the savages killed several,\\ntook others prisoners, and finally burned down the gar-\\nrison. The fort was re-built, but was afterwards attacked\\nin 1748, when three persons were killed and seven cap-\\ntured and again, in 1755, when two were killed and one\\ntaken prisoner. The Rev. Bunker Gay, a Harvard grad-\\nuate, settled over the first Congregational church formed\\nhere in 17G3, died in 1815. A Baptist church was or-\\nganized in 1808. Remains of an Indian fortification,\\nl)uilt before the settlement of the town, maj be seen on\\nthe point of a hill not far from the Connecticut River.\\nTlie Indians were also a source of much trouble to the\\nearly inhabitants of Swanzcy, whose settlers came prin-\\ncipally from Massachusetts, which gave the first grant of\\nthat town in 1733, when the plantation bore the name of\\nLower Ashuelot, from the Indian name of the river,\\nwhich was originally Ashaolock. Being unprotected b3\\nJlassachusetts whose jurisdiction they then acknowl-\\nedged, the settlers were forced to abandon the place in\\n1747, burying in the ground all their most valuable ar-\\nticles of furniture. During, the absence of the settlers,\\nall their buildings with a single exception, were destro3 ed.\\nThree j-ears afterward the former inhabitants returned\\nand when the boundary lines between New Hampshire\\nand Massachusetts were finallj- adjusted, Swanzej^ was\\nincorporated by the former State in 1753. The Rev.\\nTimothy Harrington, a native of Waltham, Mass., the\\nfirst minister of the Congregational church, organized in\\n1741, lost the records of the societj when his house was\\nburned by the Indians in 1745. In consequence of the\\nwar, he withdrew from the town in 1747, resigning his\\nright to a lot of land given to the first pastor, and pre-\\nsenting the church and society a costly silver chalice. He\\nwas settled at Lancaster, Mass., in the following year,\\nand died Dec. 18, 1795, at the age of 80. In the month\\nof October, 1753, Keene and Swanzej- united in support\\nof the gospel, and this union continued about seven j ears.\\nRev. Ezra Carpenter, the first minister of the Union So-\\nciety-, remained wiih the people of Swanzey, after the\\ndissolution. The Baptist church in this place was\\nfounded about the year 1804.\\nIn the westerly part of Cheshire County, 55 miles\\nfrom Concord, 60 from Dartmouth College, and 80 from\\nBoston, lies Keene, first settled under the authority of\\nMason, in 1 734, by parties who remained onl^- for a short\\ntime. The first who attempted to pass the winter in\\nKeene encountered many hardships, and left before the\\nwinter expired. At this time the lines between New\\nHampshire and Massachusetts had not been determined,\\nand it was generally supposed that the valley of the\\nAshuelot would fall within the boundaries of the latter.\\nThe town was then called Upper Ashuelot, which means\\nin the Indian language a collection of many waters.\\nUpper Ashuelot was a frontier settlement in the bosom\\nof the wilderness, and was much exposed to Indian as-\\nsaults its nearest neighbor being Northfield, Mass., 20", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0653.jp2"}, "640": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nmiles distant while Winchester (Lower Ashuelot) al-\\nthough first granted, was almost uninhabited. The town\\nof Keene was originally laid out in lots of eight rods\\nfront and 150 deep, 54 being on the main street, 27 on\\neach side and in 1736, the proprietors voted to erect a\\nmeeting-house, 40 feet by 35, and 20 feet stud, at the\\nsouth end of main street, the building to be completed\\nsome time in the month of June, 1737. During the fol-\\nlowing year. Rev. Jacob Bacon,* a native of Waltham,\\nand a graduate of Harvard, was settled as the first min-\\nister. The same year a fort was erected, for protection\\nfrom the Indians, who, in 1745, killed Josiah Fisher, a\\ndeacon of the church. A savage attack upon the town\\nwas made in the following j car, when all took refuge in\\nthe fort, which was assailed on every side. During the\\nattack, relief came from Swanze3-, when the savages sud-\\ndenly decamped, carrying off the cattle, and burning\\nevery house in town. The inhabitants remained in the\\nfort till 1747, and then abandoned the settlement.\\nIn 1 750, fiftj- two inhabitants returned to Keene, which\\nwas incorporated in 1753, under its present name, prob-\\nably in honor of an English nobleman, Sir Benjamin\\nKeene, British minister at Spain, and cotemporary with\\nGov. Wentworth who granted the charter. The Indians\\nwho visited the town between the years 1754-55, com-\\nmitted no important depredations. Benjamin Twichell,\\nwhom they carried to Quebec, died on his return to Bos-\\nton. The old town of Keene proved herself especially\\npatriotic during the war of the Revolution, On the\\nafternoon of the day on which occurred the murderous\\nattack of British troops upon the peaceable farmers of\\nLexington, there was raised a company which started for\\nConcord the next morning, under command of Capt.\\nWj-man. He was present at the battle of Bunker Hill.\\nAt a later period, certain contemplated assaults upon\\nthe few Tories in the neighborhood, were prevented\\nby the humanity and forbearance of the good people of\\nKeene and several disturbances which occurred in 1782,\\nregarding the adjustment of a divisional line between\\nNew Hampshire and Vermont, were at last amicably\\nsettled. Two farms were annexed to Keene from Swan-\\nzey, in 1812.\\nOn the east side of INIain Street there formerlj stood\\na neat little public house called Shurtleflfs Hotel, kept\\nby Bononi Shurtlefl! whose wife was a sister of the\\nfamous Thomas 0. Selfridge of Boston, and whose three\\nor four daughters were genteel, sprightlj intelligent\\nyoung ladies, ambitious of displaj and of setting a rich\\nand elegant table. Here a select few, the elite of the\\nHe served as minister till 1747, when, the settlement bcin^ broken\\nup, he went to Plymouth. He died at Rowley, in 1787, aged 81.\\nNew Hampshire bar, were wont to resort during the sit-\\ntings of the court. In 1815, the companj consisted of i\\nthe chief justice, Jeremiah Smith, Daniel Webster, Geo.\\nBaxter Upham, Judge Ellis, Judge Hubbard of Ver-\\nmont, Roger Vose of Walpole, Le^i Chamberlain and\\nhis elder brother, John C. Chamberlain. The feast of\\nfat things which came out of the mouth when this com-\\npany w^ere seated at the table, was more exhilarating\\nthan that which went in. For comic wit, Vose had no\\nsuperior in New England for refined intellectual acu-\\nmen. Judge Smith was not surpassed. No matter where\\nplaced, on the bench, in the halls of legislation, in a\\npopular assembly, or in a compan} of young ladies, he\\nwas sure to be first, imparting pleasure and instruction\\nto each, and commanding the admiration of all. Web-\\nster was graceful and dignified in manner, uttering but\\nfew words, but those always forcible.\\nIt is deser\\\\-ing of mention that a female high school\\nwas established here by a Miss Fiske, about the year\\n1810, and was continued for 20 or 30 j-ears with great\\nsuccess and credit to herself, and to her numerous pupils\\nfar and near. Gov. Washburn, in his history of Lan-\\ncaster Academy, speaking of the first female teacher of\\nthat institution. Miss Holmes, a young lady of dis-\\ntinguished learning, ability and accomplishments, says\\nshe was educated at that excellent school, whose repu-\\ntation was so long sustained, and at which so many of\\nthe best- trained minds of New England were educated,\\nMiss Fiske s, of Keene. Miss Fiske, in her quiet,\\nunobtrusive employments, accomplished much for the\\npublic good, and deservedly will her memory be en-\\nshrined in manj grateful hearts.\\nAnother town granted by the Masonian proprietors\\nand incorporated in the year 1774, on the anniversary of\\nWashington s birthday, February 22, was named Pack-\\nersfield, from Thomas Packer, who owned about one-\\nhalf of the township. The town was originally called\\nMonadnock No. 6. The first settlement was com-\\nmenced in 1767 by Breed Batchelder, followed in 1768\\nby that of Dr. Nathaniel Breed. The Rev. Jacob Foster,\\nfirst minister of the Congregational church, formed in\\n1781, was dismissed in 1791, and died Dec. 3, 1798, at\\nthe age of 66. Rev. Gad Newell, a graduate of Yale,\\nsucceeded to the pastorate in 1794, and served 42 jears,\\ngreatly beloved and esteemed. In 1814, the name of the\\ntown was changed to Nelson.\\nOn the boundary between New Hampshire and Mas-\\nsachusetts, in the southern part of Cheshire County is\\nRichmond, incorporated in 1752, and settled five j oars\\nlater bj emigrants from Rhode Island and Massachusetts.\\nThe first native of the town was born in 1757, and the", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0654.jp2"}, "641": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nfirst Baptist church was formed in 1768. Rev. Maturiii\\nBallou, ordained in 1770, died in 1804. Rev. Artemas\\nAldrich was settled in 1777. A second Baptist church\\nwas organized in 1776, and Rev. Isaac Kenney was or-\\ndained pastor in 1792. There was formerly a large\\nsociet} of Friends in Richmond.\\nA notable instance of promptness ,n answering the\\nsummons to arms occurred in the town of Rindgc,\\nwhose inhabitants were early opposers of British tyranny.\\nOn the night subsequent to the murderous Are of the\\nEnglish troops at Lexington, a messenger arrived at the\\nhouse of the captain of the company of minute-men, with\\nnews of the commencement of hostilities. The men be-\\nlonging to this companj lived in various parts of the\\ntown and so ready were they to obey the summons for\\nmen that at sunrise on the following April morning no\\nless than 54 were assembled on the common readj to\\nmarch and meet the foe. Three of this number fell at\\nBunker Hill. From its earliest settlement, Rindge has\\nbeen constant in support of the ministr} The town was\\nincorporated in 17G8, and for a period of 92 3ears had\\nonlj three pastors. The first minister, Rev. Seth Dean,\\nserved 15 j-ears the second. Rev. Dr. Pajson, 37 j-ears\\nand the third. Rev. A. W. Burnham, about 40 j-ears.\\nThe Congregational church, the first in town, was organ-\\nized in 1765. The first native was Samuel Russell.\\nAnother of the Jlasonian proprietors, George JaflTre}\\ngave his name to a Cheshire County town, incorporated\\nin 1773, previous to which time the place had been known\\nas Monadnock No. 2. At the first town meeting, held\\niu the autumn of the same j ear, it was voted to procure\\nthe services of a minister. In 1774, it was decided to\\nbuild a meeting-house 60 feet by 45, posts 27 feet,\\nwith a porch at each end of the house, the frame of\\nthe building to be raised by the middle of June, 1775,\\nand be finished by the first of June, 1776. It is worthy\\nof record that the frame of this church is asserted to have\\nbeen raised on the memorable June 17, 1775, and that\\nthose engaged in its erection heard the report of the\\ncannon discharged at Bunker Hill. The edifice was not\\ncompleted for many years, doubtless owing to the un-\\nsettled state of the times in consequence of the war.\\nAlthough money was annually raised to pay for preach-\\ning, pulpit ministrations were infrequent until 1780, and\\nno regularly settled minister was employed till 1782,\\nwhen Rev. Laban Ainsworth, a graduate of Dartmouth,\\nwas installed as pastor, and continued alone in the work\\nfor nearly half a century.*\\nFrom 1830, the active duties of the ministry were performed Ijy a\\njunior pastor. Mr. Ainsworth died Mareh 17, 1858, aged 100 years\\n7 months and 28 days.\\nThe famous Mount Monadnock, a solid mass of\\ncoarse granite and rough slate rock, interspersed with\\nmica, quartz and garnets its eastern side abounding in\\nplumbago, good for crucibles, but not fine enough for\\npencils, lies on the boundary line between JafTrej and\\nDublin, but mostly in the former town. Many years\\nago, the mountain was nearly covered with evergreen\\nwood of a large growth but the repeated ravages of fire\\nhave left nothing but bald and barren rocks, between which\\nare small plats of earth giving growth to the blueberry,\\ncranberry, mountain-ash, and a variety of shrubs. Low\\nwhortleberr3--bushes between the rocks produce great\\nquantities of fruits ripening in the latter part of August,\\nof a very rich flavor, and peculiarly grateful to those who\\nascend the summit at that season. The mountain can be\\ndistinctly seen in a clear day from the State House in\\nBoston and in the olden time was a conspicuous land-\\nmark for the mariner. The view from its top is ex-\\ntremely rural and beautiful. No less than \u00c2\u00a70 ponds,\\nsome of them large enough to contain islands of 8 or 10\\nacres, cluster around its base. Several mineral springs\\nsurrounding it, containing carbonate of iron and sul-\\nphate of soda, are more or less valuable. Tons of\\nj-ellow ochre, dug near a spring in the vicinity, have been\\nexported. At a distance the summit appears rounded,\\nand destitute of those high cliffs and mural precipices\\nbelonging to granite mountains.\\nOn the height of land between the Connecticut and\\nMerrimac rivers lies Dublin, formerly called Monad-\\nnock No. 3, and sometimes North Monadnock. This\\nwild, rock}^ tract of land was originally granted by its\\nMasonian proprietors to persons who never resided with-\\nin its limits. Dread of the Indians drove away the\\nearlier settlers, and 12 or 15 persons of Scotch-Irish\\ndescent took up their abode in the place, sometime pre-\\nvious to 1771, the jear in which the town was incor-\\nporated, and in memory of home called the place Dublin.\\nBequests, amounting to about $20,000,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 for the support\\nof schools and preaching, made by the Rev. Edward\\nSprague and the late Samuel Appleton, have been\\nfunded by the town. Rev. Joseph Farrar, the first\\nminister of Dublin, was settled about 1772. The Rev.\\nMr. Sprague, who contributed the larger portion of\\nthe fund above mentioned, was ordained in 1777, and\\nremained in town till the time of his death, in 1817.\\nHe had been reared in Boston, and was a graduate\\nof Harvard College. Many troubles attended the build-\\ning of the first meeting-house. After its proprietors\\nhad expended about $600, they voted to give the rough-\\nboarded building up to the town. The gift was ac-\\ncepted, and the town committee required every purchaser", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0655.jp2"}, "642": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nof a pew-groimd (as the space upon the floor was\\ntermed), to build his own pew. Those who failed to\\ncomply with this regulation forfeited all right of owner-\\nship. Besides this, there were several restrictions that\\ncaused hard feelings. If a man owned two pews, he was\\nnot allowed to oscupy the second till the first was com-\\nfortably filled nor was he allowed to shut it up, and\\nkeep people from sitting in it. For 10 years the building\\nremained unfinished and indeed it never was finished\\naccording to the original plan. The Congregational\\nmeeting-house built in 1818, stands on such an elevation,\\nthat the rain which falls from the west roof runs into the\\nConnecticut River, and that from the east roof into the\\nMerrimack.\\nAVhen Monadnoek No. 4 was incorporated, in 1773,\\nit was called Fitzwilliam, from the Earl of that name.\\nBrig. Gen. James Reed, who was the first settler in the\\nplace in 1 760, afterwards became distinguished as one of\\nthe bravest oflScers in the Revolutionarj- war. The first\\nminister was the Rev. Benjamin Brigham, a Harvard\\ngraduate, whose pastorate, commencing with the erection\\nof a Congregational church in 1771, continued till the\\nperiod of his death, about the j-ear 1800. A tasteful\\nand convenient church edifice, built in 1816, was struck\\nby lightning on the night of Jan. 17, 1817, and entirely\\nconsumed. The loss was supplied bj- a new meeting-\\nhouse, dedicated in November, the same year. Gap\\nMountain, partly in Fitzwilliam and partlj in Troy, is\\nfamous for its whetstones.\\nThe town last named was formed from tracts of land\\ntaken from the towns which now surround it on every\\nside, and was incorporated in 1815. Its first minister,\\nj Rev. Ezekiel Rich, left in 1818, and was succeeded by\\nRev. Seth E. Winslow. The town is small, but large\\nI enough to maintain a station on the Cheshire Railroad.\\nIt is a singular fact that Josiah Willard, one of the\\nI principal grantees of the town of inchcster, first called\\nI Arlington, refused to have Dartmouth College located in\\nthat town, on account of his belief that it would have a\\ntendenc} to depreciate the value of his i^ropert}-. The\\nI town was first settled about 1732, hy families from\\nNorthfield, Lunenburg, and other towns in Massachu-\\nI setts, and was incorporated in 1733. The original set-\\ntlement was broken up in 1745 bj- the Indians, who\\ndestroyed a commodious house of worship on Meeting-\\nhouse Hill, near the bend or bow of the Ashuelot\\n1 River, together with all the dwellings and improvements\\nin the place. The Rev. Joseph Ashley, a graduate of\\nYale, the settled minister of the place, was ordained in\\n1736, but left when the inhabitants were scattered b}- the\\nIndians. His successor in 1764, was Rev. Micah Law-\\nrence, a Harvard graduate, who was dismissed in 1777,\\non account of his unfriendliness to his country. A\\nnumber of ministers have officiated in the town since his\\ntime. In 1756, Josiah Foster and his family were cap-\\ntured by the Indians. About 100 acres of land were\\ndetached from Richmond, and added to this town, Jul}-\\n2, 1850.\\nThe picturesque farming town, with its rich meadows\\nand uplands inferior to none in the State with its prin-\\ncipal \\\\-illage pleasantly situated on an extensive plain,\\nwhere wide streets shaded with elms and maples are\\nflanked bj- elegant and costly residences the Walpole\\nof to-da}-, bears few memorials of the old-time Indian\\nvillage of Great Falls. Its settlement was commenced\\nin 1749 b} John Kilburn-f and family, who were fol-\\nlowed two years later by Col. Benjamin Bellows. For\\na long time after its settlement, the place was exposed\\nto hostile attacks from the Canadian Indians and other\\nsavages, the colonists having only the protection of a\\nsmall fort with an insufficient garrison. The town was\\nincorporated in 1752; and in 1755 the settlers learned\\nfrom Gov. Shirley, that a band of nearly 500 Indians\\nthen assembled in Canada had planned an expedition to\\nplunder and destroj- all the white settlements on the\\nConnecticut River. Fortifying their houses as well as\\nthey could, the hardy pioneers were but poorly prepared\\nfor defence when the Indians made their appearance at\\nWalpole. Thej- were seen, by Kilburn and his men, who\\nhastened home to defend their property, or to die in the\\nattempt. Kilburn s house was half a mile from the fort,\\nwhich the Indians had already surprised and taken,\\nhaving killed two men who had been left in charge bj\\nCol. Bellows, who was absent at the time.\\nCreeping stealthily along and carefully concealing\\nthemselves behind the trees, the Indians at length drew\\nnear the house of Kilburn, who succeeded in getting the\\nfirst fire, which proved fatal to their leader, who fell\\ndead upon the spot. With fearful yells, and desperate\\nwith rage, the savages discharged their muskets, a id\\n400 bullets entered the house at the first fire. While\\none band of these savage marauders were butchering his\\ncattle, another destroyed his grain, and an incessant\\nshower of bullets stormed the ill-fated house. In the\\nThe old turnpike road from Boston ran through this village, and by\\na bridge crossing the cataract of Bellows Falls, passed over the Green\\nMountains to Rutland, and from thence through Middlebury and Bur-\\nlington by Lake Champlain to Montreal.\\nt Capt. Kilburn lived to sec his fourth generation, and the town popu-\\nlous and flourishing. He died April 8, 17S9, at the age of 84.\\nJ In the cemetery, not far- from Bellows Falls, a marble monument in\\nmemory of Col. Benjamin Bellows has been erected by his numerous\\ndescendants.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0656.jp2"}, "643": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nmeantime Kilbiirn and the inmates were b} no means\\nidle. So rapid was the firing that the guns grew hot,\\neach shot telling upon the enemy with deadlj- effect.\\nThe women were as active as the men, wasting no\\ntime in loading the muskets and when the supplj-\\nof lead gave out, the3 suspended blankets in the roof of\\nthe house to catch the enemy s bullets, which were re-\\ncast and returned to them with interest. The Indians\\nmade several attempts to force the doors, but the shots\\nfrom within compelled them to desist. Towards evening,\\nseeing their efforts unavailing, the} graduallj slackened\\ntheir fire, and when the sun disappeared below the hori-\\nzon, the savages evacuated the town and returned to\\nCanada.\\nThere is little doubt that the obstinate resistance of\\nKilburn saved the other settlements. On the return\\nof Col. Bellows with 30 men, he met 50 of the savages,\\nfought his way through them, and recovered the fort\\nwithout losing a man\\nIn 1817 Mrs. Shepard, widow of Gen. Amos Shepard,\\na wealthy resident in the town of Alstead, left a legacy\\nof $1,000 to support a Congregational minister in that\\ntown otherwise for a school in the old meeting-house\\ndistrict. In 1818 Maj. Samuel Hutchinson left the\\nsame amount, to be similarly appropriated. The town,\\noriginally called Newton, was incorporated in 17G3\\nand the first Congregational church, gathered in 1777,\\nhad for its first minister the Ee^-. Jacob Mann, or-\\ndained ill 1782. His more immediate successors were\\nRev. Samuel Mead, in 1791, and Rev. Scth E. Arnold,\\nin 1817. Notable religious revivals occurred in this\\ntown during the years 1788, 1798, 1808, 1815 and 1819.\\nGen. Shepard served as presiding officer of the State\\nsenate from 1797 to 1804, and was one of the principal\\ninhabitants of Alstead from 1 777 to the time of his death,\\nJan. 1, 1812. Alstead Academy was incorporated in\\n1820. During the Revolution, the town was one of the\\nmost patriotic in the State.\\nThe town clerk of Chesterfield records that Moses\\nSmith and AVilliam Thomas, with their families, the\\nfirst settlers in that place, established themselves on\\nthe Connecticut River. The fact seems hardly worth\\nrecording, as, if they went to Chesterfield at all, thej-\\ncould not verj convenientlj have established themselves\\nany where else, as the town, throughout its whole\\nextent of six miles, borders upon the river. True, they\\nmight have settled upon the verj beautiful Spafford s\\nLake, about eight miles in circumference, and containing\\na surface of 526 acres or upon a six-acre island in this\\nlake, used as a delightful retreat for students of the\\n1 academy, in the summer. The Hon. Levi Jackson, for\\nsix j ears principal of the academy, was for manj j-ears\\na representative and senator; and, in 181G-17, a mem-\\nber of the governor s council. He was a native of the\\ntown, and a graduate of Harvard. lie died in 1821.\\nChesterfield was incorporated in 1752.\\nIf the Indians who frequented Cheshire County could\\nsee it now, thej would doubtless describe it as the\\ncounty whose towns have many names. For instance,\\nWestmoreland, originally known as Number 2, was\\nsubsequently called Great Meadow, and was incor-\\nporated with its present name in 1732. Mrs. L3 dia\\nHow, who died in 1806 at the age of 91, was one of the\\nfirst inhabitants, and mother of the first child born in\\nthe township. The four families who first settled here\\nin 1741 had considerable trouble with the Indians, who,\\nin one of their excursions, killed William Phipps, the\\nfirst husband of Jemimah How and, in another, carried\\nNehemiah Ilow, the father of her second husband, a\\ncaptive to Canada, where he died. The first minister,\\nRev. William Goddard, a Congregationalist, was ordained\\nin 1764. His successor. Rev. Allen Pratt, was installed\\nin 1785. The town is just 100 miles from Boston.\\nThe French and Indian wars delayed the settlement\\nof Marlborough, originally Monadnock No. 6, after-\\nwai-ds called New Marlborough, from Marlborough\\nMass., the home of its earlier settlers, but incorporated\\nunder its present name in 1776. One condition of the\\noriginal grant of this townsliip to Timoth}- AVhite and\\nothers was, that a convenient meeting-house should\\nbe buUt within 10 j-ears. The Congregational church\\nformed in 1778, ordained Rev. Joseph Cummings as its\\nfirst minister in the same j-ear. His successor, the Rev.\\nHoUowaj- Fish, occupied the pastorate with great suc-\\ncess from 1793 till the time of his death in 1824,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nalmost 31 j-ears.\\nThe Ashuelot River passes through the whole length\\nof JMarlow, leaving it an abundance of rich meadow\\nlands, but no ponds of note, nor any mountains. Incor-\\nporated in 1761, it was first settled by William Noyes\\nand others, from Lyme, Conn. In 1772 there were\\n29 families in the place, and a town government was\\norganized in 1 776. The first inhabitants, being Baptists,\\nsoon formed a church, whose pastor. Rev. Caleb Blood,\\nordained in 1778, left in the following 3 ear, and was\\nsucceeded by Rev. Eleazer Beckwith, who remained till\\nthe period of his death in 1809. Bj- a vote of the town,\\nRev. Paul Dustin was settled over a Methodist society.\\nHe died in 1811. Marlow Academy is under the super-\\nvision of the Jlethodist denomination.\\nNext to Marlow, with no ponds, lies Stoddard with\\n14, the largest of which. Island Pond, covers 300 acres,", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0657.jp2"}, "644": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nand is studded with islands. It is another of those\\ntowns situated on the height of land, where the rain\\nfrom the roofs runs on one side towards the Connecticut,\\nand on the other towards the Merrimack. It was orig-\\ninally called Limerick but, when the town was incor-\\nI porated in 1774, its former name was changed to Stod-\\ndard, in honor of Col. Samson Stoddard, to whom,\\nwith others, the township was granted in 1769. Manj\\nof the early settlers came from Peterborough, and from\\nLeominster, Chelmsford, Westford, and other towns in\\nMassachusetts. The first minister. Rev. Abisha Colton,\\na Congregationalist, was installed in 179.3. The Rev.\\nIsaac Robinson, D. D., was pastor from Januarj-, 1803,\\ntill his death in July, 1854, a period of more than 50\\nyears.\\nIn the centre of the county, adjoining Keene, is\\nGilsum, first granted in 1752 to Joseph Osgood and\\nothers, who named the township Boyle. In 1763 the\\nland was re-granted to Messrs. Gilbert and Sumner,\\nwho, combining the first S3-llable of their names, formed\\nthe word Gil- sum, under which appellation the town\\nwas incorporated the same year. A Congregational\\nchurch and society, formed in 1772, were unable to\\ncomplete their meeting-house till 1794. Rev. Ellas Fish,\\nthe first minister, settled in 1796, died in 1807. The\\nsociety was incorporated with no denominational name,\\nbut simply- as a Christian organization, in 1816.\\nHalf-a-dozen miles from Keene, in the 3-ear 1787, a\\nnew town was incorporated named Sullivan, in honor of\\nGen. John Sullivan, then chief magistrate of the State,\\nunder the title of President. In acknowledgment of the\\ncourtes} Gen. Sullivan presented the town a book in\\nwhich to keep its records. A Congregational church was\\norganized and a small meeting-house erected in 1791.\\nRev. William Muzzej-, a graduate of Harvard, the first\\ni minister, was ordained in 1798, and served as pastor till\\n1827. A new meeting-house was dedicated in 1808. At\\nthe raising of the frame, a dinner was provided, and\\nliquor ad libitum, prayers being otfered by the Rev. Mr.\\nMuzzey\\nIn the summer of 1763 Peter Ilaywara commenced\\nclearing a piece of wild land, upon which he settled the\\nfollowing year. Whilst clearing the farm, his home was\\nj at the fort in Keene going to his work in the morning,\\nand returning at evening, his onl} protection from\\nsavages, then lurking near, being his dog and gun. This\\nwas the first settlement made in the town of Surrj-,\\nnamed from Surrj England, and incorporated in 1769.\\nIt was originally part of Gilsum and AVestmorelnnd.\\nThe first Congregational church was formed in 1769.\\nRev. David Darling, who had just graduated from Yale,\\nwas ordained as pastor in the following year. His suc-\\ncessor, the Rev. Perley Howe, a Dartmouth graduate,\\nwas ordained in 1795.\\nThe smallest town in Cheshire Countj^ is Roxbury,\\nformed from portions of Nelson, Marlborough, and\\nKeene, and incorporated in 1812. A Congregational\\nchurch, formed in 1816, ordained Rev. Christopher Page,\\nits first minister, the same year. The meeting-house is\\nin the centre of the town.\\nTuwxs.\\nKeene is one of the handsomest cities in New Eng-\\nland, its main street extending one mile in a straight\\nline, almost a perfect level, and bordered by beautiful\\ntrees. It is connected with Boston by the Cheshire\\nRailroad, over which is a great amount of travel to\\nSaratoga Springs, Canada and the West. It is also\\nconnected by the Ashuelot Railroad with Springfield and\\nNew Y ork. It is a place of large business, its location\\nfurnishing great facilities for trade. The width and\\nuniform level of its streets its smooth, dr} sidewallis\\nthe abundance of beautiful shade-trees, behind which,\\nhalf-hidden, many beautiful residences are seen the\\npleasant gardens, ornamented with every variety of\\nflower; its large and comfortable hotels, handsome\\nstores, beautiful public buildings, and generally thrift}\\nappearance, all render the city peculiarly attractive.\\nIts population is about 6,000. The viaduct over a\\nbranch of the Ashuelot River, near the South Keene\\nstation, is a beautiful specimen of granite masonry-, and\\nits City Hall one of the largest and best in the State.\\nIts banks have a combined capital of $300,000 and,\\nbesides its high schools and academies, its institutions\\nfor savings and fire-insurance companies, its factories\\nof all kinds, iron foundries, steam saw-mills, and 25-\\nhorse-power engines, there is a machine-shop, built of\\nbrick, 160 feet bj- 40, where are made planing, moulding,\\nsash, mortising and various other machines, some of\\nwhich are sent to nearly every quarter of the globe.\\nAmong the many distinguished men, not heretofore\\nmentioned, who, at one time or another, have found a\\nhome in the humble town, the thrifty -vallage, or the\\nproud little city of Keene, may be noted the names of\\nJudge Daniel Newcomb Peleg Sprague, M. C. the\\ntwo governors Dinsmore, father and son Gen. James\\nWilson and his father, also M. C. Joel Parker, the\\nable, upright and higlil} esteemed chief-justice of New\\nHampshire, afterwards Royall professor of law, at\\nHarvard University Levi Chamberlin, eloquent in the\\nsenate and at the bar John Prentiss, the veteran editor\\nof the Keene Sentinel, started by him in 1799 the", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0658.jp2"}, "645": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nthird in senioritj- of all newspapers extant in the vState\\nand the reverend and learned Dr. Barstow, author of a\\nhistorj of New Hampshire.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\Valpole, the best agricultnral town in the county,\\nand containing about 2,000 inhabitants, has many de-\\nlightful hills, valleys, meadows and uplands, and one\\nlofty eminence, Fall Mountain, a part of the range of\\nMount Toby. The largest village lies at the foot of this\\nmountain, on an extensive plain, where its principal\\nstreet is bordered with substantial dwellings, stores,\\nbusiness-blocks, churches, hotels and manufacturing es-\\ntablishments. Walpole Common, with its handsome\\nshade-trees, is an ornament to the town. Drewsville, on\\nCold Elver in the northern part, a busy, bustling til-\\nlage, is a prosperous and pleasant place. The Cheshire\\nRoad accommodates Walpole with all needed railway\\nfacilities.\\nWinchester, pleasantly situated on the Ashuelot\\nRiver, has probably more water-power than any other\\ntown in the county. It has two villages, two post-offices,\\nand a bank with a capital of Si 00, 000. The town has a\\npopulation of 2,100. Its forests contain much valuable\\nlumber. In 1822, there were sent to Connecticut market,\\nfrom this town, nearly a quarter of a million white-oak\\nstaves, and about 1,000,000 feet of pine lumber, and\\nlarge quantities of shingles, clapboards and laths. The\\nAshuelot Railroad is of great advantage to the town.\\nSwANZEY has good mill-sites on the Ashuelot and\\nSouth Branch rivers, the only streams of note. The\\ntown numbers about 1 ,650 inhabitants has three post-\\noffices, and the four manufacturing villages of Swanzey,\\nWest Swanzey, Westport and Unionville also a steam-\\nmill at the Centre for grinding grain, and for the manu-\\nfacture of pails, chair-stuff, clothes-pins and other wooden\\nware. A branch of the Connecticut River Raibroad passes\\nthrough the town.\\nHinsdale, with its famous bridge, built in 1802, and\\nre-bnilt in. 1820, over the Connecticut River, opposi.e\\nBrattleborough Village, in Vermont, has about 1,630 in-\\nhabitants. Beside its farming interests, it has a cashme-\\nrette and a carriage manufactory, a pail factory, tannicry,\\nand two bobbin-shops, five or six saw-mills, two grist-\\nmills, and several small manufacturing and mechanical\\nindustries.\\nChesterfield is undoubtedly a well-to-do, if not a\\nwealth}- t iwn, since it raises and sends to market beef,\\npork, butler and cheese, all staple commodities that\\npoor people find it difficult to raise. That they send\\nthem to market, shows that these comforts are not\\nneeded at home. Hence Chesterfield, with its popula-\\ntion of 1,300, must be a thriving place.\\nWestmoreland has about 1,260 inhabitants in its three\\nvillages, which have excellent water-privileges and some\\ngood farming lands. There are several saw and grist-\\nmills ill the town also a carding-machine and a carriage\\nmanufactory. The remaining towns in the county are\\nJaffrey, with a population of 1,256, the birthplace of\\nHon. Joel Parker, for many years chief justice of the\\nState Alstead (1,215), with its academy, paper-mill\\nand iron foundries Fitzwilliam (1,140), with its rich\\nmeadow-lands, and beautifully romantic scenerj- Rindge\\n(1,197), the birthplace of the late Rev. Edward Pay-\\nson, D.D., of Portland, Me., and the native home of\\nHon. Marshall P. Wilder,* born here in 1798 Marl-\\nborough (1,017) a superior grazing and grain-growing\\ntown Dublin (930) with its three villages, four churcli-\\nediflces and two post-offices RiCHMONDt (868), whose\\nsales of home-made manufactures (palm-leaf hats, c.),\\namount to $50,000 annually; Troy (767), whose in-\\nhabitants are mostly farmers Nelson (741), contain-\\ning cotton, woollen and chair factories, three shoe manu-\\nfactories, one tannery and a blacksmith-shop Marlow\\n(716), with eight or ten saw and grist-mills, a carriage\\nmanufactory, two tanneries and a tin-shop Stoddard\\n(667), containing saw and grist, clapboard and shingle i\\nmills, a pail and two rake factories, also two glass estab- i\\nlishments, each of which has two pot-uirnaces emploj-ed\\nsix months of the year, manufacturing about \u00c2\u00a710,000\\nworth of window-glass and glass-ware of various kinds\\nGiLsuM (590) with its woollen mill, tannery and chair-\\nfactory Sullivan (347), a quiet farming-town, with\\nsome valuable mills; Surry (318), a rural town,\\nwith fertile meadows and rich interval land and Rox-\\nBURY (174), nothing if not agricultural. For some\\nreason, emigration, perhaps, or possibl} a want of en-\\nterprise, the population of this town is less than half of\\nwhat it was fifty years ago. Yet the grazing lands are\\nexcellent, and abundant crops reward the farmer with all\\nthe various products peculiar to Cheshire County.\\nMr. Wilder removed to Boston in 1825. Eminent for his knowledge\\nof agriculture and horticulture, he has filled the office of President of the\\nMassachusetts Senate of the Mass. Historical Society of the Norfolk\\nCo. Agricultm-al Society of the U. S. Agricultural Society and of the\\nHistoric and Genealogical Society. He is still living, in November,\\n1879.\\nt Beautiful specimens of iolite, a rare mineral, of considerable\\nvalue, have been found in this town.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0659.jp2"}, "646": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nCOOS COUNTY.\\nBY J. II. HUNTINGTON.\\nIt was not until 1C42 that white men came within the\\npresent limits of Coos County. The story of their coming\\nis this. The people who had settled on the seacoast of\\nMaine and New Hampshire had eveiy daj- seen the\\nmountains, except when thej- were concealed by clouds or\\nhaze. In summer, the gray summits of the great moun-\\ntains lifted themselves above the surrounding forests,\\nand in late spring and earh autumn, long before snow\\nfell on the coast, the white crests of the mountains\\nmust have been objects of admiration and wonder.\\nBesides the dwellers along the coast had heard of won-\\nderful lakes in the interior of Laconia, and they dreamed\\nthat the mountains might contain abundant mineral\\nwealth. These were the motives that led Derby Field\\nand others to explore the wilderness. It is probable\\nthat Field was the first white man who ever stood upon\\nMount Washington, or came within the limits of Coos\\nCounty-. It is stated that about a month after Field s\\nfirst visit, he went again with five or six in his companj\\nThe glowing accounts that he gave caused divers\\nothers to travel thither, but they found nothing worth\\ntheir pains. Among these are mentioned Thomas Gorges\\nand Mr. Vines, two magistrates of the province of Sir\\nFcrdinando Gorges, who went about the end of August\\nof the same year. Prof. E. Tuckermanf in 1843 en-\\ndeavored to trace the path of these early explorers, and\\nhe had little doubt that Field entered the valley of Ellis\\nRiver and left it for the great south-east ridge of IMount\\nWashington, the same which has since been called Bootts\\nSpur.\\nIn Josselyn s Vo^yages, published a year or two\\nlater, we have rare and interesting accounts of the mj--\\nthology of the White Mountains. Not finding minerals\\nor precious stones but only high mountains with narrow\\nvalleys and deep gorges, there were no inducements for\\nThe to\\\\vns of Coos County are Berlin (population 529), Cambridge\\n(28), Can-oil (378), CLarksvUIe (269), Colcbrook (1,372), Columbia\\n(752), Dalton (733), Dummer (307), Errol (178), Gorham (1,161),\\nGreen s Grant (64), Jefferson (825), Lancaster (2,248), Martin s Grant\\n(17), Milan (710), Millsfield (28), Northumberland (955), Pittsburg\\n(400), Randolph (138), Shclburne (259), Stark (464), Stewartstown\\n(909), Stratford (887), Success (5), Wentworth s Location (38), and\\nWhitfield (1,196).\\nfurther explorations. The Indians at this time were not\\nA ery numerous in New Hampshire. War, famine and\\nthe pestilence of IGIG had taken away the very life of all\\nthese northern people. Entu e villages had been swept\\nawaj and tribes became extinct. Those that were here\\nbelonged to the Abeuaqui nation, and were called Nip-\\nmucks. Of the thirteen New Hampshire tribes, three\\nlived partlj- within the limits of Coos County. The\\nswift deer-hunting Coosucks lived on the Connecticut\\nand cultivated the Coos intervals. The death-dealing\\nAmeriscoggins set up their lodges on the banks of the\\nAndroscoggin, where the waters teemed with fish and\\nthe forests abounded in moose. The Pequawkcts had\\nflourishing villages on the Saco interval, and they wor-\\nshipped the great Manitou of the cloud-capped Agio-\\nchook. Besides this, the Arosagunticook or St. Francis\\ntribe made Coos County, their hunting-ground, and that,\\nlong after all the other tribes had disappeared. Potter\\nsays that AVonnalancet in the autumn of 1675, for fear\\nof molestation, and thinking that he might not be able\\nto restrain his warriors from attacking the English, with-\\ndrew with his people farther into the wilderness, and\\npassed the winter about the head-waters of the Con-\\nnecticut. Here, says Gookin, was a place of good\\nhunting for moose, deer, bear, and other such wild\\nbeasts. Here Wonnalancet lived with much of trouble\\nand hardship rather than be in any way drawn into the\\nwar his companions were making upon the English. At\\nthe close of the war (1G76) he led his people back, and\\nwas made the victim of base treachery.\\nAfter the exploration of Field and others, it was more\\nthan a centurj before we again hear of the white man in\\nCoos County. The English were pushing their settle-\\nments up the valleys of the Merrimack and the Connect-\\nicut. Trappers penetrated the wilderness far above the\\nt The name of Dr Edward Tuckcrman is most intimately associated\\nwith the study of the lichens that grow upon Mount Washington. Ycai-\\nafter year he sought the mountains, climbed even, summit, and followed\\nthe streams of every r.irine. He collected from 1837 to 1840, and then\\nagain from 1842 to 1853, spending each year several months among the\\nmountains. The ravine named for him is a fitting monument to his real\\nand knowledge, and is pointed out as an object of interest to the tourists\\nwho, in the summer season, visit the White Mountain region.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0660.jp2"}, "647": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nsettlements, and they often met the Indians on these\\nhunting excursions, and were on friendly terms with\\nthem. But the French as well as the Indians were be-\\ncoming jealous of the extension northward of the English\\nsettlements. As the latter contemplated laying out two\\ntowns in the spring of 1652, which should embrace the\\nCoos Meadows, the Indians remonstrated and threatened.\\nIt is probable, however, that their threats were not known\\nto all the settlers, for four joung men from Londonderry\\nwere hunting on Baker River in Rumney. Of these, two,\\nJohn Stark and Amos Eastman, were surprised and cap-\\ntured by the Indians in April, 1752. They were taken to\\nCanada, but were shortly after ransomed by Capt. Stevens\\nof Charlestown, N. H., and Mr. Wheelwright of Boston.\\nFrom this, and a circumstance to be mentioned hereafter,\\nit is altogether probable that John Stark, afterwards so\\nfamous in American history, was the first white man who\\never saw the broad intervals of the Upper Coos.\\nNotwithstanding the threatening attitude of the French\\nand Indians, a company was organized in the spring of\\nI 1753 to survey or lay out a road from Stevenstown\\n(Franklin) to the Coos Meadows. Capt. Zaccheus\\nLovewell was commander, Caleb Page, surveyor, and\\nI John Stark, guide.\\nThe best known of all the expeditions to the Coos\\ncountrj was that of Capt. Peter Powers in 1654. They\\nwere ten daj s in reaching Moose Meadows, which are\\nsupposed to have been in Piemiont. Ou June 30th thej\\nI reached John s River in Dalton. This river thej called\\nJohn Stark s River, probably for the reason that John\\nStark hunted with the Indians ou this river. They went\\nas far north as Israel s River in Lancaster, when the^-\\nconcluded to go no farther with a full scout, but Capt.\\nPowers, and two of his men, went five miles farther up\\nthe Connecticut, probably as far as Northumberland,\\nwhere thej found that the Indians had a large camping-\\nplace, which they had left not more than a day or two\\nbefore. On July 2d they broke up their camp on Israel s\\nRiver and began their march homeward. Capt. Powers,\\nwith his command, was the first body of white men who\\ncamped on this broad interval of Coos County.\\nIn the spring of 1755, when an expedition was being\\nfitted out to attack the French at Crown Point, so little\\nwas known of the country between the Merrimack and\\nLake Champlain, that it was supposed that the Coos\\nMeadows were upon the direct route from Salisbury Fort\\n(Franklin) to Crown Point. Hence Gov. Wentworth\\ndirected Col. Blauchard when on his march to stop and\\nbuild a fort upon the Connecticut at these meadows.\\nWhile he was delayed in making his preparations for the\\nmarch, Capt. Robert Rogers, with his compau3 of\\nrangers, and a detachment from other companies, was\\nsent forward to Coos to build the fort. It was located on\\nthe east bank of the Connecticut, just south of the mouth\\nof the upper Ammonoosuc, and was called Fort Went-\\nworth, in honor of the governor.\\nThe autumn of 1759 is noted for the expedition of\\nMaj. Robert Rogers and his rangers against the St.\\nFrancis Indians. The expedition itself was successful,\\nbut the return was disastrous. Many of this companj\\nnever reached their homes. Wearied, exhausted, cold\\nand almost destitute of provisions, a portion of the band\\nstruck the Connecticut River, in November, at the upper\\nCoos, which they mistook for the lower Coos. Here they\\nseparated. One of their number, named Bradley, ac-\\ncording to tradition, started, with a party of four or five\\nmen, for home. It is supposed that they all perished\\nwith hunger and cold amid the snows of the wilderness.\\nIn the following spring a party of hunters found the\\nbones of a man in Jefferson, near the White Hills.\\nNear by were three half-burnt brands piled together, and\\na quantity of silver brooches and wampum lay scattered\\nabout. The hair was long and tied with a ribbon such\\nas Bradley wore. No arms were with him, nor any\\nsigns of any companion.\\nNot many years ago a sword of peculiar make was\\nfound in the village of Lancaster, and in the early set-\\ntlement of the country some guns were found in the Con-\\nnecticut, at Fifteen-Miles Falls. It is said, also, that a\\nman named Hall, one of the rangers, perished in one of\\nthe chief sources of the Connecticut, and the stream now\\nbears his name.\\nAfter war and bloodshed for 15 years, peace came to\\nthe New Hampshii-e frontier by the conquest of Canada,\\nthe people began to be inspired once more with the hope\\nof better da^ s.\\nTo David Page, Jr. and Emmons Stockwell, belongs\\nthe honor of being the first men who came to what is now\\nCoos County for the purpose of making a permanent\\nsettlement. It was in the autumn of 1763 that they\\nleft Haverhill, pushed boldly into the wilderness, and\\npitched their camp on the meadows in the township of\\nLancaster. Here they spent the winter, felled trees,\\nmade a clearing, and prepared the land so that they\\ncould put in a crop the coming spring. April 19, 1764,\\nDavid Page came to Lancaster with his large family,\\nand with him probably came Edwards Bucknam, and\\nseveral other j oung men.\\nStockwell was one of Rogers Rangers, and is repre-\\nsented as having been a man of great muscular power.\\nBucknam was a skilful and accurate sun eyor, propri-\\netors and town clerk, and afterwards general of militia.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0661.jp2"}, "648": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nHis daughter was the first child of Lancaster, and a child\\nof Emmons Stockwell was the first son. In her old age\\nMrs. Stockwell could call around her 190 descendants.\\nFor 3-cars the river was the only highwaj that fur-\\nnished communication with the settlements at Haverhill\\nand Charlestown. In summer, canoes hewed from the\\ntrunks of huge pines were used, but on the rapids they\\nhad to be pulled up by ropes, or in descending were let\\ndown by a man standing on the bow with a pole to pre-\\nvent their being dashed upon the rocks. For light trans-\\nportation they used birch canoes which could be taken\\nout and carried around the rough water. In winter they\\nused sleighs and oxen with sleds, but upon the rapids\\nthere was always danger of breaking through the ice,\\nand sometimes men and teams were drowned. The first\\nsummer the settlers had 12 acres of corn. It grew, as it\\nseemed to them, as corn never grew before, but on a\\nfatal night, August 25th, it was killed by frost. But\\nthey came here to stay, so on the open land about Beaver\\nBrook they cut the luxuriant growth of blue-joint for\\ntheir cattle, brought corn from Ilaverhii], but lived chiefly\\non the meat of the moose.\\nIt was not long before the people of Lancaster had\\nneighbors, for in 1767 Thomas Burnside and Daniel\\nSpaulding came with theii- families and settled in North-\\numberland. This township was at first called Stoning-\\nton. Like many others it was granted years before\\nit was inhabited.\\nShelburne was first chartered in 1768, and then re-\\nchartered in 1771. Among the settlers who arrived here\\nbetween the years 1770 and 1772, were Hope Austin,\\nBenjamin and Daniel Ingalls, Thomas G. Wheeler,\\nNathaniel Porter and Peter Poor. The last was after-\\nwards killed by the Indians.\\nFrom 1770 to 1775 various townships and tracts of\\nland were granted in this region.\\nIn 1770 there were a few people in Lancaster, some in\\nNorthumberland; and in 1772 (others say 1768), Col.\\nJoseph Whipple came to JeflTerson, and brought with him\\n12 men, besides several women. One of these, after-\\nwards Mrs. Stalbird, from the practice of medicine be-\\ncame known in every household in all the settlements.\\nAt the beginning of the Revolution the number of\\ninhabitants in Lancaster was 60 in Northumberland,\\n57; in Stratford, 41 in Cockburn (Columbia), 14; and\\nin Colebrook, 4. Of the last town, Capt. Eleazer\\nRosebrook was one of the pioneers.\\nBy the war of the Revolution these towns were reduced\\nto the greatest distress. Being on the ver}- frontier,\\nthey were every day subject to Indian raids. Several\\npersons were captured on the Connecticut and carried\\nto Canada. These, however, were soon exchanged.\\nThis serious exposure led the settlers to the determina-\\ntion of abandoning the country, and for this purpose\\nthej^ collected at the house of Emmons Stockwell but\\nhe had no idea of leaving the fertile fields on which he\\nhad spent so many days of hard labor, and when they all\\nhad had their talk he said, My family and I shan t go.\\nThis changed the opinion of several who had determined\\nto leave. There were, however, veiy few accessions to\\nthe colony during the entire war. They early petitioned\\nfor soldiers, and a block-house was maintained during\\nthe war on the site of Fort Wentworth. Agents of the\\nBritish government frequently visited the Indians, who\\nwere living on the head waters of the Androscoggin, and\\ntried to induce them to take up arms against the United\\nStates. But agents from the States went among them,\\ngave them presents, and furnished them with supplies.\\nAs earl} as October, 1776, Capt. Joseph Heath had a\\ntalk with some of the Indians, and Sabattos was sent to\\nnotifjf others of the time and place of a proposed confer-\\nence. Capt. Heath met the Indians on the 19th of\\nOctober, and agreed with them on the part of New\\nHampshire to furnish certain supplies. A fulfilment of\\nthis agreement kept the Indians peaceably disposed until\\nnear the close of the war.\\nIn August, 1781, an Indian raid from Canada was\\nmade upon Shelbm-ne, then containing six families. Sev-\\neral houses were plundered in this and other places, some\\npersons killed and others carried into captivitj\\nAbout this time another partj made a raid on Jeffer-\\nson. They seized Col. Joseph Whipple and a Mr. Go-\\ntham. They allowed the colonel to go into an adjoining\\nroom to make some preparations for the journey to Can-\\nada, when he took the opportunity to escape through an\\nopen window, and succeeded in reaching the woods.\\nWhen the Indians started in pursuit, Mr. Gotham fled in\\nan opposite direction, and thus both escaped. The\\nIndians consoled themselves by plundering the house,\\nand, having obtained abundant spoils, they departed for\\nCanada. It was about this time that the savages made\\nthe attack on Lancaster. These were the last raids\\nmade by the Indians on the frontier of Coos County.\\nCol. Joseph Whipple was the most prominent man in all\\nthis northern colon} and was chosen to represent the\\ntowns in the legislature.\\nWhen the war ended people came and settled their\\nfertile lands, built saw and grist mills, while scientific\\nmen came also and explored the mountains, and called\\nOne of the most important, because one of the earliest and most\\nappreciative, contributions to the literature of this county is found in\\nDwight s Travels.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0662.jp2"}, "649": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nthe attention of the world to the magnificent seenerj- and\\nthe rare flowers that they found. A party made the\\nascent of Mount Washington, July 24, 1784. It con-\\nsisted of Dr. Manasseh Cutler of Ipswich, Mass. Dr.\\nJacob Little of Kennebunk, Me. Dr. Fisher of Beverly\\nDr. Jeremy Belknap, the historian, and several others.\\nDr. Belknap, who afterwards published on account of\\nthe expedition, sajs that eight of the partj reached the\\nsummit.\\nAs the State increased in population, new counties\\nwere formed, and Coos, the sixth in order, was incor-\\nporated Dec. 24, 1803. This name is said to mean\\nceiving supplies from the States. The war was unpop-\\nular with the Federalists, and they did not scruple to\\nsell the enemy a few cattle, nor receive from Can-\\nada those little luxuries of which they were deprived by\\nthe embargo. On account of this state of affairs, a com-\\npanj under the command of Capt. Ephraim H. Mahurin\\nwas stationed at Stewartstown. It entered the service\\nJuly 27, 1812, and was discharged Jan. 27, 1813. With\\nthe exception of the captain all the officers and the\\nmen were from Grafton County. Capt. Mahurin was an\\nofficer of customs on the frontier, and did much to sup-\\npress the smuggling of those times. He was afterwards\\nCI V\\\\MORD\\ncrooked, but the best authorities sa}- that the meaning\\nof the word is pine, or pines.\\nThe year following the treaty of 1783 two families\\nestablished themselves on Indian Stream, and in 1804\\nSeth Wales made a settlement near them, and Gen.\\nMoody Bedell followed in 1811. Having means, they\\nconstructed roads, built bridges, and made many other\\nimprovements.\\nBut tills northern section had scarcely begun to see\\nthe fulfilment of any of its great projects for improve-\\nment before the country was again threatened with war,\\nand this took Gen. Bedell from the settlement. Coos\\nCounty being upon the frontier, was in immediate dan-\\nger of raids from Canada besides, the enemy was re-\\nThe original Crawford House was very near the White Mountain\\nNotch, and on the north side of the valley. It was built in 1828, and\\nsheriff and deputy-sheriff of Coos Count} for more than\\n25 years. Maj. John W. Weeks of Lancaster did gallant\\nand most efficient service in this war. He served also in\\nmany capacities in town, county and State, and was\\nelected representative to Congress in 1829, and served\\ntwo j-ears.\\nBut the war at length ended, and the peopie again re-\\nturned to the arts of peace. The mountains began again\\nto attract attention. William Maclure, who afterwards\\npublished a geological map of the United States, and\\nGeorge Gibbs, came to study the geolog}- of the region\\nand Capt. Partridge, founder of Norwich University,\\nmeasured the height of the mountains.\\nIn 1819 Abel Crawford opened a foot-path to Mount\\nburned in 1855. The present Crawford House was built in 1859, to re-\\nplace the one destroyed by fire in the spring of that year.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0663.jp2"}, "650": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nWashington. It began at the Notch and followed the\\nsouth-west ridge. Three years later, Ethan Allen Craw-\\nford, who had succeeded to the estate of his grandfather,\\nmade a path along the Ammonoosuc to the base of the\\nmountain, and thence it followed very nearly the course\\nof the railway. Afterwards Mr. Horace Fabj an, from\\na point on this path, near the base of Mount Pleasant,\\nmade a path to the top of that mountain, and it joined\\nthe main path from the Notch between Pleasant and\\nFranklin. The next step was the building of a carriage-\\nroad in 1855 to the point near the base of Mount Pleasant,\\nwhere the path diverged. This road was soon after ex-\\ntended nearly to Cold Spring Hill.\\nThe agricultural interests of the county were ad-\\nvancing apace, and in 1819 the legislature incorporated\\nThe Coos County- Agricultural Societ3-, with Adino N.\\nBrackett as president. Settlements were now being ex-\\ntended northward, and Gen. Moody Bedell in 1820 began\\nclearing three miles below the outlet of Connecticut Lake.\\nHe sought for many jxars to have his claims to these\\nnorthern lands confirmed bj the legislature, but his efforts\\nwere all in vain. Here, July 8, 1822, was born his son,\\nJohn Bedell, who served with distinction as an officer in\\nthe Mexican and the Civil war, and at the close of the\\nlatter was made a brevet brigadier-general for gallant and\\nmeritorious conduct on the battlefield. For two succes-\\nsive years he was Democratic candidate for governor,\\nand died at his home in Bath, N. H., Feb. 26, 1875.\\nNothing shows better the interest that people began to\\ntake in the mountains than the fact that in July, 1820, a\\nparty, chiefly from Lancaster, ascended the mountains\\nb^ the new path, and gave names to all the higher sum-\\nmits in the immediate vicinity of Mount Washington but\\nwhen the latter received its name is still involved in ob-\\nscurity, probably however just at the close of the Revo-\\nlution. About a month after this visit, J. W. Weeks, A.\\nN. Brackett, C. J. Stuart and Richard Eastman spent\\nseven days in levelling from Lancaster to the tops of all\\nthese mountains. August 31 they camped on the summit\\nof Mount Washington. They must have been the first\\npersons who ever spent a night upon the very top of the\\nmountain.\\nIn 1821 Ethan Allen Crawford had built a stone cabin\\nnear the summit, and this year, for the first time, three\\nyoung ladies, the Misses Austin of Portsmouth, ascended\\nCoos County has had among its citizens many who were influential\\nin the Democratic pai-ty. Among these was Hon. Jared Wamcr Wil-\\nliams, LL.D., a resident of Lancaster. After holding important State\\noffices, he was in 1837 elected to Congress and served two tenus. Ten\\nyears later he was elected governor of New Hampshire, and was re-\\nelected to that office. In 1853 he was appointed to fill a vacancy in the\\nUnited States Senate. He died Sept. 29, 186i.\\nthe mountain. They were women of courage, too, for\\nthey staj-ed three whole days in this rude cabin waiting\\nfor the storm to pass awaj-. The3- were at length, how-\\never, rewarded by one of the finest of prospects, and\\nthus their name has become associated with the history\\nof the mountains.\\nHayes D. Copp settled in Martin s Grant in 1826. He\\nis still living, hale and hearty, and in November, 1871,\\nhe walked with the writer from the Glen House to the\\nsummit of Mount Washington in three hours. The jear\\nCopp came Mr. Hanson built a farm-house at the Glen,\\nand he was the first man in this region to keep travellers.\\nIn 1825 William Oakes of Ipswich, Mass., came to the\\nmountains. He was the most enthusiastic of all the\\nexplorers. His perseverance in collecting plants was\\nthe wonder of all the country people. He collected in\\n1825-26, and again in 1843, and continued each j-ear\\nuntil his accidental death in 1848. This year his book\\non the scenery of the White Mountains was published.\\nIn the northern portion of the county a new element\\nof discord appeared. The commissioners who had been\\nappointed to estabUsh the boundary between New Hamp-\\nshire and Canada could not agree upon which was the most\\nwestern branch of the Connecticut River. The United\\nStates Commissioners contended that Hall s Stream was\\nthe one intended in the treaty, and the British Conunis-\\nsioners were sure that it was not. In consequence of this\\ndisagreement the local authorities claimed all the land\\nwest of Indian Stream, and the Provincial govern-\\nment located a township east of Hereford, which they\\ncalled Drayton built a road from Hall s to Indian\\nStream and in 1831 required the inhabitants to perform\\nmilitaiy dut}- j-et the government of New Hampshire\\nexercised its control there, and its officers executed\\nthe processes of the courts within that domain. The\\nnumber of inhabitants had increased to nearly 500, and\\nsome began to talk of resistance to the government\\nof New Hampshire, while others talked of fijrming an\\nindependent government of their own. This was pre-\\ncipitated by an attempt of two officers of customs to\\ncollect duties of citizens of Indian Stream Territory, who\\nbrought then- produce into New Hampshire and Ver-\\nmont.\\nThis affair at length assumed a threatening aspect,\\nand a war between the United States and Great Britain\\nwas imminent. But the statesmanship of Webster averted\\nthe calamity, and the line was definitely fixed bj^ the\\nWebster-Ashburton Treaty of Aug. 9, 1842.\\nIn 1838 an act was passed to provide for a geological\\nsurvey of the State. Dr. Charles T. Jackson was ap-\\npointed State geologist, and entered on his duties next", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0664.jp2"}, "651": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nyear. J. D. Whitney was appointed assistant in 1840,\\nand he here began a career which has made his name\\nknown wherever geology is studied. In the explorations\\nof this survey, they penetrated the wilderness as far as\\nMount Cai-mel. Besides their scientific work, they called\\nattention to the remarkable scenery of the northern por-\\ntion of the State. Dr. Jackson was of the first party who\\nmade the first ascent of Mt. Washington on horseback.\\nFrom this time a new era dawned on these mountains.\\nThe establishment of a second geological survey in\\n1868 was one of great importance to Coos County, not\\nonly showing the geological structure of the northern\\nportion of the State, but doing important work in botany,\\nzoology-, and topography, as well as meteorologj The\\nwriter travelled over almost the entire wooded section of\\nthe county on foot, sometimes camping in the forests for\\nweeks at a time.\\nThe geological structure of the county north of Sims\\nStream in Columbia is less complicated than in many other\\nportions of the couutj For the most part we have strat-\\nified rocks, argillite and chloritic schists. A band of erup-\\ntive rocks commences in Colebroolt, and it can be seen\\nin Stewartstown at Bear Rock from thence it can be fol-\\nlowed northward to the Provinces near Third Lake. The\\nimmense deposits of diatomeceous earth on the western\\nborder of Umbagog Lake, which are of great interest, were\\nfirst pointed out by the survej-. Gold was found in the\\ndrift on Indian Stream, and may yet prove to be of some\\nvalue. Several interesting dikes are found in the vicin-\\nity of Dixville Notch, and a sienitic rock is worked just\\nsouth of Colebrook Village. South of Sims Stream there\\nare great ridges of intrusive granite, and sienitic rocks,\\nwith gneiss and schists. The great mass of the Pilot\\nrange is a feldspar porphyrj-, while the White Mountains\\nare gneiss and mica schist, with some great dikes of\\ndiabase. It has been shown by Prof. C. H. Hitchcock,\\nthe State geologist, that the great ice-sheet once ex-\\ntended over the top of Mount Washington.\\nIn 1838 Pittsburg, the northermost town in the State,\\nwas incorporated. The northern boundary of New\\nHampshire, which is also the northern boundary of Coos\\nCounty, was fixed by the commissioners appointed under\\nthe treaty of Aug. 9, 1842. It follows the water-shed\\nbetween the Connecticut and St. Francis rivers, from\\nCrown Monument to Hall s Stream. The total length of\\ntliis line is 110 miles, but a direct course between the\\nextreme points is 32.7 miles. Thirty-three iron monu-\\nments mark this boundary at various points along its\\ncourse. From the head of Hall s Stream the boundary\\nfollows that stream to the line of ^^ermont.\\nThe project of building a house on the summit of Mount\\nWashington received serious consideration for a number\\nof years. It was esteemed, however, a most hazard-\\nous undertaking, for everybody said that a house could\\nnot stand there for a day in winter. Yet there were two\\nmen, J. S. Hall and L. M. Rosebrook, who were willing\\nto risk their time and money in building a house on the\\ntop of the mountain, and they did it in 1852, and the\\nhouse stands there to-day. The next summer S. F.\\nSpaulding Co. built the Tip-Top House on the most\\nbleak crag of Mount Washington. John H. Spaulding\\nkept these houses for several years. He was a Lancastsr\\nman, a real lover of the mountains, not for the salce of\\nlucre, but because he appreciated their grandeur and\\nbeauty. He wrote a pleasing little book, Historical\\nRelics of the White Mountains, and furnished many\\nbright sketches for the county papers. As soon as it\\nappeared that the top of the mountain was of some value,\\nthere was a contest to see who was the owner of this\\npropertj By the early surveyors this high, barren sum-\\nmit was considered worse than worthless hence they\\nwere not particular in determining the exact limits of\\nthe tracts of land on the border of which they were sit-\\nuated. In June, 1853, a company was chartered to build\\na caiTiage road from the Glen to the Tip-Top House, with\\na capital stock of $50,000. The road was completed to\\nthe summit in 1861.\\nThe summit of Mount Washington was occupied dur-\\ning the Tvinter of 1870-71 b}- J. H. Huntington, princi-\\npal assistant on the geological survey Mr. S. A. Nelson\\nof Georgetown, Mass. Serg. (now Lieut. Theodore\\nSmith, U. S. A. Mr. A. F. Clough and Mr. Howard A.\\nKimball. Thej- are the first persons who are known to\\nhave occupied a station for meteorological observations\\nwhere there are winds of so great velocities. Winds of\\n125 miles per hour have been repeatedly measured, and\\none observer claims to have measured a velocity of 180\\nmiles.\\nDuring the late civil war, although Coos County was\\nsituated so that men were constantly crossing its border\\nto avoid the draft, its citizens were true and loyal, and\\never ready to respond when called upon to take their\\npart in the great conflict. Coos County did not, how-\\never, receive the honor which is justly its due.\\nOne whose memory the people of Coos County delight\\nto honor on account of his great bravery is Col. E. E\\nCross. He was born in Lancaster April 22, 1832. By f\\nlife upon the plains and in Arizona, where he frequently\\nmet the most warlUce of savages, the Apaches, he was\\nwell fitted to be a leader in our civU war. That he was r\\nmost gallant soldier is the testimony of every one. As\\ncolonel of the Fifth Regiment he led it through many a", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0665.jp2"}, "652": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nblood}- fight, until, at the battle of Gettysburg, he was\\nmortally wounded.\\nThe Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad was com-\\npleted to Gorham in June, 1851, and through Coos\\nCounty in 1853. The year the road was finished it was\\nleased to the Grand Trunk Railway for a term of 999\\nyears.\\nThere were men who saw the possibilities of the Bos-\\nton, Concord and Montreal, and the White Mountain\\nrailroads, if the latter could be extended northward\\nthrough Coos County to the Province of Quebec, with a\\nNew Hampshire by opening up, as it did, an immense\\narea of valuable timber land, and the encouragement\\nwhich it gave to the building of hotels and houses for the\\naccommodation of summer travel. It may be added in\\nthis connection that the success of this railroad enterprise\\nwas almost entirely due to the personal efforts, foresight,\\nand capital of Mr. Lyon, whose accidental death occurred\\nat the Pemigewasset House, April 11, 1878.\\nIn 1858 Mr. Sylvester Marsh obtained a charter for the\\nMt. Washington Railway, but the road was not completed\\nuntil 1869. There was no confidence in the undertak-\\nbranch at the bisc of Mount Wishmgton No one saw\\nit more clearlj than Mi. John E. L^on, who was made\\npresident of these corporations for many years. In\\nNovember, 1870, the road was opened to Lancaster, and\\nby Jan. 1, 1872, a branch road had been opened to\\nPierce s Mills, in Bethlehem. In August, 1872, the\\nmain road was opened to Northumberland. The branch\\nwas extended to the Twin Mountain House in time for\\nthe summer travel of 1873. This j-ear there was a union\\nof the two corporations under the name of the Boston,\\nConcord and Montreal Railroad. The road from the\\nTwin Mountain House to the Fabj^an Place was opened\\nin July, 1875. In July of the following year, the branch\\nfrom the Fabyan House to the base of Mount Washing-\\nton was completed. The completion of this system of\\nrailroads was of great material advantage to northern\\nuig until Ml Marsh had shown its feasibilitj b} building\\na section himself, and putting on an engine constructed\\nunder his patent. Others then joined in completing the\\nenterprise. Mr. Walter Aiken has been the successful\\nmanager of the road almost from the beginning.\\nThe Portland and Ogdensburgh Railroad extends\\nthrough the southern part of the county. The White-\\nfield and Jefferson Railroad, recently fitted for a first-\\nclass passenger and freight road, renders the north side\\nof the mountains much more accessible, and opens up\\na field for tourists, hitherto comparatively unknown.\\nKing s Ravine, with its grand rock scenery, will shortly\\nbecome as familiar and famous as are the great ravines\\non the east side of Mount Washington.\\nThe first newspaper published in the county was the\\nWhite Mountain iEgis, which appeared at Lancaster", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0666.jp2"}, "653": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0669.jp2"}, "654": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0670.jp2"}, "655": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nin 1838. It was shortly after removed to Haverhill,\\nGrafton County. About the same time the Coos Dem-\\nocrat, a paper of opposite political principles, was\\nstarted. In 1859 it was removed to North Stratford,\\nand soon after ceased to exist.\\nIn 1854 the Coos Republican was estabUshed at\\nLancaster. Four years after, the paper passetl into the\\nhands of Col. Henry 0. Kent. It was subsequently pub-\\nlished under the auspices of the Coos Republican As-\\nsociation, and since April, 1878, when its office was\\ndestroyed by fire, has been in charge of Mr. James S.\\nPeavey. In November, 1870, the latter gentleman began\\nthe publication of the\\nNorthern Sentinel at\\nColebrook, which paper is\\nnow owned hy A. Baker.\\nThe Northern News was\\nalso established at Cole-\\nbrook. The Mountain-\\neer is a lively paper,\\nprinted at Gorham by V.\\nV. Twichell.\\nThe only daily paper of\\nCoos County is published\\nduring the summer months\\nupon the summit of Mount\\nWashington.\\nFar up among the hills of\\nNorthern Coos, almost on\\nthe very border of Quebec\\nProvince, is a small lake\\nwhich has an area of scarce-\\nly- more than three acres. In\\nearly spring, while as yet the snow lies along its border,\\nthe woods resound with the croaking of numerous frogs,\\nwhich, here undisturbed, find a congenial habitat. This\\nlittle lake in the cold, dark forest, 2,500 feet above the\\nlevel of the sea, is the source of the Connecticut River.\\nIts outlet, a mere rill leaping over the rocks in beautiful\\ncascades, now flows into Third Lake. This lake contains\\nan area of about 250 acres, and is sun-ounded by lofty\\nhills, except on its southern border, where the undula-\\ntions are more gentle. Its outlet, a stream ten feet\\nwide, is in the south-east corner.. From Third Lake\\nthe Connecticut flows four and a half miles, when it re-\\nceives from the east a tributary nearly as large as itself.\\nOne and a quarter miles farther south it flows into Sec-\\nond Lake. This lake is also surrounded by high hills,\\nbut they recede farther from its shores, while in the dis-\\ntance they rise to mountain heights. Besides the Con-\\nnecticut, it receives two tributaries from the north-east\\nand one from the north-west. It is the most beautiful\\nof our Northern lakes. The graceful contour of its\\nshores, the symmetry of its projecting points, the stately\\ngrowth of the primeval forest, the carpet of green that is\\nspread along its border and extends through the long\\nvista of the woods, the receding hills and the distant\\nmountains, present a combination of the wild, the grand,\\nand the beautiful that is rarely seen. On its borders\\nthe moose and the deer feed\\nalmost undisturbed, on its\\ntributaries the beaver builds\\nits house, and the otter\\nslides into the clear and lim-\\npid stream, while the shores\\nare still the resort of the\\nsable and the mink. The\\noutlet is on the west side,\\nnear the southern bor-\\nder. The descent at first\\nis gentle, but the distant\\nroar that greets the ear\\nindicates that rapids are\\nnear. So it rushes on\\nover its rocky bed, occa-\\nsionally forming deep ed-\\ndies, only to become more\\nrapid still. For a mile\\nand a half from the lake it\\nforms a series of wild cas-\\ncades, which continue for half a mile. Then, after\\nreceiving two tributaries from the west, it flows into\\nConnecticut Lake. Here we find rich farms and the\\nhabitations of men upon the border of the great forest.\\nThus extremes meet, nature and culture, the past\\nand the present. But the river itself flows on by farm\\nand village and city, until it mingles with the waters of\\nthe ocean.\\nLand of the cliff, the stream, the pine,\\nBlessing and honor and peace be thine\\nStill may the giant mountains rise.\\nLifting their snows to the blue of June,\\nAnd the south wind breathe its tenderest sighs\\nO er thy fields in the harvest-moon I", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0671.jp2"}, "656": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nGRAFTON COUNTY.\\nBY PROF. JOHN K. LORD.\\nThe county of Grafton is situated on the western side\\nof the State. It touches Sullivan and Merrimack coun-\\nties on the south, Belknap and CaiToU on the east, Coos\\non the north, while its western side borders on the Con-\\nnecticut Eiver for about 70 miles. Its length from\\nnorth to south is about 60 miles, and its width from east\\nto west about 40 miles. Its area is 1,460 square miles.\\nIn agriculture it ranks first in the State 442,738 acres,\\nsome of which are the finest farming lands in New Eng-\\nland, are under cultivation, and 230,300 are woodland.\\nBesides unincorporated territory Ijdng in the northern\\nand mountainous part, the county contains 39 towns.\\nThe territory embraced in Grafton County was never,\\nwithin the memory of the whites, the settled abode of\\nthe Indians. It was covered by a thick forest of beech,\\nmaple, oak and white-pine, and was a favorite hunting-\\nground for the Indians who lived to the south and to the\\nnorth of it. In the summer they planted corn on the\\nI rich meadows of the Connecticut VaUey, and, perhaps,\\non the Pemigewasset, but on the return of winter retired\\nto their homes. As the white settlers advanced north-\\nward thej coveted these rich hunting-grounds, which thus\\nbecame the scene of long and bloodj border wars. In\\nthe spring of 1712 Lieut. Thomas Baker, who had been\\ncaptured by the Indians and taken to Canada in 1709,\\nbut returned the following year, started from Northamp-\\nton, Mass., with a company of 33 white men and one\\nIndian guide. He came upon a gi-oup of wigwams,\\nwhere the illage of Plymouth now stands, and com-\\npletely destroyed it, taking a large booty of fiu s, besides\\nkilling many natives. He immediately retreated, but\\nthe Indians pursued and soon overtook him. A brisk\\nskirmish ensued, in which the Indians were repulsed.\\nIn the progress of the fight, Baker and Waternomee, the\\nchief of the Indians, met. They saw each other at the\\nsame moment and instantly fired. The Indian s bullet\\ngi-azed Baker s eye-brow, but Baker shot the Indian\\nthrough the heart, who, leaping into the air, fell dead.\\nSubsequently, Baker brought his party to Dunstable,\\nnow Nashua, without the loss of a man. The memory\\nof this expedition was preserved by changing the name\\nof the Asquamchumauke to Baker s Eiver.\\nIn the war between France and England that began in\\n1743, the Indians joined the French, and the following\\neight years witnessed repeated incursions of the Indians,\\nwhich the system of defence by forts, adopted by the\\nProvince, was powerless to prevent. The peace of Aix-\\nla-Chapelle did not put an end to these wars, and they\\ncontinued with varying intensity tiU the subjugation of\\nthe Indians by the whites, more than ten years later.\\nIn 1701 Gov. Wentworth chartered 12 towns in Graf-\\nton County. Enfield, Hanover and Lebanon received\\ntheir charters July 4 Cockermouth (now Grafton) and\\nLyme, July 8 Canaan, July 9 Grafton, August 14\\nBath, September 10 Orford, September 25 Campton\\nin October Holderness, October 24 and Lyman, No-\\nvember 10. Holderness had been chartered once before,\\nOct. 10, 1751, and was the first town chartered in the\\ncoimty, but the grantees failing to fulfil the conditions\\nof the charter, a new one was granted as above.\\nThe first settlement in the county was in Haverhill, in\\n1761. Col. Jacob Bailey of Newbury, Mass., and Capt.\\nJohn Hazen of Haverhill, in the same State, were given\\ncause to expect a charter of a township, and took imme-\\ndiate measures to take possession of the land. Col.\\nBailey took possession of the township in Vermont,\\nand called it Newbury, from his home. Capt. Hazen\\ntook the township on the east of the river and called it\\nHaverhill. He sent Michael Johnston and John Pettie\\nwith some cattle to make a beginning. Thej^ took their\\nstation on the Little Ox Bow, which was covered with a\\nluxuriant growth of grass. Thej built a hut and shed\\nfor the cattle and passed the winter alone. In the spring\\nof 1762 Capt. Hazen came with men and assistance.\\nWith him was Col. Joshua Howard of Haverhill, Mass.,\\nwho lived in the new town which he helped to establish,\\ntill his death in 1839. Uriah Morse and his wife Hannah,\\ncame from Northfield, Mass., and were the first family in\\ntown. A child was born to them in the following year,\\nwhich was the first of English parents in the county.\\nMay 18, 1763, a charter for the town of Haverhill was\\ngranted to Capt. John Hazen and 74 others. This Capt.\\nHazen was one of the most energetic men on the border.\\nHe had been an efiicient officer in the French and Indian", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0672.jp2"}, "657": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSraRE.\\nwar. At the close of the war he threw himself boldlj\\ninto the scheme for settling the Coos meadows, but on\\non the breaking out of the Revolution he adhered to the\\nroj alists, and took no active part. He died in Albany\\nabout 1790. Among the arrivals of the next j ear was\\nEzekiel Ladd, who became a judge of the county court.\\nSo rapidly did the town increase, that in 17G7 it had a\\npopulation of 172. For many j-ears the nearest grist-\\nmill was in Charleston, GO miles down the river, to which\\nthe gi ain was taken in the summer in canoes and then\\nbrought back in the winter on the ice.\\nIn the fall of 1764 the Rev. Peter Powers came to\\nNewbury and organized a church for the two towns of\\nj Newbury and Haverhill. Jan. 24, 1765, he received a\\ncall to its pastorate. As there were no ministers in the\\nneighborhood by whom he could be installed, the town\\nvoted that he should be installed down country where\\nit is thought best. Accordingly he was installed in\\nHollis, Feb. 27, 1765, and was the first settled pastor in\\nthe countj-. In 1769 there came to the town Charles\\nJohnston, who became a colonel in the Revolutionarj\\nwar, a justice, -the only one in the town before 1773,\\nand a judge of probate for the county.\\nThe second settlement was in Lebanon in 1762. The\\ntown had been granted the previous j-ear to William\\nDana, John Hanks, and 63 others from the towns of\\nNorwich, Mansfield and Lebanon, Conn., and was named\\nfrom the last of these.\\nIn 1767 the number of inhabitants in Lebanon was\\n162. The first church was organized in 1768; and, in\\n1772, the Rev. Isaiah Potter was installed over it, and\\ncontinued to be its pastor for 45 years, till his death, July\\n2, 1817.\\nThe year 1763 witnessed the settlement of Plymouth\\nand Holdemess. The men who took possession of\\nPlymouth were almost entirely from Hollis and their\\nenergetic character, together with the fertility of the\\nintervals and the easy communication with the lower\\ntowns bj waj of the river, gave Pljinouth a rapid\\ngrowth. In 1762 eight men from Hollis came up to \\\\-iew\\nthe country. Their impression was very favorable, and,\\non their application, a charter was issued July 15, 1763,\\nto Stephen Ames, Joseph Blanchard, Elnathan Blood,\\nand 60 others. Eight men were emplo3-ed in making\\nclearings during the siimmer, and some of them remained\\nthrough the winter. The next year saw many new\\narrivals and, b} 1767, when the census was taken, the\\nnumber in the town was 227, the largest in the countj\\nThe first care of these godly men, the descendants of\\nthe Puritans and Pilgrims, was to found a church; and,\\nApril 16, 1764, they met in Hollis and organized a church\\nbefore a single family had moved to Plymouth, and six\\nmonths before the organization of any other church in the\\ncounty. Rev. Nathan Ward, who preached the first ser-\\nmon in the county, was installed in July, 1765, and con-\\ntinued as pastor of the church at Pl^-mouth for 32 years.\\nAmong the grantees and settlers of Plj-mouth, David\\nHobart was one of the foremost. He became a colonel\\nin the Revolution, and led a regiment under Stark at the\\nbattle of Bennington, but his name appears in history\\nunder the erroneous spelling of Hubbard.\\nHoldeniess was probably named from the Earl of\\nHoldemesse, who was secretarj of state in 1751. The\\nfirst settler was William Rper of Durham but the\\nmajority came from Barrington, Mass. Hon. Samuel\\nLivermore, who was one of the original grantees, and\\nwho gained nearly iialf the town by purchase, came in\\n1765. In 1769 he became king s attorney-general, and\\ncontinued to hold the office after the establishment of\\npopular government. He was for several years a dele-\\ngate to the old Congress, and in 1782 he became chief\\njustice of the Superior Court. He was United States\\nsenator from 1792 to 1802, when he resigned on account\\nof ill-health, and died in 1803.\\nLyme, which received its name from Lyme in Connecti-\\ncut, was next settled and, in 1765, the five towns of\\nBath, Compton, Enfield, Hanover and Orford were occu-\\npied, and shortly afterwards chartered.\\nThe first settlement in Hanover was in the eastern\\npnrt of the town by Col. Edmund Freeman, to whom,\\nwath ten of the same name, and 52 others from Connecti-\\ncut, the town was granted. The increase was small till\\nthe foundation here of Dartmouth College in 1770 by\\nthe Rev. Dr. Eleazcr Wheelock. This institution was\\nestablished by royal charter bearing the date Dec. 13,\\n1769.*\\nDr. Wbeelock came to Hanover with a few students in\\nAugust, 1770, and immediately began to prepare his\\ndwellings. He came to an unbroken wilderness. On\\nthe plain he had chosen for a site, the pines rose nearly\\n300 feet toward the sky. The only welcome which he\\nreceived was the howl of the wolf and the growl of the\\nbear. It was a strange place to found a seminary of\\nlearning But the corner-stones were laid in faith and\\nprayer, and the future growth of the college proved the\\nwisdom of the founder. Later in the fall his family,\\nstudents and attendants, in all about 70, joined him, and\\nthe season was spent in preparations for the winter. In\\nJanuary of 1771, Dr. Wheelock organized a church, of\\nwhich he was pastor till his death. The following years\\nFor an account of initiatory steps leading to the establishment of the\\ncollege at Hanover, see page 385.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0673.jp2"}, "658": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwere years of intense activity and labor. Dr. Wheelock\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was president and professor of the college, pastor of the\\nchurch, superintendent of the fann, magistrate for the\\ntown in short, the soul of the college and the settle-\\nment. The clearing of the land, and the sowing and har-\\nvesting of the crops, went on together with the work of\\ninstruction. The students took their recreation in felling\\ntrees or hoeing corn. About 3,000 acres were given to\\nthe college in its immediate vicinitj-.\\nThe first commencement was held in the open air, in\\nAugust, 1771, when four young men received their di-\\nplomas. Gov. Wentworth and a company of gentlemen\\ncame from Wolf borough to honor the occasion, and\\nafter the exercises there was a barbecue of an ox in the\\nclearing in front of the college-building. One member\\nof that first class was John SVheolock, afterward presi-\\ndent of the coUege and among its first students was\\nJohn Ledyard, the famous traveller, who died in Cairo,\\nEgjpt, in 1789, as he was setting out on an exploring\\nexpedition into the interior of Africa.\\nUnder the burden of these manifold cares Dr. Wheelock\\nadministered the new institution with great success till\\nhis death, April 24, 1779. He was a man of extraordi-\\nnary powers. To an indomitable will, great executive\\nability, thorough understanding of men, and wisdom in\\ntheir management, he added remarkable kindliness,\\ngenerositj and piety.\\nPresident Wheelock was succeeded by his son. Dr.\\nJohn Wheelock, who, after a presidency of 36 years,\\nwas removed from the office by the trustees in 1815.*\\nHe was succeeded by Francis Brown, D. D. In 1820\\nRev. Daniel Dana was elected president, who, after one\\nyear, was succeeded by Bennet Tyler, D. D. Upon the\\nresignation of Dr. Tyler in 1828, Nathan Lord, D. D.,\\nwas chosen president, and performed the duties of that\\noffice till 18G3, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Asa\\nD. Smith, LL. D. The present official head of this insti-\\ntution is Rev. Samuel C. Bartlett, D. D.\\nIn addition to its academic, Dartmouth has an excel-\\nlent medical department, established in 1 798 through the\\nexertions of Dr. Nathan Smith, an eminent physician of\\nhis daj and a scientific department established, in 1851,\\nby the gift of $50,000 by Abiel Chandler of Walpole, N. H.\\nIn the latter part of Dr. John VVheelock s presidency arose the quar-\\nrel which resulted in the celebrated Dartmouth Colleee case. A dis-\\nagreement between the president and a majoiity of the trustees resulted,\\nin 1815, in open rupture. The president accused the trustees of pen-ert-\\nj ing the funds, and attempting to subvert the charter of the coUege and\\nappealed to the legislature for an investigating committee. The latter\\nbody meantime claimed the right to amend a charter of which it was the\\nguardian, and in 1816 passed acts creating a new corporiition, in which\\nthe property was vested, and changing the title of the college to Dart-\\nFor several years after 1765, one or more towns were\\nsettled almost every year. The first settlers came to\\nCanaan and Alexandria in 1766 to Warren in 170 7 to\\nGroton and Thornton in 1770 to Dorchester and Graf-\\nton in 1772; to Orange and Woodstock in 1773; to\\nFranconia in 1774, and to Bridgewater and Wentworth\\nin 1776. Of these towns Canaan, Warren, Groton,\\nGrafton and Woodstock were twice chartered, and Dor-\\nchester three times. In several cases the original names\\nhave been changed.\\nLisbon was originally Concord. Nov. 20, 1768, it was\\nre-chartered under the name of Gunthwait, which it held\\nfor a few yeyirs, when Concord was resumed, and this\\ncontinued until 1817, when Lisbon was taken. Littleton j\\nwas first called Chiswick, but was re-granted in 1770,\\nunder the name of ApthorjD, and in 1784 this town was\\ndivided into Littleton and Dalton, the latter of which is\\nnow in the county of Coos. Ellsworth was called Tre-\\ncothick till 1802, while Coventry became Benton in 1840.\\nA part of Cockermouth (Groton) and Plymouth was in-\\ncorporated by the name of Hebron, June 15, 1792.\\nJune 24, 1819, Bristol was taken from Bridgewater, and\\non the 29th of the same month, a grant was made to\\nJosiah GiUis and Moses Foss, Jr., and others, which was\\nknown as Gillis and Foss Grant, until 1829, when it was\\nincorporated July 1, by the name of Waterville. In\\n1854, July 13, Monroe was taken from Lyman. In 1868\\na part of Holderness was set off into the new town of\\nAshland. In 1876 Easton was taken from Landaff, and\\nin 1877, Livermore was formed of the unincorporated\\ngrants north of Waten ille.\\nThe difficulties and hardships in the settling of these\\nnew towns were similar to those in case of the others.\\nThe lack of communication necessitated the coarsest fare\\nand the plainest living. The food often consisted of\\nbean porridge, and the flesh of whatever game might be\\ntaken in the forest. The furniture was such as could he\\nmade with an axe and a saw, and the clothing was made\\nfrom leather and homespun. The ground had to be\\ncleared of the dense growth of trees before any crop\\ncould be planted, and a constant watch kept against the\\nbears and the wolves that liy day and by night prowled\\naround the log huts. During the long winters the snow\\nmonth University. The old trustees began a suit for the recovery of the\\ncollege property, which was decided against them in the Supreme Court\\nof the State. It was earned by appeal before Chief Justice Marshall in\\nthe Supreme Court of the United States, where the judgment w.-is\\nreversed, and the principle of the inviolability of chartered property\\nwas fully established. It was by his elaborate and convincing argu-\\nment on behalf of the plaintiffs in this case that Daniel Webster, at\\nthe age of 35, took rank among the most distinguished lawyers of the\\ncountry.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0674.jp2"}, "659": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nlay three or four feet deep for several months\\nat a time, and the onlj- occupations were felling trees and\\nhunting. Besides the bears and wolves, the forest con-\\ntained lynxes, moose, deer, beavers, otters, and other\\nsmall animals, while the brooks and rivers swarmed with\\ntrout and salmon. In the winters the only means of\\nlocomotion were snow-shoes, and the only means of trans-\\nportation were hand-sleds.*\\nThe county of Grafton f was incorporated March 19,\\n1771. The act which divided the Province into counties\\nhad been passed nearly two years before, April 27,\\n17C9, but the time of its operation had been left to the\\npleasure of the governor, and he had thought best to\\ndelay it.\\nBy an act of the governor and councU the county re-\\nceived its full privileges in 1773. The question of the\\nlocation of the county seat now arose. After a pro-\\ntracted and earnest controversy between the eastern and\\nwestern sections of the county, Haverhill was finally\\nsettled upon as the shire town.\\nThe county had hardly become established when the\\ndiscontents that had been rising throughout the country\\ncuhninated in the Declaration of Independence and the\\nwar of the Revolution. That the fire of patriotism\\nburned as brightly here as anywhere, there is no doubt.\\nWhile the county was never distressed with the actual\\npresence of the foe, there being little indeed in the\\nwilderness to tempt the approach of the British army\\nfrom the south there were jet fears and real danger of\\ninvasions bj both British and Indians from Canada.\\nThe vigorous attitude of defence, however, in which\\nthe border towns constantly stood, together with the\\ncrafty temporizing policy of Vermont authorities, pre-\\nvented the approach of any real danger, until the expe-\\ndition of Burgoyno in 1777. When the news came that\\nthe British were actually coming in force down Lake\\nChamplain, and that one detachment was to proceed to\\nNo. 4 (C harlestown) and another to Coos (Haverhill),\\nthe whole country was alive, riymouth and adjacent\\ntowns sent a companj- of 45 men. Haverhill and vicin-\\nity sent another, Orford, Ljme and Piermont another,\\nand other towns their quota. After the victory at Ben-\\nnington, some of the troops went on to New York, and\\nunder Gen. Gates, took part in the battles of Stillwater\\nand Saratoga. The complete success of the American\\nThe first settler of Canaan, John Scofield, who came to the town in\\nthe winter of 1706, brought all the property which ho possessed for his\\nnew home, U miles on a hand-sled. Months would frequently pass over\\na company of settlers without the sight of a new face, and it was only\\nafter years of loneliness and toil, that the construction of even rude roads\\nbrought relief to such isolation, and the priyations attendant upon it.\\narms in Vermont and New York, put an end to the real\\ndanger to New Hampshire.\\nThe patriotism of the great body of the people was\\nunmistakable, but here, as elsewhere, were some who\\nsympathized with the royal cause, and did what they\\ncould to advance it. Their operations were always\\nsecret, but if detected led to speedy punishment. One of\\nthese Tories was Col. John Fenton of Pljmouth. He was\\na man of note in the county, and a member of the Assem-\\nbly. Having advised his constituents and others to re-\\nfrain from giving their support to the war, he was\\nimprisoned. Afterwards he was permitted, at the\\ninstance of Gen. Putnam, to leave the country.\\nGrafton County had an opportunity, which it was not\\nslow to improve, upon the organization of the new gov-\\nernment incident to the opening of the Revolution, to\\ndeclare its attachment to the great principle of local self-\\ngovernment. The Provincial Congress had voted that\\n\u00c2\u00a3200, lawful money, should be required as a qualification\\nfor the office of representative. Against this measure,\\nGrafton County earnestly, not to say indignantly, pro-\\ntested, insisting that under the circumstances the Assem-\\nbly had no authoritj constitutional or natural, thus to\\nprescribe a mode of procedure in election that for cor-\\nporate towns thus to be unwillingly restricted in their\\nchoice of representative by an arbitrary property qualifi-\\ncation, was inconsistent with liberty, and was not to be\\ntolerated. For several years, accordingly, or until the\\nadoption of the permanent State Constitution in 1784,\\nGrafton County, though cheerfully consenting to bear its\\nshare of the burdens of government, yet refused to send\\ndelegates to the Provisional Assembl3^\\nProbably one reason why Grafton County was not\\nunwilling to yield to this disaffection, was the advan-\\ntageous inducements offered about this time by Vermont\\nto the Connecticut Valley towns, to withdraw their alle-\\ngiance from New Hampshire, and cast in their lot with\\nthe Grants. Certain it is that several of these river\\ntowns, embracing, indeed, a large share of Grafton,\\nCheshire and Sullivan counties, did, in the spring of\\n1781, formallj- dissolve their eonnectiou with New Hamp-\\nshire, and adopted the Constitution of the more demo-\\ncratic State of Vermont. I\\nAfter the return of peace and the establishment of a\\nsettled government, the county grew apace. Its pro-\\nt So named by Oov. \\\\ycntworth, in honor of Arthur Augustus Fitz-\\nroy, Dulio of Grafton.\\nBut for the intervention of Congress, which made the amendment\\nof this eastern compact a condition of Vermont s admission to the\\nUnion, all this section of New Hampshire would, doubtless, still bo\\nembraced in the Green Mountain State.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0675.jp2"}, "660": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nductive fields were very attractive to settlers. No por-\\ntion of tlie State was more fertile. In 1 790 its popula-\\ntion was 13,472. There was a stead} increase until 1840,\\nwhen the census gave 42,311 inhabitants. From that\\ndate to 1860, owing to the tide of western emigration, it\\nbarely held its ovra, ha\\\\ ing in the latter year, 42,260.\\nFrom that time the combined effect of emigration, and\\nthe war of the Rebellion, was to diminish the population,\\nso that in 1870 the number was 39,103. In 1803, the\\nnorthern portion was set off into a new county called\\nCoos. The boundary ran along the northern line of Lit-\\ntleton and Bethlehem to the White Mountains.\\nThe cause of education has always been well supported\\nin the count}-. Dartmouth College, as has been seen, was\\nfounded in the infancy of the settlements, but preliminary\\neducation was not neglected. Common schools were at\\nfirst impossible, but as soon as a few families were estab-\\nlished in a neighborhood, some one of their number be-\\ncame a private instructor, and at the earliest practicable\\nopportunity schools were established. In 1 767, Lebanon,\\nwhose first settler had come in 1762, voted to estabUsh a\\nschool. Orford, settled in 1705, provided for a school in\\n1770. One of the earliest academies in the State was\\nincorporated at Haverhill in 1794. They were also es-\\ntablished at Orford in 1836, at Canaan in 1839, and at\\nBath in 1848. Several others have been established but\\nhave graduall} decayed. Many of the towns have graded\\nschools, and Bristol, Lebanon and Littleton have high\\nschools.\\nIn 1792 a general militia law was passed under which\\nGrafton County raised three and one-half regiments,\\ncomprising all the free able-botlied white male citizens\\nfrom 18 to 40 years of age. On the breaking out of the\\nwar of 1812, these regiments, with several others, were\\nformed into the Western Brigade, under the command\\nof Brig. Gen. John Montgomery.\\nThere were men from the count} in the Florida and\\nin the Mexican wars. In the war of the Rebellion the\\ncounty spared neither her men nor treasure. The\\ncounty fm nished 3,376 men, beside those who responded\\nto the first call. Of this number over 400 were killed, or\\ndied in consequence of wounds and exposure.\\nGrafton County is mainly an agricultural one, in this\\nrespect taking the lead of all in the State. On its\\nwestern border, the intervals along the Connecticut River,\\nextending back toward the hills, from half a mile to a\\nmile and a half, are among the richest lands in the State,\\nwhile the meadows along the valleys of the Mascoma,\\nPemigewasset and Baker rivers, are scarcely inferior.\\nThe hills, which have a general southern slope, are also\\nvery productive. On the western side, at a varying dis:.\\ntance of from three to six miles from the Connecticut, is\\na range of hUls, often interrupted in the southern part\\nbut more continuous in the north, having a general ele-\\nvation of from 1,500 to 2,000 feet, but rising in one or\\ntwo instances to a greater height. Moose Moxmtain in\\nHanover has an altitude of 2,326 feet, and Mt. Cuba in\\nOrford of 2,927 feet. Toward the south in Orange,\\nCardigan Mountain has a ridge 3,156 feet in height,\\nwhile farther north, in Benton, Moosilauke lifts a single\\nsharp Tpeak 4,811 feet. This range expands in the\\nnorth-eastern part of the county into the group of moun-\\ntains known as the Franconia, and into the lower White\\nMountains. These mountains, which are separated from\\nthe larger group of the White Mountains by the cele-\\nbrated White Mountain Notch, have no peak as high as\\nseveral in that group, but are hardly inferior in grandeur\\nof scenery and points of particular interest. Among the\\nnatural wonders is the Old Man of the Mountain, a\\npeculiar arrangement of five granite blocks which jut\\nfrom an almost peri^endicular cliff on Mt. Cannon,\\n1,000 high, in such a way as to present, viewed from\\nthe right point, the rugged features of an old man. The\\nFranconia Notch is a narrow gap between Mt. Cannon\\nand Mt. Lafayette, which expands into a pass about\\nsix miles in length, through which, from a small pond\\nl}ing at its upper extremity, flows the Pemigewasset.\\nOn the east of this pass is the Flume, a deep chasm\\ncut through the solid rock, within which a bowlder about\\nten feet in diameter is suspended and kept from falling by\\nthe slight contraction of the sides of the chasm. Beneath\\nit flows a rapid stream from the mountains. The highest\\np )int in this group is Mt. Lafayette, which has an eleva-\\ntion of 5,259 feet, and the second is Mt. Lincoln, 5,101\\nfeet. Besides Twin Mountain, which comes next (4,920\\nfeet) and its southern peak (4,900 feet), there are 19\\nmountains in this group above 4,000 feet in height.\\nA considerable portion of the county is covered with\\ntrees. The forests are everywhere decreasing, through\\nthe activity of the demand for lumber.\\nThe county is well watered. Besides the Connecticut,\\nthe Pemigewasset, which unites with the Winnipiseogec\\nto foiTfi the Merrimack, is the main river, and rises in\\nProfile Lake among the Franconia Mountains. Its length\\nis 52 miles, and its fall 1,085 feet, of which 1,150 arc\\nin the. fii st nine miles. There are few large bodies of\\nwater in the county. The largest lying entirely within\\nits limits is Newfound Lake in Hebron, Bristol and\\nBridgewatcr having an area of nearly seven square miles.\\nSquam Lake, about two-thirds of which hes in Iloldcr-\\nness, contains 11 square miles. Mascoma Lake in Enfield\\nis of much smaller dimensions.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0676.jp2"}, "661": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nAll of the towns, except those Ij-ing along the ridge in\\nthe centre and those in the mountainous districts, have\\nthe benefit of railroad communication.\\nTowns.\\nLebanon is the most important town in the county.\\nIt stands first in population, wealth, and manufactures,\\nbut fifth in agriculture. It is situated in the south-\\nwestern comer of the count} on the Connecticut. The\\ntown has a population of 3,094. Its growth during the\\ndecade ending in 1872-73 was very rapid, but since that\\ntime it has barely held its own. It contains three vil-\\nlages, all on the railroad. East Lebanon is situated at\\nthe outlet of Enfield Pond. Four miles down the Mas-\\ncoma is the thriving manufacturing village of Lebanon.\\nThere are four churches, and a good high school, for\\nwhich a commodious brick building costing $20,000, was\\nerected in 1873 two banks, and a weekly newspaper.\\nThe river falls within the village 100 feet, aflbrding an\\nabundant water-power. The largest manufactory is that\\nof Mead Mason, who manufacture doors, blinds, fur-\\nniture, c. Sc3-thes, snaths, and rakes ai-e manufac-\\ntured by different companies. There is a large grist-\\nmill, and also a manufactory for cabinet organs.\\nWest Lebanon, on the Connecticut River, one mile\\nabove the mouth of the Mascoma, is the terminus of the\\nNorthern Railroad. It is opposite the mouth of the\\nWhite River, and the beauty of the two valleys renders\\nits situation unusually attractive. The Tilden Female\\nSeminar} taking the name of its largest benefactor,\\nWilliam Tilden, Esq., of New York, is located here.\\nThe seminary building, which is of brick, three stories\\nhigh, and 96 feet in length by 55 in width, was erected\\nin 1854. In 18C5 the propert}- was leased by Hiram\\nOrcutt, A. M., a teacher of much experience, under\\nwhose careful management the institution has steadily\\nprospered. In 18G8 an additional gift of $20,000 by\\nMr. Tilden was expended in the enlargement of the main\\nbuilding.\\nLittleton is the second town in the count} in popula-\\ntion and wealth, and the third in manufactures. Oppo-\\nsite the western side of the town are the Fifteen Miles\\nFalls in the Connecticut, which begin in Dalton and end\\nin Monroe. In that distance, the river falls 400 feet.\\nThe population of the town is 2,740. The one village\\nis situated on tiie Ammonoosuc, and since the opening\\nof the railroad has grown with great rapidity, it being on\\nthe direct route of White Mountain tra\\\\ el. The town\\ncontains two banks, an equal number of newspapers,\\nfive churches and a school-house, which is by far the best\\nbuilding in the place. The industrial interests of the\\ntown include the manufacture of starch, churns and\\nscythes. There is also a woollen-mill, now idle. The\\nlumber business is quite extensive, and the value of the\\nyearly productions is in the neighborhood of $500,000.\\nHatehhill is the most important agricultm al town in\\nthe county. Here are the rich intervals on the Connec-\\nticut, the celebrated Ox Bow, where the Indians raised\\ntheir corn, and of which the whites were so eager to gain\\npossession. The hay crop of Haverhill exceeds that of\\nany other town in the State by nearly 1,000 tons. The\\nestimated value of its farm products is $272,000. There\\nare nine saw-mills, turning out yearly about 5,000,000\\nfeet of lumber, three grist-mills, the same number of\\nstarch-factories, and valuable whetstone quarries. At\\nWoodsville there is a large box-factory, and another for\\nshovel handles. Paper is also manufactured. A soap-\\nstone quarry in the north part of the town produces a\\nstone of superior quality. East Haverhill is largely\\ninterested in the lumber business. Haverhill, often\\ncalled Haverhill Corner, is the largest village. It is\\nwell laid out, with a fine common in the centre, and com-\\nmands a fine view of the surrounding country. There\\nare two chiu ches and an academy, one of the oldest in\\nthe State. Haverhill is one of the shire towns of the\\ncounty. North Haverhill, opposite the Great Ox Bow,\\nconsists of a single street, lined on either side \\\\^ith\\nhouses. Woodsville, opposite Wells River, is a thriving\\nand rapidly growing village. The population of the\\ntown is 2,271.\\nLisbon, whose population is 1,844, is well watered by\\nthe Ammonoosuc and its tributaries. The articles of\\nmanufactm-e, which are various, include carriages, of\\nwhich there is an extensive factory. In the eastern side\\nof the town, adjoining Franconia, is found a deposit of\\niron and in the west part are veins of the more precious\\nmetals. Limestone is found in the eastern portion of\\nthe town. There are three churches, a high school and\\na village library association.\\nEnfield, with a population of 1,662, produces manu-\\nfactures amounting to $450,000 annually. There are\\nfive ponds of considerable size in this town. On the\\nnorthern side of Mascoma Lake, at the entrance of the\\nriver, is situated the prosperous village of Enfield. The\\nprincipal part of the manufacturing is done here. On\\nthe south-west side of Mascoma Lake is a settlement of\\nthe Shakers, whose possessions have gradually increased\\nuntil now they own all the land for two miles along its\\nborder. Their farms are in the highest state of cultiva-\\ntion. They have about 20 acres devoted to the raising\\nof garden seeds and medicinal herbs, of which they sell\\na great quantity. The Shakers make large quantities of", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0677.jp2"}, "662": {"fulltext": "IIISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nbutter and cheese, and manufacture tubs, pails and\\nbrooms. The number in this settlement is 300.\\nHai ovek, containing 2,085 inhabitants, is an impor-\\ntant agricultural town. East of an extensive and fertile\\nplain, the land graduallj- rises to Moose Mountain, which\\nextends along the eastern edge of the town. The vil-\\nlage of Hanover is one of the most charming in the\\nState. Situated on the plain it commands a view from\\nAscutuey on the south to INIoosilaukc on the north. Its\\ntown of the county, is large and prosperous. It is on\\nthe Boston, Concord and Montreal Railroad, and both\\nthe offices and shops of the road are here. It is the\\nnatural business centre of quite a large district, and has\\na large manufacturing interest. Tlie liberahtj- of the\\nrailroad management has materially aided the prosperitj\\nof the Tillage. It has erected a verj- fine hotel, with\\naccommodations for 3j0 guests, the Pcmigewasset\\nHouse. which has added much to the attractions of the\\nCrLVER HALL,\\n160 dwellings cluster around a common of five acres,\\nwhich is surrounded by rows of magnificent ehns and\\nmaples. There are two banks, and a new brick school-\\nhouse, erected in 1877 at an expense of \u00c2\u00a711,000. Tlie\\ncollege church fronts the green on the north, and has\\naccommodations for 1 ,000 hearers. The chief attraction\\nof the village is Dartmouth College, with its nine build-\\nings. There are five working departments the academi-\\ncal, medical, engineering, scientific and agricultural.\\nThe two buildings of the latter department furnish a\\ncommons hall and a museum. In the last-named building\\nare placed the specimens collected b} the State geologist.\\nPltmouth (population about 1,500), the second shire\\nplace. The court-house, a brick structure, is a model of\\nits kind. The manufactures, which amount to $225,000\\nyearly, consist mainly of the Plymouth buck glove,\\nleather gloves and lumber. There are two churches,\\nCongi-egational and Baptist. The State Normal School\\nis located here.\\nOther towns in Grafton County are C.inaan (popula-\\ntion, 1,877), containing four villages and an academy:\\nOrfokd,* LrME and Piermost, with a respective popula-\\nJust south of the tillage is the finest bam in the State, built by Mr. S\\nS. Houghton of Boston at a cost of \u00c2\u00a730,000. The dimensions are 260 by\\n60 feet, with an L 160 by 60 feet, and it covers over half an acre. It was in-\\ntended as a stock-barn, while the finished portion is used as a residence", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0678.jp2"}, "663": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\ntion of 1,118, 1,358 and 792, each situated on the Con-\\nnecticut River, the former having rich interval laud,\\ni rendering the town one of the best agricultutural town-\\nships in the State, and also containing the eminence\\nknown as Mt. Cuba, and a village of surpassing loveli-\\nness Bath (1,168), another river town: Ashland\\n(885) situated on Squam River, not far from its junction\\nwith the Pemigewasset, engaged in extensive and varied\\nmanufactm-es Bristol (1,416), another important man-\\nufacturing town at the junction of Newfound River and\\nthe Pemigewasset: RcMNEr (1,164), one of the most\\nromantic places in the State, Ij ing in the valley of\\nBaker s River, with Mount Stinson on the east, and\\nMount Carr on the west: Landaff and Holdeeness\\n(population, 882 and 793), agricultural towns of con-\\nsiderable importance: and Campton (1,226), a farming\\ntown, having some manufactures.\\nNone of the remaining towns in the county have large\\nmanufacturing or agricultural interests. Wentworth\\n(population, 971), has some interval, but the great\\nmajority of all the territory is broken, hillj and even\\nmountainous. Mica is obtained in Geafton (907), and\\nin tlic towns around the White and Franconia mountains\\nmucli lumber is prepared. Agriculture, however, is the\\nmain occupation. The towns in the northern part,\\nnotably Bethlehem (998) and Franconia (550), are\\namong the most celebrated resorts for summer travellers.\\nOwing to the entire absence of the weed known as\\nRoman wormwood, the supposed cause of the disease\\ncalled hay fever, Bethlehem has become the favorite\\nretreat during its season. It is estimated, that in Beth-\\nlehem alone uearlj $200,000 are invested in hotels and\\nsummer boarding-houses. The Sinclair House will accom-\\nmodate 150 guests. The Maple wood House is the\\nlargest, and wUl accommodate 400 guests.\\nFranconia is also very attractive to summer travellers.\\nAt the foot of Cannon Mountain, near Echo Lake, is the\\nProfile House, the laigest hotel in the White Mountain\\nregion. It has had at one time over 600 guests. It is\\nprobably the most attractive of all the mountain hotels.\\nThe unsurpassed grandeur and beauty of the scenery,\\nand the large number of natural objects of curiosity\\nand wonder, attract numerous visitors from all sections\\nof the couutr}\\nHILLSBOROUGH COUI^TY.\\nBY REV. DANIEL GOODWIN.\\nHillsborough CorNTT ranks first in the State in\\npopulation, wealth and manufactures. It was incor-\\nporated March 19^ 1771, and received its name from\\nthe Earl of Hillsborough, one of the privy council of\\nGeorge III. It contains 31 towns, 10 having been in-\\ncorporated in the reign of George II., 12 in tlie reign of\\nGeorge III., and the remainder by the government of\\nNew Hampshire.\\nIt is situated in the southern central part of the State,\\nin the beautiful valley of the Merrimack. It is bounded\\non the north bj Merrimack County east by Rockingham\\nCounty south by Massachusetts west by Cheshire and\\nSullivan counties, and has au area of 287,451 acres of\\nimproved land.\\nThe county is noted for its beautiful and historic rivers,\\nwhich have contributed much to its relative importance,\\nin respect to wealth, character and influence. Chief\\namong these streams is the Merrimack, with its numer-\\nous tributaries, which furnishes double the available\\nwater-power, it is said, of all the rivers of France, and\\nturns more spindles and other machinery than anj^ other\\nriver on the face of the globe. There are also numerous\\nlakes and ponds, among which we may mention the\\nfamous Massabesic Lake in the eastern part of the\\ncount} Small and beautiful bodies of water are found\\nalso in Hollis, Broolcline, Amlierst and elsewhere.\\nThe mountains of this county, though less lofty than\\nthose further northward, are by no means devoid of his-\\ntoric associations and interest. They vary from some\\n1,200 to more than 2,200 feet in height. Among the\\nmore noted are the Uncanoonucs, Paclv, Monaduock,\\nCrotched Mountain, Bald Jlountain and Duncan Hill.\\nThe Merrimack Valley, with its flowing streams and\\nfertile vales, became, from the first, an object of inter-\\nest and attraction to the white man, as it had long been\\nto the Indian. As early as 1652, it was explored and\\nsurveyed by Capts. Willard and Johnson, under the pat-\\nronage of certain parties in Boston, who laid open to the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0679.jp2"}, "664": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\neager gaze of the adventurer its rich basin and valuable\\nfishing-grounds.\\nI Numerous tribes and families of the Indians had estab-\\nlished themselves along the various streams and valleys,\\nj subsisting mainly by hunting and fishing, and by culti-\\nvating the maize-plant. As they were the original occu-\\npants of the soil, and had their settlements and cleared\\nfields, they had a valid claim to the land they occupied.\\nMason and Gorges, who had received from the king of\\nI England a patent or title to large tracts of land in North\\nAmerica, apparently holding that the Indians had no\\nrights which the white men were bound to respect,\\nI entirely ignored the claims of the natives. The early\\nsettlers thought differentlj and purchased of the Indians,\\nand paid for, every foot of land the} obtained. Hon.\\nCharles Bell, in his semi-centennial address before the\\nNew Hampshire Historical Society, says: There is\\nabundant e\\\\ idenee still sur\\\\-i-\\\\nng to show that every rood\\nof land occupied by the white men for a century after\\nthe}- sat down at Piscataquack, was fairly purchased from\\nthe Indian proprietors, and honestly paid for.\\nPrevious to 1673 numerous grants of land had been\\nmade to various parties, and in that j-ear these grants\\nwere merged in one township, and incoi-porated under\\nthe name of Dunstable. This township was ver}- large-,,\\nincluding more than 200 square miles of land, and em-\\nbracing what are now Nashua, Ilollis, Dunstable, Hud-\\nson and Tyngsborough, with part of Amherst, Milford,\\nLitchfield, Londonderry, Pelham, Brookline, Pepperell\\nand Townsend.\\nIn 1741 the boundary line between New Hampshire\\nand Massachusetts was established, severing the town-\\nship of Dunstable, and bringing about two-thirds of its\\nterritory within the jurisdiction of the former State.\\nThis transaction, though distasteful to man}- at the time,\\nhad, nevertheless, a beneficial influence upon the welfare\\nand prosperity of the territory in question.\\nIn 1 74G the territory was again divided, by the legis-\\nlature of New Hampshire, forming the towns of Dun-\\nstable, IloUis, Merrimack and Mouson, now called\\nMilford.\\nAmong the early proprietors of Dunstable, and lead-\\ning men of the Colony some of whom, with their fami-\\nlies and friends, moved hither at an early period, and\\ntook up their residence were Gov. Dudley and Rev.\\nThomas Weld, who married daughters of Hon. Edward\\nTyng, Thomas Brattle, Peter Bulliley, Ilezekiah Usher,\\nElisha Hutchinson, Francis Cook, and others. These\\nmen became assistants and magistrates in the Colony.\\nThis southern portion of Hillsborough County must\\nhave been settled previous to 10 73. Dunstable was the\\nfrontier settlement for over 50 years, and hence was\\nsubjected to the hardsliips and cruelties incident to occa-\\nsional conflicts with the savages. Though the Indians\\nof this region were naturally of mUd disposition, and\\nalthough they had actually sold their landed possessions i\\nto the colonists, and been paid therefor, yet it was not 1\\nwithout bitter regrets and gloomy forebodings that they\\nat last beheld their loved hunting-grounds and the burial- 1\\nplaces of their ancestors passing into the hands of a\\nforeign race. These regrets easily kindled into resent-\\nment and rage. Another circumstance which added fuel\\nto the flame was the obvious diminution of their own\\nnumbers, and the somewhat rapid increase of the colo-\\nnists.\\nAlthough during the bloody conflict known as King\\nPhilip s war there was little or no fighting within tlic\\nlimits of old Dunstable, yet su(;h was the wide-spread\\nalarm, that all the inhabitants left the town, except the\\nstout-hearted Jonathan T}-ug. He petitioned the Gen-\\neral Court of Massachusetts for aid, which was granted.\\nA small detachment of soldiers was sent to his relief.\\nIn 1G91 the Indians made two attacks upon Dunsta-\\nble, and killed several persons. These were trying\\ntimes, and large numbers of the inhabitants fled a second\\ntime, and sought protection elsewhere. In 1702, 1706,\\nand again in 1724, the savages made inroads into the\\nsouthern portion of Hillsborough County, and kUled or\\ncaptured several i ersons. In 1 725 Capt. John Lovewell\\nof Dunstable raised a company of volunteers, and\\nmarched in pursuit of the Indians. They fell into an\\nambuscade at Lovewell s Pond, in Frycburg, Me.\\nEleven of the whites were wounded, and 16 killed,\\namong the latter Capt. Lovewell, Lieut. Farwell, and\\nEnsign Robbiiis of Dunstable. The famous chief, Pau-\\ngus, fell during the fight.\\nThis event, though disastrous to the settlers for the\\ntime, nevertheless taught the Indians a salutarj- lesson,\\nthat swift retribution was sure to follow their savage\\ncruelties to the settlers.\\nA word should be said with respect to those persons\\nwho settled in the northern and western portions of the\\ncounty, outside of the limits of old Dunstable. They\\nwere mostly English and Scotch-Irish largely of the\\nlatter nationality. The last named, though not of Ma.s-\\nsachusetts Piuitan or Pilgrim stock, nevertheless held\\nlike precious faith with those, and were no less\\nardent lovers of liberty and free institutions. Perse-\\ncuted in England, they had fled to Ireland. Persecuted\\nstill, in 1718 a company of 120 families emigrated to\\nthis country, and 16 of these families settled the next\\nyear in Nutfield, now Londonderry. Here, by their", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0680.jp2"}, "665": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nindustry and economy, they prospered and increased.\\nColonies -went out in all directions. A large number\\nof the pioneers of civilization in New Hampshire, Ver-\\nmont, Maine, New York and Nova Scotia, were from\\nthis town. During 25 j^ears subsequent to 1750, ten\\ndistinct settlements were made by emigrants from Lon-\\ndonderry, all of which have become towns of influence\\nand importance in New Hampshire.\\nThese colonists, by their integrity, industry, economj-,\\nand firm religious faith, made a deep and salutary im-\\npression upon every community in which they lived.\\nThe names of McGregor, Pinkerton, Taylor, McKeen,\\nDuncan, Bell, Patterson, Aiken, McFarland, Gregg,\\nStark, Thornton, Greeley and Adams fill an honored\\nplace in the secular and ecclesiastical historj of our\\nState.\\nThe Scotch Presbj terian element, thus introduced\\nfrom Londonderry, became an important and valuable\\nfactor in the early, and no less in the later, history of\\nBedford, New Boston, Antrim, Peterborough, Manches-\\nter, Litchfield, Hudson, Francestown and Deering.\\nThe second element of immigration which entered\\nlargely into the early history of this county was from\\nMassachusetts, of English origin, and of the Puritan\\nfaith. At first there was some want of harmony between\\nthe two elements, and misunderstandings arose but, in\\nprocess of time, the two classes of immigrants came to\\nknow and appreciate each other s character and virtues,\\nand the result was co-operation and assimilation.\\nIn most of the towns above named, the Presbyterian\\nelement predominating, churches of that order were\\norganized at the outset. In Amhei st, Milford, Hollis,\\nMerrimack, Wilton, Mount Vernon, Lyndcborough, New\\nIpswich, Hillsborough, Mason, Temple, Hancock, Brook-\\nhne and Nashua, settlers of English ancestry being most\\nnumerous. Congregational churches were the first eccle-\\nsiastical product. Churches of other denominations\\nsprang up in various towns of the county at a later\\nperiod.\\nThe original settlers of this county were the warm\\nfriends and generous patrons of popular and liberal edu-\\ncation. The meeting-house and school-house were the\\nfirst pubUc edifices erected by their hands. Appleton\\nAcademy, at New Ipswich, chartered in 1789, and Fran-\\ncestown Academj chartered in 1818, have ever main-\\ntained a high rank, and been liberally patronized. In\\nthe cities and larger towns, the high school, with its\\nample equipments, takes the place of the academ}-.\\nAs we have seen, some of the towns of this county\\nwere organized at an early period. The principle which\\nled to this organization was that of mutual protection\\nand security These town organizations are the purest\\ndemocracies the world has ever seen. Together with the\\nchurch and the school, they are the corner-stones of the\\ntemple of liberty. Through their combined agency, we\\nhave free men, free thought, free speech.\\nTown meetings, saj-s De TocqueviUe, are to lib-\\nerty what primary schools are to science they bring it\\nwithin the people s reach they teach men how to use\\nand how to enjoy it. As another writer has fitly said,\\nThis element of popular liberty was so important\\nthrough the whole colonial history of New England, that\\nit has been affirmed with great truth, that the American\\nRevolution had its birth in the town-meetings and school-\\nhouses of the scattered colonists.\\nIn the arduous struggle for liberty, known as the\\nRevolution, Hillsborough County bore an important part.\\nMr. Fox, in his History of Dunstable, saj s that, in\\nMaj 1775, this county, with a population of 15,948,\\nhad G50 men in the army that is, more than one in every\\n25 of its inhabitants. The famous hero and veteran.\\nGen. John Stark, then a resident of this county, was a\\nprominent leader in the bloody straggle. This gallant\\nsoldier and his noble compatriots, by their courage and\\nvalor displayed at Bunker Hill and Bennington, did\\nmuch toward securing the final success of the colonists.\\nThe bench and bar of Hillsborough County have com-\\nprised many men of high ability and eminence. Among\\nthese may be mentioned Judge Timothy Farrar, first\\njudge of the Court of Common Pleas, under the new\\nconstitution of New Hampshhe, a man whom Daniel\\nWebster held in the highest esteem for his abilities, his\\nintegrity, and his judicial impartialitj also, Judge Jere-\\nmiah Smith, distinguished as a jurist of great legal\\nacuteness and rare integritj eminent not only as an\\nattornej but also as a peace-maker, in his native town\\nof Peterborough. At a somewhat later period, the\\nBeUs, Athertons, Woodburj S and Pierces have been\\nprominent in the annals of the State and nation.\\nHillsborough County has been frequently represented\\nin the gubernatorial chair of New Hampshire. Of\\nnatives or residents of the county, the following named\\ngentlemen have hold that important position Jeremiah\\nSmith, Levi Woodburj David L. Morrill, Benjamin\\nPierce, John H. Steele, Frederick Smyth, James A.\\nWeston, Ezekiel Straw and Person C. Chenej-.\\nIt is scarcely necessary to add, that a president of the\\nUnited States, Frankhn Pierce, was a native of this\\ncounty.\\nThe pulpit of Hillsborough County has been, from the\\nbeginning, one of great influence and power. It has\\nlargely controlled the educational interests, and given", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0681.jp2"}, "666": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nshape to the politics of the county. The ministers of\\nthe standing order, saj S Prof. Sanborn, in his His-\\ntory of New Hampshire, became politicians in the\\nhigliest and noblest sense. They sought to make human\\nlaw identical with the divine.\\nIt should be added that the early ministers of this\\ncountj were not only men of marked abilities and strong\\ncharacter, but also of high culture. Rev. Stephen\\nFarrar, first pastor of the church in New Ipswich, was\\none of whom it was said, that sanctity of manners,\\ndevotion to God, and benevolence to man, were the\\ngreat leading traits of his character. Rev. Dr. John H.\\nChurch of Pelham, a sound theologian and an instruc-\\ntive preacher, acquired a wide fame by his zealous pro-\\nmotion of education and all matters of public interest\\nand utility. Rev. Ephraim P. Bradford was settled in\\nNew Boston. One who knew him well says Mr.\\nBradford was literally one of nature s noblemen of\\nprincely person, with sonorous, commanding voice, ex-\\nceedingly fluent and accurate in speech, moulded some-\\nwhat after Johnson s style. Such were his talents and\\nabilities that he might have acceptabl}- filled any pulpit in\\nthe land. Rev. Dr. Humphrey Moore of Milford Rev.\\nDr. Whiton of Antrim Rev. Dr. Day of Hollis Rev.\\nDr. Silas Aiken of Amherst, and later of Park Street\\nChurch, Boston, were prominent among the ministry of\\nthe county.\\nRev. Nathan Lord, D. D., president of Dartmouth\\nCollege for many years, and possessing a world-wide\\nfame as a disciplinarian and educator, was for some 12\\nyears pastor of the church in Amherst. Many others\\nmight be named who served their own generation by the\\nwill of God, with no less of fidelity and consecration.\\nThe medical profession in Hillsborough County has\\nembraced many men of high attainments and great skill.\\nDr. Edward Spalding, a graduate of Harvard in 1798,\\nlocated in Amherst in 1806, gained a wide reputation as\\na skilful physician and surgeon. In social qualities,\\nChristian urbanity and unwavering principle, he had no\\nsuperiors.\\nDr. Daniel Adams of Mount Vernon was distin-\\nguished as a phj sician, and as the author of the excel-\\nlent arithmetic which bears his name. He was marked\\nby fine social qualities and firm religious faith.\\nEbenezer Rockwood, M. D., assistant-surgeon in the\\nwar of 1775, settled first in Hollis, and afterwards in\\nWilton, where he gained, and retained for more than 50\\nyears, the confidence of his fellow-citizens. He was\\nlargely instrumental in the formation of the Orthodox\\nCongregational church in that town, and was afterwards\\none of its strongest pillars.\\nDr. Jonathan Parker, a contemporary of the preceding,\\nwas a physician of considerable eminence in Litchfield.\\nMatthew Thornton, one of the signers of the Declara-\\ntion of Independence, was, before the Revolution, a\\nlAysician of repute. His residence was Merrimack.\\nReuben Dimond Muzzey, a well-known physician and\\nauthor, was a native of Amherst. He was for a time\\nprofessor in Dartmouth College, Ohio Medical College\\nand Miami Medical College.\\nOur county has not been prolific in journalists. The lale\\nIsaac Hill, though a native of Massachusetts, commenced\\nhis journalistic career in the town of Amherst, N. H.\\nHe established the New Hampshire Patriot in Con-\\ncord, in 1809.\\nLuther Roby, a native of Amherst, removed to Con-\\ncord, where, in 1822, he established the New Hamp-\\nshire Statesman.\\nJohn Farmer, the celebrated antiquarian, a native of\\nChelmsford, Mass., spent a considerable portion of his\\nlife in Amherst, N. II.\\nThe far-famed Horace Greeley was a native of Am-\\nherst. Possessing but few of the advantages enjoyed\\nby youth at the present day, by his energy and perse-\\nverance he wrought his way up from poverty and ob-\\nscuritj to a commanding position among the journalists\\nof the country and the world. The Tribune, with\\n1,250,000 readers, was a power in the land, and its\\neditor-in-chief well deserved the title given him by a\\ndistinguished contemporary, Our later Franklin. lie\\ndied Nov. 29, 1872.\\nThe inhabitants of Hillsborough Count}- have been\\ndistinguished, from the outset, by patriotism and public\\nspirit. The annals of the Revolution, and of the war of\\n1812, furnish ample proof of this fact. Nor did the\\npeople fall behind in the late protracted and sanguinary\\nstruggle of the Rebellion. Several of the New Hamp-\\nshire regiments were raised and furnished with officers,\\nwholly or largely within this county. It might seem\\ninvidious to particularize where all did so well. Suffice it\\nto say, that the soldiers of Hillsborough Countj^ gave a\\ngood account of themselves in the day of battle.\\nAmong oflScers coming from this countj-, may be named\\nGen. Aaron F. Stevens of Nashua Gen. Joseph C.\\nAbbott, Manchester; Col. Thomas L. Livermore, Mil-\\nford Col. Samuel G. Langley, Manchester Col. Charles\\nScott, Peterborough; Col. Oliver W. Lull, Milford;\\nCol. Michael T. Donohoe, Manchester; Col. George\\nBowers, Nashua; Col. Dana W. King, Nashua; Col.\\nJohn F. Marsh, Hudson.\\nThe number of soldiers furnished by the county during\\nI the war was 4,G83. It is thought that not less than one-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0682.jp2"}, "667": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\ntliird of this number were killed, or died of -wounds\\nreceived or sickness coutracted in tlie sci^vice.\\nManchester is the most important citj-, located in the\\neastern part of the count) and mainly upon the eastern\\nside of the Merrimack. This town, then called Derrj--\\nucld, was incoiporated in 1751. It was settled as earlj-\\nas 1736 bj Archibald Stark (father of Gen. John Stark)\\nand others. In 1775, the town contained only 2fi5 in-\\nhabitants in 1820, only 762. The present population\\nis nearly 30,000. A most wonderful growth within the\\nlast GO j-ears.\\nThe rise, growth and prosperity of this the largest\\ncitj- in the State have been almost wholly dependent\\nupon its great manufacturing interests. There are now\\nin the city four large corporations viz., the Amoskeag,\\nthe Stark, the Manchester and the Langdon, with an\\naggregate capital of \u00c2\u00a76, 750, 000 besides manj other\\nmanufacturing establishments of less importance.\\nThe manufacture of cotton goods was commenced in\\n1809, at Amoskeag Village, on the west bank of the\\nriver, and then included ithin the limits of Goffstown.\\nThe next j ear, as the business proved successful, a stock\\ncompan} was formed and incoq^orated, under the title of\\nthe Amoskeag Cotton and Wool Company. Great\\nsuccess attended the efforts of the company. In 1830-31\\nimmense tracts of land, comprising more than 1,500\\nacres, were purchased on the east side of the river. A\\nnew compan} the Amoskeag Manufacturing Com-\\npany was formed, in which the old compan} was\\nmerged. A new stone dam was constructed also, two\\ncanals, with guard locks. The present capital of the\\ncompany is $3,000,000. They have ten mills, which are\\namong the largest in the couutrj Thej emploj- 4,000\\npersons, have an annual paj -roU of $1,100,000, and\\nmanufacture 3 early 24,000,000 yards of cloth.\\nBesides, this corporation owns all the land and all the\\nwater-power used and occupied by all the other mills and\\nshops. The needful land and power is rented to the\\nother corporations at low rates. From a recent report\\nof the treasurer, it appears that the annual dividends for\\nthe last 40 j cars have averaged 13 per cent. the total\\nvalue of the property Is now \u00c2\u00a75,300,000 there is also a\\nreserve fund of some $1,700,000.\\nThe Stark Mills Company was incorporated in 1838,\\nwith a capital of $1,250,000.\\nThe Manchester Print Works, originating in 1839, has\\na capital of $2,000,000, and occupies six mills.\\nThe Langdon Mills Company was incorporated in\\n1857, with a capital of $500,000.\\nThe ^Manchester Gas-light Company, incorporated in\\n1841, with a capital of $100,000, had laid, in 1873,\\ntwenty-one miles of gas-pipe, and has capacity to furnish\\ndaily 300,000 feet of gas.\\nThe Manchester Locomotive Works has a capital of\\n$150,000, employs 675 hands, and has an annual product\\nof 150 locomotives, besides castings of every description.\\nBesides the above, we must not omit to mention the\\nManchester Water Works, which bring water from Lake\\nMassabesic, and are capable of furnishing over five mil-\\nlions of gallons daUy, enough to supply a city of\\n125,000 inhabitants. The entire cost was about $625,000.\\nManchester is well supplied with schools and other\\nliterar} institutions. It has 45 schools, 36 of which are\\ngi-aded. The estimated value of school-houses and lots\\nis $220,000.\\njSTo city in New England makes better provision or\\nmore generous appropriations for school purposes than\\ndocs Manchester.\\nThe State Reform School, chartered in 1856, stands\\non a delightful eminence, on the east side of the river.\\nThe grounds contain 110 acres, and the buildings are of\\nsuitable size and character. The institution is reforma-\\ntory rather than penal, and is supported by annual ap-\\npropriations bj the Legislature, and b}- donations, and\\nthe income of certain legacies.\\nThe leading newspapers are the Mirror and Ameri-\\ncan (daily), Mirror and Farmer (weekly), Man-\\nchester Dailj Union, Union Democrat (weekly),\\nand the New Hampshire Journal of Music (monthly)\\nManchester has a fine public librar}- of some 20,000\\nvolumes, in a beautiful edifice erected for the purpose at\\na cost of $30,000.\\nThe city is well supplied with banks, in which is\\nplaced more than one-fourth of the whole amount depos-\\nited in all the savings banks of the State.\\nThere are 15 public halls, of which the Citj- Hall,\\nbuilt in 1845, at an expense of $35,000, Smj th s Hall,\\nand Music Hall are the cMef.\\nThe combined Vallej- and Pine Grove cemeteries, con-\\ntaining some 60 acres, are pleasantly located along the\\nmeandering Mill Brook, and are laid out with much care\\nand taste. Other cemeteries three on the west side\\nof the river are found within the city limits.\\nThe churches of the city represent the leading denom-\\ninations, and are 17 in number.\\nThere are some singular circumstances connected with\\nthe early religious history of the town. Not till 90 years\\nafter the incorporation of the town was a minister settled\\nwithin its limits. No house of worship was completed\\nwithin the town, nor were public schools introduced, tUl\\nvery near the close of the last century. As a correlative\\nfact, it may be added that for nearly a century after", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0683.jp2"}, "668": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe settlement of the town, neither lawj-er, doctor, nor\\nminister was found among its permanent inliabitants.\\nAnd so far as known, no man born in town during that\\nperiod devoted his life to the pursuit of any one of those\\nprofessions. These circumstances cannot, we believe,\\nbe paralleled in American history.\\nThe Congregational pulpits of the city have been ablj\\nfilled. Rev. C. W. Wallace, D. D., was pastor of the\\nFirst Church for nearl}^ 30 years. The Franklin Street\\nChurch has enjoyed the pastoral ministrations of such\\nmen as Rev. H. M. Dexter, D. D., of Boston, Rev.\\n^M%\\nHIGH -SCHOOL BLILUI\\nPres. S. C. liartlett ot Dartmouth College, and Rev.\\nW. J. Tucker, D. D., of New York City.\\nThe gubernatorial chair has been filled since 1865,\\neight years in tlie thirteen, b}- gentlemen from Manches-\\nter. Messrs. Frederick Smyth, James A. Weston, Eze-\\nkiel A. Straw, and P. C. Cheney each occupied the chair\\nof State for two years.\\nThe Bench, the Bar, and the Press have found able\\nrepresentatives in Manchester. We need not mention\\nsuch men as Hon. Daniel Clark, Hon. John B. Clarke,\\nHon. G. W. Morrison, Hon. David Cross, Hon. C. R.\\nMorrison, Hon. Isaac W. Smith, Judge C. W. Stanley,\\nHon. Samuel N. Bell, Hon. Lewis W. Clark, Hon. James\\nF. Briggs, Hon. Moody Currier, Hon. J. P. Newell,\\nand G. W. Riddle, Esq.\\nThe whole number of persons emplo3 ed in the various\\nprofessions, in trade, and in transportation, is estimated\\nat 2,700, or nine per cent, of the population. The city\\nhas an extensive trade, affording a good market for the\\ncountry around within a radius of eight to fifteen miles,\\nthus furnishing facihties for marketing to an outside pop-\\nulation of some 15,000 persons.\\nNashua is the second and onl}- remaining citj- in Hills-\\nborough County. It is beautifully situated on the west\\nside of the Merrimack, and is nearly cquallj- divided by\\nthe Nashua River, which gives name to the city. On the\\nsouth the city extends to the State line. It has\\nan area of 18,898 acres, and has an agreeably\\ndiversified siu face. Together with the other\\ntowns which were, as we have seen, comprised\\nwithin the limits of old Dunstable, Nashua\\nwas chartered in 1673. It took its present name\\nJan. 1, 1837. Its present population is about\\n13,000. It is abundantly supplied with water-\\npower, furnished bj- the Nashua River and bj-\\nSalmon Brook.\\nIn June, 1823, the Nashua Manufacturing\\nCompany was incorporated, with a capital of\\n$300,000. Mill No. 1 was erected, and went\\ninto partial operation in 1825. The corporation\\nnow has a capital of $1,000,000 employs 1,100\\nhands, and manufactures 17,500,000 yards of\\ncloth per annum.\\nAbout 1825 the Indian Head Company was in-\\ncorporated, which, in 1830, became the Jackson\\nCompany. This company runs 22,000 spindles,\\nand turns out 9,000,000 yards of cloth each year.\\nThe Vale Mills, at the Harbor, erected about\\n1845, have a capital of $500,000, and employ\\nsome 80 hands.\\nAbout 1845, several manufacturing enterprises\\nsprung up. Among them were the manufacture of shut-\\ntles and bobbins that of locks and knobs also, Wil-\\nliams s Iron Foundry, with Gage s Machine Shop. The\\nNashua Iron Companj was incorporated in 1847. It\\nnow has a capital of $500,000. At a somewhat later\\nperiod, the Underhill Edge-Tool Companj Otterson s\\nIron Foundry, the Francestown Soapstone Works,\\nGregg s Door, Sash and Blind Factory, the Nashua Card\\nand Glazed I aper Companj and other similar enter-\\nprises, were started, and came into successful operation.\\nNashua ranks second among the cities of the State in\\nrespect to the value of its manufactures.\\nThe schools and school-houses of Nashua are highly\\ncreditable to the city. The high-school building is tho\\nfinest structure of the kind which the State affords. It", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0684.jp2"}, "669": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nGa-\\nwas completed in 1874, and cost $100,000. In location,\\narchitectural beaut}-, and in furniture and equipments, it\\nit leaves nothing to be desired. Altogether, the city has\\n17 school-houses.\\nThe Nashua Literary Institution, incorporated in 1840,\\nis under the charge of David Crosby, so long and favor-\\nably known as an educator.\\nNashua has an excellent public library, comprising\\nmore than 6,000 volumes, free to every citizen of the\\ncity.\\nTwo newspapers the Telegraph and the\\nzette are published in the city, each appear-\\ning in a daily as well as a weekl}- edition.\\nThere is no lack of banks and hotels in Nashua.\\nThe first church was organized Dec. 16, 1085,\\nand the first pastor. Rev. Thomas Weld, was\\nordained on the same day. It has had, during\\nthe interval of 193 years, 15 pastors, of whom\\nRev. Joseph Kidder held the pastorate 51 years.\\nThere are now 1 1 churches in the citj-. There\\nare many public and private edifices which do\\ncredit to the intelligence and liberalitj- of the\\ncitizens of Nashua. The city hall is a fine struc-\\nture of brick.\\nThe Pennichuck Water Works were constructed\\nin 1854, and furnish the city with an abundant\\nsupply of pure, soft water.\\nThe railroad facilities of Nashua, comprising\\nsix radiating lipes of road, are excellent.\\nAmong the first settlers of Nashua were the\\nnames of Weld, Blanchard, Waldo, C uuimings\\nand Lovewell.\\nNashua counts among her prominent citizens\\nat the present time, Gen. Aaron F. Stevens,\\nHons. G. Y. and A. W. Sawyer, Hon. Samuel\\nT. Worcester, Hon. George A. Ramsdell, Col.\\nGilman Scripture, Hon. B. E. P^merson, Hon. Charles\\nWilliams, Dr. Edward Spalding, Hon. Frank McKean\\nand Hon. O. C. Moore.\\nThe several cemeteries are well laid out, and kept in\\ngood condition.\\nMiLFORD is situated on the Souhegan River, about 1 1\\nmiles north-west from Nashua. The location is pleasant.\\nThe citizens are enterprising and prosperous. Tlie town\\nwas incorporated in 1746, and took its present name in\\n1704. It has a population of 2, OOG. Manufacturing and\\ntrade are important branches of business. Still, manj-\\nof the inhabitants are engaged in farming, and thrive b}\\nit. There are annually manufactured in this town 813,-\\n000 yards of cotton goods $260,000 worth of carpets,\\nc., and 153,000 pounds of knitting and tidy j-arn.\\nvalued at $107,000. Nearly all branches of business are\\ncarried on here.\\nThere are 13 schools in the town, 5 churches, 2 banks,\\nand 1 newspaper, -the Milford Enterprise.\\nThe Congi-egational church was organized Nov. 19,\\n1788. Rev. H. Moore, D. D., was ordained and installed\\nOct. 13, 1802, and continued in office till 183G.\\nMilford has a fine town hall, erected at an expense of\\n$45,000.\\nAmong the earlj- settlers of Milford we find the names\\nof Burns, Hopkins, Jones, Peabody, Hutchinson, Brad-\\nMOLNT PLI ISVNT SCHOOL-HOLSE, NASHUA.\\nford, Town, Wallace, and Capt. Josiah Crosby, who was\\nan officer in the Revolution.\\nThe citizens of Milford evinced their patriotism in the\\nlate war of the Rebellion no less than GO men, among\\nthem Col. O. W. Lull, having laid down their lives in the\\nwar, or in consequence of it.\\nThose famous singers, the Hutchinson Familj-, are\\nlineal descendants of the Nathan Hutchinson mentioned\\nin the earlj* records among the first settlers.\\nProminent citizens, at the present time, are Hon.\\nBainbridge Wadleigh Gilbert Wadleigh, Esq. Robert\\nWallace, Esq. C. S. Averill, Esq Hon. William\\nRamsdell, William Gibson, Esq., and others.\\nPeterborough is a thriving and energetic town, situ-\\nated in the western part of the county, on the Contoo-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0685.jp2"}, "670": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ncook River. The first permanent settlement was effected\\nin 1749. All of the first settlers were of the Scotch-\\nIrish nationalitj The town was incorporated Jan. 17,\\n1760, and took its name from Peter Prescott of Concord,\\nMass. The present population is 2,236.\\nThere are several villages in the town, each of which\\nis more or less a centre of trade and manufacturing\\ninterests.\\nThe centre village is situated at the confluence of the\\nNubanusit and Contoocook rivers, and is a ver^- thriving\\nand enterprising place. Peterborough is predominantly\\na mercantile and manufacturing town, although it com-\\nprises some valuable and productive farms. The aggre-\\ngate amount of money invested In manufactures is said\\nto be $525,900 giving employ.nent to some 500 persons.\\nThe town has 14 schools, including a high school; a\\ntown library of some 4,000 volumes a newspaper, the\\nTranscript, and five chm-ch edifices.\\nThe first church was organized as Presbyterian, at or\\nbefore the jear 1766. At a later period this church\\nbecame Unitarian.\\nOf prominent citizens in the past, Jeremiah Smith\\nstands at the head. Col. James Miller, afterwards gen-\\neral and governor of Arkansas, who bore a conspicuous\\npart in the battle of Lundy s Lane, and who, on being\\nordered by Gen. Brown to take a certain battery, made\\nthe ever-memorable reply, I ll tiy, sir was a native\\nof Peterborough. In the words of another: Peter-\\nborough has furnished many eminent men, who have\\nadorned the bench, the chair of State, the pulpit, the bar,\\ntlie halls of legislature and of Congress.\\nWeake is one of the most important and wealth}-\\nfanning towns iu the county. Its population is 2,093.\\nThe town took its name from Hon. Meshech AVeare, an\\nearlj magistrate of New Hampshire, and was incorpo-\\nrated in 1764.\\nThe inhabitants are mainlj- devoted to the cultivation\\nof the soil, although there are some important manufac-\\ntories in the town. The products of the soil are esti-\\nmated at the annual amount of $192,399.\\nThere are 16 schools in the town, and 6 churches,\\nbesides 2 societies of Friends. Clinton Grove Seminar}-,\\nC. II. Jones, principal, is located here.\\nWilton is located on the Souhegan River, some 15\\nmiles west from Nashua, and on the Lowell, Nashua and\\nGreenfield Railroad. The situation is beautiful and\\nromantic, particularly so with reference to the East vil-\\nlage. It was fii-st settled in 1738 by three families, two\\nnamed Putnam and one named Dale, from Danvers,\\nSlass. Hannah Putnam was the first white child born iu\\nthe town.\\nThe town was incorporated June 25, 1762, and derives\\nits name from Wilton, a manufacturing district in En-\\ngland. It has at present a population of 1,974.\\nThere are manufactures of various kinds in the town.\\nIt is said that but one other town in the State Bed-\\nford produces annuall}- a greater quantit}- of milk.\\nThe soil of Wilton is of a superior qualitj-, and jnelds\\nrich returns to the industrious husbandman.\\nThe town has 13 schools, a public library of some\\n1,200 volumes, and 4 churches.\\nThe first Congregational church was organized Dec. 14,\\n1763, Rev. Jonathan Livermore, pastor. Under its third\\npastor. Rev. Mr. Bedee, it became distinctivel}- Unitarian\\nin its faith and relations, and so continues.\\nThe second Congregational church was formed July\\n18, 1823, consisting of 17 seceders from the first church.\\nAmong the enterprising men still remaining in Wilton,\\nare C. II. Bums, Hon. D. Whiting, and Dr. Josiah\\nFreeman.\\nGoFFSTOWN lies on the Piscataquog River, west from\\nManchester. The town was named from Goffe, one of the\\nearly settlers. It was incorporated June 16, 1761.\\nPresent population, 1,656.\\nThe common employment of the inhabitants is agri-\\nculture. Over 200,000 quarts of milk are annuallj- sold.\\nConsiderable manufacturing of various kinds is carried\\non.\\nThe town has 14 schools and 4 churches. The first of\\nthese churches (Congregational) was organized Oct. 30,\\n1771. Rev. Joseph Currier was the first pastor. A\\nPresbj-terian church was formed in the town soon after.\\nOn the settlement of Rev. D. L. Morrill in March, 1802,\\nthe two churches were united as a Congregational-\\nPresb3-terian church. Mr. Morrill, at a later period, was\\nUnited States senator, and also governor of the State.\\nAnother pastor was Rev. Henry Wood, afterwards editor\\nof the Congregational Journal also American consul\\nat Beirut, Syria.\\nIn the southern part of the town are those two remark-\\nable mountain protuberances known by the Indian name\\nof the Uncanoonucs.\\nAmong the prominent citizens of days gone b} were\\nRobert McGregor, who built the first bridge across the\\nMerrimack at Amoskeag Falls Charles Frederic Gove,\\nEsq., who filled several high olHccs in the State and\\ncounty Jonathan Aiken, attorncy-at-law, and father of\\nRev. James Aiken, once settled in Ilollis.\\nHillsborough is situated in the north-western part of\\nthe county, and is watered by the Contoocook and Hills-\\nborough rivers, which unite in the southern part of the\\ntown. The surface is hilly and uneven, and the soil", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0686.jp2"}, "671": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nstrong and productive. The first settlement was made\\nin 1741, by Samuel Gibson, James McCalley, Robert\\nMcClurc, James L\\\\-on, and otliers.\\nCol. John Hill of Boston obtained a grant of the\\ntownship from the Masonian proprietors, and hence the\\nname.\\nThe first white children born in the town were John\\nMcCalley and Mary Gibson, who intermarried at a later\\nperiod, and received as a gift a tract of land from the\\nproprietors.\\nThe town was incorporated Nov. 14, 1772. Its present\\npopulation is 1,595.\\nThe chief employment is agriculture, although there is\\nalso a consideraljle amount of manufacturing. More than\\n$60,000 worth of leather is manufactured yearly also an\\nequal amount of gentlemen s underclothing.\\nThe town has 17 schools, one newspaper, the\\nHillsborough Bridge Messenger, two banks, and three\\nchurches.\\nThe First Congregational Church (at the Centre) was\\norganized Oct. 12, 17G9. Rev. Jonathan Barnes was set-\\ntled as pastor Nov. 25, 1772, and continued in office till\\n1803.\\nThe Congregational Church at the Bridge was organ-\\nized May 29, 1839. Its first preacher was Rev. Samuel\\nG. Tenney.\\nCol. Benjamin Pierce, a soldier of the Revolution, and\\nafterwards governorof NewHampsliIre, was a prominent\\nand influential citizen of this town and of the county.\\nHe came from Chelmsford, Mass., and settled in Hills-\\nborough shortly after the Revolution, in which he had\\nborne a gallant part.*\\nCol. Pierce was the father of Franklin Pierce, after-\\nwards President of the United States.\\nAmong professional and business men at the present\\ntime may be mentioned H. D. Pierce, Esq., F. H. Pierce,\\nEsq., Dr. A. C. Burnham, and J. S. Butler, Esq.\\nAmherst is situated on the Souhegan River, about ten\\nmiles north-west of Nashua. The village is located in a\\nfine plain, some two miles north of the river, and is sur-\\nrounded by beautiful and sublime scenery.\\nAmherst was, for many years, the most important\\ntown of the county latterlj however, Manchester and\\nNashua have borne away the palm.\\nIt was granted by Massachusetts in 1733, and was\\nearly known as Souhegan West. The first settlers\\nwere Samuel Walton and Samuel Lampson, who came to\\nWhen Col. Pierce was called to fill the office of sheriff of the county,\\nhe found three aged men lying in Amherst jail for debt one had been\\nincarcerated for four years. No crime but poverty had been alleged\\nagainst them. The heroic colonel was moved with compassion, and\\nthe place in July, 1734. It was incorporated in 1760,\\nand took its name from Gen. Amherst of the English\\narmj-.\\nThe present number of inhabitants is 1,353. The\\npeople of Amherst arc priucipall} engaged in farming.\\nOver 90,000 gallons of milk are sold, and over 36,000\\npounds of butter are annually made in the town.\\nThere is one large foundry, and several smaller manu-\\nfactories.\\nOne newspaper, established Nov. 10, 1802, entitled\\nthe Farmer s Cabinet, is published.\\nThe town library- contains 1,000 volumes. There are\\neleven schools and three churches. The Congregational\\nchurch was organized Sept. 22, 1741, by six members,\\nin the simplest form of Congregationalism, out of a pop-\\nulation of fourteen families. On the following daj-,\\nSept. 23, Rev. Daniel Wilkins was ordained pastor. He\\nhas been followed by an able succession of ministers,\\nincluding such men as Pres. Nathan Lord, Rev. Dr. Silas\\nAiken, Rev. Dr. W. T. Savage, and the present able and\\nefficient pastor. Rev. J. G. Davis, D. D.\\nAmong prominent natives or residents of the town, in\\nformer da3-s, or at the present time, we may mention\\nJudge Samuel Dana, from whom descended Judge Samuel\\nDana Bell, Senator James Bell, Dr. Luther V. Bell, and\\nHon. Samuel N. Bell; William Gordon, who though\\ndying at the age of 39, had filled the offices of senator,\\nmember of Congress, and attorney-general Col. Robert\\nMeans, member of the State senate, father of Rev. James\\nMeans, formerly of Concord, Mass. Hon. Jedediah K.\\nSmith, who filled important State and national offices\\nHon. Clifton Claggett, who, for some years, was at-\\ntorne3 -gcneral of New Hampshire, and a member of the\\neighth, fifteenth and sixteenth congresses and Hon.\\nCharles II. Atherton, who was for more than 40 j-ears\\nregister of probate for the county, and for more than\\n50 years a leading member of the Hillsborough bar.\\nHis son, Hon. Charles G. Atherton, who settled in\\nNashua, was representative to Congress, also senator\\nfor a term of years, and died while holding the senatorial\\noffice.\\nAmherst, it appears, furnished more soldiers for the\\nRevolutionary army than any other town in the State.\\nNew Ipswich is situated in the south-west corner of\\nthe count} and is some 24 miles west from Nashua.\\nThe Souhegan River flows through the town, furnishing\\nexcellent water-power for mills and factories.\\nactually paid out of his own pocket the debts of the three nnforttmate\\nmen, and restored them to their families and to liberty. This generous\\nact gave him, as was fitting, unbounded popularity throughout the\\nState.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0687.jp2"}, "672": {"fulltext": "640\\nHISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nThe principal tillage is at the centre of the town, in a i\\nbeautiful and fertile vallej-.\\nThe town was settled prior to 174!l.\\nThe first settlers were Eeuben Kiddor, Archibald White,\\nJoseph and Ebenezcr Bullard, and others. These were\\nsoon re-enforced by the Adamses and Appletons from Ips-\\nwich, Mass., the Farrars from Lincoln, and the Barretts\\nfrom Concord, names which have since been conspicuous\\nin the historj- of the township. The town was incorpor-\\nated Sept. 9, 1762. Present population, 1,380.\\nThe people are generall}- engaged in agriculture, j-et\\ntheir manufacturing enterprises are important. The\\nColumbian Manufacturing Company owns a large cot-\\nton manufactory in the town.\\nAppleton Academy, a famous institution, incorporated\\nin 1789, is an honor to the town.\\nThere are thirteen public schools, one savings bank, a\\ngood public library, and three churches.\\nTheFirst Church was organized in 1751. Rev. Stephen\\nFarrar was ordained pastor in 1760. He continued in\\noffice for 49 years.\\nPres. Jesse Adams of Bowdoin College, was a native of\\nNew Ipsftich also Jonas Chickering of pianoforte fame\\naJso Prof. Ebenezer Adams of Dartmouth College like-\\nwise Samuel Appleton, Esq., a distinguished merchant of\\nBoston and John Preston, Esq., a prominent lawyer in\\nthe count}-.\\nThe people of the town have been somewhat marked\\nby literary tastes and habits. Its college graduates,\\nprior to 1853, numbered some 45. The first cotton-mill\\nin the State was built in this town in 1803.\\nNew Boston is situated due west from Manchester,\\nand some ten miles distant. Several streams of water\\nflow through the town, the largest of which is the south\\nbranch of the Piscataquog River. The town is hill} with\\na strong, productive soil. Jo English Hill is in the\\nsouth part of this town.\\nNew Boston was settled in 1733, and incorporated\\nFeb. 18, 1763. The first settlers were Cochrane,\\nWilson, Caldwell, McNeil, Person, and Smith.\\nThe present number of inhabitants is 1,241. Most of\\nthe people are emploj ed in the cultivation of the soil.\\nThere are fifteen schools in the town.\\nThe Presbyterian Church was organized in 1768.\\nRev. Solomon Moore, the first pastor, was ordained in\\nSeptember of that year. The Baptist Church was organ-\\nized Dec. 6, 1787.\\nThis town has produced a large number of men of\\neminence in the learned professions and in business.\\nThe Cochrane, Crombie, Gregg, Dodge, Buxton and\\nClark families have been prominent in the State.\\nRev. Edward Buxton, Rev. W. R. Cochrane, and Rev\\nHenry Marden of the Turkej- mission, belong to this\\ntown. Hon. Perley Dodge, Hon. Clark B. Cochrane,\\nand Hon. Royal Parkinson also belong here.\\nHoLLis was settled in 1731, and incorporated in 174G.\\nIt took its name from the Duke of Newcastle, whose\\nfamil} name was HoUis. The first settler was Capt.\\nPeter Powers. Eleazer Flagg came in 1722.\\nThe present population is said to be 1,080. The\\nbusiness of the town is mainh agricultural. This town\\nranks highest in the county in the products of the\\norchard. The annual production of milk amounts to\\nmore than 350,000 quarts. The coopering business has\\nassumed considerable importance in the town.\\nThe town has 14 schools, and a social library of 1,600\\nvolumes.\\nThe onl}- church, the Congregational, was organized\\nat some time prior to the settlement of Rev. Daniel\\nP^merson, which took place April 20, 1743. He retained\\nthe sole pastorate till Nov. 27, 1793. 1\\nThe town of Hollis has hitherto held a very high rank\\nin a literary and intellectual point of view. Many men 1\\nof distinguished business enterprise, and in the learned\\nprofessions, have gone forth from this ancient town.\\nFrom a catalogue now before the writer, it appears\\nthat, up to 1877, no less than 62 of the natives or resi-\\ndents of Hollis have been college graduates. Probabl}\\nno other town in the State can furnish a parallel to this\\ncase.\\nAmong the number we maj- mention Benjamin Mark\\nFarley, an able and successful lawyer Rev. Samuel\\nWorcester, D. D., pastor of the Tabernacle Church,\\nSalem, Mass. Prof. Ralph Emerson of Andover Theo- I\\nlogical Seminary Joseph E. Worcester, LL.D., the dis-\\ntinguished lexicographer; Hon. Samuel T. Worcester of\\nNashua Rev. Joseph Emerson, pastor of the Third\\nCongregational Church in Beverly, Mass., and afterwards\\nprincipal of a female seminary also Rev. Noah Worces-\\nter, D. D., author of Bible News.\\nBedford, the second town of the county in agricul-\\ntural importance, was incorporated May 19, 1750. Its\\npopulation is 1,221. C. W. Wallace, D. D., Silas Aiken,\\nD. D., and Hon. Zachariah Chandler of Michigan, were\\nborn iu this town.\\nMerrimack, a farming and manu.acturing town of\\n1,066 inhabitants, was incorporated in 1746. Rev.\\nJacob Burnap, D. D., was pastor in the town for a\\nperiod of 49 years. Robert McGaw, a wealthy citizen,\\ndeceased some j-ears since, founded McGaw Normal\\nInstitute, a thri\\\\-ing school in the town.\\nHudson lies on the Merrimack River, opposite Nashua.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0688.jp2"}, "673": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nIt was incorporated June 5, 1746, as Nottingham\\nAVest, and received its present name in 1830. Popula-\\ntion, 1,066.\\nFrancestcwn, incorporated June 8, 1772, present\\npopulation 932, is the site of Francestown Academj-, a\\nflourishing institution. Farming is the principal occupa-\\ntion of the people. A quarrj- of freestone here has been\\nvery extensively worked. From James Woodbury, one\\nof the early settlers, a soldier in the old French war, and\\nwho stood beside Gen. Wolfe, when he fell at Quebec,\\nhave sprung Hon. Levi Woodburj Rev. Marsh Wood-\\nbur}-, and other eminent men.\\nAntrim, named from a town in Ireland, mainly a farm-\\ning town, but manufacturing silk and twist, and also\\nj seed-sowers, was incorporated March 22, 1777. The\\npopulation is 1,056. Rev. John M. Whiton, D. D., was\\npastor of the Presbjiierian church in Antrim for 45 3 ears.\\nRev. John Nichols, missionar}^ to India, Rev. Seneca\\nCummings, missionary to China, Hon. D. M. Christie of\\nDover, and Judge G. W. Nesmith, were born here,\\nthis town.\\nPelham, a town of 861 inhabitants, was settled in\\n1721, and incorporated in 1746. Agriculture is the lead-\\ning industry. It has, however, some manufactures, and\\nstone quarries.\\nGreenville, population 975, has large cotton-mills,\\nlumber-mills, a fui-niture manufactory and a flouring-mill,\\nbesides various smaller mills and shops. It was formerlj-\\na part of Mason, and was incorporated in June, 1872.\\nLtndeborougu, named from Benjamin Lj-nde, Esq.,\\nand situated in the central part of the county, was incor-\\nporated April 23, 1764. It contains 820 inhabitants.\\nCentre Mountain occupies a portion of this town. Rev.\\nW. Boutwell, missionary to the Indians, was born here.\\nHancock, an agricultural town, was incorporated Nov.\\n5, 1779. Present population, 792.\\nMason was incorporated Aug. 26, 1768. Some of the\\nfinest graperies and peach-orchards in the State are to be\\nfound here. The celebrated soldiers monument, erected\\nin Salisbury in 1878, was quarried and wrought at the\\nGlen quarry in this town. Population, 685.\\nOther towns in the countj are Brookline, incor-\\nporated in March, 1769, under the name of Ruby, which\\nname was changed to Brookline in 1 778 population, 741\\nthe industries being agriculture and manufacturing\\nGreenfield, given town privileges June 15, 1791 a\\nfarming town of 560 inhabitants Deering, named by\\nHon. John Wentworth in honor of his wife, whose maiden\\nname was Deering incorjjorated Jan. 17, 1774 popula-\\ntion, 722 the native place of Rev. Thomas A. Merrill,\\nD. D. of Middlebury, Vt., and containing 11 schools and\\nan academy Mount Vernon, incorporated Dec. 15,\\n1803 population, 601 having a flourishing village on\\nan eminence noted for its fine scenery Litchfield, a\\nsmall but prosperous town, situated on the Jlerrimack\\nincorporated as a township by Massachusetts, July 5,\\n1734, and chartered by New Hampshire, June 5, 1749\\ncontaining 345 inhabitants, and for 12 3 earsthe residence\\nof Hon. Wiseman Claggett, an able lawyer who came\\nhere from England, and purchased a farm Temple, in-\\ncorporated Aug. 26, 1768, population, 421 having a\\nsmall but pleasant village nestling among towering\\nhills Bennington, manufacturing cutlery, paper, lum-\\nber, c., incorporated in 1842 population, 405\\nSharon, incorporated June 24, 1791 population, 182\\nand Windsor, having a deep and productive soil, ob-\\ntaining town privileges in 1798, and containing less\\nthan 100 inhabitants.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0689.jp2"}, "674": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nMEREIMACIv COUNTY,\\nBY ASA McFARLAND.\\nThe incorporation of Merrimack Countj- arose out\\nof the necessities of people who dwelt in the western\\nportion of the great and populous countj of Rocking-\\nham, which extended from the shore of the Atlantic\\nOcean in a north-westerly direction, to the confluence of\\nMerrimack and AVimiipiseogee rivers, and those who j\\ninhabited the equall} large countj of Hillsborough, which\\nembraced all the towns from the border of Massachusetts\\nnear Peppcrell and Tyngsborough, to the town of Wil-\\nmot, a distance of about 50 miles. The towns severed\\nfrom Rocldngham County to form Merrimack, were\\nAllenstown, Bow, Canterbury, Chichester, Concord, Ep-\\nsom, Loudon, Northficld, Pembroke and Pittsfield from\\nHillsborough were taken Andover, Boscawen, Bradford,\\nDunbarton, Henniker, Hooksett, Hopkinton, Newbury,\\nNew London, Salisbury, Sutton, Warner and Wilmot.\\nSince the formation of Merrimack County the town of\\nFranklin (in 1828) was constituted of portions of San-\\nbornton, Salisburj and Northfield, and the towns of\\nDanbury and Hill were severed from Grafton County\\nand annexed to Merrimack.\\nThe territory now within the county of Merrimack\\nwas first inhabited by white people about the year 1725.\\nTliese were the successors of an aboriginal race, bj whom\\nthe early settlers were kept in peril many j cars. The\\ntribe of Indians known as the Pennacook, had their head-\\nquarters iu what is now Concord but according to well\\nauthenticated history, that ti ibe sustained friendly rela-\\ntions with the white settlers. It was wandering Indians\\nby whom the infant settlements were assailed, instigated\\nto savage deeds by inhabitants of Canada. Within\\n100 years of this time, near the site of the dwelling in\\nwhich this history was prepared, stood the log meeting-\\nliouse in which the pastor and his little flock assembled\\nevery Sunday, with loaded muskets at their side, for tha\\npublic woi-ship of God. This house was built in 1727,\\nwas 40 by 25 feet, with holes at its sides and ends\\nthrough which to point and discharge fire-arms, should\\nthe companj be assailed by Indians. Several towns ad-\\njacent to Concord were frequently put in peril by the\\nsame dusky foe.\\nWithin a mile and a quarter of the State House, is a\\ngranite shaft, in the form of an obelisk, about eight feet\\nin height, erected in memory of five men who were killed\\nby Indians on the 11th of August, 1746. Sis miles\\nnorth of the State House, on an island at the confluence\\nof Contoocook and Merrimack rivers, is the spot where\\noccuiTcd an event of such tragic character as to obtain a\\npermanent place in the earlj annals of New England.\\nThis small tract is known as Dustin s Island. Mrs. Dus-\\ntin was taken from the dwelling she inhabited in Haver-\\nhill, Mass., and conveyed up the Merrimack River, to\\nthe far-off and lonelj island, where her captors laid down\\nto sleep, and passed from the slumber of midnight to\\nthe slumber of death.\\nMrs. Hannah Dustin was the wife of Thomas Dustin\\nof Haverhill, Mass. and when an attack was made upon\\nthat place by the Indians, March 15, 1G97, she was in\\nbed, with an infant seven days old at her side. Hearing\\nthe war-whoop of savages as they approached, Mr. Dus-\\ntin, at work in a field near his dwelling, ran to the rescue\\nof his family, seven of whom appear to have reached\\nsuch an age as to take to flight. Seizing his gun, and\\nfinding it impossible to remove the mother and infant, he\\nmounted his horse and urged his children onward, de-\\nfending them against their pursuers. He appears to have\\nsaved all his household who accompanied him in the flight,\\nand all found temporary refuge in an unoccupied house.\\nMrs. Dustin had for nurse one Mary NeflT, several j-ears\\nher senior, a woman, according to tradition, of kindly\\ndisposition and much fortitude. Mrs. Dustin and Mary\\nwere seized, the infant killed by being dashed against a\\ntree, and the two women compelled, in an inclement sea-\\nson of the year, to accompany their savage captors to\\nthe far-off island, 50 miles from the place of departure.\\nThe deadly plan, formed by Mrs. Dustin it is supposed,\\nwas conceived as soon as she reached the spot destined\\nto be a resting-place between Massachusetts and Canada.\\nThe company consisted of Mrs. Dustin and Mary Neff,\\ntwo Indian men, three women, seven children, and a lad\\nnamed Lannardson. Mrs. Dustin learned that her des-\\ntination was Canada, and had no doubt of barbarous\\ntreatment when there and ascertaining through the boy\\nLannardson the place on the head where blows would be", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0690.jp2"}, "675": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nmost fatal, and liow scalps are removed, at once formed\\nthe plan for her deliverance from such fearful bondage.\\nThe nurse and Lannardson were at once mjide aware of\\nthe puri^ose, and at the midnight hour, tomahawk in\\nhand, Mrs. Dustin made an end of the dusky group.\\nTen were slain one woman supposed to have been killed\\narose and ran into a thicket, and a favorite Indian boy\\nwas spared.\\nMrs. Dustin followed up her sanguinary deed by re-\\nmoving the scalps of the ^-ictims, took such food is\\nwas in the camp, the gun and\\nthe tomahawk with which she\\nkilled her captors, scuttled all\\nthe canoes except one, and\\nwith that set out upon the\\nhomeward journey, and after\\ngreat hardship, reached Hav-\\nerhill in safety. These are the\\nmost material facts regarding\\na transaction which causes the\\nlittle island in the Merrimack\\nRiver to be of enduring in-\\nterest, and which the distin-\\nguished Mrs. Sarah J. Hale,\\nlate of Philadelphia, but a na-\\ntive of Newijort, in this State,\\ncommemorated in a poem en-\\ntitled The Father s Choice.\\nA few years since a monu-\\nment, to perpetuate the mem-\\nory of Mrs. Dustin and the\\ntransaction with which her\\nname is so closely connected,\\nwas erected on the island.\\nThe figure of a woman of\\nheroic proportions, tomahawk\\nin hand, rests upon a mas-\\nsive pedestal, all of granite.\\nSouth-west of the State house in Concord is the pre-\\nviouslj mentioned granite shaft, which was erected with\\nimposing services, Aug. 22, 1837, to perpetuate the\\nIndian massacre of 174G. It is about seven feet high,\\nand has upon the side nearest the highwa} this inscrip-\\ntion This monument is in memorj- of Samuel Brad-\\nley, Jonathan Bradley, Obadiah Peters, John Bean,\\nand John Lufkiu, who were massacred by Indians,\\nThe remark ascribed to a company of New Hampshire patriots on\\ntheir way to Bunker Hill, indicates the mettle of her sturdy sons in\\nthose early days. Stand aside and let us pass if you are not going to\\nmarch, they cried to a party of militia who were undecided what\\ncourse to pursue.\\nAug. 11, 174G. Erected 1837 by Richard Bradley, son\\nof Hon. John Bradley, and grandson of Samuel Brad-\\nlej-. This tragical occurrence created the utmost con-\\nsternation and profound grief in the infant settlement.\\nThe little company were on their way from one portion\\nof the town to another, and consisted, it is said, of seven\\nmen, all armed with muskets. Two were captured and\\ntaken to Canada, whence the Indians came who com-\\nmitted the deed. The party of savages is supposed\\nto ha-\\\\e numbcied about 100. The conflict was se-\\nvere before the terror-stricken\\nlittle company were destroyed.\\nBetween the years 1744 and\\n1760, frequent incursions were\\nmade upon the frontier settle-\\nments of New Hampshire, by\\nIndians of the St. Francis\\ntribe. Some of the settlers\\nwere kiUed, some carried into\\ncaptivity and their property\\ndestroyed. Such was the case\\nin Canterbury, Epsom, Salis-\\nburj Boscawcn, Hopkinton,\\nand Concord. To protect the\\nsettlers against these assaults,\\nblock-houses were constructed\\nat suitable places, into which\\nthe inhabitants retired in times\\nof danger; while parties of\\narmed men ranged the forests\\nin search of their hu-king foes.\\nAmong the leaders of the\\nsettlers we find Capt. Jeremiah\\nC lough at Canterbury, one of\\nthe first inhabitants there\\nPeter Brown, also of Canter-\\nbury Capt. Ebenezer East-\\nman of Concord, and several\\nEbenezer Webster, Nathaniel\\nSome of the last were among\\nthe rangers who served under Rogers and Stark, and en-\\ndured almost incredible suflferings in their campaigns.*\\nThe county of Jlerrimack is the most central of the ten\\ninto which the State is divided. Its surface is sufficiently\\ndiversified to be in hai-mony with the general topography\\nof a mountainous State. Kearsarge Mountain t the\\nt This eminence, 2,943 feet above the sea-level, has recently acquired\\nnational celebrity, since a w.ir-vessel named for it performed gallant\\nservice during the Hebellion by destroying the Alabama, which\\nwas sunk beneath the waters of the English Channel, after a liricf\\nencounter with the Kearsarge, Capt. Winslow, June 19, 18G4.\\nXl MENT, CONCOKU.\\nof his sons and later,\\nAbbott and John Shute.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0691.jp2"}, "676": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nhighest land in central New Hampshii-e is its most\\nconspicuous object.\\nFrom the summit of this mountain, a prospect of\\ngreat extent, beaut}- and grandeur is obtained. In clear\\nweather the eye takes in portions of every county in\\nNew Hampshire, from Monadnock in the south-west,\\nnear the border of Massachusetts, on to those sublime\\npeaks in the counties of Carroll, Grafton and Coos,\\nwhich have become magnets by which people from all\\nportions of the Union are drawn within our borders dur-\\ning the summer months.\\nThrough this county several rivers of m.agiiitudc and\\nimportance make their\\nway chief of these is\\nthe Merrimack, which is\\nsaid to propel more ma-\\nehinerj than anj other\\nstream of water in the\\nworld. The waters of\\nthe Winnipiseogee join\\nthe Merrimack at Frank-\\nlin and the Contoocook\\nthe sources of which\\nare in the south-west,\\nnear Monadnock Moun-\\ntain forms a junction\\nwith the Merrimack at\\nFisherville, a busy set-\\ntlement at the mouth of\\nthe Contoocook, com-\\nposing AVard 1, Concord.\\nThe largest portion of\\nthe people of Merrimack\\nCount}- are emplo3-ed in\\nagricultui e relatively,\\nhowever, less than in several other counties of New\\nHampshire. The county is of somewhat compact form,\\nand most of the towns are within 15 miles of the shire\\ntown.\\nThe wholesomeness of the climate of this county maj\\nbe inferred from the remarkable longevity of manj of\\nConcord is the birth-place of men who became conspicnons in\\nY.-irious positions, some of whose names are here given Hon. Richard\\nII. Aver, born Jan. 12, 1778; was the tirst sheriff of Jlerrimacli Connty.\\nHe died in Manchester Feb. 5, 1853. Rev. Ezra E. Adams, bom Aug.\\n29, 1813; was seamen s chaplain at Cronstadt and Havre, and pastor in\\nNashua and Philadelphia. He died Nov. 3, 1871. Nathaniel H. Carter,\\nEsq., editor of the New York Statesman, distinguished in literature,\\ndied Jan. 2, 1830, at Marseilles, France, aged 42. Abicl Chandler,\\nbom Feb. 26, 1777 teacher and merchant, and founder of Chandler\\nScientific School died at Walpole March 21, 1851. George Kent, Esq.,\\nliora May 6, 1796; was a leading lawyer, and several years one of the\\nproprietors and editor of the New Hampshire Statesman. Hon.\\nHOME OF FRANKLIN PIERCE, CONCOKl).\\nits people not less than 45 having celebrated their\\ncentennial within the past 75 years, while four reached\\nthe extremely advanced age of 105 jears. The total\\nnumber of inhabitants, according to the census of 1870,\\nwas 42,151.\\nTowns.\\nConcord, a city of about 15,000 inhabitants, the\\nsecond in New Hampshire as to numbers and date of\\nincorporation, obtained its charter as a city in 1853.\\nWhen granted by the legislature of Massachusetts, in\\n1725, it was an inhospitable waste, on the frontiers of\\ncivilization, and there j-et remain within its borders sev-\\neral ancient buildings\\nthat were fortified b}-\\nthe early settlers against\\nthe savages, and be-\\nneath the roofs of which\\nmen, women and chil-\\nren alike sought shelter\\nu hon the shades of night\\n_ ilhcred around them.\\n.I.m. 17, 1725, a tract\\nof land was granted bj-\\ntlie legislature of Mas-\\nu husetts to 103 pro-\\nI I u tors, and the name\\n111 Pennacook was be-\\n-towcd upon it. Such\\nof these proprietors as\\ndwelt here in the first\\nt^\\\\ent3 3-ears were sub-\\nject to great privations,\\nand were often in dead-\\nly peril. They were in\\ndanger by night and by\\nday. They labored in fields and sustained public worship\\nin a log-house on Sundays with fire-arms at hand or\\nwithin easy reach. On one occasion their worst appre-\\nhensions were realized. Aug. 11, 1746, when a small\\ncompany of men were on their way from one of the scat-\\ntered settlements to another, distant about two miles,\\nEdward Kent, bom Jan. 8, 1802, was governor of Maine from 1838 to 1841,\\nand subsequently judge of the Supreme Court, and minister to Brazil. He\\ndied May 19, 1877. Asa McFarland, Esq., born May 19, 1804, spent\\nmost of the business portion of his life in the office of the New Hamp-\\nshire Statesman, as proprietor and editor. Chandler E. Potter, Esq.,\\nbom March 7, 1807, editor and historian, died in Flint, Mich., Aug. 3,\\n1868. Hon. Philip Carrigain, bom Feb. 20, 1772, was secretary of State,\\nand author of a map of New Hampshire. He died March 15, 1842.\\nThe list of men who occupied conspicuous positions, but whose\\nbirth-place was elsewhere, is very considerable. The following may\\nbe mentioned Rev. Israel Evans, chaplain in the army of the\\nRevolution successor of Rev. Timothy Walker, as pastor of the only", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0692.jp2"}, "677": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nthcj Tvero assailed b^- Indians l3ing in ambusli, and five\\nwore killed.\\nPennacook, the name of a tribe of fricnnlj- Indians,\\nbecame Rumfurd a few jears after the grantees took\\npossession of I he tract assigned them. It bore the latter\\nname from 1733 to 1775. The first settlers were a\\nreligious, self-den3-ing and self-reliant people. Rum-\\n.ford had its representatives in what was known as the\\nFrcndi war 1 744-45 and men from this infant set-\\ntlement were in the expedition against Louisburg. Com-\\ning up to the war for independence, everj- requisition\\nmade upon the men of Concord was promptlj answered.\\nThej- were quick to realize the public danger and prom| t\\nin responding to the call to arms. The men of that day\\nrendered effective service at Bunker Hill and Benning-\\nton, an entire companj- marcli-\\ning on short notice to the last-\\nnamed battle-ground, and con-\\ntributing to the discomfituie of\\nBurgo3-ne, and to the iibiii,\\nhopes inspired 113- that c^ent\\nBj- an act of the legislatui\\nof Massachusetts, passeil M n\\n25, 17G5, Rumford became i\\ntown, and was given the n xmt\\nof Concord. At that time thi\\npopulation was loss than 1,000\\nThe New Hampshire legi l i\\nture had, from an early time 141\\nto the j ear 1808, been a nn-\\nSTATE HOVS\\ngratory body, its sessions ha\\\\-\\ning been held in Exeter, Portsmouth, and Concord.\\nFrom the year above given the sessions of what was\\nknown in the beginning as the Great and General\\nCourt, have been held here.\\nThe present State house was commenced in 1816, and\\ncompleted in 1819. More than ten years ago the build-\\ning a structure composed of granite underwent en-\\nlargement and improvement, at an expense of $150,000.\\nExclusive of the Capitol, edifices devoted to the pur-\\ncluirch in town at that time, ordained in July, 1784. Rev. Asa Mc-\\nFarland, D. D., third pastor; native of VVorcester, Mass.; died Feb.\\n18, 1827, aged 57 in office 27 years. Hon. Isaac Hill, founder of the\\nNew Hampshire Patriot native of West Cambridge, Mass.; U. S.\\nsenator and governor of New Hampshire; died March 22, 1851, aged\\n62. Thomas W. Thompson, U. S. senator, died Oct. 1, 1821, aged 55.\\nRev. Nathaniel Bouton, bom in Norwalk, Conn. 42 years pastor of\\nthe First Congregational Church died June 6, 1878, aged 78. John\\nFarmer, Esq., bom in Chelmsford, Mass. a distinguished antiquarian\\nami historian died Aug. 13, 1838, aged 49. Hon. Nathaniel G. Uphara,\\nnative of Rochester; justice of the Supremo Court; U. S. commis-\\nsioner in London; died Dec. U, 1869, aged 68. Hon. Franklin Pierce,\\na native of Hillsborough, N. H. president of the United States died\\nposes of t\\nj-cars ago,\\nbuildi\\n\\\\irf\\nState are the pi-ison, built more than CO\\nd the asylum for the insane, an extensive\\nto which additions are still made, as occasion\\nrequires. Concord is also the shire of Merrimack\\nCounty. The churches arc as good at least as the best\\ndomestic habitations, and the school-houses afford visi-\\nble and conclusive proof of the interest made manifest\\nfor popular education.\\nThe cliief or central portion of the city is upon the\\nwest or right bank of Merrimack River, and from rising\\nground a mile from that stream extensive views are\\nobtained. From the dome of the State house the pros-\\npect is beautiful and extensive. Fertile meadows,\\nthrough which the river passes, and the majestic sweep\\nof that stream as it passes on to mingle its w-aters with\\nthe ocean the man} and beau-\\ntiful public buildings beneath\\nthe 630 and habitations of the\\npeople, together with gardens\\niiid lawns, compose a picture\\nthe remembrance of which long\\nleinains in the memory.\\nThere are three considerable\\nlUages outside the centre, not\\nincluding Fishervillc, namely,\\nList ai,d West Concord and\\nJlillville. Fisher\\\\ille, upon the\\nContoocook River, is six miles\\nfrom the State house, and has\\nbecome a busy, enterprisins\\nCONCOKI) i o\\nand piospcrous manufacturing\\nvillage of about 2,500 inhabitants. Manufacturing is also\\nconducted in West Concord, a village of several hundred\\ninhabitants, about three miles from the Capitol. East\\nConcord is tlu-ce miles away, and is reached by a massive\\niron bridge across Merrimack River. Millville, two\\nmiles from Main Street, is distinguished as the scat of\\nSt. Paul s School the Eton and Rugb}- of New Eng-\\nlanel an establishment for the education of boj s, of\\nwhom there are now about 200.\\nOct. 8, 1869, aged 64. Nathaniel P. Rogers, Esq., a native of Plymouth\\none of the earliest anti-slavery advocates, and first editor of the\\nHerald of Freedom died Oct. 16, 1846, aged 52. Hon. Ira Perley,\\nborn in Boxford, Mass. chief justice of the Supreme Court; died Feb.\\n26, 1874, aged 74. Hon. David L. Morrill, native of Epping; U. S.\\nsenator and governor -of New Hampshire; died Jan. 28, 1849, aged 76.\\nHon. Henry A. Bellows, a native of Walpole; chief justice of the\\nSupreme Court; died March 11, 1873, aged 69. Gen. Joseph Lord,\\nnative of Amherst; first mayor of Concord; died Aug. 29, 1859, aged\\n69. Hon. Walter Harriman, bom in Warner; colonel of the eleventh\\nregiment New Hampshire volunteers, governor, secretary of State,\\nnaval officer in Boston during the presidency of Gen. Grant. Hon.\\nOnslow Steams, governor of the State.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0693.jp2"}, "678": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nIn its course through Concord, Merrimack River is\\ncrossed bj two railwaj- and five highwa}- bridges. Con-\\ntoocook River forms a junction with the Merrimack at\\nFisherville, where are two bridges, one of iron, costing\\n817,000.\\nThere is an ancient house in Concord known as The\\nCount Rumford Place. It occupies an agi ceable posi-\\ntion near the west bank of Merrimack River, about one\\nand a quarter miles south of the State house and,\\nalthough it has become decaj ed, wears, even in its\\ndecline, the air of an ancestral abode. Benjamin Thomp-\\nson (Count Rumford) was a native of Woburn, Jlass.,\\nand came to Concord as a teacher of jouth. He here\\nmarried the widow of Benjamin Rolfe, a daughter of\\nRev. Timoth}^ Walker, more than 50 j cars pastor of the\\nonlj church existing in Concord through his entire min-\\nistry-. Thompson was of imposing presence, engaging\\nmanners and enterprising spirit. He became acquainted\\nwith influential men in the Province, and attracted the\\nattention of Gov. John Wcutworth, from whom, in 1774,\\nhe received a commission of major in the New Hamp-\\nshire militia. He subsequently, however, went abroad,\\nhaving contracted the dislike of those with whom he was\\nacquainted because of his presumptive opposition to the\\ncause of the Colonies against the mother countr}-. After\\nvisiting England and France he entered into the service\\nof the Duke of Bavaria. Because of inventions and\\nreforms by which the subjects of the Elector were mate-\\nrially benefited, the title of Count was confen cd upon\\nThompson, to which he appended Rumford, in token of\\nhis having spent the early portion of his life in Rumford,\\non the Merrimack. Sarah Thompson, a daughter, was\\nborn in Concord, and here spent the earlj portion of her\\nlong life, but joined her father abroad, and there spent\\nmany years after his decease, residing much of the time in\\nLondon. She, however, in 184:5, returned to the home\\nof her j-outh, and here died, Dec. 2, 1852, aged 78.\\nThe pension of 81,000 a jear bestowed by the Elector of\\nBavaria upon her father was continued to her and so\\nextremely- frugal were her tastes and iiarsimonious her\\nhabits, that she left an estate of more than 840,000,\\nand by will set apart $15,000 with which to found an\\nas3dum for orphan female children bom in Concord.\\nAV^hen that bequest shall have become sufficient, this\\ncharitable institution will be put in operation on the\\nCount Rumford Place here spoken of a site well adapted\\nfor the purpose.\\nThe business of Concord is of vcr}- mixed character\\ntextile fabrics, however, being manufactured only at\\nFisherville and West Concord. But it is a noticeable\\nand gratifying fact that it has not felt reverses in busi-\\nness affairs to the same extent as some other p ipulous\\nNew England towns.\\nConcord granite is becoming as famous as Carrara\\nmarble, and the supply is inexliaustible. This granite is\\nof light color, easily wrought into forms of beauty, and\\nis without those particles of iron which cause discolora-\\ntion of walls by the action of the elements.\\nFranklin, a populous and busy town, was incorpo-*\\nrated in 1828, and formed of portions of Sanbornton,\\nNorthfield, Andover and Salisbury. From its incorpo-\\nration there has been no check to its growth. The con-\\nfluence of the Winnipiseogee and Merrimack rivers is in\\nFranklin, and the water-power is abundant all the year\\nround.\\nIt is a town of moderate territorial extent, containing\\nonly about 9,000 acres. Paper-making, and other indus-\\ntries requiring water-power, were conducted in this place\\nmore than 50 years ago, a significant, though feeble,\\nprophecy of its present magnificent enterprises. The\\nFranklin mills produce flannels the Franklin Woollen\\nCompanj-, broadcloths and there are machine-shops,\\nsaw and grist mills, door, sash and blind manufactories,\\nc. The manufactured products of Franklin are put\\ndown at not less than 82,000,000 annuall}-.\\nThe circumstance that Daniel Webster, the great\\nAmerican statesman, was born in that part of Salisburj-\\nwhich now constitutes a portion of Franklin, invests the\\ntown with additional interest.* The Webster mansion\\nis agreeably situated amongst elms on the western bank\\nof Merrimack River, and not far distant is the cemetery\\nto which, about 70 years ago, was committed the body\\nof his father, a man of much distinction in his daj- and\\ngeneration. The mansion of the son has been converted\\ninto an asylum for orphans, and an ediQce of brick, for\\nthe uses of that institution, was erected a few 3-ears ago\\nnear the original structure. To this portion of FrankUn,\\nas picturesque as it is fertile, Mr. Webster was in the\\nhabit, down to near the close of life, of going at least\\nonce a year.\\nWebster Pond, upon which Mr. Webster often sailed,\\nhas now become famous amongst the picturesque sheets\\nof water which abound in New Hampshire.\\nHon. George W. Nesmith, a native of Antrim, Hills- J\\nborough County, a lawyer, now far advanced in j ears,\\nand until disqualified by the constitutional limit (70\\nyears) an associate justice of the Supreme Court, has\\nresided in Franklin from early manhood, and constantly\\nlabored to shape the character and promote the growth\\nof his adopted town. Population, 2,300. j\\nThe track of the Northern Railroad passes through the Webster j\\nfarm.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0694.jp2"}, "679": {"fulltext": "BIRTiirLACE OF DANIEL WEBSTER, FRANKLIN, N. H.\\nHPLACE OF HORACE GREELEY, AMHERST, N. H. (See p^gc C31.)", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0695.jp2"}, "680": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0696.jp2"}, "681": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nPembroke has had large increase of its inhabitants\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0within a few years, in consequence of manufacturing\\noperations in Suncook, a village on the south-west cor-\\nner of the town, and partlj- in Allenstowu. It is sep-\\narated from AUenstown by Suncook River, a stream by\\nwhich a great amount of machinery is propelled. Sun-\\ncook village was the site of manufacturing to some\\nextent early in the present centurj and there were two\\npaper-mills in the village GO years ago. Of late it has\\nbecome a populous business place, with two church edi-\\nfices, and the usual equipments of a town.\\nPembroke was granted by the government of Massa-\\nchusetts, in 1727, to Capt. John Lovcwell and his brave\\nassociates, in consideration of their services against the\\nIndians, and was called Suncook, its Indian name. The\\nfirst survey was in 1728, and settlement commenced soon\\nafter, but inhabitants came in slowlj-, because of fre-\\nquent alarms caused by Indians. The number of\\ngrantees was 60, of whom 40 accompanied Capt. Love-\\nwell to Pequawkett. James Carr, an early inhabitant,\\nwas killed by Indians Maj 1, 1748, two years after the\\nmassacre of the Bradleys and others in Concord.\\nPembroke is one of the most \u00e2\u0080\u00a2agreeable towns in New\\nHampshire. The chief highway extends from Suncook\\nRiver, ihe boundar} line between Pembroke and Con-\\ncord, through a highly cultivated region, to the south-\\nern lino of the tonn, a distance of several miles. It is\\none of the few towns in the State which have paid the\\nlast dollar of indebtedness caused by the civil war.\\nSixty years ago. Dr. Amos Blanchard, a youug physi-\\ncian, died in Pembroke, and made a bequest by which\\nhe founded Pembroke Academy, which, going into oper-\\nation soon after the decease of its founder, has been well\\nsifstained ever since.\\nThe soil is good in this town, especially its interval\\nlands, on the Merrimack and Suncook rivers. Popula-\\ntion, 2,: 18.\\nAmong the natives of Pembroke may be mentioned\\nHon. Asa Fowler, born Feb. 2. 1811, justice of the\\nSupreme Court.\\nHoPKiXTON, until the formation of Merrimack County\\n(182.3), was the half-shire of Ililsborough County. It\\nis one of the bcst towns in the State, and the chief vil-\\nA history of the town, by Cliarlcs Caiicton Coffin, Esq., a native,\\nwas recently issued a large and fully illustrated volume.\\nt The town is renowned for natives who acquired distinction namely\\nHon. William Pitt Fessenden, born Oct. 16, 180G lawyer at Bridgton\\nand Portland, Me. United States senator and secretary of the treasury\\ndied Sept. 8, 18G9. Gen. John A. Dix, born July 24, 1798; officer in the\\nUnited States army at the age of 15 lawyer at Cooperstown, N. Y.\\nUnited States senator; minister to France; governor of New York;\\nmiijor-gencral in the United States army, and secretary of war, and\\nlage the place of abode of an intelligent and cultivated\\npeople while, scattered over its hills, are educated, in-\\ndustrious and prosperous tillers of the soil. On C ontoo-\\ncook River, three miles from the town-house, are falls\\nwhere are several mill-sites, and a populous settlement\\nof several hundred inhabitants. Hopkinton was granted\\nb}- Massachusetts, Jan. IG, 1735, to inhabitants of Hop-\\nkinton, of that State, and was for a time known as New\\nHopkinton. The earlj settlers were so much molested\\nby Indians during the French war, that they abandoned\\ntheir farms, and returned only at the conclusion of that\\nstrife.\\nThere ai e few if anj- places in the State that leave a\\nmore agreeable impression upon the traveller than Hop-\\nkinton. There is an air of ancestral grandeur in many\\nof the dwellings and rows of stately trees along the\\nstreets, in summer adding to the comfort of the present\\ngeneration, and at all times affording gratifying proof of\\nthe forethought of those who went before, are a con-\\nspicuous feature of this goodly town. The legislatui-c\\nheld several sessions in Hopkinton in the latter part of\\nthe last contur} and early in this. Hon. Matthew Har-\\nvey, when governor, resided in Hopkinton. Hon. John\\nHarris, a justice of the Superior Court Hon. Horace\\nChase, judge of probate man} years Hon. Joshua Dar-\\nling, a jiublic man widel}- known in his day Hon. Ba-\\nruch Chase, president of the Merrimack County Bank,\\nwere severally residents of Hopkinton. An Episcoi^al\\nchurch was formed early in the present century. Popu-\\nlation, 1,814.\\nBoscAWEX,* supposed to be named for Admiral Bos-\\ncawen of the British navy, was settled about the same\\ntime as Concord, and incorporated in 1760. Until sun-\\ndered, and the western portion incorporated as AVebster,\\nin compliment to Ezekiel Webster, a brother of Daniel,\\nBoscawen was, territorially, one of the large towns of\\nNew Hampshire. In 1860 the number of inhabitants\\nwas 2,274, and, afterthc division, 1,637. From the first\\nthe town has sustained a highlj- reputable character. f\\nIndeed, Scotland is no more renowned for the honesty,\\nintelligence and sturdv character of its inhabitants, than\\nBoscawen for its sons and daughters, who. whether in\\nWestern States, to which some emigrated more than\\nrecently deceased. Nathaniel Greene, Esq., born May 20, 1797, printer,\\neditor and postmaster of Boston, died Nov. 29, 1877. Charles Gordon\\nGreene, bom July 1, 1804, printer, editor and naval officer in Boston.\\nCharles C. Cofiin, w.ar correspondent of the Boston Journal, and\\njournalist, born July 26, 1823. Moses G. Farmer, Esq., born Feb. 9,\\n1820 said to stand in the front rank of scientific men. Rev. Samuel\\nWood, D. D., ordained in Boscawen, and installed pastor of the Con-\\ngregational church Oct. 17, 1781, sustaining the position until near the\\nclose of a long life.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0697.jp2"}, "682": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\n50 years ago, in various parts of New England, or\\nupon the paternal acres, have well performed their part,\\nwhatever stations in life they occupied. It is an excel-\\nlent farming town. A busy and populous manufacturing\\nplace, known as Fisherville, is partly in Boscawen.\\nMerrimack River is the boundary between this town and\\nCanterbury.\\nPiTTSFiELD is a prosperous town of over 1,600 inhab-\\nitants, 17 miles north-east of Concord. Suncook River\\npasses though the place, and propels the wheels of a fac-\\ntory which has been in operation manj- years. The sur-\\nface of the town is uneven and rocky but some of the\\nbest farms and most skilful agriculturists in the county\\nare found in Pittsfield. The town was incorporated\\n.March 27, 1782, and was in early times a part of\\nChichester. Hon. Moses Norris, Jr., a native of this\\ntown, was United States senator, and died in Washington\\nJan. 11, 1855, aged 51 years.\\nAndover, settled in 1746, incorporated June 25,\\n1779, is chiefl} an agricultural town, though its manu-\\nfactured products are by no means inconsiderable. Being\\nwithin the shadow of Kearsarge Mountain, and having\\nan excellent hotel, the town has become the resort of\\nsummer travilleis. Population, 1,20G.\\nWakner is large in territory, and has a population of\\n1,667. Its chief village is upon a stream known as\\nWarner River, and is one of those busv and agreeable set-\\ntlements, of which there are many among the hills of New\\nHampshire, to which excursionists resort in the summer\\nmonths. The famous Kearsarge Mountain is chiefly in\\n\\\\Varner, and a carriage-road thither was recentl}- built by\\na few inhabitants at great expense and patient toil, under\\nan act of incorporation.\\nWurner was granted by the legislature of Massachu-\\nsetts in 1735 to inhabitants of Salisbury and Amesbury,\\nMass. and was for several years known as New Ames-\\nbury afterwards as Jenness Town. It was incorporated\\nSept. 4, 1774, by the name it has since borne.\\nAmong the natives or inhabitants of Warner who\\nacquired distinction, may be named Levi Bartlett, widely\\nknown as a contributor to agricultural publications\\nWalter Harriman (see Concord) Nehemiah G. Ordway,\\nsergeant-at-arms in United States House of Representa-\\ntives, and Aquila Davis, an officer in the war of 1812.\\nHexnikek, situated upon Contoocook River, has long\\nsustained the reputation of an industrious, thriving and\\nmoral town. Many natives received a collegiate educa-\\ntion. Tlie centre village is of attractive appearance.\\nSome manufactures are carried on in the west village.\\nHenniker was granted, July 16, 1752, to James and\\nRobert Wallace and others of Londonderrv, but settle-\\nment did not begin till 1761. It was incorporated in\\n1768, and is supposed to have been named for John Hen-\\nniker, a London merchant. Hon. Nathaniel Bradlej-\\nBaker, governor of the State in 1855, tvas born in Hen-\\nniker Sept. 29, 1819. He died in Iowa Sept. 12. 1876,\\naged 56. Hon. James W. Patterson of Hanover, repre-\\nsentative in Congress, and senator one term, is a native\\nof Henniker. Population, 1,288.\\nHooKSETT was incorporated July 3, 1S22, and is com-\\nposed of territory severed from Chester, Gotfstown and\\nDunbarton. The manufacture of cotton-cloth was com-\\nmenced at the falls on the Merrimack more than 50 3 ears\\nago, and is still continued. The manufacture of brick is\\nthe source of much income to those who are engaged in\\nit. The house of Gen. Natt Head, governor of the\\nState, constructed of brick made by the owner of the\\nmansion, is an imposing, elegant and conspicuous object\\non the east side of the river. Hooksett is situated on the\\nMerrimack, midway between Concord and Manchester.\\nThe population is 1,330.\\nLoudon, formerly a part of Canterbury, was settled in\\n1760, and incoqiorated in 177.). The inhabitants are\\nmostly agriculturists, artd jjossess many excellent farms.\\nLoudon Ridge, a long swell of land, constitutes an\\nagi-eeable feature in the landscape, whence an extensive\\nview is obtained into adjacent and more distant towns.\\nPopulation, 1,282.\\nSalisbury,* justh celebrated for the distinguished\\nmen who were born within its limits, was granted by\\nMassachusetts, and known first as Bakerstown after-\\nward changed to Stevenstown. It was incorporated\\nMarch 1, 1768, when it was named Salisburj-. Among\\nits earlv inhabitants were Philip Call, Nathaniel Meloon,\\nBenjamin Pettengill, and John and Ebenezer Webster.\\nThe earl} occupants of the soil were much molested by\\nthe Indians. Nathaniel Meloon, his wife and their three\\nchildren, were taken to Canada by the savages, and sold\\nin Montreal. The wife of Philip Call was killed and\\non the same day in 1753, Samuel Scribner, Robert Bar-\\nber and Enoch Bishop the latter of Boscawen were\\ncaptured, and Scril^ner and Barber sold to the French.\\nUntil the construction of railways, Salisbury was upon\\nthe great thoroughfare between Concord and Connecticut\\nHon. Ichabod Bartlett, of this town, was a representative in Con-\\ngress six years. He died Oct. 19, IS.53, aged 67. Rev. Samuel Colcord I\\nBartlett is president of Dartmouth College. Hon. Daniel Webster, bom\\nJan. 17, 1782, was a lawyer in Boscawen, Portsmouth and Boston; rep-\\nresentative and senator in Congress, and secretary of state. He died at\\nMarshfield, Mass., Oct. 24, 1852. Hon. Ezekiel Webster, Ixjrn April 11,\\n1780, a lawyer in Boscawen, was a senator in the State legislature. He\\ndied April 10, 1829, aged 49. Hon. William H. Bartlett, bom Aug. 20,\\n1827, an associate-justice of the Supreme Court, died Sept. 24, 1S67.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0698.jp2"}, "683": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nRiver, and all the travel, b}- stage-coach and other car-\\nriages, and wagons with heavy merchandise, passed\\nthrough it, and the place was correspondingly prosperous.\\nIts location is in the highest degree picturesque, having\\nthe noble Ivearsarge Mountain on its western burdi r, and\\nother hills in more distant positions the whole compos-\\ning a prospect with which the e^-e never becomes weary.\\nPopulation, 897.\\nDusBARTON, almost wholly an agricultural town, is\\nabout nine miles from Concord. In early times it was\\nknown as Stt^rkstown, but became Dunbarton for Dun-\\nbarton, Scotland. The first settlements were made about\\n1749 by people of Scotch descent. The town has from\\nthe first sustained a high rank, and been distinguished\\nfor the rectitude, intelligence and general thrift of its\\ninhabitants. The soil is productive, and, from its rising\\nground, a perfect view is obtained over a large area of\\nthe State.\\nSeveral natives of Dunbarton obtained distinction by\\nno means confined to the place of their birth. Rev.\\nAbraham Burnham, D. D., born Nov. 15, 177G, was pas-\\ntor of the Congregational church in Pembroke 43 years\\ndied Sept. 21, 1852. Rev. Amos W. Burnham, his\\nbrother, born Aug. 1, 1791, was elergj-man iu Rindge 4C\\nyears; died Apr. 9, 1871. Prof. Charles G. Burnham,\\nborn in 1807, was a teacher and the author of an arith-\\nmetical work. Prof. Mark Bailej was teacher of elocu-\\ntion in Yale College. Amos Hadley, Esq., born May 14,\\n1825, was a teacher in Concord, and at one time asso-\\nciated in the management of the State Capital Re-\\nporter. Joseph G. Ho}!, LL. D., was teacher in Exeter\\nAcademy, and chancellor of Washington University, St.\\nLouis, where he died Nov. 26, 1862, aged 47. Caleb\\nStark, Esq., born Dec. 3, 1759, son of Gen. John\\nStark of the Revolutionar} war, served as aid to his\\nfather; was a merchant in Boston, manufacturer in Sun-\\ncook Village in the early jxars of this centurj-, and\\nfarmer in Dunbarton, where his mansion is still to be\\nseen. He died in Oxford, Ohio, in 1838.\\nThe first ordained clerg3 man in Dunbarton was Rev.\\nWalter Harris, D. D., born in Lebanon, Conn., June 8,\\n1761, whose pastorate his only one commenced in\\n1789, and ceased not long before his death, Dec. 25,\\n1843. He exerted a wide and salutar} influence, reach-\\ning far beyond the town. Population of Dunbarton,\\nThe remaining towns of this county are Sutton,\\ngranted in 1749; settled in 1707; population, 1,155;\\ncontaining a portion of Kearsarge Mountain, and the\\nbirth-place of Jonathan and Matthew Harvey, formerly\\nrepresentatives in Congress Gen. John Eaton, United\\nStates commissioner of education at Washington Hon.\\nJohn S. Pillsbury, governor of Minnesota Hon. Bain-\\nbridge Wadleigh, United States senator Wilmot, incor-\\nporated by the name of Kearsarge, June, 1827 popula-\\ntion, 1,072; agriculture being the leading industry:\\nCanterbury,* a farming town of 1,170 inhabitants;\\ngranted iu 1727, containing a settlement of Shakers:\\nBradford, incorporated in 1787; population, 1,080;\\nthe home of Mason W. Tappan, an eminent lawyer,\\nrepresentative in Congress six years, and at present\\nattorney-general of the State: Epsom, granted May 18,\\n1727; an agricultural town; the native place of Dr.\\nNoah Martin, governor of the State in 1852-3\\nAllenstown, chartered July 2, 1831 settled about the\\nyear 1728; population, 804: New London, incorpo-\\nrated June 25, 1779, by the name of Dantzic; the seat\\nof Colby Academj a beautifully located and flourishing\\ninstitution the native town of Gen. Anthony Colby,\\ngovernor of the State in 1846, and Hon. Jonathan E.\\nSargent, chief justice of the Supreme Court; population,\\n960: NoRTHFiELD, incoriwrated June 19, 1780 popula-\\ntion, 833 mainly devoted to farming Chichester,\\nincorporated in 1727, but not settled until 1758 contain-\\ning a number of valuable farms population, 871 Bow,\\na hill} and rugged town; granted in 1727; population,\\n745 Webster, incorporated July 3, 1860 population,\\n690 Hill, formerly New Chester incorporated Nov.\\n20, 1778, and given its present name in 1836 for Hon.\\nIsaac Hill, then governor of the State population, 620\\nand Newbury, incorporated as Fishersfield in 1778 re-\\nceiving its present name in 1836 one of the hill towns\\nof New Hampshire, Sunapee Mountain being a con-\\nspicuous object in the landscape population, 600.\\nSince the year 1812, nine persons, each 100 years old or over, have\\ndied in this town.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0699.jp2"}, "684": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF KEAV ENGLAND.\\nROCKINGHAM COUNTY.\\nBY PROF. LAROY F. GRIFFIN.\\nRockingham County originallj- contained all the ear-\\nlier settlements of New Hampshire, and for a century\\nits history is that of the State. Its later history, so far\\nas it is material, is embraced in that of the several towns\\nof which it is composed.\\nThis county comprises the southern portion of New\\nHampshire, including all its coast. It has but one har-\\nbor, that at Portsmouth. The surface along the coast is\\ngenerall}- level, with marshes of considerable extent,\\nespecially in Hampton and Hampton Falls. Inland it is\\nhilly, though there are no verj high mountains. The Pis-\\ncataqua, iu the eastern border, is the only river of con-\\nsiderable size. The Exeter River, fonnerly known as the\\nSwampscot, is the next in size, and is navigable at high\\ntide as far as the falls, at Exeter. But the soil is well\\nwatered, and between the ranges of hills small streams are\\nfound. Agriculture is the ])rincipal emploj-ment, the\\nsoil yielding good returns but there are some manufac-\\ntories, especially at Exeter and New Market.\\nThe population constantly increased from the time of\\nthe first settlements until after 18G0 since that time, the\\ntendency to congregate at villages and cities has caused\\na constant diminution, especially in the northern por-\\ntion. In some of these towns raanj- farms, that a few\\nyears ago were highl}- productive, have been abandoned\\nand allowed to grow up again to forests.\\nTowns.\\nPortsmouth,* the onlj- seaport in the State, is situ-\\nated on a peninsula, on the south side of the Piscataqua,\\nSeveral interesting Revolutionary incidents are connected with the\\nhistory of this ancient town. Upon the enactment of the celebrated\\nStamp Act, in 1765, George Meserve was appointed distributor for\\nNew Hampshire, but before landing at Boston, in consequence of the\\nexcited opposition of the people, he resigned. On liis arrival at Ports-\\nmouth, he was compelled to make a second and more formal resigna-\\ntion, before going to his house. When the stamps arrived they were\\ndeposited in the castle, as there was no one to receive them.\\nThe Stamp Act was to take effect November 1 On the preceding day\\nthe New Hampshire Gazette, a paper established at Portsmouth in\\n17-36, appeared with a mourning border. On November 1st a funeral\\nceremony was held over the Goddess of Liberty. On depositing her in\\nthe grave she showed signs of life, and was borne otf by a rejoicing\\nmultitude.\\nThere was a rumor that Meserve intended to distribute the stamps\\nthree miles from the ocean. The location is pleasant\\nand healthy, the buildings principally of brick, and\\nthough somewhat antiquated, it contains many elegant\\nmansions.\\nIn 1G23 the Plymouth Companj^ sent men to lay the\\nfoundations of the place. David Thompson, a Scotch-\\nman, built a house at Odiorne s Point, the first house\\nerected in town, and afterwards called Mason s Hall.\\nAbout eight years after, Humphrc} Chadborne built the\\ngroat house, on the back of the river, at the corner\\nof Court and Water streets.\\nMay 28, 1653, the name, which by the accident of an\\nabundance of strawberries had been Strawberry Bank,\\nwas allowed by the General Court at Boston to be\\nchanged to Portsmouth. There were then between 50\\nand 60 families.\\nThe harbor of Portsmouth is safe and capacious, one\\nof the best in the whole country. At low tide the chan-\\nnel contains 40 feet of water, and it is protected from\\nstorms by islands and headlands. The river is three-\\nquarters of a mile wide, with a depth of 70 feet at low\\nwater, and a current of five miles per hour. The tide\\nrises ten feet, so keeping the channel free from ice.\\nThe scenerj- around the citj- is charming. Every ele-\\nvation presents a magnificent landscape, the drives aie\\ndelightful, and the climate favorable.\\nThe place has sufiered much from fires. In December,\\n1.S02, 102 buildings were burned; four 3-ears later, 14;\\nand finally, in December, 1813, 15 acres were burned\\nover, consuming 397 buildings,\\nin spite of his resignation. The Sons of Liberty, alarmed, compelled\\nhim to swear that he would do nothing with his office, and took away\\nhis commission.\\nThe first cargo of tea that arrived at Portsmouth was stored in the\\ncustom-house, and soon after, at the request of the town, Mr. Parry, the\\nconsignee, sent it to Halifax. A second cargo, after causing some dis-\\nturbance, found a similar destination.\\nNear the close of the year 1774, an express from Boston brought the\\nintelligence th.at the king had prohibited the importation of gunpowder\\ninto the Colonies. Armed vessels were also on their way with troops.\\nA company of men, led by John SulUvan of Durham, and John L.mg-\\ndon and Thomas Pickering of Portsmouth, at once seized the fort, re-\\nmoved 100 barrels of powder and several small cannon, and distriliuted\\nthem among the to%vns. On the next day the armed frigate Scar-\\nborough arrived, and took possession of the fort.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0700.jp2"}, "685": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nThe first church was erected at least as early as 1G39,\\nand was for the Episcopal service. It was upon what is\\nnow known as Church Street, north of the court-house.\\nSt. John s Church\\nis the lineal de-\\nscendant of this\\nold first meeting-\\nhouse. There are\\nfive churches be-\\nside this one, the\\nNorth Congrega-\\ntional being or-\\nganized as early\\nas 1671. There\\nare also two mar-\\nket-houses and an\\nalmshouse. The\\nAthenaeum is a\\nprominent institu-\\ntion, and contains a library of valuable works. The city\\nis a part-shire town, and has a court-house and a jail.\\nThere are four light-houses in the district. Fort Con-\\nstitution is on the north- t\\\\ est pomt of Grcit Island\\nThe navy yard is on Na\\\\3 Island and his e\\\\er} facil\\nit3 for building the largest\\nvessels. It contains al out\\n05 acres, principally- en\\nclosed by quay walls of spht\\ngranite. The wharves hi\\\\e\\nwater-depth enough for the\\nlargest men-of-war, and the\\ntide has worn so deep a\\nchannel as to preclude the\\npossibility of fonning bars\\nA coips of marines, TMth\\ntheir officers, are stationed\\nat the j-ard. There is a\\nbalanced dry dock, capable\\nof receiving and raising the\\nlargest men-of-war. The\\nfacilities for ship-builduig\\nhere are such that scveial\\nof the largest and most ef-\\nfective vessels have been\\nlaunched. Among the num\\nber may be mentioned the\\nPortsmouth, the steamer Saranac,\\nCongress.\\nWithin the city are several banks and newspapers.\\nThe New Hampshire Gazette was the first newspaper\\nestablished in the State.\\nthe frigate\\nThe Auburn Street Cemetery, or Proprietoi-s Bury-\\ning Ground, is situated on elevated ground, at the foot\\nof Auburn Street, and comprises 13 acres. In the cen-\\ntre is an artificial\\nl)ond surrounded\\nby a lawn. The\\ngrounds are hand-\\nsomely laid out,\\nand contain some\\nclcf^ant and taste-\\ntul monuments.\\nThe manufac-\\ntures of the city\\ninclude cotton fa-\\nbiics, some iron,\\nan 1 ship-building.\\n1 he steam factory\\nIns a capital of\\nfe J 10,000. The\\nspacious mill contains 27,000 spindles and 450 looms,\\nand about three million yards of lawn are made j^early.\\nThe town was organized in 1G33, and included Kit-\\nterj Me On May 28, 1G43, it was incorporated with\\nits piesent limits. It was chartered as a city Julj 6,\\n1849. The wealth of the\\ncity is considerable, and it\\nhas been very prosperous,\\nthough the transfer of the\\nimport trade so largely- to\\nBoston has materially re-\\ntarded its growth. In 1870\\nthe population was 9,211.\\nAmong the earlj settlers\\nof Portsmouth were three\\nbrothers from Wales, John,\\nRobert and Richard Cutt\\n(afterwards Cutts). John\\nwas the first president of\\nNew Hampshire, appointed\\nin 1C79. He and Richard\\nwere the largest landhold-\\ners in the town in 1660.\\nThomas Pickering, a son\\nof John, and a grandson of\\nthe John who settled here\\nin 1G55, was a marked man\\nin the Revolutionaiy period. He planned the seizure of\\nthe powder in the castle, in 1774, and led the party who\\naccomplished the feat. He was killed in March, 1779.\\nThe estate still remains in the hands of his descendants.\\nNo person in New Hampshire exerted a greater in-\\nri)os HOT-sr loiiThMon", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0701.jp2"}, "686": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nfluence on the affairs of the Revohitionaiy period than\\nJohn Langdon, born in 1740. After a mercantile educa-\\ntion, he entered upon a sea-faring life, but was drawn\\nfrom it hy the disturbances of the Revolution. After his\\npart in the removal of the powder from the fort, he be-\\ncame a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1775.\\nHe was present at Burgoyne s surrender, in command of\\na company of cadets. He was speaker of the Pro\\\\ incial\\nLegislature in 1776, and also in 1777.\\n-He subsequent!}- held important official positions, and\\nin 1778 was delegate to the convention which framed the\\nUnited States Constitution. In November of the same\\nj-ear he was elected a member of the United States senate, j\\nand was its first presiding officer. Dartmouth College\\nconferred the degree\\nof LL. D. upon him\\nin 1805. He died ^_^\\nSept. 18, 1819.\\nDaniel Webster be-\\ncame a resident of\\nPortsmouth in 1807,\\nand married Grace\\nFletcher in June of\\nthe following 3 ear.\\nHe went there as a\\nyoung lawyer, and\\nhis influence was at\\nonce felt at the bai,\\nand in the commu-\\nnity. After a shoit\\ntime, his State placed\\nhim in the council of\\nthe nation, and at the\\nend of nine years he removed from Portsmouth and\\nmade Boston his place of residence.\\nExeter. The second town in the count} and the\\nshire town, is Exeter. The village is situated around\\nthe falls of the river, known by the Indians as Swamp-\\nscot, but now generally called Exeter River. Below the\\nfalls, the river spreads out to a considerable breadth,\\nand the tide rises to the falls. The town is pleasantly\\nsituated on both banks of the stream, and contains many\\nfine private residences. The people are largely en-\\ngaged in agricultural pursuits, the soil being generally\\nproductive.\\nTlie prosperity of Exeter has been largely due to the\\nenterprise and success of her mechanics. The largest\\nand most important industrj- has been the Exeter Manu-\\nfacturing Company, incorpoi-ated in 1828. Its principal\\nbuilding is 175 feet long, 44 feet in width, and six stories\\nhigh, and it has several smaller mills. It manufactures\\ncotton cloth, producing upwards of a million and a half\\nof yards annually.\\nThere are, besides, several carriage manufactories, the\\nlargest producing about 200 caiTiages per year. The\\nExeter Machine-shop is largel} eraploj cd in the man-\\nufacture of steam-engines, with boilers of a peculiar\\npattern, consisting of cast-iron tubes, called the safety\\nboiler a paper-mill, a tannerj and several small manu-\\nfactories are also located here.\\nExeter was settled in 1638 by Rev. John AVheelwright,\\nhis sister Anne Hutchinson, and others from Massachu-\\nsetts. A part of a house still standing is pointed out\\nbj- tradition as Anne Hutchinson s residence. The} pui\\nchased the land directly from the Indians, and at once\\nformed a church and\\n^^m a town. This church,\\norganized 1638, was\\nthe first in the State.\\nThere are at present\\nSIX churches in the\\ntown. The Baptist,\\nerected in 1875, is\\none of the finest in\\nthe State. The town\\nalso has a very fine\\nbuilding containing a\\ntown hall, a court-\\nloom, and a jail.\\nPhillips Academy\\nwas founded in 1781\\nby the liberal dona-\\ntion of Dr. John Phil-\\nlips, a resident of the\\ntown. His endowment was sufficient to give the acad-\\nemy a wholesome independence, and make it a power\\nfor furnishing boys a superior training in preparation\\nfor a college course.\\nThe first principal was Benjamin Abbot, LL. D., who\\ncommenced his labor in 1788, and continued in that\\nposition for fifty years. He was succeeded in 1838 by\\nGideon L. Soule, LL. D., who had already been his as-\\nsociate nearly eighteen years, and who still lives, princi-\\npal emeritus. He retired from active duty in 1873. A\\nmarked feature of the institution has always been the\\nliberal aid furnished to indigent pupils, some twenty of\\nwhom receive assistance from funds given for that pur-\\npose. The present principal, Mr. Albert C. Perkins, is\\nassisted by a corps of five teachers.\\nThe present beautiful building was erected in 1872 to\\ntake the place of one previously destroyed by fire and\\nthere are two boarding-houses also belonging to the in-\\nVINVHY, r-VETER", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0702.jp2"}, "687": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\netitution. The value of the buildings is about $95,000,\\nand the endowment funds amount to $140,000.\\nThe Eobinson Female Seminaiy was designed b} its\\nfounders to do for girls what Phillips Academy does for\\nbojs. It is free to pupils residing in town. A fund of\\nabout $150,000 was given b^- the will of the late William\\nRobinson. The institution was chartered in 18G7, and\\norganized the same j ear. The school-building, valued\\nat $80,000, is ver^ beautifull}- located.\\nExeter has alwajs had among its citizens men of\\nmarked ability and influence in the State. Hon. Samuel\\nTenney was noted for his scientific attainments Gen.\\nNathaniel Folsom, and Gen. Nathaniel Peabody were\\nmembers of the Continental Congress Hon. Nicholas\\nGilnian was a member of the old Congress, president of\\ntlic State senate, and a United States senator from 1805\\nto his death in 1814 lion. John Taylor Gilman was an\\nactive patriot of the Revolution, and governor of the\\nState from 1794 to 1816. Lewis Cass, too, was a native\\nof this town, but went to Ohio at the age of seventeen.\\nHe was distinguished both in the historj^ of his adopted\\nState and in the annals of the nation, having been a\\nmember of Gen. Jackson s cabinet, a minister to France,\\nand several times in the U. S. senate. Exeter can claim\\nj several members of the bar, too, at the present day, who\\nhave gained a national reputation. Among these may be\\nmentioned Hon. Amos Tuck and Hon. Charles H. Bell.\\nHon. Gilman Marston was colonel of one of the earlier\\nNew Hampshire regiments in the war of the Rebellion,\\nand afterwards rose to the rank of a brigadier-general.\\nThe population of Exeter is 3,437.\\nNew Mauket is the third town in the county, and has\\na population of 1 ,987. It was originally a part of Exeter,\\nand was detached and Incorporated as a separate town,\\nDoc. 15, 1727. Great Bay, a body of water four miles\\nwide, after passing through Little Bay, forms the current\\nwhich becomes the Piscataqua. It is formed by the\\nunited waters of the Swampscot, Winnico, and Lamprey-\\nrivers. The Piscassick River flows through the northern\\nportion of the town into Durham the Lamprey through\\nthe north-east part, and the Swampscot through the south-\\neast. These rivers furnish good water-power, and the\\nlarger part of the prosperity of the town is due to\\nmechanical pursuits. The soil is, however, good, and\\nmany are engaged in agriculture.\\nThe New Market Manufacturing Company for the\\nmanufacttire of cotton sheetings, was incorporated in\\n1823.\\nThe Congregational Church was organized in 1730.\\nMrs. Fanny Shute, who died in 1819, was noted for\\nher youthful adventures. When 13 months old, she was\\ntaken by a party of Indians, carried to Canada, and sold\\nto the French. She was educated in a nunnery, but was\\nredeemed and restored to her friends after thirteen years\\nof captivity.\\nDerry. This town was originallj- a part of London-\\nderry, from which it was taken and incoqjorated as a\\nseparate town July 2, 1827. It has a population of\\n1,809.\\nThe town possesses a productive soil, is well culti-\\nvated and well adapted to grazing. The people are\\nremarkable for industry, wealth and length of life.\\nBeaver Pond is one mile in length by IGO rods wide,\\nnearly surrounded by gently sloping hills. There are\\nthree religious societies in town one Presbj terian, one\\nMethodist and one Congregational.\\nThe Pinkerton Academy, with a fund of $1G,000,\\naccommodates both sexes, giving special attention to\\nfitting students for college. The Adams Female Acad-\\nemy has a fund of $4,000. Miss Taylor, for many years\\nprincipal, has won an excellent reputation for her ability\\nand her many sterling qualities. She was appointed\\nin 1860, and continues the principal. Miss Marj Lyon,\\nthe founder of Mt. Holyoke Seminary, was once a\\nteacher here and also Miss Grant, noted throughout\\nNew England.\\nDeerfield is, superficially, one of the largest towns\\nin the county, containing 25,815 acres. It is, however,\\nrather sparsely settled in many parts, and only contains\\n1,7G8 inhabitants. Originally a part of Nottingham, it\\nbecame a distinct town Jan. 8, 1766. It possesses some\\nof the finest natural scenery in the State, and some of\\nthe elevations command an extensive prospect. Pleas-\\nant Pond lies partly in this town and partly in North-\\nwood. Moulton s Pond, a small basin in the west part\\nof the town, has no visible inlet, but two streams flow\\nfrom opposite sides of it, and sounding has never dis-\\ncovered the bottom. One of the streams flows east to\\nthe Lamprey River, and the other west to the Suncook\\nin Epsom.\\nThe surface is very uneven, furnishing large swells\\nand deep valleys. The soil renders good returns to the\\nhusbandman, though difficult of cultivation. Pine,\\nmaple and hemlock timber grows extensively hereabouts,\\nwhile considerable maple sugar is annually made.\\nThe Pawtuekawaj Mountains are on the line between\\nthis town and Nottingham, and the highest elevations\\nare in the latter town. The} consist of three distinct\\nelevations, the Upper, Middle and Lower mountains,\\nand are based on mica-slate, which, decomposing rapidly,\\nSo called because a Mr. Bacheldcr killed a deer and presented it to\\nGov. Wentworth just at the time of incorporation.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0703.jp2"}, "688": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nfurnishes a fertile soil at their base. The highest is 892\\nfeet above the sea. Saddleback Mountain, between the\\ntown and Northwood, consists of mica-slate, and is\\n1,072 feet above sea level. From its top, the ocean, 30\\nmiles distant, can be seen with the naked eye. Notting-\\nham Mountain is on the line between this town and\\nEpsom. On its south side is a shelving ridge of rocks,\\nthree-fourths of a mile long, known as Indian Camp.\\nA natural flight of stone steps, on the east of the ledge,\\nleads to the top. There is a bed of iron-ore in the east\\npart of the town, and various compounds of iron are\\neverywhere distributed among the rocks.\\nIn the east part of the town, near the Pawtuckaway\\nMountains, for about 20 j-ears subsequent to 1840, sub-\\nterranean reports or explosions were heard, of a volcanic\\nnature. Thej reseml)led the blasting of rocks, or the\\nreports of cannon, and were accompanied bj- movements\\nof the earth, sometimes sufficient to overthrow stone\\nwalls. They have now entirely ceased.\\nThe town was settled in 1756 and 58, by John Rob-\\nertson, Jacob Smith, Isaac Shepard, Benjamin Bachel-\\nder and others. Theophilus and Eliphalet Griffin pur-\\nchased a tract of land here in 1749, and settled upon the\\nfarm which still remains in possession of their descend-\\nants. The names of 18 persons are recorded as killed\\nduring the Revolution.\\nThe Congregational church was gathered in December,\\n1772, and Rev. Timothy Upham ordained, who remained\\nits pastor until his death, Feb. 21, 1811. Many quaint\\nreminiscences of his ministry are still preserved in the\\ntown.\\nHon. Richard Jenness, respected as a magistrate, rep-\\nresentative, senator and judge, died July 4, 1819.\\nJoseph Mills was an officer in Col. Cilley s regiment in\\nthe Revolution.\\nSeabrook is one of the coast towns. Its southern\\nportion was formerly a part of Massachusetts, and the\\nold line from the Bound Rocks, at the mouth of the\\nriver, on which is the inscription, A. D. 1G57, H. B.,\\ncan still be traced to a rock near the Brick School\\nHouse, marked B. T., thence inland.\\nThe west part of the town is undulating, and the soil\\nis light but productive, while along the coast there are\\nextensive marshes. A portion of the inhabitants are\\nengaged in farming boat-building is carried on exten-\\nsivel}^ and many are engaged in manufacturing shoes.\\nSeveral men belonging in town command vessels, and\\nfishing is quite an industrj-.\\nThe early settlers of the town were from Massachu-\\nsetts, and came as early as 1G38. At that earl^- daj-\\nihey suffered much from the depredations of hostile\\nIndians.* Among the early settlers may be named\\nChristopher Hussey, Joseph Dow and Thomas Philbrick.\\nThe land cleared by the latter still remains in the hands\\nof his descendants.\\nThe are five churches in the town. The Old South\\nMeeting-house, near the centre, was erected in 1763, and\\nwas occupied by the Presbj-terian and Congregational\\nsocieties alternatel3 The Friends meeting-house is in\\nthe north part of the town, and was built in 1765.\\nDearborn Academy, founded in 1851, is a substantial\\nbrick building, 54 bj- 40 feet. The late Dr. Edward\\nDearborn, an eminent ph3 sician and distinguished citi-\\nzen, secured to it an endowment of $15,000.\\nMeshech Weare, usually mentioned as a resident of\\nHampton Falls, resided within the limits of the town.\\nHe was distinguished for his influence in the Revolution,\\nand he became the first governor of the State. A hand-\\nsome monument to his honor stands in the village of\\nHampton Falls.\\nSeabrook was granted June 3, 1768, to Jonathan\\nWeare and others. Its present population is 1,G09.\\nSalem, in the south-western part of the count} was\\nchartered May 11, 1750, and now contains 1,603 inhab-\\nitants. The surface is uneven, but the soil is fertile.\\nThe Spiggot River flows through the centre of the\\nplace, and furnishes good mill-privileges. The town\\ncontains a woollen-mill and several factories and ma-\\nchine-shops. The Congregational church was formed\\nJan. 30, 1740, and Rev. Abner Bagley ordained. There\\nare two other churches. Hon. Silas Betton, a graduate\\nof Dartmouth, was elected to Congress in 1802.\\nCandia, a town of 1,456 inhabitants, is on the highest\\nland between the Merrimack and the ocean, so com-\\nmanding an extensive view, and rendering the town\\nexceptionall} healthy. The White Mountains, AVachu-\\nsett, Plum Island and the ocean can be seen from the\\nvillage. Farming is the principal occupation the soil is\\ngood, and fruit and vegetables find a ready market at\\nManchester, with which city the town is connected by the\\nPortsmouth and Concord Railroad. Shoe manufacturing\\nis also carried on.\\nThe town was settled in 1748 by William Turner and,\\nin 1755, John Sargent and others joined him, and it was\\nincorporated Dec. 17, 1762, being taken from Chester.\\nThe town was very active in promoting the Revolution,\\nand 69 names of soldiers are found in its records. A\\nCongregational church was gathered in 1771, with Rev.\\nDavid Jewett as pastor and there are two other churches.\\n*A widow Hussej of high repute amons the Friends, was liillcd;\\niilso Thomas Lancaster, while on his way to mill, a Mr. Jonathan\\nGreen, Nicholas Bond and a young child.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0704.jp2"}, "689": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nNoRTHWOOD, population 1,430, was originally a part\\nof Nottingham, and was made a separate town Feb. 6,\\n1773. It was settled March 25, 1763, by Moses God-\\nfrcj-, John Batchelder and Increase Batchelder, from\\nNorth Hampton. Solomon Bickford and famil}- of Dur-\\nham followed in December, and his son Solomon was the\\nfirst white child born in town. The Baptist church was\\norganized Nov. 17, 1779, and Rev. Edmund Pillsbury\\nordained. The Congregational church was erected in\\n1781. There is also a Freewill Baptist church.\\nThere are six ponds in the town, Suncook, the largest,\\nbeing 750 rods long, and 100 wide. The north branch\\nof the Lamprey River has its source near Saddleback\\nMountain, where there is a single farm from which the\\nwater flows in four directions. On the side of the ridge\\ncr3-stalline spar is found. Plumbago also exists in small\\nquantities.\\nNorthwood Academy, founded in 1866, is a flourishing\\ninstitution, under the management of Rev. Mr. Cogs-\\nwell, who has been principal since its organization. It\\nis located at the part of the town called the Narrows.\\nNorthwood Seminary, also founded in 1866, is located at\\nthe east part of the town.\\nLondonderry, population 1,405, covered, originally,\\n64,000 acres but several towns have been taken from it.\\nThe soil is so fertile that it is reported to be the best\\ntown for agriculture in New England, and there are no\\nwaste lands. Beaver s Pond is a beautiful circular sheet\\nof water, about 300 rods in diameter, and is the source of\\nBeaver s River. The town contains three churches, the\\noldest being the Presbyterian, which society dates from\\n1719.\\nThis town was settled in 1719 by a colony of 16\\nfamilies from Londonderry, Ireland. Its original name\\nwas Nutfield. The land of the town was included in\\nRev. John Wheelwright s purchase from the Indians, and\\nthe settlers bought it from Col. John Wheelwright.\\nTheir first pastor was Rev. James McGregore, and his\\nson David was the second. The town was incorporated\\nJune 1, 1722.\\nThe original settlers gave their attention to farming\\nand, though none of them became wealth}-, they were\\nindustrious and forehanded. They introduced the culti-\\nvation of the potato, and the manufacture of linen cloth,\\nwith the use of the small wheel driven by the foot. The}\\nwere never molested bj the Indians.\\nA company of 70 men, commanded by Capt. George\\nReid, took part in the battle of Bunker Hill, and about\\nthe same numlter were at the battle of Bennington.\\nCapt. David MeClary, a brave officer, was killed. Maj.-\\nGen. John Stark, who was prominent in the early part of\\nthe Revolution, especially during the siege of Boston,\\nwas a native of this town.\\nThese so-called Scotch-Irish have produced many noted\\nmen, and their dcscendiints can now be found in promi-\\nnent positions in all parts of the land. Among these maj-\\nbe mentioned, as natives of the town, Joseph M. Keene,\\nD. D., first president of Bowdoin College Arthur\\nLivermore, Jonathan Steele and Samuel Bell, judges of\\nthe Superior or Supreme Court Samuel Bell, afterwards\\nchief justice of the Supreme Court, as was also Hon.\\nJeremiah Smith. Matthew Thornton was a member of\\nthe Continental Congress in 1770; and Gens. Miller\\nand McNeil were distinguished officers in the war of\\n1812.\\nEpping was originally a part of Exeter, but was made\\na separate town Feb. 12, 1741. Lamprey River is here\\njoined bj the Pawtuckawaj and furnishes water-power for\\nseveral small woollen-mills. The town has three churches,\\nand a population of 1 ,270.\\nThe Congregational church was the first organized,\\nand Rev. Robert Cutler was the first minister, ordained\\nin 1747. He was succeeded March 8, 1758, by Rev.\\nJosiah Stearns, who died July 23, 1788. His son was a\\ndeacon of the same church, and his grandson is the\\npresent pastor. When the town contained only this\\nchurch, taxes were laid upon all to support preaching\\nand, in 1769, Jonathan Norris, a Quaker, was imprisoned\\nfor refusing to paj^ his tax.\\nHon. William Plumer was a native of the town, and\\none of her most distinguished citizens. He held high\\npositions in the State, being governor for four years, and\\nat one time was United States senator. Henrj Dearborn\\nwas an officer during the whole of the Revolution rep-\\nresentative in Congress secretary of war major-general\\nin the war of 1812, and United States minister to Portu-\\ngal. John Chandler, a native of the town, was a mem-\\nber of Congress brigadier-general in the war of 1812\\npresident of the Maine senate, and United States senator.\\nHon. B. F. Prescott, an ex-governor of the State, is a\\ncitizen of the town.\\nHampton, population 1,177, has a fertile soil, well\\nadapted to tillage and mowing. All the lower part of\\nthe town near the ocean is dehghtful. The beach is one\\nof the most noted smnmer resorts. Boar s Head, an\\nabrupt eminence extending into the sea, divides the two\\nbeaches. There are several hotels near the beach, and a\\nlarge number of private cottages.\\nThe Indian name of the town was Winnicumet. The\\nfirst house was erected in 1636, and the place was settled\\ntwo years later by emigrants from Norfolk, Eng. It was\\nincorporated the same year, and included North Hamp-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0705.jp2"}, "690": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nton, Hampton Falls, Kensington, and part of Seabrook.\\nA Congregational church, the second in the State, ivas\\nformed in the same jear, and Rev. Stephen Bachelor\\nordained. This church now possesses a fund of \u00c2\u00a712,000\\nfor the support of the ministrj-. A Baptist societj- was\\norganized in 1817. Hampton Proprietarj- School was\\nincorporated in 1810. It has a large and convenient\\nbuilding, and has gained considerable reputation as the\\nHampton Academj-.\\nChester, a town of 1,153 inhabitants, and situated on\\na branch of the Exeter River, has a fertile soil, and\\ncontains several large and valuable meadows. Good\\ngraphite is found in considerable quantities, and sulphur\\nimbedded in tremolite. Massabesic Pond, Ij ing partlj-\\nin the town, is the largest bod^ of water in the county,\\nand contains about 1,500 acres. The Indians had a\\nsettlement upon its banks. There are also two caves,\\nsomewhat noted, one on the east side of the pond, and\\nthe other on Rattlesnake Hill.\\nIn October, 1710, about 80 persons from Hampton\\nand Portsmouth associated to obtain a grant in the\\nchestnut country-, and stationed three men to hold\\npossession. After some difficulty- thej- obtained a grant\\nof 10 miles square, thus including a part of Derry, the\\nwhole of Auburn and Raymond, and part of Hooksett.\\nA settlement was immediately commenced bj- several\\npersons from Rajmond and Hampden, the most promi-\\nnent of whom were Samuel Ingalls, Jonathan Goodhue,\\nEbenezer Dearborn, Robert Smith, B. and E. Colby,\\nand John and S. Robie. For a time Love well s war\\nwith the Indians retarded the growth of the place.\\nThey, however, committed no depredations, save that\\nthey seized and bound Thomas Smith and John Carr,\\nand carried them thirty miles but thc3 escaped while\\nthe Indians slept. May 8, 1782, the town was chartered\\nwith its present name.\\nA meeting-house was erected in 1720, and Rev. Moses\\nHale was settled the next year. The same year the first\\ncomers settled Rev. John AVilson, a Presb^ terian, and\\nerected a meeting-house in 1738. Thej now resisted all\\nattempts to install a Congregational minister, and after\\none was finally settled, Ihcy refused to pay taxes for his\\nsupport, and James Campbell and John Tolford were\\nlodged in Exeter jail for the refusal. After a long law-\\nsuit a decision was given in their favor. The place con-\\ntains two other churches and an academy.\\nNoTTiXGHAM, in the northern part of the county, has\\na popuLation of 1.130. The centre of the town is an\\neminence, rising 450 feet above sea level, and a few\\nyears sinr-e it was the centre of all the business of the\\ntown, ^.ow the stores, liotels, and all business are to bo\\nfound at the foot of the hill, about one mile north of the\\nsquare. A large part of the town is rock3- and uneven,\\nbut well adapted to pasturage. The Pawtuckaway Moun-\\ntains, on the line between the town and Decrficld, con-\\nsist of three distinct elevations, rising abruptly from\\nnear Round Pond, known as the Upper, Jliddle and\\nLower mountains. A dike of greenstone trap crosses\\nthe latter, and divides it into two nearly- equal parts.\\nThis dike is columnar, and inclines at an angle of about\\n45 degrees, while on the east it forms a flight of stone\\nsteps, each about nine inches high, called The Stairs.\\nNear the centre of the town is a large ledge of white\\ngranular quartz.\\nNottingham was incorporated Ma}- 10, 1722, and set-\\ntled in 1727, by Capt. Joseph Cilley and others. A\\nCongregational church was formed in 1742. Gen. Joseph\\nCillej commanded the first New Hampshire regiment in\\nthe Revolution, and was distinguished for his bravery\\nand patriotism. Hon. Thomas Bartlett was one of the\\nCommittee of Safetj lieutenant-colonel under Stark at the\\ncapture of Burgoyne and commanded a regiment when\\nArnold betrayed West Point in 1 780. Gen. Henry But-\\nler was an officer of the Revolution, and major-general of\\nthe State militia.\\nRaymond, south of Nottingham, has a population of\\n1,121. In the north part of the town is a cave, in a\\nledge, near the summit of a hill about 100 feet high,\\ncalled from its appearance, The Oven.\\nRaymond was originally a part of Chester, and called\\nCharming Faro, but was made a town May 9, 17G5.\\nA Congregational church was organized about 1800, and\\nthere are two other churches. Hon. John Dudley, who\\ndied Maj- 21, 1805, was a distinguished Revolutionary\\npatriot, a member of the Committee of Safety, speaker\\nof the House, and judge of the Superior Court.\\nKingston, in the southern jiart of the countj has a\\npopulation of 1,054.\\nLieut. Gov. Usher granted the charter of this town\\nAug. 6, 1G04, to James Prescott, Ebenezer Webster and\\nothers, from Hampton, and it included East Kingston,\\nDanville and Sandown. The proprietors at once erected\\ngarrisons and began to cultivate the lands, but were very\\nmuch anno3ed by Indians. In 1707 Stephen and Joseph\\nOilman were seized near Exeter, but escaped. In 1702\\nEbenezer Stevens was wounded, and Stephen Gilman\\nkilled; and in September, 1724, Jabez Colman and son\\nwere killed while at work in the fiehl, and four children\\ncaptured. One of them escaped at the time, and the\\nrest were afterwards redeemed.\\nThe Congregational society was formed about 1725,\\nand Rev. Ward Clark was the first minister. The town", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0706.jp2"}, "691": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nnow contains two churches, several carriage factories,\\nand a tannery. Kingston Academj- is a flourishing\\nschool, with a fine edifice. Hon. Josiah Bartlett was a\\nplij-sician who distinguished himself during the ravages\\nof the throat distemper he was also prominent in the\\nRevolution, first president of the State, and first gov-\\nernor under its free constitution.\\nRye, extending along the seacoast for six miles, has a\\npopulation of 993. There is a small harbor near Goss s\\nmill. Fishing is carried on to some extent. About a\\nquarter of a mile from the meeting-house is a granite\\nquarry. There are three beaches, which have become\\nfamous for summer resort, Wallis s, Sandy and Jenncss s.\\nThere are five hotels open to visitors during the summer\\nmonths.\\nThe town was settled in 1635, and incorporated in\\n1719, and the Congregational church was organized July\\n20, 1726. There are two other religious societies in the\\nplace. When first settled the inhabitants suffered much\\nfrom Indians. Breakfast Hill, in the west part of the\\ntown, takes its name because during the Indian invasion\\nof 1696, the savages, after fishing at the shore, stopped\\nhere for their morning meal, and were sui-prised and cap-\\ntured by a part}^ of rangers. Two years before, John\\nLocke was killed while reaping grain. At Sandy Beach,\\nin the same year, 21 persons were killed or captured.\\nDuring the French war 14 persons lost their lives, and\\n38 persons during the Revolution.\\nThe remaining towns of the county are: Hamp-\\nSTEAD, granted by Gov. Benning Wentworth, in 1749,\\npopulation 935 Brentwood, incorporated in 1742, pop-\\nulation 895, a manufacturing town of considerable impor-\\ntance Plaistow (1749, 847), whore considerable quan-\\ntities of brick are manufactured Newton, settled in\\n1720, population 856, where was organized the first\\nBaptist church in the State Auburn, incorporated in\\n1845, population 815, with its famous cavern called the\\nDevil s Den South Newmarket (1849, 808), hav-\\ning an iron-foundrj and machine works Stuatham\\n(1716, 769), a famous fruit-growing place: Windham\\n(1739, 753), with its woollen-mill and mattress factorj-\\nNorth Hampton (1742, 723), the birth-place of Maj.\\nGen. Henry Dearborn: Greenland (1703, 695), with\\nits productive gardens and orchards Hampton Falls\\n(1712, 697), formerly a part of Hampton New Castle\\n(1C93, 667), a rocky island in Portsmouth harbor, the\\nsite of Fort Constitution, and the native town of Hon.\\nTheodore Atkinson, for many j-ears chief justice of the\\nProvince: Kensington (1737, 642), originall}- belonging\\nto the town of Hampton: East Kingston (1738, 553)\\nDanville, incorporated under the name of Roake, in\\n1760, and receiving its present name in 1836, population\\n496 Fremont, incorporated in 1764, and called Poplin\\nuntil 1854, population 587: Sandown (1756, 496), con-\\ntaining Phillips Pond, the source of Exeter River At-\\nkinson (1767, 488), named in honor of Theodore Atkin-\\nson, for many years secretaiy of State, the site of one\\nof the oldest academies in New Hampshire South\\nHampton (1742, 448), with its Barnard free school:\\nNewington (1764, 414), connected with Goat Island by\\nPiscataqua Bridge, erected in 1793, at a cost of $65,461\\nand GospoRT, on one of the Isles of Shoals, formerly a\\nfamous fishing town, and now a favorite resort for sum-\\nmer recreation.\\nSTRAFFORD COUNTY.\\nBY WILLIAM E. GRAVES, ESQ.\\nLike the Swiss cantons, nearly all the counties in the\\nSwitzerland of America are noted for irregularity of\\nshape. Strafford, with its strange outline, is certainly- no\\nexception tc the rule. If not the oldest county in the\\nState, no other can claim seniority of age, its act of\\nincorporation bearing date March 19, 1771, when the first\\nfive counties formed in New Hampshire were created by\\na colonial legislature.\\nBy common consent John Wentworth then the pop-\\nular provincial governor of the State was accorded\\nthe privilege of naming these counties. Prompted, per-\\nhaps, by feelings similar to those which led him later to\\nname a new town in honor of his wife, whose maiden\\nname was Frances Deering, the royal governor, it is\\nsaid, called the counties after his friends, Augus-\\ntus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton; the Eari of Hills-\\nborough, of the privy council of George III. Charles\\nWatson Wentworth, Marquis of Rockingham, and Wil-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0707.jp2"}, "692": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nliam Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, being thus specialty\\nhonored.\\nTo this large count} of Strafford, reaching the vicinity\\nof the White Mountains, Conway was annexed in 1778.\\nFrom the summit of its loftiest elevation could be seen\\nbroad masses of luxuriant vegetation, suiTounding large\\nlakes and wide-spreading ponds hills, valleys and moun-\\ntain streams, with dense forests hanging around the base\\nand creeping up the sides of lofty mountains, or stretch-\\ning miles awaj- as far the eye could reach. The oak,\\nmaple and walnut the beech, fir and hemlock, and the\\ntall, stately pine,* flourished on their native hills, while\\nin the plains and the valleys grew the graceful elm the\\nash, birch and cherry the poplar and the locust, or the\\ngay sumach, with its red-clustered berries covered with a\\ncrimson down.\\nFew lands surpassed Strafford in the wild beautj of its\\nscenery.\\nRich in botanical specimens, almost every indigenous\\nplant grew here in wild profusion. The red man knew\\ntheir various virtues, as did the Winnecowetts and\\nNewichawannocks, who had their homes in Strafford\\nCount} before the white man trod the soil. The Great\\nSpirit, it was said, had taught these things to the\\nIndians, whose moccasined feet crushed the wild blue sage\\nof the wilderness, or softly pressed the vervain growing\\nin grassy fields. There were the green flowers of the\\nsweet fern the golden-colored tansj the white-flower-\\ning boneset, and the mountain cranberry, with its creep-\\ning, shrubby, evergreen leaves, growing in thick beds on\\ndry sandy ridges sloping gracefullj- away to the valleys.\\nThere were acres of grassy plains dotted with daisies,\\nand valleys through which many a sparkling brook ran\\nmurmuring over the rocks and pebbles resting on its\\ngravelly bed mountain rivulets, whose clear waters\\nwere pleasant to the taste and ponds, upon whose reedy\\nshores grew the gaud} yellow tiger-lily and the delicate\\nfleur-de-lis island-studded lakes, lovely as a poet s\\ndream beautiful bays and inlets, where low lands, bear-\\ning tlie solitary flower of the wake-robin and the purple\\nqueen-of-the-meadow, were flanked b} dark-green moun-\\ntain forests and, beyond all, were ridges of a bolder\\naspect and a loftier height picturesque rocks, looking\\nin the distance like cathedral towers, behind which rose\\nthe lofty summit of the Crystal Hills, whose shining\\ntops glittered in the- sunlight, or were lost in the clouds.\\nMention is made of a white pine gi-owing here to tlie height of 200\\nfeet. The broad arrow which niarlied them for the English navy,\\nwas, not infrequently, found on trees of the largest size in early\\ncolonial times, not only in New Hampshire, but in the neighboring\\nforests of Maine.\\nBut this beautiful wilderness was the red man s home.\\nTo his wild fancy, fleecj clouds floating in the calm blue\\nsky seemed like heavenly realms. The bright stars and\\nthe silver moon the summer sunshine and the solemn\\nsilence of the woods the moaning winds and the driving\\nstorm, were his teachers and the smile of the Great\\nSpirit was in the glassy lake over whose still bosom the\\nunlettered Indian softlj paddled his bircli canoe. Yet all\\nthis was to pass away. It was enough that his lands\\nwere wanted by a stronger race of people, whose love of\\nfame and the profits of discover} led them to plant a col-\\nony in the land of their dreams, where the valleys\\nwere veined with silver, and the sands sparkled with\\ngold.\\nIt was as early as the j ear 1598 that European vessels\\nvisited the shores of New Hampshire. No important\\ndiscoveries, however, were made of the bays and rivers\\nuntil the spring of 1G03, when Capt. Martin Pring sailed\\nfor three or four leagues up a river which he called Pis-\\ncataqua {pi scatus, fish, aqiut, water), from the abundance\\noffish found. The first settlement made b} the English\\nin any part of the State occurred at or near Dover, in\\n1623, only three years after the landing of the Pilgrims\\nat Plj mouth.\\nIn the west of England, during the summer of 1622,\\nseveral merchants and men of wealth, two at least of\\nwhom had been governors, and one a captain in the royal\\nnav} formed a partnership which they called The\\nCompany of Laconia. These men, having heard the\\nromantic tales told by a few ignorant natives from the\\nNew World, had conceived extravagant ideas of\\nimmediate wealth, waiting only for development in a wild,\\nmountainous region of the western continent called La-\\nconia, believed to be full of precious metals concealed in\\nmines. By colonizing the country they could work these\\nmines, grant lands subject to quit-rents and feudal ten-\\nures, establish a fanciful system of lordships, and live\\nlike princes of the realm.\\nThe scheme throughout was impracticable. No schools\\nwere instituted, no form of government adopted, and\\nagriculture was entirety neglected. Of the original pro-\\nprietors, many of whom embarked their whole property\\nin the purchase of these American possessions, one\\nafterwards became president, and the other secretary of\\nthe famous English Council of Ptymouth, a body of\\nmen, who, during the 15 j ears of their official existence,\\nseem to have done all in their power to perplex the Col-\\nonies of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, and many\\nworthy persons in the mother country, by continually\\nconferring on various people interfering parcels of land.\\nNeither of these two wealthy English proprietors lived to", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0708.jp2"}, "693": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nsee success but the}- transmitted to their heirs a succes-\\nsion of lawsuits, crushed hopes and mortifications.\\nEarly in the 3-ear following, they set to work to people\\nthe vast region they had bought in New Hampshire,\\nas one of them called it from his old Harapshire home in\\nEngland. They had hard work to hire any to reside iu\\nthe eountrj- thej claimed, and to face and endure the dis-\\ntresses of an American wilderness three thousand miles\\nfrom home. However, money, tools and provisions were\\nsupplied in abundance and, thus equipped, tliej sent\\nout a small company of London fishmongers, among\\nwhom were the brothers, Edward and William Hilton, to\\nplant a colon} which, b} establishing fisheries, might be\\nself-supporting. On a neck of land which the Indians\\ncalled Winnichahannat, they landed, and laid the founda-\\ntion of one of the most beautiful cities in the State. The\\nsettlement was at first called Northam finally, Dover.\\nEor man} years it was familiarly known as Hilton Head,\\nor Hilton s Point. Not unlike many of the first settlers\\nof New England, they purchased the soil of its rightful\\nowners the Indians as far north as Little John s\\nCreek, giving in pa}ment a barrel of rum The simple\\nnatives, it is said, received with friendship those whom it\\nwould have been easy to exterminate and the party of\\nemigrants hastily erected salt-works and one rude house.\\nFive years later, in 1628, we are told, the colonists\\nwere surprised to meet Indians in the woods of Dover,\\nI hunting with firearms. The sale of these had been for-\\nj bidden, and such a violation of the law had not even been\\nsuspected. The colonists soon learned, however, that\\nthe Indians had purchased their guns and ammunition of\\na trader at Weymouth, in the Massachusetts Colony.\\nThe oflTender was at once seized and sent a prisoner to\\niMigland. But the Indians had already learned with fatal\\nskill the use of firearms. Charmed with an instrument of\\ndestruction so potent, when compared with the bow and\\narrow, the colonists rued to the latest day the dire conse-\\nquences of the traffic at Weymouth.\\nI In 1631 Capt. Thomas Wiggen was sent over by\\nI the company of Laconia, to look after their interests\\naround Dover, and with him came a few emigrants to\\nrecruit the Colony, which was in need both of men and\\nmoney. Two }ears later, a number of families came\\nfrom the west of England to join the people of Dover,\\nand brought with them the Rev. William Leveridge, who\\nis mentioned as a pious Puritan, and the first min-\\nister who preached the gospel in New Hampshire. This\\nsecond company of emigrants included some men of\\nproperty, and others rehgiously inclined. Their\\nprincipal object, however, was trade, and they commenced\\nto build a town by tlividing the land on Dover Neck into\\nsmall lots, and building a meeting-house. It was, prob-\\nably, but a year or two from the time of this minister s\\narrival, that the first church was built. They selected a\\nbeautiful eminence commanding a view of the rivers on\\nits borders stretching their arms in ever} direction, and\\nof the placid Piscataqua on its way to the sea, where\\none could stand and watch the busy settlers down by the\\nbeach, or catch a gUmpse of some staid matron, pail in\\nhand, on her way to the spring.* Here they built their\\nfirst house of worship, and surrounded it with entrench-\\nments and bastions. t\\nWith no efficient government, either civil or ecclesiasti-\\ncal, it is not surprising that the people of Dover experi-\\nenced a variety of troubles. Finally, for want of sup-\\nport, Mr. Leveridge was obliged to leave the place. He\\nretired south into Massachusetts, and found a home in\\nPlymouth Colony.\\nYears passed on. Around the colonists was a repul-\\nsive wilderness, in which they had scarcely gained a foot-\\nhold. Instead of subduing forests and cultivating the\\nsoil, they had searched for mines, contenting themselves\\nwith the uncertain and meagre profits of Indian trade,\\nthe fisheries and salt-making. Before them was priva-\\ntion, and the prospect of struggling forever with pov-\\nert} sickness and the undying hostility of the Indians.\\nThe same cold wilderness still stretched before their\\neyes. The river, broad and deep, rolled on, reflecting\\nonly the wildwoods that had intermingled their branches,\\nand cast the shadow of ages over the waters. The same\\nsoil, rugged, but strong and productive, yet waited for\\nthe hand of industry, and refused to yield to anything\\nbut to patient toil. It could not give what it did not\\npossess. It furnished wood and iron in abundance. But\\nsilver nor gold would it reveal. J; After ten years the\\nEnglish proprietors began to feel the Colony a burden,\\nand most of them abandoned it to its fate.\\nThese scenes, so intimately connected witn the early\\nhistory of the State, took place in territory now known\\nas Straflferd County. The town of Dover, in those days,\\nincluded, in addition to its present limits, Madbury,\\nDurham, Lee, Somcrsworth, Rollinsford, and a part of\\nNewington. Excepting the Society of Friends, whom\\nthe magistrates, by cruel penalties, drove from Dover as\\nvagabond Quakers, in 16G2, the Congregationalists\\nseem to have been the oldest rehgious organization in the\\nplace. The church with which it was united in the sup-\\nHall s Spring, where the lirst settlers obtaliicJ their water, is pointed\\nout at the present day.\\nt Remains of the intrenchnients and bastions still mark the place\\nwhere the old meeting-house stood on Dover Neck.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0709.jp2"}, "694": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nport of public worship, was organized in 1638, about 15\\n3-ears after the first settlement of the town. According\\nto the usage of many churches at that time, it elected as\\nofficers a pastor, ruling ciders and deacons. No record\\nis found of ruling elders in the church here later than\\n1 6G2. At that time there were three, Elders Nutter,\\nStarbuck and Wentworth. Elder Wentworth preached\\noccasionallj-, and was ancestor to the several New Hamp-\\nshire governors of that name.*\\nIn 1C41 Dover was taken under the jurisdiction of\\nMassachusetts, whose General Court, to settle long-\\nexisting church troubles in the former place, appointed\\nDaniel Maud, its minister, in 1642. Soon after his\\ndeath, at the close of a successful ministerial service,\\ncontinuing 13 jears, the Rev. John Raj-ner, who came\\nfrom England, where he had served 18 j-ears as pastor of\\na church at Pl3-mouth, became his successor. He con-\\ntinued at Dover to the last, dying in 1669. His son.\\nRev. John Rayner, Jr., a Harvard graduate, succeeded\\nhim, and was ordained in 1671. The next pastor of the\\nchurch was Rev. John Pike,t who died in 1710. The\\nfollowing year witnessed the settlement of Rev. Nicholas\\nSever, who withdrew in 1715, on account of an impedi-\\nment in his speech. He died in 1764. The Rev. Jona-\\nthan Gushing became pastor in 1717, and for a period of\\n47 j-ears continued to discharge the duties of his minis-\\nterial office. He retired in 1764, and died in 1769.\\nThe Rev. Jeremy Belknap, D. D., the celebrated his-\\ntorian of New Plampshire, was ordained colleague with\\nMr. Gushing in February, 1767. After a ministry of 19\\nI years he removed to Boston, where he was settled in the\\nI following 3-ear. He died in that city June 20, 1798, at\\nthe age of 54. Rev. Robert Gray succeeded Dr. Bel-\\nknap at Dover, and removed from the town in 1805. Two\\nI years later. Rev. Galeb H. Sherman was ordained,\\nremaining until 1812, when Rev. Joseph W. Clary\\nassumed pastoral relations with the church. The Metho-\\ndist society in Dover was incorporated in 1819 and, at\\none time, the Societj of Friends, established here at an\\nearly period, comprised about one-third of the population.\\nPerhaps the most prominent of the early settlers of\\nDover was Maj. Waldron, who, in 1640, built a saw-mill,\\nand, soon after, a grist-mill at Cocheco Lower Falls.\\nFor years Waldron s was the frontier house and trading-\\nIt may possibly be a matter of some little local pride, that the teni-\\ntory now known as Strafford County furnished for the State three gov-\\nernors bearing the name of Wentivorth, father, son and nephew,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nall of whom were bom within its l)orders. To the last of these Strafford\\nCounty is indebted for its name. He was the ablest of the Wentworths.\\nNotwithstanding his English proclivities, he was widely esteemed for\\nhis affable manners, his love of agriculture, and his administrative\\nability. Favoring the cause of the mother county at the breaking out of\\npost for the people, whose principal occupations were cut-\\nting and exi^orting masts, planks, boards and staves, in\\naddition to the fishing. At Dover Neck the descendants\\nof Job Clements still retain the sword worn by him as\\none of the councillors of Edward Cranfield, the English-\\nappointed lieutenant-governor and commander-in-chief of\\nNew Hampshire in 1682.\\nVery few settlements suffered more from Indian depre-\\ndations than Dover. During the summer and winter of\\n1675, the people were obliged to abandon the pursuit of\\nbusiness, and take the gun in defence of their families\\nand their homes. Sentries were stationed on roofs, and\\nthe principal houses were intrenched. It was in 1676\\nthat Maj. Waldron committed a deed that, 13 years after,\\ncost him his life. In pursuit of savages, after the death\\nof Philip, two companies of soldiers from the south,\\nunder command of Gapts. Syll and Hawthorne, came to\\nCocheco, where the^ met about 400 Indians of different\\ntribes assembled at the house of Maj. Waldron, with\\nwhom they had just formed a treaty- of peace. Syll and\\nhis colleague were determined to attack them, but were\\nprevented by Waldron, who proposed to take them by\\nstratagem. The plan succeeded. Two hundred of the\\nmost friendly Indians were released seven or eight, who\\nwere known to have murdered white people, were hanged,\\nand the remainder were t.iken to Boston, from whence, it\\nis said, they were sold into slaver}-. A peace was\\ndeclared in 1677.\\nFor twelve years the people of Dover had livt d in\\ncomparative peace with the Indians, who, true to their\\nnatural temperament, rarel}- forgive a wrong. Though\\ntroubles of a lesser form beset the communitj it increased\\nin population and power. Even the poorer people were\\nprospering, and the frugal and industrious were growing\\nwealth} The Indians came and went at i)Ieasure,\\ntrading with the whites, or seeking food and shelter.\\nBut the seizure of the 400, thirteen years before, still\\nrankled in their breasts. Those who had been released\\nremembered the breach of hospitality, while many of\\nthose who were sold into slaver}- had found the way\\nback to their native wigwams, only to stir up a spirit of\\nvengeance against the whites.\\nIn the forenoon of June 27, 1689, the Indians were\\nobserved to be gathering in unusual numbers. Many an un-\\nthe Revolution, he was obliged to retire, and embarked for Nova Scotia,\\nwhere he was governor for several years. He was honored with the\\ndegree of LL. D. from the Universities of Oxford and Aberdeen, and\\nfrom Dartmouth College. He was made a baronet before he left New\\nHampshu-e. He died at Halifax April 8, 1820, aged 84.\\nt Rev. John Pike was the father of Nicholas Pike, who graduated at\\nHarvard College in 1766, and was afterward author of a popular school-\\nbook known as Pike s Arithmetic.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0710.jp2"}, "695": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nknown face was seen among them, and as the afternoon\\nwore apace, the number seemed to multipl3 Some of\\nthe people were suspicious, and suggested to Waldron\\nthat the Indians meditated mischief. In a laughing man-\\nner he replied, Go, plant your pumpkins, and I will\\ntell j-ou when the Indians will break out A young\\nman told him during the evening that the town was full\\nof Indians. He answered, I know the Indians well\\nenough, and there is no danger. Some squaws had\\nthrown out dark hints a short time previous, but they\\nwere not heeded. Mesandowit, while supping at the\\nWaldron house, said: Brother Waldi on, what would\\nyou do if the strange Indians should come? I could\\nassemble a hundred men b}- lifting m3 finger, the major\\ncarelessly replied.\\nThere were five garrisoned houses about Cocheco viz.,\\nWaldron s. which stood near the present corner of Second\\nand Franklin streets Heard s and Otis s, on the north\\nside of the river; Peter ColHn s house, and another\\nbelonging to his son, on the south side. In the course\\nof the evening, two squaws called at each of the five\\nhouses, begging permission to spend the night by the fire,\\nas was fi equentlj the custom, and they were admitted to\\nall except the j ounger Coffin s. Near the midnight hour,\\nwhen everything was still, save the hoot of the owl, or\\nthe roar of the falls, the squaws carefully opened the\\ndoors of the diflferent houses, and gave one prolonged\\nwhistle. Ere its last echoes had died away, the Indians\\nsprang from their hiding-places, and began the attack.\\nAfter placing a guard at the door of the Waldron house,\\nthej^ pushed their way to the major s apartment. Although\\n78 years of age, he seized his sword and vigorously\\ndefended himself until stunned by a blow from behind.\\nThey dragged him to the hall, placed him in a chair, and\\ndancing around him, cried, Who shall juilge Indians\\nnow? After compelling his familj- to spread the table\\nwith eatab es, each of the savages successively cut him\\nacross the breast, exclaiming, I cross out m^ account\\nand then cut off his nose and ears, placed them in his\\nmouth, and at last despatched him with his own sword.\\nOtis was killed, and his family captured, as was also\\nthe Waldron family. Both houses were burned. Heard s\\ngarrison was saved by the barking of a dog, and the\\npresence of mind of Elder Wentworth of RoUinsford, who\\nhappened, that night, to be on a visit at the house.\\nCoffin s house was entered but, bearing him no malice,\\nthey only searched the rooms for valuables. The younger\\nCoffin refused to surrender but they brought his parents,\\nand threatened to kill them before his face, when parental\\naffection conquered, and he opened the door. Both of\\nthe Coffin families were taken prisoners, but escaped\\nbefore morning. Mrs. Heard, her three sons, and a\\ndaughter, with others, were returning from Portsmouth\\nat the time of the attack. Hearing the noise, the3 all\\nescaped but Mrs. Heard, who, weak from fright, crawled\\nto the nearest bush, where she remained until morning.\\nTowards daj-light, an Indian came and looked at her\\nseveral times, and after gazing at her, retired. At last\\nshe recognized in him an Indian whom she had con-\\ncealed thirteen years before, when the 400 were captured.\\nAt that time he declared that he would never harm her,\\nnor her family, in an} future war.\\nTwentj -three people were slain, and 29 taken prison-\\ners. Both of the mills and six houses were destroj ed.\\nNews of the intended attack had reached Boston some-\\ntime before, and a messenger had been despatched to in-\\nform the people of Cocheco of the impending danger.\\nUnfortunately he was detained at Newbury, and arrived\\n24 hours too late.\\nA long and wearisome Indian war followed, in which\\nDover was a continual sulTerer. On Sunday, July 26,\\n1693, the people living about Cocheco were attacked while\\nreturning from church at the Neck. Three were killed,\\nthree wounded, and three taken prisoners. Peace was\\ndeclared in 1699.\\nTwo meeting-houses had been built on the Neck,\\nthe first in 1638, the other in 1653. In 1665, it was\\nordered that mr. Petter Coffin should be Impowered\\nbj this meiLting to A Gree with some workmen to Build\\na Terrett upon this meitting house for to hang the Bell\\nwich wee have bought of Capt. Walldren. Business for\\na number of ears having centred about Cocheco, a\\nvote was taken to build a meeting-house on Pine Hill.\\nNicholas Sever was pastor at that time, and the inhabi-\\ntants of this frontier town enjoyed a season of peace.\\nAnother contest with the savages commenced in 1723,\\nwhen Joseph Ham was killed, and three of his children\\nwere captured. Not long after the Indians kille 1\\nTristram Heard. Nor did they spare the Quakers, who\\nwere quite numerous in Dover. One of these, John\\nHanson, who lived in Knox Marsh, half a mile west of\\nthe present Fair grounds, was away with his eldest\\ndaughter, attending a weekly meeting. The Indians at-\\ntacked his house, killed and scalped two small children, i\\ncaptured his wife with her infant fourteen days old, her\\nnurse, two daughters, and a son, and carried them to j\\nCanada. The following summer Hanson redeemed his\\nwife, three younger children, the nurse, and Ebenezer\\nDowns, another Quaker taken about the same time.\\nThe eldest daughter, seventeen years of age, had married\\nJohn Siberoix, a Frenchman, and refused to return.\\nSeveral months afterward, the same Indians that had", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0711.jp2"}, "696": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nborne awaj- the Hanson family returned, intending to\\ncapture them again. Being discovered, their plan was\\nfrustrated.\\nFrom the close of the Indian wars to the Revolution,\\nnothing peculiar marlvs tlie historv of Dover. Durham\\n(including Lee) was taken from the town, receiving its\\nact of incorporation in 1732. The inhabitants of Dur-\\nham had petitioned to be set off as a separate town in\\n1669. About twelve j-ears after the Hiltons settlement\\nat Dover Point, a number of families found their way\\nup a branch of the Piscataqua, and settled on what is\\nnow called Durham Point, at the mouth of Oyster River\\n(so called from the excellent oysters found in its waters)\\nThe place was included in the limits of Dover, and called\\nOj-ster River settlement. The names of Mathews, (or\\nMathes) Williams, Goddard, and Smart, are mentioned\\nas among the first settlers.*\\nIn 1649, Valentine Smith, a merchant from Boston,\\nand Thomas Beard, obtained a grant of the falls on\\nOyster River (now the site of Durham Village), and\\nerected a saw-mill. In a few years, the Falls had mono-\\npolized the business of the vicinitj Durham, being a\\nfrontier settlement, also suffered much from the incur-\\nsions of the Indians, but was not molested to any con-\\nI siderable extent until 1C94, during the French and\\nIndian War, when the settlement at the Falls was sur-\\nprised by about 200 Indians from the Norridgewock tribe\\nof Maine, and the Pennacooks of Amoskeag Falls and\\nvicinity. Twelve garrison-houses defended the settle-\\nment but for many j-ears the people had grown care-\\nless, passing the nights in their unprotected dwellings,\\nI while those in the garrison-houses had but little ammu-\\nnition.\\nI The day was just beginning to dawn on the morning\\nof July 18, 1694, when an Indian discharged his musket\\nin the air. At the signal a host of savages rushed from\\ntheir hiding-places, and commenced a general attack on\\nthe place. Of the twelve garrison-houses, those be-\\nlonging to Adams, Drew, Edgerly, Meeder and Beard\\nI were destroj-ed. Fourteen persons were killed in the\\nhouse of Adams. Drew surrendered on the promise of\\nj There arc in Durham several farms that have remained in the same\\nfamily, without change of name, since their first occupation by white\\npeople, for six or seven generations, during a period of more than two\\nhundred years. Such is the Woodman place, owned by Prof. Wood-\\nman of Dartmouth College. The lands of Bumham, Bunker, Mathews,\\nand others, have come down in smiilar succession also the Smith place,\\nowned by Joseph Smith, who bears in full the name of the original\\nt It was customary in those days for persons living back in the settle-\\nment, to collect on the Sabbalh, and, fur protection, proceed in a body\\nto church. Thomas Chesley, a young man living in Durham, was be-\\ntrothed to a Miss Randall living in what is now Lee. As people were\\nhis life, but was afterwards killed. The remaining three\\nhouses were abandoned, their occupants escaping to the\\nwoods. Other garrisons were preserved by the vigorous\\nefforts of the inmates. Bickford s house being situated\\nnear the river, he sent his family off in a boat before it\\nwas attacked. Retiring to his house he defended it by\\nkeeping up a continual fire upon the enem^ changing\\nsome portion of his garments every time, and giving\\norders in a loud voice, as if a number of men were there.\\nThe defenceless houses were all set on fire, some of their\\noccupants escaping to the woods, while others were shot\\nin the attempt. The wife and child of John Drew were\\ntaken two miles up the river, and left in the care of an\\nIndian. Feeling suddenly sick, he asked Mrs. Drew\\nwhat was good for him. She replied, \u00e2\u0096\u00a0Occapee (rum).\\nNot disliking the remedy, he drew forth a bottle which\\nhe had stolen, took about half its contents at a dose, and\\nsoon fell asleep. Mrs. Drew and her child, of course,\\nescaped. Thomas Drew and his wife, a recently wedded\\ncouple, were taken prisoners. He was carried to Can-\\nada she to an Indian village at Norridgewock, in Maine.\\nFour 3 ears after, the}- returned and lived together until\\nshe was 89 and he 90 j-ears of age. After her captivity\\nshe was tlie mother of 14 children\\nThe good people of Oj-ster River settlement, after a\\nlong struggle with those of Dover, obtained a meeting-\\nhouse of their own in 1651, agreeing to pay a minister\\nan annual salary of $250. Previously, through mud and\\nsnow, over hill and stream, unless prevented bj sick-\\nness, they had been obliged to attend meeting at Dover\\nNeck. Men, women, and children, would gather on the\\nSabbath, and through the crooked, intricate paths, find\\ntheir way to the little meeting-house on the hill, t\\nThe first minister that preached in Durham, Rev. Mr.\\nFletcher, left in 1656, after remaining in the town a j-ear\\nand a Rev. Mr. Hall officiated there in 1662-63, con-\\ntinuing but a siiort time. Dissensions in ecclesiastical\\naffairs continued till 1675, about which time John Buss,\\na physician, never ordained as a preacher, com-\\nmenced to minister to the parish as its pastor, and held\\nthe position more than 30 j-ears. His valuable librar}-\\nreturning from meeting, one Sabbath, the old folks on horseback and\\nthe younger ones afoot, Cheslcy and the young lady, lover-like, loit-\\nered behind. As they were talking of their future prospects in life, an\\narrow from the bow of some lurking Indian pierced the neck of the girl,\\nwho fell back a corpse into the arms of her lover. A shout from Cheslcy\\nbrought back the people, who bore the dead girl to the nearest house.\\nAs they entered, some blood fell to the door-stone, and to this day the\\nstone is pointed out, with the blood-marks of two hundred years ago\\nstill visible From that time young Cheslcy swore vengeance against\\nthe Indians, and ended his da3-s fighting them. It is asserted that, at\\none time, meeting twelve of the savages skinning a heifer, he killed\\neleven of them", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0712.jp2"}, "697": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nwas burned hy the. Indians in 1G94. He died in 1736,\\nat the age of 108. In 1718, a Congregational Church\\nwas organized, with Eev. Hugh Adams as its pastor,\\nwho continued 21 years. He was succeeded, in 1741, bj-\\nRev. Nicholas Oilman, of Exeter, who died after seven\\nyears of ministerial service. Rev. John Adams, a\\nnephew of the first Congregational minister, was the\\nthird settled pastor. His ministry continued nearly 30\\n3 ears, and ended in 1778. Rev. Curtis Coe, called to\\noccupy his place, was ordained in 1780. His term of\\noffice occupied a period of 26 years. He was the last\\nminister of Durham supported by a town tax. The next\\npastor, after an interval of eleven years, was Rev.\\nFederal Burt, ordained in 1817. He died in 1828, at the\\nclose of a successful ministry of nearly eleven years.\\nRev. Robert Page occupied the pastorate from 1828 to\\n1831, succeeded by Rev. Alvan Tobey, ordained in 1833.\\nThe Christian Baptists, now called the Church of the\\nDisciples, a successful religious organization in Durham,\\nhave flourished here for 60 or 70 years.\\nFrom 1703 to 1724, the town suffered more or less\\nfrom Indian atrocities.\\nA portion of Durham was incorporated as the town of\\nLee in 1766. Joseph Sias signed the warrant calling\\nthe first town meeting. Miles Randall was chosen mod-\\nerator, and afterwards town clerk. Robert Thompson,\\nEly Clark and Nicholas Dudy, comprised the first board\\nof selectmen. At a meeting held in December, the same\\nyear, it was voted, that Zaccheus Clough inspect into\\nthe affairs of Eev. Mr. Samuel Hutchins. Mr. H. was\\npreaching in the parish when the town was incorporated.\\nHe continued as pastor of the church until about the year\\n1800, when he was succeeded by the Rev. John Osborne,\\nwho, after thirty or more years of service, was followed\\nby the Rev. Israel Chesley. The ministry of the three\\nfilled a century\\nSomething of historic interest to the people of Lee\\nattaches to Wheelwright s Pond, named from the Rev.\\nJohn Wheelwright (founder of Exeter), who was a\\nbrother-in-law of the famous Anne Hutchinson. Some\\ntime in May, 1690, a party of Indians burned several\\nhouses in the vicinity of the pond, killing many persons,\\nand carrying others into captivity. A number of whites,\\nincluding two companies of scouts raised in Exeter,\\nand other places, a few weeks later, surprised the sav-\\nages near this beautiful pond, where a severe engagement\\nfollowed. Three officers and twelve men were killed,\\nbesides a very large number of Indians.\\nTwo years after the incorporation of Lee, a wedge-\\nshaped tract of land called Madbury, taken from Dover\\nand Durham, was incorporated as a town. This oc-\\ncurred in 1768, after an existence of thirteen years as a\\nseparate parish. The famihes of Demeritt, Drew, Em-\\nerson and Davis were among its earlier settlers, the\\nwarrant for the first parish meeting being signed bj\\nSolomon Emerson, who was afterwards chosen moderator,\\nEbenezer Demeritt being appointed town clerk, and John\\nWingate, Paul Gcrrish, and James Davis, selectmen.\\nJohn Demeritt was selected to represent his parish in the\\nGeneral Assemblj- at Exeter, in December, 1776. The\\nRev. Samuel Hyde was the first minister settled in Mad-\\nbury, where he continued as pastor for many years. A\\nmeeting-house erected soon after he came into tlie parish,\\nhas long since been used as a town-house. Although we\\nfind no record of a regular church organization, the Rev.\\nEliphaz Chapman officiated as minister from 1771 until\\n1773, when the Rev. William Hooper, a Baptist preacher,\\nformerly of Berwick, became his successor, and continued\\npreaching for several years. Many of the people attend\\npublic worship, as formerly, in Dover and adjacent\\ntowns and there are a number of Friends in Madbur}-\\nthat belong to the church in Dover. Mahorrimet s Hill\\n(now Hick s Hill) named from an old Indian chieftain,\\nwho made the spot his home, recalls to mind the original\\noccupants of the place which, not unlike the neigh-\\nboring towns, suffered severely during the Indian\\nwars and when the Revolution broke out, it gave its\\nmite to the country towards gaining independence.\\nThe same patriotic spirit manifested by the people of\\nMadburj was shown by the men of Harrington, who, in\\ntown meeting assembled, Feb. 7, 1774, passed resolu-\\ntions affirming the right of her citizens to liberty, pledg-\\ning themselves to oppose the introduction and use of\\ntea, and all other taxed articles among the people.\\nThe territorj comprising Barrington and Strafford was\\ngranted to the town of Portsmouth, and incorporated as\\nBarrington bj- proclamation of Samuel Shute, governor\\nof the Province of New Hampshire, dated May 10, 1772.\\nIt was divided among the tax-payers of Portsmouth, in\\nproportion to the amount of taxes paid by them as\\nindividuals, on condition that a house of worship and\\n40 dwelling-houses be built within seven j-ears,\\nthe dwelling-houses to be surrounded by at least three\\nacres of cleared land, to be occupied b} families of actual\\nsettlers. Among the earliest of these were the Gate\\nfamily, who built the garrison-house taken down several\\n3 ears ago, and James Swain, whose dwelling-house is\\nnow standing, said to be the first frame-house built in\\ntown. Many of his descendants are now living.\\nThe first annual meeting of the proprietors was held\\nin Portsmouth two or three weeks after the act of incor-\\nporation was signed by the governor. Robert Wibert", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0713.jp2"}, "698": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2was moderator, and Clement Hughes, clerk. The first\\nannual meeting held in Barrington was at the house of\\nCapt. William Gate in 1759. Arthur Danielson was\\nmoderator, and Clement Hughes, clerk. The first settled\\nminister was Rev. Joseph Prince, ordained in 1754.\\nHis ministerial labors closed in 1768. His successor,\\nthe Rev. David Tenne}-, settled in 1771, asked and re-\\nceived a dismission in 1778. The Rev. Benjamin Balch,\\nwhose pastorate commenced in 1784, continued till his\\ndeath in 1815.\\nProminent among the active men at the beginning of\\nthe present centur}- were Thomas AV. and Samuel Hale,\\nJohn and David AValdron, and Job Otis.\\nIn 1820, the town of Barrington being inconveniently-\\nlarge, and dissatisfaction arising from other causes, the\\nnortherlj- part was set off and incorporated as the town\\nof Strafford. Its earliest settlers were the families of\\nBerrj Foss, Winkly and Perkins, the names of Berrj\\nand Foss being now borne bj- about one-fourth of its\\nvoters. Elder Micajah Otis was ordained as pastor of\\nthe Freewill Baptist Church in 1799. The society has\\nflourished, and the pulpits of its four churches are sup-\\nplied by four settled pastors. The first minister ordained\\nin Strafford, after its separation from Barrington, was\\nthe Rev. William Sanders, installed in 1822.\\nThe same hand that approved the act creating Bar-\\nrington, also signed the charter incorporating Rochester,\\non the same day. May 10, 1722. One of the oldest\\ntowns in the State, the main road to Dover, now as\\nthen, passes over Rochester Hill, where the early settlers\\nmade their homes. The name given to the town is sup-\\nposed to be in honor of the Earl of Rochester, Lord\\nTreasurer of England. Fragments of the original charter\\nbearing the Provincial seal and the signature of the\\nBritish governor, Samuel Shute, are still preserved in\\nthe town clerk s ofHce. The early settlement of Rochester\\nwas delayed by the Indian wars. Capt. Timothy Roberts,\\nto whom the honor of being the first permanent settlei\\nhas usually been given, moved his family within the\\nlimits of the new township, and settled near the line of\\nDover. He was soon followed by Eleazer Ham, and\\nothers, mostly from Dover. In 1737, there were 60 fami-\\nlies in the town, and in 1744 nearly one hundred and fifty.\\nThis edifice is the present house of worship of the Congregational\\nsociety, which received its act of incorporation in 1823. It has h.ad 12\\nsettled pastors, one of whom. Rev. Joseph Haven, was their minister\\nfor nearly 50 years. Three of the pastors died and were buried in\\nRochester.\\nt The three villages in the town arc Rochester village, Gonic and\\nEast Rochester. Rochester village is situated upon an extensive plain,\\nand was formerly called Norway Plains, from the fact that Norway\\npines once covered that whole region. A hundred years ago, the village\\nIn 1746, Joseph Richards, John Wentworth, .Joseph\\nHead, and Gershom Downs were surprised on Rochester\\nHill, by Indians in ambush, and killed, others being\\ntaken prisoners. At this time there were serious thoughts\\nof abandoning the settlement. The cultivation of their\\nlittle farms was carried on at the hazard of their lives.\\nNeighbors assisted each other by working together in\\ncompanies, with armed sentinels continually on the watch.\\nThe number of settlers was constantlj- being reduced by\\nthose who were killed, or captured and carried to Canada.\\nIn 1747, Samuel Drown was wounded in the hip bj the\\nbullet of an Indian sharpshooter. In 1748, the wife of\\nJonathan Hodgdon was killed by the Indians for refusing\\nto go with other captives to Canada.\\nThe first meeting-house was built on Rochester Hill,\\nby the proprietors of the township, in 1731. It was\\nforty feet long, thirty feet wide and eighteen feet\\nstud. By an act of the General Court, in 1737, the\\ninhabitants of the town (no longer the proprietors),\\nwere authorized to raise by taxation money to support\\nthe ministry. Rev. Amos Jlain, a graduate of Harvard\\nCollege, was the first settled minister, a church being\\norganized the same year. Joseph Walker, Elizabeth\\nHam and Mary McFee were the first persons admitted\\nto the church, and Stephen Berry and Joseph Walker\\nwere the first deacons. Rev. Mr. Main^the pastor, died\\nin 1760, and the town as usual in those days paid\\nthe funeral expenses. One item in the bill was $56.25\\nfor rum\\nIn 1780 the town was divided into parishes, corre-\\nsponding nearly to the present towns of Rochester, Farm-\\nington and Milton. The first parish (Rochester) built a\\nnew meeting-house that year, on what is now the com-\\nmon. In 1842 this house was removed to a more central\\nlocation, where it was enlarged and improved.*\\nIn 1781 the Society of Friends built a meeting-house\\nin Rochester on the Dover road, near Judge Dame s.\\nThis building was afterwards taken down, and its materials\\nwere used in building a new meeting-house near Gonic t,\\nfrom which place it has since been removed to its pres-\\nent location. A Friends meeting-house was also built\\nat Meaderborough, some time previous to 1805. In\\n1823 there were 20 families belonging to one meeting, and\\nconsisted of only 18 or 20 dwellings. Gonic is a contraction of the\\nword Squamagonic, the Indian name of the falls near that place.\\nThe word is supposed to mean water from the clay place hill.\\nX Meaderborough road, extending along a ridge of land toward Farm-\\nington, is thickly settled by prosperous and intelligent farmers, many of\\nwhom belong to the Society of Friends. The first settler in that portion\\nof the to^vn was Benjamin Meadcr, who was soon followed by four\\nbrothers. From them and their descendants is derived the name Meader-\\nborough.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0714.jp2"}, "699": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\n1 5 to the other. In 1 838 a collection of books for a\\nFriends library was commenced.\\nThe first Methodist preaching in town occurred in\\nj 1807, at the school-house, on the Rochester Hill road.\\nWarren Bannister and Ebcnezer Blake, of the Tufton-\\nborough circuit, preached once in four weeks, on week\\ndays. In 1825 a meeting-house was built, the corner-\\nstone being laid with imposing Masonic ceremonies. In\\n1826 the society was incorporated. In 1867-G8 the\\npresent beautiful church-edifice was erected at a cost of\\n$20,000. The society is regarded as one of the most\\nflourishing in the conference.\\nIn 17G7 there were in Rochester four slaves: two\\nmale and two female. The last slave died in 1783.\\nIn 1752 Master John Forst kept the first school in\\ntown, and, as the records say, boarded round. Prob-\\nablj- he taught only the indispensable branches, reading\\nand writing, with a very little of arithmetic. Paper was\\nscarce in those days, and most of his scholars used\\nwhite-birch bark as a substitute. The school continued\\n16 weeks and the town paid him $75 for his services, in\\ndepreciated currencj- The schools were very irregular\\nfor some jears after this.\\nDuring the Revolution the town bore its part, sending\\na full company to join the army at Cambridge immedi-\\nately after the Concord figlit. The men were recruited\\nat Stephen Wentworth s tavern the town paying boun-\\nties and supplying lead and blankets. Capt. David\\nPlace commanded a companj of minute-men at Ports-\\nmouth and at Cambridge afterwards, with Capt. John\\nBrewster, commanding companies in the second Conti-\\nnental regiment, which served in the northern armj\\nunder Gen. Sullivan, in 1777. Capt. John McDuffie,\\nalso, commanded a compan}- in the same armj-, taking\\npart in the battles at Saratoga and Stillwater and at\\nTicondcroga.\\nThe first magistrate in the town was John Plumer,\\nai)pointed judge of the court by Gov. Wentworth when\\ntlie count}- was organized. Josiah Main, son of the\\nfirst settled minister, served 33 years as town clerk,\\nhaving accepted the office in 1771, the year in which\\nStrafford County was incorporated. Wild animals were\\nabundant in the early history of the town. Six bears\\nwere killed in 1751. The first mention of a pauper was\\nmade in 1749. After a lawsuit, the town of Somers-\\nworth was held liable for his support.\\nThat part of Strafford County that now bears the\\nname of Somersworth. was settled some time after\\nJiiilfrc Plumer continued in office tlirough .and after tlic Revolution,\\nthe latter part of the time as cUief justice. He lived to be 95 years old,\\nand died in 1815.\\nWaldron began the settlement at Cocheco Lower Falls,\\nprobably about 1670, at or near Humphrey s (now Hus-\\nscy s) Pond. The people gradually pushed farther and\\nfarther into the wilderness. The Heard family- had com-\\nmenced a clearing and built a garrison north-west of\\nVarney s (now Garrison) Hill. Others found their\\nway still farther into the north of Dover, seldom going\\nbeyond two or three miles from a garrison-house, to\\nwhich they could fly in time of peril. About 1675 a\\nfamily settled two miles north of Salmon Falls, on the\\nIndigo Hill road, and tradition sa3 s they built a garrison.\\nDuring the earlier Indian wars, Somersworth experi-\\nenced very little of the desolating effects that befell\\nother more populous neighbors. The Indians roamed\\nthe country in small bands, and on their way to some\\nlarge community, often attacked the lonely farm-houses\\nl^ ing in their track. Many names might be mentioned\\namong those who fell victims to the prowling savages\\nlying in ambush in the marsh between Varney s and\\nOtis s Hill.t\\nCreated a parish in 1729, Somersworth was incorpo-\\nrated as a town in 1754. Before this, it was a part of\\nDover. Its earliest settlers were William Wentworth,\\nJohn Hall and William Stiles, who came here between\\n1650 and 1700. The first meeting-house, built in 1729,\\nwas taken down in 1773, a more commodious edifice\\nhaving been erected the previous year. The steeple of\\nthis building was struck by lightning, in a violent thiui-\\nder-storm at mid-day, Maj- 4, 1779, and in about an\\nhour the house was in ashes. The bell was melted, and\\nfell in a state of fusion. The third meeting-house was\\nerected in 1780. The first minister of Somersworth,\\nRev. James Pike, a Harvard graduate, was ordained in\\n1730, and died in 1792. Rev. Pearson Thurston, a\\ngraduate of Dartmouth College, installed in 1792, re-\\nmoved in 1812, and died at Leominster, Mass., in 1819.\\nThe house in which Mr. Thurston lived was consumed by\\nfire in 1812, together with the church records, communion\\nvessels and a valuable librarj Col. Paul Wentworth\\nby his will bequeathed to the parish in this town the sum\\nof $2,500, the interest of which was to be expended for\\npious and charitable uses. He also gave a silver tankard\\nand cup for the use of the church. He died on St.\\nJohn s day, June 24, 1748.\\nIt was about 1750, that Andrew Home came from\\nDover and purchased land where Great Falls is now\\nlocated. He erected a house near the present site of the\\nBoston and Maine Railro.ad depot; and, shortly after-\\nFrom the summit of Otis s Hill, the highest in Somersworth, may be\\nseen the White Mountains, the steeples of the meeting-houses in Ports-\\nmouth, and the masts of the shipping in the harbor.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0715.jp2"}, "700": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nward, a grist-mill at tlie falls. Tliose wlio had explored\\nthis region, years before, had returned with glowing\\naccounts of the beautiful scenery in that A-icinity, and of\\nthe magnificence of a fall, where the water dashed from\\nledge to ledge down a distance of a hundred feet or\\nmore. It being the largest on the Salmon Falls River,\\nthey termed it the Great Falls. Hence the name of\\none of the most beautiful iUages in New England.\\nFrom the close of the French and Indian wars to the\\nopening of the Revolution, the history- of Somersworth\\nis one of uninteresting progression. From a few scat-\\ntered farms in a wilderness, it had sprang up into a\\npopulous town. The first breath of wind that bore the\\nnews of the tyrannical acts of the mother country to the\\nhills of New Hampshire stirred the blood of this hitherto\\nquiet people. In their little meeting-house,* nearlj- the\\nwhole male population of the town gathered oh the 21st\\nof April, 1775, and voted that twent} men immedi-\\nately- march from the town to meet the enemy. From\\ntheir rendezvous on the training lot, they marched\\nover the winding roads, through Dover, through Dur-\\nham, New Market and Exeter, one and another in\\nthe various towns grasping the musket and joining the\\nranks, until they had swelled to a thousand, and disap-\\npeared in the smoke of the battle. The town furnished\\nmore than 60 men during the war.\\nBefore business began to centre at Great Falls, the\\npeople of Somersworth attended .church at RoUinsford\\nJunction. In 1825 the pioneer preacher of Great Falls,\\nRev. Eleazer Steele, a Methodist divine stationed at\\nDover, preached to a small audience the first sermon ever\\ndelivered in the place.\\nThe territory included in the present limits of Rollins-\\nford was settled as early as 1630, in the vicinity of Sal-\\nmon Falls, by persons sent over from England bj the\\nCompany of Laconia and, in 1634, were built at the\\nfalls saw and grist mills, which were burned several\\njears after.\\nAbout the year 1700, a party of men commenced a\\nrival settlement near RoUinsford Station, and began to\\nclear land and build houses. For manj- years the set-\\ntlers in these parts travelled the rough, circuitous road\\nto Dover Neck, on the Sabbath, until 1713, when a\\nplace of worship was erected at Cocheco Falls, where\\nthe law compelled attendance, a law which was repeat-\\nI edlj- enforced There the people from the remotest part\\nof RoUinsford gathered until 1729, when a church was\\nestablished, a meeting-house built, and this town, includ-\\ning Somersworth, was set off as a separate parish by the\\nname of Somersworth. Three houses of worship were\\nNear the present location of RoUinsford Junction.\\nsuccessively built near the old bui-ying-gronnd, the\\nvillage in its vicinity being, at that time, the centre of\\nbusiness. Among the earlier settlers we find the names\\nof Wentworth, Rollins, Pike, Carr and Wallingford.\\nThe town derives its name from the families of Rollins\\nand Wallingford.\\nThe Indians made savage raids upon the people of\\nthis section in 1675, and at inter\\\\-als, during the years\\nthat followed. In 1690 they destroyed the whole village,\\nand burned the barns, with the horses and cattle in them.\\nCocheco and other neighboring settlements immediatel3\\nraised a large company of men who started in pursuit of\\nthe enemj-. One Thomas Toogood, it is said, joined\\nthis party, and during the fight was taken prisoner bj-\\nan Indian. After inquiring his name, the Indian pro-\\nceeded to prepare strings to secure him. While thus\\nengaged, Toogood snatched his gun, and retreated\\ngradually, keeping his weapon pointed toward the Indian,\\nand threatening to fire if he made any noise that would\\nalarm the Indians on the other side of the stream. The\\nIndian could do nothing but stand and shout after him,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0No-good! No-good! Toogood safely escaped.\\nElder Wentworth, a resident of this town, was at\\nDover the night Maj. Waldron was killed. He was\\nspending the time at the Heard garrison, wliile MrS^\\nHeard and a portion of her family- were gone to Ports-\\nmouth. Wentworth, aroused b} the bark of a dog,\\nclosed the door, and, falling on his back, placed his\\nfeet against it. The Indians fired several shots at the\\ndoor, but failed to hit him. Thus the occupants of the\\nhouse were saved.\\nFrom Dec. 19, 1754, to July 3, 1849, RoUinsford was\\na part of Somersworth.\\nThe founder of the sect of Freewill Baptists,t so\\nnumerous in this county, was Elder Benjamin Ran-\\ndaU, who commenced his labors in New Durham in\\n1780. This town was incorporated in 1762, the tract\\nembracing it having been granted to Ebenezer Smith and\\nothers, 13 years before that date, on condition that 40\\nfamiUes should permanently settle in it within five years\\nfrom the declaration of peace. Another article in the\\nagreement required the erection of a meeting-house, a\\ngrain and a saw mill, within two j-ears also, the support\\nof a preacher. Maj. Thomas Tash made earl} exer-\\ntions in founding the settlement of this town, and built\\nthe two mills at his own expense. With the assistance\\nof Paul March and others, the required number of set-\\nt This denomination was recognized as a distinct sect by an act of the\\nlegislatnie, Dec. 7, 1804.\\nt He served as captain and major dnrinjitbe French and Indian wars,\\nand as colonel during the war of the Revolution.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0716.jp2"}, "701": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\ntiers was obtained lij- a bounty of 50 acres of land to\\neach settler.\\nRev. Nathaniel Porter, a Congregationalist, was or-\\ndained in New Durham in 1775. He removed from the\\ntown about three years before the arrival of Elder Ran-\\ndall,* who, in the house of Elder Joseph Boodey, organ-\\nized the first Freewill Baptist church in America. The\\nhouse is still standing. Elder Nathaniel Berry, who\\ndied in 1865 at the age of 77, had charge of the Free-\\nwill Baptist church in this town nearly 40 years.\\nAmong the distinguished men of the past ma} be\\nmentioned Hon. Henry Wilson, who was born on a farm\\nabout two miles south of Farmington village. This\\ntown, former!} a part of Rochester, was incorporated\\nDec. 1, 1798. At the time of its formation, it had a\\npopulation of 1,000. Tiie population in 1868 was 3, .300.\\nBenjamin, Samuel and Richard Furber were ampng the\\nfirst who settled in this section, together with Samuel\\nJones, Benjamin Chesley and Paul Demeritt. The}\\nselected a spot near Merrill s Corners, where Furber s\\nStore is known as the oldest in town. The first meet-\\ning-house was built on Roberts Hill, about two miles\\nsouth of Farmington village. The first school-house\\nwas built at Merrill s Corners, in the south part of the\\ntown, about 1791. From its superior adaptation to\\nIhrming pursuits, the town is supposed to have derived\\nits name.\\nAnother section of Rochester was taken from it and\\nincorporated as the town of Milton, in 1S02. The town\\nwas first settled in 1775. The first meeting-house was\\nbuilt in 1803. It was really the town bouse, and was\\nopen to all denominations. Its first minister was Rev.\\nJames Walker, a Congregationalist. TJie plan of the\\nniecting-house is on record at the town clerk s office,\\ntogether with the names of early pew-owners, among\\nwhich may be found those of Plumer, Jones, Bury and\\nLord, many of whose descendants ^are now living in\\nMilton. The pews sold at prices ranging from thirty to\\na hundred dollars, the highest-priced pew being bought\\nliy Joseph Plumer, an old and esteemed citizen of those\\ntimes. His descendants still live in the old homestead\\non Plumer s Ridge, where was built the first school-house\\non a site now occupied for the same purpose, in District\\nNo. 1. The first saw and grist mill was built by a Mr.\\nKnox, in 1805, on a site now utilized by the felt works.\\nBetween Milton and New Durham, in the extreme\\nnorthern part of the county, is the small town of Mid-\\ndleton, whose first settlers came here a hundred years\\nago, mostly from Lee, Somersworth and Rochester.\\nElder Randall continued preaching, and travelled more or less until\\nat last lie died of consumption, in 1808, aged 60 years. A plain marljle\\nThe town was incorporated March 4, 1778 and in 1794\\nthe town of Brookfield was severed from it. For many\\nyears these two towns united in sending a representative\\nto the legislature. In 1826 David Davis, Esq., who repre-\\nsented these towns in the General Assembly, caused a\\nspecial act to be passed allowing each town a member,\\nneither of which had the constitutional number of voters.\\nMilton s increase in population has been notably small\\nnumbering 476 persons in 1859, the census of 1870 re-\\nturned only 482. Its first minister was the Rev. Nehe-\\nmiah Ordway, who graduated at Harvard College in\\n1764, and settled here in 1778. His successor. Elder\\nJohn Buzzell, established a Freewill Baptist church,\\nwhich has since been the prevailing religious sentiment.\\nAlthough the soil of Milton yields scanty returns,\\nand, like most northern towns in the county, is better\\nadapted to grazing, yet many of its people arc in pros-\\nperous circumstances. All the lands in Strafford County\\nare somewhat hard of cultivation, but the patient laborer\\nfinds an ample reward for his toil. The county possesses\\na large hydraulic power, and manufacturing establish-\\nments are constantly increasing on its streams. Losing\\na large share of its territory in 1840, by the formation of\\nBelknap and Carroll counties, the former taking 18\\ntowns, the latter 14, it is now smaller than any county\\nin the State, but still retains its former independence\\nand power.\\nBounded east by the State of Maine, with llie coun-\\nties of Carroll and Brlknap on the north Merrimack\\nand Rockingham counties lying on the south and west\\nthe Lamprey, Bellamy, Cocheco, Isinglass and Salmon\\nFalls are its principal rivers. The Salmon Falls is navi-\\ngable for sloops to South Berwick, and the Cocheco to\\nDover. Prior to 1841 these two rivers furnished the\\nprincipal mode of travel and transportation to and from\\nthe county.\\nThe Boston and Maine Railroad, which extends\\nthrough the south-eastern part of the county, was com-\\npleted in 1843. The Dover and Winnipiseogee (for-\\nmerly Cocheco) Railroad, from Dover to Alton Bay, a\\ndistance of 28^ miles, was incorporated in 1847. It\\nwas commenced in 1848, and finished in 1850. The\\nPortsmouth, Great Falls and Conway Railroad was in-\\ncorporated in 1844. This road, commenced in 1847, was\\nfinished to Rochester in 1849, and to Union Village, in\\nWakefield, in 1850. Thence its line extended to the\\nWhite Mountains. The Portland and Rochester Rail-\\nroad, from Portland, Jle., to Rochester, N. H., was\\ncompleted in 1871.\\nshaft marks his resting-place in the family burying-ground, on New\\nDurham Ridge.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0717.jp2"}, "702": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nOf the eight national banks in Strafford CoiTnty, Dover\\nhas three while Farmington, Gouic, Great Falls, Roch-\\nester and Somcrsworth have one each. The only State\\nbank in New Hampshire is at Rollinsford, ha\\\\ing a cap-\\nital of $50,000.\\nOf the eight savings banks in the county, Farmington\\nhas one Somersworth one Rochester and Dover, three\\neach.\\nAccording to the U. S. census of 1870, the population\\nof Strafford County is 30,199. Before Carroll and\\nBelknap counties were taken from it, in 1840, its popu-\\nlation was 61,095.\\nStrafford County belongs to the first judicial district\\nof the Supreme Court, a law terra of which is held annu-\\nally at Dover. The trial terms of the court are held at\\nthe same place, on the third Tuesday of March, and\\nfourth Tuesday of October and the term of the Court\\nof Common Pleas on the third Tuesdaj of January, and\\nthe third Tuesday in August, of each j ear.\\nTowns.\\nDover, one of the most interesting and important\\ncities in New Hampshire, owes much to the Bellamy and\\nCocheco rivers, which flow through it in a south-easterly\\ndirection, adding greatly- to its beauty, as the county seat\\nof Strafford. From the close of the Revolution to the\\nintroduction of cotton manufactures, the town grew\\nslowly. There had been saw-mills, grist-mills, fuUing-\\nradls, oil-mills, a nail-factorj-, and ship-yards, in con-\\ntinuous succession, extending through a period of 180\\nyears, ending in 1821, when the Dover Factory Companj-\\nwas incoiporated. This was afterward merged into the\\nCocheco Manufacturing Company, which was incorpo-\\nrated in 1836. In addition to the Print Works, which\\nmanufacture the well-known Cocheco prints, the com-\\npany has in operation in its mills 60.000 spindles and\\n1,200 looms, manufacturing 11,000,000 yards of cloth\\nannually.\\nHere, also, are mills for the manufacture of all kinds\\nof machinery, and factories for making glue and sand-\\npaper, oil-cloth and can-iages a planing-mill, soapstone\\nworks, the Dover Gas-light Company, o., c. The\\nmanufacture of boots and shoes is also an important\\nindustry.\\nBesides the jail, court-house and county offices, the\\ncit} has man} handsome business blocks, neat-looking\\nIn enforcing the Jaw requiring eacli town to provide a schoolmas-\\nter, tlie court made a special exception of Dover, in 1693, the town\\nbeing at that time too much impoverished, by the freqii\\nof Indian enemies, to Bustam any considerable burden for other\\nposes than its own defence.\\ndwellings and costly private residences, with a few old-\\ntime mansions, upon whose generous, well-kept grounds\\nand tasteful surroundings, increasing population and the\\ngrowth of trade will sooner or later make sad inroads.\\nAs an enterprising city, Dover possesses all the re-\\nquisites of a rapidly-growing manufacturing metropolis,\\ntwo of the school-houses* near its central part being\\nrarely surpassed for their convenience and beauty. It\\nhas four national banks several institutions for savings\\n10 churches, each having a commodious edifice; com-\\nfortable hotels societies for agricultural and literary\\nimprovement a library and post-office f one high and\\n12 district schools the Franklin Academy, chartered in\\n1818; with pther social and business advantages pro-\\nportionate to its wealth. Dover received its city charter\\nSept. 1, 1855. The Hon. Andrew Peirce was its first\\nmaj or.\\nThe little flags, waving in the breeze at Pine Hill\\nCemetery, tell the story of Dover s patriotism during the\\nwar of the Rebellion.\\nPopulation, 1870, 9,874; State, 1878, 10,360.+\\nSoMERswoETH, joining Dover, of which it was formerly\\na part, is situated on the Salmon Falls River, the old\\nIndian Newichawannock, where it occupies one of the\\nmost beautiful and romantic sites in all Strafford Count}-.\\nIt has but one village, called Great Falls, where most of\\nits inhabitants reside, and where all of its manufactur-\\ning interests are centered. On the same spot, in 1820,\\nthere was only one house, a grist-mill and a saw-mill.\\nThree years later was incorporated the Great Falls Manu-\\nfacturing Compan}-, which at one time owned the largest\\nbroadcloth and carpet mill in America. The woollen\\nbusiness was abandoned in 1834. The companj* has a\\ncapital stock of $1,500,000; five mills, with 92,500\\nspindles and 2,155 looms. Annuallj-, 4,924,374 pounds\\nof cotton are consumed, manufacturing 16,000,000 j-ards\\nof sheetings, shirtings, drilling and cotton fiannels.\\nFifty looms for weaving bags were introduced in 1868,\\nturning out 2,000 bags daily. The average number of\\noperatives employed (three-fourths being females) is\\n1 ,800. The monthly pay-roll aggregates $36,000.\\nA bleachery, belonging to the company, employs about\\n35 hands.\\nThe Great Falls Woollen Companj-, owning a substan-\\ntial, fine-lookmg mill, 100 by 64 feet, five stories high,\\nwith dj e-house, store-house and counting-room building,\\nt The post-office at Dover (one of the first ten created in the conn-\\ntry) was cstabhshcd in 1791. It required three weeks, at that time, for\\na letter from Philadelphia to reach the post office at Dover.\\nX The word State has reference to the returns made by the selectmen\\nin 1878. In some towns the selectmen failed lo make reliable returns.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0718.jp2"}, "703": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nwas incorporated in 18G3, with a capital of $100,000.\\nIt cmplojs 120 hands, with eight sets of machiiieiv, on\\nfanc} cassimeres, tweeds and flannels, consuming 9,000\\npounds of clear wool daily, and paying out $3,000\\nmonthlj- for labor.\\nThe Somersworth Machine Companj-, incorporated^ in\\n1848, with a capital of $.30,000, consumes annually 700\\ntons of coal, and 7,000,000 pounds of iron. The weekly\\ncompensation to emplo3L S is $1,800. The compan3- have\\nthree foundries, one at Dover, one at Salmon Falls, and\\none at Great Falls. That at Salmon Falls manufactures\\nmostly stoves, of which 4,000 are made per year. At\\nGreat Falls, mill-machiner3 gas and water pipes, and\\nall kinds of heavj and light castings ai-e made. Here,\\nalso, are large jewelry, watch-making and dry-goods\\nestablishments.\\nThe town has six churches 14 graded public schools,\\nincluding a high school a library of 4,000 volumes\\ntwo banks, a post-office, and an institution for savings.\\nBut the glorj- and pride of Somersworth are its manu-\\nfactories. Population, 1870, 4,504 State, 1878, 5,857.\\nRochester, the birth-place and home of manj distin-\\nguished men, has also manj enterprising manufacturers,\\nwho, by industry and perseverance, have surmounted\\npoverty and amassed wealth.\\nIts first manufactmiug corporation, the Mechanics\\nCompany, which commenced the manufacture of blan-\\nkets at Norway Plaino in 1834, failed in 1841, f.il-\\nlowed by the Gonic Company, which met a similar fate.\\nWetmore and Sturtevant took the remains, dividing the\\nmills and privileges between them. Wetmore eventu-\\nallj failed, or abandoned the business. Sturtevant, by\\nskiU and business abilitj succeeded. In 1846 other\\npersons were admitted, and a company was incorporated\\nas the Norway Plains Company. The capital has\\nbeen from time to time increased, in a great measure\\nfrom the profits of the business, until, from $00,000 in\\n1847, it now amounts to $250,000. The mills have 25\\nsets of machinery, and make 95,000 pairs of blankets\\nand C20,000 3-ards of flannel annually.\\nAt Rochester Village, E. G. F. Wallace have estab-\\nlished what is believed to be the largest shoe-factory in\\ntlie State. With it is connected a large tanning and\\ncurrying establishment so that raw hides, taken in, are\\nsent to market in the form of shoes of many descriptions.\\nThree hundred thousand pairs are manufactured annu-\\nally. The Wallaces commenced with nothing. By pa-\\ntient industrj they have built up a large business, and\\nmade themselves wealthy.\\nAt tlie Aallage of Gonic, and at East Rocl)ester, there are\\nalso successful manufactories of plain and twilled flannels.\\nTwo railroads enliven tlic appearance of Rochester,\\nwhich has two lines of telegraph, three churches, three\\nbanks, three postal villages, and 19 graded school dis-\\ntricts.\\nOf its 205 soldiers, enlisted during the Rebellion, 63\\nwere lost in the service.\\nIn addition to its eminent men, elsewhere mentioned,\\nthe history of Rochester would be incomplete without\\nsome brief notice of prominent persons who, by birth or\\nadoption, ma} justly claim a place on the list of her dis-\\ntinguished sons.\\nLieut. Col. John McDuffle, born in 1724, was at the\\ncapture of Louisburg in 1758, and commanded a detach-\\nment of men under Gen. Wolfe at the siege of Quebec.\\nHe served in the Revolution, from the battle of Bunker\\nHill until 1778, and was afterward representative and\\nState senator. He died in 1817, aged 93.\\nHon. Nathaniel Upham, a successful merchant and\\npublic-spirited citizen, and a resident in Jloehester from\\n1802 to 1829, was a member of Congress from 1817 to\\n1823.\\nHon. David Barker, Jr., born in Rochester, and a\\nlawyer of fine talents, was a member of Congress from\\n1827 to 1829.\\nHon. James Farrington, a physician of some celeljrity,\\nresided here from 1818 till his death in 1859, and was a\\nmember of Congress from 1837 to 1839.\\nHon. Jacob II. Ela, born here, has been U. S. marshal\\nfor New Hampshire, a member of Congress, and has\\nfilled various political offices of distinction.\\nRev. Thomas C. Upham, D. D., has been for more\\nthan 30 years a professor at Bowdoin College.\\nJonathan P. Cushing, who graduated at Dartmouth,\\npaid his expenses through college by working at his\\ntrade as a saddler, and afterwards became president of\\nHampden Sydnej- College, Va. He died in 1835.\\nHon. Nathaniel G. Upham, formerly judge of the\\nSuperior Court of Judicature, was U. S. commissioner\\nto Great Britain, in President Pierce s administration.\\nFrancis W. Upham, LL. D., a native of Rochester,\\nand formerly law-partner with Hon. Robert Rantoul,\\nafterwards became I rofessor of Mental Philosophy at\\nRutgers College, New York.\\nHon. Noah Tebbetts, a native of Rochester, and a\\ngraduate of Bowdoin College, served as representative\\nin the Legislature, and afterwards as judge of the Court\\nof Common Pleas, till his death in 1844.\\nHon. Charles W. Woodman, born in Rochester, and a\\npractising lawyer in Dover, was a judge of the Court of\\nCommon Pleas from 1854 to 1855.\\nHon. Theodore C. Woodman, a native of Rochester,", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0719.jp2"}, "704": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nand a lawyer in Bucksport, He., has been Speaker of\\nthe Maine House of Representatives.\\nRichard Dame, a representative and State senator,\\nserved as executive councillor in 1809-10, and as judge\\nof the Court of Common Pleas,* from 1816 to 1820. He\\nwas a member of the Society of Friends, and died much\\nesteemed in 1828, aged 72.\\nIsaac and Seth Adams, f poor in early life, by abiUt}-\\nand perseverance attained great wealth. The former\\ninvented the famous Adams printing-press. The latter\\nwas for a long time engaged in the sugar-refining busi-\\nness at South Boston.\\nHon. James II. Edgerly was appointed judge of pro-\\nbate for Strafford County in 1866.\\nCharles Main, a descendant of the first minister of\\nRochester, is known as one of the most wealthy and suc-\\ncessful merchants of San Francisco.\\nHon. John P. Hale, formerly a distinguished lawyer\\nof Rochester, is said to have held a lieutenant s commis-\\nsion in the army, received from the hands of Gen. Wash-\\nington. He died in 1819. He was father to the late U.\\nS. senator and minister to Spain, Hon. John P. Hale,\\nwho entered Bowdoin College in 1823, with ex-President\\nPierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne as his classmates.\\nPopulation, 1870,-5,137; State, 1878,-5,137.\\nRoLLiKSFORD, whosc manufacturing interests centre in\\nits one village of Salmon Falls, pleasant in the orderly\\narrangement of its buildings, and its manj ornamental\\nshade trees, has two substantial mills, one being erect-\\ned on the spot wkere its predecessor, built in 1821 and\\nburned ia 1830, was afterwards rebuilt, and, with its\\ncompanion mill, merged into the fiourishing cotton- fac-\\ntories of the Salmon Falls Manufactunng Companj run-\\nning 32,000 spindles and 980 looms, using 10,000 bales\\nof cotton per year.\\nFor a small town RoUinsford takes high rank in agri-\\nculture, and is one of the best fruit-growing towns in the\\nState.\\nChief Justice Charles Doc of the Supreme Court, is a\\nresident of RoUinsford.\\nPopulation 1870,-1,500; State, 1878,-1,596.\\nFakmington, a very good farming town, as its name\\nimplies, has one notably enterprising village, with 18\\nstores and 17 shoe-factories, turning out, in 1868, 1,015,-\\n000 pairs of shoes, valued at more than a million and a\\nquarter of dollars.\\nBefore the division of Strafford County in 1840, Rochester was one\\nof the three towns where terms of court were regularly held. The\\ntown furnished a court-house fur the use of the county, and at one time\\nefforts were made, which proved unsuccessful, to have the jail located\\nhere. Daniel Webster and Jonathan Mason used to visit Rochester in\\nthe practice of their profession.\\nIn connection with its fame as the birth-place of Henrj-\\nWilson, it appears that Jeremiah Jones was the first man\\nborn in this town that was sent to the Legislature. He\\nwas elected six successive terms, and nominated for the\\nseventh, but refused to run. His majority at the first\\nelection was One at the last, 158.\\nTwo former members of Congress both old resi-\\ndents were the Hon. Nehemiah Eastman, an able law-\\nj-er and State senator, who died in 1856 and Dr. Joseph\\nHammond, for many j-ears Farmington s only phj-sieian,\\nwho died in 1836.\\nPopulation, 1870,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2,300; State, 1878,-2,776.\\nBarrington, with its many ponds and admirable mill-\\nsites with its woollen-mill, and its wooden-ware indus-\\ntries, has also its Dexil s Den, a cave of some noto-\\nriety, extending 100 feet into the solid rock. i\\nStone-house Pond, nearly cii-cular, and shaded by for-\\nest trees, is a favorite place of resort for pleasure-seek-\\ners. On its north-western shore rises a perpendicular\\nledge, 150 feet in height. A fissure in the base, capable\\nof sheltering several persons, gives the name to the pond.\\nProf. S. Waterhouse, of Washington University, St.\\nLouis Col. J. W. Kingman, justice U. S. Court,\\nWj-oming Territorj and Hon. Frank Jones, formerly\\nmayor of Portsmouth, and member of Congress, were\\nborn in this town.\\nPopulation, 1870,-1,583; State, 1878,-1,468.\\nDurham, in the extreme south, where ship-building\\nwas in former times extensively carried on, exports an-\\nnually 1 ,000 tons of hay.\\nOf the many distinguished men who have had their\\nhomes in this town, perhaps none will be held in more\\ngrateful remembrance than Maj. Gen. Sullivan, of Rev-\\nolutionary fame.\\nPopulation, 1870,-1,260; State, 1878,-981.\\nLee, with its lovelj* scenerj and healthful atmosphere,\\nso inviting to extreme old age that few physicians have\\never made it their home with its valuable mill sites, and\\ninexhaustible body of excellent cla} for bricks, is one\\nof the few towns which earlj took an extraordinary in-\\nterest iu securing efficient and successful schools. It is\\na patriotic little place, having always cheerfully furnished\\nits quota iu all our national struggles.\\nPopulation, 1870,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 776; State, 1878,-694.\\nMilton, mainlj- an agricultural and stock-raising town,\\nmanufactures about $100,000 worth of woollen and cotton\\nt By the will of Seth Adams, who was bom in Rochester in 1806, and\\ndied in 1873, the income of a perpetual fund of $600,000 was appropriated j\\nfor founding, building and supporting the Adams Nervine Asylum,\\nwhere persons not insane may find rest and protection, without having\\nthe stigma of insanity branded upon them. This institution in Boston\\n(W. Roxbury district), will be opened for patients about Jan. 1, 1880.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0720.jp2"}, "705": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\ngoods, and half a million dollars worth of boots and\\nshoes.\\nPopulation, 1870,-1,598.\\nMadbukt, a small, triangular-shaped town, contains\\nmosll} a farming population while Middleton, a better\\ngrazing town, is nearl} half woodland and swamps.\\nPopulation, Madbury, 1870,-408 State, 1878,-419.\\nMiddleton, 1870,-540; State, 1878,-350.\\nNew Durham, in whose principal illage are the\\nEureka gunpowder works, is a town of saw-mills, grist-\\nmills, and shingle-mills, with wood and lumber as the\\nchief articles of trade.\\nPopulation, 1870,-974; State, 1878,-864.\\nStraffokd is the youngest and last-incorporatea town\\nin the county, which it honored in adopting its name.\\nFormerly the agricultural part of Barrington, it joins\\nFarmington, and shares with it some of the best farming\\nlands in the State. Lumbering is carried on to some ex-\\ntent, and stock-raising receives a large share of attention.\\nFrom the tops of its Blue Hills, to the east, a fine\\nview of the south-west part of the State of Maine is pre-\\nsented while, to the south-east, the ocean with its snowy\\nsails is distinctly seen. To the south, the highlands of\\nMassachusetts, and Unconnunucs Mountains in Goffs-\\ntown, rise full to view.\\nTo the west, the Sunapee and Kearsarge mountains\\nrear their bald summits to the clouds while to the north\\nthat Switzerland of America, the White Mountain\\nregion, towering above the rest of New England, meets\\nthe astonished vision of the lover of the beautiful and\\nsublime.\\nPopulation, State, 1878,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1,GG8.\\nSULLIVAIf COUKTY.\\nBY \\\\VILLI.\\\\M E. GRAVES.\\nNear the centre of New Hampshire s western border,\\nwashed liy the majestic Long River,* lies, or rather\\nrises sceminglj from all points of the compass a\\nnaturallj picturesque and wildly romantic region, cover-\\ning nearly GOO square miles of land, swollen, as it were,\\nto a lofty height between the Connecticut and Merrimack\\nrivers, and called the County of Sullivan, from that\\ngrand old patriot. Gen. John Sullivan, of Revolutionary\\nfame.\\nRemarkabl} rich in its scenery and in its history, the\\ncounty has the same general aspect that it wore, within\\nthe writer s remembrance, 50 years ago. The same un-\\ndulating hills and quiet valleys the same romantic and\\n|)astoral glens the same lakes and ponds, streams and\\nwater-courses, all of surpassing loveliness the same\\nrocks piled on rocks and the same varieties of forest\\ntrees, the rock f and white maple the black ash the\\nblack, j-ellow and white birch the beech, elm and bass\\nthe red oak the pine, spruce and hemlock the fir and\\nthe cedar, arc still here in all their glory. The same\\nlightning-scarred, tall old pines, wearing the wealher-\\nslains of centuries, and sharing the solitude with an\\nThe Indian word spelled Connecticut, eignifles, in English, the\\nLong River.\\nt The hard, or rock maple, is the sugar maple of this region.\\noccasional, but inevitable crow, wheeling aloft or perched\\non some splintered stem, still stand stark and stiff like\\nghosts or spectres, at twilight or in the moonlight,\\nclinging to lofty mountain-sides as in days of yore.\\nThe Grand Monadnock, the Haystack, and old Kear-\\nsarge, in neighboring counties, look from within its\\nlimits, just the same and for more than 250 years, the\\nphj-sical features of the county have undergone little or\\nno change.\\nLong ago were found, here and there, relics of the\\nIndians, who probably never made this elevated land a\\nplace of permanent abode. Through these valleys, now\\nteeming with culture, no doubt they tracked, with fleet\\nand silent foot, the wary game. But the woods and\\nfields echo no longer to the thrill of the Indian bow-\\nstring, and the wild ieasts who shared the forests with\\nthe red men have long since disappeared.\\nWere it in our power to transport the reader to the top\\nof Croydon or Grantham Mountain, to the summit of the\\nSunapee, or to the granite apes of the cone-shaped\\nLovewell s Mountain, all hing in this county, there\\nwould be no need for wearisome detail, while he feasted\\nhis eye on some of the finest scenery in Western New\\nHampshire. Alas that her mountains not excelled in\\ngrandeur by the loftier pinnacles of Europe maj- not", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0721.jp2"}, "706": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\njet lajr claim to the enchanting associations of the Paj-s\\nde Vaud, in Switzerland, or of the famous Pass of St.\\nBernard\\nThe streams that course the western slopes of this\\nromantic highland region dash from ledge to rock, and\\ngo rippling and murmuring on through fertile meadows\\nI to the blue Connecticut, whose shores of scenic beautj\\nare lovelier far than the bolder lands Ijiug on the banks\\nof the beautiful blue Danube. Not generally uneven,\\nhere and there lofty mountain-peaks and ridges lift their\\nrounded but rocky summits almost to the clouds. Near\\none of these vast elevations lies, in its broad expanse,\\nnine miles in length, Lake Sunapee, known to the In-\\ndians as the beautiful lake of the high land. Here,\\ntoo, well stored with pickerel and trout, are other placid\\nlakes, embosoming green islands and bej-ond, pleasant\\nvalleys and cultivated farms. From these lofty moun-\\ntain-heights, the eye sun-eys one of the wildest and most\\nenchanting scenes. Here, also, on its eastern slope,\\nspring the sources of that mighty river, the Merrimack,\\nhaving more than half a million inhabitants within the\\nreach of its waters and, with its countless tributaries,\\nplaj-ing down from the mountains of New Hampshire,\\nturning hundreds and thousands of spindles, set in mo-\\ntion by a strong and sturdy- tide of water that does\\nmore work in a month than anj^ other river in the world.\\nThe people who inhabit these hills and valleys include\\nmen of all avocations, trades and professions, but mostlj-\\nliardy and honest, independent farmers, cultivating their\\nown farms. Besides the Connecticut on its western\\nboundary, the Ashuelot and other smaller streams run\\nthrough the county in different directions, supplying\\nabundant water-power, enabling the loom, the spindle\\nand the forge to elaborate their products of utility and\\nbeautj-. The soil along the valleys of the numerous\\nstreams is pailicularly fertile, and is easily tilled but\\nwhere the lands are stony, or moist and strong, the\\nlaborer wrings from the earth s reluctant lap the bread of\\ntoil. The early settlers came mostly from Massachu-\\nsetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. Some of their\\nnumber were present at Stillwater, Saratoga, Monmouth\\nand at Bennington. They followed Stark, and Sullivan,\\nand Cilley, Henry Dearborn and James Reed and were\\nactively engaged on every battle-field, from Bunker Hill\\ndown to the surrender of Cornwallis in 1781.\\nWith Cheshire on the south, Hillsborough on the east,\\nGrafton on the north, and Vermont just across the Con-\\nnecticut River on its western boundary, Sullivan, bj- no\\nmeans the youngest, is comparatively a new county,\\nCheshire being despoiled of about one-half of its original\\nlands to give Sullivan an existence, at the time of its\\nincorporation, July 1827. It belongs to the third\\njudicial district of the Supreme Court, a law term of\\nwhich is held at Newport on the third Tuesday in De-\\ncember. The trial terra of this court is held in the same\\ntown on the fourth Tuesday of January and the first\\nTuesdaj- of September and the terms of the court of\\nCommon Pleas on the same days of each 3 ear. Gen-\\nerally, the people of SuUivan have no especial fondness\\nfor going to law. Nevertheless, they are in the habit\\nof claiming what lielongs to them and, as the State\\ntook an early part in the struggles of the Revolution, her\\nsons in Sullivan County seem to have brought with them\\nthat indomitable will, and that love of theii rights, which\\nhave clung to them to this day.\\nThe commencement of the troubles which led to the\\nRevolution greatly retarded settlements in this county,\\nnotablj that of the town of Acworth, incorporated in\\n1766, and first settled in 1768.* A town government\\nwas organized in 1771, when there were less than four-\\nteen houses in the place. Acworth s first minister was\\nRev. Thomas Archibald, of Londonderry, N. H., a grad-\\nuate of Dartmouth, settled in 1789 over a Congregational\\nchurch formed by eight members in 1773. From Feb.\\n28 to May 13, 1812, of 58 deaths in the town, 53 were\\ncaused by spotted fever. The town is famous for large\\ncrystals of beryl, of a brilliant aqua-marine color. One\\nof these beautiful precious stones, eight inches in diam-\\neter, was sold in New York for a large sum, and is now\\nin the imperial cabinet at Vienna. In all the wars in\\nwhich the countrj has been engaged, the military history\\nof Acworth has been not merely creditable, but brilliant.\\nIn 1812, the town was com[ielled to make a draft to de-\\ntermine who should stay at home, rather than who\\nshould go to the defence of New Hampshire s seacoast.\\nTwenty-nine Acworth soldiers lost their lives during the\\nwar of the Rebellion.\\nOne of the healthiest towns in this corset-shaped coun-\\nty, boasts of Lovewell s Mountain, where snow is found\\nin its northern gullies almost anj^ year as late as the\\n4th of July. The township was originally granted by\\nMasonian proprietors to Reuben Kidder of New Ipswich,\\nby whom its settlement was commenced in 1768. It was\\nthen called Monadnock No. 8 afterwards, from the\\ndate of its settlement, Camden, which name it re-\\ntained till Dec. 13, 1776, when the town, in honor of the\\ncountry s greatest Revolutionarj general, was incorpo-\\nrated under its present name of Washington. The set-\\ntlers were encouraged to come to the place by the offer\\nto each of 150 acres of land. A grist-mill and a saw-\\nThe centennial anniversary of the settlement of Acworth was cele-\\nbrated, Sept. 16, 1868.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0722.jp2"}, "707": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nmill were erected the j-ear after the settlement, most of\\nthe earl}- inhabitants coming from Massachusetts. The\\nrecords show that they not only practised great self-\\ndenial and economy, but were men of industrious habits,\\nand accustomed to toil and hardships that would be\\ndeemed intolerable by the present generation. The first\\nsettlements were on the elevation of land near the sum-\\nmit of Lovewell s Mountain, so named from Capt.\\nJohn Lovewell, the famous Indian fighter, who slew seven\\nof the savages in single combat, near the spot where the\\nFirst Congregational meeting-house was afterwards built\\nin 1780, at which time the Rev. George Leslie,* its first\\nminister, was Installed. Washington Village or the\\nmiddle of the town, as it is usually called was a\\nplace of great business activit} in old stageingand\\nturnpike daj S, but the railroad has ruined it, leaving the\\nplace like many other New Hampshire hill-towns\\nhigh and dry above the level of the locomotive. Wind-\\ning around, and for a distance of sis miles gradually\\ncreeping down the side of Lovewell s Mountain, the\\nroad reaches a sunnj- vaUey l3 ing at its base, forming the\\nsite of East Washington, first settled by Dea. William\\nGraves, a native of Sudbury, Mass. He was then a\\n3 oung man, fresh from the battle-field of Bunker Hill,\\nfor which service he received a pension from government\\nduring the declining j ears of his life. To this day, nearly\\nall the residents of that place now the most, thriving\\nportion of the town are more or less directlj- related to\\nhis family of one son and eleven daughters, who on many\\na cold winter s midnight were aroused to help drive away\\nthe bears that came down from the mountain, and hung\\naround their humble habitation.\\nAVest of Washington lies Lempster, high on the west-\\nerlj -sloping boundary of the height of Fand between\\nthe Merrimack and Connecticut rivers. The town was\\nincorporated in 1761, and settled about the j ear 1770 by\\nemigrants from Connecticut. The first church, formed\\nwith seven male members in 1781, was of the Congrega-\\ntional denomination, and the Rev. Elias Fisher was its\\npastor from 1787 till his death in 1831, a period of about\\n44 years.\\nIn the extreme south-western comer of the county,\\nabout six miles from Bellows Falls, is Langdon, incorpo-\\nrated in 1787, and named from Gov. John Langdon, of\\nRevolutionary fame. Seth Walker rommenccd a settle-\\nment here in 1773, and was followed the year after by\\nNathaniel Rice and Jonathan Willard. The first church\\nMr. Leslie was nine days on the road travelling from Ipswich, Mass.,\\nto Washington, N. H. Such were the facilities for travel in those days.\\nt Rev. Grant Powers, in his History of the Coos County, states\\nthat the only family in Plainfield in 1765, was that of Francis Smith,\\nof the Congregational order, was founded in 1792.\\nAmong the names of the early preachers were those of\\nLazell, Hartwell, Spaulding and Taft, the latter of whom\\ndid most of the preaching from 1795 to 1803, when he\\nturned politician, and was chosen representative to the\\nGeneral Court. After this all real interest in religious\\nmatters calmed down to the chilling coolness of Cold\\nRiver, a considerable branch of which passes through\\nLangdon, uniting with a main branch near the south line.\\nAs, in the nature of things, an unalloyed low tempera-\\nture never lasts long, this frigidity of feeling in spiritual\\nmatters was followed by a warm conflict between the peo-\\nple, who were partly Universalists and in part Congre-\\ngationalists. In 1804, Abner Kneeland afterwards\\nwidely known as a noted preacher in New England was\\ninvited to settle as pastor in opposition to a strong re-\\nmonstrance bj a minority of the church. In 1810 he\\nwas chosen representative, and in 1811 left to settle over\\nthe First Universalist Church in Charlestown, Mass.\\nThe church clerk moved to the West, and carried off all\\nthe records, with which also the visible organization of\\nthe church for many j-ears disappeared.\\nThis lapse of religious fervor common to all coun-\\nties found no counterpart in the zeal with which its\\neducational needs have been so fully supplied by numer-\\nous high schools and academies, justly the pride of Sul-\\nlivan County. One of the best endowed and most pop-\\nular in the State is Kimball Union Academy, a flour-\\nishing institution, incorporated in 1813, and pleasantly\\nsituated on a beautiful plain in Meriden, the principal\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0village of Plainfield, whose forests of pine trees border\\nthe banks of the Connecticut River, opposite Hartland,\\nVt. Plainfield was incorporated in 1761, receiving its\\nname from a place in Connecticut where the proprietors\\nof the town held their first meeting. Its earliest known\\nsettlers bearing the names of Nash and Russell came\\nin 1764.t In 1765, or about that date, the Congrega-\\ntionalists organized the first church, over which Rev.\\nAbraham Carpenter was settled, it is said, without any\\naction on the part of the town, Mr. Smith Carpenter\\nreceiving in 1779 the grant of land allotted to the first\\nsettled minister. The old church in East Plainfield is\\noccasionally occupied. About one-half of Grantham\\nwas annexed to Plainfield in 1856.\\nThe town of Grantham, about 12 miles distant from\\nDartmouth College, was incorporated in 1767. Here,\\nas in Croydon, are the highest mountains in Sullivan\\nwhose wife was terribly homesick, and declared she would not\\nstay therein the woods. Those, therefore, who are represented as being\\nsettlers in 1764, must have become discouraged and left, or the date\\nmust be wrong.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0723.jp2"}, "708": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nCounty.* Tomahawks and other Indian implements have\\nbeen found in Croydon, but no indications of anj- per-\\nmanent settlement by the savages. It was incorporated\\nin 17G3, and settled three j-ears later by families from\\nGrafton and Sutton, Mass. The first minister. Rev.\\nJacob Haven, was ordained in 1778. Man^- of its earlj-\\ninhabitants continued in the Revolutionarj- armj- till the\\nsurrender of Burgoyn\\nIn 17G9, the sufferings of the settlers from the failure\\nof the crops was great. In Goshen, a township in-\\ncorporated in 1791, the inhabitants were compelled to\\ngo to Walpole for supplies On one of these journeys,\\nCapt. Benjamin Rand was detained b}- a severe snow-\\nstorm, preventing all progress for six days, his wife and\\ncliildren, in the meantime, being left entirelj- destitute\\nof provisions. One of his children, 5 3ears of age, was\\nkept alive by the mother with milk from her breast, her\\ninfant having died a short time previous.\\nOne of tlie 1 G towns that seceded from New Hamp-\\nshire and joined Vermont in 1788, is Cornish, incorpo-\\nrated in 17G3. The familj- of Moses Chase of Sutton,\\nMass., is believed to have been the first to settle in the\\ntown in 1765.t Its first minister was Rev. James\\nWellman, settled in 1768.\\nAbout 100 miles from Boston is Claremont, named\\nfrom the country residence of Lord Clive, an English\\nnobleman, and incorporated in 17G4. The first settlers\\nwere Moses Spafford and David Lj-nde, in 17G2. The\\nfirst minister. Rev. George A^Tieaton, a Congregational-\\nist, ordained in 1772, died the following year at the age\\nof 22, and was succeeded bj- the Rev. Augustine Hub-\\nbard, settled in 1774.\\nManj- years ago, the idea of uniting the Connecticut\\nand Merrimack by a canal through Lake Sunapee, was a\\nfavorite project in this county, and Massachusetts and\\nNew Hampshire were to share the expense. In 181G,\\nthe result of a survey- demonstrated that the fall from\\nthe lake to cither of these rivers exceeded, each way,\\naliout 820 feet, and the enterprise was abandoned as im-\\npracticable. The town of Sunapee, on the western bor-\\nder of the lake, was settled in 1772 b}- emigrants from\\nRhode Island, and was incorporated in 1781 under the\\nname of Wendell, from John Wendell, one of its prin-\\ncipal proprietors. The change to the present name was\\nmade in 1850.\\nThe town of Unity received its name from the happy\\ntermination of a dispute which had long subsisted be-\\ntween certain inhabitants of Kingston and Hampstead\\nclaiming the same tract of land under two different\\nThe Cro.vdon, or Oiantham Mountains.\\nt When tbcy arrived they found a camp, for many years kno\u00c2\u00ab-n as\\ngrants. It was^ incorporated in 1764, the first settlement\\nbeing made in 17GD. Charles Huntoon, one of the first\\nsettlers, died here in 1818, at the age of 93.\\nA branch of the Sugar River has its source in Spring-\\nfield, first granted in 17G9 as the township of Protect-\\nworth, which name was changed to Springfield when\\nincorporated in 1794. Israel Clifford was the first set-\\ntler in 1772. Heath s Gore was annexed to the town in\\n1817, and a small Congregational church was organized\\nabout the j-ear 1820. Latterly, the town has greatly\\nfallen off in population.\\nThe lively town of Newport was a famous place sixty\\nyears ago, when the old Masonic Corinthian Lodge was\\nin all its glory, and when the mail-stage ran regularly\\nthree times a week over the old Cro^^don and Cornish\\nturnpikes, from Boston to Windsor, Vt. Incorporated\\nin 17G1, Newport s first settlers came mostly from North\\nKillingworth, Conn., in the fall of 17G3. Upon the first\\nSabbath they assembled for public worship under a tree\\nafterwards they met in a private log-house, where the}-\\ncontinued their services for seven 3-ears. Thej- had no\\npreaching, but listened to one of their number who read\\npassages from Scripture, and from published sermons.\\nBoth the Baptists and Congregationalists organized soci-\\neties in 1779, the latter church being one of the earliest,\\nin 1831, to make total abstinence from the use of ardent\\nspirits a condition of membership.\\nOf all towns in the county, Charlestown fonnerly\\nknown on the frontier as Number 4, and distant 40\\nmiles from anj- settlement suffered the most from hos-\\ntile attacks by the Indians. The old fort built in 1 743\\nwas assailed in 1746 by the savages, who killed Seth\\nPutnam, one of its defenders, carrying several captives\\nto Canada. For 15 years, the carlj- settlers suffered\\nalmost cver3-thing from savage cruelties, abandoning the\\ntown in 1747, when Gov. Shirley ordered Capt. Phineas\\nStevens, a native of Sudbur}-, Mass., one of the first\\nsettlers, to defend the frontier. His unquestioned brav-\\nely, in holding the fort three days, with only 00 men,\\nagainst the continued assaults of a combined force of\\n400 French and Indians, who repeatedly- set the fort on\\nfire witli combustibles, at length disheartened the enemy,\\nwho abandoned the attack and returned to Canada.\\nFor his gallantrj- on this occasion, a costly sword was\\npresented to him by Commodore Sir Charles Knowles,\\nand from this circumstance the town, when incorporated\\nin 1753, took the name of Charlestown (Charles town).\\nThe first minister was Rev. John Dennis, who, on ac-\\ncount of the French and Indian war, was ordained at\\nthe Mast Camp, erected for the accommodation of a company em-\\nployed in procuring masts for the royal navy.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0724.jp2"}, "709": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nNorthfield, Mass. (40 miles distant), Dec. 4, 1754.\\nDuring tlie Revolution, Charlestown nobly bore her\\npart.\\nTowns.\\nClaremont, whose snioothl3--sloping hills are crowned\\nwith rounded summits, and whose handsome buildings\\nindicate the wealth and prosperit}- of the town, ma,y well\\nboast of its delightful meadows lying on the banks of\\nthe Connecticut, which waters its western border. But\\nthe larger share of its prosperilj is due to the Sugar\\nRiver, which runs through its principal village, aftbrding\\nimmense water-power, the fall in three-quarters of a\\nmile being 150 feet. Each 20 feet furnishes sufficient\\nwater-power to carry 20,000 spindles, the entire fall in\\nthe town being 250 feet. Here are the Sunapee and the\\nMonadnock cotton-mills, and the Claremont Machine\\nWorks, manufacturing engine-lathes and planers for\\nj which the highest premiums were awarded at the Crj stal\\nPalace. Here also are the Home Mills a cassimere\\nfiictory and the Claremont Manufacturing Company-,\\nincorporated in 1852, with an authorized capital of\\n8500,000. The company has three mills and nine en-\\ngines, manufacturing 250 tons of paper per j ear, and\\nblank-books to the amount of $50,000. Two weekly\\nnewspapers, four hotels, and fifty stores, enliven the\\ntown and its village of West Claremont. Number of\\ninhabitants, 4,053 valuation, over $2,000,000.\\nNewport is an attractive place, the fact of its being\\ni shire town of the county, and its central situation,\\nAbout the year 1760, Charlestown was a principal stopping-place,\\nduring the French war, for soldiers and officers passing to and from\\nlieonderoga and Crown Point, across the Green Mountains. As a\\nsmall company of soldiers, with a young lieuten.ant (afterwards Col.\\nWilliam Henshaw, of Leicester, Mass.), near the close of the war, were\\nreturning home through a dense forest over these mountains, by marked\\ntrees, they found a soldier by the wayside, apparently dying, left by his\\ncompanions five or six days before. It was late in the fall, when the\\nnights were cold. The little stock of food and fuel, which his compan-\\nions had kindly provided, and supposed would last longer than his life,\\nwas nearly consumed. On offering him assistance the sick man begged\\nthem to let him alone, to die in peace. But the young lieutenant, be-\\nlieving his life might be saved, determined to act the part of the Good\\nI Samaritan. Contrary to the sick soldier s entreaties, the lieutenant\\nordered his foul garments to be carefully removed the soldier himself\\nto be thoroughly washed and cleansed to be clothed in comfortable rai-\\nment, with which the company were fortunately provided and directed\\nhis attendants to speak words of encouragement and kindness to stay\\ni l)y him, supplying his wants, till able to walk, and then help him to\\nI reach the first settlement. It was all he needed. In thixo days he ar-\\nrived at the public house in Charlestown, wIrtc, u itii t. mi t jny, he\\ngrasped the hand of his kind deliverer, and, with lV _liiij;s \u00c2\u00ablii. li thuked\\nhis utterance, told him that no words could express his gratitude to\\nj the man who had saved his life against his own remonstrance.\\nI Capt. Phineas Stevens, who figures so prominently in the early his-\\ntory of Charlestown, was in many respects a remarkable man. Although\\n1 a native of Sudbury, his father removed from tljat town, witli his fam-\\nrendering it a place of considerable business. Including\\nNorth^ille, its other village, the number of inhabitants\\nis 2,163. Its principal village is almost walled in by\\nhills, surrounded by lofty elevations, and mountains\\ntowering in the distance. The scenery in summer is\\nromantic and beautiful, while in winter it is wild and\\nsublime. A broad street, a mile long, bordered with neat\\nand tasteful dwellings, surroimded by well-kept gardens\\nwith meeting-houses, stores and hotels, runs through the\\n^dllage. The count} buildings are substantial and coii-\\nvenientlj located. Rare opportunities for hunting and\\ntrout-fishing render the town a place of consideral le\\nresort. It contains four church-edifices, three woollen-\\nmills, two tanneries and a scythe-factory, an academy,\\nincorporated in 1818, and the Sugar River Bank, with a\\ncapital of $50,000.\\nCharlestowu, one of the shire towns of the county\\nin 1771, is pleasantly situated in a delightful and fertile\\nvalley on the banks of the Connecticut River, over\\nwhich is a substantial bridge, connecting the town with\\nSpringfield, Vt. Here are few mill-privileges, but its\\nthree villages have each a post-offlce and a railroad\\nstation, and the main avenue in the principal village\\nis a long, pleasant street, shaded on either side with\\nbeautiful trees. The town numbers 1,742 inhabitants,\\nand is a considerable mart for wool, bought up in the\\nsurrounding country, and sent from here to various\\nmarkets.\\nCol. William Hej-wood, 42 years town clerk Col.\\nily, at an early period, to Rutland. Here, at the age of 16, young Phin-\\neas, with his three little brothers, followed his father one morning to the\\nmeadow, where they watched his movements while engaged in making\\nhay. Suddenly, without the slightest warning, several Indians sprang\\nfrom an ambush, and with savage yells made a fierce onslaught upon\\nthe unoffending family, capturing them all, save two of his little broth-\\ners, who were instantly killed. To relieve themselves of a burden the\\ncruel savages were about to slay the youngest brother, a child four years\\nold, when young Phineas, by signs to the Indians, made them under-\\nstand that if they would spare the child s life, he would carry his little\\nbrother on his back all the way to Canada\u00e2\u0080\u0094 which, with their permis-\\nsion, he actually did! The captives were conveyed there by way of\\nLake Champlain; and, after reaching their place of destination, were\\nsold to the French, as usual in such eases, but were afterwards re-\\ndeemed. As a general thing, the Indians who visited Charlestown\\nseemed to prefer prisoners to scalps, killing only those who were too\\nweak or too young to accompany them on the march or those who\\nattempted to escape, or who appeared too formidable to he successfully\\nencountered. Capt. Stevens s only surviving son, Sanmel Stevens, af-\\nterwards became the fir.-t npix smtariw of Cliark srown to the General\\nCourt, in 1768, the year it. uhi.i, ilir lii t miLtiiiL -hou.st. was built in\\nthat to%vn. [Charlestown wa^ oiiuinally MippoM.! to lie in MassacliU-\\nsetts, but when the boundary linr wa. e^tabn^hca in 1741, the town was\\nlocated in New Hamp^liirc] Lain- in lite, this same son served as reg-\\nister of prob.ite for Clii-.-liin County, rontinuing to hold that office till\\nnearly 90 years of .igi His latlirr, Capt. Phineas Stevens, continued\\nin the service of his coimtry, and died in November, 1756.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0725.jp2"}, "710": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nSamuel Hunt, 20 j-ears sheriff of the county Hon. Sim-\\neon Olcott, chief justice Supreme Court, and M. C. from\\n1801 to 1805; Hon. Benjamin West, a distinguished\\nlawyer; Hon. Caleb Ellis, M. C. in 1804; Gov. Henry\\nHubbard Chief Justice John J. Gilchrist; and the late\\nHon. Ralph Metcalf, governor of the State of New\\nHampshire from 1855 to 1857, were distinguished resi-\\ndents of this town.\\nPlainfield, with its 1,589 inhabitants, has also at\\nMeriden the Kimball Union Academy, intended\\nmainlj- for the instruction of pious j oung men for the\\nministry. To the late Hon. Daniel Kimball belongs the\\nhonor of having established so meritorious an institution.\\nCornish has a bridge crossing the Connecticut, con-\\nnecting this town with Windsor, Vt. Good mill-priv-\\nileges are on Briant s and on what is called Blow-me-\\ndown brooks. Its only village is Cornish Flats. The\\ntown contains 1,3.34 inhabitants, a tannery, and two\\ncarriage manufactories.\\nThe Hon. Salmon P. Chase, late chief justice of the\\nU. S. Supreme Court, and the Rev. Carlton Chase,\\nbishop of the Episcopal Church in New Hampshire,\\nwere born in Cornish.\\nAcwoRTH, containing 1,050 inhabitants, has a few\\nmill-privileges on Cold River, its only important stream.\\nThe remaining towns in the county are Washington\\n(839), most of whose vitality seems centred in the pros-\\nperous village of East Washington, with its churches j\\nmirrored in the mill-pond reflecting Lovewell s Moun- j\\ntain; Unity (839), justly celebrated for its excellent\\nbreeds of cattle and sheep; Sunapee (808), always\\nromantic, and of late a favorite summer resort Spring- j\\nFIELD (781), priding itself on its fine cattle and sheep\\nLempster (678), a well- watered stock-raising town,\\nhaving a high school, a tannery and a boot and shoe\\nmanufactory Crotdon (652) a farming and cattle-\\nraising town; Grantham (608), with its medicinal\\nspring and its bed of j-ellow ochre; Goshen (507),\\nfamous for its fine sheep; and Langdon (411), a\\nquiet town, largely devoted to stock-raising, whose dairy\\nproducts have given it a wide reputation throughout\\nSullivan County.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0726.jp2"}, "711": {"fulltext": "VERMONT\\nBY REV. 11. II. HOWARD, A.M.\\nTis a rough Kind of rock and stone and tree,\\nWTiere breathes no castled lord or cabined slave,\\nBut thoughts, and hands, and tongues are fica. Anon.\\nIt is Stephen A. Douglas, we believe, a native of\\nthe State, to whom is attributed the well-known saj-ing,\\nthat Vermont is an excellent place to emigrate from.\\nVermonters generallj however, are of the opinion that\\na far more appropriate motto for their rock-ribbed, j-et\\nplucky and enterprising State, is: We build school-\\nhouses and raise men.\\nLj-ing betweeri 42\u00c2\u00b0 44 north latitude and the Canada\\nline, and comprehending the territorj- between the Con-\\nnecticut River and Lake Champlain, a territory formerl3\\nknown by the name of the New Hampshire Grants, Ver-\\nmont constitutes the north-western part of that section of\\nthe United States known as New England. The length\\nof the State from north to south is 157^ miles. The\\naverage width is about 57 miles, and the whole surface of\\nthe State about 9,000 square miles.\\nThe face of the country is generally uneven, and the\\ncentral parts mountainous. The Green Jlountains,\\nwhich give name to the State, and which extend quite\\nthrough the State from south to north, keeping nearly a\\nmiddle course between Connecticut River and Lake\\nChamplain, are found to rise, in several places, to a\\nheight not less than 4,000 feet. The loftiest of these,\\nMansfield, Camel s Hump, Shrewsbury and Killington\\npeaks, lifting up their blue heads among the clouds,\\nand clad with the perpetual verdure of their hardy ever-\\ngreens even to their towering summits, command the\\nattention, and, bj their sublimity, inspire and impress the\\nobserver throughout almost the whole extent of the\\nState.\\nThe principal streams of Vermont, rising among these\\nmountains, and, following the several declivities, finding\\ntheir waj into the Connecticut River on the east, or into\\nLake Champlain on the west, are West River, Black,\\nThe late Hon. David Read of Burlington, in his slictch of the town\\nof Colchester in the Vermont Historical Magazine (p. 754), says\\nthat the Isle La Motte, in the county of Grand Isle, has the honor of\\nbeing the lirst point within the limits of Vermont where a civilized estab-\\nOttaquechee, White, Wells and Passumpsic and Otter\\nCreek, Winooski or Onion, Lamoille and Jlissisquo.\\nBlack, Barton and Clyde rivers run northerly into Lake\\nMemphremagog. All these arc quite considerable\\nstreams, are well stored with fish, and abound in falls\\nand rapids capable of affording water-power for propelling\\nmachinery to almost anj- extent.\\nThe earl} historj- of this State is altogether unlike that\\nof any other in the Union. Vermont was never organized\\nas a Province under the crown of England was never\\nrecognized bj- the crown as a separate jurisdiction. She\\nconstantly refused, moreover, to submit to any provincial\\ngovernment, never once recognized the authority\\neither of the Province she was nominally placed under, or\\nof an}- other external power. The inhabitants of the\\nNew Hampshire Grants, therefore, under the circum-\\nstances, found themselves, from the first, without a gov-\\nernment, a community bound together onlj- b}- their\\ncommon interests and their social affections. The his-\\ntorj- of Vermont is hence, says Mr. Thompson, that of\\na people assuming the powers of government, and ad-\\nvancing bj- successive steps from a state of nature to the\\nestablishment of a civil compact, and to a reguLir and\\nefficient organization.\\nEakly Settlkment.\\nIt was not, according to Prof. Zadock Thompson,\\nuntil after the final conquest of Canada by the English,\\nin 17G0, that any considerable settlements were effected\\nin the territory now known as Vermont.* Hitherto, and\\nespeciallj during the colonial and Indian wars, this ten i-\\ntor} had sensed only as a thoroughfare and battle-ground\\nfor the two great contending parties Situated nearlj- at\\nan equal distance from the French on the one hand, and\\nthe English on the other, it was constantly exposed to\\nthe depredations of both, and became the favorite Imking-\\nplace of their respective and ever-dreaded Indian alUes.\\nlishment and occupancy were commenced; and that Colchester Point\\nwas occupied by the French (as a military post) about the same time,\\n1664,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 nearly I-O years earlier than the date of the estiiblishment\\non the Connecticut River.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0727.jp2"}, "712": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nIndeed, it was principalh- on this account that tlie set-\\ntlement of this section of the countiy had so long for a\\nwliole eentuiy after Massachusetts and Connecticut had\\nbecome prosperous and populous Colonies been regarded\\nas dangerous and impracticable.\\nThe first civilized establishment within the present\\nlimits of Vermont, saj s Prof. Thompson, was made\\nin 1 724, b^- the erection of Fort Dummer in the south-east-\\nern corner of the township of Brattleborough. Hitherto,\\nthe whole of this tract of countrj- had, from time immemo-\\nrial, been in possession of the native Indians, though it\\ndoes not appear that, subsequent to the discover}- of this\\ncountr\\\\- bj- Champlain in 1609, the natives had ever\\nresided here in verj considerable numbers. The western\\nparts, including Lake Champlain, were claimed bj- the\\nIndians the noith-eastern parts, including Lake Mem-\\nphremagog, by the St. Francis and other Canadian tribes\\nwhile the south-eastern parts on the Connecticut River\\nwere regarded as belonging to the natives in the neighbor-\\nhood of Massachusetts Baj Certain establishments\\nwere, at times, made upon the shores of these waters by\\nseveral tribes but there is reason to believe that this\\nterritorj was rather regarded bj- them as a hunting-ground\\nthan a permanent residence.\\nAs earl}- as the year 1752, an attempt was made to laj-\\nout a township where the town of Newbury now stands\\nIjut before the survej- was completed, a partj- of St.\\nFrancis Indians, perceiving the design of the English,\\nforbade their proceeding and to that extent, at this earl}\\nperiod, was the resentment of the Indians dreaded, that\\nthe undertaking was immediatelj- abandoned.\\nSoon after the erection of Fort Dummer, several block-\\nhouses were built for the protection of settlers in what\\nis now called Vernon and before the year 1754, settle-\\nments had been commenced in Vermont as far up the\\nConnecticut as Westminster and Rockingham. This\\nadvance, however, was checked b}- the breaking-out of\\nw-hat is called the French war, terminating onl} with the\\nlinal conquest of Canada in 1 7G0. During this war, these\\nfeeble settlements were continually harassed and annoyed\\nby the French and Indians, the inhabitants being hardly\\nable to cultivate their fields without being ever} moment\\nThe early settlers of Vermont were principally from the Colonies\\nnamed above. Thomas Chittenden and the Aliens were all from Con-\\nnecticut.\\nt In 1765 the government of New Yorlc, having acquired authority\\nfrom the British crown to exercise jurisdiction over the New Hampshue\\ngiants as far eastward as the Connecticut River, caused a division of the\\nterritory to be made inio counties. The south-western parts about Ben-\\nnington were annexed to the county of Albany the north-western,\\ntowards Lalie Champlain, were erected into the county of Charlotte\\nand, on the east side of the niount.iin, Cumberland County was formed\\nof the south-eastern portion, and Gloucester County of the north-\\nexposed to serious molestation, if not to the deadly fire\\nof a lurking foe. Their block-houses were frequently\\nsurprised and taken, and the inhabitants either massacred\\nor carried into hopeless captivity.\\nPrevious to the conquest of Canada b}- the English, a\\nfew scattered settlers, probably not amounting, in the\\nwhole, to more than two or three hundred, had located along\\nthe banks of the Connecticut River in the present county\\nof Windham. But, meanwhile, in their expeditions to\\nand fro against the French, the English colonists, prin-\\ncipally from Massachusetts and Connecticut,* had made\\nthemselves acquainted with the fertility and value of the\\nlands lying between the Connecticut River more par-\\nticularly, between the Green Mountains and Lake\\nChamplain and the conquest of Canada having now\\nfinally removed all the difficulty and danger connected\\nwith settling them, swarms of adventurers commenced\\ndirectly to emigrate thither so that, from the year 17G0,\\nthe population of Vermont began rapidl}- to increase.\\nIn 1764 settlements had been begun in most of the\\ntownships on Connecticut River as far north as Newbury,\\nand in several townships also on the west side of the\\nGreen Mountains. Prev-ious to the year 1770, scarcely\\nany settlements had been made on the west of the moun-\\ntains to the northward of the present county of Benning-\\nton. But during the next j-ear, 1771, settlements were\\nbegun in several townships in Rutland County. This\\nj-ear was memorable as that in which was taken the first\\ncensus of the inhabitants on the grants on the east side\\nof the mountains. By this enumeration it appears that,\\nin 1771, the two eastern counties f contained 4,669\\ninhabitants. The whole number of inhabitants in the\\nterritory at this time is roughly estimated as about 7,000.\\nNo complete census of the State was taken till the j-ear\\n1791. As the settlements, however, were rapidly extending\\nduring the five j-ears succeeding the j-ear 1 771, it is thought\\nthat we may safely conclude, that, at the commencement\\nof the Revolutionar}- war, the whole population of Ver-\\nmont w-as not less than 20,000. And, though, upon the\\nadvance of Burgoyne along the lake, the settlers retired\\ntoward the south, verj few of them remaining upon their\\nfarms to the northward of Bennington County,! yet, at\\neastern. This was the first division of Vermont into counties, and the\\nonly division of the kind previous to the Revolution. Subsequently, as\\nthe population increased, these counties were divided and subdivided,\\nuntil they assumed their present and fixed proportions.\\nI That these settlers were true to the American cause we are assured\\nby the testimony of Burgoyne himself. In his private letter to Lord\\nGermain, dated Saratoga, Aug. 20, 1777, he says The Hampshire\\ngi-ants in particular, a country unpeopled and almost unknown in the last\\nwar, now abounds in the most active and rebellious race on the conti-\\nnent, and hangs like a gathering storm on my \\\\e{l. Thompson s ITis-\\ntoiy of Vermont,", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0728.jp2"}, "713": {"fulltext": "VERMONT.\\nthe close of the Tvar, \u00e2\u0096\u00a0we nevertheless find the population\\nincidentally estimated, says Prof. Thompson, by Dr.\\nWilliams, as not less than 30,000 souls. At the close of\\nthe Revolution, the tide of emigration to Vei-mont again\\nset in in greater volume than ever before. Invited by the\\nmildness of the government, the comparative exemption\\nof the State from taxation, and the fertility and cheapness\\nof the laud, settlers now came flocking in from all the\\nolder States, so that, from this time, not onh* were large\\nadditions annually made to the population, but vrithal to\\nthe various resources of the State.\\nEarly Struggles and Controversies.\\nVermont was born in the midst of tumults and of\\nstrife. No other State, we may safely afllrm, save\\nKansas, ever suffered such persecution, or came up out\\nof such tribulation.\\nThe king of Great Britain having repeatedly recom-\\nmended to the assembly of New Hampshire to make\\nprovision for the support of Fort Dummer, that post was\\ngenerally supposed to have follen within the jurisdiction\\nof that Province. As this fort was situated on the west\\nside of the Connecticut, it was assumed that New Hamp-\\nshire extended as far westward as Massachusetts.\\nJan. 3, 17-19, Gov. Benning Wentworth made a grant\\nof a township of land, six miles square, situated, as he\\nconceived, on the western border of New Hampshire,\\nand, in allusion to his own name, called it Bennington.\\nOther like grants were also made, until in 175-1 the} had\\namounted to 16 townships. After the declaration of\\npeace between England and France, the governor of New\\nHampshire, bj- advice of his council, ordered a survej to\\nbe made of the Connecticut River for CO miles, and three\\ntiers of townships to be laid out on either side. So\\nnumerous meanwhile did the applications for lands now\\nbecome, that, during the j-ear 1701, no less than 60 town-\\nships, six miles square, were granted on the west side of\\nthe Connecticut, while the whole number of grants, in one\\nor two j-cars more, had amounted to 138. Gov. Went-\\nworth was manifestly on the highroad to wealth for by\\nthe fees and other emoluments received in return for\\nthese grants, and b} reseiTing 500 acres in each town-\\nship for himself, it could not be otherwise than that he\\nwas rapidly accumulating a fortune. But this fortunate\\ngovernor was not always thus to pursue this pros-\\nperous career unmolested. The government of New\\nYork, coveting the profits of these lands for itself, sud-\\ndenly affected to be gi eatly alarmed at tliese assump-\\ntions and high-handed proceedings on the part of the\\ngovernor of New Hampshire, aid forthwith took vigorous\\nmeasures to checlc them. To this end a proclamation\\nwas issued, Dec. 28, 1703, arrogating to itself sole juris-\\ndiction over this territory, and founding its claim upon the\\ngrant made bj- Charles II. to the Duke of York in 1064\\nand in 1074, which embraced, among other parts, all\\nthe lands from the west side of the Connecticut to the\\neast side of Delaware Bay. To annul the effects of this\\nproclamation, and to inspire confidence in the validitj of\\nthe New Hampshire Grants, the governor of New Hamp-\\nshire (March 13, 1764), put forth a counter-proclama-\\ntion, declaring that the grant made to the Duke of York\\nwas obsolete, and exhorting the settlers to be diligent\\nand industrious in cultivating their lands, and not be\\nintimidated by the threatenings of New York. New\\nYork now made application to the crown for a confirma-\\ntion of its claims, falsel} and fraudulently averring mean-\\nwhile that this was in accordance with the wishes of the\\ninhabitants on the territory. The claims of New York\\nwere confirmed July 20, 1764.\\nThough verj- greatly surprised at this royal decree, the\\nsettlers on the New Hampshire Grants yet regarded it\\nas an occasion for no serious alarm on their part. They\\nconsidered it as simply effecting a change of jurisdiction.\\nIt was immaterial to them, other things being equal, to\\nwhich jurisdiction they submitted. It had never once\\noccurred to them that this change could in any way affect\\ntheir title to lands on which they had settled lands\\nwhich they had dulj purchased and paid for, and for\\nwhich they had obtained deeds under grants from the\\ncrown. Meantime, had the government of New York\\nbeen sufficiently far-sighted to have given the royal\\ndecision the benefit of an interpretation in harmonj with\\nthe above-mentioned and certainly verj reasonable ex-\\npectations, clearlj there would have been no trouble, no\\ncontroversy-, no bitterness, none of those implacable,\\nrancorous animosities which led to that protracted and\\nmost painfully exciting border warfare. Unfortunately\\nthat government did not give the royal decision such an in-\\nterpretation but, contending that it had a retrospective as\\nwell as prospective application, or operation, it insisted\\nthat the order deciilod not only what should there-\\nafter be, but what had always been, the eastern limit of\\nNew York and that, hence, all the grants made bj\\nNew Hampshire were, of necessity, illegal and void.\\nImagine, now, the consternation that seized on the\\nminds of the unsuspecting settlers and especiallj so as\\nthe government of New York proceeded at once to en-\\nforce its interpretation of the royal decree by demanding\\nof the settlers the immediate surrender of their charters,\\nby attempting to compel them either to re-purchase\\ntheir lands, or otherwise, incontinently to abandon them.\\nAs might have been anticipated, while a few complied", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0729.jp2"}, "714": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SEW ENGLAND.\\nwith this order, the great majoritj- of the settlers per-\\nemptorilj- refused. Such refusal, not unnaturall}-, was\\nfollowed bj- actions of ejectment in the courts at Albany,\\nand these, in turn, of course, bj judgments against the\\nprotesting settlers, or original proprietors.\\nThe original settlers of the New Hampshire gi ants\\nwere doubtless a somewhat rude, uncultivated race of\\nmen but, for all that, thej- had manhood and common-\\nsense. The_y knew little, it is likely, of the etiquette of\\nrefined society, or of the elegancies of starred and\\nspangled courts but they had manliness enough to\\nknow when they were trodden on, and to spurn indig-\\nnantlj the heel that crushed them. The}- boasted little\\nskill in the rules of logic, but natui-e had endowed them\\nwith powers of reasoning sufficiently strong to see that,\\nhaving purchased their lands in good faith of one royal\\ngovernor, to be required to re-purchase them at an ex-\\norbitant price of another, was an outrage, was the\\nsheerest tyranny, and that tamely to submit to it, on\\ntheir part, were cowardl}- and unworth}\\nIndignation meetings were called, associations were\\nformed, and resolutions adopted, declaring that, having\\nreason to regard the views and proceedings of the York-\\ners as those of speculating ai.d unprincipled land-jobbers,\\nand satisfied, in view of what had already transpired,\\nthat they had nothing whatever to hope from the cus-\\ntomary forms of law, therefore thej felt authorized, at\\nleast until his majesty s pleasure should be more fully\\nknown, to advise the most determined resistance against\\nthe unjust and arbitrarj- decisions of the court felt fully\\njustified in requiring that, when the executive officers of\\nNew York came to eject the inhabitants from their right-\\nful possessions, they be met bj avowed opposition, and\\nIt appears that, at an early day, committees were appointed in tlie\\nseveral towns on tlie west siJe of the mountains, and that these com-\\nmittees, having met in convention, or general asscmlily, to concert\\nmeasures for the common defence, decreed tliat no person should take\\ngrants under tlie government of New York should take, accept or hold\\nany office of honor or profit under the Colony of New York that all\\ncivil or military officers who shall act under the authority of the gover-\\nnor or legiskiture of New York will do so at their peril.\\nThese decrees had all the force of law, and the infraction of them was\\nalways punished with exemplary severity. The punishment most fre-\\nquently inflicted was the application of the beech seal to the naked\\nback, and b.inishmcnt from the grants. This mode of punishment de-\\nrived its name from allusion to the great seal of the Province of New\\nHampshue, which was affi.xed to the charters of the to\\\\vnships granted\\nby the governor of that Province, of which the beech rod well laid upon\\nthe naked backs of the Yorkers and then- adherents was humorously\\nconsidered a confirmation.\\nThat the reader may have a just idea of the summary manner in\\nwhich the convention committees proceeded against tht)se who violated\\ntheir decrees, we will lay before them the following sentence of one\\nBenjamin Hough as a sample. Having been arrested and brought he.\\nfore the committee of safety at Sunderland to answer to the charge\\nin no case be allowed to proceed in the execution of\\ntheir business.\\nThis decidedly pronounced position, it needs hardly be\\nsaid, at once occasioned a spirited and determined resist-\\nance, on the part of the inhabitants of the grants, to the\\ncivil officers sent out, from time to time, by the State of\\nNew York, to apprehend the riotous Yermonters,\\nseveral of these, says a quaint writer of that period,\\nhaving been seized bj- the people, and severely chastised\\nwith tioigs of the ivilderness.\\nIn the mean time, for the sake of rendering their re-\\nsistance still more effectual, a convention of representa-\\ntives from the several towns on the west side of the\\nmountains was called. This convention, after mature\\ndeliberation, appointed Samuel Robinson of Bennington\\nan agent to represent to the court of Great Britain the\\ngrievances of the settlers, and to obtain, if possible, a\\nconfirmation of the New Hampshire grants. Though\\nonly partially- successful in his mission, yet, in conse-\\nquence of the representations thus made at the British\\ncourt, his majestj- issued a special order prohibiting the\\ngovernor of New York, upon pain of his majesty s high-\\nest displeasure, from making anj further grants whatso-\\never of the lands in question, till his majestj- s further\\npleasure should be made known concerning the same.\\nIn spite, however, of this explicit prohibition, the gov-\\nernor of New York continued to make grants and writs\\nof ejectment continued to be issued, the General Assem-\\nbly of thatPiovince going so far, indeed, as to charac-\\nterize tlic recusant Yermonters as rioters, a mob,\\noutlaws, a lawless banditti, and, accordingly, to\\ndenounce against them the pains and penalties of trea-\\nson and rebellion, to be inevitablj visited on them, uu-\\nof having accepted the office of justice of the peace under the authority\\nof New York, and of having officiated in that eapacitj-, he pleaded the\\njurisdiction and authority of New York, but was answered by the\\ndecree of the convention to the contraiy. The committee, therefore, in\\nthe presence of a large concourse of people, pronounced upon him the\\nfollowing sentence: That the prisoner be taken from the bar of this\\ncommittee of safety and be tied to a tree, and there, on his naked back,\\nreceive 100 stripes, and be banished from the district, and to svjfer death\\nin case of his return.\\nOther punishments were sometimes resorted to, some of which were\\npuerile and trifling. A gentleman of Arlington, an active partisan of\\nNew York, having spoken reproachfully of the proceedings of the con-\\nvention, and of the Green Mountain Boys, and having been requested\\nin vain to desist, was arrested, and, having been carried to the Green\\nMountain Tavern in Bennington, was tried when the committee, after\\nhearing his defence, ordered him to be tied to an arm-chair, and hoisted\\nto the sign (a catamount s skin stuffed, setting upon the sign-post\\ntwenty-five feet from the ground, with large teeth grinning towards\\nNew York), and there to hang two hours in the sight of the people, as\\na punishment merited by his enmity to the rights and liberties of the\\ninhabitants of the New Hampshire Grants. The sentence was executed\\nto the no small merriment of a large concourse of people. Thompson.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0730.jp2"}, "715": {"fulltext": "VERMONT.\\nless they speedil\\\\- gave over their resistance, and peace-\\nfully and unconditionaUj submitted to the lawfully con-\\nstituted authorities.\\nRegarding these threatenings as originating solely in\\nj the avarice of an unprincipled set of speculators, who\\ncoveted their lands, with their valuable improvements,\\nand as designed mainl}*, hence, to terrif3 them into sub-\\nmission and quite confident, moreover, that popular\\nsentiment was largely in their favor that the great body\\nof the people of New York even felt no interest in en-\\nforcing the claims of that Province to the lands in ques-\\ntion the settlers on the New Hampshire Grants were bj\\nno means intimidated by these ominous outgivings.\\nI o o\\nHitherto the opposition to tlie claims of New York\\n1 had been confined principally to the inhabitants on the\\nwest side of the mountains. The settlers on the grants\\nin the vicinity of Connecticut River had, many of\\nj Ihem, surrendered their original charters, and taken out\\nnew ones under the authority of New York. In several\\nof the towns, having thus submitted quietl} to the juris-\\ndiction of that Colony, and not having hence been driven\\nto desperation by the executive officers of New York,\\ntlie people here stood in a measure unconcerned, though\\nby no means altogether indiflTerent, spectators of the con-\\ntroversy in which the settlers of the more westerly grants\\nwere so deeply involved. But now an incident occurred\\nwhich had the effect of arousing the spirit of opposition\\nto New York throughout the grants on the east side of\\nthe mountains as well, and constraining the people of\\nthat section to make common cause with their brethren\\non the other side.\\nThe meeting of the delegates from the several Ameri-\\ncan Provinces at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1775, to consult\\nupon measures for the common safety, was followed bj an\\nalmost universal suspension of the royal authoritj in all\\nthe Provinces, the courts of justice being either shut\\nop, or adjourned without doing any business. New\\nYork, however, refused its assent to the patriotic meas-\\nures recommended b^ that body. Meantime the stated\\nsession of the court for the county of Cumberland, on\\nthe New Hampshire Grants, was to have been holden at\\nWestminster, March 13, 1775. Muc .i dissatisfaction pre-\\nvailing in the county because New York had refused to\\nadopt the resolves of the Continental Congress, exertions\\nwere made to dissuade the judges from holding the court,\\nbut in vain. Whereupon certain of the inhabitants of\\nWestminster and the adjacent towns took possession of\\nthe court-house at an earl} hour, to prevent the officers\\nof the court from entering. The court party appeared\\nbefore the court-house armed with swords, guns and pis-\\ntols, and commanded the people to disperse. This the\\npeople refused to do. At a later hour some of the court\\nparty, being still refused admittance into the court-house,\\nfired into the building, killing one man and wounding\\nseveral others. The wounded men, together with several\\nwho did not succeed in eflfecting their escape, were seized\\nand dragged to prison. The news of this massacre at\\nonce fired the hearts of the j-eomen on the eastern slope\\nof the mountains with irrepressible bitterness and rage\\nagainst the authorities of New York. A meeting of\\ncommittees from the several townships was at once held\\n(April 11, 1775) at Westminster, at which spirited and\\npatriotic resolutions relative to this unhappy transaction\\nwere enthusiastically adopted, it being then and there\\nvoted, among other things, that it is the manifest duty\\nof the inhabitants, on the eternal and immutable prin-\\nciples of self-preservation, wholly to renounce and resist\\nthe administration of the State of New York, until such\\ntimes as the lives and proijerty of the inhabitants can be\\nsecured thereby.\\nMeanwhile to such a pitch was the indignation of the\\nsettlers raised by these proceedings throughout all the\\nNew Hampshire Grants, that, probably, but for the open-\\ning of the American war at Lexington, on the 19th of\\nApril, the two communiiies would have actually become\\nembroiled in open hostilities. So nearlj and that on the\\nvery eve of the American Revolution, were the settlers\\nof these two sections brought to the direful and remedi-\\nless disaster of civil war.\\nAs all lesser lights, however, pale in the superior splen-\\ndor of the sun, so, upon the opening at Lexington of the\\nfirst scene of the great drama of the Revolution, all\\nminor or local controversies among the colonists natural!}\\nwere for a while absorbed in the more momentous con-\\ntroversj with the mother country. And yet, though thus\\nfor a season overshadowed by the novelty, grandeur and\\nimportance of the contest now opening between Great\\nBritain and her American Colonics, the claim of New\\nYork to jurisdiction over the territory of Vermont was by\\nno means forgotten. So far fiom this, New York im-\\nproved the very earliest opportunity to make apijlication\\nto Congress for a confirmation or a recognition of her\\ntitle to the territorj- in question. At this crisis, mean-\\nwhile, another claimant, an earlier one, for these rich\\nlands, appears. Encouraged bj the strife prevailing be-\\ntween Vermont and New York, also by certain divisions\\nIt 6 an interestins reflection that this little fracas at Westminster\\nmay have detennined the issue of the American Revolution, and so the\\ndestiny of tlic whole American continent. Unifying Vermont as it did,\\nthe latter was enabled to throw ber nndividcd strength against the Biit-\\nish at Bennington, securing a victory which so broke the back of Bur-\\ngoyne as to render possible the American victory at Saratoga, which\\nwas doubtless the crisis of the Revolutionary war.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0731.jp2"}, "716": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nrife in the Connecticut Valle}-,* and b}- the unsettled\\nstate of affairs in the countr\\\\ gonerallj-, New Hampshire,\\nwho, since the roj-al decision of the controversy between\\nNew Hampshire and New York in favor of tlie latter in\\n17G4, had made no attempt to continue her jurisdiction\\nover the disputed territory, returns to the conflict, and\\nlaying claim to the ^hole State of Vermont, as grants\\noriginally made by that Province, made due api)lication,\\nin turn, to Congress for a confirmation of her claim. In-\\ndeed, at one time, the prospect was that, the other States\\ntaking naturally but little interest in these local contro-\\nversies, and the adjustment of them being obviously a\\nmatter of extreme perplexity and embarrassment to Con-\\ngress, New Hampshire and New York would be left to\\ncut and can e and di^^de up this territory between them-\\nselves, just about as they could themselves mutually\\nagree New Y ork probably accepting for her share the\\nwestern and New Hampshire the eastern slope of the\\nState. Just at this juncture, also, strange to saj Massa-\\nchusetts, as if this stripling Vermont had not already\\nenough to contend with, appears upon the scene, and\\neither to disappoint parties which seemed to be thus re-\\nsolved upon the annihilation of Vermont, or for some\\nother cause, intcriwsed her claim for at least a portion of\\nthis disputed territorj as clearl} within her jurisdiction.\\nAnd thus, at the same time that with one hand she was\\ndoing brave battle against the common enemy, an enemy\\nhanging constantl} upon her borders, and every moment\\nthreatening invasion, Vermont, though yet in her infancy,\\nwas called with the other to combat this triangular or\\ntri-headed foe, was left, year after j^ear, to maintain\\nher independence against the plots and policy of these\\nthree beleaguering, veteran and powerful States.\\nIn this emergency and while civil war between these\\nfactions was daily becoming more and more imminent,\\nfour parties claiming the same tract of country, of whom\\nthroe appeal to Congress to settle the controversy, while\\nthe fourth appeals to that bodj* simplj for recognition as\\na State, and for even-handed justice, Congress could\\nnot well avoid taking up the matter. And, preliminarj-\\nto some future adjustment of difficulties, Congress recom-\\nmended on the one hand that those inhabitants of the\\nNew Hampshire Grants who did not acknowledge the\\njurisdiction of either of the aforementioned States, re-\\nfrain from exercising any power over such of the inhab-\\nitants as did acknowledge such jurisdiction and that, on\\nthe other hand, said States refrain in the meantime from\\nexecuting their laws over such inhabitants as did not\\nacknowledge their respective jurisdictions.\\nAt about this time, a few of the Vermont towns in tlie Connecti-\\ncut valley agitated the project of uniting with cenain New Hampshire\\nThese tentative advices seem to have quieted all par-\\nties but Vermont. New Hampshire and New Y ork\\nespecially promptly complied with the aforesaid recom- 1\\nmendations, and authorized Congress to settle the whole\\ndiificulty. Not so the stanch and sturdj- Green Moun-\\ntain State. She had already duly declared herself free\\nand independent had assumed the powers of govern-\\nment and had exercised them in all parts of her territory\\nand she should now commit herself to no policj* that\\nmight involve the possible surrender of her sovereignty\\nat the behests of partisan members of a body in which\\nshe was not rejiresented. Readj she was, and always\\nhad been, to bear her full proportion of the burden and\\nexpense of the war with Great Britain but she was not\\nso lost to all sense and honor, that after 3-ear3 of war\\nwith Britain, in which she had expended so much blood\\nand treasure, she should now give up ever^-thing worth\\nfighting for -the right of making her own laws, and of\\nchoosing her own form of government to the arbitra-\\nment and determination of any body of men under\\nheaven.\\nJune 2, 1780, Congress showed its teeth a little by re-\\nsolving that the proceedings of the inhabitants on the\\nNew Hampshire Grants were highly unwarrantable, and\\nsubversive of the peace and welfare of the United States\\nand that thej be strictlj required to abstain in the future\\nfrom all acts of authority, civil or military-, over those\\ninhabitants who profess allegiance to other States,\\nUndaunted, however, by this grim reprimand, Vermont,\\nthrough her governor and council, at once responded to,\\nthese instructions by declaring that she considered the\\nsame altogether impertinent and subversive of her own\\nnatural, inalienable rights to liberty and independence\\nas well as clearly incompatible at once with the principles\\non which Congress grounded its own independence, and\\nthat provision of the Federal Constitution by which Con-\\ngress was expressly forbidden to intermeddle with the\\ninternal policy and government of unrepresented territo-\\nries. She further intimated that, if Congress and the\\nneighboring States persisted in the course thej were at\\npresent pursuing, she could, in the end, have no motive\\nto continue hostilities with Great Britain, and maintain\\nan important frontier for the benefit of a country that\\nmeantime insisted on treating them as slaves and con-\\ncludes b3 obsen-ing that if the present poUcy be stead-\\nfastl3 pursued by Congress, it will simply remain for her\\nfinally to appeal to God, and to an impartial world, to\\nsaj who, under the circumstances, must be accountable\\nfor the awful consequences which must ensue. After\\nto\\\\vns along the other li.ink of the river, and forming a new and inde-\\npendent jurisdiction. It amounted to nothing.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0732.jp2"}, "717": {"fulltext": "mature deliberation, the scttlomcnt of the controversy,\\non the part of Congress, was voted indefinitely post-\\nponed.\\nSuch was still the posture of affairs in Vermont at the\\nclose of the Revolutionary war.\\nMeanwhile, unsettled and embarrassing as was the\\nstate of her relations to Congress and to the neighboring\\nStates, the internal tranquillity of Vermont had yet been\\nfor some time but little disturbed. Iler political institu-\\ntions had been graduall} maturing, and the organization\\nof her government had assumed a regularity and effi-\\nciency which commanded, to sa3 the least, the obedience\\nand respect of the great body of the citizens. New York,\\nto be sure, had not relinquished her claim to jurisdiction\\nover the territorj- but she had of late made no serious\\neffort to exercise it, contenting herself with opposing\\nthe admission of Vermont into the Union, and encourag-\\ning, as she had opportunity, the few disaffected citizens\\nof the latter State to resist its authoritj and to stir up\\ndisturbance and strife.*\\nMeantime, before the ciose of the war of 1784, all\\ndisturbances whatsoever had been completely quieted\\nthroughout the State. The Yorkers on the territory,\\nfinding themselves very harshlj handled by the civil and\\nmilitarj authority of Vermont, concluding finall3 mani-\\nfestly, that discretion was the better part of valor, either\\nsubmitted and took the oath of allegiance, or otherwise\\nabandoned the country. This effectual dispersion of her\\npartisans practicallj terminated the attempts of New\\nYork to maintain her authority in Vermont. Though\\ncontinuing nominally to assert her claim to the State,\\nuntil persuaded in 1790 to acknowledge her indepen-\\ndence, she probably from this period relinquished all\\nhope of overthrowing her government, or of preventing\\nthe final acknowledgment of her independence by Con-\\ngress.\\nVermont in the Revolution.\\nThe career of Vermont in the Revolution, though not\\nconspicuous, was jet active and honorable. She did\\nwhat she could. Beset upon everj- hand by States seek-\\ning in every way to embarrass and overturn her govern-\\nment, and steadfastly, and even haughtilj denied the\\nprivilege of admission to the Union, and hence the com-\\nforting assurance, that in the event of the final success of\\nthe Colonies, she should share the fruits of the victory,\\nDuring the year 1783, there was more or less disturbance in Wind-\\nliam County on the part of certain partisans of New Yorlj, who, bein^\\nnaturally opposed to the independence of Vermont, embraced every\\nopportunity to eniban-ass the newly organized government, and at sev-\\neral times had actually resisted its authority liy force. In this state of\\nthings. Gen. Ethan Allen was directed to call ont the militia for enfore-\\nVermont j-et promptly responded to the call of patriotic\\nduty, cast in her lot with the Colonies, and cheerfully\\nbore her share of the burden connected with that great\\ncontest for liberty-, union and American independence.\\nIt earlj became obvious to the Americans, that if they\\nwere effectually to withstand invasion and subjugation at\\nthe hands of Great Britain, they must obtain possession\\nof the military posts on Lake Champlain. The first\\nactive measures for accomplishing an undertaking so\\ndesirable as the reduction of these posts, appear to have\\nbeen taken by several enterprising gentlemen of Con-\\nnecticut. Hastening forward to Bennington, with a view\\nto engaging Ethan Allen in this business, thej- proceeded\\nto Castleton, where, at an early day, they were joined by\\nAllen and his recruits.\\nEarlj in the history of the controversy with New York,\\na militarj association had been formed, of which Ethan\\nAllen ardent, unyielding and bold, a man eminentlj-\\nfitted bj nature and experience for the circumstances and\\nexigencies of the times was appointed colonel command-\\nant, and Seth Warner, the cool, calm, cautious, yet\\nintrepid mountaineer, was appointed second in command.\\nThis organization, under the direction of men thus so\\npeculiarly qualified, by virtue of an unwonted vigor of\\nboth bodj and mind, for the responsibilities devolving\\nupon them, subsequentlj- became renowned in our earlier\\nand Revolutionary annals as the Green Mountain\\nBoj s, a band of hardj and brave men long a terror at\\nonce to Yorkers and red-coats.\\nAllen readily undertook to conduct the enterprise look-\\ning towards the reduction of the militarj- posts on Lake\\nChamplain. Ticonderoga was to be the first point of\\nattack. In the evening of the 9lh of May, 1775, Allen,\\nwith his men, reached Orwell, opposite to Ticonderoga,\\nwithout the garrison having obtained any intimation of\\nhis proceedings, or having had their suspicions awakened\\nof any contemplated hostile visit. Though his whole\\nforce consisted of 270 men, 200 of whom were Green\\nMountain Boys, j-et, in consequence of unavoidable\\ndelaj-s, but 83 men had been landed on the New York\\nside of the lake, when, a little after daybreak on the\\nmorning of the 10th of Maj-, 1775, Allen was obliged to\\nbegin his march toward the fortress. With so great\\nexpedition and silence, meantime, was this march elTected,\\nand with so little difficulty was his entrance into the fort\\nattended, that it was not until awakened from their\\ning the laws of Vermont, and for suppressing disturbances and insur-\\nrection in the county of Windham. Allen proceeded from Bennington\\nat the head of 100 Green Mountain Boys, and, on arrival at the scene of\\ndisturbance, issued the following proclamation I, Ethan Allen, declare\\nthat unless the people of Guilford peaceably submit to the authority of\\nVermont, the town shall be made as desolate as Sodom and Gomorrah.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0733.jp2"}, "718": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nslumbers by the huzzas of the Green Mountain Bojs,\\nalready in possession of, and drawn up on, the parade-\\nground within the fort, that the garrison and its com-\\nmander, Capt. De Laplace, were aware of what had\\noccurred. How this doughty commander, without wait-\\ning to dress, hastened to the door of the barrack, and\\nhow Allen sternly commanded him to surrender, and\\nhow, when the British officer inquired by what authority\\nthe surrender was demanded, he was informed that it\\nwas by the authority of the Great Jehovah and the Con-\\ntinental Congress and how that, under the circum-\\nstances, he surrendered at discretion and how that, on\\naccount of this exploit, Ethan Allen has always been\\nknown as the hero of Ticonderoga, are not these\\nfacts familiar to every American school-boy\\nElated by this success, the Yermonters pressed on until\\nthey obtained full possession of Lake Champlain. Un-\\nhappily, in consequence of the failure on the part of Maj.\\nBrown to co-operate with him in the contemplated assault\\nupon Montreal, Allen, though fighting with desperate\\ncourage, yet, being greatly outnumbered, was fluall3-\\ntaken prisoner by the British on the 25th of September,\\nwith 38 of his men. He was immediately loaded with\\nirons and sent to England, continuing in captivity there\\nuntil finally exchanged.\\nShortly after this, the British general (Carleton) who\\nhad captured Allen was in turn himself severely pun-\\nished by Col. Seth Warner. Attemjjting to cross, with\\nhis troops, from Montreal to Longueil, they were sur-\\nprised, just before reaching the south shore, b^-an attack\\non the part of Warner, who, having been watching them\\never since their embarkation, opened upon them such a\\nwell-directed and incessant fire of musketry and grape,\\nthat the enemy was thrown into the greatest confusion,\\nand soon retreated with precipitation and disorder.\\nOnly two battles were fought on the soil of Vermont\\nduring the Rovolutionar}- war, the battles of Hubbard-\\nton and of Bennington.\\nGen. Burg03 ne was driving everj thing before him\\ndown the Champlain Valley. The Americans, retreating\\nfrom Ticonderoga, were pursued bj Gen. Eraser, who, on\\nthe morning of the 7th of July, 1777, overtook and\\nattacked them at Hubbardton, under Seth Warner. The\\nconflict was fierce and bloody. With only seven or eight\\nhundred men, Warner disputed the progress of the enemj\\nwith the utmost bravery and resolution. The gallant\\nCol. Francis fell fighting at the head of his troops.\\nWarner, well supported by his officers and men, charged\\nthe enemy with such impetuositj that they were thrown\\ninto disorder, and at first gave way. Re-enforced, how-\\never, at this critical moment, the latter recovered, formed\\nanew, and again advanced upon the Americans. The\\nfortunes of the day were soon decided. Overpowered by\\nnumbers, and exhausted by fatigue, the Americans fled\\nfrom the field in every direction. The loss of the latter\\nin killed, wounded and prisoners, was 324.\\nThe British having supposed that a large portion of the\\ninhabitants on the New Hampshire Grants were opposed\\nto the Revolution, and that it was necessarj only to\\nmarch an enem} into their country, and furnish them with\\narms, to bring them all round the royal standard, Bur-\\ngojTie had issued a proclamation addressed to the inhabi-\\ntant* of the country, assuring them of his protection on\\ncondition of submission to the king. To their honor,\\nhowever, be it said, notwithstanding the darkness and\\ngloom which at this time enveloped American afl airs, verj-\\nfew were found disposed to abandon the cause of their\\ncountrj So far from this, on the 15th of July, the com-\\nmittee of safety of Vermont, asseral)led at Manchester,\\nnot only agreed to raise all the men they could to oppose\\nthe enemy, but at the same time wrote in the most urgent\\nterms to New Hampshire and Massachusetts to send on\\na body of troops to their assistance. In response to this\\ncall, the legislature of New Hampshire immediatel3- ral-\\nlied their militia, and hurried them forward, under Gen.\\nJohn Stark, an officer of some reputation in the French\\nwar, and who had also distinguished himself at the battle\\nof Bunker Hill. Agreeabl3 to his orders. Stark, with\\nabout 800 men, made haste to join the Vermont troops,\\nwho, to the number of about 600, were collected at Man-\\nchester under the command of Col. Seth Warner. Not\\nlong, meantime, were these patriots to wait for an oppor-\\ntunit3 to displa3 their courage, and to win unfading\\nlaurels.\\nHaving learned that a large quantit3 of provisions were\\ncollected at Bennington, designed for the American arm3\\nand still laboring under the delusion that a majority of\\nthe people in that quarter were friendl3- to the royal\\ncause, Burg03Tie detached a select bodv of about 500\\nregular troops, under the command of Col. Baum, to sur-\\nprise the place and secure these stores, of which he was\\nin perishing need, for his own arm3-. Gen. Stark, who\\nwas now at Bennington, receiving intelligence of this con-\\ntemplated attack, proceeded, on the 16th of August, to\\nintercept and to make a general attack upon the enemy.\\nAfter about two hours hard fighting, the enem3\u00c2\u00bb were\\noverpowered and utterl3- routed, their commander,\\nmortall3 wounded, falling into the hands of the victorious\\nAmericans, as also nearl3 all his men. The enemy s loss\\nwas 207 killed. That of the Americans was trifling in\\ncomparison.\\nThough the battle of Bennington was of no great magni-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0734.jp2"}, "719": {"fulltext": "tude, a mere ontl3ing skirmish, jot, in consideration\\nof its influence upon the fortunes of the war, it was, after\\nall, important and decisive. Since the fall of the gallant\\nMontgomerj-, an uninterrupted series of reverses and\\ndefeats had attended the American arms in the northern\\ndepartment in consequence of which many of the most\\nardent friends of the cause of freedom had begun to\\ndespond. But this splendid victory of Stark, achieved\\nprincipally, too, bj- undisciplined militia over veteran\\nregular, troops, proved naturally as encouraging to the\\npatriots as it was disheartening to the British, and volun-\\nteers from every quarter now flocked to the American\\nstandard.\\nMeanwhile, as brilliant and signal as had been their\\nfeats with the sword, even more brillant and signal, if\\npossible, during this Revolutionary era, were the feats of\\nthese Vermonters in diplomacy. Indeed, the history of\\nthe American Revolution is, perhaps, marked bj^ a no\\nmore singular and notable episode than that to which\\nreference is now about to be made while one cannot but\\nbe impressed by the spectacle of a handful of men accom-\\nplishing by policy what thej could have never done by\\npower, baffling, and for two or three years holding at\\nbay, an armj- 10,000 strong, and thus averting, notwith-\\nstanding an utterly exposed and unprotected frontier,\\nruinous invasion and devastation.\\nThe Revolutionary war was still wearing on. The claims\\nto independence, on the part of Vermont, were still\\nunacknowledged bj Congress, and New York was still\\nimportunate and vexatious. Under these circumstances\\nthe British generals in America entertained hopes of\\nturning these disputes to their own account by detaching\\nVermont from the American cause, and making it a\\nBritish Province. The first intimation of their views -and\\nwishes in this regard was communicated in a letter, from\\nCol. Beverly Robinson, dated New York, March 30,\\n1 780, to Ethan Allen. The British agents gave assurance\\nthat if Vermont would return to her allegiance she should\\nbecome a royal Colonj with privileges equal to those\\nenjoyed hj any other Coionj- while those who assisted\\nin accomplishing this object would be suitably honored\\nand rewarded. Allen immediately communicated the\\ncontents of this letter to Gov. Chittenden, and, not long\\nafter, inclosed the communication itself in a letter to\\nCongress. Subsequently the governor appointed Ira\\nAllen one of a commission, on the part of Vermont, to\\nnegotiate an exchange of prisoners with British officials\\nin Canada. A cessation of hostilities with Vermont was\\none of the conditions of this exchange. During this\\ninterview the British agents availed themselves of the\\nopportunity to explain their views, and to make formal\\nproposals for the establishment of Vermont under the\\nroj al authority. The Vermont commissioners received\\nthese proposals with some attention, and, though they\\navoided expressing any definite opinions, they jet inti-\\nmated that they would hold these proposals under advise-\\nment. They separated pleasantlj^ and with the under-\\nstanding that the armistice, which had already been\\nagreed upon, should be continued while these negotia-\\ntions were pending, the British officials meantime flatter-\\ning themselves that they were in a fair way to effect their\\npurposes. In April, 1781, Ira Allen was appointed to\\nsettle a cartel with the British for another exchange of\\nprisoners. The cartel being soon agreed to, the subject\\nof the armistice, and the establishment of the royal\\nauthoritj in Vermont, of course, came once more under\\ndiscussion. Allen acknowledged that the people of Ver-\\nmont were growing remiss in the prosecution of the war,\\nand fears were beginning to be entertained by some lest\\nits termination in favor of America might subject them to\\nthe government of New York, a government by them\\nesteemed to be the most detestable in the known world.\\nHe did not hesitate to state, that to any such an event\\nthey would vastly prefer to become a separate Colony\\nunder the crown, and that the United States should be\\nagain brought under the dominion of Great Britain.\\nIn September, 1781, Col. Allen and Maj. Faj had\\nanother interview with the British agents, on which\\noccasion the latter went so far as to suggest a plan of\\ngovernment for the Colonj- of Vermont all of which was\\nduly discussed and finally agreed upon by the parties.\\nBut the British agents were now growing somewhat\\nimpatient, and weie beginning to insist that Vermont\\nshould at once declare herself a British Province. The\\nVermont commissioners, however, urged that such a\\nproposition would then be premature, that the inhabi-\\ntants in some parts of the territory were not j et suffi-\\nciently brought over to British interests to warrant so\\npronounced and decisive a step.\\nThe British agents yielded this point with reluctance.\\nThey thought the present an eminently favorable oppor-\\ntunity for bringing their negotiations to a decision, and\\naccordinglj used every art to persuade the Vermont com-\\nmissioners to advise their State, without delay, to declare\\nherself a British Province. At length the British agents\\nsuggested one further proposition, their ultimatum,\\none which must be complied with, or the armistice would\\npositively be ended and that was, that a proclamation\\nshould be issued by the British general in October, during\\nthe session of th6 Vermont legislature, declaring Vermont\\na Colony under the crown, and confirming the plan of\\ngovernment alreadj agreed on and that the legislature", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0735.jp2"}, "720": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nof Vermont must accept the same, and take suitable\\nmeasures for carrying it into effect.\\nAfter some further discussion, the Vermont commis-\\nsioners judged it better, on the whole, to accede to this\\nproposition, unpalatable as it was, than, in the present\\ndefenceless state of the frontier, to incur the risk of a\\ndiscontinuance of the armistice.\\nThe legislature met at Charlestown early in October,\\nand about the same time a powerful British army was\\nlanded at Ticonderoga. The aforesaid negotiations,\\nmeantime, were known to not more than a dozen men in\\nVermont. The crisis is approaching. A communication\\nfrom Col Allen to the British agents announces that mat-\\nters are going on favorably for their designs but, in\\nview of certain unfavorable news just received from the\\nseat of war, suggests that it would hardl} be expedient\\nto publish the proposed proclamation just yet. A brief\\ndelay would, doubtless, render it far more timely aud\\neffective. In less than an hour after this communication\\nreached Ticonderoga, an express arrived there from the\\nsouth with the news of the capture of Cornwallis and his\\nwhole army. Before night the British had embarked all\\ntheir troops and stores, and, with all haste, had returned\\nto Canada. Thus were the negotiators in Vermont, at\\nthe last moment, relieved from their embarrassment and\\ndangei and thus was finall} terminated an enterprise in\\nwhich a few sagacious and daring individuals, by their\\nnegotiations and management, secured the extensive\\nfrontiei of Vermont, exposed, though it was, to an army\\nof 10,000 of the enemy.\\nThe Civil Polity of Vermont.\\nThe New Hampshire Grants, having never been recog-\\nnized by the king as a separate jurisdiction, and having\\never refused submission to the authority of New York,\\nwere, at the commencement of the Revolution, nearly in\\na state of nature, so to speak that is, they were with-\\nout an} internal organization under which the inhabi-\\ntants could act with system and effect, their onl) rall}--\\ning point, or bond of union, being their common inter-\\nest in resisting the claims and authority of New York.\\nYet, while the same interests which tluis drove them to\\nresistance gave quite all the effect of law to the recom-\\nmendations of their committees, and invested with su-\\npreme authority the dictum of the few bold and daring\\nspirits whose sagacity and energy served to give impulse,\\nsystem and direction to their operations, the partial\\nrelief, on the other hand, now experienced from the\\noppressions of New York, served clearly t discover to\\nthe inha\\\\)itants of the grants the frailty of their bond of\\nunion, and to convince them of the necessity of a better\\norganization, both to enable them to maintain the\\ngi ounds which they had assumed in relation to New\\nYork, and to render efficient aid to their countrymen in\\nthe contest now opening with Great Britain.\\nWith a view to moving wisely in this important mat-\\nter, counsel was first sought of Congress. A convention\\nof delegates fiom the several towns assembled at Dorset\\non the IGth of January, 1776, forwarded a petition and\\nan address to that bodj in which, after giving a brief\\nsketch of the controversy with New York, they avowed\\ntheir unwavering attachment to the cause in which the\\nColonies had unsheathed the sword, and expressed their\\nwillingness to bear their full proportion of the burden of\\nprosecuting the war but were careful to declare their\\nunwillingness to be considered in any manner sulyect to\\nthe authority or jurisdiction of New York or to be\\ncalled upon, whenever their services should be required,\\nas inhabitants of that Province.\\nTo this first petition of the inhabitants of the grants\\nto Congress, it was answered, by the committee to whom\\nit was referred, that the petitioners had, for the present,\\nbetter submit to the government of New York, and\\nassist their countr3-men in the contest with Great Britain,\\nwith the understanding, however, that such submission\\nshould not prejudice their right to any lands in contro-\\nversy, or be construed to affirm, or admit, the jurisdic-\\ntion of New York over the country, when the present\\ntroubles should be ended. Considering this report of\\nthe committee unfavorable to the grants, the agent, ]\\\\Ir.\\nHeman Allen, by whom this petition had been forwarded,\\nasked leave to withdraw it, and thus Congress was pre-\\nvented from coming to any decision upon the subject.\\nMeanwhile, the Declaration of American Independence\\nhaving now been bj Congress published to the world, in\\norder to ascertain the state of public opinion as to what\\ncourse it were best, under the circumstances, to pursue,\\nit was determined that a general convention should be\\ncalled for that purpose. Delegates accordingly from 3o\\ntowns assembled at Dorset, July 24, 1776. At this ses-\\nsion it was agreed: (1) To enter into an association\\namong themselves for the defence of the liberties of\\ntheir country (2) That thej would not associate with,\\nor submit to, the provincial government of New York,\\nwhile all such inhabitants of the grants as should thus\\nassociate, or submit, should be regarded as enemies to\\nthe common cause (3) That suitable measures be taken,\\nas soon as may be, to declare the New Hampshire\\nGrants a free and separate district. On the 1.5th of\\n.Tanuarv, 1777, the convention met again at Westminster.\\nThe sentiments of their constituents having, in the mean-\\ntime, been well ascertained, and being fully convinced", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0736.jp2"}, "721": {"fulltext": "that there was now no other way of safety left, the dele-\\ngates, on the 16th of that month, published the follow-\\ning declaration This convention, whose members are\\ndul^ chosen, by the free voice of their constituents, in\\nthe several towns on the New Hampshire Grants, in pub-\\nlie meeting assembled, in our own names, and in behalf\\nof our constituents, do herebj- proclaim and declare that\\nthe district of territory comprehending, and known by\\nthe name and description of, the New Hampshire Grants,\\nof right ought to be, and is hereby declared forever here-\\nafter to be, a free and independent jurisdiction, or State,\\nto be forever hereafter called, known and distinguished\\nby the name of Vermont.\\nThis declaration was unanimousl} adopted b} the con-\\nvention, after which resolutions were adopted noticing\\nCongress of the steps thej* had taken, renewing their\\nexpressions of lo^altj and attachment to the eonnnon\\ncause, and praying that their declaration might be\\nacknowledged, and that delegates from Vermont might\\nbe admitted to seats in that bodj\\nHappy was it, sa3S another, for the new State\\nthat these measures, so wise and so judicious in them-\\nselves, were adopted and supported with that firmness\\nand temperance which were alone adequate to secure a\\nhappj result.\\nFully persuaded that their independence must now be\\nsupported with the same firmness and spirit with which it\\nhad been declared, Vermont at once addressed herself to\\nthe task of forming a constitution. Meeting b}- adjourn-\\nment at Windsor, on the first Wednesday of June, the\\nsame convention which had declared the independence\\nof Vermont appointed a committee to make a draft of a\\nconstitution for the State. They also adopted a resolu-\\ntion recommending that the several towns appoint dele-\\ngates to meet in conA-ention at Windsor, on the 2d day\\nof July following, for the purpose of discussing and\\nadopting said constitution. In compliance with this\\nresolution, the convention assembled at Windsor, on the\\n2d of July, and a draft of a constitution was read,\\nand, after due deliberation, adopted. f Having appointed\\na committee of safety to act during tlieir recess, and\\nhaving ordered that the first election under the constitu-\\ntion should take place in December, 1777, and that the\\nThird resolution adopted at an adjourned session, Sept. 25.\\nt While the convention was deliberating; npon, and adopting the\\nseveral articles of this important instrument, they received the news of\\nthe evacuation of Ticondcroga by the American troops on the 6th of\\nJuly, an event which left the whole western border of Vermont ex-\\nposed io the enemy, and spread alarm and consternation through this\\nand the neighboring States. In this awful crisis, siiys Allen, in his\\nhistory of Vermont, the convention was for leaving Windsor; but a\\nsevere thunder-storm came on and gave them time to reflect while\\nsome members, lees alarmed at the news, called the attention of the con-\\ndelegates then elected should meet at Bennington in Jan-\\nuar} following, the convention adjourned. Public atten-\\ntion, however, having been so much engrossed b}- the\\nadvance of Burgoyne as to prevent the election taking\\nplace at the time appointed, the convention was again\\ncalled together at Windsor by the council of safety, on\\nthe 25th of December, when they revised the constitu-\\ntion, and postponed the day of election to the first Tues-\\nd.ty of March, 1778, and the meeting of the Assembly to\\nthe second Thursday of the same month.]:\\nThe Legislature of Vermont met for the first time on\\nthe 12th of March, 1778, at W^indsor, and the same day\\na petition was presented from IG towns on the east side\\nof Connecticut Kiver, praying to be admitted to a union\\nwith Vermont.\\nHitherto the New Hampshire Grants had embraced\\nsimply what at present constitutes the temtorj of Ver-\\nmont, nor had the young State the least ambition to ex-\\ntend its domain. These petitioners, meantime, repre-\\nsented that their territory had hitherto been held in sub-\\njection to New Hampshire solel} hy force of the royal\\ncommissions that hence, when in consequence of the\\nDeclaration of Independence the royal authority ceased\\nin the Colonies, their allegiance to New Hampshire\\nceased, and thej were left to form a separate government,\\nor to unite with such neighboring government as would\\nconsent to the union. The Legislature was seriously\\nembarrassed by this application. Man} regarded the\\ncontemplated union a dangerous measure, as likelj to\\nembroil the State in difficulties with New Hampshire.\\nThe Legislature was disposed to reject the application\\nbut after considerable deliberation it was finally voted,\\nMarch 18, 1778, to refer the decision of the question to\\nthe people. Upon the re-assembling of the adjourned\\nLegislature on the 4th of June, at Bennington, it ap-\\npeared that a majority of the towns were in favor of the\\nunion with the 16 towns from New Hampshire, and June\\n1 1 it was voted that the union take place. Meantime, as\\nwas b} many anticipated. New Hampshire, justly in-\\ncensed at these proceedings, uttered loud complaints,\\nand appealed to Congress to interfere on her behalf\\nwhile a remonstrance was also addressed to Gov. Chit-\\ntenden, urging him to exert his influence with the Legis-\\nvcntion to finish the constitution, which was then reading, paragraph by\\nparagraph, for the last time. This was done. Thompson.\\nX Since about the time of the admission of the State into the Union,\\nthe Legislature has met annually in the beginning of October. For sev-\\neral years its sessions were held in different to^vns, Bennington, Wind-\\nsor, Burlington, Middlebury, c. At the session held at Danville, in\\n180.5, an act was passed fixing upon Montpelicr as the permanent scat\\nof the government of the State, from and after the year 1808. The\\nLegislature assembled, accordingly, for the first time, at Montpelicr,\\nthe established capital of the State, in October, 1S08.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0737.jp2"}, "722": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nlature of Vermont to dissolve a connection which would\\nprobabl}- endanger their peace, if not, indeed, also their\\npolitical existence.\\nFully sensible, upon reflection, of the impolicy as well\\nas injustice of aiding in the dismemberment of New\\nHampshire, and quickened somewhat in the discbarge of\\nduty b^ the earnest and positive remonstrance of Con-\\ngress, as well as of their sister State, the people of er-\\nmont were wise enough to embrace the first opportunity\\nto retrace their steps in this regard, and dissolve a con-\\nnection that tluis threatened their ruin.\\nNotwithstanding this dissolution of the union between\\nVermont and the 16 towns of New Hampshire, most of\\nthe inhabitants in the western part of the latter State\\nwere still anxious to be annexed to Vermont. At a con-\\nTcntiou called for the purpose of discussing the matter\\n(Jan. 16, 1781), and of which a large majority was\\nfound to be opposed to the jurisdiction of New Hamp-\\nshire, and in favor of a union with Vermont, a committee\\nwas appointed to confer with the latter State on the sub-\\nject of union. This committee, on February 10, informed\\nthe Assembl} of Vermont, then sitting at Windsor, that\\nthe convention of the New Hampsliire towns was\\ndesirous of being united with Vermont in one separate\\nindependent government, upon such principles as should\\nbe mutuallj equitable and beneficial. Vermont resolved\\nthat, in order to quiet the present disturbances on the\\ntwo sides of the river, and the better to enable the inhab-\\nitants to defend their frontier, the Legislature of this\\nState do la.y a, jurisdictional claim to all the towns cast\\nof the Connecticut represented by this convention. The\\nconvention of the New Hampshire towns was at the same\\ntime sitting at Cornish, on the opposite side of the river\\nand, after repeated communications between the commit-\\ntee of this convention and the committee of the Legis-\\nlature of Vermont, the articles of union were finally\\nagreed upon. By these articles it was stipulated that the\\nconstitution of Vermont should be adopted bj the New\\nHampshire towns, and that, if the towns in Vermont and\\nalso the New Hampshire towns should finally favor the\\nmeasure, the union should then be dul^- consummated.\\nThe Assembly of Vermont met again at Windsor,\\nagreeable to adjournment, April 4. And the convention\\nof the New Hampshire towns also re-assembled at Cor-\\nnish. On the 5th of April a committee of the conven-\\ntion informed the Assembly that not less than 35 towns\\non the east side of the Connecticut River had consented\\nto the union. On examining the returns from the towns\\nin Vermont, it was found that 36 were in favor of, and\\nseven opposed to, the union. Whereupon a committee\\nwas appointed to inform the convention of the facts, and\\nthat the Assembly was ready to receive the members re-\\nturned from the New Hampshire towns on the morrow,\\nat 9 o clock in the morning. Accordingly on the next\\ndaj- 35 representatives from towns on the east side of\\nthe Connecticut River took their seats in the General\\nAssemblj of Vermont.\\nMeantime, on account of the unjustifiable measures of\\nNew York already referred to, and in consequence of\\nrepeated solicitations, from several towns in New York\\nwhich bordered on Vermont, to be taken into union with\\nthat State, the Legislature of Vermont had already, Feb.\\n14, 1781, laid jurisdictional claim to all the lands west\\nof her present territorj and east of the Hudson. Hav-\\ning now completed her eastern union, she turns once\\nmore to attend to the one on the west. On the 15th of\\nMaj- a committee, appointed bj- the General Assembly\\nfor the purpose, attended, at Cambridge, New York, a\\nconvention of delegates from the towns in New York\\nwhich desired a union with Vermont, with a view to mak-\\ning the necessary arrangements for effecting the same.\\nArticles of union having been duly agreed to, and, on\\nthe IGth of June following, these having been confirmed\\nby the Legislature, representatives from these districts\\nwere likewise admitted to seats in the General Assembh-\\nof Vermont.\\nBy the unions thus formed, not onlj- had Vermont\\ndoubled the extent of territory within her jurisdiction,\\nand added greatlj- to her numbers and resources, quieted\\nthe disaflfection of her people at home, and restored con-\\nfidence to her friends abroad placed her territory in a\\ncondition to invite emigration from the neighboring\\nStates, and laid the foundation for a large and powerful\\ncommunit} but she had taught her hostile neighbors\\nthat this claiming jurisdiction over territory which did not\\nstrictly belong to them was a game that two or more\\nmight play at, drawing from them thus concessions for\\nwhich justice alone had sought in vain, and averting that\\ndismemberment of her territory which would otherwise\\nhave almost surel}- taken place.\\nTrue, when the objects contemplated by these some-\\nwhat audacious measures had been fully accomplished,\\nboth these unions, so auspiciously entered into, were dis-\\nsolved,* and Vermont consented, for reasons entirely\\nsatisfactory- to herself, to assert her jurisdiction onl3- over\\nher original and proper territory. But, for the time\\nbeing, driven bj- stern, inexorable necessity to defend\\nher own rights, she determined, and wisel} so to man-\\nage her own affairs as best to secure, at all events, at\\nonce her safety- and her independence, against the arms\\nThough not without the earnest protests, in each case, of the inhab-\\nitants most immediately interested.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0738.jp2"}, "723": {"fulltext": "VERMONT.\\nof the British on the north, on the one hand, and against\\nthe wiles and wicliedness of her enemies nearer home,\\non the other.\\nIIer Admission into the Union.\\nVermont had a long struggle in effecting her admission\\ninto the Union. Eveiy advance in that direction was\\nfor years met either bj evasion or flat refusal. The\\nreason for this course is apparent. Saj s Prof. Thomp-\\nson Tiie contest wiih the mother country was 3-et\\nundecided and its issue doubtful and the grounds which\\nthe several parties in this dispute had assumed were such\\nthat Congress could not hope to malce a decision which\\nwould satisfj them all and to irritate either of the States\\nconcerned to such a degree as to drive them to an aban-\\ndonment of the common cause, might paralyze the efforts\\nof Congress, and prevent the attainment of that liberty\\nand independence for which they were struggling. Hence\\nthe strangely partial, evasive and vacillating policj of that\\nbodj relative to the affairs of Vermont.\\nIn April, 1777, Thomas Young, a distinguished citi-\\nzen of Philadelphia, addressed a communication to the\\ninhabitants of Vermont, in which he represented it as\\nthe opinion of several of the leading members of Con-\\ngress, that Vermont should proceed in her organization,\\nform a constitution, and appoint delegates to Congress\\nand he declared it to be his own individual opinion that\\nCongi-ess would not hesitate to sanction their proceedings,\\nor to admit their delegates to a seat in that honorable\\nbody. This communication was prefixed to a resolution\\nwhich Congress had passed on the 15th of May, 177G,\\nwhich recommended to the assemblies and conventions\\nof the united Colonies where no government, sufficient\\nfor the exigencies of their affairs, had already been es-\\ntablished, to adopt such government as, in the opinion\\nof the representatives of the people, should best conduce\\nto the happiness and safetj of their constituents. This\\nresolution was regarded, by the author of the communica-\\ntion, as a full license from Congress to assume the\\npowers of government, and he recommended that no\\ntime be lost in avaihng themselves of the present oppor-\\ntunity to establish a separate dominion.\\nNow, while New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Con-\\nnecticut were ready (that is, at the outset) to admit\\nVermont as a new member of the Federal Union, and\\napplauded the spirit and boldness with which she asserted\\nand maintained her rights, New York, on the other hand,\\nregarded all transactions of the kind advised above as\\nopen acts of treason and rebellion against the lawful\\nauthority of that State, and hence earnestly remonstrated,\\nin a letter addressed to the president of Congress,\\nMay 28, against the proceedings of Mr. Young, and of\\nthose members of Congress who had given him counte-\\nnance. With a view to bringing Congress to a decision\\non the subject of this controversy, on the 23d of June,\\none of the New York delegates laid before that bod}-\\nthe aforementioned letter of Thomas Young to the in-\\nhabitants of Vermont. Congress now, for the first time,\\ntook up the matter and the petitions and communica-\\ntions from New York and the New Hampshire Grants\\nwere referred to a committee of the whole. This com-\\nmittee, on the 30th of June, among other things, re-\\nsolved (1) That Congress would not recommend or\\ncountenance anj thing injurious to the rights and juris-\\ndiction of the several communities herein represented\\n(2) That the inhabitants of the New Hampshire Grants\\ncannot be justified, in their declaration of independence,\\nhy the example of the united Colonies, nor b^ ixny act or\\nresolution of Congress (3) That the petition of Vermont\\nto be recognized as an independent State, and to have her\\ndelegates adtnitted to seats in Congress, be dismissed.\\nStill later, in June, 1781, Vermont, having completed\\nher eastern and western unions, as elsewhere related,\\nappointed Jonas Fay, Ira Allen, and B. Woodward del-\\negates to the American Congress to negotiate her admission\\ninto the Federal Union. Full powers were given them\\nto complete the arrangement and, if the} effected their\\nobject, they were authorized to take their seats in Con-\\ngress as representatives of Vermont. These delegates\\narrived in Philadelphia about the beginning of August.\\nOn the 7th of this month, 1781, Congress took up the\\nsubject of their mission, and appointed a committee of\\nfive persons to confer with the delegates from Vermont\\nand agree with them upon the terms of admission, pro-\\nvided Congress should see fit to recognize Vermont as\\nan independent State. On the 18th of August a con-\\nference took place between this committee and the dele-\\ngates from Vermont. On the 20th the committee made\\ntheir report to Congress, whereupon that bodj- (Aug. 20,\\n1781) adopted the following resolution\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Resolved, That it be an indispensable preliminar} to\\nthe recognition of the independence of the people inhab-\\niting the territory called Vermont, and their admission\\ninto the Federal Union, that they explicitly relinquish all\\ndemands of lands, or jurisdiction on the east side of the\\nConnecticut, or the west side of its original State line.\\nVermont and New York both, says Mr. Thompson,\\nwere dissatisfied with this resolution, Vermont be-\\ncause it required, as a condition of her admission into the\\nUnion, that she should di-ssolve the agreeable connections\\nshe had just formed, and alienate one-half of her present\\nterritory, resources and importance New York because", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0739.jp2"}, "724": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SEW ENGLAND.\\nit recognized the claim against which slie had so long\\nand so earnestly contended actually allowing Vermont\\nto have something left which she could call her own.\\nThe foregoing resolutions, it is true, held out a faint\\nprospect of an admission into the Federal Union with\\nher original territory yet, having lost much of her con-\\nj fidence in the assurances of Congress, and having now\\nconsolidated lier unions at home very much to her own\\nsatisfaction, Vermont felt herself in a condition to de-\\nmand something better than the relinquishment of one-\\nhalf of her territory and population to secure the inde-\\npendence of the other half. Hence, after deliberating\\nand debating on the subject for several days, the Assem-\\nbly, on the 19th of October, voted that they could not\\ncompl}- with the foregoing resolution of Congress.\\nIn the meantime, in consequence of the mutually bel-\\nligerent attitude of Vermont and New York, and the\\nnnhappil3 increasing l)itterness obtaining between these\\ntwo communities, affairs seemed rapidly to be reaching\\nan alarming crisis and all parties were beginning to\\ntremble at the prospect of a civil, in the midst of their\\nRevolution arj -war, a calamity that must have proved\\nfatal to the cause of American liberty and independence.\\nFortunateh just at this juncture. Gov. Cliittenden re-\\nceived a letter from Gen. W^ashington, dictated by his\\npaternal solicitude for the good of his country, and for a\\nhappy termination of the troubles in relation to Vermont,\\nkindlj counselling the State of Vermont to withdraw her\\njurisdiction to the confines of her own limits, and then\\nseek and obtain, as lie was morally certain she then\\nwould, a recognition of her independence and sovereignty\\nat the hands of Congress.*\\nSuch a communication from Gen. Washington might\\nbe reasonably expected to exert a powerful influence\\nupon the minds of the leading men of Vermont and the\\nevent showed that it did. At tlie next meeting of the\\nlegislature, which was held at Bennington, this letter was\\nlaid before that body. Knowing that it came from a man\\nwho had the interests of the whole country at heart, and\\nfrom one, moreover, whose assurances must be based\\nupon a wide and statesmanlike comprehension of facts,\\nhis advice was received with the greatest deference, and,\\nafter mature deliberation upon the subject, the Assembly,\\nFeb. 22, 1782, resolved to compl3- with the preliminary\\nrequired bj the resolution of Congress of August 20, aud\\nrelinquish all claims to jurisdiction bej-ond tlie bounds\\ntherein mentioned.\\nVermonters may well cherish for the memory of Washington the\\nprofoundest and most tender rcg-ard. Indeed, it is but just to say that\\nthe two men whose names are here associated were endeared to the\\npeople of Vermont by their long, able and disinterested public services,\\nas were none others. In their abilities and virtues they reposed the\\nHaving thus complied with the requirements of Con-\\ngress, Vermont now confidently expected an immediate\\nrecognition of her independence, and an admission into\\nthe Federal Union, and with it a termination of the dis-\\nagreeable controvers3 with New York. Accordingly the\\nlegislature proceeded to choose four agents, Jonas Fay,\\nMoses Robinson, Paul Spooner and Isaac Tichenor, to\\narrange the terms of admission, and then take their seats\\nin Congress as representatives of Vermont. On the 31st\\nof March, 1782, these proceedings of the State of Ver-\\nmont, by which that State had fully complied with the\\nrequirement of the resolution of tiie 20th of August, were\\nofficially laid before Congress. Congress now again took\\nup the subject, and referred it to a committee of five,\\nwho, on the 17th of April, reported That, in tlie opinion\\nof the committee, Vermont had fully complied with the\\nresolution of the 20th of August as preliminary to the\\nrecognition of her sovereignty and independence, and\\nadmission into the Federal Union and that the con-\\nditional promise of such recognition and admission by\\nCongress is therebj become absolute and necessary to be\\nperformed.\\nIt was then moved that the district or territorj- known\\nas Vermont, thus defined and limited, be, and hereby is,\\nrecognized and acknowledged by the name of the State\\nof Vermont, as free, sovereign and independent and\\nthat a committee be appointed to treat and confer with\\nthe delegates from said State, upon the terms and mode\\nof the admission of said State into the Federal Union.\\nBy the treatment, however, accorded to this recom-\\nmendation of the committee, it became evident, to the\\nsurprise and utter astonisliment of the Vermont delegates,\\nthat Congress did not intend even yet to come to any\\ndecision in regard to the affairs of Vermont.\\nAfter having addressed a dignified but spirited com-\\nmunication to the president of Congress, in which they\\nreminded that body that, having, in the most ample\\nmanner, complied with their requirements, and having\\nofficially communicated said compliance to them, they\\ncannot but regard the failure of Congress to execute\\ntheir part in the premises a violation of their plighted\\nfaith, as also an act of injustice to themselves, exposing\\nthem, as it did, to the main force of the enemy in Can-\\nada, witli no aid whatever from the United States in\\nwhose cause they had so freely fought and suffered, the\\nagents immediately withdrew from Philadelphia and re-\\npaired to their homes.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0oiiliiillv contributed, in after years, after that\\nHI. iii!ii r i)f the confederacy, and the government\\n1.1 l.u. 11 iilaccd upon the fouhdiition of its present\\n\\\\v upon tliese two eminent public servants the\\nhighest positions in the gift of the people.\\nfullest confide\\nVermont had\\nof the United", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0740.jp2"}, "725": {"fulltext": "When these proceedings of Congress came to be\\nknonii in Vermont, universal and intense dissatisfaction\\nwas the result. Having taken the step she had in per-\\nfectly good faith, and in accordance with the advice of\\ngentlemen of tlie first cliaracter in America, the people\\nof Vermont were now tempted to the opinion that the\\nresolution of the 20th of August had been designed prin-\\ncipally to dupe the Assembly to a compliance for the\\npurpose of so wealcening the State as to render it less\\ndangerous to contravene her designs and wishes. Not-\\nwithstanding the pain and mortification of their disap-\\npointment, and though their faith in the virtue and\\nintegrity of this Congress was so sadl} sliaken that the3-\\ndetermined never more to urge upon it their right to a\\nco-federation with the United States, yet, that it might\\nappear to the world that Vermont was not in fault, at\\ntheir next ensuing assemblj in October, the}- again ap-\\npointed agents with full powers to complete arrange-\\nments for her admission into the Union, while they them-\\nselves resolved, in the future as in the past, to rel^ on\\ntheir own strength, resources and management for de-\\nfence and safety, to\\nBow to no patron s insolence rely\\nOu no frail hopes in freedom live and die.\\nYears elapse. Hostilities between Great Britain and\\nAmerica had ceased, and now, on the one hand. Con-\\ngress was freed from its embarrassments with regard to\\nVermont while Vermont, on the other, on account of\\ntlie withdrawal from her northern frontiers of the British\\nforces whose efforts had been so long palsied by the art-\\nful policy of a few individuals, was released from all her\\nfears. On the 20th of January, 1783, the preliminary\\narticles of peace were signed, which formall}- terminated I\\nthe Revolutionary war, and established the independence\\nof the united Colonies. Meantime the people of Ver-\\nmont, having now no external foes to dread, ceased to\\nbe speciallj- solicitous for an immediate organic union\\nwith the confederated States.\\nThe adoption of the new Federal Constitution, how-\\never, in 1787, awakened fresh interest in this matter.\\nThis Constitution was ratified by the States, and the\\nfirst Congress assembled under it March 3, 1789.\\nThe policy, proceedings and measures of this new\\nCongress seemed to be marked b}- so much wisdom, pru-\\ndence and equity, that the confidence of the people of\\nVermont in the Federal Government, so effectually weak-\\nened by the evasive and vacillating policy of the former\\nCongress, was now in a fair way to be restored. But the\\nancient difficult} with New York still remained unsettled.\\nOne serious difficulty only, however, now stood in the\\nway of such a settlement. A new political generation\\nhad come upon the stage, a generation whicli, so far\\nfrom inheriting the feuds of the former, could not but\\nperceive that Vermont was now to remain a free and in-\\ndependent State, and probably felt but little, if any,\\nanxiety that it should be otherwise. But the former\\ngovernors of New York had made grants of large tracts\\nof land in Vermont, the validity of which the govern-\\nment of Vermont had refused to admit and the grantees\\nhence were constantly complaining to the government of\\nNew York of the injuries done them in not being per-\\nmitted to take possession of their propert}-. Now,\\nthough New York felt under no verj- strong obligation to\\nrefund what had been extorted for these grants bj- that\\ncupidity of the royal governors of the Province before\\nthe war, still she was disposed, if practicable, to com-\\npromise the matter, and have the difficulties adjusted on\\namicable terms.\\nThe new New York, meantime, had come to be more\\nthan willing that these difficulties should be adjusted,\\nand actually to desire Vermont s confederation with the\\nUnited States. Bj the exclusion of Vermont from the\\nUnion, it was perceived that the Eastern States were\\ndeprived of their just representation in Congress while,\\non the other hand, it was obvious to New York, tliat,\\nonce their old difficulties composed, the interests and in-\\nfluence of Vermont would, in almost everj instance,\\ncoincide witli her own. The result was, public opinion\\ncalled at once for a reconciliation.\\nIn accordance witli these conciliatory views the Legis-\\nlature of New York, July 1 1789, passed an act ap-\\npointing commissioners with full powers to acknowledge\\nthe sovereignty of Vermont, and adjust all matters of\\ncontroversy with that State. On the 23d of October\\nfollowing, the Legislature of Vermont app iinted com-\\nmissioners, on their part, to treat with those of New\\nYork, and to remove all obstructions to the admission of\\nVermont into the Union. The commissioners on botli\\nsides were very anxious that an adjustment should be\\neffected, and hence approached the question in a thor-\\noughly conciliatory spirit.\\nThere was but one point that admitted of any debate,\\nand that was the amount of compensation which the\\nclaimants under New York grants should receive from\\nVermont on account of her having re-granted the same\\nlands, and excluded the New York grantees from their\\npossession. The settlement of this point, after two or\\nthree meetings, was amicably agreed upon. Whereupon,\\nOct. 7, 1790, the commissioners for New York, by vir-\\ntue of the powers to them granted for that purpose, and\\nin consideration of the payment b} the State of Vermont\\nto the State of New York, on or before the first day of", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0741.jp2"}, "726": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nJanuary, 1792, of the sum of $30,000, declared the con-\\nsent of the Legislature of New York that the State of\\nVermont be admitted into the union of the United States\\nand that, immediatelj upon such admission, all claims\\nof jurisdiction of the State of New Y ork ^^ithin the\\nState of Vermont, all rights and titles to lands within\\nsaid State, under grants from the government of the\\nColony of New York, shall forever cease. Oct. 28,\\n1790, the Legislature of Vermont, having formally and\\nreadily agreed to the plan concerted by the commission-\\ners, passed an act to pay the sum of $30,000 to the State\\nof New Y ork, at the time proposed.\\nThere remained now but a single step more to be\\ntaken in order to gain that dignity and station after\\nwhich this struggling j oung State had so long and hero-\\nically aspired.\\nThe difficulties with New York adjusted, the Legisla-\\nture proceeded to call a convention for the purpose of\\nascertaining the views of the people in regard to a union\\nwith the United States. This convention assembled at\\nBennington, Jan. 6, 1791, and, after deliberating and\\ndebating the subject for four days, it was finally voted,\\n105 to 2, that application be made for admission into\\nthe Federal Union.\\nOn the 13th of January, 1791, the Legislature of\\nVermont, having been convened at Bennington, chose\\nHon. Nathaniel Chapman and Lewis R. Morris, Esq.,\\ncommissioners to attend Congress, and negotiate the ad-\\nmission of Vermont into the Union. The proceedings of\\nthis convention and Legislature of Vennont having been\\nduly laid before the President, on the 18th of February,\\n1791, Congress passed an act, which was passed without\\ndebate or a dissenting vote, which declared that on the\\n4th day of March, 1791, the said State, bj- the name and\\nstyle of the State of Vermont, shall be received and\\nadmitted into their Union as a new and entire member of\\nthe United States of America. And thus was ter-\\nminated finall}- all controversies, both State and national,\\nwith regard to Vermont.\\nFrom the lime of her admission into the Federal\\nUnion, Vermont s history loses, as Mr. Thompson well\\nobserves, in a great measure, its separate and peculiar\\ncharacter, and becomes either a part of the history of\\nthe United States, or resembles, in its leading features,\\nthat of the other individual States.\\nFrom this era, meantime, in the history of Vermont,\\nthe government, though occasionallj slightly agitated by\\nDuring this same period of harmony and union, the Legislature of\\nVermont adopted and digested a judicious and noble code of laws.\\nThe legislative proceedings of Vermont during the administration\\nof Gov. Chittenden were characterized hy extreme simplicity. It\\nthe bickerings of partj and the tumults of political\\nstrife, has yet gone steadily onward in its career of pros-\\nperity, diffusing its blessings, and maintaining its benig-\\nnant swaj through every portion of the community. For\\nseveral years after the admission of the State into the\\nUnion, and notably during the long gubernatorial term\\nof Gov. Thomas Chittenden, 18 yea.TS, the political tran-\\nquillity of the State was scarcely affected by the policy\\nand intrigues of demagogues and aspirants for office.*\\nSubsequent!} at one time, partisan politics and the\\nspirit of faction attained to quite a marked development.\\nEarly in the present century, especially, the popular\\nmind became considerably inflamed touching political\\nissues, and political affairs were characterized by more or\\nless rancor and violence. About the time of the last\\nwar with Great Britain (1812-15), party spirit reached\\nits greatest height, the Federal, or the old, conservative\\nparty, assailing wath gi-eat bitterness the Administration,\\nor Democratic part}-. After this storm had passed by,\\nhowever, and partly in consequence of the struggle it-\\nself, these internal divisions and political animosities died\\naway, and from that day scarcely an^-thing has occurred\\nto mar the general harmony.\\nVermont, as well as her sister States of New England,\\nhas been singularly fortunate in the character of the\\nstatesmen who laid the foundations of her government.\\nIndeed, if ever an age ma}^ be said to have produced in-\\ndividuals seemingly moulded by nature particularly for\\nthe exigencies of the times in which the}- lired, that may\\nbe said to have been true of the infancy of Vermont.\\nProminent among these fathers of the State were Ira\\nAllen, the sagacious statesman, the incomparalile diplo-\\nmat, and incorruptible and indomitable patriot Ethan\\nAllen, who, in a private communication to Congress,\\nonce, with characteristic force and fervor, declared, I\\nam as resolutely determined to defend the independence\\nof Vermont, as Congress is that of the United States\\nand rather than fail, Wi7Z retire with my Uanhj Green\\nMountain Boys into the desolate caverns of the mountains\\nand tcage war ivith human nature ct large; and Thomas\\nChittenden Vermont s first governor, her favorite,\\nfatherly and farmer statesman, and through whose in-\\nstrumentality chieflj-, there is reason to believe, she\\nachieved her independence, and won the proud, the en-\\nviable distinction of\\nFair freedom s chosen home\\nOur own beloved Green Mountain State.\\nwas not then the custom of the governor to make a speech or deliver\\na message at the opening of the Legislature. Isa;tc Tichenor, his\\nsuccessor, was the first to introduce into Vermont this custom of the\\nother States.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0742.jp2"}, "727": {"fulltext": "ADDISON COUNTY.*\\nBY WILLIAM F. BASCOM, ESQ.\\nThe count} was established Oct. 18, 1785. Oct. 12,\\n1787, its limits were restricted very nearly to the present\\nboundaries. Three towns were subsequently added, and\\none was withdrawn. The countj- now contains 23 towns.\\nThe western border of this count}- first came to the\\nknowledge of Europeans in 1609. On the 4th of July\\nof that year, Samuel Champlain, coming from Quebec,\\nentered the northern extremity of the lalve, accompanied\\nby two other Frenchmen and a war party of 60 Algon-\\nquin and Huron Indians. Proceeding up the lake in\\ncanoes, he encountered on the 29th, in the evening, a\\nparty of Iroquois Indians, at the point of a cape which\\njuts into the lake on the west side. These were ene-\\nmies of the Algonquins and Hurons and here, on the\\nmorning of the 30th, a battle was fought between the\\nhostile parties. The place of this encounter was prob-\\nably in the vicinity of Ticonderoga. The Indians of his\\nparty informed him that the country east of the lake was\\ninhabited by the Iroquois. Abundant relics, found in\\nmany places within the county, such as arrow-heads,\\npots, hammers, pestles, stone gouges, c., prove that\\nthere had been Indian settlements in this part of the\\nState. Hostilities with other tribes apparently induced\\nthem to retire to parts of the country less exposed to the\\nincursions of enemies and thus the English settlers\\nfound no Indians in possession of tlie lands.\\nIn 1690, Capt. .Jacobus D Warm, from Albany, built\\na small stone fort at Chimney Point in Addison. This\\nliy some is supposed to have been the first occupation by\\ncivilized men of any part of the territory of Vermont.\\nIn 1730, some French settlers came from Canada and\\nbuilt at the same place a block-house and wind-mill.\\nThis became a thriving settlement, and was the first in\\nthe State west of the mountains. The next year, 1731,\\nthe French built, on the opposite side of the lake. Fort\\nFrederic, subsequently known as Crown Point. This\\ngave additional securit} to the settlement at Chimney\\nPoint. During the next ton years this settlement was\\nThe following is a list of the towns in Addison County, and their\\npopulation for the year 1870: Addison. 911; Avery s Gore, Erid-\\nport( 1,171; Bristol, 1,365; Cornwall, 9G9; Ferrisburgh, 1,7GS; Goshen,\\n330; Granville, 726; Hancock, 430; Leicester, 630; Lincoln, 1,174;\\nextended north on the lake some four miles. The re-\\nmains of old gardens and cellars, to be seen as late as\\n1867, indicate a somewhat dense population here at this\\nearly day.\\nThe settlers at Chimney Point were undisturbed until\\nthe capture of Ticonderoga, July 27th, 1759, by Gen.\\nAmherst. The French troops abandoned and burnt the\\nforts at Crown Point and Chimney Point, and, taking\\nthe settlers with them, retired to Canada. This was the\\nend of the French settlement at this point, after an\\noccupation of 29 years. Amherst immediately began to\\nrebuild the fort at Crown Point, which was completed in\\nthree years, at an expense of \u00c2\u00a32,000,000. While lying\\nhere, in 1759, he sent out a detachment of 200 men\\nunder Col. Stark, to make a wagon road from Crown\\nPoint to Charleston, on the Connecticut River in New\\nHampshire, then called ^^umber Four. A good military\\nroad was made tlirough Addison, Bridport, Shoreham,\\nWhiting and Sudbuiy, on to Pittsford, Rutland and the\\nmountains. Thence Lieut. Hawks made a bridle-path\\nover the mountains.\\nUpon the conquest of Canada in 1760, perils froni the\\nFrench and Indians being now at- an end, the way was\\nopened apparently for occupation of Vermont by Eng-\\nlish settlers, and in 1761 applications began to bo made\\nfor charters.\\nThe controversy with New York, which was not ad-\\njusted till 1791, retarded for a time the settlement of the\\nterritory. The first settlement of a permanent character\\nwitliin the limits of this county, we are told, was near\\nChimney Point, in Addison, on the clearing made by the\\nFrench. The pioneer in this settlement was Benjamin\\nKellogg, of Canaan, Conn., who had been one of Am-\\nherst s soldiers, and had hunted on these lands while\\nstationed at Crown I oint. On returning to Connecticut\\nin 17G0, ho informed his neighbors of the inducements\\noffered by the French clearing, and came up witli others\\nto hunt in the autumns of 1762, 63, 64. In the spring\\nMiddlebury, 3,086; Monkton, 1,006 New Haven, 1,355; Orwell, 1,192;\\nPanton, 300; Kipton, 617; Salisbury, 902; Shoreham, l,22r); St.irks-\\nboro 1,351; Vergennes, 1,570; Waltham, 210; Wcybridgc, 627; Whit-\\ning, 430. Total, 23,484.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0743.jp2"}, "728": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nof 1705, Zadock Everest, David Yallance and another\\nperson came from Connecticut and commenced clearing\\nabout three miles north of Chimnej Point, on the faiTQS\\non which the} respectively- lived and died. In Septem-\\nber of that 3 ear, Kellogg came again, together with\\nJohn Strong, and Strong, with the aid of Everest, Yal-\\nlance and Kellogg, built a house, on the foundations and\\naround the chimnej of an old French house. The whole\\npart} returned that autumn to Connecticut. In 1776,\\nKellogg, Strong, I. Everest, T. Yallance and others,\\nwith their families, came and occupied lands, some in\\nAddison, and some in Panton. Most of these settlers\\nwere on lands supposed to be in Panton, but afterwards\\nfound to be in Addison. A survey of this tract was\\nmade as early as 17G2 bj- Dea. Ebenezer Frisbee of\\nSharon, together with Isaac Peck and Abraham Jackson,\\nwho surveyed the lines of the town of Panton, and laid\\nout seventy 50-acre lots on the shore of the lake.\\nIn the spring of 1766 John Chipman cleared on his lot\\nin Middlebury seven or eight acres, which was the first\\nclearing in that town. He came with fifteen other joung\\nmen for the purpose of making preparation for a settle-\\nment. Some of the party were destined for that part of\\nNew Haven, now in Waltham, bordering on the Creelc\\nabove the Falls at Vergennes, and some for the old\\nFrench settlement in Addison.- Among the latter was\\nDavid Yallance, who afterwards settled in that place on\\nthe farm recently owned bj- David Yallance Chambers,\\nhis grandson. This company came from Salisbury,\\nConn., with a cart and oxen, which convej ed their\\nfarming tools and other freight. TLey made their way\\nthrough the wilderness in Yermont, sometimes cutting\\nout a path, along the Battenkill River to Otter Creek,\\nwhich they followed to Sutherland Falls in Pittsford.\\nHere thej- made a canoe from a large tree, in which\\nwere placed their tools and provisions and men enough\\nto row it, while the rest with the oxen travelled along\\nthe bank. The cart was fastened to the stern of the\\ncanoe but at Middleburj- the canoe was loaded upon\\nthe cart, and drawn bj the oxen around the bend on the\\neast bank to the foot of the Lower Falls in Wej-bridge.\\nHere the canoe was transfen-ed to the water, and they\\nfollowed the river to Yergennes.\\nThis 3 ear Donald Mcintosh, one of Reid s men, is\\nsaid to have begun a settlement on a tract now included\\nin Yergennes. During this year, also. Col. Ephraim\\nDoolittle, with twelve or fourteen others, among whom\\nwere Daniel and Jacob Hemenwaj Paul Moore, John\\nCrigo, and Elijah Kellogg, from Worcester County,\\nMass., came to Shoreham, built a log-house and cleared\\nabout 25 acres. Families came on slowly, and onl}- six\\nare known to have lived in the town before the Revolu-\\nary war. In 1768 Col. Philip Stone of Groton, Mass.,\\ncommenced preparations for a settlement in Bridport,\\nand about the same time two families bj the name of\\nRichardson and Smith settled under New York titles,\\nand three others bj- the name of Towner, Chipman and\\nPlumer, under New Hampshire titles. Several jears\\nbefore the Revolutionary war, John Charter, a Scotch-\\nman and recent immigrant, commenced a clearing on the\\nLake shore, just south of Mount Independence, in Or-\\nwell. Andrew Barton settled in Waltham, then a part\\nof New Haven, in 1768, and several families from\\nSalisbur} Conn., among whom were John Griswold\\nand five sons, came in 1769. A settlement was com-\\nmenced in Panton in 1770 by John Pangborn and O.\\nSquire from Cornwall, Conn., who were soon followed\\nbj Timothj Spaulding, Peter Ferris from Nine Partners,\\nN. Y., Edmund and Elijah Grande} Phineas Spaulding\\nand Phineas Holcomb. In 1773 Benjamin Smalley,\\nJohn Chipman and Gamaliel Painter settled in Middle-\\nbury with their families; and in 1774, Robert Torrence\\nwith his family, and others who came without families.\\nIn 1774 eight families settled in that part of Cornwall\\nsubsequently annexed to Middlebury and Eldad An-\\ndrus, Samuel Blodget, Sardius Blodget, Solomon Lins-\\nley, Aaron Scott, and Nathan Foot in the northern and\\ncentral parts of Cornwall. To these were added in 1 775\\nEbenezer Stebbins, Joel Linsley and John Ilolley, and\\nin 1776 Jonah Sanford, Obadiah Wheeler, and James\\nMarsh Douglass. Surveys were made in Whiting in\\n1772, and John Wilson, from Wrentham, Mass., with\\nseveral other families, took possession in 1773. Monkton\\nwas first settled in 1774 by Barnabas Barnam, John\\nBishop, John Stearns and Ebenezer Stearns. This year,\\nalso, Joshua Graves and Amos Story settled in Salis-\\nbury, and Jeremiah Parker and Samuel Daniels from\\nMassachusetts, in Leicester. In 1775 Thomas Sanford,\\nClaudius Brittell, David Stow and Justus Sturdevant,\\nwith their families, settled in Weybridge. There were\\none or two settlers in Ferrisburgh before the war.\\nFrom this brief survey of the settlements, it appears\\nthat during ten years, from 1765 to 1775, settlements\\nhad been begun in fifteen towns, and in some of them\\nconsiderable progress had been made. The war, com-\\nmencing with the battle of Lexington April 19, 1775,\\nnearl}- put an end to further settlement for many years.\\nThe settlers already on the ground did not immediately\\nwithdraw, and many of them assisted in the capture of\\nTiconderoga by Ethan Allen in 1775, and took a more\\nor less active part in the great struggle for independence\\nnow oj)ening up so ominously before them.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0744.jp2"}, "729": {"fulltext": "At the adjourned meeting of the Dorset Convention\\n(Sept. 25, 1776), to consider the expedienc}- of declaring\\nVermont an independent State, there were four delegates\\nfrom this county, David Vallance of Addison, Samuel\\nBenton of Bridport, Gamaliel Painter of Middebury, and\\nJohn Gale of Panton. This body adjourned to meet at\\nWestminster Jan. 15, 1777, and in that session declared\\nthe district known as the New Hampshire Grants a\\nfree and independent State. In the published records of\\nthat session no names of delegates from this county are\\ngiven. In the convention which met at Windsor July 2,\\n1777, and foi-med the constitution of the State, Gamaliel\\nPainter of Middlebury was a delegate, and, so far as ap-\\npears, the only one from this county. Up to the time of\\nthis convention there had been no regular government in\\ntliis part of the State. All the authority of a general\\ncharacter was exercised by conventions and committees\\nof safety. But the people were peaceful and orderly,\\nand had, as yet, very little need of a government.\\nPerils from wild beasts were considerable, while the\\ncountry was 3 et an almost unbroken wilderness. Forests\\nheavy and dense covered the whole territory, furnishing\\nlurking places for bears, wolves, lynxes, and other ani-\\nmals. Encounters sometimes of a serious, and some-\\ntimes of a ludicrous, character occurred, especially with\\nbears, which were very numerous.\\nThe settlers were distressed for want of grist-mills,\\nand those along the lake used to go as far as Stillwater,\\nN. Y., for grinding. They also suffered for want of\\nstores and roads. Neighbors sometime joined together\\nand went up in bateaux to the head of the lake, and\\nthence to Albany to procure necessaries for the settle-\\nment. As to roads there were none other than foot-\\npaths, or bridle-paths, through the dense forests. But\\nthe men were as hardy and undaunted a body of pioneers\\nas ever subdued a wilderness. Wild beasts learned to\\nflee at their approach the oak, beech, hemlock and\\nmaple fell before their sturdy strokes and the light of\\nthe sun, let in upon their small clearings, began to relieve\\nsomewhat the solitariness of their secluded homes. The\\nwilderness in spots was beginning to blossom and the\\nreign of peace, law, and a well-ordered civilization\\nseemed about to be set up, where hitherto the wild beast\\nand wilder Indian had alone held sway, a dawn of\\nbetter dajs, which, however, as just intimated, was sud-\\ndenly overcast, more especially by the retreat of the\\nOf the five ships known to have been sunk, three were subsequently\\nraisid and two were visible in low water, lying, where they sank, more\\ntlKin 80 years afterward. A brass cannon was taken out of one of them\\nby Mr. Ferris, many years since, which is said to have been used at the\\nbattle of Plattsburgh. Arnold, on his retreat with his men by land to\\nAmerican forces from Canada in 1776, and the approach,\\nin the early part of the summer of 1777, of Burgoyne\\nwith his army of British, Tories, and Indians.\\nDuring this period Addison Count}^ was the scene of,\\nor became associated with, many interesting Revolution-\\nary incidents and transactions. The settlers here ren-\\ndered Gen. Gates efficient aid, in getting out timber and\\nother material for the fleet by means of which. he hoped\\nto recover and maintain command of the lake. And on\\nArnold s retreat from his bootless naval enterprise, after\\nthe battles at Valcour Island, Oct. 11 and 13, 1776, the\\nAmerican fleet was run into a small bay in Panton, still\\nbearing Arnold s name, and the ships there were blown\\nup and abandoned.\\nMeanwhile strolling bands of Indians and Tories fre-\\nquently disturbed the inhabitants, and some families in\\nthe western and north-western towns retired southward\\nto places of greater securitj\\nOn the approach of Burg03 n^, with his powerful army,\\nearly in July, 1777, many of the inhabitants abandoned\\ntheir improvements and fled, some to the south part of\\nthe State, and some to Connecticut and Massachusetts.\\nA few of the more daring, or more hopeful, remained till\\n1778. The only history of this period must be a narra-\\ntive of personal adventure, in which hairbreadth escapes,\\ndaring feats,- and great privations and sufferings come\\neverywhere to view. The lake and forts being in pos-\\nsession of the British, the whole country on the east side\\nwas exposed to marauding parties of British, Indians\\nand Tories, who carried otf all such movable property\\nas was left and was desired by them. Several of the\\nmen were taken captive and held as prisoners until\\nthe surrender of Burgoyne in October.\\nThe most extensive depredations were made in No-\\nvember, 1778, by a large British force which came up the\\nlake in vessels, and scoured the country on both shores.\\nThey plundered, burnt, and destroyed all property they\\ncould find, and made prisoners of the men who remained\\non their farms. Every town in the county, where a set-\\ntlement had been made, suffered from these ravages.\\nEvery house and barn was burned, except the house of\\nAsa Hemenway in Bridport, and the barn of Col. John\\nChipman in Middlebury. This barn was built of green\\ntimber, and the Indians could not set it on fire. They\\ntried their hatchets upon it, but to very little effect and\\nit stands to this day with some of the timber partially\\nTiconderoga, halted for refreshments at the house of Zadock Everest,\\nin Addison. All Mr. Fcrris s nit.vable property was either taken or\\ndestroyed by the British. The cattle, horses and hojcs were shot, the\\norchard-trees were cut down, the fences burnt, and nothing was left but\\nhis house and bam.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0745.jp2"}, "730": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ncharred, and marks of the hatchets plainly- visible. The\\nform on which it stands belonged to the late Jonathan\\nSeek}-, and is now occupied by his children.\\nPeter and Squire Ferris of Panton, were captured\\nwhile on a deer hunt near the mouth of Putnam s Creek,\\non the west side of the lake, and carried on board the\\nsteamer Maria, then l3 ing at Crown Point. The same\\nnight, detachments from this vessel burnt nearh all the\\nhouses along the lake from Bridport to Ferrisburgh,\\nmaking prisoners of all the men, and leaving the women\\nand children to take care of themsehes. Mr. Ferris s\\nhouse and all his other buildings were burnt. Fortj- per-\\nsons were brought on board the next daj and in a few\\ndaj-s the number of captives amounted to 244.\\nThese prisoners were all carried to Quebec, and their\\nsubsequent fortunes were various. Some died of cold\\nand starvation. Some dug through the walls of their\\nprison at Quebec, and, after long wanderings in the\\nwilderness of New Hampshire and Maine, reached their\\nfamilies. Others remained in captivity till exchanged\\nfor British prisoners in June, 1782. Of the 244 captives,\\nhowever, only 48 are known to have returned.\\nIt is said that Asa Hemenway of Bridport remained on\\nhis farm daring the war. Paul Moore of Shoreham also\\nremained, though twice captured.\\nAfter the peace of 1783, the first settlors nearly all\\nreturned to the towns in which improvements had been\\nbegun before the war. They were rapidl followed b}\\nothers, and by 1788 inhabitants were found in all the\\ntowns which now constitute the county, except Goshen,\\nLincoln and Ripton. The site at the falls where the vil-\\nlage of Middlebur3 stands, was originally a dense hem-\\nlock forest, and did not attract settlers, who came for\\nfarms. The beginnings of a settlement were made there\\nin 1774 or 1775, by Abijah Washburn of Salisburj-,\\nConn., who took possession of the water-power on the\\neast side of the falls, and built a saw-mill. He did not\\nbring his family, and after erecting the mill returned to\\nConnecticut, and did not come back till after the war.\\nThe mill was destroyed by the Indians during his ab-\\nsence. In 1783 John Hobson Johnson built a cabin at\\nthe head of the rapids, on the west side of the river, a\\nlittle below the present site of the railroad bridge, being\\nthe first resident in that vicinity after the war. He kept\\na ferry and a place of refreshment for travellers. In\\n1784, Daniel Foot gained possession of 100 acres, includ-\\ning the whole of the falls, on the west side of the river,\\nand erected a large building for a saw and grist mill.\\nUntil a short time before the completion of this grist-\\nmill, the inhabitants went to Pittsford for their grinding,\\ntaking their grain up the river in boats or on rafts.\\nI On the west side of the river, Stillman Foot, who built\\n{the first bridge, erected in 1786 a dwelling-house, the\\noldest in the village remaining until a recent date. It\\nwas the house owned and occupied by Daniel Henshaw\\nfor many jears, and subsequently was the residence of\\nJ. S. Bushnell. In the late extensive fire at the west\\nend of the bridge, this house was burned.\\nIt had been the hope of Daniel Foot that the centre of\\nthe town, or \\\\nllage, would be on Foot Street, where he\\nhad a large amount of land and for many jears town\\nmeetings and religious meetings were held there. It was\\na handsome tract but the laws of business and of the\\ngrowth of population were against it. and not any lack\\nof enterprise on the part of Mr. Foot. These laws\\nGamaliel Painter was one of the first to pereei\\\\e, and in\\n1787 he removed his family from the soutli part of the\\ntown to a house built on gi-ound near the south line of\\nthe front-yard of Mrs. R. Wainwright s residence. To\\nhis sagacity and enterprise Middlebury Village is largely\\nindebted for its early growth. The public buildings and\\nbusiness came here and in 1 792 the courts were trans-\\nferred from Addison, and the callage soon became the\\nlargest in the county.\\nNotwithstanding the privations and sufferings of these\\nearly times, most of the towns were rapidly settled, and\\nby the year 1800 the total population of the countj- was\\n14,745. In some of the best farming towns, such as\\nAddison, Bridport, Waltham and AVeybridge, the popu-\\nlation of that year was almost the same as in 1870, while\\nin three of tliem, Cornwall, Orwell and Shoreham, it was\\nlarger than in 1870 b3 an average of more than 200 each.\\nThe machinery of justice was put in operation in this\\ncounty soon after the war. The limits of the counts-\\nwere defined Oct. 18, 1785, and Addison was made a\\nshire. The situation of Addison on the lake, and its\\nearlj- settlement, gave it a leading position at first, which\\nenabled it to give its name to the county, and caused it\\nto be for seven years the shire town. John Strong of\\nAddison was appointed first chief Judge, Gamaliel Pain-\\nter of Middlebury and Ira Allen of Colchester assistant\\njudges, and Noah Chittenden sheriff. The first term of\\nthe county court was held at Addison on the first Tues-\\nday of March, 1786.\\nThe first court-house in Middiebury was begun jn\\n1796, and occupied by the court in 1798. Previous to\\nthis time, the courts were held in private dwellings, and\\nat the public house of John Deming in Middlebury. It\\nstood on land conveyed to the county by Gamaliel\\nPainter, five or six rods north of the house now occu-\\npied by Mrs. R. Wainwright. A jail had been pre^-i-\\nously built on the same lot. I", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0746.jp2"}, "731": {"fulltext": "The court-house a,s built wiih reference to accommo-\\ndating the legislature, which was then accustomed to\\nremove its annual sessions from one principal town to\\nanother. The sessions of the General Assembly in 1800\\nand 1806 were held in this house, the interior of which\\nwas one high room, arched overhead.\\nThe County of Addison is one of the most fertile and\\nproductive in the State. In the early years of its his-\\ntory the chief product of the soil was winter wheat, and\\nthe jicld was from 25 to 40 bushels per acre. From\\n1820 to 1830 the agriculture of the county was in a\\ntransition state. The rearing of cattle and sheep was\\nincreasing, and the production of wheat growing less\\nand less. About 1827 or 1828, an enemy appeared which\\nno skill could baffle. This was the wheat midge and\\nthe ravages of this insect put an end to the raising of\\nwinter wheat altogether about the jear 18o7. The pro-\\ncess of transition had by this time been completed, and\\nthe farmers were found raising cattle or sheep as their\\nmain business. The greater part turned their attention\\nto wool-growing, and in 1840 more sheep and a larger\\nproduct of wool, in proportion to population and extent\\nof territory, were raised in this county tlian in any other\\nin the United States.\\nThe tariff of 1828 encouraged the growth of wool,\\nand prices varied for years from 50 cents to $1 a pound.\\nOf late years, the farmers have not found the wool of so\\nmuch account, but have raised many sheep to supply the\\nwestern market and this has led to much care and ex-\\npense in introducing superior breeds. Spanish merino\\nsheep were introduced into the county as early as 1816,\\nand for years the large flocks were a mixture of these\\nwith the native sheep. But more and more has attention\\nbeen given to breeding the pure merinos, and for them\\nlarge prices have been and still are obtained. The me-\\nrino sheep raised in this county have now for some j-ears\\nbeen regarded by the most eminent breeders as the best\\nin the world. The continued low price of wool has quite\\ngenerally diverted the attention of the farmers to the\\nraising of cattle for the dairy and for beef. The soil of\\nthe c junty is generally admirable for grass, and the beef\\nraised here and fatted on grass alone is the best found\\nin the Boston market, and the butter and cheese are no-\\nwhere excelled. Much attention has been given of late\\n3-ears to the introduction of Short-horn, Jersej-, and\\nAyrshire breeds.\\nThe reputation of the county for breeding superior\\nhorses has hardly been less than for the rearing of sheep.\\nThe breed most valued is the Morgan, a variety of which\\ncalled the Black Hawk, from a celebrated Morgan horse\\nof that name owned by the late David Hill of Bridport,\\nhas been a favorite not onlj- in the countj- and State, but\\nthroughout all New England.\\nAbout one-fourth part of Addison County is moun-\\ntainous, and the eastern part extends over the first or\\nwestern range of the Green Mountains. It is good\\ngrazing land, but generally too steep and stony for till-\\nage, except the alluvial lands on AVhite River and its 1\\ntributaries and some other streams.\\nIn the towns west of the mountains the surface is level\\nor rolling, interrupted by two eminences of some magni-\\ntude, one called Snake Mountain, 1,310 feet high, lying\\nin the western part, on the borders of Addison, Brid-\\nport and Weybridge and the other called Buck Moun-\\ntain, which extends north and south centrally through\\nWaltham. On the borders of Lake Champlain, espe-\\ncially in Addison, Panton and Ferrisburgh, are extensive\\nflat lands composed of clay and vegetable mould, which\\nare remarkably productive of grass. In nearly all the\\nwestern towns, clay mixed with vegetable substances\\nabounds, and is the best land for grass, but too stiff for\\neas}^ tilling, and liable to suffer in wet or diy seasons.\\nIn the clay districts are some elevations, which are gen-\\nerally loam, and afford easy tillage and fine crops. On\\nthese lands, and clay lands covered with vegetable mould,\\nif well drained, large crops of winter wheat can be pro-\\nduced. There are extensive flats on Otter Creek, in\\nLeicester, AVhiting, Salisburj Cornwall and Middlcbury,\\nhaving a covering of vegetable mould, which extends to\\nthe depth, in some places, of ten feet. Originally this\\ntract was a swamp, and some of it still is. Similar\\nswamps are found in New Haven and Shoreham. When\\ncleared and drained, these lands are unsurpassed for\\ngrass, being greatly enriched by the annual overflow.\\nThe forests have been largely cleared off, and, unfor-\\ntunateiy, from much rough and rocky land, once covered\\nwith heavy timber, which now bears almost nothing. i\\nOttpr Creek, the largest river in the county, and the\\nlongest in the State, rises in Dorset, and, flowing north i\\nthrough Rutland Count}-, enters this county in Leicester, 1\\nand, passing through centralh empties into the lake in\\nFerrisburgh. It ha^ a great number of fine mill-sites,\\nas have most of its tributaries. There are many small j\\nlakes or ponds, especial!} in Orwell and Bristol, but the\\nonly body of still water of much magnitude within the\\ncounty is Lake Dunmore, which lies in Salisbury and\\nLeicester, and is about four miles long and three-fourths\\nof a mile wide. Its outlet is Leicester River. At its\\nnorthern extremity, in Salisbur} is a fine hotel, which is\\nmuch frequented by visitors in the summer.\\nThere is much good marble in the county, but blocks\\nsuflftciently large for statuary, and free from defects, have", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0747.jp2"}, "732": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nnot j-et been quarried. In the north part of Middlebur^-\\nis a quarrj from which some marble is taken at the pres-\\nent time. Limestone, excellent for building-stone, is\\nfound in Cornwall, Middleburj and Wejbridge, and, for\\nthe manufacture of lirao, abounds in other towns. Lime\\nhas for a long time been made at Leicester Junction\\nby the -Brandon Lime and Marble Companj-. The\\nLeicester Marlile-Lime Companj-, recentlj formed,\\nmanufactures lime from an inexhaustible quarrj- of pure\\nmarble-Ume rock, closelj resembUng Italian dove-mar-\\nble, and susceptible of the highest polish.\\nIn Leicester, at the foot of the mountain, in the east-\\nern part of the town, is an extensive deposit of ochre,\\nkaoline, manganese and iron. This deposit is a continu-\\nation of the well-known lignite beds of Brandon. In\\n18GG-C8, a companj- was formed, under the name of the\\nLeicester Mineral Paint Companj-, for manufacturing\\npaint from the ochre. Steam-mills were erected for\\nwashing, grinding and packing the various shades of\\npaint*!. The mills have been in nearly constant opera-\\ntion since the formation of the company.\\nTowns.\\nMiDDLEBURY, tho slurc towu of the county, was char-\\ntered Nov. 2, 171. 1. The town was organized March 29,\\n1786. The village is in the northeast part of the town,\\non both sides of the river, called Otter Creek. Its\\nbusiness interests are in a thriving condition. The\\nwater-power is great at the Falls, and is only used in\\npart. There are two good newspapers ]iublished in the\\nvillage, the Middleburj- Register and the Addison\\nCountj- Journal.\\nThe Congregational Church was organized Sept. 6,\\n1790. There are also Methodist, Episcopal and Roman\\nCatholic societies here.\\nThe eastern part of the township lies upon the Green\\nMountains, but the remainder is level or rolling, and the\\nland is arable and fertile, producing good crops of grain\\nand grass.\\nThe village, through its industries, institutions and\\npublic men, has long held a high position in the countj-\\nand State. It early became an educational centre and\\nthe College, the Addison Countj Grammar School\\nand the Female Seminarj- were all valuable institu-\\ntions. The two last mentioned have now been super-\\nseded bj- an excellent graded school. The school-build-\\ning was erected in 1868-9, at a cost of more than\\n$50,000.\\nMiddlebury College was chartered Nov. 1, 1840. At\\nthe first commencement in 1802 there was one gi-aduate.\\nThe whole number of graduates up to 1878 is 1.243.\\nThe buildings, grounds, apparatus, cabinet and hlirarj-\\nare estimated to be worth 812; 000. The college campus\\ncomprises 30 acres. The buildings are of limestone,\\nquaiTied in Middlebury, Cornwall and Weybridge. The\\nlilirarj- contains about 13,000 volumes. The grounds\\nhave been plentifullv supplied with shrubbery, comprising\\nabout 60 varieties of trees, most of them indigenous to\\nour own soil, but manj- of them of European origin. Rev.\\nCalvin B. Ilulbert, D.D., is president of the college.\\nSamuel Miller, born in Springfield, Mass., April 2,\\n1764, was the first lawyer who settled in the town. He\\ncame to Middleburj- in 1789, and soon entered upon an\\nextensive practice in this and other counties. He was\\nespeciallj- devoted to the prosperitj- of the village and of\\nthe college. He died April 17, 1810.\\nHon. Daniel Chipman, LL. D., born in Salisburj-,\\nConn., Oct. 22, 1765, and a graduate of Dartmouth Col-\\nlege, came to Middleburj- in 1794, and three years later\\nwas appointed State s attornej-, and held the office seven\\nyears. In 1814 he was elected representative to Con-\\ngress. In 1846 he pubUshed the life of his brother, Hon.\\nNathaniel Chipman, LL. D., formerly member of the\\nUnited States Senate and chief justice of Vermont.\\nHe subsequently published memoirs of Col. Seth Warner\\nand of Thomas Chittenden, first governor of the State.\\nHis death ocdurred April 23, 1850. He was especially\\nwell acquainted with the early history of the State and\\ndevoted to its interests. Quick in perception, powerful\\nin argument, and conversant with constitutional law, he\\nwas eminent both as a lawj-er and as a statesman.\\nAmong other of the past residents of Middleburj- maj-\\nbe mentioned Hon. Horatio Sej-mour, LL. D.,born in\\nLitchfield, Conn., in 1778, removing to Middlebury\\nin 1799, an able lawj-er and United States senator for\\ntwo terms, died Nov. 21, 1857; Hon. Samuel Swift, a\\nnative of Amenia, N. Y., author of a historj- of Middle-\\nbury and Addison Countj-, who died Jan. 7, 1875, at the\\nage of nearlj- 93 years Hon. William Slade, a native of\\nCornwall, a member of Congress from 1831 to 1843, and\\nsubsequently governor of Vermont, whose death occurred\\nin January, 1859 Hon. Gamaliel Painter, born in New-\\nHaven, Conn., in 1742, to whom the village of Middle-\\nbuiy was largely indebted for its grow-th and early\\nascendancj- in the countj-, and who, on his death in\\n1818, left to the college his propertj-, amounting to about\\n\u00c2\u00a713,000 Hon. Samuel S. Phelps, a native of Litchfield,\\nConn., but removing to Middlebury in 1812, judge of the\\nSupreme Court of ermont and United States senator,\\ndied in 1855 Hon. Edward J. Phelps, son of the pre-\\nceding, born in Middlebury in 1822, an eminent lawyer,\\nand at one time solicitor of the United States treasury.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0748.jp2"}, "733": {"fulltext": "at present residing in Burlington and Kev. Truman M.\\nPost, D.D., born in Middlebur} in 1810, a distinguished\\npulpit orator, now of St. Louis.\\nAmong the present distinguished citizens are Philip\\nBattell, Esq., who maj truly be called the father of the\\nMiddlebury Historical Society and of the Pilgrim An-\\nniversary, commonlj^ called Forefathers Day, and to\\nwhose sesthctic ideas and sagacious forethought the vil-\\nlage is chicflj indebted for the condition of its Central\\nPark and other attractions and Hon. John W. Stewart,\\na successful lawj-er, and quite recently governor of the\\nState.\\nNew Havek was chartered Nov. 2 1 761 and organized\\nin 1785. The religious societies of the town are three\\nin number. Among the pastors of the Congregational\\nChurch was Rev. James Meacham, afterwards a professor\\nin Middleburj College, and subsequently for manj years\\na representative to Congress. Beman Academj is a\\nthriving literary institution. This is one of the most\\nprosperous towns in the county. The town has furnished\\na large number of students to Middleburj- College, among\\nwhom maj^ be named Otto S. Ho^ t, an able clerg3 man\\nMilo P. Squier, D. D., appointed in 1850 professor in\\nBeloit College, Wis. Rev. O. P. Hoyt Rev. Milo J.\\nHickock and Matthew Phelps, an officer in the war of\\n1812.\\nOr well was organized Dec. 12, 1787, when 33 elec-\\ntors were present. Among them, together with settlers\\nwho came in a year or two afterwards, were the ances-\\ntors of a large part of the present residents of the town.\\nThe Congregational Church was organized in 1789, and\\nRev. Sylvauus Chapin, the first pastor, was settled March\\n30, 1791. In the uorlh-west part of the town is Mount\\nIndependence.*\\nOrwell furnished some soldiers to the war of 1812\\nbut its patriotic ardor was especially displayed when the\\nnews of the invasion at Plattsburgh arrived. The news\\ncame bj an express agent about sunset on the 9th day\\nof September, 1814. During the night measures were\\ntaken to give notice of the danger and on the morning\\nof the 10th, about 150 citizens were under arms, and on\\ntheir way to repel the invasion. Orwell is a thriving\\ntown, and among the foremost in the wealth and intelli-\\ngence of its people.\\nIt derived its name as follows In 1776, while a large body of Con-\\nnecticut troops weie stationed on this mountain, news of the Declara-\\ntion of Independence reached the garrison on the IStli of July. This\\ncaused much rejoicing among the troops, and tlicy named the eminence\\nMount Independence. The eleviition of this mountain, which is a little\\nsouth-east of Fort Ticonderoga, is 160 feet. It was originally heavily\\ntimbered, but the trees were all cut down by the soldiers. Across it\\nthe American troops retreated, on the evacuation of Fort Ticonderoga\\nProminent among its citizens in the past was Hon.\\nApollos Austin. Born in Suffield, Conn., about 17G0,\\nhe entered the army in the Revolutionary- war when he\\nwas 17 years old, and served to the end of the war.\\nEngaging in the business of general merchandise in Or-\\nwell, he amassed a property of about half a million of\\ndollars, and, after giving large sums to his children in his\\nlifetime, left an estate of $400,000. Other citizens have\\nbeen Hon. Thomas D. Hammond, lion. Eoswcll Bottum,\\nHon. Joseph Chittenden, and Hon. VViUiam R. Sanford.\\nThere have been 23 college graduates in this town.\\nAmong these were Oliver Hulburd, an eminent preacher\\nCarlos Wilcox, Congregational minister, and a dis-\\ntinguished poet, born Oct. 22, 1794, died May 29, 1827\\nEnoch Cobb Wines, an eminent writer on prison dis-\\ncipline WilUam F. Bascom, teacher and lawyer and\\nFrancis Wheeler, an able and eloquent Congregational\\npreacher, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y.\\nCornwall was organized March 2, 1784. The Con-\\ngregational Church was organized July 15, 1785. The\\nthird pastor was Rev. Jedediah Bushnell, who was dis-\\nmissed after a pastorate of 33 j-ears.\\nThe Lane Library Association, named after Gilbert C.\\nLane, a resident of the town, has a valuable library of\\nabout 2,000 volumes.\\nSeveral mineral springs are found, which have medi-\\ncinal properties. Cornwall, though not populous, has\\nbeen distinguished for the number of its educated and I\\neminent men. Fifty natives of the town have had a\\ncollegiate education. Eighty have entered the several\\nprofessions.\\nRev. Joel II. Linslcy, D. D., born July 15, 1790, and\\na graduate of Middleburj College, was pastor of the\\nSouth Congregational Church in Hartford, Conn., eight\\nyears, and subsequently president of Marietta College,\\nOhio.\\nRev. J. R. Andrus, born April 3, 1791, graduated at\\nMiddlebury- College in 1812, and devoted himself to the\\nwork of African colonization, as the first agent of the\\nColonization Society. He died in Africa in Januar}-,\\n1821, widely lamented.\\nRev. Reuben Post, D. D., son of Roswell Post, was\\nborn Jan. 17, 1792, and graduated at Middlebury Col-\\nlege in 1814. Studying theology at Princeton, N. J., he\\nby St. Clair, in the early morning of July G, 1777. The military road,\\non which they marched for Hubbardton and Castlcton, passed on the\\nsouth side of East Creek to a point about a mile and a half south-west\\nof the village, thence southerly, crossing the creek near the south Une\\nof the town. The old crossway, always understood to have been the\\nwork of the soldiers, was, as late as 1855, distinguishable where it\\ncrossed the creek on the farm of the late Joseph Stacy. There are said\\nto be other indications of the road on the farm of the late Eli Root.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0749.jp2"}, "734": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwas installed in 1818 pastor of the First Presbj terian\\nChurch in Washington, D. C, and in 183G removed to\\nCharleston, S. C, -(vhcre he became pastor of an inde-\\npendent Congregational Church, with which he remained\\nuntil his death in 1859. While in Washington he was\\npart of the time chaplain to Congress. The late Presi-\\nde::!, John Quincy Adams, was a regular attendant on\\nhis ministrj-.\\nRev. Lyman B. Peet, born Marcli 1, 1809, graduated\\nat Middlebury College in 183G, and, pursuing theological\\nstudy at Andover, entered the ministry and became a\\nmissionary first at Bankok, Siam, and suljsequently at\\nFu Chau, China.\\nRev. Henr} N. Hudson, .graduated at Middlebury Col-\\nlege in 1840. He earlj distinguislied himself as a lec-\\nturer on Shakespeare, and has published the Life, Art,\\nj and Characters of Shakespeare.\\ni Rev. Hiram Mead, S. T. D., born May 10, 1827, and\\na graduate of Middleburj- College, is now pastor of a\\nchurch in Oberlin, Ohio, and professor in the theological\\ndepartment of Oberlin College.\\nRev. Charles M. Mead, brother of Hiram, born Jan.\\n28, 1837, graduated at Middlebury College in 1856. He\\nstudied theologj- at Andover Theological Seminarj-, and\\nsoon after graduating was appointed a professor in that\\ninstitution, which position he now holds.\\nShoreham was organized in 178G. It is one of the\\nbest farming towns in the county. The surface is gen-\\nerally level, and the soil is claj- and loam, and produces\\nfine crops of grain and grass. The attention of the\\nfarmers is chiefly given to dairj ing. There are four\\nreligious organizations in the town. The Congregational\\nChurch was formed, March 25, 1794. On the Common,\\nsouth of the Congi-egational Church, is a plain marble\\nshaft, resting on a granite base, erected at a cost of\\n$2,000 by the town of Shoreham, to commemorate her\\ndead, fallen in the late civil war. This town has fur-\\nnished one governor to the State five j-ears, and about\\n50 college graduates. One of them. Rev. Byron Sunder-\\nland, D. D., graduated at Middlebury College in 1838,\\nand is the weU-known eloquent and able pastor of a\\nPresb3-terian Church in Washington, D. C. Hon. Silas\\n11. Jenison, born in Shoreham Maj 17, 1791, was as-\\nsistant judge of the County Court six j-ears, lieutenant-\\ngovernor two years, governor five 3-ears (from 1836 to\\n1841), and judge of probate from 1842 to 1847. He\\ndied in September, 1849. Hon. Charles Rich of Shore-\\nham was born in AYarwick, Mass., Sept. 13, 1771, and\\ncame to Shoreham in August, 1787. For seven j-ears\\nhe was assistant judge of the County Court, was twelve\\ntimes representative of the town in the General Assembly,\\nand ten jcars a representative in Congress, dying before\\nthe expiration of his last term, Oct. 16, 1824. j\\nBristol was chartered June 26, 1762, by the name of i\\nPocock, and was organized IMarch 2, 1789, and its name\\nchanged to Bristol Oct. 21 of that j^ear.\\nThe four religious societies all have church edifices.\\nAbout one-third of the town lies west of the Green\\nMountains, and is verj level and productive. The remain-\\nder is broken, and much of it is incapable of cultivation.\\nA mountain, extending through the tqwn from north to\\nsouth, is cut through by a deep and wide ravine known\\nas The Notch. The part south of the Notch is called\\nSouth Mountain, and the part north. Hog s Back. This\\nlatter mountain is a fine feature in the landscape and it\\nis to be regretted that it bears so infelicitous a name.\\nNew Haven River, coming down from the Lincoln Moun-\\ntains, passes through the village, bends around to the\\nsouth, and flows through New Haven into Otter Creek.\\nA more delightful place of resort for summer A-isitors is j\\nnot easily found. The Bristol Scientific and Literary\\nInstitution, popularly- called Bristol Academy, fronts the\\nCentral Park.\\nHon. W. C. Danton, late judge of probate in Rutland\\nCounty, and now one of the justices of the Suprciiu\\nCourt, is a native of Bristol, and graduated at Middle-\\nbury College in 1857.\\nVergennes was formed from the adjacent corners of\\nFerrisburgh, New Haven and Panton, and was incor-\\nporated as a city bj- act of the legislature, Oct. 23, 1788.\\nThe town was organized March 12, 1789. The organ-\\nization, under the cit} charter, was eflfected Julj 1, 1794. i\\nIt lies at the head of na^ngation on Otter Creek, eight j\\nmiles from its mouth. As the river passes through the i\\ncity it falls man^- feet, and is divided b3- two small j\\nislands into three channels, forming three distinct falls.\\nBelow the city to the lake, the shore of the river is bold, i\\nand ships of 300 tons burthen can discharge their lo.ads 1\\nat almost any point. The facilities for ship-building are\\ngreat, and the flotilla commanded by McDonough at i\\nPlattsburgh was fitted out here. Vergennes is sur-\\nrounded bj a fertile country and has an extensive\\ntrade.\\nThere is here a fine public library, founded by Susan\\nB. Stevens, containing 1,400 volumes. The Vergennes\\nVermonter, a valuable weekly newspaper, is conducted\\nbj H. C. Johnson, Esq.\\nThe city contains four churches, a graded school, and\\nthe State Reform School.\\nHon. George W. Grandey has been for 18 years mayor\\nof the city, four-and-a-half years State s attorney for the\\ncounty, and has several times been elected a member", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0750.jp2"}, "735": {"fulltext": "and speaker of the State House of Representatives, and\\na member of the Senate.\\nHon. F. E. Woodbridge, besides filling important\\nState offices, was for six successive j^ears elected a\\nmember of Congress. Vergennes is the residence of the\\nHon. John Pierpont, for many 3eai-s one of the judges\\nof the Supreme Court, and now chief justice.\\nAddison lies on the western border of the county, its\\nsouthern line being a little southeast of the old fort at\\nCrown Point. It was chartered Oct. 14, 1761. It is\\ngenerally level except on the eastern border, where\\nSnake Mountain lies. There are now onlj two religious\\nsocieties which sustain preaching, the Methodist in the\\nwestern part of the town, and the Baptist in the eastern-\\nThe edifice of the Congregational Church still stands in\\na dilapidated condition, but the societj-, organized Nov.\\n24, 1803, has not sustained preaching for about 25 years.\\nThe first pastor was Rev. Job Swift, who graduated at\\nYale College in 17G5. The oldest living member of this\\nchurch is Mrs. Marina Wright, now in the 9Cth year of\\nher age, who united ynth the church Jan. 6, 1805, and\\nstill resides in Addison, retaining good health and men-\\ntal faculties in a sound condition. Visible traces of some\\nof the old French cellars remain on the shores of the\\nlake, at Chimney Point, but all traces of the fort and\\nchimneys have disappeared.\\nThe remaining towns of this county, interested chiefly\\nin agriculture, each well supplied with schools, an J\\nmaintaining two or three churches, are Starksborough,\\nchartered Nov. 9, 1780, and settled in 1788 by George\\nBidweU Ripton,* a mountain town, chartered April 13,\\nA history of this town, written by John M. Weeks, Esq., was\\nin 1850, and pulilishcd in 1860, with revision and notes, by his son, Rev.\\nGeorge N. Wcclis. It abounds in interesting details and is well written.\\nThe author, son of Holland Weeks, was born in Litchfield, Conn., May\\n22, 1788, and came to Salisbury in 1789. The Vermont beehive, patented\\nin 1S36, was his invention, and was the first improvement by which the\\nhoney could be saved without destroying the bees. He published a\\ntreatise on the instincts and habits of the honey-bee, which had an\\nextensive sale in this country and in EngUind. In 1S41 he obtained a\\npatent for eight diflerent classes of hives, containing new principles in\\naddition to the old. His son and editor graduated at Middlebury Col-\\nlege in 1853, and was tutor in the institution from 1855 to 1856. He is\\na scholarly, cultivated and genial clergyman in the Protestant Episcopal\\nChurch.\\nt Among the few college graduates from Panton was Bushrod W.\\nConverse (M. 1833), who is remembered as distinguished by superior\\nscholarship and marked ability. He died in one of the Western States\\nabout 1847.\\nI The first minister of the Gospel in Monkton was Joseph Hoag, a\\n1781 Panton,! organized in 1784, its chief eminence\\nbeing known as Cobble Hill Salisbury, a hill town\\nMoKKTON,]: chartered June 24, 17G2, organized March\\n28, 178G Leicester, chartered Oct. 20, 17G1, organized\\nin March, 1786, famous as the birthplace of Rev. Steven\\nOlin, D.D., the second president of Wesleyan University,\\nand whose fother, Hon. Henry Olin, was a man of verj-\\nhlgh repute: LrNCOLN, chartered Nov. 9, 1780, and\\norganized March 13. 1798, abounding in picturesque\\nand romantic mountain scenery Granville, on the\\neastern slope of the Green Mountains, chartered Aug. 3,\\n1781, as Kingston, and named Gran^-ille Nov. 6, 1834:\\nHancock, chartered July 31, 1781, and organized June\\n18, 1792 Goshen, chartered Feb. 2, 1792, settled about\\n1807 Ferrisburgh, an eminently flourishing farming\\ntown, organized March 29, 1785 Bridpout, a fine agri\\ncultural and dairj communitj-, chartered Oct. 10, 1761\\norganized March 29, 1784, the place of residence of the\\ndistinguished apiarist, J. Erwin Crane, who owns about\\n225 hives of bees, and who sold during the year 187J\\nthree or four tons of honey, marketing the same in Bos\\nton and New York: Waltham, incorporated in 1796,\\nand organized the ensuing year, the smallest town in the\\ncounty, without one church organization, yet one of the\\nmost flourishing farming districts in the State, the al-\\nluvial deposits along the margin of Otter Creek affording\\nespecially productive lands Weybridge, chartered\\nNov. 3, 1761, a fine dairy-farming town, with several\\nwater privileges along the Otter Creek, some of which\\nare improved: and Whiting, chartered Aug. 6, 1763,\\nand organized in March, 1785.\\nFriend, whose daughter, wife of David Iloag, now lives at Monkton\\nRidge, in the 83d year of her age.\\n5 The scenery is particularly romantic and grand as one comes up into\\nthe tgwn from Bristol and on the road descending from Warren, the\\ndistant outlook, through Bristol Notch, upon Lake Champlain and its\\nislands and the Adirondacks beyond, is very well worth a ride over the\\nmountains from the east to obtain. A little to the north of this road, in\\nLincoln, towers the summit of Potato Hill, so called. This is another\\ninstance of a grand object belittled by naming it from its fancied re-\\nsemblance to an insignificant one.\\nII On the open ground in front of the Congregational Church edifice is\\na monument erected to the memory of the late Gov. Silas Wright, who\\ncame from Amherst, Mass., when a year old, to Wcybridge in 1796, and\\ngraduated at Middlebury College in 1815. He was men^ber of the\\nUnited States House of Representatives two years. United States senator\\ntwelve years, and governor of New York two years. Among the Mid-\\ndlebury graduates from this town was L. P. Lathrop, of the class of\\n1839, who became Professor of Chemistry and Natural History in Bcloit\\nCollege, Wis.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0751.jp2"}, "736": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nBENNINGTON COUNTY,\\nBY D. K. SIMONDS.\\nBennington County, composed of 17 towns, is situa-\\nted in the south-western corner of the State, with New\\nYork on the west and Massachusetts on the south.\\nFrom its location and early settlement, it bore a ver}\\nprominent part in the earl}- contest with New York, and\\nalso in the war of the Revolution.\\nThe Green Mountains extend through the county on\\nthe east side, and the Taconic range on the west. These\\nmountains are covered with wood and timber to their\\ntops, at some points nearlj 4,000 feet above the level of\\nthe sea, while the valleys are covered with farms and\\ndotted with villages. When first settled, the land was\\nremarkable for its fertility, large crops resulting with\\nimperfect tillage, especially of wheat, which, with pot\\nand pearl ashes, was largely exjjorted to Albanj- and\\nNew Y ork, and formed the chief source of revenue. A\\nbad system of agriculture, however, which robbed the\\nsoil and gave nothing back, gradually reduced the pro-\\nductive power of the land, so that it now ranks as one\\nof the poorest agricultural counties in the State.\\nThe first settlement in the county was made in the\\ntown of Pownal, in 1724, bj some Dutch families who\\nfollowed up the Hoosac River. They claimed to have\\ntitles from the New Y ork authorities, though some, if\\nnot all, were undoubtedly squatters, occupying the land\\nwithout any color of authoritj^ A few more families\\nfollowed at different times, but the settlement amounted\\nto little until 1762, when the land was taken up under a\\ncharter granted by the governor of New Hampshire in\\n1760. Some attempt was made to eject the squatters,\\nand the controversy- lasted, in some instances, for more\\nthan 40 years but in most cases the first occupants suc-\\nceeded, in one way or another, in holding their lands.\\nThe township of Bennington was chartered in 1749\\nby Benning Wentworth, colonial governor of New\\nHampshire, and was the first township granted in the\\nState. Owing to the unsettled state of the countrj-\\ncaused by the French and Indian war, no attempt at\\nsettlement was made until 1760, when Capt. Samuel\\nRobinson, of Hardwick, Mass., who had been over the\\nterritory formed by this lownship in the expeditions to\\nCanada, joined with some of his neighbors of Hardwick,\\nAmherst and Sunderland in Massachusetts, and pur-\\nchased titles of the original proprietors, with a view to\\nsettlement. The first company arrived in June of that\\nj-ear. Others speedily followed, so that during the next\\nfew years there was a steady influx of hardy pioneers,\\nnot onl} to this but also to adjoining townships. Capt.\\nRobinson seems to have been a leader in this movement,\\nand gave advice and direction to the new settlers. It is\\nsaid that he advised them to locate according to reli-\\ngious preference the Congregationalists in Bennington,\\nthe Baptists in Shaftsburj-, the Episcopahans in Arling-\\nton, and those of no preference in Pownal. AVhether by\\nRobinson s direction or not, it is a fact tliat these towns\\nwere settled in this manner, and these peculiarities still\\nexist in a marked degree.\\nMost of the towns in the county increased in popula-\\ntion ver^- rapidly, thougli wo have no means of knowing\\ntheir exact standing until the first census in 1701, when\\nPownal, Sandgate and Rupert had more people than in\\n1870, and some other towns nearly as many. From the\\nbest data we can procure, it appears that Bennington, in\\n1777, had a population of about 2,000, and was then,\\nand for some time afterwards, the most important town\\nin the State, Pownal and Shaftsbury coming next.\\nWhile these people were exceedinglj- l)usy in making\\nto themselves homes in the wilderness, the proclamation\\nof the acting governor of the province of New Y ork, i:i\\nDecember, 1763, claiming this territory as belonging to\\nthat province, and that these people were all trespassers, I\\nfell upon them like a thunderbolt from a clear sky.\\nGo%-. Wentworth was at once appealed to as the grantor I\\nof the lands, and he immediatelj- issued a counter proc- i\\nlamation, which for a time allajcd the fears of the in- j\\nhabitants of the New Hampshire Grants, as the territorj-\\nwas then called. It was not long, however, before the\\ncontest was renewed with exceeding bitterness, and\\nlasted until the breaking out of the Revolutionary war.\\nThis contest most intimately affected the people of Ben-\\nnington County, from its exposed situation on the New\\nY ork frontier.*\\nEthan Allen, who came to the gi-ants from Connecti-\\nFor .nil account of these difficulties sec the Vermont State bistorv", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0752.jp2"}, "737": {"fulltext": "cut, was cmijlojed to defend the suits brought against\\nthe settlers by the New York authorities, and while in\\nAlbany was approached by the York leaders, who tried\\nat first to intimidate, and afterwards to bribe him with\\nsmooth words and promises. Neither course was suc-\\ncessful, Allen telling them that The gods of the val-\\nleys are not the gods of the hills. When asked his\\nmeaning, he replied, Come up to Bennington, and we\\nwiU. show 3 ou what it means.\\nAllen was well calculated to become the leader of the\\nGreen Mountain Boj s. Of large stature and im-\\nmense strength, bold and defiant, to whom fear and\\nweariness were alike strangers, he at once became a\\npillar of strength to his friends and a torror to his ene-\\nmies. His word was law\\nwith the settlers, and ins\\ncounsel was alwaj s sought\\nin times of danger and hf\\nficultj And 3-et bene ith\\na rough exterior he po\\nsessed a remarkabl} ttn\\nder heart.* At one tunc\\nthe sheriflT of Albanj Ccun\\nty, in which this portion ol\\nthe grants was claimed to\\nbe, summoned a posse of\\nover 700 armed militia,\\nand accompanied by m:in\\\\\\nof the prominent citizt nt,\\nof Albany, determined to\\noverawe the inhabitants\\nThe} went to the farm of\\nJas. Breakenridge, in the\\nsouth-west part of the town of Bennington, but the set-\\ntlers had received word of their approach, and had as-\\nsembled to the number of two or three hundred, well\\narmed. These men were disposed about the woods on\\nthe premises, so that their exact number could not be\\nascertained by the sherilT s part}-, though they man-\\naged to create the impression that they were verj nu-\\nmerous. Fifteen or twentj- were also posted in the\\nhouse, which was furnished with loop-holes for muskets.\\nA demand for them to surrender was made b}- the sheriff,\\nA single anecdote will illustrate. In May, 1780, two daughters of\\nEldad Taylor, of Sunderland, aged seven and four years, wandered into\\nthe forest and became lost. As soon as their absence was discovered,\\nsearch was made for them by their parents, but without avail. The\\nneighbors were summoned, and the search prolonged through the night,\\nwith no success. The next day help was obtained from the neighbor-\\ning towns, and the search continued until the afternoon of the third\\nday, when, by previous agreement, all returned, and still no traces of\\nthe lost children. The tired woodsmen, while deeply sympathizing\\nwitli tlie iifHicfcd parents, gave it as their opinion that further search\\nwhich was answered by gi-oans. lie seized an axe and\\nstarted for the door, but a voice from within warned\\nhim that the first blow should be the signal for his death.\\nAt the same time the demonstrations from the men\\nposted in the woods caused the sheriff s men to begin 1o\\nstampede, and he reluctantly gave up the attempt. Sim-\\nilar attempts were made in other quarters, with like\\nresults.\\nAltercations between the opposing parties were quite\\nfrequent. John Munroe, a New York justice of the\\npeace, living near the line of Shaftsbur}-, with some of\\nhis dependents, surprised and captured Capt. Baker in\\nArlington, wounding Baker, his wife and child. Baker\\nwas taken into a sleigh and driven rapidly towards Al-\\nbany. Word was sent to\\nBennington of the cap-\\nture, and ten men at once\\nstarted in pursuit. The\\ncaptors were overtaken be-\\ni ore reaching the Hudson,\\nand Baker, half dead with\\nloss of blood, was taken\\nl)ack to his family in Ar-\\nlington. Notwithstanding\\nthese frequent personal en-\\ncounters, there is no rec-\\nord of the loss of a single\\nlife. When a person who\\nopenly sympathized with I\\nthe Yorkers was arrested,\\nand tried after the rude\\nfashion of the time, the\\nsentence of the committee\\nwas sometimes punishment, but generally the beach\\nseal, which was defined in the language of that day as\\nstripes with twigs of the wilderness, well laid on.\\nOne offender was sentenced to be drawn up in a chair to\\nthe sign of the Catamount Tavern in Bennington, there\\nto remain two hours subject to the taunts and derisions\\nof the multitude. The sign of this tavern was a huge\\ncatamount s skin stuffed, raised on a pole 20 feet high,\\nwith teeth grinning towards New York. This tavern\\nwas a famous resort in those days, and in it the Council\\nwould be useless. It was hardly possible that the children could then\\nbe alive, and many of them had pressing duties at home. At this June-\\ntiire Ethan Allen, wlio had been consulting with the parents, mounted a\\nstump and commanded attention. AVith tears streaming down his\\nweather-beaten chcelvs, he asked the men before him to make one more\\neffort, to make the case of these heart-broken parents their own, and\\nnot to give up as long as there was a remote possibility of success.\\nThe appeal was irresistible; every man at once prepared for another\\neffort, and before darkness again shut do^vn upon the mountains, the\\nchildren were restored to their overjoyed parents.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0753.jp2"}, "738": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nof Safety used frequently to meet, and here thc3- -n-cro in\\nsession during tlie battle of Bennington, in 1777. The\\nold tavern was standing as late as 18G0, but fras burned\\ndown in that j-ear bj- the torch of the incendiar}-.\\nThe breaking out of the war for independence swal-\\nlowed up all minor contests. While New York was\\nrather slow to adopt the patriot cause, and manj of her\\npeople remained Lojalists, the Green Mountain Bojs\\nwere eager to join the ranlcs against the common foe.\\nThej- had an efflcieuL militia organization, readj- for ser-\\nvice at a moment s warning, and it is not strange that\\nthe first aggressive movement against the mother coun-\\ntry-, VIZ., the capture of the strong fortresses of Crown\\nPomt and Ticonderoga, should have originated among\\nthe Green Mountains.\\nThat the plan of talcing these forts originated in the\\ngrants is proved b}- a letter from John Brown of I itts-\\nfield, to Dr. V/arrcn and Samuel Adams of Boston,\\ndated at Montreal, March 29, 1775. Mr. Brown had\\nbeen sent to Canada b}- the Massachusetts Committee of\\nSafety, to ascertain the temper of the people of that\\nProvince. The following is an extract from Brown s\\nletter\\nOne thing I must mention, to be kept a profound\\nsecret. The fort at Ticonderoga must be seized as soon\\nas possible, should hostilities be commenced bv the\\nking s troops. The people on the New Hampshire\\nGrants have engaged to do this business, and in my\\nopinion they are the most proper persons for the job.\\nThis will effectually curb this Pro\\\\dnce, and all the troops\\nthat ma} bo sent here.\\nBrown had passed through Bennington on his way to\\nCanada, and it seems the people had communicated to\\nhim their plans, which must have been made in 1774. or\\nTery early in 1775. The plan was not carried into im-\\nmediate execution, for Allen, in his narrative of it, 8333\\nWhile these matters were deliberating, a commitree\\nfrom the Council of Connecticut arrived at Bennington\\nwith advice and directions to carrj into execution the\\nsurprise of these garrisons, and, if possible, to gain con-\\ntrol of the lake, which was done without loss of time.\\nThe committee from Connecticut raised 39 men in Berk-\\nshire Countv, Mass., on their waj-, and relied on the\\ngrants to furnish the balance of the men and the leader.\\nThe leader was ready, and the men had only to be sum-\\nmoned.* Within three daj-s Allen had gathered his little\\nforce, and was on the shore of Lake Champlain, 60 miles\\nfrom his starting point.\\nEarl3-inl776 the British sent large reinforcements to\\nCanada, which enabled them to take the offensive, and\\nof this movement see page BS3.\\nsoon the Americans lost all they had gained in that coun-\\ntr} and were compelled to take refuge in the forts on\\nLake Champlain. The Green Mountain Bo3-s, under\\nWarner, formed the rear-guard in tlie disastrous retreat,\\nand saved our arm}- from total destruction. Warner s\\nregiment was mostl3- from Bennington County.\\nIn the spring of 1777, Gen. Burg03Tie took command\\nof a large and finel3 equipped bod3 of veteran soldiers\\nfor the purpose of gaining control of the lake, and open-\\ning up communication with Gen. Howe on the Hudson,\\nand thus cutting the American Colonies in twain. The\\nstrong fortress of Ticonderoga, which should have proved\\na bar to their progress, was rendered untenable through\\nfailure of Gen. St. Clair to fortif3- Mount Defiance, which\\ncommanded the fort, and the American arm3- was com-\\npelled to fall bade. Their retreat was covered, and the\\narm3- saved from total rout, bv the rear-guard under Cols.\\nWarner and Francis, who engaged the enemy in a desper-\\nate fight at Hubbardton. The check to the British was\\nbut temporary the Americans, being greatly outnum-\\nbered, retreated to Manchester, while the enemy kept on\\nthe west side of the Taconic Mountains towards the Hud-\\nson. Burgoyne issued a pompous proclamation calling\\nupon the inhabitants of the grants to submit to the\\nauthority of the king, in which case he would afford\\nthem protection but if the3- would not submit, he threat-\\nened to let loose upon them his Indian allies, of which\\nhe had a large number. The onl3- effect this proclama-\\ntion had on the settlers was to cause the flight of all\\nnorth of Manchester, very few, if any, asking the pro-\\ntection of the British. A little later (Aug. 20th) Bur-\\ng03 ne wrote to a friend The New Hampshire Grants,\\nin particular, a countr3 unpeopled and almost unknown 1\\nduring the last war, now abounds in the most active and\\nmost rebellious race on the continent, and hangs like a\\ngathering cloud on my left.\\nIn the meantime the people of the grants, in conven-\\ntion assembled, had declared themselves independent,\\nnot onl} from the jurisdiction of New York, but also\\nfrom that of New Hampshire and all other states or\\nnations. The government was left in the hands of a\\nCouncil of Safety, composed of a few of the leading men\\nin the State, which council first assembled at Manches-\\nter, and afterwards adjourned to Bennington. The first\\nquestion to be met by the council was a very difficult\\none, the defenc3 of the State from the victorious army\\nof Burgoyne. Their onl3 protection was the depleted\\nregiment of rangers under Col. Warner, and the scat-\\ntered and poorly-armed militia. To put this militia in\\nthe field it was necessary to raise quite a sum of money,\\nan article which the settlers did not possess to any great", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0754.jp2"}, "739": {"fulltext": "extent. After due deliberation, the council adopted the\\nbold measure of confiscating the property of all Tories,\\nwhich plan proved successful, and was subsequent!}\\nadopted b} the other colonies. Between August, 1777,\\nand October, 1786, the council and State confiscated\\nTorj property to the amount of \u00c2\u00a3190,433. This served\\nthe twofold purpose of furnishing supplies to the patriots\\nand deterring the wavering from joining the British.\\nAn urgent appeal was also sent to New Hampshire for\\naid, and Gen. Stark was soon on the way with 700 New\\nHampshire militia.\\nBy the last of July, Burgoyne had succeeded in reach-\\ning Fort Edward, on the Hudson, but his communication\\nwith his base of supplies on the lake was over a rough\\nand difficult road, and his army soon began to suffer for\\nwant of pro^^sions and horses. To remedy this diffi-\\nculty, and also to punish the people of the rebellious\\ngrants, he sent a strong force to Bennington to capture\\na quantit} of stores which had been gathered there.\\nHis instructions to Baum, who commanded the expedi-\\ntion, were Obtain horses, for j-our dragoons send me\\n1 ,300 horses seize Bennington cross the mountains to\\nRockingham and Brattleborough try the affections of\\nthe country take hostages meet me a fortnight hence\\nat Albany. Baum s force consisted of 1,500 men, a\\nlarge proportion being veteran troops, with two field-\\npieces, accompanied by a large foice of Tories and In-\\ndians. Stark had under his command the New Hamp-\\nshire miUtia, a small body of Berkshire County (Mass.)\\nmilitia, under the command of Col. Simonds, and the\\nVermont militia. The number of the latter will never\\nbe known, as very many of them went into the battle\\non their own hook, armed with muskets, fowling-\\npieces, and even with scji/hes and axes, for want of bet-\\nter weapotis. His whole effective force, however, did\\nnot exceed that of the enemy.\\nBaum set out on his expedition August 13th, and met\\nwith little opposition until he reached the vicinitj of\\nBennington, on the afternoon of the 14th. Here the\\nevidences of serious opposition became so strong that\\nhe determined to fortify himself in a strong position, and\\nsend back for reinforcements. He spent the night of the\\n14th and all day the 15th in erecting breastworks and\\nstrengthening his position, which was well chosen on the\\nbrow of a steep hill, which was protected in front and\\non the right flank by the Waloomsac River, while exten-\\nsive forests were on the left and in the rear. Stark,\\nwith the main body of his troops, encamped on the\\nnight of the 13th about two miles from Baum, on the\\nroad towards Bennington. It was his intention to have\\nattacked the enemj on the morning of the loth, but a\\nheavy rain set in which lasted all day and precluded all\\noffensive operations except slight skirmishing. The\\nmorning of the 16th dawned without a cloud in the skj\\nand Stark was early on the move. An-iving at the top\\nof the hill on the opposite side of the river from the\\nBritish, who were now in plain sight, he halted his men,\\nand pointing to the redoubt, said: There are the red-\\ncoats, bo3-s, and they are oin-s, or to-night Mollj Stark\\nsleeps a widow.\\nStark was smarting under the injustice of Congress,\\nwhich, during his absence from the army on a recruiting\\nexpedition, had advanced several officers of inferior\\nrank to be his superiors, causing his retirement. No\\ndoubt his peculiar situation made him desperate, and he\\nwas fully determined to win the battle or die in the at-\\ntempt. His plan of b.attle was to engage the enemy on\\nall sides at once, and was carried out to the letter, the\\nthick forests enabling him to make the proper disposition\\nof his troops. Col. Nichols, with 200 men, made a wide\\ndetour to get in the rear of the enemy by the left flank,\\nand Col. Herrick, with 300 men, made the same move-\\nment on the right. Meanwhile Stark, with the main\\nbody, kept up a show of advancing in front, to divert\\nthe attention of the enemy and allow the flanking parties\\nto get in position. It was three o clock when the two\\ndetachments met in the rear of the British, and the pre-\\nconcerted signal of attack was given, and the advance\\nmade from all sides. The outlj-ing bodies of Tories and\\nIndians were soon driven oflf or captured, and the struggle\\nfor the redoubt began. It was a desperate fight, between\\nraw militia on the one hand and disciplined troops, pro-\\ntected by breastworks defended by cannon, on the other.\\nThe final assault was a hand-to-hand encounter, for the\\nBritish would not give up until overcome b} brute force.\\nStark, who had been at Bunker Hill, Trenton, Princeton,\\nand in several engagements in the French war, said in\\nhis report, that it lasted two hours, and was the hottest\\nengagement he ever saw. Nothing could withstand the\\nvalor of the patriots. Stark wrote: Had each man\\nbeen an Alexander or a Charles of Sweden, he could not\\nhave behaved more gallantly.\\nThe victory was complete. Nearly all the British were\\nkiUed or captured seven hundred prisoners were sent\\nunder guard to Bennington the wounded were being\\ncared for, and the spoils of victory gathered. Some of\\nthe militia who lived in the vicinity, had started for\\nhome others, hungry and tired out, were preparing a\\nhastj- meal or lying down to rest, when the noise of\\nheavy firing was heard in front. Breyman was on the\\nway, with 1,000 fresh troops and with cannon for the\\nrelief of Baum. It was a critical moment, but the tired", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0755.jp2"}, "740": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\npatriots gathered for another struggle. The}- waited for\\nno orders, but hastened to oppose the progress of Broj--\\nman. Here a desperate struggle was going on. Tlie\\ncannon of the Briiisli were taken and retaken, and the\\nmilitia were finall}- driven back step by step. Defeat\\nseemed inevitable. At this moment word passed along\\nthe line that Warner had come. His regiment of ran-\\ngers, which had been reduced to 120 men at Hubbardton,\\nhad been stationed at Mancliester. Learning that there\\nwas likely to be an engagement at Bennington, they\\nhastened to the field, and arrived not a moment too soon.\\nThe brave men who had borne the burden of the fight\\nfell back and gave them room. Their well-directed vol-\\nley carried consternation into the ranks of the enem}-,\\nwho were soon on their way Iiack to the Hudson. Their\\nretreat became a\\nrout, and but for\\nthe darkness most\\nif not all of them\\nwould have been\\ncaptured. It was,\\nindeed, a glorious\\ndaj for Stark, for\\nVermont, and for\\nthe cause of in-\\ndependence. Bur-\\ngoyne lost nearly\\none -fourth of his\\nmen, and the rest\\nbecame dispirited.\\nHis Indian allies\\nforsook him. the\\nTories ceased to flock to his standard, and his subse-\\nquent surrender was only a question of time. The\\nAmerican cause, which had been en^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 eloped in gloom\\nfrom disasters on everj- hand, from this day grew brighter\\nto the perfect da}-.\\nAs the line has been since run, this battle occurred on\\nthe soil of New York, though there were very few, if\\nan}-, New York men engaged in it, unless they were loy-\\nalists who joined the British. All the settled towns in\\nBennington County were well represented in the battle,\\nbut the exact number will never be known, as the militia\\nhad no thorough organization. Bennington, however,\\nhad two enrolled companies in the engagement. Capt.\\nSamuel Robinson s muster-roll, at the time of the battle,\\ncontained 76 names the roll of Capt. Elijah Dewey s\\ncompany, which was also present, has not been pre-\\nserved.\\nThus, for a time, the territory was relieved from the\\ndanger of invasion by the enemy. Subsequent attempts\\n-i^ii^jii. y\\nFIRST CHUl\\nwere warded off by stratagem. Vermont was refused\\nrepresentation in the Continental Congress. She would\\nnot acknowledge the jurisdiction of either New York or\\nNew Hampshire, but was really independent of all the\\nworld. Taking advantage of this anomalous condition\\nof affairs, the British sought to form an alliance with the\\nleaders in the new State, either for the puriMJse of join-\\ning the British cause, or at least to keep neutral. This\\nidea was encouraged on the part of Allen, Warner, and\\nsome of the other leaders, but was kept a profound\\nsecret from the people at large. In this way, for three\\nyears, the country was protected from a second invasion\\nfrom Canada, though their action in the matter has been\\nseverely condemned 1)}- some persons, who think they\\nsee treason in such conduct. The general verdict of\\nhistory, however,\\nis that there were\\nno stanchcr pa-\\ntriots in the Eng-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0-li colonies than\\n.Id leaders in\\nmont, of whom\\niiington Coun-\\niirnished much\\n...I larger portion.\\nThe first church\\nin Vermont was\\norganized in Ben-\\nnington in 1762,\\nbut was formed by\\nseparatists from\\nthe Congregational\\nt-luuvlK s 111 Hardwick. Sinulerlaud and Westfield, Mass.\\nMany of the dissentere migrated to the new colony, and\\nthe First Congregational Church of Bennington, with\\nRev. Jedediah Dewey of the Westfield Church as pas-\\ntor, was the result. The church grew strong and pros-\\nperous under the ministrations of Mr. Dewey, who re-\\nmained its pastor until his decease in 1778. In 1765\\na remarkable revival occurred, and similar ones at sub-\\nsequent periods. The first meeting-house, 50 feet\\nby 40, with a porch 20 feet square, was built in 1765\\nby a tax on the inhabitants aided by individual sub-\\nscriptions. In this primitive church occurred many in-\\nteresting meetings and events connected with the carly\\nhistory of the church. This church was in old Benning-\\nton, now called Bennington Centre.\\nThe first Baptist Church in the State was organized in\\nShaftsbury in 1768. Subsequently three other Baptist\\nchm-ches were organized in this town, all more or less\\nflourishing, but the number is now reduced to one.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0756.jp2"}, "741": {"fulltext": "Members of the Episcopal Church held meetings in\\nArlington as early as 1764, though no church was erected\\nuntil 1786, and that was not completed until 1803.\\nChurches of this denomination were also organized at\\nManchester and Sandgate at an early day, and later at\\nBennington. Rev. Abraham Brownson was pastor of the\\nchurch at Arlington for 23 years. Methodist churches\\nhave been formed at a comparatively recent date in Ben-\\nnington and several other towns.\\nCommon schools were established in the several towns\\nin the county immediately after their settlement. Clio\\nHall, tlie first academy in the State, was incorporated\\nat Bennington in 1780. It flourished for several years,\\nand afterwards gave place to Union Academy, which\\nwas incorporated in 1817. Dorset Grammar School\\nwas incorporated in 1804, and\\nDorset Academy in 1807. -S^- -^^H\\nArlington Academy was in-\\ncorporated in 1817. Mount\\nAnthony Seminary was estali-\\nlished at Bennington at a late i\\ndate, and is still doing a good\\nwork, though the others men-\\ntioned have all ceased to exist.\\nIn 1829 Burr Seminar}^ wa^^\\nincorporated at Manchestci\\nreceiving its name from Josejih\\nBurr, a wealthy citizen, who\\nleft $10,000 for its endow-\\nment, provided the citizens of\\nthe town would contribute a\\nlike amount for the erection of a building. This amount\\nwas secured, and a substantial stone building erected.\\nIn 1849 Josiah Burton left $10,000 for the endowment\\nof a female department. The school at the outset was\\ndesigned for preparing young men for the ministry, and\\nattracted a large number of students. Rev. Dr. Lj man\\nColeman, who is still living, was the first principal.\\nThe school has generall} been very prosperous, and\\nhas exerted a wide influence for good, its graduates being\\nscattered all over the country, many of whom have be-\\ncome distinguished in the various wallcs in life.\\nThe people of this countj have been generallj law-\\nabiding, and there have been but two cases of capital\\npunishment in its historj The first person executed\\nwas David Redding, a notorious Tor} who carried on\\nhis operations in aid of the British, until thej- could not\\nbe overlooked bj the sturdj patriots. There was no law\\nfor the punishment of crimes, but they were a law unto\\nthemselves. All power was lodged in the local com-\\nmittees of safety, and before one of these Redding was\\nBURR AND BURTON SEM\\nbrought. A jury of six men was empanelled and the\\nevidence heard. His guilt was proved beyond a doubt,\\nand, the verdict being against him, he was sentenced\\nby the committee to be hung, and the da} of his execu-\\ntion fixed. A large crowd from the surrounding countiy\\nassembled to see the sentence carried out, and the\\nfeeling against him was very bitter. After the gallows\\nhad been erected and he was brought out, John Burn-\\nham, a J oung lawyer from Connecticut, arrived, and,\\nlearning the manner of his trial and conviction, protested\\nagainst his execution, on the ground that he had been\\ntried by a jury of only six men, while ever} principle of\\nlaw required the jury should be composed of twelve men.\\nThe people did not relish such fine distinctions of law,\\nand demanded that he should be hung at once. Ethan\\nAllen, who had just returned\\nSSSsss:^ fiom his captivity in England,\\nmounted a stump and demand-\\ned attention. He advised the\\npeople to return peaceably to\\ntheir homes, and to assemble\\nagiin on a certain day and\\ntht should witness an execu-\\n1 11 111, for if Redding was not\\ng at that time he would be\\nhimself. A jury of twelve men\\nWIS summoned, and Redding\\nagain tried and found guilty,\\nand hung June 11, 1778.\\nArchibald Bates of Shafts-\\nbun was hung at Bennington\\nin 1839 for shooting his sister-in-law without provoca-\\ntion. FifLeen thousand people witnessed his execution.\\nTowns.\\nBennisgtox. Among the first settlers of Bennington\\nare included the names of many who were prominent in\\nthe early history of the State. Capt. Samuel Robinson,\\nPeter and Eleazer Harwood, Samuel and Timothy Pratt,\\nLeonard and Samuel Robinson, John Fassett, Joseph\\nSaff ord, John Smith, John Burnham, Benj. Rudd,\\nElisha Field, Samuel Montague, James Breakenridge,\\nEbenezer Wood, Samuel and Oliver Scott, and Joseph\\nWickwire were among the immigrants of 1701. The\\nfirst child born was Bcuj. Harwood, Jan. 12, 1702,\\nwho lived in town until his death, Jan. 22, 1851. Among\\nlater arrivals were Stci)h(Mi ami Jonas Fay, also Joseph\\nand David Fay, Gen. Ebenezer Walbridgc, Nathan Clark,\\nCol. Seth Warner, Gen. Ethan Allen, Gov. Isaac Tich-\\nenor. Col. Samuel Herrick and Nathaniel Fillmore.\\nThe latter was grandfather of the late President Fillmore.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0757.jp2"}, "742": {"fulltext": "HISTORY Of new ENGLAND.\\nAnthony Haswell was an early settler and established\\nthe old \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Vermont Gazette in 1783, which was pub-\\nlished by him and his son John C. Haswell until 1849.\\nMoses Eobinson was governor of the State in 1789,\\nhaving previous]}- been chief justice of the Supreme\\nCourt. He was also elected senator in Congress on the\\nadmission of the State to the Union in 1791. Jonathan\\nRobinson was chief judge of the Supremo Court from\\n1801 to 1807, when he was elected United States senator.\\nIsaac Tichenor was chief justice in 1791, United States\\nsenator in 179G, governor of the State from 1797 for ten\\nsuccessive years, and again in 1808, and senator in\\nCongress from 1814 to 1821, besides filling several other\\noffices. He was a man of great personal popularity, and\\nheld the office of governor when all the other State\\noffices belonged to the opposite political part} Nathan\\nClark was an early settler of great influence. He was\\noften chairman of the committee of safety, and was\\nspeaker of the first State legislature. John S. Robinson\\nwas governor of the State in 1853, and at a later period\\nHiland Hall served as governor and also as representa-\\ntive in Congress. He is still living at an advanced age.\\nThe principal village in town, for the first 50 years of\\nits histor} was Bennington Centre, and here was situ\\nated the court-house, jail, first church,* c. The fine\\nwater-power one mile east of this village, however,\\nbegan to attract settlers, and soon the cast village,\\ncalled Algiers, outgrew its more pretentious neighbor on\\nthe hill. For the past 30 years nearly all the business\\nThis church was used as barracks for Hessian prisoners after the\\nb.ittle of Bennington.\\nt One of the most remarltablc murder trials on record was held in\\nJIancbcstcr in 1819. Stephen and Jesse Boorn were tried for the murder\\nof their brother-in-law, Kusscll Colvin, and were found guilty and sen-\\ntenced to be bung. The supposed murder occmTcd seven years bcforci\\nand the evidence against tliem at the outset was entirely circumstantial\\nand of the most vague and meagre character. Colvin was a man of\\nweak intellect, and at times partially deranged. On these occasions he\\nwould wander away from home and be gone sometimes for months. He\\nwas not on good terms with the Booms, and quarrels were frequent.\\nAfter one of these quaiTels he disappeared, but, as this was nothing\\nimusual, little was said about it. Several years passed away and he did\\nnot return. People began to talk about the matter, and some suspicious\\ncircumstances were related. These stories were enlarged upon, and an\\nuncle of Colvin s wife dreamed that Colvin came to him and told him\\nthat he had been murdered by the Booms and his body buried in a cer-\\ntain locality. The place was searched, and some bones found. An old\\nhat and pocket-knife belonging to Colvin were also found. This was\\nenough to cause the wildest excitement. The two Booms were an-ested\\nfor murder and held for trial. While in jail they were visited by sev-\\neral influential people, who told them that their conviction was certain,\\nand that they might as well confess, and an cflbrt would be made for a\\ncommutation of their sentence. Under this pressure they confessed,\\nand told all the details of the murder, making them coincide with the\\nsuspicious circumstances brought up against them. It was principally\\non account of this confession that they were found guilty, as the other\\nhas been done at tlie new village, which has become one\\nof the most flourishing and enterprising villages in the\\nState. A large amount of manufacturing is carried on,\\nprincipally in woollen and knit goods. The \\\\illage of\\nNorth Bennington has two or three cotton factories, and\\nis al-o a place of considerable business importance. In\\n1852 a terrible freshet occurred at the latter village by\\nthe breaking awa}- of a pond or reservoir near the upper\\npart of the village. Twelve or fifteen buildings were\\nswept awaj and one life was lost. The damage was\\nestimated at $50,000.\\nIn 1877 the centennial celebration of the battle of\\nBennington was held. The President of the United\\nStates and several members of his cabinet were present,\\nand also the governors of several States. The legislature\\nof Massachusetts attended in a body. The most noted\\nmilitary organizations and bands of Massachusetts, New\\nHampshire, and Connecticut were present, together with\\na regiment of Vermont militia and some companies\\nfrom New York, making a very fine military display.\\nThe principal address was delivered by Dr. BartKtt.\\npresident of Dartmouth College. The number of guests\\npresent is variously estimated at from sixty to one hun-\\ndred thousand, quite severely taxing the hospitalit}- oi\\nthe historic town; but like their heroic ancestors 100\\njears before, with a little help from their neighbors, they\\nproved equal to the occasion. Bennington has a popula-\\ntion of 5,760.\\nManchester,! unlike most of the other towns in this\\nevidence proved entirely worthless. They were both sentenced to be\\nhung, and everybody believed them guilty. The sentence of one of\\nthem was commuted to imprisonment for life by the State Legislature,\\nand the other remanded to jail to aw,ait his execation. As the time\\ndrew near ho asked his counsel, Gov. Skinner and Leonard Sargent,\\nafterwards lieutenant-governor of the State, and who is still living, if\\nnothing more could be done for him. They replied that there was no\\nhope. He stoutly affirmed his innocence, notwithstanding his previous\\nconfession, and said that Colvin was still alive for anything that he\\nknew. The counsel evidently did not place much confidence in his\\nstatement, but promised to do what they could to find Colvin and a\\nnotice of inquiry was sent to the Rutland Herald, a paper at that\\ntime of very limited circulation. This notice was copied into the New\\nYork Evening Post, and by chance fell into the hands of a man living\\nin New Jersey who had seen a man who lived with one of his neighbors\\nwho answered to the description given. On returning home he went to\\nsec the man, and from careful questipning became convinced that he\\nwas Colvin, although he denied his identity. Word was sent to Man-\\nchester of the discovery, but Manchester people would not be con-\\nvinced. A former resident of Manchester, who lived in New York,\\nwent to New Jersey, recognized Colvin, and finally induced him to re-\\nturn with him to Manchester, where he arrived just in time to save the\\nlife of an innocent man, and where he was recognized by his old neigh-\\nbors, though there were people who would not believe their own eyes,\\nthey had been so thoroughly possessed with the idea that the murder\\nwas a reality. Colvin related so many incidents that had previously\\noccurrejl that there was no doubt whatever of his identity.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0758.jp2"}, "743": {"fulltext": "VERMONT.\\nState, was first settled b}- people from New York. The}\\npurchased their titles, however, from the original pro-\\nprietors, who obtained the grant of the township from\\nGov. Wentworth of New Hampshire. It seems that a\\nj party of explorers from Amenia, N. Y., came up with\\nthe intention of settling In Salem in the same State, but,\\nascending Equinox Mountain to get a better view of the\\ncountr}-, they were struck with the beautj-of the valley to\\nthe east, which valle} they subsequentlj purchased and\\nsettled. The first settlement was made in the south\\npart of the town in 1764. Among the first comers were\\nSamuel Rose, Gideon Ormsby, Jeremiah French, Elia-\\nkim Weller, Stephen, James and Ezra Mead, Benjamin\\nj Puidy, Samuel and Thomas Soper. Martin Powell and\\nWilliam Marsh soon after joined them and became\\nprominent in town affairs. These settlers had the same\\ntrouble with New York claimants of their lands as the\\npeople of the other towns, and were just as determined\\nin their resistance. Manchester also furnished her quota\\nof men in the Revolutionary war. Nathan Smith was\\nan officer in Warner s first regiment of rangers and a\\nportion of the regiment was recruited in this town. A\\ni good number also participated in the battle of Benning-\\nton. Among them were John Roberts and his four\\nsons. Capt. Nathan Smith was one of the very first\\nmen over the English breastworks. In 1 780 Manches-\\nter had three companies, comprising 150 men, all of\\nher fighting population, either in the field or ready\\nfor service at a moment s warning. Among the later\\nsettlers who gained prominence were Joel Pratt, Robert\\nPierpoint, Dr. Ezra Isham, Joseph Burr, Nathan Bur-\\nton, and Richard Skinner. The latter was elected a\\njudge of the Supreme Court and also governor of the\\nState. In the war of 1812, 34 citizens of this town\\nvolunteered, two of whom were killed.\\nFor the past 20 years Manchester has been justly\\ncelebrated as a summer resort, and has been well patron-\\nized. The scenery is fine and the air cool and delightful.\\nThe village is kept remarkabl}- neat, there being plenty\\nof shade and three miles of marble sidewalk. Aside\\nfrom the summer business, the chief occupation of the\\npeople of this town is farming. The population is about\\n1,900.\\nI Dorset was settled in 1768 by Felix Powell, Isaac\\nLace}-, Benjamin Baldwin, Abraham Underbill, John\\nManley and George Page, the last four being from New\\nYork. Dea. Cephas Kent kept a tavern during the early\\nI days, which was a noted resort for the patriots. At his\\nj house in 177G was held a convention of delegates from\\nthe several towns in the State, at which it was resolved\\ni ih:it this State be free and independent of all the world.\\nThere were 51 delegates present, representing 35 towns.\\nDea. Kent had six sons, four of whom were in the battle\\nof Bennington, and one of them lived till 1849, lacking\\nonly a few days of being 100 years old. Isaac Farwell,\\none of the first children born in town, is still living, his\\none hundredth birthday being celebrated July 14, 1879.\\nThe early settlers of this town were distinguished for\\ntheir good qualities of head and heart. Rev. Dr. Wm.\\nJackson was pastor of the Congregational Church from\\n1793 till 1842, and was a man of much more than or-\\ndinary ability, exerting a deep and lasting influence\\nupon the community.\\nThe chief industry of Doi-set, aside from agricultural pur-\\nsuits, is quarrying and sawing marble, of which there is an\\ninexhaustible supply of almost every quality, that of the\\nVermont Italian quarries being the most favorably known.\\nThis is a light marble, striped with blue veins, and is\\nvery durable for out-door work. Pure white marble is\\nalso found in great abundance. The Dorset marble is\\nwell and fivvorably known throughout the Union, and a\\nlarge quantity is sold every year. The population of the\\ntown is 2,200.\\nShaftsbury was settled in 1763, the following names\\nappearing upon the roll of the first settlers Spencer,\\nCole, Willoughby, Clark, Doolittle, Waldo, Burlingamc,\\nAndrus, Bearsley, Downer, and Mattison. Thomas\\nMattison was first town clerk, and held the office formoro\\nthan 40 years. He was followed by Jacob Galusha, and\\nhe by Hiram Barton, the present incumbent, making but\\nthree in 116 years. Among the first settlers was Maj.\\nGideon Olin, a man of prominence in the State, chitf\\njustice for four years, and representative in Congress in I\\n1806 and 1807. Abram B. Olin, who was appointed\\njudge of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia\\nby President Lincoln, and who died very recentl} was a 1\\nnative of Shaftsbury. Jonas Galusha was one of the i\\nolder settlers, a captain in the militia, and was present i\\nat the Bennington battle. Besides filling many import-\\nant positions in the county and State, he was governor j\\nfor nine years.\\nJeremiah Clark was chief justice, and member of the\\nState Council. lie pronounced the death sentence on\\nDavid Redding, the first man executed in the State.\\nGeorge Nilcs, one of the early settlers, lived to the age\\nof 105 years. When 100 years old he would show the i\\nboys how to mow, and retained his strength to a won- i\\nderful degree. David Millington was the inventor of the\\nsystem of wax grafting. The early settlers were full of\\npatriotism, and dealt in a summary manner with the few\\nTories in their midst. John Munro, who livid near the\\nwest line of the town, accepted a commission under the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0759.jp2"}, "744": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nNew York authorities as justice of the peace, but he was\\nnever allowed to act in his official capacitj and was\\nfinally compelled to leave town. A companj of 31 men\\nwas raised in this towii for service in the Revolutionar}\\nwar.\\nShaftsburv has 2,027 inhabitants.\\nPowT^AX, a town of 1,705 inhabitants, was first settled\\nby a few Dutch squatters in 1724, who, however, re-\\nmained after the town was chartered in 1760, and most\\nof them were successful in resisting all attempts to dis-\\npossess them of their lands. The real settlement under\\nthe charter began in 1762. Charles Wright and his three\\nsons, Samuel, Josiah and Solomon, were among the first\\nsettlers. George Gardner, who came from Hancock,\\nMass., lived to be 114 j-ears of age. He planted an\\norchard when he was 85, and enjoyed the fruit many\\nj ears. Gen. Josiah Wright became a prominent man in\\ntown. He was judge of probate for 13 j-ears, and chief\\njudge of the county court eight years, and member of\\nthe State council, ten j-ears. His brother Solomon was\\nalso judge of the county court, and held other offices.\\nThey belonged to opposite political parties, each being\\nan acknowledged leader, and the strife between them\\noften waxed wann, sometimes causing hard feelings.\\nGenerally, however, the political warfare was waged with\\n[lersonal good feeling, but it lasted for many j-ears. A\\ncompany of soldiers was raised in this town for service\\nduring the war of 1812, commanded by Capt. Dan-\\nforth.\\nArlington was first settled in 1762. The prominent\\nmen among the first settlers were Capt. Jehiel Hawlej-,\\nRemember Baker, Lemuel Buck, David Buck, Nathan\\nCanfield, Israel Canfield, James Hard, Zadock Hard,\\nDavid Crofut, Eliakim Stoddard, Daniel Burritt, and\\nAndrew Burritt. Jehiel Ilawley was a lo3-alist, and se\\\\--\\neral others were inclined in the same direction, which\\ncaused a great deal of trouble during the Revolution,\\nmost of them being driven from their homes and their\\nproperty confiscated. Thomas Chittenden, Matthew\\nLyon, John Fassett, Jr., and afterwards Ethan Allen,\\nmoved into town and took possession of confiscated prop-\\nerty. Chittenden was the first governor of the State,\\nand held the office 19 years. Matthew Lj-on was after-\\nwards a member of Congress. None of the last named\\nremained in town for a great length of time. After the\\nwar was over, some of the Tory exiles returned to town,\\nand settled down into good citizens, while others settled\\nelsewhere or died in foreign lauds. Capt. Ilawle} died\\non Lake Champlain, on his way to Canada. Nathan\\nCanfield rather inclined towards the loj-alists, but he did\\nnot leave the town and was never seriousl3- molested.\\nHe had a very large family of children, and his descend-\\nants still live in town. Abel Benedict was killed at the\\nbattle of Bennington, fighting on the side of the king.\\nFive or six who joined Burgoyne were taken prisoners I\\nwith him at Saratoga. Notwithstanding some of the\\nprominent men in town were Tories, there were also\\nman} patriots who risked their lives for their countrj- s in-\\ndependence. Abel Hawley kept a tavern here at the time,\\nwhich was, as it seems, a rendezvous for both parties.\\nSamuel Adams, who lived in the west part of the town,\\nrecruited a company of Tories for the purpose of joining\\nBurgoyne s army, and had his head-quarters here, secretly\\nof course. After the battle of Hubbardton, when the\\npatriots were quartered at Manchester, Col. Lyon, with a\\nsmall force, proceeded to collect cattle from the Tories\\nfor their subsistence. Adams collected some of his men\\nand hid in the bushes where Lyon and his party\\nwere to pass, and fired upon them from his ambuscade.\\nOne man was mortally wounded, and the others fled,\\nleaving the cattle to return to their owners. Adams\\nnever appeared in town again, and died in Canada, where\\nhis descendants still live. I\\nArlington has a population of 1,636.\\nRuPEKT. The early settlement of this town is some-\\nwhat in obscurity, from the fact that the proprietors\\nclerk, Joseph Cass, was a noted Tory, and ran away\\nwith the records, and the} were never recovered. It is,\\nhowever, known that Isaac Blood, Barnabas Baruum,\\nAmos Curtis and Jonathan Eastman settled in the east\\npart of the town about 1765. Aaron Rising and Oliver\\nScott settled in the west part of the town in 1773. In\\n1771 a settlement was made in White Creek by persons\\nclaiming the land under New York authoiity. The New\\nHampshire grantees drove them off and burned their\\ncabins. The sheriff of Albany County soon appeared\\nwith an armed ])osse to arrest the rioters, as they were i\\ntermed. The settlers, having an intimation of the\\nsheriff s purpose, all turned out, and, under the lead of\\none Harmon, drove them off with clubs and guns. Upon\\nthe advance of Burgoyne in 1777, the settlers all fled,\\nand their homes were destroyed by the Tories and\\nIndians. In 1780 most of them returned, and in that\\nyear David Sheldon settled here, coming from Suffield,\\nConn. He was a man of great influence in the town,\\nrepresenting it 13 times in the State legislature. He\\nwas also judge of the county court for many years.\\nGrove Moore and Josiah Rising were also prominent\\nmen. Israel Smith was one of the early settlers, thungh\\nhe subsequently removed to Rutland. He was chief]\\njudge of the Supreme Court in 1797, and was elected to\\nCongress in 1803, which office he resigned on being", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0760.jp2"}, "745": {"fulltext": "VERMONT.\\nelected governor in 1807. Dr. Josiali Graves, the first\\nphj-sician in town, was also a count} judge. Nathan\\nBurton moved into town at a later date. He was chief\\njudge of the country court for several jears. In June,\\n1785, Reuben Harmon, Jr., petitioned the State legisla-\\nture for the exclusive right of issuing copper coin for the\\nterm of two j-ears, which was granted and the time\\nwas subsequentlj extended eight j-ears. Quite a large\\namount was coined bj him, and pieces of this coinage\\narc now sometimes met with. This was the first, and so\\nfar as we know, the onl} authorized coinage of monej\\nin the State. Rev. Ichabod Spencer, D. D., long a\\nnoted divine of Brooklj-n, N. Y., was a native of this\\ntown. Rupert has a population of 1,017.\\nSunderland, a town of 553 inhabitants, was settled\\nin 17G4, the names on the first record being Gen. Gideon\\nBrownson and Col. Timothy Brownson, Joseph Bradley,\\nAmos Chipman, Abner and Charles Evarts, Abner Hill,\\nand Reuben Webb, nearl} all being from Connecticut.\\nEthan and Ira Allen also lived in this town, the latter\\nfor several years, when he held the ofBce of State treas-\\nurer. The little building which he used for an office is\\nstill standing. He was also secretarj for the Council of\\nSafety, and an influential member of that body. Timo-\\nthy Brownson was elected judge of the county court in\\n1779. Jeremiah Evarts, for a long time secretar} of the\\nAmerican Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions,\\nand well known as a Christian philanthropist, was a\\nnative of this town, where his boyhood was spent. He\\nwas the father of Hon. William M. Evarts, the present\\nSecretary of State. The people of this town did their\\nfull share in the Revolutionary war, several of them\\nbeing in the battle of Bennington.\\nOther towns of Bennington Countj are Winhall,\\nsettled about 1780, containing a population of 842:\\nREADSBOROUGn, a town of 828 inhabitants, settled as\\nearly as 1779: Sandgate, settled in 1771 population,\\n706 Stamford, the first settlement being made by a\\nman named Raymond, about the year 1777 population,\\n633 Peru, settled in 1773, chartered under the name of\\nBromle} but in 1803 given its present name popula-\\ntion, 500 Landgrove, settled in 1709 byCapt. William\\nUtley population, 302 and Woodford, settled about\\nthe j-car 1779; population, 400. There are iron-mines\\nin this latter town, and a furnace for making bar-iron\\nwas erected as early as the j ear 1800. During Jeffer-\\nson s administration a furnace was erected for the manu-\\nfacture of anchors for war vessels. Still another fur-\\nnace was afterward erected for the manufacture of bar-\\niron, but none of them are now in operation. Sears-\\nburg and Glastenbury have a respective population of\\n235 and 119,\\nCALEDONIA COUNTY,\\nBY HON. HENRY CLARK..\\nThe county of Caledonia, lying in the north-eastern\\ndivision of the State, is one of the best farming sections,\\nand rich in its manufacturing enterprise. It is bounded\\non the north by Orleans County, on the east by Essex\\nCounty, on the south-east b} the Connecticut River, on\\nthe south by Orange County, and on the west by Wash-\\nington and Lamoille counties. It contains about 700\\nsquare miles, with a population of 21,708.\\nThe territory embraced in this county, in the earlj\\nhistory of the State, formed a part of the countj of\\nGloucester. In 1781 the eastern part of the State was\\ndivided into three counties, Windham, Windsor and\\nOrange. Nov. 5, 1792, Caledonia County was incor-\\nporated from Orange County, including all that part of\\nthe State north of that county, and extending so far\\nwest as to include Montpelier and adjoining towns. The\\ncounty was organized Nov. 8, 179G, and Danville made\\nthe county- seat, and so remained until 185G, when St.\\nJohnsbury became the shire town. In 1811 a re-division\\nof counties was made. Orleans and Essex counties were\\ntaken from Caledonia County, and six towns incorpo-\\nrated with Washington. The county now consists of 16\\ntowns.\\nIt is not certainlj known when this part of Vermont\\nwas discovered. The Indians probably owned and oc-\\ncupied it because of the rare facilities offered for fishing\\nand hunting. The St. Francis tribe roamed over this\\nsection, as far down at least as White River Falls,\\nalthough their principal settlement was in Canada. They\\nhad an encampment at Newbury, and cultivated the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0761.jp2"}, "746": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nMeadows on the Great Ox Bow. Some of llie St.\\nFrancis tribe lived and died in Newbury. Capt. Jolin,\\na noted cliief of tliis tribe, was a firm friend of the\\nAmerican cause, and during the Revolutionarj* war re-\\nceived a captain s commission.\\nThe French war and the fear of the Indians retarded\\nthe settlements on the Connecticut River. In 1760 no\\nsettlements were made and no towns chartered on that\\nriver north of Charlestown, N. H. In 17G1, the towns\\nnorth of AYells River were surveyed. The towns first\\nchartered bj- Benning Wentworth, governor of New\\nIlampsliire, were, Ryegate, Sept. 8, 17C3 Barnet, Sept.\\nIG, 17G3 and Peacham, Dec. 31, 17G3.\\nBarnet was the first town in the county tliat was\\nsettled, Jon.athan Fowler, Jacob, Elijah and Daniel Hall\\nbeing the earliest settlers (March 4, 1770). The first\\nhouse built in the county was erected by the Hall\\nbrothers, near Stevens River. Sarah, daughter of Elijah\\nHall, was the first child born, and Barnet Fowler, son of\\nJonathan Fowler, was probabl}- the first male child born\\nin the county. In October, 1773, there were 15 families\\nin town, and in 1775 it began to be rapidlj- settled bj-\\nemigrants from Scotland, who soon composed the great\\nniajoritj- of the inhabitants. Soon after the Revolution-\\nary war they succeeded in establishing* churches, ac-\\ncording to the Presbyterian form, and emigi-ants from\\nScotland came and preached in Barnet and Ryegate.\\nRev. Peter Powers, pastor in Newburj- from 1775 to\\n1784, was probabl}- the first minister settled in the\\ncountj Rev. John Witherspoon, D. D., visited Barnet\\nand Ryegate two or three times, and preached and bap-\\ntized. On one of these occasions he rode the saddle on\\nwhich his son sat at the battle of Germantown, and\\nwhich bore the mark of the ball which killed him. In\\n1773, emigrants from Scotland, having purchased the\\nsouth half of the town of Ryegate, began to make\\nsettlements therein. The first inhabitants of the town\\nwere Aaron Hosmer and his family, who had camped on\\nthe Connecticut River, two miles above Wells River, but\\nmost of the early settlers were Scotch. Jonathan Elkins\\nselected a lot in Peacham in 1774, and settled thereon in\\nthe spring of the following jear.\\nDanville was chartered Oct. 27, 1784, and a few years\\nafterwards Dr. Jonathan Arnold procured the charters\\nof St. Johnsbury, Lj ndon, Burke and Billj-mead (now\\nSutton), and named them for his four sons, John, Lyn-\\ndon, Burke and William. John was dead, and his father\\ncalled the town named for him, St. Johnsburj-. Rye-\\ngate, Barnet and Peacham, the towns first chartered,\\nwere settled before the Revolutlonar3- war. The re-\\nmaining towns were chartered between 1780 and 1790.\\nIn the winWr of 1773, Davi.l Allen and James White-\\nlaw sailed from Greenock, Scotland, reaching Phila-\\ndelphia M.aj- 24. Thej- finally bargained with Rev.\\nJohn Withcrspoon, D. D., then president of New Jersey\\nCollege, for land in a section now known as Rj egate,\\nand in November following, together with James Hen-\\nderson of New York, a carpenter and one of their ship-\\nmates, eflfectcd a settlement in that place.\\nThej- found there a countrj-man, John Ilyndman, who\\nwith his family had moved into town a few months be-\\nfore and was engaged in building a house, and thcj\\nhelped to complete it. Their houses, built of logs and\\ncovered with bark, were finished about Jan. 1, 1774.\\nThe remainder of the winter was spent in making an\\nopening in the wilderness. In May a large accession to\\nthe colonj- arrived from Scotland. These were men of\\nsterling worth, and some of their descendants are among\\nthe most prominent at the present time.\\nIn 1774 the town received another accession from\\nScotland. The next year the war of the Revolution\\ncommenced, and in consequence there were few addi-\\ntions for a number of years. After peace was declared\\nthe town received man} valuable additions from Scot-\\nland. In common with the other carl}- settlements the\\npeople were subjected to gi cat hardships and privations.\\nThe town of Barnet from the first took an active part\\nin the declaration of the independence of the State of\\nVermont, and the formation of tlie constitution and gov-\\nernment. Alexander Harvey represented the town in\\nthree conventions in 1777, which declared the State\\nindependent, and formed a constitution and organized a\\ngovernment.\\nThere is a tradition in the Stevens family that the\\ntown was called Barnet from the circumstance that the\\ngreat-grandfather of Enos Stevens, one of the first set-\\ntlers, who emigrated to Mass.achusetts in 1G88, came\\nfrom Barnet, Eng.\\nThe ecclesiastical history of Barnet is perhaps the\\nmost peculiar fact in its earlj- historj-. The company of\\nPerth and Sterling, whose agent was Col. Alexander\\nHarvey, agi ecd to bu) a tract of land in America in\\norder to settle together, and have a settled minister\\namong them. Harvey s tract in Barnet was purchased\\nfor them in 1774 and settled early in 1775; but the\\nRevolutionary war checked the emigration. Scotch\\nfamilies from Ryegate moved in toward the close of the\\nwar, after which it was rapidly settled in different parts\\nliy emigrants from Scotland. Among the first move-\\nments of the people after securing their homes, was to\\nfind a minister, and John Gray of Ryegate travelled\\non foot 140 miles to secure the ser^nces of Rev. Thomas", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0762.jp2"}, "747": {"fulltext": "VERMONT.\\nClark, a Scotch clergyman belonging to the Associate\\nPresln-terian Church, and settled in Salem, N. Y. He\\ncame and preached some time in Barnet and Rj-egate, the\\nlatter part of the summer of 1775. He revisited these\\ntowns two or three times during the Revolutionary war.\\nRev. John VVitherspoon, D. D., president of Princeton\\nCollege, New Jersey-, a signer of the Declaration of\\nIndependence, and a member and chaplain of Congress,\\nwho owned lands in Rvegate, Newbmy, and Walden,\\nand whose son was settled in the north part of Ryegate,\\nvisited that section in 1775. In 1782 he preached in\\nRyegate and Barnet. He visited that section again in\\n1786. Rev. Hugh White, a Scotch clerg3-man, preached\\nin Rj-egate in 1775. Rev. Peter Powers of Newbur3\\nwas the first settled pastor in the county, and remained\\nfrom 17C5 to 1784. In 1784 Ryegate voted unanimously\\nto choose the Presbyterian form of religious worship.\\nSo on to this day have the descendants of this Scotch\\nancestry continued to worship according to the ordi-\\nnances of religion established by the fathers. The few\\nchurches of this peculiar form are the only distinctive\\nPresbyterian churches in Vermont.\\nThe town now known as Danville, was originally\\ngranted by New York, and called Hillsborough a\\nname significant of this peculiarly elevated and hilly\\nregion. In issuing the Vermont charter the old name of\\nHillsborough was set aside. During the early struggle\\nof the then New Hampshire Grants for a separate State\\nexistence, the eflTorts of Ethan Allen and his associates\\nwere encouraged and assisted bj the French consul, then\\nat Boston, Hector St. John Crevecoeur. Allen and his\\nassociates, wishing to show their appreciation of these\\ntimely- services, named several townships in honor of dis-\\ntinguished Frenchmen. Danville was named in honor of\\nthe celebrated French admiral, D Anville.\\nIn March, 1784, Capt. Charles Sias, with his family,\\nmade the first actual settlement in Danville. His wife\\nwas the first white woman who dared to breast the long\\nand dreary winter of the unbroken wilderness. Mr. Sias\\ncame from Peacham, drawing his effects and familj- on a\\nhand-sled. He brought with him ten children, seven sons\\nand three daughters. The snow was verj- deep and the\\nwaj was trackless. The family began their labors in\\nthe wilderness b^- tapping the maples, which stood thick\\naround them in the groves, affording them sugar in\\nabundance, and supplying in a great degree the lack of\\nother food.\\nIn the spring of 1786 some 50 emigrants from New\\nHampshire and Essex County, Mass., had settled in\\nDanville as Squatters. The township was chartered\\nOctober 31st of the same year. In the winter of 1787\\n40 additional families came, and, from this time, settlers\\ncame in rapidlj March 20, 1787, the town was organ-\\nized. The first child born in town was in the summer of\\n1787, and was named Danville Howard. In 1789, so\\nrapidlj had emigration poured in, it was estimated there\\nwere no less than 200 families in town, where, six years\\nbefore, a solitary man sat himself down among the\\nwooded hiUs. The sufferings of that time were very\\nsevere, because of the scarcity of provision consequent\\nupon a so rapid increase of population. Maple sugar\\nformed the chief article of food. Large quantities of\\ncorn and other provisions were brought from Essex\\nCounty, Mass., a distance of nearlj 200 miles.\\nSoon after the township was granted, difficulties be-\\ngan to arise among the settlers and the several grantees,\\nrespecting the quantity of land to which they were en-\\ntitled. The General Assembly, to whom the matter was\\nfinally referred, issued a new or quieting charter to\\nthe proprietors, Nov. 12, 1802. This is a peculiar fea-\\nture in the organization of the town of Danville, an act\\nwhich has never been extended to anj other town. Hard-\\nwick was first chartered in 1780. Soon after Peter Pago\\nof Swanzej N. H., came, accompanied bj^ a man named\\nSaflTord, and commenced a clearing near the centre of the\\ntown. After clearing two acres, both men left discour-\\naged. In 1792, Mark Norris made the following record\\nin a certain cyphering book I dro-\\\\ e the first sleigh\\nthrough the woods from Deweysburgh to Greensborough\\nthat was ever drove through bj man, to my knowing,\\nwhich was on the 4th of January, 1792. I moved into\\nHardwick, the first that ever moved in to settle the\\ntown, on the 13lh day of March, 1792. His cousin,\\nNathaniel Norris, soon followed, and Peter Page, befoi e\\nalluded to, returned. When he had moved his family as\\nnear as he could to his shanty, by the road, he put on his\\nsnow-shoes, placed his wife and three children (the young-\\nest of whom was put in a bread-trough) on a hand-sled,\\ndrew them to their new home, and then returned for his\\ngoods. They hved a year in their rude hovel without\\nfloor or chimney, building their fires at one side, and\\nha^-ing a hole in the roof for the smoke to escape. He\\nbrought all the provision on his back, either from\\nPeacham, 20 miles distant, or from Cabot, 8 miles.\\nWater gruel was sometimes their onlj- sustenance. John\\nPage, the babe that rode into Hardwick in a bread-\\ntrough, afterwards removed to Westmore. Ho died at\\nMontpelier in 1835, while representing his town in the\\nVermont legislature. Peter Page the father and\\npioneer, died in December, 1852, aged 83.\\nIn 1793 three more families moved into Hardwick,\\namong them an old man named James Sinclair, who emi-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0763.jp2"}, "748": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ngrated from Scotland, settled in New Market, N. H., and\\nfought in the battle of Bunker Hill. He died soon after\\nhis arrival, and was the first person buried in the town.\\nA log was dug out for his coffin, and a slab split from\\nanother log was nailed or pinned on for the cover.\\nThe town of Lj-ndon was located in the summer of\\n1780, by Hon. Jonathan Arnold, Daniel C ahoon, and\\nDaniel Owen of Providence, R. I., an exploring com-\\nmittee of an association of about 50 of the most enter-\\nprising citizens of that citj- and its vicinitj-, to select\\nungranted territory for a township in which to settle a\\ncolon}- in the new State of Vermont. Before its charter\\nthe ten-itory selected was called Bestbury. The town-\\nship appears to have been the hunting and fishing ground\\nof the Indians, and many arrow-points of flint, and other\\nimplements of stone were found bj the early settlers.\\nThe town was granted by the General Assembly of\\nVermont, Nov. 2, 1780, to Jonathan Arnold and his\\nassociates, in all 53, inclusive of the governors of Ver-\\nmont and Rhode Island, and the Rev. James Manning,\\nD. D., of Providence, and others. The name of Lyn-\\ndon was given it in honor of the oldest son of the first\\ngrantee, Josias Lyndon Arnold, who was a native of\\nPro-\\\\ndence, liberally educated, professionally a lawyer,\\nand also a poet. He settled at St. Johnsburj at an earl}\\nday, but it is said his social and educational tastes did\\nnot perfectly harmonize with backwoods life. He was\\nprobably the first lawyer settled in the present limits of\\nthe county. He died in 1792, and left a widow and\\ndaughters. The widow afterwards married Hon. Charles\\nMarsh of Woodstock, and was the mother of George P.\\nMarsh, the distinguished scholar and foreign minister.\\nThe grant of the township being to citizens of Rhode\\nIsland, most of its early settlers came from that State\\nand its vicinity, Seekonk and Rehoboth, Mass. Others\\ncame from the interior of Massachusetts and the valley\\nof the Connecticut River in Massacluisetts, Vermont,\\nand New Hampshire and some from the interior of\\nNew Hampshire Sandwich, and its neighborhood. The\\nfirst settlement was begun by Daniel Cahoon, Jr. He,\\nwith a few chosen men, made a clearing on a right al-\\nlotted to his father, as original proprietor, in April, 1788.\\nThe town was organized July 4, 1791. There were at\\nthat time 59 inhabitants. In May, 1793, Daniel Cahoon,\\nSr., moved his family into town, occupying a portion of\\nthe log-house erected by his son in 1788. He was the\\nonly one of the original proprietors who settled in Lyn-\\ndon. He died Sept. 13, 1811, aged 74 years, having\\nSUe was also the grandmother of Susan Lyman, the accomplished\\nwife of Vermont s distinguished statesman and senator, Hon. George\\nF. Edmunds.\\nbeen gored by a bull when passing through a liarnyard.\\nThe concourse at his funeral numbered nearly 900.\\nIn 1812, Rev. Phineas Peck, a Methodist minister, was\\npermanently settled as the first minister, and a third of\\nthe ministers lot conveyed to him. This is the fii st\\ninstance in the history of Vermont where a preacher of\\nthe Methodist denomination was the first settled town\\nminister, and accorded the charter grant of land. The\\nCaledonia County grammar school at Lyndon, was in-\\ncorporated, and the building erected, in 1831. Lyndon\\nhas furnished more resident members of Congress than\\nany town in the State, having had five gentlemen in the\\nNational Legislature viz., AVilliam Cahoon, Benjamin\\nF. Deming, Isaac Fletcher and Thomas Bartlett, Jr.,\\nbesides Charles W. AVillard of Montpelier, a native of\\nLyndon, who was in Congress for six years.\\nThere is very little peculiar in the organization and\\nsettlement of Peacham, whose even plane of history has\\ngiven it the reputation of a staid and substantial New\\nEngland town. Its devotion to education has been one\\nof its marked characteristics, which has honored her and\\nblessed the world. Peacham received its corporate ex-\\nistence from Benning Wentworth, governor of New\\nHampshire, Dec. 31, 1793. The first meeting of the\\nproprietors was held in Iladley, Mass., Jan. 18, 1764.\\nAt this time, the machinery of the town was put in\\nworking order, but the power to propel it was in London,\\nwhile the chief overseer had his residence in Portsmouth,\\nN. H. For nearly 20 years after this, the town re-\\nmained in almost unbroken silence. The disturbed con-\\ndition of the country, arising from the contested claims\\nof New Hampshire and New York, and the American\\nRevolution, retarded its growth. A few inhabitants\\nendeavored to make homes for themselves in 1775, but\\nlived in constant peril. Early in that year, Dea. Jona-\\nthan Elkins, of Hampton, N. H., came with a few others,\\nand began cutting down the woods but from fear of the\\nenemy, soon after returned to Newbury. The solitude\\nwas broken in 1776 by the marching of several companies\\nof soldiers along a line made by blazed trees from New-\\nbury to Champlain.\\nIt was in early spring, and they marched on snow-\\nshoes but upon hearing of an invasion from Canada,\\nthey soon returned. The few settlers fled with them.\\nMr. Elkins, with John Skeels and A. McLaughlin, re-\\nturned in the fall, and spent the winter together in\\nPeacham. Harvey Elkins, the first white male child in\\nPeacham, was born in October, 1777. In 1780, a block-\\nhouse was built for security from the enemy. The sea-\\nsons of alarm were not unfrequent, though it is not\\nknown that any one was killed in the limits of the town.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0764.jp2"}, "749": {"fulltext": "A few were taken prisoners, among whom were Cols.\\nElkins of Peacham, and Johnson from Newburj in 1781,\\nand two by the name of Bailej- in 1782. Col. Elkins\\nwas carried to Quebec, thence to England, and was there\\nexchanged for one of equal rank. Col. Johnson returned\\non parole.\\nAfter the close of the war population rapidly increased.\\nIt was a point of considerable commercial importance in\\nIndian trade, and as the military road, survej ed b} Gen.\\nHazen in 1779, from Peacham to Champlain, became\\nfamous as a medium of transit across the country, the\\nland came rapidly under cultivation. In 1784, the town\\nwas full3- organized. In 1795, the attention of the peo-\\nple was turned to the question of building an academy,\\nand of using the same building both for a school and\\npublic worship, and the question prevailed, and Caledonia\\nCounty Grammar School,* located in Peacham, received\\nits charter, bearing date, Oct. 27, 1795. The school was\\nopened, Dec. 1, 1797, and Ezra Carter, Esq., was the\\nfirst principal. It has prospered since, with an annual\\naggregate of 200 pupils. Among the various principals\\nhave been Jeremiah Evarts, S. C. Bartlett, Noah Worces-\\nter and John Lord. Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, Chief\\nJustice Isaac F. Redfield, William M. Evarts, and Rev.\\nWilbur Fisk, D. D., rank among its pupils.\\nThe Congregational Church was organized with 12\\nmembers, April 14, 1794. The last survivor of this\\nnumber was Marj- Bailey, 2d, who died in Glover, in\\n1844, aged 92 years. Rev. Leonard Worcester was\\nordained pastor of the church, Oct. 30, 1799, and labored\\nfaithfully in the work of the ministrj- among this people\\nfor forty j-ears, and was buried in their midst, June 1,\\n184G. The first meeting-house was built on Academy\\nHill in 1806. The present pastor of the church is the\\nfourth from its beginning. This church has always taken\\na great interest in the cause of humanity, temperance\\nand missions. Fifty years ago, there were 30 distilleries\\nin Peacham in operation. It has been the banner town\\nof the State in temperance and attendance upon public\\nworship on the Sabbath day. From 1800, the progress\\nof Peacham has been steadily onward.\\nSeveral interesting incidents are connected with the\\nsettlement of St. Johnsbury, the most important town in\\nthe county, and among the more influential in the State.\\nSixteen years before its settlement, a tract of land on\\nthe Passumpsic River including the whole of .St. Johns-\\nbury, together with a portion of Concord and Waterford\\nwas granted bj King George III. to certain of his\\nloving subjects of the Province of New York. It was\\nformally chartered to John Woods and William Swan\\nSaid to have been the first free school i\\nand their associates, by Cadwalader Colden, who in 1770\\nwas governor-general of New Yurk. The charter was\\ndated. New York, Aug. 8, 1770, and, in honor of the\\nEarl of Dunmore, the township received the name of\\nDunmore. This document is still preserved in the state-\\nhouse at Albany.\\nThe New Hampshire grants difficulties arising soon\\nafter, prevented tlio settlement and tillage of the lands\\nunder the Dunmore charter. In the adjustment of the\\nconflicting titles under the New York and Vermont char-\\nters, a board of commissioners was appointed to settle\\nthe claims of the New York grantees. They had the\\nchoice of paying ten cents an acre on their lands and\\nretaining them, or giving up their title and locating\\ngrants in Western New York. In 1787, one Moses\\nLiitle presented a petition to the legi.slature as one of\\nthe proprietors of Dunmore, setting forth that he had\\npurchased 10,000 acres of the land at a high price, ap-\\nplying for redress, which was refused. Oct. 27, 178G,\\nThomas Chittenden, then governor of Vermont, granted\\na charter to Dr. Jonathan Arnold and his associates of a\\ntract of land in what was tlien Orange County, to be\\nknown as the Township of St. Johnsbury. Some few\\nsettlements had been made the year previous to the\\ngranting of this charter. The name St. Johnsbury was\\nsuggested to Ethan Allen by St. John de Crevecoeur, the\\nFrench consul at New York, in a letter under date of\\nMaj 31, A. D. 1785, and, on Allen s recommendation,\\nwas adopted. The names of Danville and Vergennes\\nwere also adopted at the request of Mr. St. John. The\\ncharter provided reservations of land for the State col-\\nlege, a county grammar school, for support of an Eng-\\nlish school in said township, and for tlie settlement of\\na minister.\\nIn the latter part of 1786, the first permanent settle-\\nment of the town was made by James Adams, Martin\\nAdams, James C. Adams and Jonathan Adams, on the\\nmeadows near St. Johnsbury plain. The families were\\nscattered who braved out the first winter, going to Bar-\\nnet grist-mills for their flour, and to the stores of that\\ntown for their rum and sugar, travelling by rough-cut\\nsled-paths. In the spring of 1787, Dr. Arnold came\\nwith 16 others. He was a most efficient and enterprising\\nman among the settlers. He had been several years a\\nmember of Congress from Rhode Island, and was the\\nlargest land proprietor of St. Johnsbury. Thus com-\\nmenced what is now one of the most populous and enter-\\nprising towns in the State.\\nThe settlement was rapid after this date by immigra-\\ntion from New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Rhode\\nIsland. The first town meeting was lield in 1 790. Dr.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0765.jp2"}, "750": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nJoseph Lord opened the first tavern, and astonished his\\nneighbors by importing from IMontreal the first cooking-\\nstove brought into town, antl said to have been made in\\nScotland. The first clock in St. Johusbur^- was pur-\\nchased before 1800, by Nathaniel Edson, for $75, and is\\nat the present date in running order. Dr. Arnold, the\\nearly pioneer, died three years after the organization of\\nthe town, and thus passed away one of the most ener-\\ngetic, gifted and cultivated of Vermont s early pioneers.\\nIn 1797, St. Johnsburj was set off from Orange Count}\\nand, with 18 others, united to form the new county of\\nCaledonia.\\nThe town of Wheelock has in its charter a peculiarit}\\nwhich is probably not found in anj- similar document in\\nthe United States at least. The town, by its charter, is\\nexempt from taxation by the State, and it occurred in this\\nwise. In 1 785 the legislature of Vermont, in recognition\\nof its claims upon the State for the education of a lai^c\\nnumber of her children, gave bj charter this town to Dart-\\nmonth College and Moor s Indian Charity School, located\\nat Ilanovcr, N. II. one moiety to the college and the other\\nmoiety to the school. In the same instrument the town\\nwas incorporated and named after Rev. John Wheeloclj:,\\nD. D. the first president of the college. In the charter it\\nis provided that so long as and while the said college and\\nschool actuall} applj the rents and profits of this land to\\nthe purposes of the college and school, the land and tene-\\nments in town shall be exempt from public taxes, so that\\nthe town has never been called upon to pay State taxes.\\nThe town enjoys all the rights and privileges of other\\ntowns in the State, and pays none of the expense of\\nmaintaining the State government.\\nThere is little of historic or especi.-il interest in the\\ncarl} settlement of the remaining towns in Caledonia not\\nthus far noted in this sketch; viz., Burke, Groton, Shef-\\nfield, Sutton, Walden, and Goshen Gore.\\nThe first mills erected in the count} were a saw and\\ngrist mill built by Col. Ilurd of Haverhill, N. II., in\\n1791, at the falls on Stevens River in Barnet.\\nBarnet, Ryegate and Peacham, being New Hampshire\\nGrants, were involved in the controversy with New York,\\nand took an active part in declaring Vermont independ-\\nent, and establishing its government.\\nIn 1777 a general call was made for soldiers, and\\nCaledonia County sent armed men to Saratoga, who\\nwitnessed the surrender of Burgoyne and his army.\\nMilitia were afterwards enlisted to guard the frontier,\\nsoldiers sent to the American army, and provisions fur-\\nnished according to their ability.\\nThe county was called Caledonia, the ancient name\\nof Scotland, because of the large number of emigrants\\nfrom that country who had purchased largo tracts of land\\nin the county, and had made flourishing settlements.\\nThe nearest post-office in the county for many years\\nwas at Newbury, Orange County. Mail facilities were\\nprobably extended to Ryegate, Peacham and Danville\\nabout 1799. In 1808 the mail route was extended to\\nBarnet and St. Johnsbury. i\\nThe early settlers of the county were not forgetful of\\nthe education of tlieir children, and not onh established I\\nthe common school but the academy. Caledonia County\\nGrammar School was chartered and endowed by the\\nlegislature, Oct. 27, 1795. Successful academies also\\nexist at St. Johnsbury, Danville, London and Barnet,\\nwith large and elegant edifices. I\\nThe legislature of Vermont held its session at Danville,\\nthe county seat, in October, 1805. 1\\nThe Green Mountain Patriot, published atPeaeh.am\\nby Amos Farley and Samuel Goss, commenced in Febru-\\nary, 1798, and continued till March, 1807, when it was\\nremoved to lilontpelier, and is now published at that\\nplace under the title of The Argus and I atriot. The\\nNorth Star, published at Danville, commenced the first\\nweek in January, 1807, and is still published by George\\nE. Eaton, the grandson of the first proprietor. The\\npapers now published in the county, besides the foregoing,\\narc The Vermont Union at Lyndon, and Caled(5-\\nnian at St. Johnsbury.\\nThe Connecticnt and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad was\\nconstructed from White River through the eastern part\\nof the county. In 187G the Portland and Ogdensburgh\\nRailroad was completed, running from Porlland through\\nSt. Johnsburj and the towns of Danville and AYalden\\nwestward to the town of Swanton on Lake Champlain. i\\nThe Caledonia County Agricultural Society is one of\\nthe most successful associations in the State. The agri-\\ncultural products of the county are gi eater than those of\\nany other county in the United States of equal popula-\\ntion. It is especially famous for its cattle, sheep, and\\nhorses. The Scotch were early noted for making excel-\\nlent butter, and no better is made than in the valley of\\nthe Passumpsic. Vast quantities are exported from the\\ncounty every year to Boston, where it always brings the\\nhighest price, and has frequently gained tlie highest pre-\\nmium.\\nCaledonia has been rich in hor men as well as in her\\nnatural resources, furnishing governors, judges, senators\\nand members of Congress equal to any other county in\\nthe State, as will be seen by the following enumeration\\nFour governors, two lieutenant-governors, six judges of\\nthe Supreme Court, two senators, eight members of\\nCongress, and one United States district attorney.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0766.jp2"}, "751": {"fulltext": "VERMONT.\\nTowns.\\nSt. Johnsbdry is the most populous and flourishing\\ntown in tlie countj Ljing niiou the Passumpsic River,\\nit contains some of the best lands in the State, and is a\\ngood farming township but its chief interests lie in\\nmanufactures. Moose River, a considerable stream,\\ncomes in from the north-east, and Sleeper s River, a\\nsmaller tributary, from the north-west. The amount of\\navailable water-power furnished by these streams within\\nThe scale manufactory of E. T. P airbanks Co.,\\nlocated on Sleeper s River, is possibly the most exten-\\nsive in the world. The ostalilishment employs on an\\naverage 300 men, and the annual product of scales\\namounts to about a half million of dollars.\\nA few j-ears since ex-Gov. Horace Fairbanks, having\\nthe intellectual welfare of the people of the town of his\\nbirth and residence in view, erected an elegant brick\\nedifice, constructed upoa the most approved plans of\\nST JOHNSBIUT\\nSt. Johnsbury exceeds that of anj other town in north-\\neastern Vermont. The centre village lies upon the Pas-\\nsumpsic River, in the northerly part of the town. It\\ncontains a grist-mill, saw-mill, tannery, straw-board\\nmanufactory, and two churches. East St. Johnsbury, a\\nthriving village located upon Moose River, contains a\\nchurch and several industrial establishments. The vil-\\nlage of St. Johnsbur} called the Plain, has seven\\nchurches, an academj a grammar school, three banks,\\nand several establishments of mechanical industry. The\\nmanufacturing interests of St. Johnsbury are varied and\\nextensive, embracing almost every variety of wooden and\\nmetallic wares, machinery, agiicultural and household\\nim[)lements.\\nmodern architecture, costing $40,000, and placed therein\\nbooks and paintings at a cost of $100,000, and gave it\\nthe name of the St. Johnsbury Athenfeum Free Li-\\nbrary which is open to the public every week-day.\\nEx-Gov. Fairbanks bears the expense of its mainte-\\nnance.\\nThe St. Johnsbury Academy is one of the most flourish-\\ning in the State. The edifice is built of brick, and stands\\nat the lower end of the Plain. It was liberally endowed\\nby the late Joseph P. Fairbanks, a gentleman who was\\nactively indcntified with the interests of religion, educa-\\ntion, and social progress in the community. Its high\\nstanding and well-earned reputation give it that favor\\nand influence in the community to which its antecedents", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0767.jp2"}, "752": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nso justly entitle it. Mt. Pleasant Cemetery was laid\\nout and dedicated in 1852, and is probablj unsurpassed\\nin natural Ijeauty and location bj- an} other in the State.\\nThe Caledonia Count}- court-house, a fine structure, and\\nonce the best in Vermont, stands on the brow of the hill\\nat the junction of two of the main streets. On its grounds\\nhas been erected a handsome marble monument in honor\\nof St. Johnsbury s soldier dead. The ample Caledo-\\nnia Count}- Fair Grounds are located south of the Plain.\\nThe Plain, as St. Johnsbury is familiarly called, is a\\nhandsome village. The main street is bordered with\\nample blocks, stores, shops, and pleasant residences.\\nAVithin the last two decades the town has made its\\nmost rapid growth and internal development. The\\nopening of the railroads, the removal of the county\\nbuildings from Danville, mailing it the shire town, and\\nthe extensive manufacturing and railroad interests, have\\nall tended to increase the importance of the place as a\\nbusiness centre. Population in 1S70, 4,GG.5.\\nDr. Jonathan Arnold, the first principal inhabitant\\nand proprietor of St. Johnsbury, was born in Providence,\\nR. I., Dec. 14, 1 741. As a member of the Rhode Island\\nAssembly he was author of the act of May, 1776, repeal-\\ning the laws providing for the oath of allegiance to the\\nmother country. He was a member of the old Congress\\nfrom that State in 1782, 83 and 84, and was a surgeon in\\nthe Revolutionary ai-my. He came to St. Johnsbury in\\n1787. He was town clerli, judge of the Orange County\\nCourt, and a member of the Governor s Council. On a\\nmarble slab, in the cemetery overlooking the valley of\\nthe Passumpsic and the beautiful village he founded, we\\nread the simple inscription, Hon. Jonathan Arnold,\\ndied Feb. 1, 1703. Aged .52.\\nJosias Lyndon Arnold, son of the preceding, was an\\naccomplished and cultured man, and a poet of consider-\\nable attainments. He died in 1 79G at the early age of 28.\\nHis brother, Lemuel Hastings Arnold, a native of St.\\nJohnsbury, was at one time governor of Rhode Island,\\nand member of Congress for several terms.\\nDr. Luther Jewett, who came to St. Johnsbury from\\nCanterbury, Conii., in 1800, contributed largely, for half\\na century, to the character of the town. He was a\\nmember of Congress from 1815 to 1817. He died in\\n1800, aged 87 years. His son,* Milo Parker Jewett,\\nLL.D., born in St. Johnsbury in 1808, is at present\\npresident of Vassar Female College.\\nHon. Ephraiui Paddock, a native of Massachusetts,\\nbut long a resident of St. Johnsbury, was judge of the\\nSupreme Court from 1828 to 1831, and one of the origi-\\nnators and warmest supporters of the St. Johnsbury\\nFemale Seminary. He died July 27, 1859, aged 79.\\nEleazer Sanger, who died in 1851, aged 70 years, was\\nthe first settler at St. Johnsbury Centre. He raised a\\nfamily of 12 children.\\nErastus Fairbanks, born in Brimfield, Mass., Oct. 28,\\n1792, taught school in St. Johnsbury for a time, and was\\nsubsequently engaged in manufacturing there. In 1825\\nhe formed a partnership with his younger brother for the\\nmanufacture of platform scales. The enterprise proved\\nvery successful, and the scales have attained a world-\\nwide reputation. Air. Fairbanks was elected governor of\\nVermont in 1852 and 18G0. The people will ever appre-\\nciate the great labors, especially as war governor, of\\nErastus Fairbanks. Nor will they less honor his noble\\nbenefactions and deeds as a Christian philanthropist.\\nHe died Nov. 20, 1874, aged 72. He left two sons, ex-\\nGov. Horace Fairbanks, and Col. Franklin Fairbanks,\\nand two daughters.\\nHon. Luke P. Poland, a native of AVestford, Vt., is a\\nresident of St. Johnsbury. He has been chief justice of\\nthe Supreme Court of Vermont, a representative and\\nsenator in Congress.\\nLysdon, the second town in population and Imsiness\\nin the county, is in the central part. It was surveyed\\nbefore any of the towns around it, and was laid out\\nexactly square. Its soil is a rich loam, free from stone,\\neasy to cultivate, and very proiluctive. Several sites of\\nexcellent water-power for mills and machinery are located\\nin the town. The most noted of these are the Great\\nFalls and the Little Falls, both being on the main\\nbranch of the Passumpsic River.\\nThere are three populous villages in the town, Lyndon\\nComer, L}-ndon Centre, and Lyndonville. Lyndon Cor-\\nner is quite a brisk business place. It contains two\\nchurches, an academy, a national bank, two extensive\\ncarnage manufactories, and several smaller industries.\\nLyndon Centre contains two church edifices, and the\\nLyndon Literary Institute, which is under the care of\\nthe Freewill Baptists. It also has several small manu-\\nfacturing establisliments. On elevated ground in the\\nvillage cemetery, stands a tall Italian obelisk, upon\\nmarble pedestals and granite base, inscribed to the mem-\\nory of about 20 Revolutionary oflScers and soldiers who\\nhave died in town.\\nLyndonville is a prosperous village, where are located\\nthe workshops and general offices of the Passumpsic\\nRailroad. The removal of those works from St. Johns-\\nbury to Lyndon has resulted in founding a large and\\nprosperous village.\\nThe population of the town is about 2,200.\\nRev. Wilbur Fisk, D. D., an eloquent divine, son of\\nIsaiah Fisic of Lyndon, was born at Brattleborough, Vt.,", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0768.jp2"}, "753": {"fulltext": "Aug. 31, 1792, but spent his earlier j-ears in tliis town,\\nlie graduated at Brown University- in 1818, becoming a\\nJlethodist preacher. He was principal of the academj\\nat Wilbraham, Mass., for several jears. In 1830 he\\nwas elected the first president of Wesle3-an University at\\nMiddletown, Conn., over which he presided until his\\ndeath, Feb. 22, 1839. He was twice elected a bishop of\\nthe Methodist Church, which position he declined. He\\npublished Notes of Travel in Europe.\\nAmong other eminent residents of Lyndon may be\\nmentioned Dr. William Calioon, connected with the\\nCollege of Physicians and Surgeons under Dr. Valentine\\nMott, as assistant phj-sician, who died in 1848 at the\\nearly age of 23 Hon. Isaac Fletcher, a native of New\\nHampshire, an a])lc lawj-er, and member of Congress,\\ndied in 1842 Hon. Nicholas Baylies, born in Uxbridge,\\nMass., in 1794, judge of the Supreme Court in 1833 and\\n1834, removing to Lyndon in 1835, where he died Aug.\\n17, 1847 Hon. Isaiah Fisk, father of the distinguished\\nWilbur Fisk, chief justice of the Countj Court eight\\nj-ears Hon. Thomas Bartlett, a native of Burke, State\\nattorney from 1839 to 1841, and subsequently member\\nof Congress Gen. E. B. Chase, president of the Ver-\\nmont Agricultural Society for three years, and prominent\\nin political and business life Hon. Henry Chase, an\\nable lawyer Hon. Charles W. Willard, for six j-ears a\\nmember of Congress and the late Hon. George C.\\nCahoon, the historian of Lyndon.\\nDanville is among the most prominent towns in the\\ncounty in historic interest and population, and was the\\nshire town from 1795 to 1855. It is located in a high\\nregion, lying along the base of a still more elevated and\\nbroken range of country to the westward, and which\\nextends far into the northern portion of the State. It is\\nwell watered and well timbered. There are three medi-\\ncinal springs strongij impregnated with hj drogen gas\\nand iron.\\nDanville has five villages. The oldest and largest,\\nDanville Green, is pleasantly located on elevated land\\nnear the centre of the town and in the midst of a fine\\nfarming country. It commands a beautiful view of the\\nWhite Mountains and Franconia Notch. Each village\\nis well supplied with churches, schools, and industries.\\nDanville in its early history had a marked influence in\\nthe State. Many of its citizens were recipients of the\\nI highest honors in the gift of the people. The legislature\\nmet at this place in 1805.\\nThe Congregational Church was organized Aug. 7,\\n1792. Rev. John Fitch, first pastor, was installed Oct.\\n30, 1792, his pastorate extending 23 j-ears. The acad-\\nemy, incorporated in 1840, was called Phillips Academy,\\nin honor of Paul D. Phillips, who gave $4,000 as an\\nendowment.\\nVarious causes have combined to lessen the influence\\nand popularit3 of this place of late, and it has settled\\ndown into a staid, quiet, and substantial New England\\ntown. Population, 2,21 G.\\nAmong the prominent citizens of Danville have been\\nEli Bickford Hon. Israel Putnam Dana, whose mother,\\nHannah, was the eldest daughter of Gen. Israel Putnam\\nEbenczer Eaton, founder of the North Star Hon.\\nBenjamin F. Denning and Hon. William A. Palmer.\\nBarnet, one of the principal towns in the countj-, lies\\non the Connecticut River. The soil is productive, es-\\npecially that of the extensive intervals along the river\\nthe other parts of the town are uneven and elevated.\\nThe territory it covers is well watered and eminently\\nadapted to farming purposes. There are four large\\nponds, and few towns in the State have so many\\nstreams.\\nThere are four villages and seven churches in the\\ntown. Barnet Village is situated at the Falls on Ste-\\nvens River, and is quite thickly settled. It contains\\nwoollen mills, and other smaller manufactories. The\\nremaining villages are Mclndoe s Falls on the Con-\\nnecticut River, and so called from an early settler who\\nowned lands at that point. Passumpsic Village, sit-\\nuated on the ri\\\\cr of the same name at Kendall s\\nFalls, at which are mills of various kinds and West\\nBarnet, situated, at the north end of Harvey s Lake, on\\nStevens River.\\nThe Scotch settlers were generally very robust and\\nretained their strength to an advanced age. Many of\\nthem lived until 90, and some of them until 95 j-ears\\nof age. The wife of Robert Twaddell, one of the early\\ninhabitants, lived to the age of 99, and Claude Stewart to\\n100 years and 4 months.\\nHeur} Stevens, son of Enos Stevens, born in Barnet,\\nDec. 13, 1792, was one of the originators of the Vermont\\nHistorical Societj and was its president for 10 j ears.\\nHis own private historical collection, at his death, con-\\nsisted of 3,485 bound volumes, 6,500 pamphlets, 400\\nvolumes of newspapers, and nearl3- 20,000 letters, bear-\\ning date from 1726 to 1860. He died at Burlington in\\n1862.\\nHenr}- Stevens, Jr., a graduate of Yale College, spent\\nseveral years in London as an agent for the purchase of\\nrare and valuable books. He is still engaged in the\\nexchange of books between the institutions of England\\nand America.\\nAmong the most prominent families in Barnet are\\nthose of the descendants of Col. Alexander Harvey, one", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0769.jp2"}, "754": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nof the earliest settlers, and to whom was horn 1 6 chil-\\ndren. Eight sons and five daughters were married.\\nHon. Walter Harvey and Hon. Robert Harvey have\\noccupied various and highly honorable official positions.\\nPeter Hanxy of Boston, another son, was the friend,\\nassociate and biographer of Daniel AYebster. Alexander\\nHarvey married a grand-daughter of Gen. John Stark.\\nNine persons connected with the Associate Presbj--\\nterian Congregation of Barnet have become clergymen.\\nRev. David Goodwillie was born in Scotland, and wag a\\ngraduate of the University of Edinburgh. He emigrated\\nto America in 1788, and settled in Barnet in 1790. He\\nministered to the same congi-egation for 40 years.\\nThe population of Barnet is 1 ,D45.\\nHakdwick,* the most westerly town in the county-,\\nwas chartered Aug. 9, 1781. There are four villages:\\nHardwick Street, the oldest, situated on high land, near\\nthe north line of tlie township, settled in 1793, and for-\\nmerly a place of considerable l)usiuess East Hardwick,\\non the Lamoille River, near the centre of the town\\nSouth Hardwick, also on the Lamoille and JIaekville,\\non a branch of this river, named after a family of Macks,\\nwho first settled it in 1834.\\nThe town has tluee chiu clies and several manufac-\\ntories.\\nOne of the most refined and best educated families iri\\nHardwick was tluit of Joel Whipple. Three noble sons,\\nFrancis, Horatio and Charles, were liberall} educated,\\nI with the ministry in view, but died jouug and very much\\ni lamented.\\nRev. J. B. Hardwick Xorris, son of Nathaniel Non-is,\\nthe second man who came to settle in the town, was the\\nfirst child born in the settlement in 1792, and named\\nHardwick in honor thereof. He was, for more than\\n40 years, a faithful itinerant minister of the Methodist\\nChurch.\\nThe population of Hardwick is al)out 1,500.\\nBuKKE, an excellent farming town in the north-eastern\\npart of the county, was organized Dec. 5, 1796. It con-\\ntains three villages, Burke, East Burke and West Burke.\\nEast Burke was once nearly destroyed bj- a freshet. Mr.\\nIn 1837 there arose a tiew featare in the religious history of Hard-\\nwiclt composed of a company of people who called themselves New\\nLights. A man who had been previously a Universalist became sud-\\ndenly infatuated that he was inspired from God and succeeded in\\nenlisting followers. The motto of this Ijand was Liberty of Con-\\nscience, which was inscribed upon the building in which their meetings\\nwere held. Large crowds assembled to listen to their performances,\\nwhich consisted of jumping, swinging the arms, rolling on the floor,\\nfrightful yelling, Ijarking in imitation of dogs, foxes, e. After sitting\\nin silence for a while, some text of Scripture was uttered in a loud\\nscream, and the exhortations consisted chiefly of texts of Scripture, and\\ngenerally concluded with denunciations of ministers and churches.\\nHall, however, with energy and enterprise, rebuilt the\\nplace, so that now there are here two churclies, stores, a\\nhotel, starch-factorj-, umbrella-stock factory, and the\\nmills of the Lyndon Lumber Compan3-.\\nIn 184G an avalanche occurred near the village, which\\ncan-ied away the roof of a house occupied liy a Mr. and\\nMrs. Newell, people aged about 70 years. The house\\nwas filled with earth to the depth of five feet, burj-ing its\\noccupants. They were found lifeless and, with fitting\\nfuneral ceremonies, were laid in one grave.\\nThomas Bartlett, one of the early settlers, and lib-\\nerally educated, was long an honored and veiy influential\\ncitizen in the town. He was the father of Hon. Thomas\\nBartlett of Lyndon, the distinguished lawyer and mem-\\nber of Congress. He died June 19, 1857.\\nThe three sons of Burke who gained the widest fame\\nwere Hon. Thomas Bartlett, Jr., of Lyndon, Rev.\\nCharles W. Cushing, and Dr. Selim Newell, of St.\\nJohnsbur}\\nThe popuhition of the town is nearly 1,200.\\nPeaciiam is in the second range of townships westerly\\nfrom the Connecticut River, and its principal business\\npoint is seven miles from the railroad at Barnet. It has\\nmany excellent farms. Beautiful scenery is at han l\\nfrom the high hills. In one direction the beholder looks\\nupon an unbroken wilderness, and in the other cultivated\\nfarms are spread out before the gaze.\\nPeacham has two principal villages, and two small\\nvillages. It has an academy churches, a starch-factory,\\nand the usual mechanical and other business incident to\\nan agricultural community.\\nIt has been fortunate in its religious and educational\\ninfluences, and few towns have had for their citizens more\\nmarked men, manj- of its sons having attained a na-\\ntional, and a few a world-wide fame. Hon. Tliaddeus\\nStevens, whose fame as the great American Com-\\nmoner is world-wide, was born in Peacham, April 4,\\n1793. His parents were poor, and he was disabled phys-\\nically, and was sickly but his mother toiled with all Iter\\nstrength to secure for him an education. Graduating\\nfrom Dartmouth College in 1814, he removed to York,\\nThe career of this sect was short. Rev. Chester AV right, a strong man\\nand able preacher, then pastor of the Congregational Church, resolved\\nto stem this tide of fanaticism, and accordingly announced ho would\\npreach a sermon at a certain date relative to their proceedings, and in-\\nvited the general public. Some of the leaders of this new sect were\\npresent. He was interrupted in the midst of his sermon by yells and\\nderisive remarks but the offenders were soon arrested, and the ser-\\nvices were eontinned and closed as nsnal. The eyes of the people\\nwere opened to the mid vagaries of these fanatics, and their followers\\nbegan to leave them, until the band was finally disi ersed, although its\\neffects had long a deleterious influence upon the religious interests of\\nthe community.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0770.jp2"}, "755": {"fulltext": "VERMONT.\\nPcnn., and engaged in teaching. He subsequent!} prac-\\ntised law for several jears at Gettysburg, and in 1828\\nentered politics. In 1848 he was elected to Congress,\\nwhere he \u00c2\u00a9imposed the Missouri Compromise, the Fu-\\ngitive-slave Law, and the Kansas-Nebraska Bill.\\nHe was again elected to Congress in 1859, and became a\\nrecognized leader in that bodj-. His subsequent career\\ndemonstrated his intense hatred of slavery, and his un-\\nswerving patriotism. He died in Washington, Dec. 11,\\n18C8.\\nHon. John Mattocks, governor of Vermont, but a\\nnative of Hartford, Conn., practised law in I eacham 50\\nyears.\\nI His last days were embittered bj the shocking death\\nof his youngest son. At his grave, he said to the assem-\\nbled multitude, With the mangled bod} of my son, I\\nburj m} ambition and love of the world, and God grant\\nthat they ma}- never revive. He soon after joined the\\nCongregational Church, of which he continued a member\\ntill death. He left an ample fortune,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 $80,000. He\\ndied Aug. 14, 1847, aged 70 j cars. He was one of the\\neminent men of the State, a celebrated lawyer, and a\\npopular man, having been elected to cverj- office for which\\nhe was a candidate.\\nj Oliver Johnson, a distinguished living journalist, was\\nborn in Peacham in 1809. He was associated with Gar-\\nrison in The Liberator three 3-ears, an associate editor\\nof The New York Tribune four years, and was at one\\ntime editor of The Anti-Slaverj Standard, New York.\\nOther prominent natives of Peacham have been Hon.\\nJohn C. Blanchard, born in 1787, several times a mem-\\nber of Congress, who died in 1849 Mellen Chamber-\\nlain, born in 1795, a lawj-er, who was drowned on the\\nDanube Eiver while making a tour of Europe William\\nCliamberlain, born in 1797, professor of languages at\\nDaxlmouth College, died in 1830 Rev. Horace Herrick,\\ni a leading Congregational clergyman Eev. John Mat-\\ntocks, D. D., also an able clergyman and Oliver P.\\nChandler, a lawyer and financier.\\nHon. William Chamberlain, a native of Ilopkinton,\\nMass., came to Peacham in 1780. He was a member of\\nCongress for four terras, and died in 1828.\\nj Rev. Leonard Worcester, born in HoUis, N. H., Jan.\\n1, 17C7, was pastor of the Congregational Church in\\nPeacham 40 j cars. He had 14 children, and four of his\\nsons entered the ministry. His death occurred, Rlay 28,\\n1840.\\nThe population of Peacham is 1,140.\\nWalden, chartered Aug. 18, 1781, contains the most\\nelevated improved land in Vermont. Tiic snow covers\\nthe land nearly seven months of the year.\\nGen. Hazcn, in 1779, while building the militarj road\\nfrom the Connecticut to Ticonderoga, constructed a\\nblock-house, and left a small garrison of men in charge\\nof an officer named Walden, and at his request the town\\ntook his name. This block-house was occupied for sev-\\neral 3-cars by the first settlers, and in it was the first\\nschool, first sermon, and first birth and at one time a\\nman named Sabin occupied it with his wife and 26 chil-\\ndren. The first settlers were mainly from Now Hamp-\\nshire. Nathaniel Perkins and his familj were the first\\nsettlers, in 1789.\\nThere is no village in the town, and it has never had\\na common centre. Hon. James Bell, a distinguished\\nlawyer, was the most prominent citizen Walden ever\\nhad. Hedied April 17, 1852.\\nGen. George P. Foster, a brave officer in the late civil\\nwar, and late U. S. marslial of Vermont, was a native\\nof this town. He died March 19, 1879, at the age of 43\\nyears.\\nThe population of Walden is aljout 1 ,000.\\nThe towns of Caledonia County not previously de-\\nscribed are, Ryegate, a town of 935 inhabitants, noted\\nfor its granite quarries and its picturesque scenery, and\\nthe birth-place of several distinguished clergymen Sut-\\nTox, population, 921, chartered under the name of Billy-\\nmead in 1782, and organized July 4, 1794, celebrated\\nfor its manufacture of mai)lc sugar, and the native place\\nof John and Charles Weslej twin sons of Rev. L. T.\\nHarris, noted for their similarity of appearance, those\\nbest acquainted with them not being able to distinguish\\none from the other Watekfohd, situated on the Con-\\nnecticut River, organized in 1793, having 878 inhabit-\\nants, and the native town of Col. R. C. Benton, Hon.\\nJacob Benton, member of Congress, and Jonathan Ross,\\njudge of the Supreme Court Wiieelock, on Miller s\\nRiver, organized March 29, 1792, containing grist and\\nsaw mills, a tannery, a starch-factory, c., population,\\n822 Sheffield, organized March 25, 179C, having six\\nlumlicr-milLs, and a |)opuhition of 811 Groton, organ-\\nized March 29, 1797, containing an academy and several\\nmanufactories, population, 811 Newaek, first settled\\nin 1797, a farming town of about 600 inhabitants;\\nKiKBY, organized Aug. 8, 1807, a town well adapted to\\nagricultural pursuits, and having a population of 417\\nand Stannard, population, 228, organized in 1805, and\\nnamed in honor of Gen. George I. Stannard, one of the\\nmost distinguished of Vermont officers in the war of the\\nRebellion. The first permanent settler of this town was\\nElihu Sabin, a native of Dudley, Mass., and one of a\\nfamily of 26 children. He was distinguished for great\\nmuscular strength.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0771.jp2"}, "756": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nCHITTENDEI^ COUNTY.*\\nBY REV. R. H. HOWARD, A.M.\\nThe count}- of Chittenden was incorporated Oct. 22,\\n1787. Bounded on the north bj- the counties of Grand\\nIsle, Franklin, and Lamoille, south by the county of\\nAddison, east bj Lamoille and Washington, and west bj\\nthe west line of the State, it has quite an irregular out-\\nline, and contains a land area of about 520 square miles.\\nThe aboriginal occupants of this section were Abena-\\nquis Indians. Indeed, long after the French and Eng-\\nlish had taken possession and commenced the settlement\\nof the countrj- to the north and south of them, a rem-\\nnant of this tribe still lingered upon their rightful soil\\nat the mouth of the Lamoille Eiver nor, it is said, have\\nthe} even j et altogether relinquished their claims upon\\nthis territorj-. They have left it, it is true, and have\\nunited themselves with the St. Francis tribe in Canada,\\nbut they still claim an interest In this soil, and have\\nrepeated!}-, and within a comparativel} recent date, sent\\ntheir delegates to the legislature of Vermont to seek\\nsome compensation for their lands.\\nIt would appear that the French, before the conquest\\nof Canada, were the first civilized occupants of the\\ncount} of Chittenden they and their Indian allies, dur-\\ning the period of the French wars, making this section\\none of the chief rendezvous of their hostile excursions\\nagainst the English settlements in the valley of the\\nConnecticut. It was through this section they generally\\nled their captives and carried their plunder on their way\\nto Canada.\\nThe first English people who were known to settle in\\nthis locality were Ira Allen, and his uncle, Remember\\nBaker. Exploring the country along the Winooski in the\\nfall of 1772, they came into the county the spring fol-\\nlowing and settled at the lower falls on the Winooski\\nRiver, where, as a matter of security against both the\\nYorkers and Indians, whom at that time they held in\\nnearly equal enmity, they constructed a block-house, or\\nfort, which they christened Fort Frederick, and in which\\nthey lived.\\nFor the materials embraced in the following sketch of Chittenden\\nComity the writer acknowledges his indebtedness to that voluminous\\nand incomparable work, The Vermont Historical Gazetteer, by Miss\\nAbby M. Hemeuway.\\nAt the commencement of the Revolution about 40\\nfamilies had settled upon the lake shore and along the\\nWinooski River. On the defeat and fall of Gen. Mont-\\ngomery, however, at Quebec, and the retreat of the\\nAmerican forces under Gen. Sullivan from Canada in\\nthe spring of 177G, nearly all these fled south among\\ntheir friends for security. On the declaration of peace\\nin 17S3, Stephen Lawrence was the first to return with\\nhis family and dui-ing the same year most of the for-\\nmer occupants returned to their farms, and brought with\\nthem many new settlers the very great fertility of the\\nsoil inviting a rapid and effectual settlement of the\\ncountry. f The most of these immigrants and early\\nsettlers were from Connecticut and western Massachu-\\nsetts. j\\nThe general surface of the county, not unlike the main\\nportion of western Vermont, is uneven and hilly. The\\nfirst range of townships, bordering on the lake, is pleas-\\nantly diversified with lidges and valleys, having but few\\nelevations ?f sufficient height to be worthy of notice.\\nIn the north part of this range of townships, however,\\nthere are two elevations known as Cobble Hill and Rat-\\ntlesnake Hill, that rise from 500 to 600 feet above the\\nsurrounding plain. The Green Mountains bound the\\nprospect on the east, and the Adiroudacks on the west,\\nwhile between these two, the valley of Lake Champlain,\\nextending to the north and south as far as the eye can\\nreach, affords a prospect of unsurpassed beauty.\\nThe east line of the county is just east of Camel s i\\nHump Mountain and of the highest point of Mount i\\nMansfield, the summit of the latter being 4,359 feet\\nabove the level of the sea.\\nThe county is watered by numerous springs that gush\\nforth from the surface of the ground at almost every\\npoint desired. There are also several streams, affording\\nample power for driving mills and factories. The\\nWinooski River, taking its rise in Caledonia, and trav-\\nersing Washington County, at length breaks through the\\nt At the end of eight years after the close of the Revolution (1791),\\nthe population within the present limits of the county was 3,875 in\\nISOO it was 9,395,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 more than onc-thu-d of the population at the prcs-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0772.jp2"}, "757": {"fulltext": "Green Mountains near the east line of tliis county and\\nfalls into the lake between the towns of Burlington and\\nColchester. The LamoUle passes through the north-\\nwesterlj^ part of the count}-. There are also numerous\\nstreams of smaller capacity, on most of which saw-mills,\\ngiist-mills, and manufactories of various kinds have\\nbeen erected.*\\nChittenden County is one of the most important in\\nthe State on the score of its agricultural interests,\\nwhich, in common with those of all other sections of\\nthe State, have been especially prosperous since the\\nopening-up of several lines of railway. These one\\npassing through the county from north to south, parallel\\nwith the lake, and the other from east to west along the\\nWinooski Eiver afford to the farmer a sur^Drising\\nadvantage over his old mode of transportation to market.\\nThe county is admirably situated for the development\\nof commercial as well as agricultural thrift. Its advan-\\ntages in connection with the conmierce and na\\\\ igation of\\nthe lake are ob%-iouslj- superior to those of an} other\\nportion of the State. Its proximity to the broadest part\\nof the lake affords the most accessible points of ship-\\nment on its eastern shore, while the harbor of Burling-\\nton, protected bj a breakwater, is not onlj the natural\\nstopping-place of the steamers and other craft that pass\\nalong the lake, but the point where all the leading lines\\nof railroad concentrate and have their principal depots.\\nThough not distinguished for its manufactures, yet\\nChittenden County is deserving of at least honorable\\nmention for what it has done and is still doing in this\\nconnection. Winooski, a flourishing village situated on\\nthe river of the same name, and located parti}- in Bur-\\nlington and partly in Colchester, is the seat of most of\\nthe industries of the county. One of the largest\\nwoolen mills of New England is to be found here, while\\nmills and factories for various purposes, by their steady\\nand remunerative activity, evince the thrifty condition of\\nthis kind of business in this locality.\\nBurlington has also of late years come to be quite a\\ncommanding and prosperous manufacturing centre, as\\nalso a commercial and lumber metropolis.\\nChittenden County yields an excellent article of build-\\ning stone. The county has also inexhaustible deposits\\nof white and variegated marble.\\nNever will the writer forget the mass meeting at the Burlington\\ntown-hall the evening after Fort Sumter was struck. Hon. George P.\\nMarsh, who was already on his way to the cars for his mission in Italy,\\nfrom which he has not yet returned, halted long enough to address his\\nfellow-citizens there assembled. In the midst of bis eloquent and pas-\\nsionately patriotic address, two men were unsuspectingly employed in\\nstretching some bunting from gallery to gallery in the rear of the\\naudience. A few caught sight of it and began to cheer. Others tuniod\\nThe territory embraced within the present boundaries\\nof the county forms but a small part of the limits of the\\nearlier county jurisdictions. The counties of Albany\\nand Charlotte, under the authorities of Xew York and\\nBennington, Eutland and Addison, under the laws of\\nVermont, have in turn extended their jurisdiction over\\nthis section of the State, and last of all, since the county\\nof Chittenden was incorporated (in 1787), it has in turn\\nbeen repeatedly shorn of its liberal proportions, settUng\\ndown at last (1839) to its present comparatively narrow\\nlimits of only 1.5 towns.\\nThe partisan prejudices and political animosities which\\nhad long prevailed between the two old parties, Federal\\nand Democratic, reached their highest pitch of intensity\\nwhen the question of England s right of search a ques-\\ntion involving, by common consent, in its results, the\\ngreater one of our independence and nationality camo\\nto enter into, and to become the test issue of, the politics\\nof the times arra}-ing against each other, as it did,\\npolitical leaders of such marked influence and ability as\\nC. P. Van Xess, Xathan B. Ilaswell, Jabez Penniman,\\nHeman Lowrey, and their political friends on the one\\nhand, and Da^ id Farrand, George Robinson, David\\nRussel, Martin Chittenden, and their associates on the\\nother.\\nBut notwithstanding the two great political parties\\nwere arrayed in such mortal hostility against each other,\\neven up to the brink of ci\\\\-ll war and bloodshed, the\\nspirit of patriotism and devotion to the Union triumphed.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0When the hour of actual trial finally came, all, with\\nscarcely an exception, were ready resolutely to defend\\nthe country against threatened and approaching danger.\\nThe very gratifying fact, so signally developed in con-\\nnection with the warof 1812, that the people of Chittenden\\nCounty, whatever their individual political preferences,\\nare yet devotedly attached to the interests and institu-\\ntions of the State and nation, received a still more im-\\npressive illustration and confirmation in connection with\\nthe histoiy of the late war of the Rebellion, when this\\ncontest was actually initiated.* Never, perhaps, in the\\nhistory of any people, was greater imanimity or resolution\\ndisplayed on all sides than here in support of the admin-\\nistration, old party opponents shaking hands together,\\nand all the political feuds and animosities of the past,\\nabout and took up the cheering. Presently the whole audience joined\\nin. The excitement and enthusiasm increased. The speaker paused.\\nThe whole congregation spontaneously rose to their feet, and shouted\\nand hurrahed, in view of tliat dear old flag, until there was scarcely\\na dry eye in the house. Patriotism, from being a mere idea, became\\na principle and intensely emotional in that hour, a single instance,\\nhowever, only of the great uprising that prevailed throughout all the\\nNorthern States.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0773.jp2"}, "758": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nill the presence of the supreme necessity- then upon them,\\nvanishing like the mist before the storm.\\nThe sj stem of common-school ecUication, recentl3 ma-\\ntured and put in working condition bj- the aid of legisla-\\ntion and the efforts of the Board of Education in the\\nState, is emincntl3 successful and highl3- appreciated.\\nChristian churches abound in the countj-, cheerfullj-\\nsupported by an orderl}- and church-going people, the\\nlofty spires of their several edifices constantly arresting\\nthe attention of the traveller, and not onlj impressively\\ndirecting his thoughts heavenward, but withal notifying\\nhim, while yet afar off, of his approach to nestling vil-\\nlage, or bustling, teeming town.\\nNearlj- all the towns of the county were chartered at\\nabout the same time, 17G2, 3 and 4, bj Gov. Went-\\nworfh of New Hampshire. The population of the several\\ntowns in 1870 was as follows: Averj s and Buel s\\nGore (unorganized), 29; Bolton, 711; Burhngton, 14,-\\n387 Charlotte, 1,430 Colchester, 3,011 Essex, 2,022\\nRichmond, 1,300; Shclburne, 1,190; South Burlington,\\n791; St. George, 111 Underhill, 1,6.55; Westford,\\n1,237; Williston, 1,411.\\nTowns.\\nBcRLiNGTOX,*- Beautiful for situation, the joy of the\\nwhole Champlain valley is Burlington, Queen Citj\\nof the north. Situated ou a gentle slope, eminently suit-\\nable for the site of a spacious village, or inland city, at\\nthe head of Burlington Baj-, said to be unrivalled for the\\nbeautj of its scenery- even by the Baj of Naples, Bur-\\nlington, bj common consent, is unsurpassed on the score\\nof the attractiveness of its location by an} other city of\\nthe Union. Approaching it from the lake, j ou see what\\nappears to be a large village, or a small citj extending\\nabout a mile or more in each direction, sloping gradually-\\nupward from the shores of a semi-lunar baj to a ridge\\n300 feet above jou, on which stand the college edifices,\\nthe whole scene grandly backed against the Green\\nMountains, flanked bj- Mansfield on the left and Camel s\\nHump on the right. Looking westward from almost anj\\npart of the village, the beholder has before him the lake,\\nwith its outline diversified by far-receding bays, and its\\nsurface reflecting the clouds and all the imagery of the\\nsky and suiTounding hills, and, bej-ond, the Adirondack\\nMountains, in forms endlessly diversified, sn-eeping\\neasily or boldl}-, in simple majest}-, abrupt and precip-\\nitous, or soft and elegant, lifting themselves in ridges\\nlike the waves of a tumultuous sea.\\nThis name is supposed to have been derived from the Buriing fam-\\nily, of Westchester ounty, N. Y., extensive landholders in several\\ntowns chartered at the same time with Burlington and though they\\nThe city is built upon eight streets running parallel to\\nthe lake, crossed b}- four running up from the lake to the\\ncollege hill, and by severql shorter ones. Its public\\nbuildings are creditable, many of them, but none are\\nconspicuous for architectural beautj if we except two\\nor three churches and the new and spacious Howard\\nOpera House.\\nThe shade-trees along the streets and in the parks\\nimpart to the whole citj during the summer season,\\na beautiful grove-like appearance.\\nThe charter for this township was granted by the\\nProvince of New Hampshire, June 7, 17G3. Down to\\n1774 the settlers generallj supposed that they were\\nwithin the jurisdiction of New York, though claiming\\nthe validity of their title under New Hampshire. It is\\nthought that one great reason which contributed to the\\nrapid settling of Burlington and the adjacent towns, just\\nprior to the Revolution, was the desire, on the part of\\nthose emigrating to this State from Massachusetts and\\nConnecticut, of avoiding as far as possible the conten-\\ntions and strife then existing in the southern portion of\\nthe grants, arising from the conflicting claims of New\\nYork and New Hampshire, manj-, no doubt, even in\\nBennington County, being well pleased to escape the\\nturmoils and skirmishes in which they had for j-ears been\\nengaged, bj diving still deeper into an open and unpro-\\ntected wilderness.\\nThe Allen brothers and Remember Baker, within a\\nfew years after the granting of the cliarter, became the\\nowners, by purchase of original grantees, of a large por-\\ntion of the lands in the vicinitj of Onion River. Five-\\nsevenths of the town of Burlington, at different times,\\nbelonged to Ira Allen. The first surveys within the\\nlimits of the town were made in 1772. The first settler\\nwas one Felix Powell, who came to the place in 1773.\\nHis lands occupied the whole of Appletree Point, run-\\nning northward neailj to Onion River. He erected a\\nlog-house on the point, but subsequentlj- sold to James\\nMurdoch, and removed to Manchester. The next set-\\ntlement was commenced bj Lemuel Bradley and others,\\nwho made clearings and erected buildings on the inter-\\nval near the falls, opposite tlie Allen settlement in Col-\\nchester. During the Revolutionaiy war the town was\\nentirely abandoned. From the close of the war it was\\nrapidlj- settled. In 1793 Stephen Lawrence, who nine\\n3 ears before had purchased a tract of land here, moved\\nhis family- into town. John Doxy, Frederick Saxton,\\nand John Collins came the same year. In 1791 the pop-\\nwere not among the original grantees of that town, yet nevertheless\\nowned several tracts of land in it acquired after the cliarter had been\\ngranted.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0774.jp2"}, "759": {"fulltext": "Illation amounted to 332. John Collins, Job Boj-nton,\\nJlr. King and Mr. Ke3es, together with the Loomis\\nfamil}- and Frederick Saxton, formed a settlement at the\\nhead of Pearl Street. Timothy Litus settled at Muddy\\nBrook, and erected the first saw-mill built in town. This\\nwas previous to 1788, Isaac Webb was one of the first\\nsettlers in the south, and John Van Sicklin in the south-\\neast part of the town. The late Erastus Bostwick of\\nHinesborough, who recently died at the advanced age of\\n94, used to saj that when he first came to Burlington,\\nsome time previous to 1791, there were but three houses\\nat the village, or bay, as it was then called. The}- were\\nsituated near the foot of Water Street. Capt. Job\\nBoynton and Capt. King had settled here, the latter\\nkeeping tavern at the north-east corner of King and\\nWater streets. A few logs fastened to the shore of the\\nlake were the beginning of the old wharf. Lumbermen\\nhad temporary huts in the vicinitj- of the Square,\\nwhich was then covered with bushes and shrubber}-, with\\nnow and then a pine tree. Some small houses were\\nscattered along at the head of Pearl Street, and from\\nthence to the falls, where Ira Allen lived in a large two-\\nstory house. William Coit built the first house on\\nCourt-house Square, which was finallj- occupied bj John\\nHoward as a hotel. The first school-house built in\\ntown was situated just east of the convent, and taught\\nb} one Nathaniel Winslow.\\nOn the opening of the present century, the develop-\\nment of the resources of this town became very rapid.\\nFarms were cleared roads were opened up schools\\nand churches were organized immigrants crowded in\\ncapital came also, and business thrived. A very consid-\\nerable wholesale trade was built up. Agriculture espe-\\ncially flourished and Burlington, being the natural point\\nof communication between a large inland agricultural\\ndistrict and the distant markets, became one of the great\\nbusiness capitals of the North. In the midst of this\\nfull tide of prosperit} however, a crisis was reached.\\nThe opening of the railroads, about thirty years ago,\\nchanged at once the whole current of business, and for\\na time seemed likclj to rob Burlington entirely- of its\\ncommercial importance. Direct communication being\\nthus opened between the southern cities and everj- town\\non the railroad, and there being hence no further need\\nof a central forwarding station between the rural pro-\\nducer or country store-keeper and the market, Burling-\\nton was suddenly left quite without an occupation.\\nTraffic rushed bj its doors to its ultimate destination\\neach way, and what was once the metropolis, at least of\\nChittenden County, had all at once awaked to find itself\\na mere waj -station.\\nThis place, however, being the only point on the\\nlake, from the extreme southern to the extreme north-\\nern limits of the State, at which the railroad and lake\\nnavigation come together, it at length became appa-\\nrent that Burlington possessed unrivalled facilities for\\nprosecuting the lumber trade, a revelation affording a\\nverj simple and natural explanation, not only of the vast\\naccumulations of lumber that now encumber its enor-\\nmous wharves, but for the wonderful revival of enter-\\njDrise that has of late ensued in the community generall}-.\\nThe discover} aforesaid was considered withal to justify\\nthe transfer of large iron- works from an inland region,\\ntraversed only by common roads, to a point where the\\nbulky raw material can be brought by water, and from\\nwhich the manufactured article can be hurried to market\\nb}- rail. Various other manufactures have found it for\\ntheir interest to locate at Burlington aU eflfectually con-\\nspiring rapidly to make this city what she bade fair to\\nbe in 1840, but what she despaired of being in 1850,\\nthe most important business centre of Northern New\\nEngland.\\nDuring the period when Burlington was in its earlier\\nprime, one of its most important industries was the man-\\nufacture of window-glass, commenced in 1827 by the\\nChamplain Glass Companj and discontinued in 1848.\\nDuring this same period, Catlin s flouring-mill at Wi-\\nnooski, and the Winooski Mill Company, were in a\\nflourishing condition. The first re\\\\ ival of business in\\nBurlington is doubtless to be dated from the building in\\n1850 of the Pioneer Mechanics Shop, at the lake, the\\nnest-egg from which, in a sense, all the modern indus-\\ntries of the locality have been hatched. The first cargo\\nof lumber that arrived here from the Canadas for the\\neastern market, was brought bj- L. G. Bigelow, Esq.,\\nand Enos Peterson in 1850.\\nBurlington City was chartered Nov. 22, 18G4. The\\nfirst maj-or was Albert S. Catlin.\\nIn addition to the excellent public schools of the cit}-,\\nthere is located hero the Vermont Episcopal Institute,\\nwhich is at present well sustained. The crowning glory\\nof the cit} however, is the University of Vermont,\\nfounded about 1793, Rev. Daniel Saunders being tlie\\nfirst president. Its most illustrious presiding officer was\\nDr. J^ames Marsh, the eminent metaphysician. The\\npresent superintendent of this excellent institution is\\nRev. Matthew II. Buckham, D. D., by whom the affairs\\nof the university are being most efficiently administered.\\nBesides the literary department, there is a very flourish-\\ning medical school.\\nThere was no minister settled in Burlington until 1810,\\nand no house of worship erected until 1812. Rev.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0775.jp2"}, "760": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF KEW ENGLAND.\\nDaniel C. Saunders -was the first stated preacher in town.\\nJlr. Samuel Clark, Unitarian, and Mr. Daniel Haskell,\\nOrthodox, were settled about the same time. The citj-\\nis well supplied with flourishing religious societies, each\\nrepresented by superb as well as commanding church\\nedifices.\\nThe Home for Destitute Children, a most excellent\\ninstitution of the kind, was chartered about 15 years ago.\\nThe Fletcher Free Library was founded July 14, 1873,\\nbj Mrs. Marj- L. and Miss Mar^ M. Fletcher, they en-\\ndowing the same with $10,000. Nor has this b} any\\nmeans been the limit of tiie benefactions of these elect\\nladies. They have recently- purchased the famous Catlin\\nestate, in the rear of the university transformed it into\\na hospital, with all the modern appliances, and endowed\\nthe same so munificently as to render it a perpetual\\nsource of blessing to suffering humanity-.\\nThe principal newspaper in Burlington is the Free\\nPress, G. G. Benedict, editor. It was founded in 1827.\\nThe Sentinel, however, was the oldest paper, ha\\\\ing\\nbeen commenced in 1801.\\nAmong the notable events of Burlington history maj-\\nbe mentioned the visit of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent,\\nfather of Queen Victoria, in 1793, the isit of Lafa3-ette\\nin 1825, when he laid the corner-stone of the new college\\nbuilding, and the mammoth Whig conventions of 1840\\nand 1844.\\nProminent among the early settlers and citizens of\\nBurlington, were Col. Stephen Pearl, land-owner, mer-\\nchant, magistrate, farmer, town clerk and selectman a\\nman of fine and imposing presence, of genei ous habits\\nand bountiful hospitalitj- Timothj Pearl, brother of the\\nforegoing Col. James Sawyer,* son of Col. Ephraim\\nS. [who, with his four sons, served in the war of the\\nRevolution as regular officers in the army, and who, as\\ncommander of the Worcester (Mass.) County regiment,\\nserved at the battles of Bunker Hill and Saratoga] a\\nRevolutionarj- soldier who was present at the taking of\\nYorktown George Robinson, a man of boundless wit\\nand humor, and an able lawyer Thomas, Ephraim and\\nSamuel Mills, brothers, long connected with the Burling-\\nton Sentinel Elnathan Kej-es, a prominent law3 er,\\na man of powerful mind, an honored and distinguished\\ncitizen Col. AVilliam C. Harrington, also a lawyer\\nJames Sawj-er had four sons, all of \u00e2\u0096\u00a0whom achieved distinction Capt.\\nHorace B. George F., a purser on the frigate Cumberland, aftei-n ard\\ndestroyed by the Merrimack Fred k Augustus, first lieutenant of\\nthe nth Vermont regiment in the war of 1812 and James L., a lawyer.\\nt A magnificent shaft a Tuscan column of granite, 42 feet in height\\nmarks his last resting-place in Green Mount Cemetery, a burial-place\\nromantically overlooking the Winooski valley. It has been well said\\nthat Vermont is indebted for her independence, and the establishment\\nHon. John C. Thompson, an attorney one of the ablest\\nand most prominent men of the State Daniel Farrand,\\njudge of the Supreme Court, a man of vast learning, of\\nwit and talent Warren Loomis, said to have been the\\nmost brilliant man the town ever produced, graduating\\nat Burlington in the first class (1804), and dying when\\nonly 37 a lawyer; Dr. Robert Moody, a skilful and\\nsuccessful phj sician, thrown from his caniage and\\nkilled Rev. Luman Foote, an Episcopal clergyman, and\\nthe first editor of the Burlington Free Press E. T.\\nEnglesby, for manj- years president of the old Burling-\\nton Bank Ethan Allen of Revolutionarj- and Ticonder-\\noga fame, born Jan. 10, 1737, in Litchfield, Conn., twice\\nmarried, who came to Burlington in the spring of 1787,\\ndevoting himself to farming, having selected for his res-\\nidence the beautiful tract of interval north of the village\\nknown as the Van Ness farm, where he resided until his\\nsudden death, which occun-ed about two years subse-\\nquently to his arrival Hon. Samuel Hitchcock, than\\nwhom none was more conspicuous for ripe scholarship\\nand zealous promotion of the prosperity of his adopted\\nState Moses Catlin, who erected, on the commanding\\neminence east of the college, now occupied by the\\nFletcher Hospital, the imposing residence long known as\\nthe Catlin mansion Guy Catlin, a younger brother of\\nMoses, and, together with the latter, prominentlj con-\\nnected with manufacturing interests at Winooski John\\nHoward, who died Feb. 24, 1854, aged 84 3-ears, one of\\nBurlington s earliest and most honored hotel keepers,\\nand raising up several sons meantime, Sion Earl, Daniel\\nD. and John F.,l distinguished for their business quah-\\nties, public spirit and probit3- Samuel Hickok, an\\neminent merchant, whose store is believed to be the\\noldest brick building in town, for 57 years one of the\\nforemost of the enterprising public-spirited citizens of\\nthis growing town; Hon. Alvin Foote, a graduate of\\nDartmouth, and a reputable lawyer; Hon. Cornelius\\nPeter Van Ness, long a leading lawyer and politician in\\nthe State, reflecting great lustre on its annals, as legis-\\nlator. State s attorney- and governor, by the splendor of\\nhis legal and forensic talents and attainments Hon.\\nCharles Adams, eminent, not less for his uprightness j\\nthan for his rare legal attainments, dying Jan. 12, IHfil,\\naged 7G years Hon. William A. Griswold, one of Ver-\\nof her government, mainly to three individuals, Thomas Chittenden,\\nand Ira and Ethan Allen the first her chief magistrate, the second her j\\ndiplomatist, the last her military chieftain. If Washington was a ter-\\nror to the enemies of American Independence, Ethan Allan was a terror 1\\nto all the enemies of Vermont. ^Vith all his foults, his name by Ver-\\nmonters will always be cherished in grateful remembrance.\\nX The latter is the builder of the Howard Opera House, perhaps the j\\nfinest public hall in the State.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0776.jp2"}, "761": {"fulltext": "VERMONT.\\nmont s most eminent statesmen and law3 ers and Col.\\nArchibald Hj de, once collector of the port.\\nAmong those who have been prominent in town affairs\\nin still more recent times, may be mentioned Timothj-\\nFollett, the first president of the Rutland and Burlington\\nRailroad Rev. Zadock Thompson, Vermont s naturalist\\nand honored historian, a man of learning and of modest\\nworth Chauncej Goodrich, for many years Burlington s\\ngenial publisher and horticulturist Sion Earl Howard,\\na successful merchant L. G. Bigelow, a lumber mer-\\nchant, a man of very strong humanitarian impulses, and\\nof a correspondingly strong and active mind Rt. Rev.\\nJohn Henry Hopkins, D. D., D. C. L. (Oxon.), born in\\nDublin, Ireland, Jan. 30, 1792, consecrated to the Epis-\\ncopate of the diocese of Vermont, Oct. 31, 1832, died at\\nRock Point, Jan. 9, 1868, a man of varied genius and\\nof encyclopaedic attainments, a musician, an architect,\\nauthor, orator, and conspicuous for his success in all\\nthese directions Milo Bennett, a just and learned judge\\nGamaliel B. Sawj er, a man of remarkable mental vigor\\nand intellectual acquirements, one of the most facile\\nwriters in the countrj- David A. Smalley, for manj\\nyears a prominent lawyer, and a Democratic leader in the\\nState, judge of the Supreme Court during several of the\\nlast j-ears of his life while George P. Marsh, U. S. min-\\nister to Italy and U. S. senator, G. F. Edmunds, are\\nfrom this citj-. The recent death of the late Gov. Asahel\\nPeck of Vermont, removes an old-school judge of the\\nSupreme Court of the State, who will long be remem-\\nbered for his penetrating and inflexible sense of justice\\non the bench.\\nOne of the most brilliant and gifted of Burlington s\\nsons was J. Sullivan Adams, born in 1820, familiarl}-\\nknown as SuU Adams. Soon after his graduation he\\nidentlQed himself earnestl}^ with the temperance work\\nthe Washingtonian movement and became one of the\\nmost eloquent and successful temperance workers of his\\nda}-. He was no less eloquent as an educational or\\npolitical orator. Nobly generous, he was unboundedlj\\npopular. He was an ardent patriot and an intense abo-\\nliLionist. For several j cars he was the very successful\\nsecretary of the State Board of Education. He died\\nApril 9, 1876, in Jacksonville, Fla.\\nSiiELBUENE, named in honor of the Earl of Shelburne,\\nfor beauty of location, fertility of soil, variety and excel-\\nlence of agricultural products, the high moral and intel-\\nlectual character of her citizens, constitutes a no unworthy\\nmember of the common sisterhood of towns that stretch\\nSaid to have been the first Episcopal minister in Vermont,\\nt Removing from Guilford, Conn., to Shellnirne, when only 14 years\\nof age, he subsequently raised a family of U children.\\nalong the shore line of the Champlain vallej Situated\\nabout midway on the line of the shore, a little to the\\nsouth of the broad lake, the view sweeping awaj to\\nthe east and west, easily takes in the Green Mountains\\non the one side and the Adirondacks on the other.\\nThe land, generally level, is 3 et gentlj rolling, and the\\nfarms, especially in the more central and western portion,\\nwide-spreading, and under the highest cultivation, are\\nunsurpassed for their productiveness and beauty.\\nThe earliest settlers of Shelburne ^re said to have\\nbeen John Potter and Thomas Logan, two Germans,\\nwho, coming to the township in 1768, located on two\\ndifferent jjoints extending into the lake, and bearing\\ntheir names, respectively. Potter s and Logan s points.\\nWhether man} of the ten families that, previous to the\\nRevolution, had settled near the lake, returned after the\\nwar, is not known. On the declaration of peace,\\nthe lands of the town were rapidly taken up and occu-\\npied by permanent settlers. Among these earlier fathers\\nof the town may be mentioned Moses, Ziba and Uzal\\nPiersons, Daniel, Levi and Elisha Comstoek, Jonathan\\nLyon, Frederick Saxton, Richard and Elhanan Spear,\\nBenjamin Harrington, Joshua and Jira Isham, Rev.\\nBethuel Chittenden* and his son Bela,t Asa R. Slo-\\ncum,| Nathaniel Gage, a man of singular probity, and\\nwho died at the advanced age of 89 j ears, and Samuel\\nMills, a Revolutionarj soldier, having settled on a hill-\\nfarm in the east part of the town. Among the prominent\\nand especiallj- honorable citizens of a later day may be\\nmentioned Ashael Nash, Robert and Lavater White,\\nHyman Holiberd and Dr. Jonathan Taylor.\\nThough the principal industry of this town is agricul-\\ntural, 3 et at the Falls, a village on the Plot River,\\nabout two miles from the Centre, a saw-mill was early\\nerected, also a forge. Later a grist-mill, and also\\nclothing-works were put in successful operation at the\\nsame locality. In 1862 these buildings were swept away\\nIjy a flood.\\nFrom the beginning of steam-navigation on Lake\\nChamplain, Shelburne Harbor on the Point, has been\\nutilized as a convenient place for mooring during the\\nwinter and repairing steamers. Steamboats of the largest\\nsize are often built here, for which business there are\\nvery superior facilities.\\nThe first religious society organized in town was the\\nCongregalionalist, dating about the beginning of the\\npresent centur} The first minister settled, however,\\nwas Episcopalian, Joel Clapp, an exemplarj man, who\\nX Returning from Burlington in the evening of Jan. 3, 1830, his life-\\nless mangled body, as his horses reached liis home, was found dangling\\nunder the wagon.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0777.jp2"}, "762": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nsoon won popularity and influence. The old White,\\nor Union Church a large old-fashioned New England\\nmeeting-house was erected in 1808. The Congrega-\\ntionalist Soeietj- waning, this building came to be princi-\\npallj- occupied by the Episcopalians. The first Methodist\\nChurch edifice, of brick, was erected in 1831, situated\\non the south side of the common or green which, how-\\never, after having served its generation, has latelj given\\nplace to a more elegant and commodious structure of\\nstone. The Methodist is at present the only surviving\\nreligious society in town. The old WMte Church was\\nburned manj- j-ears ago.\\nJohn S. D. and Joseph W. Taylor, from this town,\\nand graduates of the University of Vermont, have greatly\\nhonored their profession as teachers. The former is now\\ndeceased. Rev. Isham Bliss, an Episcopal minister, a\\ngraduate of, and at present a professor in the Ver-\\nmont Universit} and Curtis S. Chittenden, D. D. S. and\\nM. D. S. of Hamilton, Ont., an eminent dentist, and at\\npresent president of The Royal College of Dental\\nSurgeons of Ontario, are sons of this town. Hon. Ezra\\nMeech, once elected member of Congi-ess (in 1819),\\nand probably the wealthiest man in town and the largest\\nland-owner in the State, died Sept. 26, 1856, aged 83.\\nFrederick Maeck, an eminent physician and surgeon,\\nand father of the late Hon. Jacob Maeck, a distinguished\\nlawj-er of Burlington, was for manj j-ears a prominent\\ncitizen of this town.\\nColchester is beautifully located on Lake Champlain\\nand Winoosld River.* The soil of this town is varie-\\ngated, consisting in part of sandy loam, covered origin-\\nally with white and pitch pine forests. These lands,\\nlying for the most part in low ridges, with a rolling\\nsurface, are very fertile, and well adapted to grazing,\\nwheat, oats, potatoes, c.\\nI The first persons who took possession of Colchester\\nunder its present charter were Ira Allen and his uncle,\\nRemember Baker. This was in 1772-3. The first set-\\ni\\nIt was along this stream and through this valley that the barbarous\\nRonville went and returned whcu he sacked and burned Dcerfield.\\nHere, with noisy pomp, on their return, they brought along the old\\nchurch-bell of that devoted settlement, the tirst probably that ever\\nuttered its sounds in the valley of the Winooslci. Here, too, they led\\nalong with theii- bloody hands the 112 captives that had survived the\\nmassacre among whom was theu- pastor, the venerable John Williams\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094half-clothed and half-starved, wading through the deep snow on their\\nway to Canada. While this valley was thus used as the war-path of the\\nFrench and their savage allies, tJiis stream was called French River.\\nAfter it came into the hands of the English it was kno^vn by the name\\nof Onion, which is the English of Winooski.\\nt Gov. Thomas Chittenden was born at Guilford, Conn., Jan. 6, 1729.\\nEarly in the spring of 1774 he removed with his family to the New\\nHampshire Grants, and purchased a tract of land on the Onion Biver\\nin the township of Williston. Seated upon the beautiful and fertile\\ntlement was on the Winooski, near the present Fall s\\nBridge.\\nAt the centre village there are two church edifices and\\nan equal number at Winooski village on the Colchester\\nside, besides numerous manufacturing establishments,\\nand a large woollen factoiy.\\nColchester has its Interesting subjects of biography as\\nwell as history, including the names of Judge Joshua Stan-\\nton, John Law, William Manson, Jabcz Penniman, He-\\nman AUen, Gen. Enos, and Remember Baker. The most\\neminent citizen Colchester ever had was Maj. Gen. Ira\\nAllen. Born at Cornwall, Conn., April 21, 1751, he\\ncame to Vermont when only 21 years of age. He earlj*\\nmade large purchases of land near Onion River, and by\\npromoting the settlement and business at Winooski\\nFalls, where his home was located, he contributed more\\nperhaps than anj other citizen to the prosperity of that\\npai-t of the town. No man did more to secure the inde-\\npendence, and to establish the politj of Vermont on its\\npresent foundations, and to carry the State safely and\\ntriumphantlj through all the manifold complications that\\nbeset her during the Revolutionarj* war than Ira Allen.\\nIt is to his liberalit}- and efforts principally the State is in-\\ndebted for the founding of the Universitj- of Vermont, and\\nits location on its beautiful site between the faUs and the\\nlake. This first and foremost of Vermont s early states-\\nmen and founders died Jan. 7, 1814. His last j ears\\nwere spent in Philadelpliia, where in poverty and distress,\\nhe passed away in the 63d year of his age. And, it is\\nsaid, there is no stone or record, or living witness to\\npoint out to friend or foe his humble grave.\\nWilliston, a town situated in the centre of Chittenden\\nCounty, and called Williston in honor of Samuel Willis,\\none of the grantees, was first settled in May, 1774, by\\nThomas Chittenden and Gen. Jonathan SpafTord. Among\\nthe first settlers were the Murrays, the Talcotts, the\\nMillers, Brownells, Frenches and Ishams. The residence\\nhere of Thomas Chittenden, f and the fact of its being\\nbanks of this stream, well directed labor had procured hun a comfort-\\nable home, when, in the midst of his various improvements and pleasing\\nanticipations, the war of the Revolution commenced and so exposed to\\nthe depredations of the merciless savages did these frontier settlements\\nbecome that he was obliged temporarily to remove southward as far as\\nArlington. During the long and perplexing controversies -nith New\\nYork Mr. Chittenden rendered invaluable service to the State as presi-\\ndent of the Council of Safety. Upon the formal organization of the\\nState he was elected its first governor, and continued to be re-elected to\\nthat high office for 18 years. What George Washington was to the\\nwhole country, that pre-eminently was Thomas Chittenden to Vermont.\\nHe was the father of it. It was his mind more than any other that\\ndirected the controversy with New York, the negotiations with the Brit-\\nish in Canada, whereby an anny of 10,000 was held at bay for years,\\nand the finally successful appeals to Congi ess for the admission of the\\nState into the Union. He died Aug. 25, 1797, in the 69th year of his age.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0778.jp2"}, "763": {"fulltext": "more rapidlj settled than some of the adjoining towns,\\nled to WUliston s being, for a long time, the centre of an\\nextensive business, while it counted among its citizens a\\nlarge number of the leading and prominent men in the\\ncounty. It abounds in some of the most productive and\\nbest cultivated farms to be found in the State.\\nThe Congregational Church was organized Jan. 23,\\n1800. Rev. A. C. Collins was the first pastor. The\\nchurch edifice was built in 1832. Two other churches\\nare located here.\\nFor nearly half a century Williston Academy afforded\\nample facilities for the acquisition of a thorough aca-\\ndemic education.\\nThe remaining towns of the county are CnARLOTTE,*\\nsometimes in the early records written Charlotta, a very\\nfine farming town, situated in the south-west corner of\\nthe county-, first settled in 1784 by Derric Webb, a Ger-\\nman, and Elijah Wolcott embracing two villages sepa-\\nrated by a ridge of hills IIinesburgh, formerly noted\\nfor its manufacturing interests, but now devoted mostly-\\nto farming, remarkable for the picturesqueness of much\\nof its scenery, and whose charming village is the seat of\\nan academy incorporated in 1824, and ever since one of\\nthe most permanent and successful institutions in the\\nState Milton, an agricultural town lying along the\\neastern shore of Lake Champlain, and occupj ing the\\nnorth-west corner of the county settled in Februar3-,\\n1782; organized in 1788: Underbill, named after two\\nbrothers who held shares in the original charter, settled\\nabout 1 785-6 by Darius Post, Moses Benedict and Ab-\\nner Eaton; organized in 1795, lying on the western\\nslope of the Green Mountains, Mt. Mansfield, the high-\\nest land in the State being near the north-east corner its\\nfirst religious (Cong.) society having been organized in\\n1801, and first church built in 1805 Richmond, f settled\\nin 1775, incorporated in 1794, organized in 1795, lying\\non the Winooski, the soil of its lands bordering on the\\nriver composed of deep, rich alluvial deposits and very\\nfertile Jericho, a quiet inland town, its eminent citizens\\nhaving been Rev. Simeon Bicknell, Arthur Bostwick,\\nRev. Samuel Bostwick, Hon. Noah Chittenden, Hon.\\nMartin Chittenden, once governor, Dea. Thomas Barnej-,\\nHon. Truman Galusha and Joseph Brown: Essex, J\\nfirst settled by immigrants from Massachusetts, the hardy\\npioneer finding the territory one unbroken forest, save\\nwhere the rude tornado had levelled the giant pines its\\nfirst church organized in 1797, and its first house of wor-\\nship built in 1803, Rev. David Hulburt haying been at\\nthe time settled as pastor Westford, a fine farming\\ntown reclining on the western slope of the Green Moun-\\ntains, settled in 1787, organized in 1793, a saw-mill,\\ngrist-mill and forge having been built at the Centre on\\nBrown s River in 1795, its first church having been or-\\nganized in 1801: Bolton, situated mid-way between\\nBurlington and Montpelier in the valley of the Win-\\nooski, and amidst the wildest and most romantic sce-\\nnery Hdntington, a mountain town, and within the\\neastern boundarj of which is the summit of Camel s\\nHump, settled in 1786, and organized in 1790: St.\\nGeorge, the smallest township in the State, settled in\\nthe spring of 1784, the birthplace of Rev. Elnathan\\nIligbee, D.D., president of the Gettysburg Theological\\nSeminary; and South Burlington, set off from Bur-\\nlington in 1864, an excellent farming town.\\nESSEX COUNTY.\\nBY HIRAM A. CUTTING, M. D.\\nEssex County, together with Orleans, was incorpo-\\nrated from Caledonia County in 1798, but the former\\nCharlotte s most distinguished son was the Rev. Calvin Pease, D.D.,\\nat one time the esteemed president of the University of Vermont.\\nt The most notable object in this village is the old round church,\\nwith IG sides, and steeple rising from the centre, built originally, .ind\\nowned by several societies. The most eminent citizen Richmond ever\\nhad w.as William Penn Briggs, born at Adams, Mass., March 14, 1793,\\nremoving to Richmond in 1828, where he resided until his death. He\\n\u00c2\u00abas one of the most eminent jury-lawyers in the State.\\nI An unusually flourishing academy has been maintained at the centre\\nfor many years.\\ncount} was not fully organized until the following j car,\\nat which time Lunenburgh and Brunswick were estab-\\nThe first temple of the people called Methodists in this town con-\\nsisted of a high rock, visible by the traveller, at the back of a level\\nmeadow, about 40 rods from the railway, and about Ih miles cast from\\nthe Joncsville station. It is about 50 feet high, has a natural grotto, and\\nthree regular stone steps. This singular sanctuary was dedicated in\\n1800. Bishop AVliatcoat was present.\\nII Dr. H. A. Cutting, who resides at Lunenburgh, is a son of\\nStephen C. Cutting, of Concord, in which town he was born Dec. 23,\\n1832. He was educated for a physician, receiving the degree of M. D.\\nfrom Dartmouth College also the degree of A. M. from Norwich Uni-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0779.jp2"}, "764": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nlished as half shires. At the October session of the\\nLegislature in 1800, officers were elected, and, a year\\nI later, the shire was changed to Guildhall, where it has\\nremained.\\nEssex County is about 45 miles from north to south,\\nand 23 from east to west. It is bounded north by Can-\\nada, east and south b\\\\- the Connecticut River bordering\\nits bank for more than 65 miles, south-west by Caledonia\\nCounty, and west by Orleans County. Along the valley\\nof the Connecticut it is beautifully picturesque, and no\\nmore romantic and lovely scenery can be found. The\\nsoil, though much of it is stony, is very productive.\\nGeologically, the rocks may be divided into two great\\nclasses, sedimentary and eruptive. To this first class\\nbelong all of those rocks which at some time have been\\nderived from pre-existing rocks, but nearly all of the\\nj sedimentary have been greatly changed, not only in theii-\\ngeneral structure, but in their texture and composition.\\nSome, however, have not. In some places on the east\\nof the county, the sandstone is so friable that the grains\\nof sand of which it is made up can be easily separated\\nby the fingers alone. The place where those rocks can\\nbe seen to the best advantage is outside of the county in\\nNewark, at a saw-mill on the road from East Haven to\\nIsland Pond. There are other places where the change\\nis so gi-eat that we cannot tell whether they are stratified\\nor not. In fact, Prof. J. H. Huntington has recently\\nshown that some are eruptive that were before considered\\nstratified. Adopting the plan of the recent geological\\nsur\\\\-ey in New Hampshire, we find the following forma-\\ntions in Essex County\\nStratified Groups. Cenozoic Modified drifts, includ-\\ning river teiTaces, glacial drifts, c. Paleozoic Cal-\\ncifcrous mica schist. Upper Huronian Lyman group.\\nLower Huronian gneiss, fibrolite schists, mica schists,\\nand feldsparthic schists. Eruptive masses Concord\\ngranite, S3 enitic granite, diabase and diorite.\\nThe granite rocks occupy a large V- shaped area in the\\nnorth part of the county. Southward the apex of the\\nV is in the town of Granby, south of the road from\\nGuildhall to Victory. In this area are several kinds of\\ngranite. In some places it is desirable building-stone,\\nversity. On account of ill health he did not enter a profession, but\\nlocated at Lunenburgh as a merchant in 1854, under the firm of J. G.\\nDarling Co. While he was successful as a merchant, he largely de-\\nvoted his time to study, especially to the study of microscopic anat-\\nomy, geology and atmospheric phenomena. He is a member, either\\nactive or honorary, of some twenty scientific, historical and medical\\nsocieties, among which arc the Vermont Medical Society, Vermont\\nHistorical Society, AVhite Mountains Medical Society, Fellow of the\\nAmerican Association for Advancement of Science, and Natural-\\nists Society of Rome, Italy, and member of the Dartmouth Micro-\\nand has been quairied in Norton and Brunswick. In\\nFerdinand the granite is of an entirely different char-\\nacter, and that quarried at Brunswick is a fine-grained,\\nlight-colored granite of good qtialit} With the granite\\nrocks, especially southward, there are schists, and in the\\nnorth corner of Granby, not far from Moose River,\\nthere is a granite that closely resembles the Concord\\ngranite of New Hampshire. But here there is the clear-\\nest evidence that it is eruptive. It not only penetrates\\nthe schist, but it contains man_v fragments of it. This\\nprobably extends into Victorj-, but the forest hinders pos-\\nitive knowledge. Near Brunswick Springs, but about\\nthree-fourths of a mile from the river, there is a beautiful\\nporphyritic granite. The crystals of feldspar are about\\nan inch in length.\\nSyenitic Granite. In Lemington there is granite rock\\nunlike either of those we have mentioned, which prob-\\nably forms the entire mass of Mount Monadnock, and\\nextends into New Hampshire, where it has some marked\\npeculiarities. j\\nDiabase and Diorite. These rocks generally occur i\\nin narrow dikes, and are of a dark-green color, compact\\nand tough. Every town contains more or less of the\\ndikes, but a remarkable one crosses the Portland and\\nOgdensburg Railroad near Miles Pond in Concord, con-\\ntaining 22| per cent, of iron.\\nStratified Rocks. Gneiss and Feldspar, Mica Schists.\\nThere are two well-marked areas of these rocks.\\nThat on the east side of the county begins on the south\\n(probably in Granbj extends north-west through Maid-\\nstone, well-marked outcrops of which can be seen near\\nMaidstone Lake thence it continues through Bruns-\\nwick, and the Notch Mountains south of the Nulhegan 1\\nare composed of this rock.\\nThe western band begins with Miles Pond, embraces\\nMiles Mountain, where the rock is largely- gneiss, and j\\ncontains fibrolite. Extending northward, it is interrupted\\nby the graphic granite south of Island Pond in Brighton,\\nto appear again in Bluff Mountain, which is its probable\\nlimit northward.\\nFibrolite Schist. In the west of Granby, there is quite\\nan area of an argillitic mica schist, that contains an\\nscopical Club, Boston Historical Society, Geographical Society of\\nWisconsin, e. Prof. Cutting has published several pamphlets, and\\npapers upon Insects, Ozone, Geology, Microscopy, Rev-\\nelations of the Microscope, and natural history in general. Also upon\\nthe Atmosphere, and a work upon the Climatology of Vermont.\\nHe is State Geologist and Curator, and manager of the Vermont State\\nCabinet of Natural History, appointed in 1S71. Ho has a large library,\\nand an e:-tensive cabinet of minerals. In 1878, he was appointed Lec-\\nturer in N itural Science at Norwich University, and had the honorary\\ndegree of Ph. D. conferred upon him by that institution in 1879. [Eds.]", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0780.jp2"}, "765": {"fulltext": "VERMONT.\\nabundance of fibrolitc and andulusito, and there is a rep-\\netition of i,his rock in Victory, extending into East\\nHaven. It is also found in limited amount on the cast\\nside of the count}-, and with the feldspathic mica schists\\nand gneisses.\\nThe Lyman Group. The rocks are so called from\\ntheir great abundance in the town of L3man, N. II.,\\nfrom whence thej- extend northward to the line of the\\nProvinces. These rocks occupy- a large area in the towns\\nof Concord, Luneuburgh and Guildhall extending also\\ninto Maidstone, where the} cross the river into New\\nHampshire. They consist almost altogether of light\\nargillites, and besides there are a few black slates.\\nThe Essex Copper Mine in Concord is in this rock. The\\nvein of copper is xnry irregular, and though much money\\nhas been spent, but little return has been made, and it is\\nnow abandoned. Several other small veins in Concord\\nand Lunenburgh have been partiallj- examined, but none\\nof them have proved valuable.\\nCalciferous Mica Schist. This rock occupies a limited\\narea in the count} and is confined to the western part\\nof East Haven and Brigliton. It consists of argillites,\\nsilicious limestones, and friable sandstones some of the\\nrichest soil of Vermont.\\nGlacial Drift. Everywhere we find that the material\\nwhich makes up the soil, and the bowlders that are found\\nso abundant in some sections, have all been transferred\\nfrom points northward of where they are now found so\\nthat the soil is often composed of an entirely different\\nmaterial from the rock on which it rests. The bowlders\\nin an open country can be traced to the ledges from\\nwhich they were derived, but on account of the forests\\nin this county, this in most places would require much\\ntime and labor still, in every neighborhood are many\\ncurious and wonderful things to be seen by any one who\\nwill carefully observe the rocks.\\nModified Drift On the Connecticut River, particularly\\nin Lemington and Colebrook, are many interesting gravel\\nridges that are supposed to have been formed by glacial\\nrivers, as the ice retreated up the valley. There is also\\na A ery peculiar ridge of coarse material in the vicinity of\\nIsland Pond.\\nRiver ten-aces Dorder the Connecticut from the Prov-\\nince Line to the southern border of this county. They\\nconsist of the present flood plane, 10 or 15 feet above\\nthe ordinary stage of water, and a terrace- from 40 to\\n1 20 feet in hciglit. They are sometimes from one-fourth\\nto one-third of a mile in width.\\nStreams, Ponds, Mozmtains, c. There are many\\nsmall streams in this county, and as the land is hilly\\nand often mountainous, they furnish abundant water-\\npower for every town. Among the largest are Moose,\\nNulhegan, Clyde, Pherrin s and Coaticook rivers Wil-\\nlard s, Paul s, Averill s, Neale s, Miles and Hall s streams\\nand various brooks too numerous to mention all of\\nwhich afford an abundance of trout for the fisherman.\\nThere are also over 30 lakes and ponds within the county,\\nthe largest of which are Maidstone Lake in Maidstone,\\nand Island Pond in Brighton. These ponds contain a\\ngreat vaiiety of fish, and some are so seldom visited by\\nthe sportsmen as to be literall} alive with the finny tribe,\\nthat awaits the man that is hardy enough to brave the\\nblack flies, and dangers of the unbroken forest.\\nHills are abundant, and every town has one or more,\\ndignified by the name of mountain, as\\nMiles Mountain in Concord, 2,700 feet.\\nMount Tug, in Lunenburgh, 2,210\\nUmpire Mountain, in Victory, 2,500\\nNotch Mountain, in Brunswick, 2,400\\nMonadnock Mountain, in Lemington, 3,000\\nIn Miles Mountain there are a number of natural grot-\\ntos, or caverns in the rock, several of them of consider-\\nable size, and one similar cavern in Mount Tug.\\nThe area of the county is about 620 square miles, and\\na large share of the land is covered with a dense growth\\nof forest trees, mostly spruce, yet pine and hemlock, to-\\ngether with the sugar-maple, birch and beech, give an\\never-varying appearance to the forests, and furnish lum-\\nber in abundance and variety. The greater portion of i\\nthe inhabitants live near the larger streams, and a major-\\nity live in or near the Connecticut River valley. In Con-\\ncord and Lunenburgh the land is more generally settled,\\nbut still, parts of these towns, together with the larger\\nshare of the other towns in the county, are yet an i\\nunbroken wilderness.\\nClimatology.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 For so small a section of country, there\\nis a greater difference in climate than is general in this\\nlatitude. The slope of the land doubtless has much to\\ndo with this, yet the difference in soil, and the amount of\\nwater in the vicinity, must also have its effect. The close\\nproximity of the White Mountain range, on which snow\\nlies for about nine months each year, together with the\\nelevation of the land, which is usually over 1,000 feet\\nabove the sea level, give a purity and coolness to the\\natmosphere which not only afiect vegetation, but health\\nalso rendering this county, perhaps, the healthiest sec-\\ntion of New England, giving us a death-rate of little\\nover ten to the thousand annually. In the valley of the\\nConnecticut the season is often ten days earlier than\\namong the hills of the interior, and most crops culti-\\nvated in Vermont can be readily grown here, as the\\nfrosts seldom do injury, either in spring or autumn.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0781.jp2"}, "766": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nFor 30 jears the writer has kept a full record of the\\nweather. For this period the heat of summer has not\\nexceeded 1 00 degrees, and but twice has the thennometer\\ntouched that point. It has once touched 45 degrees be-\\nlow zero. The extreme heat of summer is seldom above\\n90 degi-ees, and tlie cold of winter is not often greater\\nthan 25 degiees below zero.\\nThe diagrams opposite are carefully prepared from\\nactual observations. The first shows the comparative\\n1 ainfall for C8 years deduced from various observations\\non the Atlantic coast, from Maine to Maryland. The\\naverage rainfall on this coast line is about 47 inches\\nand the average at the northern part of the coast of\\nMaine, is probably about 37 inches, while in Maryland\\nit is about 55 inches. In Lunenburgh it is 41 inches,\\nbut the near proximitj- to the White Mountain range\\ndoubtless increases the annual rainfall, as, on Mount\\nWashington, 20 miles away, it is from 50 to 75 inches.\\nThe clouds seem to hang about the mountains, thus\\nincreasing rainfall.\\nThe figures at the left of the diagrams indicate the\\npercentage of the rainfall, which is indicated by the black\\nlilled spaces 1.00 indicates the mean amount.\\nThe second diagram indicates in the same manner, the\\nrainfall at Lunenburgh from 1848 to 1874 while diagram\\n4 indicates the rainfall at Lake Village, N. H., where it\\nis not quite so irregular as upon this side of the AVhite\\nMountain range. Diagi-am 3, shows in the same man-\\nner the variation of the snowfall at Lunenburgh. In 1865\\nit was but 41 inches, while in 1872 it was 167^ inches,\\nthe medium amount being 83 inches.\\nThe average number of stormj days in a year for this\\nperiod has been 120, and the average number of fair\\ndays, 118, the remainder being cloudj-. This shows that\\nour time is pretty equally divided between fair, cloudy\\nand stormy weather. In summer the excess is fair in\\nwinter, stormy and cloudy.\\nThe amount of snowfall, many times, gives little indica-\\ntion of the depth of snow at any one time upon the\\nground. Yet as in 1866, when the snowfall was 12 feet,\\nfive of it was upon the ground in cleared land, and seven\\nof it in woodland, on the 18th day of March. In 1872,\\nwith 14 feet of snowfall, March 18th, it was no more\\nthan four feet deep in woodland, and it would not aver-\\nage two feet in cleared land, and the deepest it was at\\none time, that winter, was not more than four and a half\\nfeet.\\nIn 1801 there were manj- hail-storms iu this \\\\icinity.\\nWhile some were of great extent, almost every town\\nsuffered more or less from local storms. Now and then\\none of these limited storms not only ruined the crops,\\nbut killed the fruit trees and damaged buildings, and, in\\none or two instances, injured cattle.\\nJan. 1, 1862, snow fell 14 inches. Then there came\\na high wind, that drifted the snow so badly, that not\\nonly were carriage roads blocked, but railroads had their\\ntrains delayed from one to two days. A St. Johnsbury\\nfarmer had to tunnel a drift as large as his barn to get\\nhis cattle out to water.\\nIn 1865 there was no thunder or electrical phenomena\\nof any kind during the year. 1868 was the warmest\\nsummer during the period of my obsen-ations July 13,\\n14 and 15, the thermometer for several houi s was 100\u00c2\u00b0,\\nwith man} other daj s at 95\u00c2\u00b0,\\nThere were also man}- hea\\\\ y thunder showers. Octo-\\nber 3, 4 and 5, of 1869, will long be remembered for the\\ngreat rain-storm. From 4 to 6 inches of rain fell\\nthroughout New England, and much damage was done\\neverj-where roads were washed away, buildings under-\\nmined, as at St. Johnsburj-, and mills destroj ed.\\nIn 1870, January 15, there was a sharp shower of\\nrain, with the thennometer at zero, closing with it 2\u00c2\u00b0\\nabove. On the 12th of February about three inches of\\ndirty snow fell. Bj- melting some of it, I ascertained\\nthat the amount of diii, was about three grains to the\\nsquare foot, which would give 360 pounds to the square\\nmile. As the storm extended over at least 400 square\\nmiles, some 7,200 tons of meteoric dust fell in this\\nstonn.\\nIn the summer of 1870 there was hardly a day with-\\nout a thunder shower in Vermont, and the showers\\npassed over very frequentlj-. Hay was in consequence\\nsecured in bad condition, and all crops were dam-\\naged. Lightning struck many times in Lunenburgh.\\nJune 20 it struck a green white-ash tree, shivering it to\\nsplinters, and ploughing nine furrows in different direc-\\ntions from the base of the tree, man} of them several\\nrods in length, and larger than could be cut with a\\nplough. August 2 it struck a horse in pasture, burning\\noff his hair, or puUing it out, also cutting a hole in his\\nhead two inches long, and throwing off his shoes. The\\nhorse recovered from the shock. On October 20 oc-\\ncuiTed a great earthquake for New England. Brick\\nwalls and plastering in houses were cracked, manj- chim-\\nneys toppled over, and people generally were frightened.\\nThe shock lasted from two to three minutes, and was\\nprobably the heaviest experienced in New England for a\\nperiod of at least 70 j-ears.\\n1871 was very dry, and closed into winter without\\nusual rains. Streams had not been as low for over 50\\nyears. On the 5lh of February, the thcmometer was\\n40\u00c2\u00b0 below zero, and j-et on the 23d of the same month", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0782.jp2"}, "767": {"fulltext": "yilUtnlic Sea coast .^Laine to ^(aiyfanti;\\nI 1\\nt)\\ni\\n5\\na\\nfin\\nII\\nI.I\\n1\\n1\\n11\\n1\\ni\\n1 1\\n|lllllllltlllll\\neo\\ns n I\\niiiiiiiriiini iiiiii\\nlllllllll illlll-l llllllli 11:1111\\nIHilfl ill I lil l!!f\\n\u00c2\u00bby .Br.,*. CxiXlin^, .Mr.Jt; Z.Tinenhttrg,n.\\ns S 3 a a\\nS 3 3 5\\n^i/ Tl^.^fc^r\\nFlvclu^tionS in.Xnn.,1.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0783.jp2"}, "768": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0784.jp2"}, "769": {"fulltext": "we had thunder showers, also butterflies and grasshop-\\npers, both in Vermont and New Hampshire. Thej- both\\nfound it cold enough afterwards. March 9, several but-\\nterflies were seen about the streets of Burlington also\\nin Concord, N. H. There were also May flowers in\\nMarch. April 8th was one of the warmest days of the\\nseason.\\nFirst Settlement, c. The first settlement of the\\ncounty was made in Guildhall (then supposed to be\\nLunenburgh), by David Page, Timothy Nash and\\nGeorge Wheeler, in 1764. They had to bring their pro-\\nvisions from Northfield, Mass., in canoes, by river navi-\\ngation, over 165 miles. During the war of the Revo-\\nlution, they were constantly annoyed by the Tories and\\nIndians, who killed their cattle, plundered their houses,\\nand carried some of their number into captivity. By the\\nyear 1785, quite a number of families had made their\\nhomes in Upper Coos, as the valley on both sides of\\ntlie Connecticut was then called. Much of the count}-\\nwas surveyed by Eben A. Judd, who after a time built a\\nmill in Guildhall, and also brought goods to sell to the\\nsettlers, quite a share of which was New England rum.\\nIn the controversy about pitched lots occupied by the\\nsettlers, and the right of New Hampshire to survej^ their\\nlands, there were often long discussions, which some-\\ntimes resulted in quaiTels, and thej now and then came\\nto blows. It is not known that any were really killed in\\nsuch fights, but they sometimes used pitchforks, and\\nother dangerous weapons.\\nIndian History. This county was never much settled\\nby Indians, but was used as a hunting-ground, and\\nthrough it was the main highwaj^ for the St. Francis\\ntribe of Canada, and those Coos Indians living in the\\nvalley of the Connecticut. It was, as it were, disputed\\nterritory, as both claimed the right to hunt in it and we\\nhave the best reasons to suppose that there were frequent\\nambuscades within its borders. There have been a few\\nstone tomahawks, arrow-points and other Indian reUcs\\nfound within its limits, but they are not abundant. About\\nniidwaj of the Fifteen Mile Fall on the Connecticut, in\\nthe town of Concord, is a small meadow known as the\\nCarpenter meadow, from Aaron Carpenter, who settled\\nhere in 1795. When he came, this meadow was covered\\nby a handsome gi-owth of maple, free from underbrush,\\nseemingly one of the most beautiful spots in the valley.\\nOne of his early clearings was made here, and in cutting\\nthe trees, various marks were found showing that this\\nplace was visited 39 years before. This was ascertained\\nby cutting out the marks and counting the grains.\\nLeaden bullets were also found beneath the surface of\\nthe timber, that had, by its growth, closed the hole for\\nas many j-ears. This was deemed conclusive evidence\\nthat white men had had a skirmish here, using fire-arms.\\nThen came the question, Who was it?\\nIn 1759, Maj. Rogers made his ever-memorable expe-\\ndition against the St. Francis Indians. After being\\niiarassed in his return, he found himself at Lake Mem-\\nphremagog without food, and his men much exhausted.\\nHe divided his party into three squads, so they could\\nbetter obtain food, and they agreed to meet at the lower\\nCoos. He kept up Barton River, and down the Pas-\\nsumpsic, waiting for his men at No. 4. Another de-\\ntachment came in bj- Wells River, but of the third there\\nis no record of the way they came, but a part onlj-\\nreturned. Now it is highly probable that they kept east\\nof Maj. Rogers, coming in on the Nulhegan, and down\\nthe Connecticut valley. That here they had a skirmish\\nwith the Indians, and succeeded in holding their ground,\\nas is shown by two graves, which were opened, and the\\nbones of two men were discovered buried by white men\\nin a recumbent posture. Some years later, when plough-\\ning this meadow, several pieces of muskets were found,\\nand a year or two after, when the river was very low,\\nsome gun-barrels were found in the river, corroded\\nthrough by rust. Eleven pieces, in all, were found, and\\nit was thought that they were the parts of four or five\\nmuskets. These were doubtless thrown into the river,\\nto keep them from the Indians. Another musket,\\nequally corroded, was found on Cook s Meadow, in Lu-\\nnenburgh, six miles from the above-described place in\\nConcord. This all forms a chain of circumstantial evi-\\ndence in favor of the theory advanced. That there was\\na skirmish here at about that time, no one can doubt.\\nBut we were speaking of tbe earlj settlers at about\\n1800, when the count} had log-house homes in most of\\nthe river towns. Living at the distance of 130 miles\\nfrom the seaboard, all heavy articles, such as salt, iron,\\nand in fine all the articles of civilized life that could not\\nbe obtained from the wilderness, or soil, or found in the\\nwaters, had to be transported over hills and mountains\\nupon tiie backs of horses or men, guided through the\\nforests onl} by spotted trees, being obliged to ford or\\nswim streams that ran across their route, often swollen\\nby rains. With no mills for the manufacture of lum-\\nber, and from 60 to 85 miles to the nearest grist-mill\\nsurrounded with hostile Indians that much of the time\\ncould get five dollars for the scalp of a white man, all\\nthis must have thrown a shadow deep and dark across\\nthe path of the early settlers of Essex County, and\\nhard} indeed must be the men and women to brave it.\\nAnd so they were. Their currency was mostly the fur\\nof animals, and salts made by boiling down the lye", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0785.jp2"}, "770": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nof ashes, wliich, when made and carried to market, often\\nbrought no more than one cent per pound.\\nMaj. Benjamhi AVhitcomb was the most prominent\\ntrapper and hunter of Essex Count}-, often spending\\nmonths at a time in the -wilderness, subsisting upon\\ngame, and falling infrequently- with Indians, and camp-\\ning and hunting with them. He served under Putnam\\nin the old French war, was in several fights, and was\\nfinally- taken prisoner b}- the Indians and earned to Que-\\nbec. After Ticonderoga was taken b}- Allen, AVhitcomb\\nhastened there, and served as a scout. He won his ma-\\njor s commission bj- going into Canada and shooting a\\nBritish general. His retreat from his perilous position,\\npursued by bloodhounds, his subsequent capture in New\\nHampshire, and final escape b}- the hands of an Indian\\nhe had at one time befriended, are interesting incidents\\nin the annals of that period. In due time he was given\\nhis major s commission and paj-, and in his old age re-\\nceived a major s pension.\\nEssex County Indians. The Indians in this part of\\nthe country were of the St. Francis tribe of Canada.\\nThis country was called bj- them Coos, which signifies\\nThe Pines. The}- had a trail from the territory of\\nthat tribe in Canada to the Penobscot River in Maine.\\nAfter crossing the INIemphremagog, they would take the\\nClyde River, which would lead them to Island Pond,\\nthen cross to the Nulhegan River, and down that to the\\nConnecticut, thence to the Upper Ammonoosuc, and up\\nthis river to some point in the present town of Milan,\\nN.H., where they crossed to the Androscoggin, thence\\ndown the last-named river. On this trail they passed\\nthrough the settled portion of IMaidstonc, and were a\\nsource of great annoyance to the inhabitants. During\\nthe Revolutionary war the Indians received $5 bounty for\\neach captive alive, or scalp that was taken by them.\\nThe Tories were leagued with the Indians in oppo-\\nsition to the Revolutionists, and as the latter could get\\nno assistance from government, they were obliged to\\nrely entirely upon their own resources for self-defence\\nagainst this internal enemy.\\nThe inhabitants of both sides of the Connecticut River\\nin this vicinity, united together for the purpose of self-\\nprotection, and chose a committee of safety and built\\nforts for the protection of the women and children.\\nThere were three forts built two in Northumberland,\\none at the mouth of the Ammonoosuc River, one in\\nMaidstone, and one in Stratford, nearly opposite Mr.\\nJoseph Merrill s, in the north part of the town. When-\\never the alarm was given that the Indians or Tories were\\ncoming, the women and children would flee to the forts.\\nOne incident, worthy of remembrance, as showing\\nsomewhat of the trials and hardships to which young\\nmothers were subject in those days of unremitting fear\\nand anxiety, is as follows: The young wife of Caleb\\nMarshall, on whose farm one of those forts was built,\\nafter seeing the most valuable of her household goods\\nburied in the earth, mounted her horse, with a child of\\nabout two years, and an infant of three weeks old, and\\nwent on, unattended, through the wilderness and sparsely\\nsettled towns a portion of the way, to her own and hus-\\nband s parents, in Ilampstead, N. II., a distance of 160\\nmiles, where she arrived in safety.\\nWard Bailey was chosen captain to take command of\\nthese forts and the forces raised to guard them. The\\nyoung and able-bodied men were sent as scouts to the\\nwoods, to prevent surprise from the enemy, and those\\nwho were not able to go to the woods on this duty were\\nleft in the immediate charge of the forts. Capt. Bailcy\\nwas living in Maidstone at this time. His house was a\\nfew rods north from Col. Joseph Rich s present residence.\\nHe was very active in opposition to the Tories and\\nIndians, which rendered him particularly obnoxious to\\nthem. A party of these savages and Tories came from\\nCanada for the purpose of capturing Capt. Bailey, Mr.\\nHugh and other of the inhabitants of Maidstone. They\\nwent first to the house of Thomas Wooster, in the north\\npart of the town, and took AVooster, his hired man,\\nJohn Smith, and James Luther, who was at the house\\nof Mr. AVooster, visiting the girl who subsequently be-\\ncame his wife, little thinking of the grievous calamity\\nabout to befall him. AVith a view of securing John\\nHugh and some of his sons, the party encamped just\\nback of Mr. Beattie s orchard, in the woods at that time,\\nintending to make the attack the next morning at break\\nof day. As it happened by accident, that morning, Mr.\\nHugh and his eldest son, John, got up very early, in-\\ntending to go over a line of sable-traps which they had\\nset, running directly west from the river some five miles.\\nThinking that their guns might want cleaning, they\\nwashed them out, and in order to dry them, put in a\\ncharge of powder and fired them off. At this the Indians\\ntook alarm, supposing they were discovered, and that a\\nlarge force had collected to give them battle. They took\\nwhat prisoners they had secured to Canada were pur-\\nsued by some of the settlers who hoped to rescue the\\ncaptives, but were unsuccessful, and returned home. On\\ntheir long tedious march through the wilderness, the\\nsufferings of these cajjtives were intense, particularly\\nfrom hunger. AA hen the Indians stopped to eat their\\nscanty meal, Luther would sit down before them and\\nwatch with a desiring eye they would now and then\\nthrow him a bit, saying, You all one dog, take that", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0786.jp2"}, "771": {"fulltext": "Mr. Luther was afterward redeemed from his captivity,\\nand married the girl from whom he was thus unexpect-\\nedly taken, and lived with her in the town of Canaan, to\\na good old age. Mr. Wooster made the Tories believe\\nhe was also a Tory, and was released. The hired man\\nfinally succeeded iu effecting his escape.\\nDuring the excitement on account of the Tories and\\ntheir allies, a oung man, Ozias Caswell, being engaged\\nin carting a heavy load of hay from a meadow, his oxeu\\nrefused to draw the load up the steep bank, and Caswell\\nwas exceeding vexed at his ill luck finally he took the\\noxen from the load and set it on fire, giving an alarm\\nthat the Indians had burned his hay, which caused all\\nthe inhabitants to flee to the forts witli much confusion.\\nNo Indians being found, Caswell was charged with hav-\\ning raised a false alarm, and after a long time acknowl-\\nedged his guilt and was severely punished for the offence.\\nCourts. The first Essex County court was holden at\\nLuncnburgh, on the 3d Wednesday of December, 1800.\\nThe next term was holden at Brunswick, on the 3d\\nWednesday of June, 1801, Hon. Daniel Dana, chief\\njudge Samuel Phelps of Lunenburgh, and Mills De-\\nForest of Lemington, assistant judges and Joseph Wait\\nof Brunswick, sheriff. The first trial in this court was\\nat this term.\\nWar of 1812. When the war with Great Britain in\\n1812 was declared, political feeling ran very high, and\\neach party was read} and willing to injure the opposite.\\nEvery opportunity was eagerly embraced, and every prov-\\nocation possible given. So, after the lapse of 70 years,\\nit is impossible to arrive at the facts in all cases. One\\ncase was the shooting of Beach bj Dennett, an officer of\\ncustoms. The account at that time published is as fol-\\nlows In September of 1813, Mr. Samuel Beach of\\nCanaan, Vt., wishing to repair a mill-dam in Canada,\\nobtained a permit from the governor to take over a yoke\\nof oxen to work on the dam.. He accordingly sent a\\nman forward with his team. The oxen were taken from\\nhim by Lieut. John Dennett. Mr. Beach, when endeav-\\noring to obtain his oxen, was shot dead by Dennett.\\nHe and his associates were put in Guildhall jail,\\nfrom which Dennett escaped the following spring. Tlie\\nnext August he was retaken, but not until mortally\\nwounded by his pursuers. It appears that Dennett re-\\nsisted, and was shot, while attempting to kill Mr. Mor-\\ngan, by a Mr. Sperry, another of the pursuers.\\nJohn Hugh of Maidstone, was appointed one of the\\ndeputy collectors of customs for Veiinont in 1811, and\\ncontinued so until 1814, when his brother, Samuel Hugh,\\nwas forcibly taken from his own house in Canaan by a\\nband of ruffians from Canada, and carried a prisoner\\nout of the United States. The circumstances connected\\nwith this outrage were as follows There were parties\\nfrom Canada engaged in smuggling through property,\\nchieflj cattle, from the States, and it is to be regretted\\nthat many of our citizens were then as now found who\\nwere anxious to give aid and comfort to the enemy.\\nIt was a duty of the officers of customs to put a stop to\\nthis contraband business, and they did so, but not with-\\nout the loss of several lives.\\nHearing that a large drove of cattle was being started\\nthrough by the smugglers, Samuel Hugh gathered to-\\ngether a number of men and pursued them. Among the\\nnumber were Ephraim Mahurin, Eleazer Slocum, William\\nMcAllister, one Cogswell, and several others, all\\narmed. The party did not succeed in overtaking the\\ndrove of cattle until they got over the line, and had been\\ndelivered to the purchasers, who were also in force ex-\\npecting a conflict. Samuel Hugh was a powerful man,\\nover six feet high, and weighed over 200 pounds. Two\\nmen bj the name of Morrill, also powerful men, attacked\\nhim at once, and having knocked one of them down, the\\nother was in the very act of snapping a loaded gun at\\nHugh s breast before he could use his own weapon again\\nwhen some one from the American party more expert\\nfired his rifle and Morrill fell dead. As several guns\\nwere discharged at the same time, it was never known to\\nwhom Hugh was indebted for his life.\\nIn the melee, another of the Canadian party was\\nwounded. His name was also Morrill, and a brother to\\nthe one who was killed. There was also a third man b}\\nthe same name, a nephew of the others. It was he who\\nmade the first attack on Hugh, as before mentioned. He\\nhad previously discharged his gun at him loaded with\\nball and buck-shot. The charge passed through Mr.\\nHugh s clothing, but did no injurj to his person. But\\nabout four weeks after the affair, in the dead of night,\\nSamuel Hugh s house was surrounded by an armed party\\nfrom Canada, together with their friends and sympa-\\nthizers iu tlie States, amounting to nearly 100 persons.\\nHe had just moved into a new house. The first intima-\\ntion of their presence was the breaking-in of almost\\nevery window. The family, consisting of Mrs. H. and\\na number ol small children, were thrown into great alarm\\nand distress, and clung around their natural protector.\\nSeeing guns levelled at him from every direction, one of\\nwhich was snapped at him but missed fire, he managed\\nto free his person from his wife and children to prevent\\ntheir being shot, for he had no doubt the part}- came to\\nmurder him. This was unquestionably the object of\\nsome of them, but they were prevented by the more con-\\nsiderate and less guilty portion of the company.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0787.jp2"}, "772": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nImmediately all the stock, and whatever property thej-\\ncould la^ their hands on, was taken and hurried off. Mr.\\nHugh himself was placed on a horse, with his feet tied\\nunder the horse, and armed men walked on each side\\nto guard him. This was in extreme cold weather iu\\nNovember, 1814. The news spread like wild-flre, and, as\\nsoon as a large party could be collected (which was not\\nuntil the next day at noon) to rescue Mr. Hugh, they\\nstarted in full pursuit. But before they got through the\\nwoods they found that they were too far behind to over-\\ntake the enemy, and returned.\\nMr. Hugh was first taken to Stanstead. Here he sent\\nacross the line to David Ilopkinson, his brother-in-law,\\nwho resided in Derbj-. On Mr. Ilopkinson s appearance\\nhe himself was arrested on some pretext, and kept\\nclosely guarded by keepers three days, and could render\\nno assistance. From Stanstead Mr. Hugh was carried\\nto ilontrcal, thrown into prison and heavil3 loaded with\\nirons. Here Mon-ill Magoon afterwards notorious for\\nhis counterfeiting and other crimes, for which he was\\nexecuted was his keeper. During his stay here, Ma-\\ngoon intimated to him that for a certain sum he would\\nsecure his escape. This sum was subsequently raised\\nand sent on, but before it came it was decided that Mr.\\nHugh could not be tried at Montreal, but that he must\\nbe sent to Three Rivers. At the last-named place he\\nwas tried, and on their failing to prove the homicide he\\nwas convicted bj the court of some minor offence, and\\nsentenced to be branded and imprisoned for three\\nmonths.\\nAgain Mr. Hugh was loaded with chains and confined\\nin a dark, loathsome cell. His sufferings from vermin\\nand filth, with fare that Christians would have hardly\\noffered their lowest brutes, soon reduced Mr. Hugh to a\\nmere skeleton compared with what he was before en-\\ntering a British prison. In addition to this, all manner\\nof abuse and indignities were heaped upon him. Soon\\nafter peace was declared, his friends got up petitions\\nwhich were forwarded to the governor of Vermont, and\\nhe procured what ofiicial papers were necessary, and\\nauthorized Seth Cushraan of Guildhall to go to Canada\\nand present them to the governor-general of that prov-\\nince. This had the effect to set Mr. Hugh at liberty,\\nwho returned to his family, having been imprisoned\\nupwards of one year.\\nThe legislature of Vermont granted to his wife, Pattj-\\nHugh, 81,000.\\nDuring the same year a smuggler of some notoriety\\npurchased 40 head of cattle in Caledonia Count} and\\nstarted them toward the Canada line, in Canaan. As the\\nprincipal highway at that time was up the Connecticut\\nRiver Valluv, it was Wwre the customs officers were on the\\nlookout. When within a mile of the line, officer Beck-\\nwith, of St. Johnsbury, with a posse of men, suddenly\\ndeprived him of the cattle, and headed them towards 1\\nCaledonia County. He arrived at Lunenburgh at night,\\nand put up at Judge Gates hotel, and the cattle were\\nturned into a back lot, with 20 men to watch them. At\\nmidnight came the smuggler with 40 men to retake the\\ncattle. A lieutenant of the United States ai-mv, acting\\nas recruiting officer, was at Concord, about ten miles\\naway, with 20 recruits. A message was at once sent\\nfor him, and the townspeople were rallied. The loyal\\nlandlady, fearing there would be trouble with her guest,\\nimmediately dressed him in her gown and bonnet,\\nand, throwing a shawl over her own head, they walked\\nthrough the crowd who were after him to Dr. Thcron\\nWebb s, where he was secreted. They soon left searching\\nfor him, and scoured the farm in the darkness for the\\ncattle.\\nThe lieutenant and recruits arrived in sight at daylight,\\nand saw so many men and heard so much noise that they\\nloaded their guns and rode to the rescue. The owner\\nhad found his cattle and got them headed towards Lan-\\ncaster, and our townsmen had completely blocked the\\nroad. The officer now came forward and took command.\\nClubs were called into use in pelting the cattle to drive\\nthem over each other. The latter, being frightened,\\nsoon broke over the fence, ran for the woods, and were\\nscattered. Some settled their politics b}^ wrestling.\\nand the one that could throw was right others liy\\nswearing. A little Frenchman took his opponent, a man\\nof 180 pounds, astride his neck, ran with him several\\nrods, rolled him the longest way down a bank, and left\\nhis politics head down and heels up beside a stone wall.\\nThe owner, finding that it was of no use, threatened ven-\\ngeance and retired. The officer took the cattle and the\\ngovernment sustained him.\\nThe Grand Trunk Railway was chartered in 1848,\\nand built through the county in 1853, passing through\\nBloomfield, Brunswick, Ferdinand, Brighton, Warren s\\nGore and Norton. The principal station, also custom- j\\nhouse buildings, is in Brighton, at Island Pond. This\\nis the end of the Portland division of the road. This rail-\\nroad runs through a wild country. When it was first\\nsurvej ed, it was intended to run up the valley of the\\nConnecticut to Canaan, but on account of offers from\\nthe Canadians to build to Island Pond and estabUsh the\\ncustom-house there instead of on the line they then\\nowning only the Canada end of the road, and the\\nexpense being greater to them in building to Canaan\\nit was finally changed to the present route.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0788.jp2"}, "773": {"fulltext": "The Portland and Ogdensbnrg Railroad, chartered in\\n1864 as the Essex County Railroad, and afterwards\\nconsolidated, was commenced in 1869, and completed\\nthrough Concord and Lunenburgh in 1876. There are\\nother railroads chartered through the count}-, but no\\npresent prospect of any others being built.\\nTowns.\\nGriLDnAiL was chartered b} Gov. Wentworth, of New\\nHampshire, Oct. 10, 1761. It was gi-anted to Elihu Ilall\\nand 63 others. These original proprietors appear to\\nhave been residents of New Haven County and vicinit}-,\\nin Connecticut. Various gifts of land were offered to\\nfirst settlers in Coos, but the first actual settlements, in\\nthis region, supposed to be in Lunenburgh but afterwards\\nfound to be in Guildhall, were brought about by other\\nmeans.\\nIt will be recollected that, during the French and In-\\ndian war, several unsuccessful expeditions were planned\\nand attempted for wresting Canada from France. One\\nof the means employed by the authorities of the Province\\nof Massachusetts to induce j oung men to enlist in one of\\nthese expeditions, was an oflfer to appentices of freedom\\nfrom their indentures. One of those who accepted this\\noffer was young Emmons Stockwell, an orphan, whose\\nparents died when he was very young. Upon the failure\\nof the expedition to wliieh he was attached, the soldiers\\ncomposing the same became disorganized and separated\\ninto small parties and returned on their own account.\\nIt was winter, and the suflferings of these men proved so\\nsevere that manj died by the waj It was the fortune\\nof young Stockwell and his party to strike the Connecti-\\ncut River near its head-waters, and follow its course until\\nthey reached settlements, and by this means he became\\nacquainted with much of this beautiful valley. Mr. Stock-\\nwell arrived home ragged and penniless, and returned to\\nand completed his apprenticeship and, in the spring of\\n1764, David Page, David Page, Jr., aged 18 j-ears, Em-\\nmons Stockwell, now 23 years old, Timothy Nash,\\nGeorge Wheeler, and a Mr. Rice left Lancaster, Mass.,\\nfor the purpose of commencing a settlement in the Con-\\nnecticut valley. They intended to locate their settlement\\non what has since been known as the Great Ox Bow, in\\nNewbury but, on reaching that place, they found it al-\\nready occupied by two men, a Mr. Johnson being one of\\nthem consequently they continued their journey north-\\nward, and, on the 19th of April, they crossed the stream\\nsince known as Israel s River, in Lancaster, N. H.,\\nand pitched their camps on both sides of the Connecticut,\\non land since called the Stockwell Place, on the New\\nHampshire side on land now owned by Messrs. Allen\\nand Small, on the Vermont side. They continued to oc\\ncupy the lands on both sides of the river in common for\\nsome time, cutting and clearing off and planting to corn\\n1 7 acres the first season. This first product of Indian\\ncorn in this region was described by Mr. Stockwell as\\nbeing full in the milk and standing 12 feet high, the ears\\nas high as his shoulders, on the 26th of August, and, the\\nnext morning, was frozen through and completely spoiled.\\nBut, he continues, it was no worse here than in\\nMassachusetts. His partj took with them from Mas-\\nsachusetts 20 head of cattle, and in the course of the\\nseason added 20 more, all of which were kept through\\nthe next winter.\\nThe first houses of these settlers were rather temporary\\ncamps or cabins, and when Mr. Stockwell made a per-\\nmanent location it was upon the New Hampshire side of\\nthe river, upon the same farm on which his son Emmons\\nand family now reside. He was said to be a man of\\niron constitution, weighing about 240 pounds, and insen-\\nsible to fear and Mrs. Stockwell was in all respects\\nquaUfied to be a companion and a helpmeet suitable for\\nhim. In proof the following fact is adduced\\nIndians were quite numerous in these parts, and they\\nfrequently called in small parties at the houses of the\\nsettlers to stay all night, and frequently to have a\\ndrunk, as they termed it. Their place of crossing\\nthe river was at this settlement, and the canoes of the\\nwhite men their means when travelling by land, and\\ntheir call, the war-whoop, not in hostility, however.\\nMany times did Mrs. Stockwell, on dark and rainj\\nnights, on hearing the Indian whoop, go alone, with her\\nfirebrand for a light, and take the canoe over and bring\\nthe savages to her house. Their house was a general\\nresort for the Indians, with whom Mr. Stockwell traded,\\npurchasing their furs and giving various articles in re-\\nturn but his authority, or that of Mrs. Stockwell they\\nnever disputed the tapping of his foot upon the floof\\nbeing sufficient to quiet them when most rude or riotous.\\nThey raised a family of 15 children, their third child,\\nDavid Stockwell, being the first child born in Guildhall,\\nand when the youngest of the 15 had reached 21 j-ears,\\nnot a death had occurred in the family.\\nMrs. Stockwell lived till her 80th .year, and when she\\ndied her family could count 130 of her descendants then\\nliving.\\nThe first Congregational church was built in 1805.\\nIn 1828 it was taken down and moved from its hill loca-\\ntion into the river valley. This house was finally aban-\\ndoned, and in 1844 a new church was erected at the\\nvillage, which is in the east corner of the town. In 1865\\nthere was a Methodist church also erected there, and the", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0789.jp2"}, "774": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nEssex County Grammar School has been moved from\\nConcord to this place. As this is the shire town, the\\ncounty buildings are in this village.\\nThe population of the town is 483.\\nBrighton. This town was purchased from a land\\nagent in Providence, E. I., b3- Hon. Joseph Brown, in or\\nabout the year 1806. It was named by him Random, as\\nit was a random purchase. The charter, signed bj- the\\nHon. Thomas Chittenden, governor, and Thomas Tol-\\nman, secretary, was granted to Col. Joseph Nightingale\\nand Go others, Aug. 30, 1781. The town was organized\\nin March, 1832.\\nNov. 3, 1832, the name of the town was changed to\\nthat of Brighton, that name being chosen by the inhab-\\nitants of the town.\\nThe first person who settled in Brighton was Enos\\nBishoj) in 1820. John Stevens followed in 1821. John\\nCargill commenced in that part called Caldersburg about\\nthe same time. John Kilby built a log cabin and moved\\nhis famil}- in October, 1827. Seneca Foster and family\\nfollowed nine weeks afterwards. John Kilby built the\\nfirst framed house in 1828. Mr. Rosebrooks buUt the\\nfirst framed barn. He was the first justice of the peace,\\nhaving been appointed in 1828. When Mr. Bishop and\\nMr. Stevens came into town, they were obliged to travel\\non foot 16 miles from the Connecticut River through a\\ndense wilderness, and for a long time had to bring their\\nsiipjilies from there in the winter on hand-sleds, the snow\\nbeing so deep it was impossible to use teams, and the men\\nthemselves could travel in no way except on snow-shoes.\\nThe first missionary who visited the town was Rev.\\nMr. Heath, of the Methodist persuasion afterwards the\\nRev. Simeon Parmelee, for over 30 years pastor of the\\nCongi-egational church.\\nIn the year 1858 a Roman Catholic Mission was\\nestablished, and the j^ear following a church edifice\\ngreeted.\\nThe village of Island Pond, located upon the line of\\nthe Grand Trunk Railroad, is the great half-way place\\nbetween Portland and Montreal, and the port of entry\\nfor all the traffic over the road, all the cars stopping\\nliero over night. The railroad company have erected\\nbuildings here at a cost of $58,000.\\nHon. George N. Dale has been for many years a resi-\\ndent of Brighton. He has held many prominent positions\\nin the county and State, and was lieutenant-governor in\\n1870-71. He is recognized as one of the best public\\nspeakers in New England.\\nPopulation, 1.535.\\nConcord. The town was granted Nov. 7, 1780, and\\nchartered Sept. 14, 1781, to Reuben Jones and 64\\nothers. There was no settlement made till 1788, when\\nJoseph Ball came with his family from Westborough,\\nMass. In 1795 there were but 17 families in town in\\n1798, 40 families.\\nThe early settlers came principally from Royalston\\nand AVestborough, Mass., or towns in their vicinity.\\nOne portion of the town was settled by Woodbury s\\nfrom the foi-mer place, and has ever been known by the\\nname of Royalston Corner. The first town meeting\\nwas held March 3, 1794.\\nConcord Corner, situated in the south-westerly part of\\nthe town, dates nearly from the first settlement, and was\\nfor man}- 3-ears its business centre, but has now been su-\\nperseded by the West Concord village, which was founded\\nby John Chase in 1837. The first store was built there\\nby C. S. Hill in 1840, and the first hotel in 1844, since\\nwhich it has become an enterprising village, being not\\nonl}- the business centre of Concord, But of Kirby, and\\nparts of several other adjoining towns. Since the build-\\ning of the Portland and Ogdensburg Raih-oad, in 1875,\\nthe business has been more scattered, as North Concord,\\nMiles Pond, and East Concord, all being extensive lum-\\nber stations, take business that formerly- went to West\\nConcord.\\nThe first church in the county was buUt at Concord\\nCorner in 1816, by the Congregational societj It cost\\nover $3,000, being for the times a large and elegant\\nchurch. In the autumn of 1811 the first Sabbath school\\nin Vermont was instituted in this town.\\nThe first Normal School in America was also estab-\\nlished here in 1823 by Rev. S. R. Hall, LL. D., and in\\nthis school also the first blackboard representations were\\nused for instruction, and the first school blackboard was\\nthere made.\\nPopulation, 1,276.\\nLuNENBUKGH was chartered July 5, 1763, by Gov.\\nBenning Wentworth to David Page and others. The\\nfirst settlement made was in the north-east part (and is\\nnow in Guildhall), in 1764, by David Page, Timothy\\nNash and George Wheeler. The first settlers suffered\\nsevere privations for a number of j-ears.\\nIt is diflBcult to determine when the first settlement\\nwas made in the present limits of the town, but prob-\\nably as earlj- as 1768, by Uriah Cross, Thomas Gustin\\nand Ebenezer Rice, who made their log-huts near the\\nbank of Connecticut River, where game and fish were\\nmost easily obtained. Moose and deer were plenty, and\\nsalmon, at the head of the Fifteen Miles Falls, were\\ncaught with but little trouble, in the night, with torch\\nand spear. Some weighing 40 pounds were taken bj\\nthe first settlers.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0790.jp2"}, "775": {"fulltext": "The land in this township lies in swells, running back\\nfrom the Connecticut Eivcr to the west, where it rises in\\na range of hills near Victorj line. The most noted is\\nMount Tug, probabl} deriving its name from the diffi-\\nculty of going over it. The timber on the high lands is\\ngeuerall3- hard wood in the low, mostlj hemlock and\\nspruce. On the intervals and plains on the Connecticut\\nRiver, the timber was originallj- white pine. The first\\nsettlers on these broad and productive meadows, in\\nclearing their lands, would haul these huge trees to the\\nbank, and roll them into the river, congratulating them-\\nselves that thej had so eas}- a way of getting rid of them,\\nnever dreaming that such timber as they were floating\\ndown stream would be worth from $30 to S40 a thousand.\\nThe village is near the centre of the town, .where the\\ntown plots, or citj lots, of one acre each, were once\\nlaid off, with streets adjacent. The Portland and\\nOgdensburg Railroad have their central station at the\\nhead of the Fifteen Miles Falls. The town contains\\nthree churches.\\nThe Congregationalists built their first church aoout\\ntlic time the Concord church was built. In 1842 this\\nchurch was taken down, and a new one wiis liuilt, which\\nwas burned in 1849. A new house was built in 1851,\\nwhich now stands.\\nThe Methodist church was built in 1839. The Baptist\\nchurch is on a hill about two miles from the village.\\nPopulation, 1,000.\\nThe remaining towns of Essex County are Bloom-\\nfield, settled in 1796 by Thomas Lamldn, having an\\nextensive lumber business and a population of 455\\nCanaan, a frontier town, settled in 1785, population,\\n420; Brunswick, organized in 1796, population, 220;\\nMaidstone, settled prior to the Revolution, an excellent\\nfarming town of 255 inhabitants Victory, settled in\\n1822, having large tracts of lumber firests Lemington,\\nchartered in 17G2, containing Monadnock Mountain,*\\nand a population of 190; Gkanby, settled in 1791,\\npopulation, 174 and East Haven, settled in 1804, pop-\\nulation, 190. Besides these, there are the unorganized\\ntowns of Ferdinand, Averill, Norton and Lewis, and\\nWarren s, Waenek s and Avery s Gores.\\nFRAI^KLIK COUNTY\\nBY HON. HENRY CLARIC\\nFranklin County occupies the north-western corner\\nof Vermont. Its history is one of great interest, as\\namong the earliest portions of the State settled. Jacques\\nCartier, the French navigator, was probablj- the first\\nEuropean whose ej-e ever rested upon the territory now\\ncomprising this count3-. This was in 1535. Samuel\\nChamplain navigated the lake to which he gave his\\nname, and touched upon the shores lying along the boun-\\ndary of Franklin County Jul^- 4, 1609. The name given\\nthis section was Iroquoisia, comprising, probablj-, the\\nterritorj now called Swanton, Ilighgate, St. Albans\\nand Georgia. Franklin County, as it now stands, once\\nformed a part of six of the original counties of Vermont.\\nA slide from the easterly side of this mountain took place in the\\nsummer of 1805, in the night. It filled a largo pond at the foot of the\\nmountain, and afforded a chance for building the county road, which is\\nbuilt over the place that the pond used to occupy. Lewis Smcrrage\\nlived on the banks of the Connecticut, at a short distance from the slide\\nat the time it took place. Ho was so frightened by the tremendous\\nnoise made by the great quantities of rocks, trees, c., which came\\ndown from the mountain, that lie jumped out of his bed, and scrambled\\nunder it, thinking, as he afterwards said, that the day of judgment had\\nIt was incorporated Nov. 5, 1792. In 1797 the Gen-\\neral Assembly made another division of counties, still\\nfarther restricting its original limits. In 1835 four towns\\nwere taken to form the county of Lamoille. The count}-\\nis now bounded north by the Province of Quebec, east\\nliy Orleans and Lamoille counties, south by Chittenden\\nCounty, and west b}- Grand Isle County, from which it\\nis separated by a part of Lake Champlain. The eastern\\npart extends on to the west range of the Green Mountains,\\nand is high and broken the western part is generallj-\\nlevel, and is a good farming country. The Missisque\\nRiver waters the north, and the south is watered by the\\nLamoille. The scenery in difl erent parts of the countj\\ncome. The next morning he found his meadow nearly covered with\\nwater, which had been forced out of the pond by this remarkable and\\ndestnictive land-slide.\\nt Franklin County contains the followmg towns Bakersfield, pop-\\nulation iu 1S70, 1,404 Berkshire, 1,609 Enosburgh, 2,077 Fairfield,\\n2,393; Fakfax, 1,948; Fletcher, 868; Franklin, 1,602; Georgia, 1,006;\\nIlighgate, 2,200; Montgomery, 1,423; Richford, 1,481; St. Albans,\\n7,021; Sheldon, 1,697; and Swanton, 2,080. Avery s Gore has a popu-\\nlation of less than 50.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0791.jp2"}, "776": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nis picturesque. The hills, vallej-s, ponds, rivers and\\nstreams contribute to render it attractive to the eye,\\nwhile its productive qualities, natural advantages, and\\nfacilities for T\\\\-ater and railroad transportation to market,\\nmake it a desirable home for the farmer and manufac-\\nturer. It is the largest butter and cheese producing\\ncount} in the State, and one of the most important in\\nthe United States. Iron-ore, marble, and lime are\\namong its productions.\\nFranklin County has been the scene of more insurrec-\\ntions and raids than any other section of the State. The\\nfirst was the Black Snake affair, in 1808, which has\\nbeen so admirably described by the late Dea. Luther L.\\nButcher of St. Albans. The embargo which was laid\\nupon the foreign trade of the United States by the act of\\nCongress, passed Dec. 22, 1807, was the cause of wide-\\nspread ruin and distress. President Jefferson deemed\\nthe measure indispensable, as a just retaliation for the\\ncourse pursued hy Great Britain in the seizure of our\\nvessels,^he plunder of our commerce, and the impress-\\nment of our seamen. The effect was to greatly increase\\nthe price of foreign merchandise and render our own\\nalmost valueless. There arose a fierce opposition to the\\nembargo in all parts of the country. Among the inter-\\nests that great!}- suffered was that of the manufacture of\\nashes. Although of compai atively small moment, it\\nwas of great importance to the new settlements in north-\\nern Vermont. The timber was cut down and consumed\\nto ashes. These were conveyed to the nearest store and\\nexchanged for provisions and other articles. In some\\nparts the ashes were worked into black salts, lightening\\nthe labor of transportation, which in some cases was 10\\nor 20 miles to a market. At this time potash brought\\na remunerating price in the not far off maiket of Mon-\\ntreal. In many sections not a dollar in money during\\nthe year was realized from any other source and but for\\nthis all business would have been seriously impeded.\\nThe embargo, therefore, was a serious blow to this inter-\\nest. The merchants held large stocks, and with ruin\\nstaring them in the face, the temptation to run their\\nashes across the line to Montreal was too great for their\\npatriotism, and smuggling began on an extensive scale.\\nTo prevent this a numerous force of revenue officers\\nwas placed along the Canadian line, to which were\\nadded military guards at some points. Maj. Charles K.\\nAVilliams of Rutland was stationed wilh a military force\\nat AVindmill Point, on Grand Isle. Jabez Penniman of\\nColchester was the collector of customs. A twelve-\\noared cutter, called the Fly, belonging to the customs\\ndepartment, cruised about the oullet of the lake and\\nmade smuggling somewhat hazardous. The smugglers\\nhad possession of a boat called the Black Snake, with\\na crew of powerful and desperate men, completely\\narmed, who had for a long time defied the government\\nofficials, and continued to freight large quantities of\\npotash across tlie line. A merchant and well-known\\nsmuggler of St. Albans, Jolin Stoddard, employed the\\nBlack Snake to transport cargoes from St. Albans\\nBay into Canada. The boat had made several trips with\\ncomplete success, but at length was encountered by\\nofficer Joseph Stannard, who commanded the crew, in the\\nname of the United States, to surrender. Stoddard was\\non board and urged on the men. Stannard having no\\nforce to aid witnessed their safe escape into Canada.\\nThe smugglers were determined not to surrender, as the\\nboat carried nearly a hundred barrels. At a freight of\\n86 per barrel it was a pacing enterprise. The collector\\nnow applied to Maj. Williams for a military force to pro-\\nceed in the revenue cutter Fly to find and capture\\nthe Black Snake. Two officers and 12 privates were\\ndetailed for the service. The Black Snake had come\\nback from Canada the previous night and gone up the\\nlake. Each man of her crew had a gun, and spike poles,\\nto keep off the revenue boats. They had also provided\\nseveral clubs, a basket of stones, and a large gun called\\na wall-piece, which carried 15 bullets. They lay in seclu-\\nsion during the day, and at night went to the mouth of\\nOnion River, where they arrived at sunrise. They\\nreached Joy s Lauding, three miles from Burlington,\\nabout noon. They drew their boat on shore some CO\\nrods above and there awaited the arrival of the reve-\\nnue boat. On the morning of Wednesday the govern-\\nment officers found the smugglers and demanded their\\nsurrender, which resulted in a skirmish in which several\\nwere killed. Their names were Ellis Drake of Claren-\\ndon, Capt. Jonathan Ormsby of Burlington, and Asa\\nMarsh of Rutland. Lieut. Daniel Farrington of Bran-\\ndon was seriously wounded. The crew of the Black\\nSnake were an-ested and lodged in jail in Burlington,\\nand afterwards tried, and one, Deane, hung for murder.\\nThe greatest excitement prevailed lhrou;;hout the whole\\nregion. The funeral of the three murdered men was\\nheld Aug. 4th, in the court-house Rev. Samuel Williams,\\nLL. D., the historian of Vermont, delivered a discourse.\\nThe Canadian rebellion in 1837, known as the Papi-\\nneau war, was somewhat associated with the border\\ntowns, the di^^affected French Canadians making the\\nlatter a recruiting ground for their raids, and a place of\\nrefuge when defeated or pursued. On Feb. 14, 1838,\\nsome 300 of the rebel force crossed the line to Caldwell s\\nManor, and encamped for the night about two miles\\nfrom the line. Most of the men deserted during the", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0792.jp2"}, "777": {"fulltext": "VERMONT.\\nnight, and in tlie earl}- morning they surrendered to\\nGen. John E. Wool of the United States armj-. This\\nended the rebellion, although bitterness of feeling was\\nmanifested for several j-ears.\\nThe rebel raid, although of onlj a few hours continu-\\nance, j-et gave St. Albans a notoriet}- greater than an}-\\nother event in its histor}-. On the 19th of October, 18G4,\\na band of 22 armed men entered the village in open\\nda3-light, robbed the banks, and escaped with their plun-\\ndcr into Canada. Bennett H. Young, the leader, came to\\nSt. Albans October 10th and took quarters at one of the\\nhotels two others, on the same da}-, stopped at another\\nhotel, and were followed the next day by three others.\\ni They evidentlj^ spent their time reconnoitering and\\ntaking in the situation of affairs. On the 18th six more\\nI arrived. On the 19th, 11 more arrived. The} differed\\nin nothing from ordinary travellers, except that they had\\nside-satchels, depending from a strap over the riglit\\nshoulder. They were mostly 5-oung men, from 20 to 30\\nyears of age. As the town-clock struck 3 p. m. the banks\\nwere entered simultaneously by men with revolvers con-\\ncealed upon their persons. Five entered the Bank of\\nSt. Albans. C. N. Bishop, the teller, was sitting b}- a\\nfront w-indow, counting and assorting bank-notes when\\nthe men entered, and on going to the counter, two of\\nthem pointed pistols at his head, upon which he sprang\\ninto the directors room, in which was Martin Z. Sey-\\nmour, another clerk, engaged with the books. They\\nendeavored to close the door, but it was forced open\\nI with violence the robbers seized them by the throat,\\npointing pistols at their heads, and saying in a loud\\nwhisper, Not a word we are Confederate soldiers\\nhave come to take j-our town have a large force shall\\ni take your monej-, and if you resist shall blow your brains\\nout. We are going to do bj- j-ou as Sheridan has been\\ndoing by us in the Shenandoah Vallej-. They were\\ntold no resistance would be made. They relaxed their\\nhold, but kept guard over their prisoners with their\\npistols while the others proceeded to stow awaj- in their\\npockets and satchels bank-notes, and $400 in silver,\\nsaj-ing that was too heavy. A drawer under the\\nI counter, containing $9,000, thej- failed to discover. An\\noath was administered to Mr. Seymour not to do an}-\\nact against the Confederate government and he was\\ninterrogated about the government bonds, but he made\\nno explanation, and his coolness and firmness saved\\ni $oO,000 of bonds belonging to private parties. Signed\\nI but uncut bills amounting to $50,000 w-ere also overlooked\\nby them. The entire time spent in the bank was about\\n1 2 minutes. The Franklin County Bank and the First\\nNational Bank were also robbed. Four pei-sons were\\nengaged in the robbery of the latter. The only persons\\nin the bank were Albert Sowles, the cashier, and Gen.\\nJohn Nason, then nearly 90 years of age, and very deaf.\\nThe rebels said to the cashier, You are my prisoner.\\nOne went behind the counter to the safe, from which he\\ntook bank-bills, treasury notes and United States bonds,\\ncramming them into his jjockets and tossing other pack-\\nages to his companions and having disposed of their\\nfunds, in pockets and satchels, they passed out the door.\\nGen. Nason, the old man, sut during the entire transac-\\ntion in the back part of the room reading a newspaper.\\nAfter the rebels had gone out, he came forward and\\nmildly inquired, What gentlemen were those?\\nAfter the robbery, Young, the leader, summoned the\\nguards, who had been patrolling the streets, sending\\nevery citizen who appeared to the common, under pen-\\nalty of being shot, some twenty of whom were thus\\ncongregated, in utter astonishment at the cause. Horses\\nand wagons were seized, and livery-stable horses con-\\nfiscated or impressed, until each one of the raiders were\\nmounted, when they made their escape to the north,\\nthrough Sheldon, into Canada. Several citizens were\\nwounded by the promiscuous firing, during their gather-\\ning together their horses for retreat. Before they left,\\nhowever, the town was alive to the situation, and rushed\\nupon the enemy. A half hour later the rebels could\\nhave never left St. Albans, as the news flew like wild-\\nfire from ear to ear, and by telegraph to adjoining\\ntowns and in a few hours the town was well guarded\\nwith troops. One of the wounded citizens of St. Albans\\ndied, and it is supposed that one of the raiders died from\\nwounds received as he was retreating from the town.\\nThe entire amount taken was $208,000, most of which\\nwas recovered through the United States and Canadian\\ngovernmAits. Our space has compelled the omission of\\nmany interesting incidents and the course of the rebel\\nsympathizers in Montreal. The Canadian Government\\nmade, so far as was claimed, restitution for the acts of\\nthe strangers upon their soil who had proved marauders\\nupon a neigliboring country.\\nFranklin County was thrown into excitement again in\\n18C6, by the concentration on their territory of the\\nFenians, or the right w-ing of the army of Ireland,\\nfor the purpose of an invasion of Canada. The sudden\\nand utter collapse of this movement is too well remem-\\nbered to require description.\\nThe education of the children early engaged the atten-\\ntion of the settlers, and no county in the State has made\\nbetter and more liberal provision for schools. The early\\nschools were generally taught in private houses in the\\nwinter, and in the summer some barn was occupied for a", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0793.jp2"}, "778": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nschool-house. The earlier school-houses were built of\\nlogs, with a huge fireplace in one end and a door in the\\nother on each side was one window. The desks were\\nmade by driving pegs into side-logs, and upon these\\nplacing the desks. The seats were made movable.\\nThis was a great improvement on private rooms. In\\nthese houses did the first generation receive their educa-\\ntion (the spelling-book and Testament were conned and\\nprinted on the copj--books) becoming good readers, cor-\\nrect spellers and fair penmen. If, b\\\\- chance, an arith-\\nmetic and a geography were obtained, the owners were\\nprepared to become the leaders of the school, and were\\nlooked upon as prodigies in their circles. The teachers\\nreceived little more than their board. The school rights,\\nabout 1800, began to jield something of revenue, and\\nthe State made provision by taxation, and since that\\nperiod the common school has been steadily progressing,\\nan important factor in every communitj\\nIn most of the grants of towns made by the govern-\\nment of Vermont, there was a reservation of one right\\nof land for the support of a county grammar school or\\nacademj in the county in which they were situated.\\nThe towns of Georgia, St. Albans, Swanton, Ilighgate,\\nSheldon, Fairfield and Fairfax were chartered under the\\nProvince of New Hampshire, and their charters contain\\nno reser\\\\ations for the benefit of a county grammar\\nschool. In all the remaining towns of the county there\\nare lands reserved in the charters for the use and benefit\\nof such a school and l\\\\y act of the legislature, Nov. 7,\\n1815, these lands were appropriated to the use of the\\nFranklin County Grammar School, instituted and estab-\\nlished at St. Albans. The annual income from these\\nrents is only about $150. The Franklin County Gram-\\nmar School was established at St. Albans in 1799. The\\nacademj continued in existence until 1861, when it was\\nmerged into the St. Albans graded or union school, with\\nsuch conditions as to preserve the original rights of the\\nold academy trustees. This institution has had manj\\nable preceptors. Bakersfield Academical Institute was\\nestablished in 1840. J. S. Spaulding, LL. D., the old-\\nest and most distinguished teacher in Vermont, was\\nelected principal, and remained until 1852, when he re-\\nmoved to Barre, and the academy became extinct.\\nBakersfield Academy was built in 1844 and was placed\\nunder the patronage of the Troj- Conference of the\\nMethodist Church. II. J. Moore was its former princi-\\npal. It is now extinct. The New Hampton Literary\\nInstitute and Theological Seminary was removed from\\nHampton, N. H., to Fairfax in 1852, and placed under\\nIn the fall of 1S50 there were not less than 325 students in attend-\\nthc patronage of the Baptist denomination, and has been\\na successful school to the present time. Franklin Acad-\\nemy, at Franklin, was established in 1849. Georgia\\nat one time had a very successful academy. The late\\nHiram Bellows of St. Albans left by will $50,000, for a\\nfree academy-, to be established at Fairfax, and a similar\\nsum to establish the Bellows Free Academy- at St.\\nAlbans. The late Peter B. Brigham of Boston, a native\\nof Bakersfield, left a large sum for the establishment of\\nthe Brigham Institute and Free Academy in that town.\\nAnd as the fathers of Franklin County provided for the\\neducation of her children, so in these later times her\\nwealth} and loj-al sous follow the example of the pio-\\nneers who planted the institutions that enabled them to\\nbecome successful men and liberal benefactors.\\nFranklin County has been the home of many men of\\neminent name and service.\\nSteiihen Royce, Sr., was born in Cornwall, Conn.,\\nJuly 8, 17G4. His father, Maj. Stephen Roj-ce, was an\\nofficer in the Revolutionary army, and came from Con- j\\nnecticut to Tinmouth in 1774. He was one of the dele-\\ngates from that town to the Convention at Dorset, in\\n1774, which declared Vermont free and independent.\\nThe son married, Dec. 8, 1785, Minerva, daughter of\\nHon. Ebenezer Marvin, also a Revolutionary oflScer,\\na lady of remarkable strength of mind and energy of\\ncharacter. In 1791 they removed from Tinmouth to\\nFranklin County. Mr. RojX C became the pioneer of the\\ntowns of Franklin and Berkshire. He was one of the\\nrepresentative men of his times. He died at Berkshire,\\nJuly 13, 1833, aged G9 years.\\nHon. Stephen Royce, the elder son, was born in Tin-\\nmouth, August 12, 1787, and removed with his parents\\nto northern Vermont in 1791. He graduated from Middle-\\nbmy College in 1807 was admitted to the bar in 1809.\\nHe practised law in Sheldon and St. Albans, but finallj-\\nreturned to Berkshire, where he ever after resided. In\\n1825 he was elected a judge of the Supreme Court. In\\n1829 he was again elected to the same position, which\\nhe held until 1852, a period of 23 years, the last six of\\nwhich he was chief justice. He was governor in 1854\\nand 1855, after which he refused all official position.\\nHe died Nov. 11, 1868.\\nHorace Eaton, son of Dr. Eliphaz Eaton, was born in\\nBarnard, June 26, 1804 graduated at Middlebur} Col-\\nlege in 1805, and from Castleton Medical College in 1831.\\nHe was lieutenant-governor three je.irs, governor two\\nj-ears, and State superintendent of common schools five\\nyears. He became a professor in Middlebury College in\\n1848, and held the position until his death, July 4, 1855.\\nHe was an enlightened, learned and conscientious man.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0794.jp2"}, "779": {"fulltext": "Maj. Gen. Israel B. Richardson, son of Israel Putnam\\nRichardson, was born in Fairfax, Dec. 26, 1815. He\\nentered West Point Military Academj in 1836. He\\ncommanded bis companj- and was distinguished in the\\nbattles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, and Cherubusco, in\\nthe Mexican war, in 1847, and was breveted major for\\ngallant conduct at Chepultepec. He served with dis-\\ntinguished abilitj- in the late civil war, and died at\\nSharpsburg, Md., Nov. 3, 1862, of wounds received at\\nthe battle of Antietam. He was buried with military\\nhonors at Pontiac, Mich., Nov. 11, 1862.\\nRev. Benjamin Wooster, the patriotic minister of Fair-\\nfield, was born in Waterbury Conn., Oct. 29, 1762. He\\nenlisted in the Revolutionary army for four months ser-\\nvice at the age of 14 years, and in his IGth year enlisted\\nas a regular soldier for three years. He graduated at\\nYale College in 1788, and studied theology with Rev.\\nJonathan Edwards, D.D. For four years he was a de-\\nvoted missionarj-, travelling over a wide extent of terri-\\ntorj and preaching in seven States. He was subse-\\nquently pastor of the Congregational Church in Cornwall,\\nVt., and in 1805 was installed over the church at Fair-\\nfield, where he remained until his death, Dec. 18, 1840.\\nThe whole number of sermons preached during his\\nministry is estimated at 6,000. Ilis heroic conduct at\\nthe battle of Plattsburgh made him famous. The people\\nof his town being disinclined to go, he presented himself\\nas a volunteer, and called on his people to follow him\\nto the rescue of the country. The compan} was soon\\nfilled, and he was chosen captain. His church were\\nassembled at preparatory lecture. Some expressed\\ndoubts of the propriety of the minister s going. He\\nmet his people, commended them to God, and with tears\\nbade them farewell. Before sunset the compan} was on\\nits wa} They arrived in Plattsburgh in time to share\\nwhatever of danger and glorj- awaited the troops on the\\nland.\\nJohn Godfrey Saxe, the humorous poet, was born in\\nllighgate, June 2, 1816. He graduated at Middlebury\\nCollege in 1839. Studying law, he practised his profes-\\nsion a few j-ears, and then removed to Burlington. He\\nwas for many years editor of the Burlington Sentinel,\\nand since retiring from the editorial chair he has devoted\\nhimself to lecturing and literary labor. He has pub-\\nlished several volumes of poems, which have met with\\nmuch popular favor. He resided at Albany, N. Y., for\\nseveral years; from thence he went to Brooklyn, N. Y.,\\nwhere he now resides, in feeble health.\\nHon. Bates Turner was born in Canaan, Conn., in\\n1760. He entered the Revolutionarj army at the age of\\n16. At the close of the war he entered the Litchfield\\nLaw School, and on the completion of his studies was\\nadmitted to the bar, and removed to Vermont. He first\\nsettled at Fairfield, in 1796, and opened a law school,\\nfor preparing .young men for the bar. Nearly 175\\nstudents were entered in his school and office at diflferent\\ntimes. In 1815 he removed to St. Albans, where he\\nremained until his death, in 1847.\\nHon. John Smith was born in Barre, Mass., Aug. 12,\\n1789, and came to St. Albans with his father in 1800.\\nHe was State s attorney from 1827 to 1833. He prac-\\ntised law for many j-ears in St. Albans, and in 1838 was\\nelected to Congress as a Democrat (his district being\\nstrong Whig) because of his personal popularity. He\\nwas one of the first and foremost promoters of the Cen-\\ntral Vermont and Vermont and Canada railroads, the\\nbenefactor of St. Albans and Franklin Count}-, and a\\nliberal and public-spirited man. He died suddenlj-, Nov.\\n20, 1858.\\nWorthington Smith, D. D., born in Iladloy, Mass.,\\nOct. 11, 1795, and a graduate of Williams College and\\nAndover Theological Seminary, was ordained pastor of\\nthe Congregational Church in St. Albans, June 4, 1823,\\nin which relation he remained until 1849, when he be-\\ncame president of the University of Vermont, at Bur-\\nlington. He resigned the presidency in 1855, and died\\nat St. Albans, Feb. 4, 1856.\\nJohn Gregory Smith, one of Vermont s most eminent\\nand useful citizens, son of Hon. John Smith, was born\\nat St. Albans, July 22, 1818. He graduated at the\\nUniversitj^ of Vermont in 1838, and at the Yale College\\nLaw School in 1841. He began the practice of law with\\nhis father and continued therein until 1858, when he suc-\\nceeded his father in the management of the Vermont and\\nCanada and Central Vermont railroads, which position\\nhe now occupies. In this relation he has improved and\\npromoted the material interests of Vermont more than\\nany other individual who has lived within its borders, and\\nhas managed manj important enterprises, in all of which\\nhe has endeavored to develop the industry of his native\\nState. In 1863 and 1804 he was governor of the State,\\nand his administration was marked with great executive\\nability, especially in relation to matters pertaining to the\\nwar.\\n.Worthington C. Smith, second son of John Smith, is\\na graduate of the Universitj of Vermont, has served\\nthree terms in Congress, and is the only instance in Ver-\\nmont of a son having been a successor of his father in\\nCongress. Since he left political life he has been a rail-\\nway manager and engaged in manufactures. He is an\\nardent promoter of the educational, religious and busi-\\nness institutions of the State.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0795.jp2"}, "780": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nTowns.\\nThe first settlement in the county was at Swanton,\\nand it was one of the French seigniories on Lake Cham-\\nplain. Before the conquest of Canada by the English,\\nthe French and Indians had a settlement at Swanton\\nFalls of some fiftj- huts. They had cleared some land\\non which thcj- raised vegetables and corn, and had built\\na church, also a saw-mill, the channel cut through the\\nrocks to supplj the water for which still remains. A\\nlarge number of curious and interesting Ipdian relics\\nand French manuscripts were discovered in this section\\nsome twenty- jears ago, bj- Dr. George M. Hall and Rev.\\nJohn B. Perry. This place was occupied by the Indians\\nuntil the commencement of the Revolution. The first\\npermanent settler, John Ililliker, arrived about the year\\n1787, and was soon joined bj others. Swanton is now\\na town only second, perhaps, in importance in the\\ncount}-.\\nThe second town settled was St. Albaxs. It is lo-\\ncated upon the eastern shore of Lake Champlain. On\\nthe west, about two miles from the present prosperous\\nvillage, it is indented b}- a bay. At this point Jesse\\nWelden settled previous to the Revolution, and returned\\nthere after the close of the war. Tradition has reported\\nthat the lauds in this ^-icinit}- were favorite places of\\nresort for the Indians. The stone arrow-heads, and\\nother Indian implements, found by early settlers,\\ngive confirmation to the tradition. The town was char-\\ntered b} Gov. Benning Wentworth of New Hampshire,\\nAug. 17, 1703. Jesso Welden returned in 178.5, and\\nwas without question the first civilized settler of St.\\nAlbans. He came from Sunderland. He was a leading\\nman in the early settlement. He lived for a time at the\\nbay, and then removed to what is now the \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\illage of St.\\nAlbans, built a log cabin, cleared seventj- acres of land,\\nand planted an orchard. He was accidently drowned off\\nIsle La Motte, in October, 1795. His bod}^ was recov-\\nered the following spring, and brought to St. Albans for\\ninterment. He was one of the earlj- contributors in\\naid of the Universit}- of Vermont. A street, and\\nthe elegant hotel, the Welden House, are named for\\nhim. In 1786 other settlers came. The town was or-\\nganized on July 28, 1788. Provisions were very\\nscarce for the first three or four j^ears, and the nearest\\nflouring-mill was at Plattsburgh, N. Y. Among those\\nwho came in 1787, was Levi Allen, a brother of Ethan\\nand Ira Allen. St. Albans was made the county seat\\nin 1793, when its growth began more rapidly. The\\npublic green was wisely laid out and cleared, and\\nnow constitutes the spacious park, one of the chief at-\\ntractions of the town. The first framed house was erect-\\ned in 1794 by Silas Hathaway, and is now occupied by\\nHon. R. H. Hoyt. It was a tavern, and in the hall, the\\nearly courts and religious services were held. The first\\nstore was that of Capt. Whitnej- in 1792. Christopher\\nDutcher built a tanner} at the baj- in 1790. William\\nNasou, wife, one son and four daughters, came in 1796,\\nfrom New Hampshire, bringing their eflTects in four\\nsleighs and one ox-team. He settled a mile south of the\\nvillage and kept a tavern until his death in December,\\n1810. Daniel Rj-an came in 1797, opened a store, and\\nestablished an asher}-. An Industrious, prudent and\\nthrifty man, ho proved at the time of his death, Feb. 8,\\n1810, the richest man in Franklin Count} Most of the\\nhouses in the village at this date were of logs, covered\\nwith bark, the windows of paper, and the chimney of\\nsplit sticks, plastered with clay. The mails were brought\\nfrom Burlington once a week, and Seth Pomeroy was\\npostmaster. The first jail was raised in 1796. St.\\nAlbans is now one of the handsomest, most thriving and\\nbest appointed villages in New England.\\nFairfax was granted Aug. 18,1 763. The first settler,\\nCapt. Broadstreet Spafford, came from Piermont, N. H.,\\nin 1783. Two sons, Nathan and Asa, accompanied him,\\nbearing upon their backs provisions, axes and trusty\\nrifles, upon which they mainly depended for supplies of\\nfood. They blazed the trees along down the north bank\\nof the Lamoille, to mark their road, and made a selec-\\ntion of land near this beautiful river. In 1778, Levi\\nFarnsworth made a settlement on Fairfax Plain. The\\nfirst settlement made in North Fairfax was by Joseph\\nBeeman and his son Joseph, Jr. They came from Ben-\\nnington in 1786, on foot. The locality known as Buck\\nHollow was first settled by Gould Buck and Abigail\\nIlawley, of Arlington.\\nThe first improvement made where the village of Fair-\\nfax now stands was by Joseph Belcher in 1787. He was\\na hunter, whose possessions were several dogs, a gun\\nand an axe. Several others came in 1789. In 1788,\\nStephen England opened the first hotel.\\nIn 1791 the first mill was built by Amos Fassett of\\nCambridge. Pi cvious to this the people went to Burling-\\nton and Vergennes to mill. The first school taught was\\nby Jedediah Safford, in the stoop of his father s log-\\nhouse. School districts were established in 1790. In\\n1792, the legislature granted a lottery for the purjiose of\\nraising S. jOO to build a bridge over the Lamoille River in\\nFairfax, which was drawn, and the bridge built.\\nThe first mail-route was through from Dan-\\\\-ille to\\nSt. Albans. The mail was carried by Solon Trescott.\\nIt was transported on horseback, the carrier ha^ang a\\ntin horn, which he blew on his approach to the settle-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0796.jp2"}, "781": {"fulltext": "ments. The mail was delivered to the inhabitants\\nas he passed along. The only paper he carried was\\nThe North Star, published at DanviUe. The first\\nframe house was built by Joel Leonard in 1792.\\nThe first single wagon brought to town was by Josiah\\nBrush iu 1808. The first company of cavalry formed in\\nFranklin County was at Fairfax in 1791. Seth Pomeroj\\nwas captain. The first town hall was built in 1807, and\\nwas occupied many years for preaching. The first mar-\\nj riage was between Benjamin Pettengill and Nabbj Ford.\\nGeorgia was chartered Aug. 13, 1763. The town was\\norganized March 31, 1788. There had been several\\nparties in the town in 1784, but in 1785 William Farrand\\nof Bennington, and family, made the first permanent set-\\ntlement. James Evarts came from Sunderland in 1796,\\nand was the first representative in the legislature. He\\nI was the father of the distinguished Jeremiah Evarts, and\\nthe grandfather of Hon. William M. Evarts, the present\\nSecretary of State. Of the early settlers of Georgia,\\nseveral had been engaged in the war of the Revolution.\\nGen. George I. Stannard, one of the bravest generals of\\nthe war, was a native of Georgia.\\nThe usual incidents and privations fell to the lot of the\\nearl}^ settlers of Georgia. At first Whitehall or Vergennes\\nwere most accessible (bj^ waj of canoes) for getting grain\\nmilled, and Plattsburgh in winter. In 1788 there was\\nalmost a famine because of a partial failure of crops.\\nOne citizen went on foot to Gov. Chittenden s mill, in\\nWilliston, exchanging his wife s gold beads for a quan-\\ntity of flour, the journey occupying three daj-s time.\\nThe institutions of religion and education were early\\nestablished in this communt}-.\\nHiGHGATE was chartered Aug. 17, 1763. In 1785-6,\\nJoseph Reycard, John Hilliker, Jeremiah Brewster and\\nothers, made the first settlements in the town. The first\\nmill was built by John Saxe in 1787. Catherine, the\\nwife of John Saxe, was the first who died in the town\\n(1791). She was the grandmother of John G. Saxe, the\\nwell-known poet.\\nThe first settlers were principall}- Dutch refugees, who\\nsupposed they had settled in Canada, until after the es-\\ntablishment of the^ine between Canada and the States,\\nand at that time there were no settlers found between\\nIlighgate and Burlington. John Saxe visited Burlington\\nin 1786 with no guide but his pocket-compass. There\\nwas not a house along the whole route. Indians fre-\\nquented the settlement, and sometimes pitched their\\nwigwams near the settler s cabin. The children of the\\ntwo races often played and frolicked together. En-\\nThe longevity of the people of this town is something remarlsalile. one at J\\nFour died at 100 years and over five at 95 three at 94 two at 93 at 85 two i\\ncounters with wild animals were frequent in those daj s.\\nSchools were introduced among the settlers at an earlier\\ndate than usual. Manj^ of the pioneers were well edu-\\ncated for that early period.\\nAug. IS, 1763, New Hampshire chartered three town-\\nships, by the names of Fairfield, Smithfield and Hun-\\ngerford. Smithfield, in 1792, was annexed to Fair-\\nfield, and the latter became the largest town in Frank-\\nlin County, with an area of about 60 square miles. The\\nfirst permanent settler, Joseph Wheeler, came in 1787.\\nJohn Sunderland and John Mitchel appeared in 1788.\\nAmong tlie names of the early settlers are Andrew\\nBradley, Hubbard, Dimon, Bradley, Samuel and Eben-\\nezer Barlow. The Barlow famil}- since that period have\\nbeen prominent in the town, both in influence and\\nwealth. Hon. Bradley Barlow, now a member of Con-\\ngress, is a descendant of this family and a native of the\\ntown. Smithfield Braden was the first child born in the\\npart called Smithfield. The proprietors made him a\\npresent of 100 acres of land. The town in its earlier\\nhistory was more prosperous than latterly.\\nFletcher is a triangular township in the south-east\\ncorner of the county. Gov. Thomas Chittenden issued\\nits charter, Aug. 20, 1781. Rufus Montague was the\\nonly grantee who ever resided in the town. John Full-\\nington and family, of Deerfield, N H., were probably\\nthe first white inhabitants of the township, and came in I\\nthe spring of 1788. Thej had one horse to ride, and\\none cow to drive, and were guided by marked trees.\\nArriving at Johnson, they encamped for the night,\\nwhere Mr. Fullington was taken suddenlj ill, and having\\nno medical assistance, he died in a few hours. He was\\nburied the next day by two men who accompanied him,\\nnear the bank of the river, a hollow log ser\\\\ ing for a\\ncoffin. The wife, with her four children, proceeded\\ndown the river, and found the home provided for them\\nin the wilderness. Here she became the mother of the\\nfirst child born in Fletcher, and being a daughter, she\\nnamed it Lamoille, the name of the river upon the bank\\nof which it was born. Mrs. Fullington subsequently\\nmarried Elisha Woodworth, and lived to the age of 95\\nyears.* Lemuel Scott came from Bennington in 1789,\\nbringing his wife and one child. His son Lemuel was\\nthe first male child born in the town. Among the earl}-\\nsettlers were Dea. Peter Thurston, and Daniel Bailey, of\\nWeare, N. H. Manj* others coming in soon after, the\\ntown was organized, March 16, 1790.\\nThe first school was taught in Lemuel Scott s house\\nby James Robinson, probably in 1790.\\nre at 90; one\\n84 three at 8\\n.t 89 two at 83 i\\n1 five at 82 one\\n:x at 87 three\\n81 and six at", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0797.jp2"}, "782": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NE^n ENGLAND.\\nFraxkus, in the northern part of the eonnty, on the\\nline of the Province of Quebec, is somewhat irregular in\\nform, as the surrounding towns were surveyed firet.\\nlea^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ing the tract of land different in measure and out-\\nline. The original inhabitants of this township were\\nthe tribe of St. Francis Indians, who made it a hunting-\\nground, running down the moose and deer into the\\nponds and marshes, where they killed and prepared\\nthem with other animals for transportation, by drying\\nthe flesh upon racks in the sun. Franklin was chartered\\nby Gov. Thomas Chittenden, March 19, 1789, by the\\nname of Huntsburgh. The first settler was Samuel\\nHubbard, who came from Norlhfield, Mass., in 1789.\\nlie cleared the land, sowed 10 acres to wheat, and re-\\nturned to bring with him the following spring his young\\nwife. John Webster and wife came with him. He built\\nthe fii-st log-house, frame bam, grist and saw mills, and\\ntook active part in matters of public and private impor-\\ntance. In 1792, the town was fully oi^anized.\\nIn the war of 1812. Franklin, being a border town,\\nwas the favorite resort for smuggling, and many inter-\\nesting and amusing anecdotes are told of adventures\\nand hair-breadth escapes.\\nAmong the men of Franklin in the ancient days were\\nmany of the pillars of the State, and prominent in polit-\\nical, professional and social life.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2The original charter of Bakersfteld was granted to\\nLuke Knowlton by Vermont, March 30, 179.5.\\nJoseph Baker was the first settler, who came upon his\\npossessions purchased of Luke Knowlton in 1789. Ste-\\nphen Mavnard and Jonas Brigham moved in a year later.\\nNo others came tiU 1794, when Jeremiah Pratt, Luke\\nPotter and Jonathan Famsworth located in town. The\\nfirst town meeting was held on the date of its charter.\\nAmong the first subjects engaging the attention of the\\ntown was the settlement of a minister. In June, 1804, it\\nwas voted to hire Eev. Samuel Sumner, at $100 per year,\\nand the ministerial lot. He was installed in June, 1804.\\nThe privations of the early inhabitants were nearly the\\nsame as the adjoining townships, it t.iking a week to go\\nto mill, c. Local dissensions existed for many years,\\nresulting in various divisions on religious and educa-\\ntional affairs. Two academies were in full vogue at one\\ntime because of the strong feeling of animosity among\\nthe people. In later years, matters have been more har-\\nmonioas.\\n.\\\\fter the crops vrero harvested, the negroes went to Burlington to\\npass the winter; George Sheldon went to his home in Connecticut,\\nleaving MacNamara, the Scotchman, and his wife, to care for things in\\nthe settlement. Early in the spring Sheldon returned, to find that his\\nforenan had suffered and sorrowed alone in the wilderness but this\\nThe town of .Sheldos was originally granted Ang. 18,\\n1763, by New Hampshire, to Samuel Hungerford and 64\\nassociates, under the name of Hungerford, which was\\nchanged Nov. 8, 1792, to Sheldon. Among the grantees\\nwas Uriah Fields, an old Quaker, who by purchase sub-\\nsequently acquired the greater part of the town. A\\nfamily of Sheldons purchased of Mr. Fields, and\\nTimothy Kogers of Ferrisburgh bought the titles and\\ngave the town their name. In 1790 Geoi^e Sheldon,\\naccompanied by a sturdy old Scotchman and his wife,\\nwith several colored senants, arrived on an ox-sled, as\\nfirst settlers. They erected the first log house and put\\nin the first crops.* Soon after, CoL Elisha Sheldon,\\nElisha Sheldon. Jr., ilaj. Samuel B. Sheldon. Elnathan\\nKeyes, with their families, James Herrick and James\\nHawley, arrived. Others joined them during the spring,\\nand the colonists set earnestly at work in clearing the\\nlands and cultivation of crops. The St. Francis Indians\\nI gave them some trouble, as the Missisque and its\\nbranches, filled with their favorite fish, and the hills\\nabounding with game, had been their hunting-ground,\\nI to which they persistently held claim and they made\\nthreats against the Sheldons, toward whom they held\\nspecial hatred, and on one occasion burned their bams.\\nWild animals also gave them trouble wolves, especially,\\nannoyed them in the destraction of their sheep.\\nA saw-mill was built in 1792, and a grist-mill in 1797.\\nIn 1 779 Israel Keith built a forge and furnace. The town\\nwas unsettled previous to the Revolution, but among its\\nsettlers it had several soldiers of that war Col. Elisha\\nSheldon, Capt. Elisha Smith, Capt. Elisha Sheldon. Jr.,\\nCapt. Francis Dudas, Capt. Robert Wood and David\\nSloan.\\nEsosBCBGH was chartered May 12, 1780, by Gov.\\nThomas Chittenden, to Gen. Roger Enos our worthy\\nfriend. The organization of the town oc-curred March\\n19, 1798. The first act of the board of selectmen was\\nto license Mr. Lewis Sweatland for entertaining and re-\\ntailing liquors by small quantity as an innkeeper, for one\\nyear from date. A family by the name of Balch are\\nsupposed to have been the first that settled, at least\\nspent the winter of 1797 in town, and a son, Enos Balch,\\nwas the first child bora. Among the early settlers were\\nStephen House, Henry Hopkins, and Martin D. FoUet,\\nDea. Thomas Fuller was the first merchant his goods\\nwere drawn from Boston by ox-teams a hc^shead of\\nsterling son of Caledonia had met his trials and privations with resolu-\\ntion. MacXamara s wife died, and he had coTcred the body in a snow-\\nbank near the house. Her body was mnoved and buried upon a\\nbald, bold bluff, the first white person thai died in the town,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nand no mark now points out the grave.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0798.jp2"}, "783": {"fulltext": "l\u00c2\u00absz oi e cf lie ccrirD^irr^^ Ther* ttetc two IdOO. BeiisUte has Icept; an ereit pace \u00c2\u00bbid\u00c2\u00bb ma^ixse-\\nrs in Toim sx szi esrlj iir. \u00c2\u00abr^i tie nanisL r -w^as i^ tonms ra fapabakm ami inpivTcaKats.\\nis ssji. -0 cs:c- .sT-ig-r- tie rrsia he neciHTed j Mostigoxest was dmteaed. Oct. 1789. Capt.\\npreaehing Dr V^ ^Vcj. -h- he iii-^-i to treat tbose Joshoa Qapp, a BeinlatMiHunr officer, wbo leoMn^il his\\n\u00c2\u00abte cafied on kirn Sandar noons. A fara vas oace J CbobIj fiom Worester Comity. Has., in Ae ^vinar of\\nbo^ht in flns tovn and paU for in vM^eit. Amn^ 1 1793, \u00c2\u00abas ak fxst settler.\\nfar ten^Kiance in Tennant wne I afiersaids gne place to\\nof Eao^Mo^; \u00c2\u00a7anmi\\ntbem aflnns Ae late hoaoped \u00c2\u00a3x-Gor. Hocaoe Eaten, is sSB. sb^b^. Tte tosn vas oiganiicd, Ai^. U.\\nIn October, 19M, Ber. JobSnifi, D. D., f Bennn^ton,\\nperf H wM d ^fe iuMij vcmIl in TnosNn^h, vUdkemii-\\nBsUr lesoiiBd in toie o\u00c2\u00bb;jinifalin n of a Coi^Rsaiicaal\\non Sabbajtlu Oct. 20, vben ke cnwphjwpd of iDness, J BKSFon* was cbazfeesed, A^. 31, 1780. la Manji,\\nstopped fte serriees, and vns taken to the r^deace of 1 1795, Hi^ IGDer, h^ wife, and e^fat dnUien caate br\\nI Stephen Ho\u00c2\u00abBe,\u00c2\u00abfeae he dKd. I^.SniftwKaneof aejaviUmKsniato fron Bndfod, Tt^ tonofce the \u00c2\u00a3m\\nof Venonf, tl agjin a m pananent setUeneodL The Tndians often yiated them\\nt ilfaam G omliirii W a ralla ia the winter on their l a mUi^ yicnrann s aloi^ the Hts-\\nC1niieslMbiae,aidaeir^30(iates,lbicfcl3, ssqine Kver. lOOer had Once eoB inJaT vim came\\n17^, and was duntered by the naae tf Bedssfaire, nitfa braa, Theopld^ Uarfing^ Robert; Kesnaedr, and\\nJune 3ft. 17^1^ The fitstpeii H UWB i t readEntinBett^ire j C^t. Benjamin Bamet. Al^ three sons, James.\\nwas Job L. Bazber in 1793. The nest senson Daniel Jacob and Danid. Sermonr. son Tfaeopfailis Has-\\nBoycemade ia^ n w^ MEMts. Thetwoitii^ was the list; duld bora in town.* Joseph Stan-\\nsin the ^prii^ of 17\u00c2\u00bb3. Gipf.I%in- hope came fion GniUatd,Tt., in 1796. OiLTlnudiy\\n190i. Rev. JbdClapp,D.D., was the fiist white per-\\nson bora in the place (Sept. U, 179S). He aftowaid\\npttJ Lh ed the iist, st-day and the list tlia^sgrrii^ ser-\\ncasHeafit and Capt. SvridXirtting, BewhitiaBnj offi- j Seymour, of Haztfbcd, Conn.,*\\nand eieeiEd a saw\\nauiivd in 1793.\\ntwo entapnai^\\nbesan now to iuLuuke iapidh~, 90 that vilhin tsn years\\nthe town was dotted with new ckazi^s and kg hoiBes.\\nThe town was aiganized in 1795. Stephen Bqyise was\\nthe fiist town repnesenlatire, and fiirsevenlycais after:\\nand flie majocity the jeazs anee the town has been\\ntime, and baUt the Srst fiame hoose.\\nThe town was wrgmm-H- March 30, 1799. Aftia- the\\nwar of 1813 these was mocfa tzxnbfe with sna^^os. and\\nthe boanduy line was msettled. Got. Tan Xcss and\\nodis bwyess came with some fiom Canada, to settle it.\\nand they were nnaUe to ^ree. Finalh- it was d^er-\\nmined to aiiMtrate the oonfrorosv bv a wrestle, each\\nrepresented by some of his desoendaads. Hb Cnmly in side to {ick their man. A Hr. TTanen fiom Canada,\\nits Taded chaises has been one ofl if not the meet pn\u00c2\u00bb- j and Jonathan Smith of Bichlbid, were the chosen men.\\ninent in Tamont. One of his sons was diief josiiee of ii Afto- two or three boars wiesffii^. Smith tiiiew his\\nthe SapRme Court and gmeznor of tiie State, and a man. It was satisfactory to all panties, and the Bne was\\ngrandson, Hon. Homer E. Boyce, six: years a member Hr determined in accradanoe with the Tieimant daim. The\\nCoisress, and now a jn^e of tlie S^reme Coort, fiiDy town has met with many lereises by fire and flood, bot\\nsieasarK vp to tihe anoent lepidation of the fnnily in on the introdnetion of raSways it began to impnne. and\\njn aal abiEty and leamii^. The fiist wgjden t. m in is ta-. is now one of the e u tMpt isiig bi^nes towns in Xortb-\\nBer. John Bamrt, of Ae Fte^nterian Chorefa, came in c\\nmaA^ait M m uMi Gfoi. She laid bd friril^e of i\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0actsofdaawik. Siemsa^", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0799.jp2"}, "784": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nGEAND ISLE COUNTY.\\nBY WILLIAM E. GRAVES.\\nGrand Isle, or Great Island County, is 28 miles\\nlong from north to south, and about five miles \u00e2\u0096\u00a0wide. Its\\narea of 82 square miles embraces more than 45,000 acres,\\nand includes the towns of Alburg, Grand Isle, Isle la\\nMotte, North Hero and South Hero. Although the small-\\nest of the fourteen counties in Vermont, the material re-\\nsources of Grand Isle and its situation on Lake Cham-\\nplain,* entitle it to rank as not the least respectable and\\nprosperous. Gcographicalh-, this north-west county of\\nVermont forms the extreme north-western corner of New\\nEngland and the United States line which separates\\nthis county from Canada, forms the northern boundary\\nof Alburg, which is in realitj- a peninsula ten miles long,\\naveraging three or four mUes wide, extending south into\\nthe lake by which it is nearly surrounded. The rest of\\nthe county consists of islands embosomed in the waters\\nof Lake Champlain.\\nNo one knows how many generations ago, before\\nthe red man trod the soil, its waves now washing the\\nwestern border of Vermont, buried the entire county of\\nGrand Isle in the Champlain valley beneath its silent\\ndepths. t One of the most interesting of American lakes,\\nit abounds in historical associations. Beyond a doubt,\\nthe iirst known European whose e3 e ever rested on its\\nwaters, was the French nobleman, who, after founding\\nQuebec, discovered this lovclj- inland sea, and, charmed\\nwith the beauty of its sccnei^-, gave the lake his own\\nname. The localitj- bad been long before described by\\nJacques Cartier, the French navigator who, following the\\nexample of the great discoverer of the American conti-\\nneut, after a lapse of 43 years, had descried from Mt.\\nRoyal, now Montreal, the green hills of Vermont.\\nJlanj- years after, the titled Frenchman, Le Sieur de\\nChamplain, accompanied b} some friendly Ilurons, pro-\\nceeded to the lauds described liy Cartier, and Jul} 4,\\n1G09, entered the lake whose waters nearl} surround the\\ncounty of Grand Isle. For more than a century. Lake\\nChamplain was claimed bj- the French and to its rivers\\nThe Indian name\\ncountry.\\nt Shells of mollusks\\nof this lake signifies the open door of the\\nseveral hundred feet above the surface of the\\nand islands were given French names which the}- still\\nretain.\\nWhen discovered, a trackless forest surrounded the\\nlake, while a dense growth of trees covered the islands\\nnow comprising the larger portion of Grand Isle County,\\ntenantless, save by roving bands of the Abenaquis,\\nthe Iroquois and the Loups, who used these secluded\\nspots as resting-places or temporar}- homes while pre-\\nparing for battle with the Algonquins, the Hurons, and\\nother Canadian tribes. Probablj this island count}- was\\nnever a permanent abode of the Indians, although abo-\\nriginal relics are abundant. Of the savages who opposed\\nChamplain s entrance into this territory, about fifty fell\\nbefore the fatal fire-arms of his Huron guides, whose\\nweapons and mode of warfare the natives had never\\nbefore seen or encountered.\\nThe confident claim that Isle la Motte was the first point\\nwithin the limits of Vermont where a civilized establish-\\nment was commenced as early as 1GG5, may fiatter local\\npride, but is comparatively a matter of little importance.\\nNo permanent settlements were made in this county until\\nafter the close of the Revolutionary war. The first actual\\nsettlement within its limits was probably made by the\\nFrench, at Alburg, in 1782. Settlements were, however,\\ncommenced at Windmill Point, in that town, as early as\\n1731, and again in 1741 but by the \u00e2\u0096\u00a0s-icissitudes of war\\nwere soon broken up and abandoned. The titles to the\\nlands embraced in the town of Alburg, although repeat-\\nedly granted to different parties both by the French and\\nthe English, by the governor of Canada, by the Duke\\nof York, and even by the legislature of Vermont to Ira\\nAllen and otliers in 1781, were for many years a fruit-\\nful source of controversy. All these claims, and all at-\\ntempts to take possession of the lands, were invariably\\nIcgally resisted by the settlers, who, after years of liti-\\ngation, finally triumphed.\\nThe county being surrounded with water, except on\\nthe Canada side, the early settlers established their\\nwater, abound in the clays and sands of this county and lands in the\\nvicinity. The whale, whose bones are now in the Vermont State\\nMuseum, was found 60 feet above the level of Lake Champlain.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0800.jp2"}, "785": {"fulltext": "homes on the borders of the lake, which in those daj-s\\nwas well stored wilh fish and from its waters they\\nderived a large share of their subsistence. The woods\\nwere dense, and to some extent infested with wild\\nanimals. In the absence of roads, the inhabitants com-\\nmunicated with each other bj- canoes, or dugouts, in\\nsummer, and bj- travel on the ice in winter. A long\\ntime elapsed before roads of any considerable length\\nwere cut wide enough to admit the passage of a\\npair of oxen. For the first three or four .years, lack of\\nprovisions compelled the settlers to obtain their principtil\\nsubsistence b} hunting and fishing. Most of them had\\nacquired their grants of land from the governor and\\nlegislature of Vermont, in consequence of honorable\\nservice during the Revolution. But their toils and suf-\\nferings were not j et ended.\\nIn the winter of 178-4-85, provisions became so scarce\\nthat the settlers were in imminent danger of starvation.\\nThe familj- of Lamberton Allen, an early settler in the\\ntown of Grand Isle, was for a time reduced to two meals,\\ndailj-, at one of which a small ration of bread was\\nsen-ed, and at the other, a meagre allowance of bread\\nand milk. General destitution prevailed throughout the\\nwhole settlement. In the autumn of 1785, one of their\\nnumber was sent to Bennington for a supply of shoes,\\nof which the community was entirel} destitute, many\\nof the settlers tying cloths around their feet, and stand-\\ning upon heated boards while chopping wood. For some\\nreason, the messenger failed to return from his mission\\nuntil about the middle of December, and in the mean-\\ntime, many of the inhabitants had their feet severel}\\nfrozen.\\nThe town of Grand Isle, originall3- constituting a part\\nof South Hero, was set off from it in 1798, and called\\nMiddle Hero, from its situation midway between North\\nand South Hero, or the Two Heroes, as Gov. Chitten-\\nden denominated them at the time of their charter in\\n1779 to Gen. Ethan and Col. Ira Allen, two heroes of\\nthe Revolution. Settlements were commenced by Alex-\\nander Gordon, and others, in 1783. For many j-ears the\\nearlj settlers suffered from agues and malari.al fevers\\ncaused by stagnant waters but since the lands have\\nbeen cleared and cultivated, the h3-gienic condition of\\nHe graduated with honor at Dartmouth, was a man of more than\\nordinary ability, and, in 1816-17, was a member of the United States\\nCongress. Atler his election, he decided that he must have a new suit\\nof clothes. One of his own sheep furnished the wool, which he sheared\\nhimself. It was carded, spun, wove, and dyed with butternut-bark, in\\nhis own family, and a woman who was owing him made the suit, which\\nhe cut out with the shears used in shearing his sheep. The old Con-\\ngressional butternut-suit lasted him his lifetime. Upon one occasion\\nduring the ministry of Mr. Lyon in Grand Isle County, a man was\\nthe island has greatly improved. In 1810, the name\\nMiddle Hero was changed to Grand Isle, probably\\nfrom the situation of the town on the largest island in\\nthe count} or perhaps from the county itself, which was\\nincorporated Nov. 9, 1802, although not organized for\\nthe transaction of business until October, 1805. The\\nfirst town clerk of Grand Isle was James Brown, who\\nheld the ofHce 34 years. The first representative was\\nAsa Lj-on,* a Congregational preacher, who formed a\\nchurch here in 1795.\\nThe first white person supposed to have been born\\nin the town of Grand Isle was Esther, daughter of\\nLamberton Allen, in 1782. The first child of Quaker\\nparentage born in this town was Ruth, daughter of\\nDaniel Iloag, in 1787. The first white person known to\\nhave died here was Jesse Tripp, in 1786. His place of\\nburial is indicated b^ two large maple trees, supposed to\\nhave marked the head and foot of his grave, near the\\njunction of two roads. The first marriage appearing on\\nthe records was that of Willard Gordon to Clarissa\\nArmstrong, who were united, Oct. 8, 1794, bj- Alexander\\nGordon, J. P. The first marriage occurring in the town\\nafter its separation from South Hero was that of Timoth}\\nNightingale to Sally Love, Jan. 3, 1799, Rev. Asa\\nL3 on officiating. From the first settlement down to\\n1840, the marriage ceremony was almost universally\\nperformed by justices of the peace, and clergymen very\\nrarel} received an invitation to enter this field of service.\\nManj- original grants of land in this countj- were sold\\nbj- the first owners for verj small sums, say for 50\\ncents to $2 per acre. One lot of 64 acres, now worth\\n$3,000, was sold for three sheep. The town of Alburg,t\\nincorporated in 1781, was settled by emigrants from the\\nCanadian town of St. Johns, during the following year.\\nThese settlers supposed themselves in Canada, and were\\nprincipally British refugees. Others came soon after,\\nfrom different localities. The earlier French settlements\\nhad been destroj-ed bj^ Indian allies during the troubles\\nbetween France and England. The land being heavily\\ntimbered was slowly cleared, for want of teams, the\\nhardy pioneers, in the meantime, dwelling in rude log-\\ncabins, without floors, doors or windows, with roofs of\\npeeled bark or split basswood. The pressing wants of the\\nfound in the lake, drowned. His habiliments betokened extreme\\npoverty, and it was discovered that there was no shu-t under them.\\nDeeming it unnecessary to make much ceremony for the burial of one i\\nso poor, it was decided to submit the matter to Mr. Lyon, whose reply\\nwas laconic and characteristic Appoint his funeral at 2 o clock this\\nafternoon, and let it be well attended, with the usual rites, a man is a\\nman, shirt or no shirt I\\nt Named after Maj. Gen. Ira Allen, Allensburg; abbreviated to\\nAl-burg.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0801.jp2"}, "786": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nsettlers found great relief in making salt and potash for\\nthe northern market, thereby obtaining goods and gro-\\nceries in return, with perhaps a little money to meet\\nnecessities. The smuggling of silks, tea and tobacco\\nwas carried on here boldly. The first town clerk was\\nThomas Rej-nolds, in 1792. The first constable was\\nWilliam Sowles, in 1793, during which year Samuel\\nMott, Jacob Cook, Richard IMott and Joshua IManning\\nserved as selectmen. In 1796 ferries were established\\nacross Lake Champlain to New York, and to different\\ntowns in the countj^ and in 1850 railroad facilities were\\nintroduced, the Vermont and Canada Railroad crossing\\nthe lake to Rouse s Point by the peninsula. No lawyer,\\nit would seem, was wanted until 1805, when Samuel\\nHolton appeared as practitioner, followed by Truman A.\\nBarber, about the year 1812. Dr. Emerson, the first\\nph3-sician in Alburg, came there iu 1787. Dr. Jacob\\nRoebeck,* best known in Grand Isle and South Hero,\\nwas one of the most skilful surgeons in the county.\\nThe earlj- inhabitants, though of limited education,\\nwere generall} a strong-minded, vigorous and self-reliant\\nclass of people, and were decidedly social, with their\\nplanting bees, hoeing-bees, mowing-bees and never-\\nto-be-forgotten husking-bees, followed bj- cider and\\napples, a supper-table extending the whole length of the\\nample kitchen, and a steaming five-pail kettle of pot-\\npie.\\nNear the close of the last century Methodism was\\nintroduced into what has since become Grand Isle\\nCounty, by that eccentric preacher, the far-famed\\nLorenzo Dow. The oddity and originalitj- of this mis-\\nsionary s style drew crowds of the early settlers to\\nhear his sermons. Some of these, it is said, were four\\nhours long yet his listeners never grew weary. After\\nDow, William Anson, a J oung man of fine promise,\\nwas sent by the Conference to take his place, and a\\ngreat re\\\\nval followed. The Grand Isle circuit was\\nestablished earl3 and to-day the Methodist Episcopal is\\nbelieved to be the predominant rehgious interest in the\\ncountj-.\\nThe manufacturing interests of the county, like its\\nstreams, are small, there being hardlj- a good mill privi-\\nlege in the entire territory. In 1804 four families were\\nwarned by the selectmen to leave the town of Grand\\nIsle, on account of their immoral reputation. From\\n1804 to 1815 fines were imposed against various persons\\nin the different towns for profane swearing, the fines\\nranging from 25 cents to $1 for each offence and, in\\nHe offleiated as surgeon at the battle of Bennington. While collect-\\ning roots and herbs in the woods, he used to say that Indian liemp was\\ngood for dropsy spignet root for internal bruises the bark of red wil-\\nthe aggregate, must have contributed not a little towards\\npaying town expenses.\\nFrom its proximity to the border, the quiet of the\\ncounty was seriously disturbed by the Canadian rebellion\\nof 1837-38, attended with the destruction of the steamer\\nCaroline by a British force under Sir Allen McNab,\\nand the invasion of Canada bj an organized band of\\narmed Patriots. The people in this corner of Ver-\\nmont were kept in a state of constant apprehension, the\\nlight of burning buildings by night, and threats bj- day,\\nj-ielding their full crop of alarm.\\nNorth Hero, the shire town of the count}-, on the\\nisland of that name, was granted by Gov. Chittenden in\\n1779, to two Revolutionary heroes; hence it received\\nthe name of Hero. It was called by the French, Isle\\nLongue. Its settlement commenced in 1783, and during\\nthe first town meeting, held at the house of Benjamin\\nButler in 1789, Nathan Ilutchins was chosen town clerk.\\nHe was afterwards the first town representative. He\\ndied at the age of 90. Two dollars was paid for half an\\nacre of land, in 1790; and this was the first binying-\\nground in the town. School districts were established\\nin 1793. A wind-mill, to grind corn, was erected in\\n1797. When the remnant of Burgo3-ne s armj retreated\\nto Canada the British held a block-house here at a place\\ncalled Dutchman s Point, which was gamsoned and not\\ngiven up till 1796. In those daj-s, when the heads of\\nfamilies were temporarily called away from their homes,\\ndoors were invariably fastened, to protect the children\\nfrom bears. The first school in town was taught b}\\nLois Hazen, in a barn owned hy John Knight, the first\\nframed school-house being built about 1803. The first\\nstore was built in 1809, bj Jedediah P. Ladd, who was\\nthe first postmaster, and built the only hotel ever erected\\nin the town, in 1803. For 22 3-ear3 it was used for\\njudicial purposes, and was provided with a court-room\\nand jail. Mr. Ladd occupied the building 42 3-ears,\\nduring which time it had served as court-house, church\\nand tavern. It was torn down in 1857. Mr. Ladd, who\\nhad served as representative, sheriff, register of probate\\nand judge of the count} court, died in 1845, at the age\\nof 79.\\nTlie settlement of South Hero commenced about 1784.\\nA Congregational church was founded in 1795, and a\\nMethodist society in 1802. Chartered in 1779, it was at\\nfirst one town with Grand Isle and North Hero; was\\ncalled the town of Two Heroes, and the proceedings of\\nthe first town meetings were recorded under that name.\\nlow a sure remedy for fever and ague and burdock root, with black\\ncheny and white-ash bark steeped in cider, the very best remedy for\\nspring jaundice. The old German doctor died in 1809.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0802.jp2"}, "787": {"fulltext": "The valuable mineral springs in this town were first dis-\\ncovered by the earl3 settlers, who followed paths made\\nby moose and deer going to drink, the saline quality of\\nthe water being grateful to those animals after feeding\\non the fresh grasses around the shores of the lake.\\nEbenezer Allen, chosen in 1789, was the first town clerk.\\nIsle la Motte, visited by Champlain as early as 1609,\\nreceived its name from a French officer, and was incor-\\nporated into a township of the same name, Oct. 27, 1779.\\nEbenezer Hyde and Enoch Hall wore among its earliest\\nsettlers, in 1785, and when organized, iu 1790, Abraham\\nKnapp became the first town clerk. Nathaniel Wales,\\nthe first town representative serving in 1791-92-93,\\nliterallj paddled his own canoe to Burlington, a dis-\\ntance of over 30 miles, in order to get to the General\\nAssembly. Ichabod Fisk taught the first school and\\nthe first person born on the island was Laura Blanchard,\\ndaughter of William Blanchard, Sept. 17, 1792. The\\nfirst death was that of a child of Abraham Knapp, before\\nthe year 1800. The coffin consisted of a basswood log hol-\\nlowed out, something like a sap-trough used in early times.\\nJoseph Williams, who served in the Revolutionary\\nwar, and was w-ouuded at the battle of Brandj-wine, was\\npresent when Gen. Washington joined the Jlasonic fra-\\nternity. He afterwards lived and died upon Isle la\\nMotte, and was buried with Masonic honors.\\nTowns.\\nAlbueg, a triangular tongue of land, called by the\\nFrench Point Algonquin, extending from Canada\\nabout 10 miles south into Lake Champlain, has a popu-\\nlation of 1,716. In this far-off forest- wild Joseph S.\\nMott, one of its early inhabitants, invented the planing-\\nmachine, of world-wide utility. His model was stolen\\nfrom the Patent-Office Department at Washington, and\\nhe never obtained a patent. Other parties afterwards\\nimproved and utilized his invention, but the enterprise\\nnearly ruined him. The town has no mountains or\\nstreams of any consequence. The medicinal properties of\\nthe waters at Alburg Springs have promoted the growth\\nof that thriving village. The Vennont Central Railroad\\npasses through the northern part of the town.\\nGrand Isle, with Lake Champlain on all sides of it,\\nexcept the south, is quite a considerable summer resort.\\nIts soil is unsurpassed in fertility by any lands in the\\nState. About one-fourth of its population (682) is\\nFrench Canadian.\\nHon. Jedediah Hyde,* a fonner representative of this\\ntown, fought at the battle of Bunker Hill was in the\\nbattle of Bennington in winter-quarters at Valley\\nForge and was afterwards under Gen. Lee at the battle\\nof Monmouth. He died in 1824, while serving in the\\nState legislature.\\nNorth Hero, with a population of 600 South Hero,\\n586 and Isle la Motte, 437, are mainly agricultural\\ntowns. All of them contain quarries of limestone, valu-\\nable for business purposes. As to the Isle la Motte\\nmarble, it is represented in the Victoria Bridge, in Fort\\nMontgomery in the Catholic cathedral at Montreal, and\\nelsewhere.\\nLAMOILLE COUNTY.\\nBY WILLIAM E. GRAVES.\\nIn 1835, twelve Vermont towns selected from adjacent\\ncounties were set off and incor|)orated as the county of\\nLamoille.\\nThe act of incorporation provided that when some\\ntown should erect a suitable court-house and jail, the\\ncount} should be deemed organized and then came the\\nstruggle. The lower end of the county wanted the shire\\nat Johnson, while the upiier end wanted it at Morris-\\ntown. The selection of a suitable place was finally left\\nto a committee, and Joshua Sawyer, an influential mem-\\nber of the bar, secured the county-seat for Hyde Park,\\nwhere a court-house was built by that town, and the\\ncounty courts were held in 1837.\\nOf the higher court officials, the first two were Judge\\nBridges and Judge Waterman. O. H. Butler was the\\nfirst State s attorney, and Daniel Dodge the first judge of\\nprobate. In 1848 the town of Mansfield was annexed to\\nStone, and in 1855, Sterling was divided between Mor-\\nristown, Johnson and Stowe, leaving but 10 towns in the\\ncount} These are, perhaps, the most noteworthy\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Mr. Hydeisrcpiital)\\nI tlie moniins of that i\\nliiiowii as the person who shaved Maj. Andre,\\nlibrtunate utficer", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0803.jp2"}, "788": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nchanges that have occurred in its topography- since the\\ncounty was organized.\\nSome of the grandest scenerj- of the State maj^ be\\nfound in this section of its territory, which includes\\nMansfield Mountain, the highest land in Vermont. On\\nthe north, this lofty elevation still shows traces of two\\nremarkable slides which took place one in 1830, the\\nother in 1848 the latter running from peak to base, a\\ndistance of nearly three miles. Bear Head Lake, and\\nLake of the Clouds on Mount Mansfield, are two pictur-\\nesque sheets of water in this county of ponds, as it\\nmight not improperly- be called, Hj de Park containing\\n12, and the town of Eden more than 20, large and small.\\nAt the outlet of one of the largest of these, known as\\nNorth Pond, Thomas li. Parker and Jeduthan Stone,\\nbuilt the first mills in the county. About 70 jears ago,\\ntheir dam broke awaj-, carrj-ing oflT the saw and grist\\nmills, and causing a great destruction of propertj An\\nimmense volume of water, 16 feet high, rolled nearlj-\\nperpendicularly- down the bed of the stream. There was\\nnot a horse so fleet that the inhabitants at Johnson could\\nbe warned of the coming tide, and the countrj- below was\\ncompletely inundated. The foundations of many houses\\nwere washed away. Poik barrels and all sorts of cellar\\nstores were carried miles below, and left in the meadows\\nof Lamoille Eiver. The injured parties sued Parker and\\nStone for damages, and the cases were tried and ap-\\npealed, over and over again, and continued for a number\\nof j-ears. At length the judge told the Johnson claim-\\nants that the}- had not sued the right part}-, it was the\\nwork of the Supreme Being The result was each paid\\nhis own costs, and the lawsuit ended.\\nThe Lamoille River, abounding in mlU-privilegcs, en-\\nters the count}- in Wolcott, and leaves it in Cambridge.\\nIndian tomahawks and other relics were found on this\\nriver by the first settlers, and Mr. Corfin ploughed up\\nsilver brooches. Fifty years ago a part}- of the St. Fran-\\ncis tribe encamped on Indian Hill, in Cambridge, and for\\na time hunted and fished in the neighborhood and as\\nlate as 1840, families of the same tribe returned to their\\nold camping-grounds, and subsisted bj- selling baskets\\nand bark dishes. Dr. Huntoon of Hyde Park, had, at\\nhis death, a five-quart pan made by one of the squaws\\nduring her last visit to this place.\\nSoapstone is found in Waterville, Johnson, and near\\nSterling Pond. A large quantity is exported from Water-\\nville yearly. There is an inexhaustible whetstone ledge\\nin Wolcott, and a corporation is quarrying the stone.\\nWolcott and Elmore have a large copper-bed which may\\nsome day pay for mining. In Hyde Park, in Cambridge,\\nand near Sterling Pond, is found ochre of the richest\\nkind, used chiefly for paint. Lead is also said to have\\nbeen discovered by the Indians in Belvidere. The pro-\\nprietors of wild lands usually make a reserve of minerals\\nwhen thej sell such lots. Veins of gold and silver have\\nbeen found in various parts of the county since 1851,\\nbut the yield of ore has hardly paid the cost of working\\nthe mines.\\nThe first settlement in Lamoille County commenced in\\nCambridge, where was built the first mill, for several\\nyears the onlj- one in this territory. In that town, also,\\noccurred the first death in the county, that of Mr.\\nHowe, killed by lightning. The early settlers generally\\nmanufactured their own wearing-apparel. All through\\nthis region, less than 60 j-ears ago, the men would be\\nseen at the brake and swingle-board, dressing flax the\\nwomen working at the foot-wheel, and the girls hetchcl-\\ning flax, or carding and spinning the tow. Alas, for the\\ndays that have gone forever\\nThe early inhabitants of the county entered largely\\ninto the manufacture of potash, or salts of 13-e, which\\nwas made in everj town. The next business, as grain\\nbecame abundant, was the distilling of liquors. Dis-\\ntilleries were erected, and the whiske} trade was carried\\non quite extensiveh At one time there were ten dis-\\ntilleries in operation in Cambridge. The liquors were\\ntrafficked oS at Montreal. Then followed the raising of\\nhemp, which was dressed for market in a large factor}-\\nerected for that purpose at Waterville but the business\\nsoon became worthless, and the factory was turned into\\na woollen-mill. The manufacture of starch from pota-\\ntoes came next, and 19 factories have been engaged in\\nthis work. Linseed oil was at one time made in Morris-\\ntown but in a short time the business was abandoned.\\nHop culture flourished for a while, but the low price of\\nthe product has led many to destroy their hop-yards, and\\nbutter and cheese making, with the manufacture of maple\\nsugar, has since proved more profitable.\\nThe newspaper business has never proved particularly\\nprofitable in Lamoille County, its most successful enter-\\nprise being that of the Lamoille Newsdealer, started\\nby Mr. S. Howard, at Hyde Park, in 1860. In 1864, it\\nbecame the property of Mr. Charles C. Morse, who sub-\\nsequently sold out to Col. E. B. Sawyer.*\\nOf the educational institutions in this county, perhaps\\nthe most noteworthy are the academy at Morrisville the\\nLamoille Central Academy at Hyde Park and the La-\\nmoille County Grammar School, established in 1832 by\\nlegislative enactment. In 1866 the institution last named\\nbecame the State Normal School.\\nCol. Sawyer was commander of the First Vennontcavalrj Undei-\\nI the paper has met with success.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0804.jp2"}, "789": {"fulltext": "Lying on the western range of the Green Mountains,\\nabout 32 miles from Montpelier, is an uneven tract of\\nland, a considerable part of which is mountainous and\\nunfit for cultivation. The higher peaks and ridges are\\ncovered with immense quantities of spruce and hemlock\\nthe lower portion with maple, birch and ash. Owing to\\nthe height of the mountains, their close proximity to the\\nvalley, and the densitj^ of the forests, snow remains on\\nthe ground very late in the spring, and the agricultural\\nseasons are, consequently, backwai d. No professional\\nlawj-er, doctor or preacher, has ever resided for any\\nlength of time, in this isolated location. Originally\\ngranted to a Mr. John Kelley in 1787, and incorporated\\nby the name of Belvidcre in 1791, settlements were com-\\nmenced here about the 3 ear 1800, and, in 1810, the place\\nhad a population of 217. Not far from that date. Elder\\nMorris of IJardwick, delivered in the barn of Timothy\\nCaipenter, a discourse which was, probably, the first\\npreaching in the town. After the war of 1812-15, a\\nchurch of the Christian denomination was formed. In\\n1822, a Methodist clergyman b} the name of Lyon, suc-\\nceeded in forming a class, and meetings are now held in\\nthe commodious town-house. John Brown, chosen town\\nclerk in 1828, held that oflice 20 years, and represented\\nBelvidere in the legislature of 1822.\\nOn the Lamoille River, at the base of Mount Mans-\\nfield, lies another uneven township called Cambridge, and\\nincorporated in 1781. John Safford from Piermont, N. H.,\\nwho arrived here in 1783, was the first settler. The\\nnext year Amos Fassett and others, with their families,\\ncame from Bennington to Cambridge, after cutting their\\nway for ten miles through the woods. They brought pro-\\nvisions with them, and when these were exhausted, they\\nwere compelled to live on fish and game. All the earl}\\nsettlers lived in log houses, the forest echoing for miles\\naround with the axe-man s blow, and the crash of sturdy\\ntrees. His wife spun flax, while her daughters spun\\ntow for the summer clothing, and when these were fin-\\nished, the wool was next spun and woven for the winter s\\nwardrobe and summer and winter thej wore their dura-\\nble homespun, and were not dependent upon factories\\nand stores. James Gilmore, afterwards town repre-\\nsentative came in 1795, with his wife and six daugh-\\nters. Mr. Gilmore used to remark that he brought into\\nCambridge 36 feet of girls each of his daughters being\\nsix feet in height. Mr. Gilmore, himself, was six feet\\nand four inches in height, and weighed 210 pounds. A\\ntown government was organized in 1785. John Fassett\\nwas the first town clerk. Daniel Safford was the first\\nrepresentative, and John Saflbrd taught the first school\\nin a log house in 1786. He had 24 scholars. The old-\\nest inhabitant of Cambridge, the widow Graves, was\\nnearly 94 years old at the time of her death.\\nIn the north part of the county, 30 miles from Mont-\\npelier, a township was granted, in 1780, to Col. Seth\\nWarner, and the officers and soldiers of his regiment,\\nfor service in the Continental army. This territory was\\nincorporated the following year as the town of Eden,\\nwhere settlements were commenced in the year 1800:\\nand, two years afterward, a town government was or-\\nganized, Moses Wentwort a serving as town clerk from\\n1802 to 1811. A Congregational and a Methodist\\npreacher had each held religious meetings in a barn but\\nthe first settlers were mainly Calvinistic in sentiment,\\nand violently opposed to any other kind of preaching,\\none honest old deacon avowing that he would rather have\\nhis children hunt and fish on the Sabbath, than attend\\nMethodist meetings. When Eev. Wilbur Fisk, a Metho-\\ndist preacher, arrived, he soon converted the majority\\nover to his belief; and, from that time to the present,\\nthe Methodist Church has been the leading religious\\norganization in this place.\\nThe town of Elmore, named from Col. Samuel El-\\nmore, to whom it was granted in 1780, was incorpo-\\nrated in 1781, but nothing was done towards the settle-\\nment of the town until 1790. Two years afterward, a\\ntown government was organized. Martin Elmore served\\nas town clerk from 1797 to 1838, a period of 41 years.\\nIn the geographical centre of Lamoille County, is a\\nplot of land six miles square, where no change has been\\nmade, in boundary lines, since the original survc} In\\n1780, Capt. Jedediah Ilj de, who had previously explored\\nthe wilderness of northern Vermont, headed a petition\\nwhich was numerously signed by his fellow-soldiers from\\nNorwich, Conn. for a charter of this land. The ap-\\nplication was favorably received and, soon after, a\\ngrant of this territory was conveyed to the petitioners as\\na partial recompense for military services previously ren-\\ndered and as a compliment to Capt. Hyde, the first\\nperson named in the petition, the place was called\\nHyde s Park, afterwards Hyde Park, under which name\\nit was incorporated in 1781. Its pioneer settler was\\nJohn McDaniell, of Scotch extraction, his name being a\\ncorruption of McDonald. He was an impetuous l)ut\\ngenerous-hearted man, six feet and two or three inches\\nin height, of muscular frame, and amply able to avenge\\nall personal slights on the spot. Reaching his destina-\\ntion July 4, 1787, he immediately proceeded to erect a\\nlarge, comfortable-looking house, of the best spruce logs\\nwith the bark peeled off, the roof being covered witii\\nhuge split sliingles. Here, with his family, he kept a\\nhouse of entertainment for the wa3 -faring man, the hun-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0805.jp2"}, "790": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nter, the speculator, or whoever might choose to desire a\\nnight s lodging and refreshment. Squire McDaniell,*\\nas he was called was a general favorite with the set-\\ntlers, aud acquired a large propertj-. Whop the town\\nwas organized in 1791, he was chosen moderator of the\\nmeeting and was afterwards justice of the peace, and\\nchairman of the board of selectmen. The first preach-\\ning in the town was by the celebrated Lorenzo Dow,\\nabout 1793. A Methodist class was formed soon after,\\nand Elizabeth H^de, daughter of Capt. Jedediah Hyde,\\nthe founder of the town, was the first to join it. Since\\nthat day, the Methodists have been the strongest religious\\ndenomination in town, and for about 60 years have had\\nregular stated preaching.\\nAmong the brave soldiers in early New England times\\nwas Samuel Eaton, who, before the reduction of Canada\\nby the British, often passed as a scout down the Lamoille\\nRiver to Lake Champlain. Several times during these\\nenterprises he encamped, on a chosen spot, which he af-\\nterwards occupied as a farm in the town of Johnson,\\nhe being the first settler of that place, in 1784. Packing\\nliis personal effects upon the well-tried back of an old\\nhorse, he set out with a numerous family in search of that\\nfavorite spot which he had selected in more youthful da3 s.\\nFor more than 30 miles of the distance, he followed the\\nmarked trees which he and his companions had previously\\nblazed while on scouting-parties in the French war. The\\ntown was granted in 1782 to William S. Johnson, and\\nothers, receiving its name from the principal grantee.\\nIt was not incorporated until 1792, and its first town-\\nmeeting was held March 4, 1789. A full compan} of\\nvolunteers from tliis town served upon the frontier lines\\nduring the war of 1812 at Champlain, in 1813 and at\\nthe battle of Plattsburg, in 1814.\\nAbout 20 miles from Montpelier lies a considerable\\nbody of water bearing the unromantie name of Joe s\\nPond, in commemoration of an old Indian hunter who,\\nfor many years, dwelt on its borders. This lake is\\nsituated in the south-east part of Morristown, an impor-\\ntant township, noted for the scenic beaut3- of its sur-\\nroundings, and as a delightful Vermont home. This\\ntown was incorporated in 1781. The settlement was\\ncommenced in 1 790 bj- Jacob Walker, from Bennington\\nand, at the end of the next year, there were but ten in-\\nhabitants in the place. The nearest neighbor was at\\nAVaterburj-, 14 miles distant and the nearest grist-mill\\nat Cambridge, 20 miles away. In 1798, Capt. Safford,\\nfrom Windsor, Mass buOt a saw-mill at the Great\\nFalls on Lamoille River. When a town government was\\nformed in 1796, Comfort Oldsf was chosen town clerk,\\nwhich office he held for six years. The first road was\\nlaid out in the year 1800, and a town-house was built in\\n1814. Elisha Boardman, who was first representative\\nin 1804, served till 1808. He commanded the first mili-\\ntary companj in the town, was an able justice of the\\npeace, and died in 1826, aged 53 jears.\\nSome of the finest farms in Lamoille County ma^- be\\nfound in the town of Stowe, incorporated in 1763, and\\nfirst settled by Oliver Luce, a native of Martha s Vine-\\nyard, about the year 1793. He was the first person in\\nthe place who opened his house for the entertainment of\\ntravellers. For a sign he raised a flag-staff, surmounted\\nbj- a large white ball. The first town-meeting was held\\nin 1797. The first cooking-stove brought into town was\\nthe property of Maj. Nehemiah Perkins, who gave a yoke\\nof oxen in exchange for it. This occurred about the\\n3-ears 1819-20.\\nExtensive quarries of soapstone are found in the north-\\neastern part of the count}-, in the town of Waterville\\ngranted to William Colt and others in 1788, when it bore\\nthe name of Colt s Gore. A part of this tract of\\n10,000 acres was annexed to Bakersfield in the following\\n3 ear, the remainder, with parts of Bakersfield and Bel-\\nvidere, being incorporated under its present name in\\n1824. Settlements commenced here about 1789, and the\\nfirst mills were erected in 1796-97. The town records\\nare somewhat imperfect, but Luther Poland was the first\\nrepresentative, probably about the year 1829.\\nIt is not often that anj town, at its annual meeting,\\nelects to office all of its best men. But this really hap-\\npened in 1791, and also in 1794, when there were but\\nfour voters in the town of Wolcott, and Thomas Taylor,\\nat whose house the meeting was held, was elected\\ntown-clerk, first selectman, and constable and for 30\\nyears held two or more offices, besides representing the\\ntown for nearly 20 jears. The remaining offices were,\\nfrom year to 3 ear, filled b} Hezekiah Whitney, moder-\\nator Robert W. Taylor, town-clerk and Seth Hubbell,\\nselectman. These were the first settlers of the town\\nin 1789. Wolcott was incorporated in 1781, while the\\nState was in an abnonual condition, its territor3- being\\nclaimed b3- New York, New Hampshire and Massachu-\\nsetts. Remote from other settlements, ver3- few inhabi-\\ntants came into the town prior to the 3-ear 1800. At a\\nHe lived to see his grandchild s grandchild, of the fifth generation, miles, and he was about four weeks on the way. There was no road\\nand died in the summer of 1834, at the age of 85. I through Morristown, or Stowe, nothing but marked trees to point the\\nt Witli his wife and two small children, he moved from Brookfield to way. Joining the Methodist denomination in the year 1800, he was a\\nMorristown with an ox-team. The distance was a little short of 200 class-leader for more than 30 years. Ho died in 1839, aged 79 years.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0806.jp2"}, "791": {"fulltext": "quilting-party, so late as 1806, Seth Hubbell s wife\\ninvited all the families in town, consisting of 14, the\\nmothers and children coming in the afternoon, and the\\nhusbands and fathers in the evening. So poor were\\nthe Hubbell familj-, consisting of father, mother, and\\nfive children, that, soon after thek first arrival in town,\\ndestitute of money and provisions, thej subsisted for\\nthree weeks on the flesh of a moose purchased of an\\nIndian, who sold it for a common cotton under-gannent,\\nof which Mr. Hubbell divested himself at the time of\\nthe purchase. While clearing up his meadow, when faint\\nfor the want of food, he was accustomed to take a trout\\nfrom the river, where there was then an abundance, broil\\nand eat it without salt or bread. When winter came he\\nwould penetrate the dense forest, where his unerring aim\\nwas sure to laj low an antlered moose, which must be\\nborne to his family on his back. Now and then he\\ncaught a sable, whose skin he carried 50 miles and sold\\nfor a half-bushel of wheat, with which he retm-ned to his\\nfamily. And thus he lived, until able to supply his family\\nwith the necessaries of life, from the soil.\\nTowns.\\nStowe, quietly nestled among the green hills of Ver-\\nmont, in a lovely valley between the Mansfield Mountains\\non the west, and a range called the Hog-back on the\\neast, is unrivalled in the picturesque beauty and luxuriant\\nmagnificence of its mountain scenery. Around the town\\nare heav ily wooded hills clothed with perpetual verdure,\\nand near its central village are seen soft, velvety slopes\\nof land, suiTounding weU-tilled fields and cheerful cot-\\ntage homes. The finest and most fertile farms in the\\nState are found here, the mansions of their owners\\nmade conspicuous by tall, stately trees, the adjoining\\nmeadows being dotted with graceful ehns. The popula-\\ntion of the town is about 2,050. Where the highways\\nfrom the various quarters of the town centre, has been\\nappropriately named the Centre Village, which, with\\nits numerous city visitors and boarders during the sum-\\nmer months, wears quite the appearance of a livelj and\\nconsiderable watering-place. The slight traces of\\ngold found in many localities, especially on the small\\nstreams, would perhaps hardly paj- for mining al-\\nthough Capt. Sla3-ton, an old Californian, took from his\\nfarm, in Maj-, 1857, sullicient to make a handsome\\nwatch-chain, worth about $100.\\nMoRRiSTOWN lost an opportunit}- of becoming one of\\nthe first towns in the State, when the owners of that fine\\nHis early days were spent in the ser^ ice of his country. He was at\\nValley Forge with Washin^ ton during that winter of darkness and\\nsuffering and was present, under the same great commander, at York-\\nwater-power in the vOlage of Morrisville demanded of\\nthe Fau banks Scale Company (which finaUj went to St.\\nJohnsbury) an unreasonable price for their mill-privilege.\\nThis village lies in the heart of a romantic region and,\\nin business activitj far surpasses the other two villages\\nin this town. So far as water-power is concerned, its\\nfacilities for manufacturing are almost unsurpassed. The j\\ntown contains 1,896 inhabitants; and, with its three j\\npost-offlces, town-house, fair-grounds, academy, carriage\\nand starch factories, tannery, and numerous saw and\\ngrist mills, is a very fair specimen of a thriving Vermont\\nvillage.\\nHyde Park, the seat of justice for Lamoille County,\\ncontains the court-house, jail and jailer s house, built i\\nby the inhabitants in 1836, at Hyde Park village. The\\nSupreme Court sits here in August, and the County\\nCourt in May and December. The population of the\\ntown is 1,626. A peculiarity of three of its 12 ponds is,\\nthat each contains only one species of fish, perch,\\npickerel and trout. Hence their names. Perch, Pickerel\\nand Trout ponds. Some of these large sheets of water\\nare entirelj- surrounded bj* primeval forests and, floating\\nin a birch canoe, one may easily imagine himself trans-\\nferred to the aboriginal days, when the yell of the cop-\\nper-face was the only human sound to be heard. Wild\\nducks frequent these ponds, and, occasionally a blue\\nlieron is shot in the vicinity. The manufacture of boots\\nand shoes is a leading industrj and large quantities of\\nstarch are made in the various factories. The town con-\\ntains a bed of terra de sienna, a copper-mine, a few sul-\\nphur and iron springs, and a mineral spring of great\\nstrength. The prospect from the hills of Hyde Park is\\nnot often surpassed, even in Vermont.\\nCambridge, a well-watered and well-timbered farming-\\ntown, has 320 sugar-orchards, numbering from 100 to\\n3,000 trees, each, the average yield to a tree being\\nabout three pounds of maple-sugar. A verj^ large amount\\nof this product is annually sent into the West. The\\npresent number of inhabitants is 1,651. Cambridge was\\nformerly a favorite sporting-ground, and a great resort\\nfor deer, who came to feed in summer and herd in winter\\nin the thicl? shrubber} growing on the water-shed in this\\ntown, between the Lamoille and IMlssisquoi rivers. Old\\nGov. Tichenor came here, with his friends, on several\\noccasions, and had a regular week s hunt. The town has\\na woollen factory, tannery, and several mills and mechanic\\nshops.\\nJohnson, the seat of the State Normal School, has a\\ntown, serving until the close of the Revolutionary war. He died in 1\\n1832, at the age of 73, leaving his old homestead and the farm to his\\nson, who, with his son, still cultivates and owns it. j", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0807.jp2"}, "792": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NP:W ENGLAND.\\npopulation of l,/)o8. Within the township is a natural\\nstone bridge on the Lamoille River, 100 rods belov.\\nMcConnell s Falls (so named from one of the earlj- set-\\ntlers). On one street in this town are three beautiful\\nchurches, fronting one waj and very similarlj- constructed\\ninside.*\\nOther towns in this county, quite as important in many\\nrespects, but less numerous in population, are Walcott,\\nwhose inhabitants now number 1,132, and whose energies\\nseem to be enlisted in an effort to more fully develop\\nthe resources- of their town, named from Maj. Gen.\\nOliver Walcott, one of the original proprietors Eden\\n(959), with its somewhat mountainous surface, good\\ngrazing lands and considerable mill-streams: Elmore\\n(636), containing Mead s Pond of 300 acres, abundant\\niron-ore, and territoiy, a large part of which is an un-\\nbroken wilderness Waterville (573) broken and\\nmountainous, with some very good land along the La-\\nmoille River, by which the town is watered and Belvi-\\ndere (369), with its 3 villages, its neat little church\\nat the Junction, and its 6 saw-mills actively employed\\nall the year round in sawing shingles and laths, which\\nare mostl} exported.\\nEvery town in this county bears witness to the persever-\\nance and industr3- of those stout-hearted pioneers, whose\\nheroic struggles with poverty and privation have succeed-\\ned in subduing the wilderness, and in converting uncleared\\nforests into pleasant villages and productive farms.\\nORAKGE COUNTY. t\\nBY J. T. CHILD, D.D.S.\\nBy an act of the legislature of Vermont in 1781, Cum-\\nberland County was divided into three counties, namely,\\nWindham, Windsor and Orange. The first two were of\\nabout the same dimensions as they are at present, but\\nOrange County embraced the whole north-eastern quarter\\nof the State, extending from Windsor County to the\\nCanada line, the same tract of countrj- that was origi-\\nnally called Gloucester Count3 March 2, 1792, the\\ncounties of Caledonia and Essex, and the eastern portion\\nof Orleans Count}-, were formed from the northern por-\\ntion of this county.\\nDec. 1, 1810, the towns of BaiTe, Berlin, Northfield\\nand Roxbury were taken from Orange County, and in-\\ncorporated as a part of Jefferson County-, afterwards\\nknown as Washington Count}-, reducing the formerlj\\nlarge county of Orange to its present comparativel}\\nnarrow limits.\\nThis county lies on the east side of the Green Moun-\\ntains, about equidistant from the northern and southern\\nRev. James Doughertj-, D.D., was bom in Park, county of London-\\nderry, Ireland, April 9, 1706. In 1S19 be came to South Hero, Yt.,\\nand graduated at the University of Ycrmont in 1830, studied theology,\\nand was ordained in 1S32. He was installed at Milton in 1836, dis-\\nmissed in 1848; was installed at Johnson in 1851, and dismissed at his\\nown request, on account of failing health, in 1S67. Dr. Dnuj .ierty was\\nhorn and bred a Roman Catholic. Converted to I mti -taiiti.-ia afii r\\ncoming to this country, he entered upon his new Christian lifo w itli all\\nthe ardor of his Iri^h ii;\\\\turc. Ik- was a preacher cf rare cUxiuenie, of\\nboundaries of the State, extending 34 miles from east to\\nwest, and 28 from north to south, and containing about\\n650 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Wash-\\nington and Caledonia counties, east b}- the Connecticut\\nRiver, which separates it from Grafton County, N. 11.,\\nsouth by Windsor County, and west by Washington and\\nAddison counties. It was incorporated in February,\\n1781.\\nThe general surface of Orange County is broken and\\nhilly, averaging above 800 feet in elevation, but there\\nare no high mountains or large streams. The eastern\\nrange of the Green Mountains extends through the cen-\\ntral part of the count}- from north to south, thus forming\\nthe water-shed, the streams on the eastern slope empty-\\ning into the Connecticut, and those on the western, into\\nWinooski River and Lake Champlain. Wells River,\\nwhich has its source principally in Caledonia County,\\nruns across the north-east corner, and empties into the\\nConnecticut. Wait s River, which has its source in Or-\\ngreat Intellectual strength, breadth, and originality of generous sym-\\npathies, singular spiritual insight, and catholicity of sentiment. He\\ndied June 10, 1868.\\nt Orange County at present contains 17 tovms, namely: Bradford,\\npopulation in 1870, 1,492; Braintrce, 1,066; Brookfield, 1,270; Chelsea,\\n1 ,520 Corinth, 1 ,470 Fairlee, 424 West Fairlee, 833 Ncwbm-y 2,24 1\\nOrange, 733; Randolph, 2,830; Strafford, 1,289; Thetford, 1,611; Tops-\\nham, 1,418; Tunbridge, 1,405; Vershire, 1,140; Washington, 1,113; and\\n,1,236.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0808.jp2"}, "793": {"fulltext": "ange, Topsliam and Washington, takes its course througli\\nthe north-eastern corner of Corinth, and empties into\\nthe Connecticut at Bradford. The Ompompanoosuc,\\nwhich has its source in Vershire, Strafford and AVest\\nFairlee, passes through Thetford, where it is a stream of\\nconsiderable size, and empties into the Connecticut at\\nNorwich. The whole eastern and south-eastern portion\\nof the county is watered by these rivers. The south-\\nwestern portion is watered bj- the first, second and third\\nbranches of the White River, and the north-western por-\\ntion b}- Steven s branch of the Winooski River.\\nThe rocks throughout the north-western part are al-\\nmost exclusivelv granite, and (particularly Knox Moun-\\ntain) afford stone of excellent quality for building pur-\\nposes. Through the western part, a range of argilla-\\nceous slate extends through the towns of Williamstown,\\nBrookfleld and Braintree, and Wright s Mountain, at\\nBradford, which rises to the height of 1,700 feet above\\nthe Connecticut River, consists principally of this ma-\\nterial.\\nThe mineral wealth of this count}- is superior to some\\nothers in the State. Lead-ore has been found in Straf-\\nford, but of more recent date the sulphuret of iron has\\nbeen found in large deposit^, from which copperas has\\nbeen manufactured for manj years. This ore has also\\nbeen found in Thetford. Valuable mines of the sulphu-\\nret of copper have been opened in Vershire and Corinth.\\nIn the earl} history of these two mines, the ore was\\nsent away to be refined, but for the past 10 years the\\nVermont Copper Mining Company, who are the pro-\\nprietors of the Vershire mines, have done their own\\nsmelting and refining.\\nManufacturing, the trades, and mercantile business\\nare carried on through the several towns to a considera-\\nble extent, but the principal business, apart from min-\\ning, is agriculture. The soil is generally productive, the\\ntowns of Randolph, Braintree, Tunbridge, and those on\\nthe Connecticut River, being ranked especially high in\\nthe quality of their farms.\\nThe population of this county in 1840, according to\\nthe U. S. census, was 27,873. In 1870, it was 23,090,\\nshowing a decrease in 30 years of 4,783.\\nRandolph has the most valuable farms, and produces\\ntlie most value, in farm products, of any town in the\\ncounty. The number of farms in the county is 3,35.5.\\nThere are 1,2G9 of over 100 acres each, and five of over\\n500 acres each.\\nThe county buildings are located in Chelsea, which\\nhas been the shire town since 179G. Educational mat-\\nters have ever received due attention, and every village\\ngives its children the benefit of good schools. Good\\nacademies have also been established in several of the\\ntowns. Those in Bradford, Randolph, Thetford and\\nChelsea bear an excellent reputation. Convenient places\\nfor public worship are provided in almost every village,\\nwhich are generally supplied by settled pastors but it\\nis a lamentable fact that many of the churches are\\nallowed to remain in solitude, unopened for months.\\nThe roads through the county are generally good, and\\nthe facilities for travel and commerce are greatly in-\\ncreased by the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Rail-\\nroad, which passes through Thetford, Fairlee, Bradford\\nand Newbury and the Vermont Central Railroad, which\\npasses through Randolph and Braintree.\\n1\\nTowns.\\nBradford lies in the eastern part of Orange County,\\non the west side of the Connecticut River. The first\\nsettlers of Waitstown, as Bradford was originally called,\\ntook up the land by what was called pitches, without\\nauthority from any source whatever. This continued\\nfrom 1765 until 1770, when 30 of the landholders com-\\nmissioned Samuel Sleeper, one of their number, to ob- 1\\ntain a royal charter. This mission was successful, and\\na cliarter was granted to Moore-Town, subsequently\\nBradford, by George III., May 3, 1770. The name of i\\nthe town was changed to Bradford, Oct. 23, 1788. The\\nfirst settlement was made by John Hosmer, or Osmer, in I\\n17G5, near the mouth of Wait s River. He was joined, j\\nthe next year, by Samuel Sleeper and Benoni Wright.\\nThe first grist-mill was built by John Peters, in 1772,\\nat the lower falls, near the mouth of Wait s River, and\\nthe first saw-mill by Benjamin Baldwin, on the same\\nstream, in 1774.\\nThe first town meeting of which record has been pre-\\nserved was held May 4, 1773, at the house of Samuel\\nMcDuffee.\\nThe town has a fund of $9,020.20, with an annual\\nincome of $577.21, which is applied for school purposes.\\nThe Bradford Academy was incorporated in 1820, and\\nis a prosperous institution. There are at present (1879)\\n12 school-districts in town.\\nThe Bradford Scientific Association was incorpo-\\nrated Nov. 4, 1857.\\nThe first newspaper published in this town was called\\nthe American Protector, which commenced in 1843,\\nwith A. B. F. Hildreth proprietor and editor. Its name\\nwas afterwards changed to the Vermont Family Ga-\\nzette. In 1851 the Northern Enquirer was com-\\nmenced, and its name was changed to the Bradford\\nInquirer Nov. 25, 1854. The name of this paper was\\nchanged at several times. The National Telegraph", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0809.jp2"}, "794": {"fulltext": "758\\nHISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwas published from 1856 to 1858. In June, 1866, the\\nfirst number of the National Opinion was issued by\\nA. A. Earle, who, in about six months sold out to D.\\nW. Cobb. About the j-ear 1874, the paper was bought\\nby the Orange Countj- Publishing Company, and was\\nedited by Benjamin F. Stanton, under the name of the\\nBradford Opinion, which name it retains at this time.\\nThe town hall, a large two-story building, was erected\\nin 1857, at a cost of $2,681, on land presented for this\\npurpose bj C. C. P. Baldwin, ex-high-sheiiff of the\\ncount3%\\nThe first meeting-house was built in 1791, by the\\nBaptists, under Elder Rice. The second one was erected\\nIn- the Congi-cgationalists, in 1793, and the Rev. Gard-\\nner Kellogg was ordained as pastor Sept. 2, 1795. The\\npresent Congregational church was organized June 24,\\n1810. Rev. Silas McKeen was ordained pastor Oct. 28,\\n1815. On application he was dismissed in 1827, but by\\na warm-hearted invitation he again became settled over\\nthis church in 1828. His active ministerial life among\\nthis people was 42 years and 8 months. There are at\\npresent four houses for public worship in Bradford.\\nThe surface of the town is somewhat broken, but is, in\\ngeneral, under a good state of cultivation, there being\\nnot more than 40 acres of waste land, which is situated\\nnpon Wright s Mountain. This mountain rises to an\\naltitude of 1,700 feet above the Connecticut River, and\\n2,100 feet above tide-water. Its southern and western\\nsides arc composed of ledges of argillaceous slate, which\\nis used for building purposes. In this mountain are\\nseveral caverns, the largest of which is called Devil s\\nDen, but bj- some it is called Wright s Cave, from a\\nI religious fanatic who is said to have lived there. In the\\ni east part of the town is a considerable precipice, called\\nRowell s Ledge. The eastern border of Bradfoi d is\\nI watered bj- the Connecticut. Wait s River flows from\\nwest to east in two branches, which soon after entering\\nBradford unite and form a considerable stream, affording\\nseveral fine mill-privileges.\\nThe principal village is located near the Falls, about\\ni half a mile from where Wait s River flows into the Con-\\nnecticut. It is furnished with a good grist-mill, saw-\\nmill, furnace for casting iron-work, stone factorv, two\\nI machine-shops and a paper-mill. The Bradford Savings\\nBank and Trust Company is located in this village.\\nI Braintkee, situated in the south-west corner of Orange\\nCounty, was chartered Aug. 1, 1781, by Gov. Chitten-\\nden. The first settlements were made in February, 1785,\\nin the east part of the town, by Silas Flint, Samuel\\nBass, Jacob and Samuel Spear and others, being mostly\\nemigrants from Braintree and Sutton, Mass. and thus\\nthe town received its name. The first woman who came\\ninto town was Mrs. S. Flint, and she received, in conse-\\nquence, a free gift of 100 acres of land from the proprie-\\ntors.\\nThe first town meeting was held at the house of Henry\\nBrackett, April 7, 1788. Hiram, son of Samuel Bass,\\nwas the first child born in town, June 2, 1785. He\\nreceived from the proprietors 100 acres of land, upon\\nwhich he lived until his death, Sept. 6, 1868. The first\\nframe house was built prior to 1788, bj- Henry Brackett,\\nand is now standing. The fii-st mill was built by James\\nBrackett, on the Branch, in 1784. The first store was\\nopened by Col. John French, in 1795. In 1814 mills were\\nbuilt by Jeremiah Snow, on Aj-er s Brook. The first\\nschool in town was taught bj Samson Nichols, in a log\\nhouse buUt bj John King, on what is now known as the\\nKidder lot. The first school-house was built in 1793\\nor 1794, near where the Congregational church now\\nstands.\\nRev. Elijah Brainard of Randolph preached the first\\nsei-mon (Cong.) in town, at the house of Samson Nich-\\nols, in the 3-ear 1788. There was no regular church\\norganization until Dec. 25, 1794, when the Congrega-\\ntionalists united together, and in 1803 commenced to\\nbuild a meeting-house, which was not finished until Sept.\\n23, 1807. This house becoming dilapidated, was, in\\n1846, replaced by a new building, which, owing to its\\nelevated position, is visible from many towns. Rev.\\nAaron Cleveland was ordained pastor in March, 1801.\\nThere are at present three churches in town.\\nThe surface is generall3- uneven, there being several\\neminences viz.. Belcher Hill, Nevins Hill, Oak Hill\\nand Quaker Hill. Through the western part runs the\\nRochester and Granville range of the Green Mountains.\\nBkookfield, l.ying on the height of land between the\\nWhite and Winooski rivers, is an irregular shaped town\\nin the western part of Orange County, occupying a pur-\\ntion of that undulating surface which stretches from the\\nGreen Mountains on the west, to the Connecticut River\\non the east.\\nThe first settlement was made in the valley of the\\nBranch, in 1779, by Capt. Shubael Cross and family.\\nMrs. Cross was the first woman who settled in this town,\\nand was the recipient of 100 acres of land from the\\noriginal proprietors. Mr. Howard s family located here\\nin the following spring, and Caleb Martin, John Lyman,\\nJonathan Pierce, John and Noah Payne and several\\nothers came in soon after. These settlers were princi-\\npally from Connecticut. The first mills in Brookfield were\\nbuilt and owned by Capt. Cross. The first town meeting\\nwas held March 18, 1785, at the house of Capt. Cross.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0810.jp2"}, "795": {"fulltext": "The cause of education has received marked attention\\nin this town, and many of its citizens have been liberally\\neducated. In 1832 and 1833 the subject of a female\\nseminary was agitated, and a commodious brick building\\nwas erected and furnished, and a school opened, with\\nMiss Eachel Denison of Eoyalton as principal. This\\nseminary soon became noted as one of the best institu-\\ntions of the kind in the State. It was, however, des-\\ntined to a brief but brilliant existence, and the building\\nwas aftei-wards used for a district school.\\nThe first public action in religious matters was taken\\nin March, 1786, when it was voted by the town, to hire\\nsome preaching for the pi-oduce of the earth. Timothj\\nCowles, Caleb Martin and Abel L3 man were chosen as\\na committee to look up a minister for the above pur-\\npose, and it was decided that \u00c2\u00a320 should be raised for\\nthe support of preaching, to be paid for in wheat at\\nmarket prices. The first church (Cong.) was organized,\\nJul} 11, 1787, and Rev. Elijah Lj man, a native of Tol-\\nland, Conn., was ordained over it, April 8, 1789. He\\nofficiated as pastor until his death, in April, 1828. The\\nfirst meeting-house was built by this society in 1791.\\nTwentj -one ministers have originated in this town.\\nThe town has a library of 800 volumes.\\nChelsea, since December, 1796, the shire town, occu-\\npies nearlj- the centre of the count} The township was\\ngranted about the year 1770, bj the Province of New\\nYork, under tlie name of Gageborough, but it was after-\\nwards granted to Bela Turner and his associates, Nov. 2,\\n1780, b} the legislatiu-e of Vermont, and was chartered,\\nAug. 4, 1781, b} the name of Turnersburgh. The\\nname was changed, Oct. 13, 1788, to that of Chelsea.\\nThe first settlement was made in 1784, b} Samuel and\\nThomas Moore, and Thomas Bond, who in 1785 brought\\ntheir families from Winchester, N. II. Thej were soon\\nfollowed bj- Dea. Enos Smith, and many others, whose\\ndescendants still reside in town. The first house was\\nerected within the limits of the present old burj ing-\\nground, by Thomas Moore. This house, with all of its\\ncontents, was burned to the ground in September, 1785,\\nfive months after the family moved into it. The first\\nchild born in town was Thomas Porter, son of Thomas\\nMoore, who spent his whole life in town, and died in\\nMay, 1867. The first town meeting was held, March 31,\\n1788.\\nThe first court-house was erected on the main street,\\nin 1796, and sen ed the purpose until a more commo-\\ndious house was built at the east end of the south com-\\nmon. This was occupied until 1847, when it was taken\\ndown, and tlie present neat and commodious building\\nwas erected upon nearly the same site.\\nIn 1851 the Chelsea Academy was chartered, which,\\nup to the time of the late civil war, was one of the most\\nflourishing institutions of the kind in the State. In\\n1852 an academy building was erected, which was very\\npleasantly located, and offered accommodations for a\\nlarge and flourishing school.\\nA Congregational church was organized soon after the\\nsettlement of the town, and Rev. Lathrop Thompson\\nwas installed as pastor in November, 1799. For many\\n3 ears the societj held their meetings in the court-house,\\nbut in 1811 they erected a large church building at the\\nhead of the North Common. Chelsea Green, the\\nonly village, is located in the centre of the town.\\nCorinth, situated near the centre of Orange County,\\nwas chartered by New Hampshire, Feb. 4, 1764, to Col.\\nJohn Taplin, Maj. Henry Moore, Mr. Ward and others,\\nand organized in 1 780.\\nIn 1777, Ezekiel Colb} moved his family into town,\\nand they were the first settlers. The next year Mrs.\\nColb} gave birth to a son (Henrj the first child born\\nin town, and he received in consequence 100 acres of\\nland from the proprietors. In 1781, Joseph Fellows, a\\nj oung man 19 j ears of age, from Salisbury, Mass., made\\nthe first settlement in the south-west part of the town.\\nHe set out the first apple-trees which were planted in\\nthat vicinity, and some of them are yet standing. He\\nbuilt a saw-mill on a neighboring stream, and there has\\nbeen a saw-mill in this locality for upwards of 90 years.\\nThe first meeting-house in town was built by the Con-\\ngregationalists in 1801. It was a large two-story build-\\ning, and up to the year 1846 was also used as a town-\\nhouse. It was not until Oct. 10, 1820, mainly through\\nthe labors of the Rev. Charles Y. Chase, that a Congre-\\ngational church was organized. Mr. Chase was ordained\\npastor of the society, Jan. 25, 1821, and held that posi-\\ntion until his death, in 1831. There are Methodist and\\nBaptist societies in town.\\nMrs. Jane Brown, a native of Ireland, and relict of\\nMr. S. Brown, died here, March 26, 1824, aged 101\\n3 ears and 7 months.\\nFaielee was chartered, Sept. 9, 1761, to Josiah\\nChauncev, Joseph Hubbard, and 62 other original grant-\\nees, b} George III. Under this charter the town was a\\npart of the Province of New Hampshire, sometimes\\ncalled the New Hampshire Grants, and several of the\\nfirst meetings were held in Orford, N. II.\\nThe first settlement was made in 1766, by John Bald-\\nwin, who came from Hebron, Conn. He located about\\nhalf a mile south of where the meeting-house now stands,\\nuearl} on the spot where William II. Kibbj resides.\\nIn 1768, Samuel Miller, Samuel Bentley, William and", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0811.jp2"}, "796": {"fulltext": "HISTOKY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nDavid Thompson, Noah Dewe^- and Joel White were\\nsettled here.\\nFeb. 25, 1797, the western half of this township was\\nset off and constituted a separate town, by the name of\\nWest Fairlee.\\nIn 1782, Gen. Israel Morej moved from Orford to\\nFairlee, and built a saw and grist .mill. At an earlj-\\nd:ite he chartered a feiTj- across the Connecticut Eiver,\\nwhich was the onl} mode of communication between Fair-\\nlee and Orford until 1802, when the first bridge was built.\\nThe first post-office was established, July 27, 1808.\\nAppropriations were made for the support of the gos-\\npel as earl^- as 1782, but no meeting-house was built\\nuntil 1802. The building then erected was thoroughly\\nrepaired in 1850 b}- the united efforts of the Congrega-\\ntional and Methodist societies.\\nHon. Nathaniel Niles, born in South Kingston, E. I.,\\nApril 3, 1741, graduated at a New Jersey college in\\n1766. He resided in Norwich, Conn., but at the close of\\nthe Revolutionary war purchased land in Orange County-,\\nVt., and settled in Fairlee (now West Fairlee). He\\nwas a man of great intellectual attainments, and filled\\nmanj- prominent positions in the town, county and State.\\nWest Fairlee. The first settlements in town were\\nmade by Hon. Nathaniel Niles, from Norwich, Conn., and\\nHon. Elisha Thaj er, from Massachusetts, on Middle\\nBrook, near the Centre, about the j ear 1779. The first\\nsettlement in the east part of the town was made bj-\\nElijah Blood, who came from Connecticut, and located\\non Blood Brook in 1778, which brook was named for him.\\nNathan Avery was the first male child born in town.\\nThe first town meeting was held at the dwelling-house\\nof George Bixby, March 31, 1797. Elisha Thayer, the\\nsecond town clerk, held that office for 47 ^-ears, since\\nwhich time the present incumbent, Hon. Ahah Bean, has\\nheld the office 31 years, making three clerks onl} that\\nthe town has had since its organization.\\nThe second town meeting was held May 22, 1797, for\\nthe puipose of electing a representative to Congress.\\nTliere were present at this meeting onl^ 15 voters, and\\nHon. Nathaniel Niles received the entire vote.\\nA Congregational church was organized, Dec. 19,\\n1809, by Rev. Joseph Fuller, of Vershire, and the first\\nmeeting-house was built in 1811, at the Centre. Rev.\\nJoseph Tracj the first settled minister, was ordained,\\nJune 26, 1821. He preached here seven j ears, and was\\nthen dismissed at his own request, and became editor of\\nthe Vermont Chronicle. The principal A-illage is in\\nthe west part of the town.\\nNewburt is located in the north-east corner of Orange\\nCounty. It was chartered to Jacob Bayley, John Hazen,\\nEphraim Bayley, and CO other grantees, March 18,\\n1763. Haverhill, N. H., was also chartered on the same\\nday, the two proprietors ha^dng given their respective\\ntownships the names of their old home towns, Newbury\\nand Haverhill, Mass.\\nThe first settlement was made in 1762, by Samuel\\nSleeper. He was followed, the same j ear, bj the fami-\\nlies of Thomas and Richard Chamberlain and John\\nIlazleton. ThQ Chamberlains settled on Musquash\\nMeadow. The nearest mill was at Charlestown, 60\\nmiles distant, to which the settlers carried their grain.\\nIn the spring of 1762, John Hazen settled here,\\nbringing with him men and material to erect a saw and\\ngrist mill. The first town meeting was held June 13,\\n1763, at Plaistow, N. H., distant not less than 100 miles\\nfrom Newbur} The town was organized immediateh\\nafter the commencement of the first settlement. The\\nwhole eastern boundary of the town is watered b^- the\\nConnecticut River, and along this stream are some of the\\nmost productive and beautiful tracts of interval in the\\nState. Mineral springs are numerous in the town, but\\nthe most important is located by the side of Harriman s\\nBrook.\\nThis town has two villages, Newbury Village, which\\nis situated near the Great Oxbow, and Wells Eiver Vil-\\nlage, which is situated at the mouth of Wells River.\\nEducational matters have received more than average\\nattention in this town. There are, in addition to the\\ncommon schools, two literary institutions located here,\\nthe Newbury Seminar}-, S. L. Eastman, principal and\\nthe Montebello Ladies Institute, Miss Mary E. Tenncy,\\nprincipal. Newbur}- Seminary was opened for a school\\nin the fall of 1834, under the dh ection of Rev. C. Adams\\nand Rev. O. C. Baker. This school was organized and\\nhas always remained under the patronage and direction\\nof the Methodist Church and Conference. For a period\\nof 33 j-ears it had unequalled prosperity, but it declined\\nin importance, and in 1868 was by the Conference re-\\nmoved to Montpeher, and A. J. Willard, of St. Johns-\\nbury, Vt., obtained title to the gi-ounds and building, by\\na foreclosure on a mortgage given him by the trustees.\\nBut the Supreme Court decided that the trustees could\\nnot dispose of the same except for school purposes.\\nRev. S. L. Eastman bought the seminar}- of Mr. Willard,\\nand runs the same on his own responsibility.\\nThe first Congregational church was organized in\\nHollis, Mass., in September, 1764, and the Rev. V.\\nPowers was installed over the society, Feb. 27, 1705.\\nOrange, located in the north-west comer of Orange\\nCounty, was granted, Nov. 6, 1780, and was chartered\\nby Gov. Thomas Chittenden, Aug. 11, 1781, to Capt.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0812.jp2"}, "797": {"fulltext": "Ebenezer Green and others. The first settlement was\\nmade on the south line of the town in September, 1793,\\nbj Ensign Joseph Williams.\\nThe town was organized, March 9, 1796, and the first\\ntown meeting was held at the house of Joseph Williams.\\nThe town is divided nearly through its centre, from\\nnorth to south, by the height of land between Connecti-\\ncut River and Lake Champlain. Large flocks of sheep\\nare kept, and considerable attention is paid to dairying.\\nKnox Mountain, in the north-easterly part of the town,\\nis a considerable elevation, and furnishes good granite\\nfor building purposes.\\nA Congregational church was organized at an early\\ndate, and the Rev. P nos Bliss was settled over it as pas-\\ntor in 1799. At present there are three religious soci-\\neties in town.\\nRandolph, the best farming town in the count} was\\ngranted Nov. 2, 1780, and chartered to Aaron Stoors\\nj and others June 29, 1781, by Vermont, under the name\\nof Randolph.\\nAs near as can be ascertained, the first settlement was\\ncommenced some three or four j-ears before the town\\nwas chartered. William Evans and family, Edward\\nEvans, John Parks and Experience Davis were the first\\npersons that wintered in the township.\\nExperience Davis, from Dresden, N. H. (now Han-\\nover), hearing from the St. Regis Indians that there\\nwas a very desirable tract of land in this section, isited\\nit in 1775, and in the next summer laid out 1,533 acres,\\nbut did not make a permanent settlement until the next\\n3-ear (1776) when having offered one of his neighbors\\n(William Evans in Hanover) a farm off of his tract if he\\nwould immediately settle there, both came and had pro-\\ngressed somewhat with the clearing of their farms at the\\ntime of the bm-ning of Roj-alton. This settlement was\\nin the south-east corner of Randolph. The town was\\norganized March 31, 1783.\\nThere are three ver}- pleasant and attractive villages\\nin this town one at the centre, one in tlie eastern\\nand one in the western part. West Randolph is now\\nthe principal centre for trade and business.\\nNov. 8, 1806, the Randolph Academy, or Orange\\nCounty Grammar School, was established, and the build-\\ning was erected at Randolph Centre, on land owned by\\nDudley Chase and others, in 1807. This academy has\\nalways been ver^- poi)ular.\\nMay 30, 1786, the first Congregational church was\\norganized Itj the Rev. Lyman Potter of Norwich, at the\\nhouse of Parker Smith. Sept. 6, of the same year. Rev.\\nElijah Brainard was ordained pastor. No less than seven\\nreligious denominations are now represented in the town.\\nThe Randolph Farmers Club, organized Feb. 10,\\n1862, has been very prosperous, and in 1869 it numbered\\n100 members.\\nThe West Randolph Ladies Library Association was\\norganized Dec. 14, 1863, and new books have been added\\nyearly, so that at present, they have quite a flourishing\\nlibrary.\\nHon. Dudley Chase, born in Cornish, N. H., Dec. 30,\\n1771, and a graduate of Dartmouth College, was long a\\nresident of Randolph. He was U. S. senator from 1813\\nto 1819, and died Feb. 23, 1846.\\nStrafford, situated in the south-east corner of Orange\\nCountj was chartered Aug. 12, 1761, to Solomon Phelps\\nand 03 other grantees. The first settlement was made\\nby James Pennock, his wife Thankful, and six sons,\\nwho came from Goshen, Conn., in June, 1768, and set-\\ntled on land now owned by Benjamin V. N. Gove.\\nEzekiel Parish, Frederick Smith, William Brisco, John\\nWest, his sun Daniel West, and Peter Thomas, all\\nsettled in town in the same year. During the next\\nfew j-ears, and before the war of the Revolution, man}\\nother settlements were made in different sections of the\\ntown. The first town meeting on record was held March\\n18, 1778. I\\nIn 1777 several men in town left their homes, and it j\\nis supposed that they joined the British forces and in 1\\nMarch, 1779, it was voted by the authorities of the place\\nthat those Tories and their families, that this town\\nhad leave to send away, should not return and inhabit\\nin this town again.\\nThe first school-house was built in the old city dis-\\ntrict, a few rods from the Falls bridge.\\nThere was no regular preaching before the year 1791,\\nat which time a Baptist church was established and about\\n1794 this society built the first meeting-house in town.\\nIn 1801 Elder Aaron Buzzell moved to Strafford and\\ntook charge of this church.\\nThere are three villages in town viz., Strafford,\\nSouth Strafford and Copperas Hill.\\nIn the latter village are the works of the Vermont\\nCopperas Company. This company was chartered in\\n1809, by the name of the Vermont Mineral Factory\\nCompany. The mine was discovered in 1793, by two\\nn)en who were tapping trees. The works were first com-\\nmenced by Mr. Eastman, but were not successfully pros-\\necuted until about the year 1810, when the stock was\\ntaken up by the Messrs. Reynolds of Boston. In 1827\\nthe company employed about 40 hands. For many\\nyears past William B. Rej-nolds Co. of Boston have\\nsold annually over 1,000,000 pounds of Vermont cop-\\nperas, which has all come from these mines, and is con-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0813.jp2"}, "798": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nsidered to be far superior to the best imported English\\nor French copperas.\\nHon. Justin .S. Morrill, U. S. senator, is a native of\\nStrafford.\\nThetford, situated in the south-east corner of Orange\\nCount}-, was first settled in ]\\\\[aj 1764, by John Cbain-\\nberlin, who came from Hebron, Conn. In the follow-\\ning spring he was followed by Abner Howard, Benja-\\nmin Baldwin, Joseph Hosford and Joseph Downer from\\nthe same place. These settlements were all made upon\\nthe Connecticut River. Up to 1783 there were but two\\nfamilies living west of the Ompompanoosuc River.\\nMost of the early settlers emigrated from New Hamp-\\nshire and Connecticut. After the close of the Revolution-\\nary war emigrants came in rapidly and commenced the\\nI settlement of the west part of the town. The town was\\nnot organized until 1 76S, and the first town meeting was\\nheld at the house of Abner Chamberlin, May 10, 1768.\\nThe first saw-mill and grist-mill in the place were built\\nbj- John Strong, in November, 1769, on Gun Brook.\\nThe first session of Orange County court was held in\\nThetford in June, 1781, at the tavern of Capt. William\\nHeaton.\\nI In 1818 Dr. Burton, Hon, Joseph Reed and others,\\nwith the liberal contributions of the citizens of the town,\\nbuilt the academy, and an act of incorporation was\\ngranted to Thetford Academy Oct. 29, 1819 The\\nschool commenced Februarj 8ih of this year with Rev.\\nJohn Fitch as principal, and soon took a high stand as a\\nlitenirj institution. Under the charge of Hiram Orcutt,\\nA. JI., in 1850-53, the school numbered 250 students.\\nThe institution has a fund from bequests and contribu-\\ntions.\\nThere are but two religious denominations in town,\\nCongregationalist and IMethodist. The first Congrega-\\ntional church was organized in 1773, and the Rev. Mr.\\nSumner was installed as pastor. The first meeting-\\nhouse was built of logs, in 1781, about three-fourths of\\na mile from where the present house now stands.\\nAbout half of Fairlee Lake lies in the north part of\\nthe town, and in addition there are several ponds, one of\\nwhich, Child s Pond, covering about nine acres, is\\nsituated 198 feet from the bank of the Connecticut\\nRiver, and is 1 43 feet above the level of the river. This\\npond has no outlet or inlet, and is about 60 feet deep.\\nThere are six villages in the town, and as many post-\\noflBces.\\nFrom a fund ($5,500) donated by Mr. George Peabody,\\na neat and commodious library building was erected,\\nand 1,100 books were bought in London, Eag., by Mr.\\nPeabodj and sent here. Since then the association have\\nadded about 100 books per 3 ear, and thej- have at pres-\\nent (1878) 2,300 volumes, with a fund of $2,300.\\nRev. Asa Burton, D. D., was bom in Stonington,\\nConn., Aug. 25, 1752. He. with a few other joung I\\nmen, struck the first blows cutting down the trees,\\nand clearing up the land where Dartmouth College now\\nstands. He graduated from this college in 1777. He\\naccepted a call to settle in Thetford, Nov. 18, 1778, and\\nwas ordained Jan. 19, 1779. He continued as pastor of\\nthis societ} until his death. May 1, 1836. The degree\\nof Doctor of Divinity was conferred on him in 1804 b}\\nMiddlebury College. During his whole life he was ac-\\ntively engaged in the cause of education, and prepared\\nmore than 100 young men for the ministry.\\nTopsHAM. The first settlement was made b} Thomas\\nChamberlin, in 1781, in the east part of the town.\\nThomas IMcKeith and Samuel Farnham also moved here\\nin the same j-ear.\\nThe first settlers were principally from New Hamp-\\nshire. The first saw-mill was built by Lemuel Tabor in\\n1784, and the first gist-mill by the same person in 1787.\\nBoth mills were located in what is now the village of\\nEast Topsham. Tabor received from the proprietors\\nof the town a tract of 200 acres for building the mills\\nand keeping them in repair for 14 j-ears.\\nThe town was organized Blarch 15, 1790.\\nThe west part of the town was settled about the j ear\\n1798, by Nathaniel Mills, Dea. David Bagley, Dea.\\nJonathan Sanborn, and others. Nathaniel Mills built\\nthe first saw-mill in this part of the town in 1799, and\\nJonathan Jenness built the first grist-mill in 1807.\\nThe first store in town was opened by David Barnett,\\nnear Newbury line, about 1796.\\nThe prevailing religious denominations in the early\\nhistory of the town were Presbj terians and Baptists, and\\npreaching was held at private dwellings until 1806, when\\nthe first meeting-house was erected. This house was at\\nfirst occupied by dilTerent denominations, but it has since\\nbeen taken up exclusively b}- the I resbj-terians.\\nThe village of East Topsham is the business centre of\\nthe town, and the town-house is located there. I\\nTuNBRiDGE was chartered Feb. 3, 1761. The first\\nsettlements were made in 1776 by James Lj-on, Moses\\nOrdway and others from New Hampshire, who located\\non the east side of the river. They were followed about\\nthe same year by Obadiah Smith, who settled a little to\\nthe south of them. Mrs. Smith became the mother of 20\\nchildren, 18 of whom lived to be married.\\nThe town was attacked Oct. 16, 1780, bj a body of\\n300 Indians. Several of the settlers were taken prison-\\ners, and most of their property was destroj ed. From", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0814.jp2"}, "799": {"fulltext": "VERMONT.\\nhere the Indians proceeded to Royalton and laid that\\ntown in ashes. In less than five j-ears inan_v of the for-\\nmer settlers had returned, and new settlements had\\nsprung up in all sections of the town.\\nThe town was organized in March, 1786.\\nThe first Congregational Church was organized Feb.\\n5, 1792, and Rev. David II. Williston (who preached\\nthe first gospel-sermon in town) was ordained over the\\nchurch June 26, 1793.\\nTlie township is nearly square, and the surface uneven,\\nthe highest portions being at the four corners. Seven\\npersons in this town have lived to be over 95 yeixra of age.\\nVkrshire, one of the central t )wns in Orange County,\\nwas first settled bj Irenns Knight, who was followed in\\n1779 by Lenox Titus. The first town meeting was held\\nAug. 27, 1783. The first grist-mill in the town was\\nbuilt by William Maltbie on land now owned b3 llial\\nColton.\\nThere have been five religious denominations repre-\\nsented in town, but previous to 1870 the Congregation-\\nalists and Baptists were the most numerous. The first\\nCongregational church was organized July 14, 1787.\\nRev. Stephen Fullei was ordained and installed Sept. 3,\\n1788, and served as pastor until his death, April 12,\\n1816. The present house of worship was built in 1836.\\nTwo ranges of hills extend from east to west through\\nthe town. The most marked precipice is called Eagle s\\nLedge, one sida of it being more than 200 feet in height.\\nThe Vermont Copper Mines, which are located in this\\ntown, are in the south range. This range extends\\nthrough several towns, and the vein of ore worked by\\ntills company, is supposed to be a continuation of that\\nopened in Strafford and Corinth. In 1867 a smelting-\\nfurnace was erected, which in 1876 was enlarged to 450\\nfeet in length. This mine has done an immense business\\nfor the past 15 years, emploj ing at one time as manj as\\n450 men.\\nThe mine at this date has been carried to a depth of\\nover 1,500 feet.\\nThere are three villages in town, Ely, Vershire Brook\\nRoad, and Vershire Centre, the former being the largest\\nand most important. Besides the buildings, shops\\nand furnaces, belonging to the company, it has two\\nchurches, and one of tlie largest stores in the county.\\nWhen the county of Gloucester was erected in 17G9, the territory\\neinbraeeil in this township was granted by New York, under the name\\nof Kingland, and it was constituted the shire town of Gloucester\\nCounty. At this time there was no settlement in town, and no houses\\nWashington,* in the north-western part of Orange\\nCounty, was granted, Aug. 8, 1781, to Elisha Burton\\nand others, and was chartered Oct. 25, 1781, to the\\noriginal proprietors.\\nThe town was surveyed in 1784, and in 1785 the first\\nsettlement was commenced by Daniel Morse. He was\\nsoon followed b3 his brother, John Morse. The town\\nwas organized, March 7, 1793.\\nThe only village is located on Jail Branch of the\\nWinooski River.\\nAViLLiAMSTOwN, in the north part of Orange County,\\nwas granted, Nov. 6, 1780, to Samuel Clark, Absalom\\nBaker, and 73 others, and was chartered, Aug. 9, 1781.\\nThe first settlements were made in June, 1784, by\\nElijah and John Paine, Josiah Lyman, and Joseph and\\nJohn Smith. Penuel Deming moved his family here in\\nFebruary following, and this was the first familj^ that\\nmoved into town. Lucj-, daughter of Penuel Deming,\\nwas the first child born in town, Ma^ 10, 1785. Ths\\nfirst town meeting was held at the house of Josiah\\nLyman, Sept. 4, 1787. The first grist-mill was built\\nbetween the j-ears 1785-87, by Elijah Paine, who, by\\nvote of the proprietors, received 100 acres of land for\\nthat purpose. The first frame house was built by Josiah\\nLj-man, in 1792.\\nIn the original grant of the township, one lot was\\nreserved for the use of a seminary or college, one for a\\ncounty grammar school, and one for the support of\\nEnglish schools in town.\\nA Congregational church was organiiied Aug. 13, 1795.\\nThe first meeting-house was finished in 1812, and was\\nrepaired in 1851. Rev. Elijah Brainard, of Randolph,\\npreached the first sermon in town. The first religious\\nsociety was the Baptist, formed Oct. 2, 1794. They\\nbuilt a meeting-house in the east part of the town in 1816.\\nElijah Paine, LL. D., one of the early settlers, was\\nborn in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 21, 1757. He graduated\\nat the university of Cambridge in 1781. He then ap-\\nplied himself to the stud} of law, and in 1784 removed\\nto Vermont. His whole life and energy was directed to\\nwhatever would advance the general interests of the\\ncommunitj He occupied man} prominent positions in\\nthe town, State, county and nation. He died April 28,\\nLSI 2.\\nexcept a log-house, which had been built for a jail. County courts were\\nheld in this town until August, 1772, and at Newbury and Kingland\\nalternately, until February, 177-t, which was the last term of court held\\nfor Gloucester County.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0815.jp2"}, "800": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nORLEAl^S COUNTY\\nBY WILLIAM E. GRAVES.\\nOrleans County, containing 19 towns, lies in the cen-\\ntral part of northern Vermont, tlic U. S. line separating it\\nfrom Canada. Essex Count3 forms its southern boun-\\nflary, Caledonia is on its eastern border, and Franklin\\nand Lamoille counties are on the west.\\nIt was an unbroken wilderness until after the Revolu-\\ntionary war, and inhabited onlj bj Indians. Hunters\\nhad \\\\-isited it, and soldiers had passed through some\\nportions of it in the course of their martial expeditions.\\nMan} 3-ears later a military road was made through the\\nsouth-western portion of this countj to Hazen s Notch\\nin the present town of Westfield. Traces of that road,\\nthough made during the early part of the Revolution,\\nare still distinct in Greensborough, Craftsbury, Albany\\nand Lowell.\\nThe physical geography and geology of Orleans\\nCounty are diverse from any other portion of the State.\\nThe eastern part of the countj is almost wholly granite.\\nThe minerals of most interest and value occur in the\\nMissisque vallej The most striking features of this\\nvallej are the immense ranges of serpentine and soap-\\nstone, especially in Lowell and Westfield. The eastern\\nrange contains the veins of magnetic iron-ore which sup-\\nplied the furnace at Troy. The quantity is inexhausti-\\nble, but the ore is hard to smelt. The iron, when manu-\\nfactured, is of the best qualit} having great strength and\\nhardness and is well adapted to the manufacture of\\nwire and screws. According to Dr. Hitchcock, the\\ngeologist, it would make the best kind of rails for rail-\\nroads and from it are now manufactured the most valu-\\nable hollow-ware and stoves.\\nThe streams in the county mostly flow northerly and\\nwesterlj toward Lake Memphremagog. The Missisque\\nRiver flows northerlj- till it enters Canada, and then turn-\\ning westward re-enters Vermont and pours into Lake\\nChamplain. The county is more abundantlj supplied\\nwith lakes, ponds and streams than any other portion,\\nof equal area, in Vermont or New England. Black,\\nBaiton and Cli de rivers are almost entirely limited to\\nthe countj Several streams, which flow north into\\nCanada, rise in ponds within the county. A consider-\\nable portion of lakes Memphremagog, Caspian, Wil-\\nloughby and Morgan, also Bellwater Pond, or Lake\\nBeautiful, are, with a very large number of ponds, within\\nthe county. These ponds furnished an abundance of the\\nfinest fish to the Indians, hunters and early settlers.\\nThey were also the home of numerous beaver and otter\\nwhile the meadows supplied rich pasture to moose and\\ndeer, thousands of which were killed, principally for\\ntheir skins.\\nThe face of the country differs considerably from other\\nparts of the State. Although its general slope is north-\\nward, the summits or ridges are easily cultivated. Pre-\\ncipitous cliffs and ledges are uncommon, except on the\\nwestern boundarj The summit of Jaj Peak, in the\\nnorth-west corner of Westfield, is 4,018 feet above tide-\\nwater. The summit of Westmore Mountain, in the\\nextreme eastern part, is nearly 3,000 feet above sea-\\nlevel. Cultivated lands in Holland, Greensborough,\\nCraftsbury, Westmore and a portion of Glover, varj from\\n1,100 to 1,500 feet above the ocean. Most of the lands\\nlying on the rivers are from 700 to 900 feet above the\\nsea. Much of the table-land Ij ing between the streams\\nis of the best qualitj for cultivation and grazing. The\\nmeadows and intervals are unsurpassed by any in the\\nState.\\nThe immense water-power of the county nas been but\\npartially improved. This maj seem less surprising,\\nwhen we recall to mind that but little more than half a\\ncenturj has elapsed since Indian wigwams occupied the\\nsites of what arc now smiling villages.\\nThe white cedar is more abundant, and of larger size,\\nthan in any other portion of the Northern States, but\\nthe sugar-maple is the glory of the fanner. The average\\nj-ield of sugar, per farm, is nearly- 500 pounds. Of the\\nnoble pines,* towering in height and gigantic in bulk,\\nonly a scattered few remain. A trace of the magnifi-\\ncence of the early forests may be found in the valleys,\\ndotted here and there with elms some of an immense\\nsize.\\nThe first settlements in this county were made simul-\\ntaneousl3 at Greensborough and at Craftsbury, in 1789.\\nA pine recently felled in tlie town of Coventry, in this county,\\nyielded 4,131 feet of inch Ijoiirds", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0816.jp2"}, "801": {"fulltext": "VERMONT.\\nHost of the other towns were settled prior to the com-\\nmencement of the present century. Within the county\\nare several agricultural and temperance societies. There\\nis also a County Bible Society the Orleans County\\nMedical Society and the Society of Natural Sciences,\\norganized in 1869, to supersede the Orleans County\\nNatural and Civil Historical Societj-, formed in 1853, of\\nwhich Gov. Crafts was the first president. A County\\nAgricultural Societj foi-med in 1867, has also met with\\nmuch success.\\nThere is not enough wheat raised to supplj the home\\ndemand. Oats sown an} time after snow leaves the\\nground until June 15 are raised on everj varietj of\\nsoil, and with but little care. The coarser grains bar-\\nley, rye, corn and buckwheat are raised only in small\\nquantities. Potatoes average only about one acre to the\\nfarm 3 et, in towns where there are starch-factories,\\npotatoes are planted in fields of from 5 to 20 acres, and\\nyield, in some cases, more than 400 bushels per acre,\\nand, generally, 200 per acre. In the factory at Cov-\\nentrj there was received, in each of three years, from\\n30,000 to 36,000 bushels of potatoes. No product has\\nbeen so variable as hops. The crop in the field yields\\nfrom 100 pounds to a ton per acre.\\nThe cattle in Orleans County are mostlj natives, bred\\nin a somewhat careless manner. There is some Devon\\nstock, but it is not all of pure blood. Half-bloods, with\\ngood care, seem to grow to a large size and to mature\\n3 oung. A few farmers are commencing herds of Dur-\\nhams, and there are some Jersey cattle, and occasional\\nspecimens of the Hereford, Ayrshire and Galloways,\\nbut no herd of any of these breeds. The tendencj for\\nseveral years has been, among large farmers, to devote\\ntheir chief attention to dairying. The income of a good\\ndair^- has often been from $75 to $100 per cow.* The\\nsheep kept, probably number 20,000. Most of the large\\nflocks are high-grade merino.\\nThere are some good sheep in every town but there\\nseems to have been the most attention paid to them in\\nCoventry, where there are several laige and choice\\nflocks. The town of Coventr} was incorporated in 1780.\\nSamuel Cobb and his son, Tisdale, with their families,\\nwere the pioneer settlers, in the 3-ear 1800. They came\\nfrom Westmoreland, N. H., travelling on horseback as\\nfar as Barrington, which being the end of the road, they\\nmade their way on foot through the dense woods, mark-\\ning the trees as thej- went, till they came to the eastern\\npart of Coventr} Their rude houses were built of\\nspruce logs, hewn only on the inside, pointed with mud\\nMore than 200 pounds, per cow, lias been sold frequently, beside\\nsupplying the wants of the family.\\nand moss, and roofed with bark. Tiie single room thus\\nenclosed had a door and one or two openings for win-\\ndows, and was used for dining-room, kitchen, bed-room\\nand parlor. Boards were not to be procured nearer than\\nBarton, where Gen. William Barton, the founder of that\\ntown, had, in 1796, built a saw-mill. From that mill,\\nboards sufficient to floor the cabins were drawn a dis-\\ntance of 10 miles through the pathless woods. The\\ntown of Barton, incorporated in 1789, was first settled\\nby Asa Kimball, in the spring of 1795. Living in a\\ncabin constructed of poles and bark, the first grain he\\nplanted was harrowed in with a cow and steer. Th(^\\nfirst saw-mill was built by William Barton, near where\\nthe railroad crosses the river at the Mansfield farm and\\nthe first grist-mill, bj- Asa Kimball, on the spot where\\nthe chair-factory now stands. A town government was\\nformed in 1798, when Asa Kimball served as moderator,\\nand Abner Allyn, Jr., as town clerk. The first settlers\\ntravelled to Lyndon and St. Johnsbury, from 20 to 30\\nmiles, for all their milling and groceries, carrj-ing\\nthem mostl} on their back.\\nThe pond in Glover, which broke its bounds and ran\\nentirely out, June 6, 1810, passed down Barton River,\\nmaking very disastrous ravages, traces of which are still\\nto be seen.\\nThe first religious meeting in town was appointed bj-\\nPhineas Peck, a Methodist preacher, and held at Asa\\nKimball s house, about the j^ear 1805 and the first\\ncoach that came into town, bringing Hon. Daniel Owen\\nand his wife, on a visit to their children, in 1810, excited\\nless comment than an event which occurred in August,\\n1814. One John Ware, or Weare, a Canadian smuggler\\nand cattle-stealer, while evading the customs officers, in\\nthe darkness of night, was accidentallv shot in the leg.\\nHe was taken on horseback to the first house in Brown-\\nington, where his limb was removed by Dr. Frederic W.\\nAdams, it being his first amputation. In the absence of\\nprofessional instruments, he used a beech withe for his\\ntourniquet, completing the operation with the aid of a\\nrazor and sash-saw. The rest of the band made their\\nescape to Can.ada.\\nThe townshii) of Brownington was incorporated in\\n1790, taking its name from Timotliy and David Brown,\\nthe leading proprietors. The settlement of the town\\nwas commenced by Dea. Peter Clark, about 1796. It\\nreceived a town organization in 1799. Probably there\\nwere onlj- 8 voters in the town at the close of the last\\ncentur} The establishment of a count} grammar-\\nschool in 1824, was an event of great importance to the\\ntown. Until the selection of Irasburgh as the seat of\\njustice, this town and Craftsbury were half-shire towns.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0817.jp2"}, "802": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nIn Brownington, the courts were held in the old school,\\nor town-house, built in 1801 and the cellar of a house\\nlately occupied by Mr. Burroughs was used for a jail.\\nThe greatest fish storj in the annals of the place is\\nthat of four of its townsmen, who visited a pond near\\nBald Mountain, oarlj in the present century. The result\\nof the da3- s fishing was a catch of more than 500\\npounds of dressed trout; so large, in fact, the quan-\\ntit}-, not the story, that thej wore obliged to send for\\noxen to draw home the fmits of their daj- s labor.\\nThe old buryiiig-ground, near the parade-ground on\\nNorth Hill, was laid out in 1804.\\nDuring the war of 1812, the inhabitants became so\\nalarmed on account of the Indians, and from rumors\\nthat the British were coming, that guards were sta-\\ntioned on the hills at night, to give the people warning.\\nManj- pei-sons buried their valuables in the ground\\nquite a number packed their goods, and removed from\\nthe town and some never returned.\\nMrs. Twombly, a venerable resident, who died Jan.\\n24, 18G8, aged 97 j ears, was in Portsmouth, N. H.,\\nwhen Gen. V\\\\ ashington passed through that place, and\\ndistinctl3- remembered seeing him smile at the unique\\ndisplay made by a countryman who, in his great anxiety\\nto see the deliverer of his countr} drove a poor old\\nhorse, with a harness made entirely of ropes and wood,\\nwithout anj- leather.\\nj The first white native of Orleans County was William\\nj Scott Shepard, born March 25, 1790, in Greensborough,\\nj whose winters are usually two weeks longer than\\nthose of its neighbors, on account of its altitude. This\\ntown was incorporated in 1781, and was second in the\\ncounty in organizing a town government. It was first\\nj named Coltshill, from Mr. Colt, one of the original\\ngrantees, but the present name was afterwards adopted\\nin honor of Mr. Green, another proprietor, as being\\nmore euphonic. Ashbel and Aaron Shepard, with their\\nfamilies, made the first permanent settlement, in 1789.\\nDuring that long and dreary winter, Mr. Shepard\\nj brought all his grain from Newburj-, more than 50 miles,\\ndrawing it upon a hand-sled, when the snow was four or\\nfive feet deep. The hay for his cow was obtained from\\na beaver meadow of wild grass, three miles distant.\\nAs, in these excursions, he usuall}- had his musket with\\nlU coiiiiiianilcd a company of 100 men, under Gen. Lincoln, at the\\ntime (if Mia\\\\.- l;ilnlliun. He represented Craftsbury in tlie legisla-\\nture; r.i I iM d t!i. liiiii.irary degree of A. M. from Harvard College in\\n1780, and dird at the age of 70, in 1810.\\nt Samuel Chandler Crafts, only son of Col. Ebenezer Crafts, grad-\\nu.-ited at Harvard in 1790, a classmate with the elder Josiah Quincy, of\\nBoston. His record, in part, is as follows Town clerk of Craftsbury,\\nVt., 1792-1829; Constitutional Convention, 1793; Legislature, 1796;\\nhim, he occasionally shot some game and once, instead\\nof ha^-, he drew home a fine, fat moose. A town gov-\\nernment was organised about 1792.\\nThe first Sundaj school in Vermont was organized in\\nGreensborough, in June, 1814, by Col. Asahel Washburn.\\nIn 1858-59, there were nine Sunday schools in the town, j\\nall well sustained, and furnished with good libraries.\\nThe first marriage in Orleans County, in 1793, was\\nthat of Joseph Stanley of Greensborough, and Mary\\nGerould of Craftsbur}-, the first town organized in the\\ncounty. It was incorporated in 1781, and named in\\nhonor of Col. Ebenezer Crafts,* its first settler and\\nfounder. Upon the organization of the town, in 1792,\\nhis son, Samuel C. Crafts,! was chosen town clerk, and\\nwas annuall} elected to that office until 1829. From the\\nyear 1800 to 1825 or 30, Craftsbur}- was the centre of\\ntrade for all the towns around it. As late as 1818 or\\n20, there was no store in Lowell, Westfield, Troy, Jaj-,\\nEden, Woleott, Greensborough, Glover or Albany.\\nIn 1799, the legislature established courts in Orleans\\nCount} which then began its independent existence.\\nBrownington and Craftsbury were made half-shire towns.\\nJohn Ellsworth was the first chief judge, and Timoth}-\\nIlinman and Elijah Strong (both educated men, and\\ngraduates of Harvard College) were the assistant judges\\nbut the}- were not educated to the law, neither was the\\nchief judge, and it is not improbable that cases were de-\\ncided in accordance with justice and common sense,\\nrather than with regard to the technicalities of law.\\nIn 1812, Irasburg was established as the shire town,\\nand became the seat of justice in 1816, on the comple-\\ntion of a court-house and jail acceptable to the judges of\\nthe Supreme Court. The town was named from Ira\\nAllen, the principal original grantee. Incorporated in\\n1781, its settlement commenced sometime previous to\\nthe 3-ear 1800, and it was organized in 1803. Efforts\\nhave been made at various times to remove the county\\nseat to Barton and Newport, the latter town situated on\\nthe shores of Memphremagog, a beautiful lake, 30 miles\\nlong, two-thirds of which lies in Canada, affording the\\nIndians in olden time a mode of easj communication\\nbetween that countr}- and the colonies, during the French\\nand Indian wars.|\\nAlthough Newport was not incorporated till 1803,\\nClerk Gen. Assembly, 1797-98; Legislature, 1800, 01, 03, 05; Ass t\\nJudge Co. Court, 1800-1810; Chief Judge, ISl 1-1816; Councillor, 1807-\\n1813; Kcp. Congress, 1816-1824; Gov. of Vermont, 1829-1831; Prcs.\\nConstitutional Convention, 1829; U. S. senator, 1842. He died, Nov. 9,\\n1853, aged 85 years and 44 days. He was not elected to office because\\nhe could be, but because he should be.\\nX During the old French war, a party that came over this lake made\\nprisoner of Stark, who led our forces at the battle of Bennington.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0818.jp2"}, "803": {"fulltext": "Dea. Martin Adams had established his residence there\\nby erecting a house in 1793. Seven years later, there\\nwere 60 acres of cleared land in the place, and 6 yoke\\nof oxen, but no horse. The woods and the streams\\nsupplied food in abundance, and venison and trout were\\nplentiful, almost without price. While the men were\\nengaged in clearing land, or working upon the farm, the\\nwomen spun and wove wool and flax for clothing. Why\\nthe town was called Newport, we are not informed. Its\\noriginal name was Duncansborough, changed to the name\\nit now bears in 1S16.\\nAnother town whose lands are partly covered by the\\nwaters of Lake Memphremagog, is Salem, originallj-\\ngranted in 1780 but the necessary purchase-money\\nremaining unpaid after the specified time, Gov. Chitten-\\nden ordered the town to be re-sold to any who would pay\\nthe granting-fees, about $27,000. Col. Jacob Davis\\nof Montpelier, and others, became the purchasers, and\\nthe town was incorporated in 1781. Of the earl3-\\nsettlers, Ephraim Blake came here in 1798, Amasa\\nSpencer in 1801, and David Hopkins, Jr., in 1802. A\\ntown government was organized in 1822.\\nTroj was granted in two separate gores, the southern\\nhalf being chartered to John KeUey of New York city,\\nand tlie northern half to Samuel Averj (the silver mines\\nin Kellej- s grant being reserved to the State), and was\\nfirst settled by emigrants from different towns on the\\nConnecticut River. The two grants were incorporated\\ninto a town bearing the name of Missisque, in 1801,\\nand organized under that name, which was changed to\\nTroy in 1803. A little while before, several families\\nhad moved into the place, and the colonists were joined\\nbj^ a small party of Indians* under a leader named\\nSusap. In 1832 two missionaries of Monnonism wrought\\na miraculous cure in the village, and organized a\\nIMormon church from their converts. The patient soon\\nrelapsed, when a few of the more zealous removed to\\nNauvoo, then the lieadquarters of the faith, scarcely\\na remnant of which is now left in the place.\\nWestfield was incorporated in 1780, Jesse Olds, Wil-\\nliam Hobbs and others, with their families, having settled\\nhere the previous j-ear. A town government was organ-\\nized in 1802. About the j ear 18. )0 a mail-route and a\\npost-office were established, the people having previously\\nenjoyed no local mail facilities.\\nWestmore was incorporated as AVestford in 1781.\\nOne of these Indians, Molly Orcutt, whose husband had been killed\\nin one of Lovewell s fights, about the year 1725, claimed to be an Indian\\ndoctress, and actually accomplished some very remarkable cures. A\\nneighbor, whose hands were so injured that the cords were exposed,\\nwas entirely cured in a week s time, with a remedy applied by Molly.\\nThis name was afterwards changed to the one it now\\nbears. Mills were built and in running order in 1804.\\nPopulation increased, and a town government was estab-\\nlished in the following year. During the war of 1812,\\nbetween the United States and England, the town was\\nfor a time entirely abandoned. In 1830 the place again\\nbegan to be settled, and in 1833 a new town government\\nwas organized. Roads were built, a hotel and numerous\\nfactories were started, and the town has since prospered.\\nJohn Jay, an eminent lawyer and statesman of New\\nYork, appointed b^- Washington chief justice of the U. S.\\nSupreme Court, was the distinguished personage whom the\\ntown of Jay honored in adopting his name, at the time of\\nits incorporation in 1 792. Previouslj- chartered in 1 780 as\\nthe township of Carthage, no settlement took place under\\nthat grant. The first person to settle pennanently was a\\nMr. Baxter, who came into town in 1809. On the declara-\\ntion of war in 1812, the few famihes who followed him\\nabandoned the settlement and left him alone. He main-\\ntained his post like a veteran, and, on the highlands of\\nJay, reared a family of 20 children. The town was not\\norganized till the year 1828 but the old gentleman sur-\\nvived to the age of nearly 90.\\nThe first person who settled permanently in Lowell,\\nwas Maj. William Caldwell of Barre, who came in 1803,\\nand removed his family here in 1806, the territorj hav-\\ning been incorporated in 1791, as Kelley Vale, in com-\\npliment to John Kellej- of New York. The town was\\norganized in 1812, and its charter-name was changed to\\nLowell in 1832. At this time, the nearest store was at\\nCraftsbury, 12 miles distant.\\nMorgan, incorporated in 1780, was first settled about\\nthe year 1800, by Nathan Wilcox. After tlie organiza-\\ntion of the town, in 1807, at the first March meeting, it\\nwas voted that the hemlock-tree at the crotch of the\\nroads to Brownington and Navy, shall be the place to\\nset up warnings for town meetings. In the early dajs\\nthere was no grist-mill nearer than 15 miles. Mr. Bart-\\nlett owned a horse, but no pasturing for it nearer than\\nDerby Centre, 10 miles off. Thus, it required four days\\nwhenever one of the family went to mill one day to go\\nafter the horse the next day start for the mill, vviih\\nabout two bushels of grain, and stop over night for the\\ngrist on the third day, return home on the fourth,\\nturn out the horse.\\nIn the north-east comer of Orleans County is the\\nIt was subsequently ascertained that the external treatment employed\\nby her was a liniment made of strong milk-punch Her specific for the\\ndysentery was a decoction of the inner bark of the spruce, which in\\nnumerous cases seems to have proved clfectual for the cure of the\\ndisease.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0819.jp2"}, "804": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ntownsliip of Holland, incoiporatccl in 1789, and first\\nsettled by Edmund Elliott from New Hampshire, and\\nJoseph Cowell from Connecticut. They came in the j-ear\\n1800. Several families followed in succeeding j-ears,\\nand in 1805 a town government was organized. Eber\\nRobinson was the first town representative. Julj 2,\\n1833, the town was visited by a violent tornado, pros-\\ntrating nearly all trees, fences and buildings within a\\nspace of from one-half to three-quarters of a mile wide,\\nand passing into Canada. Its course could be traced\\nthrough forests nearly to the Connecticut River.\\nBrig. Gen. John Glover, who served under Washing-\\nton, and who had the honor of conducting Burgoyne s\\narmy (after the defeat of that general) through the\\nStates, and to Boston and Charlestown, was the distin-\\nguished man to whom Congress granted the land now\\nembraced in the township of Glover, in 1781. It was\\nincorporated in 1783. Settlements were commenced in\\n1797 by R.aiph Parker, Samuel Conant and others. It\\ngrew slowly, and about the year 1800 there were only 38\\npersons in the town. In 1807 the population had in-\\ncreased to 250. The wolves and bears that infested the\\nplace occasioned much fear in the families of the earlj\\nsettlers. The Orleans Liberal Institute, a thi-ivmg\\nacadeni}- in this place, was incorporated in 1852.\\nAnother flourishing seminary in this countj^ is the\\nDerby Literary Institute, opened in 1840, under the\\nauspices of a Baptist association, and afterwards trans-\\nferred to the town of Derby. The place was an un-\\ncleared forest in 1791. Alexander Magoon and other\\npioneers, including Timoth}- Ilinman from Connecticut\\n(one of the most active founders of the town), came to\\nthis frontier wilderness in 1795. Though not a pro-\\nfessor of religion, for several years, and until a church\\nwas formed, Mr. Hinman, who kept the onl} house of\\nentertainment in the place, held a meeting in his bai\\nroom, where he read a sennon in the forenoon, and\\nsometimes another in the afternoon, each Sunday. In\\nthe summer, when the congi-egation was too large for the\\nhouse, services were held in his barn on the opposite side\\nof the road. The town was incorporated in 1789, and\\norganized in 1 798. Regular preaching was supplied in\\n1810. The first meeting-house was built in IS-IO, and\\nshared in the great revivals of 1841 and 1858.\\nFiftj miles from Jlontpelior lies the town of Charles-\\nton, granted by Gov. Chittenden to Hon. Abraham\\nWhipple and 63 of his shipmates. Com. Whipple was\\na distinguished naval officer in the Revolutionary war,\\nand he called the town Navy, in honor of the American\\nHe was for many years a representative of the tovra of Derby\\nalso assistant judge of tlic County Court.\\nnavy. It was incorporated in 1780. The name, how-\\never, was changed to Charleston, in 1825. None of the\\noriginal grantees ever resided in the town, and but three\\nwere ever known to visit it. A few of their descendants\\ncame here about 1831 and settled on their grandfathers\\nrights. But the pioneers, those lone settlers in the\\nwilderness, bore the brunt of the battle and great must\\nhave been their courage Think of the mother, after a\\nhard day s work, retiring with her little one in a lonely\\nlog house, leaving the father s supper to keep warm by\\nthe fire till his return from the woods. In the darkness\\na huge bear enters, devours the supper and walks oflf.\\nGod saved the mother and little one in that time of peril.\\nThink of another brave woman, who said, the bear\\nshall not have my hog, unless he has me too and\\nmounting the top of the pen, with a huge stick she kept\\nthe unwelcome visitor in abeyance all through the long\\nnight, till morning dawned, when the bear retreated to\\nthe forest Think of a heavy rain, which beat into a\\nlog house, on a cold night, and put out all the fire. The\\nflint was then the only waj- to strike fire, but unfortu-\\nnately the gun was lent. Leaving his familj in bed, the\\nhardy pioneer travels in the driving storm through a ten-\\nmile piece of woods to borrow a gun of his nearest\\nneighbor And all this forms a part of the annals of\\nCharleston, where the storj is told of old Gov. Page,\\na hardj pioneer, who cut his way through 50 miles of\\nwoods to settle here, with his 12 daughters. He had the\\nforethought to hire 12 active, smart, j oung men to fell\\nthe trees and do the work of making a new settlement.\\nWhether the old gentleman took this job into his own\\nhands in the patriarchal style of adding sons to his\\nfamily, or whether the daughters were privj- to the selec-\\ntion, tradition does not tell but it express!} says the 12\\ndaughters married the 12 young men and settled all round\\nthe father.\\nNear the close of the last century, commenced the\\nsettlement of Albany, incorporated in 17S2 as the town\\nof Lutterloh, so named from Col. Hemy E. Lutterloh,\\nthen its largest proprietor. The first town meeting was\\nheld in 1806, Benjamin Neal, town clark. Fort}- dol-\\nlars were appropriated for highways, and a hog-consta-\\nble was chosen, but nothing was voted for schools. In\\n1815 the legislature changed the name of the town to\\nAlbany. The cold season of 1816 caused the settlers\\nmuch suffering j-et in that j ear occurred the first wed-\\nding in Albany. In 1817 there were large additions to\\nthe list of voters and in 1818 Capt. William Ilaydcn\\ncommanded the first military organization in the town.\\nThe company comprised 11 officers, 2 musicians and 34\\nprivates. This formidable arr.ay of martial men and", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0820.jp2"}, "805": {"fulltext": "officers carried but 19 guns. From 1830 there was a\\nnoted increase of [copulation, and a steadj* appearance of\\nprosperity. From this time to 1870 all the various re-\\nligious societies had erected houses of worship. At\\npresent, there are three or four prominent centres of\\nbusiness, and all parts of the town exhibit evidence of\\nthrift and wealth.\\nTowns.\\nNewpokt, whose sandv site was originally covered\\nwith a beautiful growth of large pine-trees, has but one\\nvillage, and a population of 2,0.50. The town extends\\nseven miles along the shore of Lake Memphremagog.\\nPickei el have driven the salmon-trout from the lake,\\nan old-time Indian fishing-ground. Limestone rock and\\nslate ledges are common veins of copper are abundant,\\nand some of the quartz is gold-bearing. Mechanics shops\\nare numerous, and coopering is the principal trade.\\nDerby has manj^ fine farm buildings, and some atten-\\ntion has been given to the raismg of stock, particularl}\\nMorgan and Black Hawk horses. Numerous mill-sites\\nare on Clj de River, flowing through the southern\\npart of the town, whose population is 2,039. For\\nmany years the place was visited by hunting parties of\\nSt. Francis Indians, who formerlj claimed all the north-\\nern part of the State.\\nHon. Portus Baxter, the Vermont soldiers friend, a\\nman of magnetic and winning presence a resident of\\nDerbj and member of Congress from 1861 to 18G7, died\\nin Washington March 4, 18G8. From 1840 to 1860 he\\nexerted a greater influence upon the polities of his State\\nthan any other man in Vermont.\\nBarton, which makes more maple sugar than any\\nother town in the county, except Glover, has a popula-\\ntion of 1,913. But little of its abundant water-power is\\nyet utilized, although there are two grist-mills and four\\nsaw-mills in its two villages. The hills of Barton make\\nthe best of pastures.\\nTrot, famous for its iron-works and inexhaustible\\nmines, lies in the upper valle3 of the Missisque River,\\nnear the falls of that name. It has no natural ponds,\\nnor manj brooks or streams. Its largest bed of iron-\\nore was discovered in 1833. Population, 1,355.\\nCraftsbury, quite a good farming town, although\\nsomewhat broken by hills, valleys, streams and ponds,\\ncontains 1,320 inhabitants. Its central village, known\\nas Craftsbury Common, is a thriving business-like place.\\nWhen Gov. Crafts became a resident of Orleans County\\nthere were not 25 persons within its boundaries.\\nCharleston is famous for its Great P alls on the\\nClyde, its largest stream, where the descent is more than\\n100 feet in 40 rods also for the succession of echoes\\nreverberated from Echo Pond. It contains 1,278\\ninhabitants, seven saw-mills, two starch-factories, a\\ntannerj-, an East and a West village, six miles apart,\\nand a bog of 500 acres.\\nGlover has three villages, three church edifices,\\n1,179 inhabitants, a flouring-mill corporation, a success-\\nful academy, a surface of hills and valleys causing great\\nvariety of scenery, some iron-ore, and several beds of\\nmarl, which makes excellent lime.\\nAlb^vnt, with its apple and sugar orchards, its forests\\nof cedar, its neatly arranged farm-dweUings and out-\\nbuildings, is a thrifty and industrious stock-raising town,\\nwhose 1,151 inhabitants are mostly interested in agricul-\\ntural pursuits.\\nIrasburg, its seat of justice, is situated near the\\ncentre of the county, and contains the court-house and\\njail the Orleans County Bank, with a capital of $50,-\\n000 and a population of 1,085. The annual session of\\nthe Supreme Court is held here in August, and terms of\\nthe County Count occur in June and December.\\nThe remaining towns in the county are Greens-\\nborough, with a population of 1,025, occupying the\\nhighest land in the State, and containing many valuable\\nmill-privileges on the Lamoille River: Lowell, 942,\\nwhere asbestos is found in considerable quantities, a town\\nnearly encompassed by mountains, but ha\\\\ang a strong,\\nproductive soil: Coventry, 914, with its business-hke\\nvillage, containing a starch-factory, tannery and three\\nwheelwright shops, in addition to one or two harness-\\nmaking and sasli-and-blind establishments Browning-\\nton, 902, another stock-raising town, sending to market\\nsome of the best horses in New England Holland,\\n881, the best grain-growing town in Orleans Count}\\nWestfield, 721, whose busy factories tr^- hard to furnish\\ntubs for all the butter in Vermont: Salem, 693, a\\npatriotic little town, always in advance of its quota\\nduring the war of the Rebellion Morgan, 615, with its\\nbeautiful Lake Seymour, covering 16,000 acres: West-\\nmore, 412, a good town for new settlers, the township\\nbeing mostly wild laud and Jay, 533, containing tiie\\nsharpest and bleakest (if not the highest) of the high\\npeaks of the Green Mountain range, from whose majes-\\ntic summit may be seen Mount Mansfield, Camel s\\nHump, the White Mountains, the mountains about the\\nhead-waters of the Coimecticut, the Chaudiere and the\\nAndroscoggin, Owl s Head, Victoria Blountain, the great\\nplateau of the St. Lawrence and Montreal, Lake Cham-\\nplain, and the bold outlines of the Adirondacks, a field\\nof observation broad enough for frequent study, and\\nperhaps unsurpassed for its scenic beauty and sublimity.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0821.jp2"}, "806": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nEUTLAND COUNTY,\\nBY HON. HENRY CLARK.\\nThe count}- of Rutland has a famed history in the\\nearly settlement of Vermont. Its territory was in con-\\ntroversy for a long time between New Hampshire and\\nNew York. Lieut. Gov. Cadwallader C olden of the\\nlatter province issued a proclamation April 10, 1765,\\n{innouncing that the king had made claim to the territory\\nembracing Southern Vermont, to the Connecticut River\\nas the eastern boundary of the province of New York.\\nMore than two-thirds of what is now Rutland Counts-\\nhad been granted bj- New Hampshire in 16 different\\ntownships.\\nThe territory was first claimed as belonging to the\\ncounty of Albanj but in 1772 it was organized under\\nthe name of Charlotte, and extended from the geograph-\\nical centre of Bennington Count}- to the Canada line,\\nand from the Green Mountains west, including Lake\\nGeorge and Lake Champlain. At the organization of\\nVermont as a State in 1778, Rutland County, as it now\\nstands, was embraced in Bennington County, but with\\nthe territor}- between Lake Champlain and the moun-\\ntains north from its southern boundary to Canada. In\\n1781, it was formed into the new countj^ of Rutland.\\nSince then it has been divided into its present limits.\\nAfter Gov. Colden s proclamation referred to, he\\ngranted militar}- patents in his new territory, principallj-\\nin the towns of Fairhavcn, Pawlet and Benson. He\\nsubsequently issued patents in Benson, Castleton, Fair-\\nhaven, Pawlet, Poultney and Wells, covering in all about\\n222,500 acres. These grants were generally for the use\\nof speculators. For every 1,000 acres, a fee of $31.23\\nwas charged, and among other ofHcials a further sum of\\n$59 was divided. Several serious collisions occurred\\nbetween the settlers under the New Y ork and New\\nHampshire patents, both parties having partial occu-\\npancy of the territory. The charters of most of the\\ntowns were made by Benning W entworth, governor of\\nNew Hampshire, in 1761, and the remaining towns after\\nthe organization of the government of Vermont. The\\nsettlement and organizations were generally made ten\\nj-ears later, from 1770 to 1777.\\nA large number of the early settlers of the county\\nwere Revolutionary soldiers. Many of the early pioneers\\nhad been active in military, civil and political life in Con-\\nnecticut and Massachusetts, from whence a majority of\\nthem emigrated. They were men remarkable for native\\nenerg}-, force of character, sound common-sense and\\ngood judgment, rendering them useful and respected cit-\\nizens. The early history of the county was an honored\\none, in its social, educational and religious character.\\nIt was made bj- earnest and self-denying men and\\nwomen, the fathers and mothers who planted in hope,\\nand bore faithfuUj- the struggles and trials of life. To\\ntheir industrj-, energy and enteiprise to their lives of\\ntoil, and sacrifice and self-denial the county is indebted\\nfor the advanced culture and privileges of the present,\\nand for the prosperity that has attended the inhabitants\\nthese hundred j-ears.\\nThe settlement of the towns in south-western Ver-\\nmont progressed northward from town to town with\\nconsiderable regularity in order of time. A similar\\norder is observable in the issuing of charters. Applica-\\ntions for charters were made, after 1660, in rapid suc-\\ncession to Gov. Wentworth, who was of good mind to\\ngrant them, on the most lilieral terms so that the towns\\nin Bennington, Rutland and Addison counties were\\ngranted in 1761. An ear of Indian corn was to be paid\\nannually until December, 1772, after which one shilUng,\\nproclamation monej-, was to be paid annuall}- for each\\n100 acres. In ten towns of Rutland County whose\\ncharters were granted between the 26th of August and\\nthe 20th of October, 1761, settlements were begun at\\nthe following periods: Pawlet, 1761; Danbj-, 1765;\\nClarendon and Rutland, 1768 Castleton and Pittsford\\nin 1769; Tinmouth in 1770; Poultney and AVells in\\n1771 and Brandon in 1772. Many who came before\\nthe Revolutionary war left immediately after its com-\\nmencement, and did not return until it was over.\\nPitching before purchase was the custom for sev-\\neral j-ears. To one who had made up his mind to seek\\na settlement in the wilderness, the purchase money or\\nconsideration was of small account. The proprietors,\\nhowever, encouraged settlements on the most liberal\\nterms. Although many pitches were made before titles\\ncould be secured for any particular location, the settlers", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0822.jp2"}, "807": {"fulltext": "had no fears of being disturbed in their possessions, as\\ntlie townships were open to emigrants except where\\nactual settlements had been made. The earW settlers\\nseemed to have care for the worship of God while in the\\nwilderness, and established religious services, which\\nwere generally held in private dwellings, and they were\\nmostlj^ log-houses.\\nThe geological formation of the count} is hilly and\\nmountainous. The rocks are argillaceous, occasionally-\\ntraversed by veins of quartz. Small quantities of sec-\\nondar} limestone are found in a few localities. Man-\\nganese is also somewhat abundant but for the most part\\nthe rocks are covered with fertile, arable soil. There\\nare extensive ranges of slate rock in the western part\\nof the county. The quarrying of this rock for roofing\\nand marbleized slate is an important industry. In the\\neastern and central portions are extensive marble de-\\nposits, which are quarried to a greater extent than in\\nany other section of the known world, and afford the\\nlargest material industry in Vermont. The large streams\\nare bordered b} rich, alluvial intervals. All kinds of\\ngrains and grasses are successfull} cultivated. There\\nare several mineral springs of note in the county.\\nThose at Clarendon and Middletown have attained a\\nnational celebrity. The eastern part of the county lies\\nupon the Green Mountains, upon which are some of the\\nhighest elevations in the State. Foremost of all is Kil-\\nlington, a monarch of the mountains, upon whose top\\nthe government has established a signal-service station.\\nA road has been constructed to the highest point, and a\\nhotel built, which has entertained thousands during the\\npast season. One of the finest and most picturesque\\nlandscape views is here obtained. Pico and Shrewsbur}\\npeaks are also notable eminences. Kickwacket Moun-\\ntain, although not so high as those mentioned, reallj*\\naffords the finest panoramic view of any to be obtained\\nin Vermont. The White Rocks in Wallingford is an-\\ni other interesting natural phenomenon which characterizes\\nthis section. Also Bird Mountain in Castleton attracts\\nlarge attention. The frozen well at Brandon is a noted\\ncuriosity. The caves in Clarendon and Cheltenham are\\nobjects of great interest, the latter extending through a\\nwhole mountain, and may be called the mammoth cave\\nof New England. The wiiole landscape of the section\\nis diversified by hill and valley, forest, meadow and field.\\nAmong the leading industries of the western part of\\nthe county is the quarrying and manufacture of roofing\\nslates. This material is also wrought into tile for flag-\\nging, and is marbleized to imitate and take the place of\\nthe black Italian marble for ornamentation of dwellings,\\nand also for useful purposes. This is a leading business\\nin the towns of Fair Haven, Castleton, Poultncy and\\nPawlct. The markets of this country are largely sup-\\nplied from these quarries, and their products have re-\\ncentl} become an export to Europe. Gold is also found\\nin small quantities in Shrewsbury, Sherburne and Pitts-\\nfield silver in Hubbardton and iron in Brandon, Pitts-\\nford, Hubbardton, Danb\\\\-, Wallingford and Tinmouth.\\nThe iron interest formed at one time a prominent indus-\\ntry. Iron is now manufactured at Pittsford, and small\\nquantities are gathered from the rock-beds at Tinmouth,\\nand transported to Troy to be amalgamated with iron\\nfrom ore found at other points. This is the richest de-\\nposit in Vermont. There are also large and valuable\\nbeds of peat in various sections of the countj-, which\\nwill eventually bo brought into use for fuel and manufac-\\nturing purposes.\\nThe marble industry, the most important of any in the\\nState, deserves special mention in this introductory\\nnotice of Rutland County. The first real development\\nof the marble in the county was made at Tinmouth bj-\\nGen. Jonas Clark of Middletown, and IMarcus Stoddard,\\nin 1815, and was carried on more or less until 1840.\\nThe marble was of a coarse grain, but was used exten-\\nsively for tombstones and ornamentation of buildings.\\nIt was mainly shipped to central New York, and there\\nexchanged for products and property of various kinds,\\nit having at that time little cash value. Those quarries\\nhave long since been abandoned. The main section of\\nvaluable marble runs from Manchester to New Haven,\\ntraversing the entire central portion of Rutland and Ad-\\ndison counties. The first extensive opening was made\\nby William F. Barnes at West Rutland, about 1840.\\nFrom that date it has rapidly- increased until the Rutland\\nquarries are the largest in the world, promoting the\\ngrowth and prosperitj- of the town. The marble indus-\\ntr} has brought in its train capital, labor, and produc-\\ntiveness, increasing resources and wealth to the com-\\nmunity, until Rutland has some time been called the\\nMarl)lo City, although the quarries are some four\\nmiles awa} from the centre of business. The annual\\nproduction in the countj exceeds $2,000,000.\\nRutland County has a history of wbich its citizens\\nmay well be proud. In Revolutionarj times it was the\\ncentre of militarj operations, and on the route traversed\\nfrom Charleston, No. 4, in the New Hampshire Grants,\\nto Fort Ticondcroga. .Forts w^re scattered all along its\\npath for protection against the Indians and the British\\nmarauders. The prominent and leading pioneers of the\\nState had a home within its boundaries, the early states-\\nmen made it their location, and the early councils and\\nlegislatures of the State made Rutland the capital and", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0823.jp2"}, "808": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nin that town the old State House of a hundred years\\nago is still standing in a good state of presen-ation. It\\ncould be made an object of much interest if transformed\\ninto its original situation, with its large fire-place, ros-\\ntrum, etc. The council chamber is still preserved in\\nnearl} its original condition. The county furnished a\\nlarge number of the men who followed Ethan Allen and\\nSeth Warner in their expeditions. It has within its\\nboundaries one of the earliest battle-fields of the Revo-\\nlution, and the only one lying within the present limits\\nof Vermont. It is near the centre of the town of Hub-\\nbardton, and although our forces were unsuccessful, it is\\nheld sacred in the hearts of a patriotic people, and a\\nbattle-monument has been erected.\\nThe later sons of a patriotic ancestry have manifested\\ntheir loyalty to their country- whenever occasion de-\\nmanded, as is attested by the thousands of the citizens\\nand sons of Rutland County who rallied around the\\nstandard in the late Rebellion. As the people honored\\nthe fathers who planted the foundations of the govern-\\nment, so too they hold in reverence and honor the loval\\nand brave men who went forth from her soil to fight and\\ndie that the nation might live. Such is the character\\nof the citizens of the county of Rutland, so famed in\\nthe annals of the history of the Commonwealth.\\nRutland Count} has not onlj- stood foremost in the\\ndevelopment of the material resources so bounteously pro-\\nvided for her prosperity, but she has been the mother\\nof men, strong, stalwart, giant men, who have been\\neminent in the ranks of statesmanship, the literary, the\\nlegal and military world. Nathaniel Chipman, Stephen\\nRoyce, Theophilus Hamngton, Israel Smith, Rollin C.\\nMallor} Stephen A. Douglas, Rufus Wilmot Griswold,\\nReuben Woods, Solomon Foot, and a host of others,\\nhave been honored bj- their feUow-men.\\nTowns.\\nRutland,* lying under the shadows of the Green\\nMountains, famed for its beautiful scenery, the quiet\\nThe centennial celebration of the settlement of Rutland was ob-\\nserved Oct. 2, a, 4 and 5, 1870, the venerable Rev. John Todd, D. D.,\\nof Pittsfield, Mass., delivering an eloquent discourse in the Congrega-\\ntional church, Sunday evening, Oct. 3, followed by addresses at the\\nOjicra House by Henry Hall, Esq., on Monday evening, and by Rev.\\nJames Davie Butler, LL. D., of Madison, AVis., a native of Rutland, on\\nWednesday evening of the fourth and last day.\\nt 1770 In that year, George III., who, according to English ivits,\\nreigned as long as he could, iind who, even when crazy and clapped\\ninto a strait-jacket, refused to believe himself a limited monarch, chose\\nLord North for his prime minister, who, for a threepenny tax on tea,\\nbartered away the brightest jewel of the crown, and, on the next morn-\\ning after the time hallowed as the birthday of Rutland, the British\\nmonarch, seeing a cannon fired twenty times in a minute, pronounced it\\nan argument no Bostonian could resist. A hundred years ago all Eng-\\nhome of intelligence, refinement and all that makes life\\npleasant, was first settled in the year 1770,1 just six\\nj-ears before the old Continental Congress voted unani-\\nmousl}- in favor of national independence, John Adams\\nattributing to this vote the importance which the world\\nhas since appropriated to the renowned Declaration of\\nIndependence. The town rejoices in a name illustrious\\nwith the ducal coronet, the highest rank of a subject,\\na name that has for ages flashed along the page of his-\\ntory, in the drama, on the battle-field, and in the coun-\\ncils of a great nation, a name that was time-honored\\nbefore William the Conqueror crossed the English Chan-\\nnel. Different governments, at different times, claimed\\nthe right to rule over the hills and valleys of Rutland.\\nOnce, the lilies of France floated supreme on Lake i\\nChamplain, asserting and exercising sovereignty over j\\nthe soil watered by the tributaries of that lake. For\\nseveral 3 ears the early settlers of Rutland looked fondly\\nto the Lion and the Unicorn as the banner of their\\npride for several years these early settlers shared with\\nEngland the honor of calling Shakespeare and Milton\\nfellow-countrymen. For thirteen years Rutland owned\\nand rendered fealtj- and allegiance only to the bannered\\npine of Vermont. And when the Stars and Stripes\\nproperly became a part of our inheritance, Rutland was\\n21 j ears old, and her population 1.450. During the old\\ncolonial wars, no white man dwelt within her borders.\\nDm-ing our four great national wars, Rutland bore the\\nbanner of freedom full high uplifted against foreign foe\\nand domestic traitor, on many a fierce field, from the\\nwalls of Quebec to the halls of the Montezuma. j\\nOnce Rutland was famous for its pipe-clay and linseed\\noil to-da} Rutland sends her marble westward and\\nsouthward beyond the grave of De Soto, and eastward\\nto the land of Columbus and Galileo, of Raphael and\\nMichael Angelo. Rutland seems a young town 3 et she\\nhas a newspaper that rivals the London Times in\\nage, and is the grave of the grandfather of one of the\\nnation s greatest thinkers, Ralph Waldo Emerson.\\nland hugged the delusion that 5,000 of her soldiers could subjugate\\nAmerica. Capt. Cools was circumnavigating the globe, though as\\nyet only a lieutenant the first Napoleon and Wellington both chil-\\ndren of the same year were still unweaned in their cradles. The two\\nfirst settlers in one Vermont township had been in it almost a year be-\\nfore either knew that the other was there. Their non-intercourse was\\nof a piece with thiit in the great world, where now no king can turn\\nover in his bed without disturbing the slumbers of a dozen potentates.\\nThe death of Whitefield befcl on the fifth day before that which wc\\nkeep as the birthday of Rutland, and the death of Benning Wentworth,\\nthe New Hampshire governor who chartered it, was on the sixteenth\\nday after. From Rev. Dr. Butler s Centennial Address.\\nI The Rutland Herald, the oldest paper in Vermont, established\\nin 1794, was a continuation of the Farmer s Library, commenced in\\n1773.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0824.jp2"}, "809": {"fulltext": "Nearly a century and a half ago, Rutland was the focus\\nof Indian travel. Otter Creek to the north, Otter Creek\\nto the south, Castleton River to the west, Cold River to\\nthe east, indicate the most convenient routes for travel\\nor freight from Lake Champlain to Fort Dummer. Mas-\\nsachusetts sold her goods at Fort Dummer cheaper than\\nthe French sold in Canada hence a brisk trade arose\\nacross the State. The French and Indian wars swept\\nthe Indian trade of Massachusetts out of existence.\\nAnd now, instead of canoes laden with furs, tallow and\\ngoods, the war-paint, tomahawks, scalping-knives, mus-\\nkets, swords, British and French uniforms gleam through\\nthe foliage, all along the borders of Vermont, from the\\nroaring Winooski to the swift-rushing, arrowy Wantasti-\\nquet. Indian raid and English scout pass and repass\\nthe mountain gorges. In the\\nj-ear 1759, Rutland saw brave\\nsights, 800 New Hampshire\\ntroops, with axe, shovel and\\nhoe, cutting down trees and\\nlevelling hummocks, making a\\nroad from Charlestown, N. H.,\\nalong Black River and Otter\\nCreek to Crown Point, N. Y.,\\ncrossing Otter Creek at Rut-\\nkind Centre. Soon after, 400\\nfat cattle, iu five droves, pass\\nover this new road to diminish\\nthe scurvj at Crown Point.\\nToward the last of November\\ncame Major Rogers and his oiucuit-Tu\\nsurviving heroes, nearlj* 100\\nin number, having destroyed that great pest to New\\nEngland, the Indian village of St. Francis on the St.\\nLawrence, near Three Rivers.\\nThe charter of Rutland was dated Sept. 7, 1761,\\nOur centennial celebration occurs in 1870. 1887 years ago, and\\nperhaps on this self-same day, imperial Rome was celebrating one of\\nher centennials. The cry of the heralds was convetiite ad ludos spcctandos\\nquos nee spectavit quisquam nee spectaturns est. Assemble yourselves\\nand behold a spectacle which no one has ever beheld, or will behold\\nagain. The festival lasted three days. Every night was enlivened by\\ndances, every night and every day was solemnized by sacrifices. The\\nchoral ode had been composed by the poet Horace, then at the height of\\nhis fame. Its intricacies made Byron, and still makes classical tyros\\nhate its author, but its patriotic and exultant strains were equally per-\\nspicuous and welcome to thrice nine youths and as many maidens, no\\none of them bereaved of either father or mother, who formed the choir\\nwhich rung them out in the Circus Ma.\\\\imus. It was a happy era.\\nLegends regarding the Trojan origin of Rome had just been crystallized,\\nas in a niararaoth Kohinoor, in the ^neid of Virgil. The city which\\nAugustus had found brick he was fast transforming to marble. The\\ntemple of the war-god, Janus, was shut, for there remained no foes to\\nconquer worthy of Roman steel. Rome was the only universal empire\\nand is now extant, in fifteen pieces, having cost origi-\\nnally about $100. It was procured by Col. Josiah Wil-\\nlard, of Winchester, N. II, The first-named grantee\\nis John Murray, an Irishman, the principal citizen of\\nRutland, Mass., and the man, probably, that named the\\ntown. The grantees were mostly New Hampshire peo-\\nple, none of whom ever lived in Rutland, and among\\nthem were the captives, Mrs. Johnson and Mrs. Howe.\\nRutland was also granted, in 17G1, by the name of\\nFairfield, to Col. John Henry Lydius of Albany, he\\nclaiming by deed of the Mohawk chiefs and confirma-\\ntion by Gov. Shirley of Massachusetts as royal agent.\\nBetween the charter and the settlement of Rutland\\neight and one-half years intervene. George II. had J\\ntaken Vermont from Massachusetts, and given it to New\\nHampshire George III. takes\\nsl=Eis=_ Vermont from New Hampshire\\nand gives it to New York, but\\nforbids New York granting the\\nlands. Meanwhile John Mur-\\nra} sells his right in Rutland,\\nabout 350 acres, for two shil-\\nlings, or over ten acres for\\none cent James Mead, hav-\\nmg purchased twenty rights of\\nland in September, 1769, tea\\nof which he sold, there being\\nse\\\\enty iu the whole town,\\nwas the first white man that\\ne^er settled in Rutland, in\\nMarch, 1770,* Mead being at\\nthat time about 40 years old,\\nand having a wife and ten children. At this time the best\\nlaud sold for a few cents an acre. There being neither\\nwagon nor bridge in the town. Mead kept a boat each\\nside of Otter Creek at Rutland Centre. Trout and ven-\\nthc sun ever shone upon, and hence was greater than all which had gone\\nbefore, or that were to come after her. She only wore without co-rival\\nall its dignities. Such was a centennial in the most high and palmy\\nstate of the Cassars. What is ours to-day We celebrate the arrival of\\na dozen people, a century ago, who brought with them nothing save what\\nthey could can-y on their own backs, or on pack-horses with not much\\nof eduaition or property with houses of logs, narrow and destitute of\\nfurnitm-c; the satirist might say, this pompous ceremonial in honor\\nof the birth of a town so insignificant long after its cradle years, was\\nlike the sacviliee of an ox on an altar dedicated to a fly. Imperial Rome\\nand infantile Rutland That was to this, Hyperion to a Satyr. But the\\nRutlandcrs brought with them the township system in which they had\\nlicen nurtured; and the word town, which Te.xans to this day define\\na place where whiskey is sold, to a Rutlander meant protection, edu-\\ncation, sociability, religion. The event then which wo have gathered to\\nhold in remembrance is truly most memorable as a representative speci-\\nmen of colonization, colonizing in order to cultivation and culture\\nFrom Rev. Dr. Butler s Centennial Address.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0825.jp2"}, "810": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEAV EXGLAXD.\\nison were plentj-, grain scarce no grist-mill nearer than\\nSkenesborough (now Whitehall) and Bennington. Mead\\nliad an iron hand-mill that ground corn coarse. Wild\\nducks, butternuts, wild berries, shad plums, maple sugar\\nand fowl abounded. In 1773 Rutland had 35 families, a\\nclergyman comes, a log meeting-house is built, a church\\nis formed, with 14 members, four out of town, two from\\nthe west side of the town, and eight from the east. In\\n1775 Rutland sent soldiers to capture Ticonderoga, and\\nto the siege of Quebec. In 1786 an anti-court mob a\\nminiature Shaj-s rebellion reeled through the streets\\nof Rutland, and the courts were paral3-zed. In October,\\n1804, the seventh and last legislature met in Rutland, in\\nthe midst of a violent snow-storm.\\nRutland has been the birthplace and the home of manj\\neminent men. The late Rev. John Todd, D. D., who died\\nat Pittsfield, Mass., Sundaj- morning, Aug. 23, 1873, in\\nthe seventj -third year of his age, was a native of Rut-\\nland. Few Congregational ministers were more widely\\nknown and, next to Mrs. Stowe, it is claimed that his\\nbooks have had the largest circulation of any American\\nauthor. His Student s Manual, published in 1835,\\nhad a sale of 150,000 copies in England alone. In\\nAmerica 33 editions of the work were published. His\\nIndex Rerum has always commanded a steady sale.\\nAs a Sabbath-school writer he stood in the foremost rank.\\nHe received the honorary- degree of D. D. from Williams\\nCollege in 1845.\\nAmong others may be mentioned Nathaniel Chipman,\\none of the ablest law3crs and statesmen of Kew England\\nhis brother, Daniel, eminent as a lawj er, pre-eminent for\\nconversational power John A. Graham, the first lawyer\\nlocated in Rutland, with talent enough to obtain notoriety\\nin England and eminence in New York Jesse Buel,\\nfounder of the Albany Cultivator; Thomas Green\\nFessenden, the bearer to England of Rutland s great phil-\\nosophical blunder. From a London prison he sent fortii\\nhis Hudibrastic poem; he founded the New England\\nFarmer, and was the friend of Hawthorne. John Mat-\\ntocks, the unlearned, but capable and eccentric judge\\nSamuel Williams, the studious philosopher and dignified\\nhistorian Gov. Israel Smith, so successful in life, so sad\\nnear death Charles K. Williams, so able, so learned, so\\nuncorruptible, so charming in conversation, so kind and\\nwise a friend in council James Davie Butler, the\\nmechanic, the merchant, the scholar, the wit the great\\nlandholder, the energetic, the enterprising Moses Strong,\\nFrom Hall s Centennial AddresB.\\nt In May, 1873, the firm of Sheldons Slason shipped 110 cars of\\nRutland marlJe. This firm employ 225 men, in connection with their\\nmills, quarries, work-shops and marble-yards. Several of the men have\\nwho, it is claimed, married a descendant of Cotton\\nMather the shrewd and capable Robert Pierpoint, de-\\nscended from a favorite officer of William the Conqueror\\nthe very able Robert Temple, of the same family as Lord\\nPalmerston, like Gen. McClellan, a descendant of Gov.\\nBradford of the Mayflower, also a descendant of the\\ngood Godiva, wife of the Mercian Earl Leofric, the\\nSaxon king-maker, one thousand 3-ears ago George T.\\nHodges, the cautious, successful merchant, polished in\\nhis manners and prudent in his habits WilUam Page,\\nthe diligent attorney, the safe and upright cashier Wal-\\nter Colton, the popular author, the herald to Chris-\\ntendom of the discovery of California gold; James\\nMeacham, the lovable man, the eloquent preacher Ed-\\ngar L. Ormsbee, brilliant with thought, the pioneer of\\nmarble and railroad enterprise Solomon Foot, the\\nprosperous politician, the president of conventions and\\nsenates James Porter, the good phj-sician Jesse Gove,\\nthe gentlemanlj and genial clerk Rodney C. Royce, the\\npopular young lawyer Gershom Cheney, John Ruggles,\\nEdward Dj-cr, Avery Billings, Samuel Griggs, Benjamin\\nBlanchard, the Meads, Chattertons, Reynoldses, Purdys,\\nSheldons, Smiths, Reeds, McConnells, Barneses, Greens,\\nKelleys, Thralls, AVilliam Fay, Charles Burt, Benjamin\\nLord, Nicholas Goddard, Nathan Osgood, the Osgoods,\\nGreenes, Palmers, and liosts of other notable citizens.*\\nFor several j-ears prior to 1848 the town remained\\nnearlj- or quite statiouarj-, soon after that period as-\\nsuming a rapid growth. The population at that time\\nabout 3,900, now numbers about 10,000, including many\\neminent professional and substantial business men.\\nThe appraised value of her taxable property, about\\n\u00c2\u00a71,120,000, in 1848, now exceeds 85,000,000. Then,\\nher business centre consisted of some half dozen old\\nwooden one-storj stores and shops scattered around\\nCourt House Square now there is Merchants Row and\\nCentre Street, lined for long distances on both sides\\nwith massive blocks of three and four stories, having\\nhandsome stores, affording a business centre unequalled\\nin that part of the countiy. From a single newspaper,\\nThe Herald, worked upon a hand-press, there are\\nnow three weekl3 papers and one clan3-, all four power-\\npresses. The marble interests, then just beginning to\\nbe developed, have since produced suppUes for the\\nwhole eountr3-.t More than 50 raLh-oad trains now\\nenter, or leave Rutland ever3- 24 hours, and some one\\nof them is passing over its line during every minute of\\nworked for the establishment from 20 to 30 years. The products of\\nthis company vary from 300,000 to 400,000 feet per annum, superficial\\nmeasure, two inches in thickness. At a store connected with the works,\\nthe annual sales amount to about \u00c2\u00a7100,000.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0826.jp2"}, "811": {"fulltext": "every secular daj What with the delightfal laj- of the\\nplace, Its model hotels, the handsome churches which\\nadorn the town, its cross-walks and road-waj-s paved\\nwith aristocratic marble, and the genial air of elegance\\nand thrift impressed on all its surroundings, there are\\nfew towns in New England more beautiful tlian Rutland.\\nBrandon, a fine large agricultural town, with a popu-\\nlation of about 3, GOO, lies on the hue of the Rutland\\nRailroad, and was chartered in 1761 under the name of\\nNeshobe, which, in 1784, when a town government\\nwas formed, was changed to Brandon, its present name.\\nJosiah and Benjamin Powers wore the only original pro-\\nprietors who came here to reside and Amos Cutler a\\nsingle man from Hampton, Conn., who felled the first\\ntree to make an opening for the cabin which he built,\\nand which he occupied alone during the following winter,\\nbeing the first white man that ever passed a winter in the\\nplace was the first settler of the township, in 1772.\\nJohn Ambler, and David June, his son-in-law, came the\\nnext 3 ear, and settled south of and adjoining Mr. Cutler.\\nThe next class of settlers came just previous to, or dur-\\ning, the Revolutionary war. John Conant, an enter-\\nprising business man, who in 1819 invented the Conant\\ncook-stove, famous and monej -making in its da}-, till\\nsuperseded by the more convenient rotary, came in\\n1796, and to his manufacturing establishment was the\\nvillage chieflj indebted for the impetus then given, and\\nfor its continuous growth and prosperit} The removal\\nto Rutland of the Howe Scale Company, for 20 years\\nlocated in Brandon, was a sad blow to the business of\\nthe town. The frozen well, about 30 feet deep, a\\ngreat natural curiosity-, is on the outskirts of Brandon,\\nand the limestone caverns are largely visited bj- stran-\\ngers. Every kind of timber common to the country\\ngrows in the neighborhood, where pine, oak, cheny,\\nsugar and red maple are found in abundance. An inex-\\nhaustible bed of valuable bog iron-ore was discovered\\nin this town in 1810.\\nStephen A. Douglas, the late distinguished senator\\nfrom Illinois, was born in Brandon, April 23, 1813.\\nThe house, kept as an historic relic, is now standing\\nnear the Baptist church. It was the home of his child-\\nhood and his youth the residence of his father and\\ngrandfather, who have found in Brandon a final resting-\\nplace. Working on a farm till the age of 15 years,\\nj-oung Stephen afterwards learned the trade of a cabinet-\\nmaker. Later in life, it is well known, he attained\\nworld-wide fame as a statesman.\\nThe eminence known as Bird Mountain received its name from\\nCol. Bird. He died Sept. IG, 1772, Iwing at tliat time only 29 years\\nof age.\\nCastleton, near the centre of Rutland Count} was so\\ncalled from a Mr. Castle, of whom Col. Bird purchased\\n95 shares in this township, showing that Mr. Castle was\\nreally a laige proprietor, and probably gave his name to\\nthe town. Undoubtedly Mr. Bird* held a controlling\\ninterest as proprietor. The town was chartered in 1761,\\nthe first log-cabin being built in 1767, near a bluff on\\nwhat was afterwards knoun as the Clark farm. The\\nfirst child born was Israel Bucl, son of Ephraiin Buel, in\\n1771. Abigail Eaton, daughter of John Eaton, born\\nthe same j ear, was the first female. Zadock Remington\\nbuilt the first frame house, and kept the first tavern.\\nThe Hydes were early residents. The present town has\\na population of 3,243, and no finer avenue than Main\\nStreet can be found in New England. The Castleton\\nNational Bank has a capital stock of $100,000. A mile\\nsouth of Hydeville one of the prosperous villages of\\nCastleton, and an important business centre is a flour-\\nishing Welsh society of Whitefield Methodists, having a\\nhouse of worship built in 18C9. Castleton Seminary has\\na building connected with it for a normal school, the\\nRutland County Grammar School dating back to 1787,\\nHon. Solomon Foot, late senator in Congress, having\\nbeen chosen preceptor in 1828, thinking at that time to\\ndevote his life to teaching. The failure of the Medical\\nCollege was a loss to Castleton, but its water-power and\\nvaried industries, its marble and pencil works, and its\\nslate quarries, are an inexhaustible source of wealth.\\nPoultney was first settled in 1771, by Ebenezer Allen\\nand Thomas Ashley. Allen had a son born the same\\nyear, the first white child born in that place. Allen\\nremained a year, sold out, and removed to Grand Isle.\\nAshley continued in town till his death, which occurred\\nin 1810. Nehemiah Howe built the first grist-mill, on\\nthe falls in East Poultney, in 1776, and died the follow-\\ning year. Zebulon Richards was moderator of the first\\ntown-meeting, in 1775, and Zebediah Dewey was the\\nfirst captain of jnilitia in the village. The Bank of\\nPoultney was established in 1841, and re-chartered in\\n1849. The first physician in town was Dr. Jonas Saf-\\nford. Its present population is 2,836. The slate busi-\\nness is here a very important one. The Northern\\nSpectator, where Horace Greeley took his first lesson\\nin type-setting, was first issued in Poultney, in January,\\n1825 and the New York Times, in connection with j\\nHenry J. Raymond, was established by Hon. Francis H.\\nRugglesf and George Jones, Esq., both natives of\\nPoultney.\\nt He was afterwards consul of the United States at Jamaica, and\\ndied in New York city in May, 1865, aged 49 years. His funeral was\\nat Poultney.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0827.jp2"}, "812": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF KEW ENGLAND.\\nFair Haven, from what cause called bj- tliat name we\\nare unable to say, numbers 2,208 inhabitants. Its char-\\nter was granted in 1779, its territorj- during the Revolu-\\ntionarj war remaining a wilderness, a body of Hessians\\nhaving cut a road through it, and a detachment of Bur-\\ngoyne s armj having passed through the place after the\\nbattle of Hubbardton, in July, 1777. A grist-mill and\\na saw-mill were built about 1783, when the town was\\norganized, and Beriah Rogers commenced a tannery- in\\n1802. The tillage of Fair Haven was laid out in 1820,\\nand a building for a town-hall and school-house was ded-\\nicated in 1861. Marble-sawing, as a business, began in\\n1845, and a national l)ank, with a capital of \u00c2\u00a7100,000,\\nwas established in 1864. The Rev. Lorenzo Dow\\npreached here in 1796 or 97, and in 1827 Fair Haven\\nformed part of a circuit with Castleton.\\nPiTTSFOKD, first explored by white men in 1730, and\\nagain in 1748, was not generally known till the com-\\nmencement of the French war, when Gen. Amherst s\\nmilitary road (commenced in 1759 and completed the\\nfollowing 3 ear), passed through this township, first\\ngranted in 1751, and now containing 2,127 inhabitants.\\nIn the war of 1812 Pittsford was patriotic. Congrega-\\ntional and Baptist churches were organized in 1784.\\nThe first Methodist sermon in Pittsford was delivered bj\\nRev. Mr. Mitchell about the j^ear 1792 and the Roman\\nCatholics erected a neat edifice in 1858.\\nWallingfokd, deriving its name from a place in\\nConnecticut from whence came man} of the earh set-\\ntlers, has a population of 2,023. Quarries of marketable\\nmarble enrich its two villages, and it has settlements at\\nEast Wallingford, in the little hamlet of Centreville,\\nand at Ilartsborough, a romantic spot between Green\\nIliU and the White Rocks. The town was chartered in\\n1761, and first settled in 1773. It is a true Vermont\\ntown, and has always been on the side of libert}\\nMount Holly, with a population of 1,582, is emphat-\\nicall} a grazing-town, few townships in the State\\nI aisiug more cattle, sheep, beef, pork, butter and cheese,\\nand having a larger number of wealthy farmers. The\\nremaining towns in the countj- are: Pawlet (1,505),\\ntaking its name from its principal river, and raising\\ngrain and cattle for market: Danby (1,319), with\\nbrooks and springs in every valley of its manj- hills\\nBenson (1,244), named in honor of Judge Benson,\\nof New York, an eminent law3er, one of the most\\nprominent in that State during the Revolutionary era,\\nand one of the commissioners to establish the boundarj--\\nline between the States of New York and Vermont, in\\n1789: ClXrendon (1,173), an agricultural region with-\\nout villages, the inhabitants being devoted almost ex-\\nclusively to farming: Chittenden (802), a mountain\\ntown of moderate pretensions Middletown (777), rap-\\nidly settled, the ten itory of which it is composed being\\ntaken from the towns of Poultney, Ira, Tinmouth and\\nWells Wells (713), a good grazing and an agricultural\\ntown, with rich farms l^ ing in the valleys between the\\nmountains, in old times one of the favorite hunting-\\ngrounds of the Green Mountain Boys, with Ethan Allen\\none of the party: Hubbardton (G93), a township of\\nsheep-pastures, where Rufus W^ilmot Griswold, the well-\\nknown compiler of American literature, spent the greater\\npart of his boj-hood, one of his maternal ancestors\\nbeing Thomas Maj-hew, the first governor of Martha s\\nVineyard: Mexdon (633), heavily timbered, its princi-\\npal business being lumbering: Sudbury (608), with its\\ncelebrated hotel, attractive alike to pleasure parties and\\ncity boarders Tinmouth (589) rich and diversified with\\ntimber, matchless springs of cold pure water, alluvial\\nsoil and mineral wealth, the former home of three\\nSupreme Court judges, Ebenezer Marvin, Thomas Porter\\nand Nathaniel Chipman Pittsfield (518), a triangular\\ngore of mountains and broken land lying between Stock-\\nbridge on the east, Rochester on the north and Chitten-\\nden on the west, with good farms on the streams West\\nHaven (483), formerly a part of Fair Haven: Sher-\\nburne (462), a township verj- mountainous and broken,\\nexcept a narrow strip along Quechee River, where there\\nis some good interval: Ira (413), another mountainous\\ntownship, triangular in form, and patriotic during the\\nwar of the Rebellion: and Mt. Tabor (301), Ij ing\\nprincipally on the Green Mountains, the lai-ger part of\\nthe township in its primeval state, with the exception\\nof some entries for lumbering purposes, but patriotic.\\nIn the war of 61 Mt. Tabor paid bounties to five soldiers,\\n$300 each, and seven dollars a month while in the\\nservice. The town had six in the armj over and above\\nits quota when it paid those bounties. Not another town\\nin Rutland County furnished as many men for the war,\\naccording to its population, as Mt. Tabor.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0828.jp2"}, "813": {"fulltext": "WASHIE^GTON C0U:N^TY.\\nBY REV. J. H. HINCKS.\\nWashingtox Cottntt is situated nearlj- in the centre\\nof the State, having on the north of it Lamoille and\\nCaledonia counties, on the east Caledonia, south-east\\nOrange, south-west Addison, and on the west Chittenden\\nCounty. It has an area of about 616 square miles. Its\\npopulation in 1870 was 26,520. Lying, as the county\\nprincipally does, between the east and west ranges of tlie\\nGreen Mountains, its surface is much broken, and in\\nplaces mountainous. It is drained hy the Winooski River\\nand its several branches, of which the principal are the\\n\\\\Vaterbur3-, Mad River, Dog River, the North Branch\\nand Stevens Branch. In the eastern part of the count}-\\ngranite of an excellent quality is abundant. In the\\nwestern part, the rocks are principally argillaceous slate,\\nquartz, chlorite-slate and mica-slate. The count}- was\\nincorporated in 1810 under the name of Jefferson County,\\nand was organized Dec. 1, 1811, but in November, 1814,\\nthe name was changed to Washington. This change\\nwas due to the violence of party feeling, the Federalists\\nhaving gained the ascendancy in the legislature, and\\nbeing unwilling that the name of Jefferson, whose princi-\\nples were very unpopular with them, should be associated\\nwith an important geographical division of the State.\\nThe county, as at first constituted, consisted of fifteen\\ntowns set off from the adjoining counties of Orange,\\nCaledonia and Chittenden. At present it contains nine-\\nteen towns.\\nWhen first formed it contained a population of about\\n10,000. Nearly one-half of these had come into the\\ncounty between the years 1800 and 1810. In 1791 the\\ntowns which originally composed Washington County,\\ncontained altogether only 630 persons.\\nThe first settlers were principally from lower parts of\\nthe State, or from Massachusetts, Connecticut aud New\\nHampshire. Those who afterwards followed them in\\ngreater numbers were mainly from the same quarters.\\nMore recently, however, the French have come in from\\nCanada in considerable numbers, and this clement, to-\\ngether with other foreign immigration, causes the census\\nThe author desires to make a Reneial acknowledgment of his larjje\\nindebtedness, for phraseology as well as fact, to authorities he has fol-\\nlowed in matters outside of lus personal knowledge.\\nof 1870 to show that out of a total population of 26,520\\nthere are 2,355 persons of foreign birth.\\nThe shire town of the county is Montpelier. The\\nannual term of the Supreme Court is here opened on\\nthe second Tuesday in August, and the terms of the\\ncounty courts on the second Tuesdays of March and\\nSeptember.\\nBy the census of 1870, the cash value of the farms\\nwas estimated at $11,305,586, and the total value of all\\nfarm productions for the year $3,666,376. The number\\nof manufacturing establishments was 215, having an ag-\\ngregate capital of $1,082,510, producing to the amount\\nof $1,876,585, and employing 1,122 hands. The largest\\nmanufacturing interests are woollen goods, lumber,\\nmachinery, and flouring-mill products.\\nTinvNS.\\nMontpelier was settled in May, 1787, by Col. Jacob\\nDavis and his nephew Parley Davis from Charlton,\\nMass. They were followed in 1789, 90, 91 by over 20\\nfamilies. In 1791, the town contained 113 persons.\\nThe first settlers were mostly young men of the enter-\\nprising character and hardy frame common to pioneers.\\nAmong them were Jonathan Snow, James Taggard,\\nJohn Templeton, Solomon Dodge, James Hawkins,\\nDavid Wing, Jr. (afterwards secretary of State) Ziba\\nAVoodworth, Nathaniel Davis, Nathaniel Peck, Cabel\\nBennett, Clark Stevens, B. I. and J. B. Wheeler. The\\ntown was organized March 29, 1791. It continued to\\ngrow rapidly, so that in 1800 its population had in-\\ncreased to 890.\\nMontpelier was made the capital of the State in 1805,\\nand in consequence its population increased rapidly\\nduring the next few years. The population in 1870 was\\n3,023. The village of Montpelier was incorporated in\\n1818, the limits embracing a tract one mile square.\\nThe early settlers felt the importance of education,\\nand during the first years of the settlement a school was\\nopened near the Middlesex line by Jacob Davis, Jr.,\\nwho taught the children of several families in Montpelier,\\nMiddlesex and Beriin. In the winter of 1791-2 Daniel\\nWing, Jr., taught in the house of Col. Davis. Shortly", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0829.jp2"}, "814": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF I\\\\ EW ENGLAND.\\nafter a school-house was built near the site of the okl\\nburnng-grouud on Elm Street. Here Abel Knapp, after-\\nward Judge Knapp of Berlin, taught, and after him a\\ncollege student. After a few years this house was burned\\nand a new one built near where the Methodist Church\\nnow stands. In 1800 the trustees of Montpelier Acad-\\nemy were incorporated. Within a jear or two a build-\\nI ing 44 by 36 feet, and two stories high, was erected\\nby money raised l\\\\v subscrii)tion among the citizens of\\nthe town. Among the preceptors ia this academy have\\nbeen James Dean and N. G. Clark, who were both after-\\nwards professors In the Vermont Universit3 and Calvin\\nPease, who became president of the same institution.\\nDr. Clark is now the well-known secretar} of the Amer-\\nican Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. In\\n1813 the corporation Was changed bj- act of legislature\\nto a county institution, under the name of The\\nTrustees of Washington County Grammar School, and\\nthe rents of grammar-school lands in the county were\\nappropriated to its exclusive use.\\nThe old academy building having been burned in 1822,\\na new one was erected in 1823. In 1858-9 the present\\nbrick building for the Academy and Union School was\\nput up at a cost of $19,000, and at the time of its erection\\nhad no superior in the State.\\nA library association was formed in 1 794. Among its\\nrules was one excluding all works of fiction and of re-\\nI ligion. This last provision had doubtless in view the\\nI preventing of sectarian discord in the young settlement.\\nj For a number of years it did much to foster the general\\nintelligence for which Montpelier was earl) distinguished.\\nA village librarj of several hundred volumes was also\\nI established in 1814, and a Lj-ceum with a still better\\nlibrarj in 1S27. This was afterwards given to the Acad-\\nem} It is to be regretted that for some cause the inter-\\nest in a public library decreased, and that of late years\\nthe town has been without one.\\nIn the first years of the settlement of the town there\\nThe Vcnnont Precursor was established in 1S07, by Ucv. Clark\\nBuiin, .ind was soon after merged into the Vermont Watchman.\\nIn ISIG it came into the solo possession of Gen. E. P. Walton. It was\\npublished Ijy him and his sons till 1853,-^ after 1830 under the name of\\nthe Watchman and State Journal. In 18.33 it became the propcily\\nof Hon. Eliakim Persons Walton, who published it till 1868, when it\\npassed into the hands of J. J. M. Poland.\\nBesides the Watchman, tlie Waltons, father and son, have pub-\\nlished from 1817 to the present time, Walton s Vermont Register and\\nFarmers Almanac, a valuable statistical serial and calendar of large\\ncirculation.\\nThe Vermont Patriot was established in 182fi, and in 1863 was\\nmerged with the Argus, which in that year was moved to this place\\nfrom Bellows Falls.\\nThe Green Mountain Freeman was established by Hon. Jos.\\nPoland in 1843, and published by him as an organ of the Liberty and\\nwere no public religious institutions, ^re^^ou8 to 1800\\nthere had rarely been any preaching in the town except\\nby the Methodists, though Rev. Mr. Ilobart of Berlin\\nsometimes officiated here, more especially at funerals.\\nAt a town meeting Jan. 16, 1800, a committee was ap-\\npointed to procure a teacher of religion. This commit\\ntee secured the occasional services of such ministers as\\nthe} were able to procure, and in 1805 arranged with\\nRev. Clark Bunu of Brimfield, Mass., to preach for a\\nstipulated sum in the village for a year.\\nApril 12, 1808, eightj -three of the leading men in the\\nvillage organized themselves into a religious society by\\nthe name of the First Congregational Societj in Mont-\\npelier. May 5, 1809, the church extended a call to\\nRev. Chester Wright to settle as its pastor. He was\\nordained August 16. The church held its meetings in\\nthe old Academy until the first State House was com-\\npleted. From that time till 1820, the Sunday services\\nwere held in the State House. In 1820 the brick church\\nwas completed, and was occupied until it was pulled\\ndown in 1866, to make way for the present edifice.\\nDuring most of the years of Mr. Wright s ministry,\\nhe was the only pastor in the village, and the religious\\nlife of the place formed itself under his influence. The\\nmost distinguished of his successors have been Rev.\\nSamuel Hopkins (1831-35) the author of an able work\\non the Puritans and Queen Elizabeth, and Rev. WilUam\\nH. Lord, D. D. (1847-77), one of the most distinguished\\npreachers of his denomination, and a writer of singular\\nelegance and power. Besides the Congregationalist,\\nthere are flourishing churches in town representing nearly\\nall the various denominations, and having commodious\\nand elegant church edifices.\\nMontpelier from its central position and its political\\nimportance, has ever been a favorite place for the pub-\\nlication of newspapers.*\\nWhat has given Montpelier its chief importance is the\\nfact that it has been the seat of the State government.\\nFreesoil parties till 1849. Among its succeeding editors have been D.\\nP. Thompson, the well-known popular writer, and Hon. C. W. Willard.\\nThe Universalist Watchman was moved to Montpelier in 1836, and\\nafter some years was ch.inged into the Christian Repository, and\\nunder that name was published for a numl)er of years more.\\nThe Green Mountain Emporium, a religious monthly, was pub-\\nlished here during the year 1838.\\nThe Argus and Patriot, since 1863, has been published by Hiram\\nAtkins.\\nThe Vermont Chronicle, the organ of the Congregational churches\\nof Vermont, was moved to Montpelier Jan. 1, 1875, since which time it\\nhas been published by J. J. M. Poland. It was edited for about two\\nyears by Rev. William H. Lord, D. D., and Rev. Charles S. Smith.\\nSince that time it has been edited by Rev. A. D. Barber.\\nThe Christian Messenger, the organ of the Methodist churches in\\nin Vermont, has been published in this place since 1839.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0830.jp2"}, "815": {"fulltext": "VERMONT.\\nThe first State House was built iu 1808 at a cost of about\\nS6,000. It was a woofleri building, 50 feet by 70 on the\\nground, and 36 above the basement to the roof, septan-\\ngular shaped in front, but square on\\nthe sides and rear, and stood near the\\nsite of the present State House. 1 he\\nsecond State House was finished m\\n1836, at a cost of $132,000. Tins\\nbuilding, which was one of the btst\\nof its kind in the countr3 was de-\\nstroyed by fire in the year 1857. i\\nThe present State House was built\\nin 1859 at a cost of $148,000, $42,0(iO\\nof which was paid by the citizens\\nMontpelier. The new building is c( ii\\nstructcd on substantially the same\\nplan as the one whose place it took.\\nThe entire length of the front is 176\\nfeet, the main portico measuring 72 feet, and each of the\\nwings 52 feet. The dome rises about 60 feet, making\\nthe entire height from the ground to the top of the dome\\n124: feet. This is surmountt 1\\nby a statue of Ceres. TIil\\nState House contains, besidi s\\nall the necessary accommoda-\\ntions for the State officers, the\\nState Librarj-, consisting of\\n18,000 volumes, principally\\nlaw works and public docu-\\nments and the valuable col-\\nlection of books (5,000) and\\ncuriosities of the Vermont\\nPTKST STATF lIOtSE, MONfPFLIFU\\ninformation in the matter is difficult to obtain owing to a\\ndeficiency of records.\\nOne interesting incident is recorded of the war, which\\nshowed that the spirit of the Green\\nMountain Boys was still alive-among\\nthen successors. When news came\\nol the threatened attack upon Platts-\\nbuiir, N. Y., in September, 1814,\\nC i|)t Timothy Hubbard, a leading\\nlidciahst, accompanied by a drum-\\nimr and fifer, marched the streets,\\nbeatnig up volunteers to proceed to\\nits di fence. Before night about two-\\nihiids of the male population had en-\\nlisttd, and the following morning\\nh(3 marched to Plattsburg and took\\ntlicu places among its defenders.\\nOther towns in the county responded\\nto the call for assistance with similar alacrity, and fur-\\nnished a large number of men for the defence of the State.\\nIn the civil war of 1861-1865 Montpelier furnished\\n2 6 men to the United States\\nservice, 47 bej-ond her quota.\\nMontpelier is emphatically\\n1 business place, and its in-\\nh ibitants are characterized\\n1 3 the energy usual to a suc-\\nn ssful mercantile community.\\nAmong its important busi-\\nness interests are the Ver-\\nmont Mutual Fire Insurance\\n-111 Company (incorporated in\\nHistorical Society (incorporated 183S), besides Rcvolu- I 1S27), 1 iimeis Mutud I iie Insurance Company (incor-\\ntionary relics and a cabinet ot vtui d Hist i\\\\ poi lU 1 ii 1^1)) t ic A ition 1 Life Insurance Company\\n1 I I -I I ll 11), the Line Manufacturing Com-\\ntionary\\nImmediately preceding and dm\\nparty politics ran extremely high\\nin Montpelier, the Federilists\\nsharing the sentunent of the ir I\\nparty that the war was an un\\nnecessary and unjustifiable one\\nAt a meeting called in Febru ii j\\n1812, the Eev. Chester AVii^ht\\nrefused to appear and offei up\\npra3 er, and Ziba Woodworth, an\\nold Revolutionary soldier, w is\\ncalled to act as chaplain, which\\nhe did in a manner worth} of a .:z\u00e2\u0080\u0094j^\\nmember of the church militant.\\nResolutions were passed sustain-\\ning the administration. A number of mm fiom\\nilile degree\\npan iaw-mill machineiy iron\\nI ml luicks), Montpelier Manu-\\n1 tilling Company (children s\\n(.Hinges, c.), and the flour-\\niiu mill of E. AV. Bailey.\\n1 he village being compact,\\nstieets are lighted and walks\\nd in a manner not common-\\nI und outside of great cities.\\nThe Winooski River and its\\nnoith branch passing through\\nthe heart of the village, afford\\nit a n itural drainage which ren-\\nders th B place healthful to a re-\\nThe buildings of the village are much\\nplace entered the United States service, but specific s.ip^i. or to the average in places of its size, and they", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0831.jp2"}, "816": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nadd much to the attractiveness of its site. The business\\nportions especiallj have been much improved in conse-\\nquence of two fires in the earlj part of 187.5, which\\ndestroyed upwards of $100,000 worth of property.\\nSome of the public buildings are of a very superior\\norder. Among these are the building of the Vermont\\nMutual Fire Insurance Company the Pavilion Hotel,\\nbuilt by Theron O. Bailey in 1876 at a cost of $100,000\\nBethany Church, a noble structure of Burlington stone,\\nerected in 1868 at an expense of $60,000 Christ Church,\\nbuilt the same j ear of Barre granite at an expense of\\n$30,000 and the building of Vermont Conference Semi-\\nnary and Female College, a Methodist institution of high\\ncharacter.\\nGreen Mountain Cemetery, which lies about one mile\\nbelow the centre of the village, is a\\nsingularly beautiful resting-place for\\nthe dead. This cemetery owes its\\norigin to the bequest of Calvin J.\\nKeith, who died in 1853, leaving\\n$1,000 for this puipose, besides other\\npublic bequests. The town appro-\\npriated $5,000 in 1855 to carry out\\nthe design, and on the 15th of Sep-\\ntember of the same j ear, the ceme-\\nter} was dedicated with impressive\\nand appropriate ceremonies.\\nMontpelier has been fortunate in _=^^^\\nhaving had among its citizens a num\\nber of men of distinguished ability\\nand high character.\\nHon. David Wing, Jr., who re-\\nmoved here in 1790, and was secre- bethaky chukch\\ntary of State from 1802 to 1806, was one of the most\\nuseful public men of his da^-.\\nGen. Ezekiel V. Walton, who came here in 1807 at the\\nage of 18, from 1810 till his death in 1855 wielded a\\nwide influence through the Vermont Watchman, to\\nwhich, in connection with its related business, he gave\\nthe strength of his life.\\nCol. Jonathan P. Miller, who was born in Randolph, Vt.,\\nand who served with much distinction among the Phil-\\nhellenists in Greece from 1824-1827, removed to Mont-\\npelier in 1827, and lived here till his death in 1847. He\\ndistinguished himself by introducing an anti-slavery reso-\\nlution into the legislature in 1833, and was one of the two\\ndelegates of Vermont to the world s anti-slavery conven-\\ntion in London in 1840.\\nHon. William Upham, who removed to this place in\\n1792 at the age of ten, was, during his long professional\\nlife, an advocate of almost unrivalled power\\njury. He served in the United States Senate from 1841\\nto his death in 1853.\\nHon. Samuel Prentiss, who came to Montpelier in\\n1803 at the age of 21, acquired a reputation as a jurist\\nand a statesman which was national in its extent. He\\nbecame chief justice of Vermont in 1829, was elected to\\nthe United States Senate in 1830, and again in 1836,\\nand in 1842 was appointed United States district judge\\nin this State, and held that office till his death in 1857.\\nChancellor Kent ranked him as a jurist even above Judge\\nStory.\\nHon. Isaac F. Redfleld, a judge of the Supreme Court\\nof the State from 1835 to 1852, and from 1852 to 1860\\nchief justice, the author of a standard work on Railway\\nLaw, and his brother Hon. Timothy- P. Redfield, since\\n1870 a judge of the Supreme Court,\\nhave pi eserved for Montpelier the\\nlegal honors first won for it bj-\\nthe distinguished Judge Prentiss.\\nD. P. Thompson, who died in 1868,\\nattained considerable celebritj- as a\\nnovelist, his most popular works\\nbeing The Green Mountain Boys\\nand Locke Amsden.\\nRev. William H. Lord, D. D., pas-\\ntor of Bethany Church (Cong.) from\\n1847 to his death in 1877, was widely\\nknown as a man of letters as well as\\na preacher of rare power. A selec-\\ntion from his sermons, of which he\\nleft 1,500, would be a valuable ad-\\ndition to English religious literature.\\nHon. EUakim Persons Walton,\\npresident of the Vermont Historical Society, was from\\nhis boyhood up to 1868 actively engaged in journalism,\\nwielding a wide influence through the Watchman and\\nState Journal, of which he was sole proprietor from\\n1853 to 1868. He served his State with great credit in\\nthe United States House of Representatives during the\\ncritical period from 1857 to 1863.\\nHon. John A. Page, who has been State treasurer\\ncontinuously from 1866 to the present time, has ad-\\nministered the finances of the State with distinguished\\nability.\\nHon. C. W. Willard, who has passed his mature life\\nhere as a student and practitioner of law, and for a num-\\nber of j-ears also was editor of the Green Mountain\\nFreeman, was a prominent member of the United States\\nHouse of Representatives from 1869 to 1875.\\nNoRTHFiELD was chartered to Major Joel Matthews\\nand 64 others Aug. 10, 1781. It was first settled in", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0832.jp2"}, "817": {"fulltext": "VERMONT.\\nMaj-, 1785, b} Amos and Ezekiel Robinson and Staun-\\nton Richardson, from Westminster. B}- 1791 the popula-\\ntion had increased to 40. The town was organized March\\n25, 1794. In 1822, and in 1826, tracts were set off to\\nit from Waitsfield. The population in 1870 was 3,410.\\nDog River, which flows into the Winoosld at Mont-\\npelier, runs through the town and affords valuable mill-\\nprivileges. A vein of argillaceous slate, passing through\\nthe town from north to south, permits unlimited quarr3--\\ning. One of the quarries emploj s from 30 to 40 men.\\nThe town has four small villages, the Deoot Village being\\nthe most important.\\nThe earl}^ settlers were principally Universalists. Rev.\\nTimothj Bigelow, a minister of this denomination, com-\\nmenced preaching statedly in the town about 1809. In\\n1820 a union meeting-house was built in the Centre Vil-\\nlage in which the Universalists had the largest right.\\nAfter other churches were built this edifice was sold to\\nthe Catholics, and was struck by lightning and burned\\nin 1876. Besides the Uuiversalist there are at present\\nfour societies in this town.\\nNorthfield is more than ordinarily favored with educa-\\ntional privileges. Its public schools culminate in the\\nXorthfield Graded and High School, which succeeds the\\nold Northfield Academy built in 1801. In 1870, by ar-\\nrangement with the trustees of the Academy (whose\\nname had been changed to Northfield Institution in 1854)\\nthe Academy building was opened as a graded and high\\nschool, free to all pupils of the village. This building\\nwas destroyed by fire in 187G, and in the same j-ear the\\npresent building was erected upon the same site at a cost\\njf S11,000. The school was chartered in 1872.\\nNorwich University, a military school under Episcopal\\nmanagement, was removed to Northfield in 1866, and\\noccupies a fine building upon a commanding site. Be-\\nsides the president, Capt. Charles A. Curtis, U. S. A.,\\nthe facultj consists of five professors and one lecturer.\\nThe most startling event in the history of Northfield\\nis the Harlow Bridge Tragedy, which occurred Dec. 11,\\n1867. Through the forgetfulness of an engineer, a car\\nfilled with workmen was backed off an open bridge into\\na deep ravine. Fifteen men were killed and 38 wounded.\\nThe most prominent man connected with the early his-\\ntory of Northfield was Hon. Elijah Paine. He settled in\\nWilliamstown, close by Northfield, in 1784, and was the\\nfirst to clear land in the latter town. Soon after his set-\\ntlement in Williamstown be built a saw-mill and a grist-\\nmill within the limits of Northfield. He afterwards built\\na factory in the town, at a cost of $40,000, to manufac-\\nture broadcloth.\\nJudge Paine graduated from Harvard College in 1781.\\nHe was secretary of the Convention to revise the Con-\\nstitution in 1786, judge of the Supremo Court from 1791\\nto 1795, U. S. senator from 1795 to 1801, and was ap-\\npointed U. S. judge in 1801. In 1789 he was one of the\\ncommissioners to settle the controversy between New\\nYork and Vennont. In the same year he was elected\\npresident of the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard\\nCollege, to which he had given the first address in 1782.\\nHis son. Gov. Charles Paine, born in 1799, also gradu-\\nated at Harvard College, and became one of the fore-\\nmost men in the State. To him Northfield owes much\\nof its prosperit}-. It was through his exertions that the\\nVermont Central Railroad, of which he became the first\\npresident, was chartered and built. He was elected gov-\\nernor of the State in 1841. He was noted for his public\\nspirit and for his lai^e charities.\\nHon. George Nichols was appointed secretary of State\\nin 1865, and has held that office continuously up to the\\npresent time (1879). In 1870 he was president of the\\nConstitutional Convention.\\nWaterbury was chartered by Gov. Wentworth of New\\nHampshire, June 7, 1763, to John Stiles and 65 others\\nresidents of Connecticut and New Jersey. It probably\\ntook its name from AVaterburc, Conn. In 1784, James\\nMarsh, a native of Canaan, Conn., moved here with his\\nfamily from Bath, N. H., and for two years lived alone.\\nIn 1786 Ezra Butler moved his family from Weathers-\\nfield, Vt., and in 1788, Caleb Munson also settled here,\\nand was soon followed by others. The town was organ-\\nized March 31, 1790. The population in 1870, was\\n2,633.\\nIn 1800 a revival of religion began in connection with\\nthe labors of Rev. Jedediah Bushnell, a missionary from\\nConnecticut, afterwards for many years pastor of the\\nCongregational Church in Cornwall, Vt. About this\\ntime a Congregational, a Baptist and a Methodist church\\nwere formed. Ezra Butler, afterwards Gov. Butler, was\\nordained elder of the Baptist church, and remained over\\nit till within a few years of his death in 1838. A house\\nof worship was built in 1832, and a new one about\\n1860.\\nThe Congregational church was organized bj^ Mr.\\nBushnell in 1801. The Methodists have two churches in\\nthis town.\\nWaterbury River and Thacher s Branch nin through\\nthe town from north to south into the Winooski River,\\nand furnish excellent mill-privileges. The soil in the\\nintervals is remarkably fertile.\\nWaterbury s most distinguished citizen was the Hon.\\nEzra Butler. In addition to 30 years service as pastor\\nof the Baptist church, and his service in town offices.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0833.jp2"}, "818": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nbis aggregate term of public service, incbiding pbiraU-\\nties, was 57 jears. He ivas town representative for IG\\nj cars, a member of the Council for 16 j-ears, a eountj-\\njudge for 20 j-ears, a member of Congress for two jears,\\nand governor for two j-ears. In liis jouth, he ser\\\\-ed\\nsix months in the Revolutionary- army. He was the first\\nperson converted in Waterbur}- in the revival of 1800,\\nand having been ordained pastor of the Baptist church,\\nserved it until within a few 3-ears of his death without\\nremuneration. This remarkable nuin had had but six\\nmonths schooling in his bo}-hood.\\nHon. H. F. Janes served in Congress from 1834 to\\n1837, and Hon. Paul Dillingham from 1843 to 1847.\\nSir. Dillingham was lieutenant-governor from 1862 to\\n18G5, and governor of the State from 1865 to 1867.\\nB.VEEE* was granted Nov. 6, 1780, by the State of\\nA ermont to WiUiam Williams and 64 others, and char-\\ntered by the name of Wildersburgh. In 1788, Samuel\\nRogers from Bradford, and John Goldsbury from Hart-\\nland, Yt., moved into town ^ith their families, and were\\nfollowed rapidlj- by settlers from AVorcester County,\\nMass., and from New Hampshire and Connecticut. The\\ntown was organized March 11, 1793, and Joseph D wight\\nwas chosen first town clerk.\\nId 1794, Dr. Faddock removed here from Connecticut,\\nand was the first, as he was for manj- years the principal\\nphysician of the place. In 1796, the town was repre-\\nsented for the first time in the General Assembly b}-\\nAsaph Sherman. A Congregational societj- was organ-\\nized iu l799, and in February, 1807, Rev. Aaron Palmer\\nwas ordained as pastor, and i-cmained in charge of the\\nchurch till his dcath in 1821. There are at present three\\nflourishing religious societies in town.\\nIn 1795, the place was visited by a destructive epi-\\ndemic of canker-rash, which proved fatal to manj- chil-\\ndren. In Februarj-, 1811, the spotted fever raged in the\\nplace with severit3 In the winter of 1812-13, t^-j^hoid\\npneumonia scourged the place, the number of deaths in\\n1813 being 70.\\nThe population in 1870 was 1,882.\\nThere are three -villages in the town of Barre viz.,\\nBarrc, South BaiTC and Twingsville. Stevens s Branch\\nand Jail Branch of the Winooski River flow through the\\nAccording to Thompson s Vermont, tbc name AVildcrsbnrgh\\nproving unpopular, a town meeting was called in 1793 to agree upon\\nEomo other name to be presented to the legislature for its approval.\\nCapt. Joseph Thompson, who had moved from Holden, and Jonathan\\nSherman, who had moved from Barrc, Slass., each strenuously advo-\\ncated the n.imc of the town from which he came. It was decided that\\nthe privilege of naming the town should be determined by an encounter\\nat fisticuffs between the two. Sherman being successful, after a desperate\\nfight, declared for Barre, and a petition having been sent to the legislature\\nin accoi-dance with the agreement, the name of the town was changed the\\nplace, and afibrd excellent mill-facilities. There is in\\nthe place a large foundry for casting water-wlieels, c.\\nGranite of a very superior qualit} is found in great j\\nquantities, and the quarries are a source of large profit\\nto the town. Of late the business of the town has re-\\nceived a new impetus through the completion of a rail-\\nroad connection with the main line of the Vermont\\nCentral.\\nThe Barre Academj-, a long-established educational\\ninstitution, under the management of Dr. J. S. Spaul-\\nding, is a school of high order.\\nGoddard Seminary, a large and flourishing academj-\\nunder the patronage of the Universalists, possesses alto-\\ngether the finest building in the town.\\nThe most eminent citizen that Barre has had was the\\nHon. James Fisk (1762-1844), alawyer and Democratic\\npolitician. He served in Congress from 1805 to 1809, j\\nand again from 1811 to 1815. He was elected to the\\nU. S. Senate in 1817, but resigned in 1818 to accept the\\ncollectorship of Vermont, an office which he held for\\neight j-ears. He declined the office of postmaster-gen-\\neral under Jeff erson. lie is said to liave borne a strong\\nresemblance to Aaron Burr.\\nBerlin was chartered June 8, 1763. The first perma-\\nnent settler was Jacob Fowler, who moved from Corinth\\nin 1786. Among other early settlers wore Capt. James\\nIlobart, Hezekiah Silloway antl William Flagg. By\\n1790 there were 21 families in tlie i)hu The town was\\norganized March 31, 1791.\\nThe population in 1870 was 1,474.\\nThe first Congregational chm-ch was estal)lished in\\n1798, and Rev. James Ilobart was settled over it from\\nthat year till 1829.\\nThe village of the town goes by the name of Berlin\\nCorners. There is, in addition, a village on the AVi-\\nnooski, opposite Jlontpelier, and connected with it by\\nbridges, which, for all practical purposes except tax-\\nation, forms a part of the village of Montpelier. The\\nmost remarkable natural feature of the town is a pond,\\ntwo miles long and half a mile wide, picturesquely situ-\\nated, and well stocked with fish. The outlet of this\\npond forms a cascade of rare beauty, known as Benja-\\nmin s Falls. t\\nsame year. It is said, however, that the town records show that the\\nprivilege of naming the town was put up at auction, the sura realized to\\nbe given for tbc erection of a meeting-house, and that EzeUiel D.\\nWheeler secured the right by a bid of \u00c2\u00a362.\\nt The discovery, many years ago, of the lx dy of a murdered trav-\\neller, a peddler, in the woods on the borders of this pond, has\\ninvested the locality with a tragic interest, supplied an only too literal\\nveriucation of Bryant s matchless poem on that subject, and afforded\\nmaterial for one of D P. Thompson s most graphic and blood-curdling\\nnarratives.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0834.jp2"}, "819": {"fulltext": "Cai,ais was chartered in 1781 to Jacob Davis, Stephen\\nFay and associates, and was settled in 1787 by Francis\\nWest, of Pl3mouth County, Mass., who was followed,\\nthe same j-ear, bj^ Abijah, Asa and Peter Wheelock, of\\nC liarlestown, MaSs., and in the following j-ear by Moses\\nStone.\\nThe town was organized March 23, 1795.\\nThe population in 1870 was 1,309. The town con-\\ntains several beautiful ponds. Rev. C. S. Goodell,D.D.,\\na popular and exceptionally eloquent Congregational\\ncleigj-man, is a native of Calais.\\nCabot was chartered Aug. 17, 1871. In April, 1785,\\nJames Bruce, Edmund Chapman, Jonathan Heath and\\nBenjamin Webster, with their families, settled on what\\nis now known as Cabot Plain. The town was organized\\nMarch 29, 1788. Its population in 1870 was 1,279.\\nZerah Colburn, the mathematical prodig}-, was born\\nhere in 1804. After attracting some attention abroad,\\nand being successively teacher and Methodist preacher,\\nhe was made professor of Norwich (Vt.) University in\\n1835, and died in 1840. His faculty of computation\\nleft him when he reached manhood.\\nMoRETOwN was chartered June 7, 1763. It was settled\\nabout 1790 by Paul Knap, Beuben, Eliakim and Ira\\nHawks, all from Massachusetts. Among other early set-\\ntlers were Joseph and Ebenczer Haseltine, Seth Munson\\nand Daniel Parker. The town was organized March 22,\\n1792. In 1870 the population was 1,263.\\nMiddlesex was chartered June 8, 1763. Thomas\\nMead, who came here in 1781 or 1782, was the first\\nsettler in the county. Other early settlers were Jonah\\nHarrington, Seth, Levi and Jacob Putnam.\\nThe town was organized about 1788. In 1870 the\\npopulation was 1,171.\\nEast Montpeliee having been set off from Montpelier\\nNov. 9, 1848, was organized Jan. 1, 1849. It has two\\nvillages. North and East Montpelier. In 1870 the popu-\\nlation was 1,130 200 less than it was 20 years before.\\nIt has good mill-facilities, which are improved for manu-\\nfacturing purposes, there being a woollen-mill of consid-\\nerable size at North MontpeUer.\\nGen. Benjamin Wait, the patriarch of the town, was bom in Sudbury,\\nMass., in 1737 served under Gen. Amherst, when but 18 years old\\nivas captured by the French in 175G, taken first to Quebec, and after-\\nwards to France. He was rctalien off the coast of France by the Eng-\\nlish, and in 1757 returned to America, and in 1758 assisted at the capture\\nof Louisburg. He served with distinpuished gallantry and ability in\\nCanada during the remainder or the war. In 1767 he settled in Windsor\\nMakshfield was granted Oct. 16, 1782, and chartered\\nto the Stockbridge Indians June 22, 1790. It was pur-\\nchased of them b} Isaac Marsh of Stockbridge, Mass.,\\nfrom whom it takes its name, for \u00c2\u00a3140. The first settlers\\nwere Martin and Calvin Pitkin from East Hartford,\\nConn., Gideon Spencer, Aaron Elmore, and Ebenezor\\nDodge. The town was organized March 10, 1800. The\\npopulation in 1870 was 1,072.\\nIn this place are the Great Falls of the Winooski,\\nwhich is here said to descend 500 feet in the distance of\\n30 rods.\\nWarken was chartered Oct. 20, 1789. The town was\\nsettled in 1797 by Samuel Lord and Seth Leavitt, and\\norganized Sept. 20, 1798. There are two villages. East\\nand West Warren, having a population of about 1,000.\\nWaitsfield was chartered in 1782, and was first set-\\ntled bj Gen. Benjamin Wait in 1789, after whom it\\ntook its name.\\nThe town was organized March 25, 1794. Population\\nin 1870, 948.\\nPlainfield was chartered Oct. 27, 1788, by the name\\nof St. Andrew s Gore. About 1794, Tlieodore Perkins,\\nJoseph Batchelder and Seth Freeman settled the town,\\nand were followed within a jear by Jonathan and Brad-\\nford Kinney, Moulton Batchelder, John Moore and\\nothers.\\nThe town was jorganized under its charter name, April\\n4, 1796, and clianged its name to Plainfield Nov. 6,\\n1797. Population in 1870, 726.\\nThe remaining towns of Washington County are Rox-\\nBURT, organized in 1796, population 916, containing a\\nfine vein of marble Woodbury, formerly called Monroe,\\nhaving 902 inhabitants, and noted for the abundance of\\nits ponds Duxbcrt, organized in 1792, population 893,\\nhaving on its west line Camel s Hump Mountain, 4,083\\nfeet high, and being connected with Watcrbury by a\\nnatural bridge over the Winooski Worcester, organ-\\nized in 1803, population 775 Plainfield, chartered as\\nSt. Andrew s Gore in 1778, organized a town with its\\npresent name in 1797, popidation 726: and Fatstown,\\norganized in 1805, population 694.\\nand became conspicuous in the controversy of the Green Mountain Boys\\nwith New York with reference to the territory of Vermont. In 1776\\nhe entered the Continental army as captain, and served under Gen.\\nWashington till the close of the Revolutionary war, coming out with\\nthe rank of colonel. He was afterwards made brigadier-general of\\nmilitia. Removing to Waitsfield iu 1789, he made it his home till his\\ndeath in 1822.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0835.jp2"}, "820": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwi:n dham county.\\nBY JOSEPH J. GREEN.\\nWindham Countt lies on the eastern slope of the\\nGreen Mountains, in the north-eastern corner of Ver-\\nmont. It is watered bj- the Deerfield, West and Saxton s\\nrivers. The sources of the former are in Somerset,\\nStratton and Dover. It flows through a forest region of\\nspruce, hemlock and hardwood. West River pursues a\\ndiagonal course through the countj from the north-west\\nto the Connecticut at Brattleborough. The interval\\nlands of this vallej- are excellent for grain, and the hill-\\nsides have a strong and productive soil. Saxton s River\\nhas its sources in Windham and Grafton, and flowing\\neast, empties into the Connecticut just south of Bellows\\nFalls. The bottom lands in the valle}- of the latter\\nriver are unsurpassed in fertility by any in the State.\\nThe historj- of Windham Count} and of Vermont\\nbegins with the sale, April 24 and 25, 1716, at Hartford,\\nConn., of the equivalent lands, so called from this fact\\nOn the establishment of the line between Massachusetts\\nand Connecticut, it was found that Massachusetts had\\nchartered 107,793 acres in Connecticut, as an equivalent\\nfor which she gave the latter an equal amount of land in\\nher unchartered territorj These lands were located in\\nfour sections one on the west side of the Connecticut\\nRiver of 43,943 acres was deeded bj- Gov. Saltonstall to\\nWilliam Dummer, William Brattle, Anthon}- Stoddard\\nand John White, and comprised the land in the present\\ntown of Dummerston and a part of Putney and Brattle-\\nborough.\\nIn 1724, b} order of the General Court of Massachu-\\nsetts, Lieut. D wight erected a fort on what is now known\\nas the Brooks Farm, about two miles below the village\\nof Brattleborough. This fort, built of pine-logs, was\\n180 feet square, with houses inside whose single roofs\\nran up against its walls, each house facing the court-\\nyard in the centre. Soon after its completion, a bod}-\\nof Indians attacked the fort, killing and wounding sev-\\neral of the garrison. In the following year two scouts\\nwere killed and three captured bj- the Indians, in the\\nvicinity of the fort. In 1728 the fort became a trading-\\npost, and the Indians came in great numbers from Lake\\nChamplain and Canada. The trade proving unprofit-\\nable to the State was soon abandoned.\\nAt a date now uncertain, a block-house was erected\\non the great meadows in the present town of Putncj\\nDuring King George s war, several of the settlers were\\nkilled or captured bj- roving bands of savages. In the\\nfall of 1747, Bridgman s Fort in Vernon was attacked\\nand burned, witli heav} loss to the settlers. Two j-ears\\nlater, a scouting part} under command of Capt. Melvin\\nwere surprised and defeated in the present town of\\nJamaica. Not long after a well-equipped force of 40\\nmen, commanded by Capt. Hobbs, after a few hours\\ncontest, defeated a superior force of French and Indians\\nled b} Sackct, a well-known half-breed. Other minor\\ncontests occurred, and in June, 1755, Bridgman s Fort,\\nwhich had been rebuilt, was again the scene of a terrible\\nIndian assault, it being laid in ashes, and its occupants\\ncarried into captivit}\\nAt midnight, March 6, 1758, a band of Indians burst\\ninto Fairbank Moore s house, in Brattleborough, on the\\nfarm known as the Newman Allen place, now owned by\\nthe Vermont Asylum, killing and scalping Moore and\\nhis son, taking the son s wife and four children prison-\\ners, and burning the house. The Moore skeletons were\\nfound a few years since in the barnjard, about a foot\\nbeneath the surface of the ground and in the skull of\\none was an ounce ball. Mrs. Moore and her children\\nwere redeemed in 1762.\\nPrior to 1764 Gov. Wentworth of New Hampshire\\nchartered 14 towns within the present limits of the\\ncounty. In July of that year the king decreed the west-\\nern bank of the Connecticut River to be the boundary\\nline between New Hampshire and New York. The\\nsettlers on the Grants, as these lands were then called,\\nwere in no wise alarmed b} this decision. Having pur-\\nchased their lands of a royal governor, under the seal of\\nthe Crown, they held that a provincial change could in\\nno wa} affect the validity of their titles. The authori-\\nties of New Y ork held that all grants of land issued bj\\nGov. Wentworth were void and raising the charter-fees\\nto $2,000 or more, and doubling the annual rental to the\\nCrown, they required the settlers to take out new\\ncharters. In most instances, they were unwilling and\\nunable to comply with the terms, while a refusal sub-", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0836.jp2"}, "821": {"fulltext": "jected them to a loss of their possessions, as the New\\nYork authorities readily regranted these towns to those\\nwho paid the required fees, and the courts at Albanj sus-\\ntained all claimants under their charters, in writs of\\nejectment. The more fully to establish their power\\nover the territory, and enforce their laws, the New York\\nAssembly incorporated the count}- of Cumberland Jul}-\\n3, 1 7GG, with a county seat at Chester, which was changed\\nto Westminister in May, 1772. Crean Brush, an assis-\\ntant secretary of New York, was appointed clerk of the\\ncourt. The following winter, he and Samuel Wells of\\nBrattleborough took their scat in the New York Assem-\\nbl} as representatives of Cumberland Count} thus com-\\npleting the legal machinery necessary to unite the county\\nto that province. A system of legalized tyranny now\\ncommenced, which developed an open revolt March 13,\\n1775, and terminated in the Westminster massacre, and\\nthe final independence of Vermont.\\nWindham County, infested as it was, with a great\\nnumber of ardent adherents to the authority of New\\nYork, called Yorkers, became naturally tlie scene of\\nmuch of that unhappy civil turmoil and strife resulting\\nfrom that long and implacably bitter straggle for civil\\nsupremacy on the territory of the New Hampshire grants\\nwhich earl} in the Eevolutionary epoch prevailed between\\nthe authorities of New York and those of Vermont.\\nThe latter, convinced of the justice of their cause, did\\nnot hesitate, in the maintenance of their supposed rights,\\nresolutely and boldly to put the edicts and authority\\nboth of New York and of the Continental Congress at\\ndefiance. With the great war of the Revolution on its\\nhands. Congress was piactically powerless, so far as this\\ncontroversy with Vermont was concerned, to enforce its\\nown demands and accordingly that infant State was\\nleft to administer her own internal alTairs pretty much in\\naccordance with her own will. It may be admitted that\\nin the enforcement of her authority Vermont sometimes\\nresorted to measures of extreme severty, if not to an\\nunwarrantable stretch of judicial power that so far\\nfrom being always careful to be both humane and just,\\nshe was, at times, perhaps, needlessly stern, ruthless\\nand severe. Her prisoners, it is affirmed, were often\\nsubjected to unnecessary privations and cruelties de-\\nprived of suitable food, and confined for a long time in\\ncomfortless and unwholesome, not to say, loathesome\\nprisons. Prominent among those who thus suffered were\\nTimothy Church of Brattlcborough, Jlaj. Evans of Guil-\\nford, Maj. William Shattuck and Thomas Baker of\\nHalifax, Charles and Timothy Phelps of Guilford, the\\nlatter high-sheriff, under New York, of Cumberland\\nCounty. The trials of these men, and of others, were\\nmanifold and severe. Mulcted in heavy fines, confined\\nfor long periods in comfortless prisons, deprived of their\\nestates by acts of confiscation, banished from the Stite\\nwith the threatened penalty of death for their treason if\\ncaught within the State limits, it must be admitted that\\nthey paid dearly for their loyalty to New York. Repeat-\\nedly repairing to the New York Assembly, and to Phila-\\ndelphia, and addressing to both State and national legis-\\nlatures many and better, but practically fruitless appeals\\nfor protection and redress of grievances, these and other j\\nlong-suflering Yorkers, concluding at length to make a j\\nvirtue of necessit}-, finally gave over the struggle, and 1\\nyielded unqualified submission to the authority of the j\\nState of Vermont. j\\nFeb. 16, 1781, Windliam County was incorporated,\\nand on the 21st the county was divided into the half- i\\nshires of Westminster and Marlborough. The count} I\\nofficers subsequently elected were Noah Sabin, Jr., judge\\nof probate, John Bridgman, Luke Knowlton and Benja-\\nmin Burt, judges ofl the County Court, and Jonathan\\nHunt, high-sheriff. These men, all of acknowledged\\nability, though at first esteemed more or less earn-\\nest partisans of New York, faithfully administered tlie\\nlaws of the State against the usurping and treasonable\\nYorkers.\\nNewfane became the shire town of the county Oct. 19,\\n1787. The village of Newfane was originally located\\nnear the centre, and on the highest hill in town, where\\nthe county buildings were erected in 1788. So steep\\nand inaccessible was the hill, that in 1825 the location\\nwas changed to Park s Flat, in the valley of Smith\\nBrook, two miles east, Mr. Park giving a donation of\\nland for a public common. Here a court-house and jail\\nwere erected in the summer of 1825, at a cost of $10,-\\n000 and in 1853 they were thorouglily repaired and\\nmodernized.\\nThe village on the hill followed the public buildings,\\nand where it once stood, nothing now remains but the\\ncellars and foundations of the houses. It is doubt-\\nless the only instance in the State of the removal of an\\nentire village from its original location. The new village\\nrecci\\\\cd the name of Faycttevillc, in honor of La Fayette.\\nPrevious to the completion of the Vermont and Slassa-\\nchusetts Railroad in 1849, the Connecticut River was the\\ngreat artery of commercial and business life for this en-\\ntire section, whose interests are agricultural rather than\\nmanufacturing or mining. The natural resources of the\\ncounty consist of lumber and large beds of building-stone\\nof various kinds. In Newfane, Grafton and Athens\\nare found large deposits of freestone in Townshend,\\nWardsborough and Jamaica, lime and Dummerston", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0837.jp2"}, "822": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\npossesses one of the largest and purest bodies of gran-\\nite in New England. These and the other business\\nand political interests of the county have long invited\\nthe building of a railroad up the West River vallej-, and\\nthe Brattleborough and Whitehall Railroad Company\\nhave contracted for the construction of the first 35 miles\\nof this line from Brattleborough to South Londonderr}-,\\nto be completed during 1879.\\nAmong the distinguished persons connected with the\\nhistorj- of Windham Count}- may be mentioned Crean\\nBrush,* born in Dublin, Ireland, about the year 1725,\\nwho, as representative of Cumberland County in the New\\nYoik Assembly, exercised his great powers of oratory in\\nthe interest of that province and in favor of the crown\\nStephen R. Bradlej-, a staff-offlccr in the Revolutionary\\narmy, prominent in the contest for State independence,\\none of the first United States senators from Vermont, being\\nelected in 1791 and again in 1801, born in Wallingford,\\nConn., in 1754 and a graduate of Yale, dying in Wal-\\npole, N. H., in 1830 Samuel Gal^, an English gentle-\\nman, bom about the year 1747, a thorough loyalist,\\neventually removing to Quebec, where he received the\\nappointment of provincial secretarj-, d3-ing in 182G\\nHon. Lot Hall, a native of Y armouth, Mass., where ho\\nwas born in 1757, removing after various vicissitudes to\\nWestminster, serving as judge of the Supreme Court\\nfrom 1794 to 1801, dying in 1809 Hon. Luke Knowl-\\nton, born in Shrewsbury, Mass., in 1738, serving in the\\nFrench and Indian war, afterwards one of the proprietors\\nof Newfane, to which place he removed in 1773, daring\\nthe Revolution, suffering much annoyance and incon-\\nvenience in consequence of his loyalty to the crown, but\\nin the latter part of his life holding many important pub-\\nlic trusts Samuel Knight, the first lawyer settled in\\nBrattleborough, from 1789 to 1793 chief justice of the\\nState Hon. Noah Sabin, born at Rehoboth, Mass., in\\n1714, removing to Putney in 1768, imprisoned f after\\nthe Westminster massacre, on account of his lo3-alt3 to\\nthe king, subsequently filling manj positions of honor,\\ndying in 1811 at the advanced age of 9G Hon Hoyt H.\\nWheeler, born in Chesterfield, N.H., in 1833, judge of\\nthe Supreme Court from 1869 to 1877, during the latter\\nyear being appointed district judge of ermont by Pres.\\nHayes and Hon. James M. Tyler, born in Wilmington,\\nWhen the British were in possession of Boston, he was placed by\\nGen. Gage in charge of private property taken under military orders,\\nand upon the evacuation of the city sailed for Nova Scotia. While on\\nthe way thither, Brush was captured, and being sent to Boston was\\nplaced in jail, heavily ironed. Being visited by his wife, a change of\\ngarments was effected, Brush escaping to New York. Here he was\\ntreated witli neglect by the British officials. At last, goaded to despair\\nby the rebuff of the commanding general, he committed suicide. His\\nVt., in 1835, an able lawyer in Brattleborough, recently\\nelected a member of Congress.\\nTOWTS S.\\nBrattleborough was chartered by Gov. Wentworth\\nto William Brattle and 49 others, Dec. 26, 1753. The\\nfirst settlers were the builders and intnates of Fort Dum-\\nmer. Prominent among these are the names of Sargeant,\\nWillard and Alexander. John Sargeant is said to be\\nthe first white child born in Vermont. Fairbank Moore\\nand son, John Arms, and Samuel Wells, were among\\nthe first to take up land and settle at a distance from the\\nfort. Bj- slow degrees the settlement increased until in\\nMarch, 17G8, there seems to have been a sufficient num-\\nber to hold a legal town meeting. During the year it\\nappears that eflbrts were made to establish a church, and\\nwith so much success that in April, 1869, we find an\\norganized bod} staling themselves Covenanters voting\\nto unite with Guilford to sustain preaching, and raising\\n\u00c2\u00a316, Y ork money, for the purpose. In 1770, this body\\nof Christian worshippeis, numbering 79 members,\\nvoted to unite with Guilford in settling the Rev. Abner\\nReeve for three j ears. The testimonj^ seems to in-\\ndicate the erection of a log meeting-house during\\nthe year. The house stood about ten rods west of\\nthe old cemetery, half a mile north of what is now\\ncalled Harris. Hill. In 1781 the town A oted to build a\\nnew meeting-house, on or near the Marlborough road, in\\nthe present village of West Brattleborough, and employed\\na company of 150 men to raise the frame. In June, 1786,\\nit was voted to raise a tax of a pennj a pound to paj- for\\nthe rum and sugar used in raising the meeting-house.\\nOct. 17, 1775, three of the ministerial bretkren met at\\nthe house of Mr. Reeve, and with him organized the first\\nMinisterial Association in Vermont. The preamble at:d\\narticles of this organization are still preserved, and show\\nthe strong moral and religious zeal of the founders. The\\nvenerable Mr. Reeve continued with this soeietj until\\n1793, when, by reason of age and infirmit}-, he resigned.\\nHe died May 6, 1798, aged 90. The church is now in a\\nflourishing condition. I\\nIn 1816 a new Congregational Society was organized\\nat the east village, and the Rev. Jonathan McGee settled\\nJan. 13, 1819. This society has continued to grow in\\ndaughter, a dashing young widow, subsequently contracted a romantic\\nmai riage with Gen. Ethan Allen.\\nHe was a second time placed in prison, but soon after released and\\nordered by the committee of safety not to leave his farm under penalty\\nof death, the committee giving orders that any one might shoot hira if\\nseen off his estate one, in after years, confessing to having spent hours\\nnear Mr. Sabin s house, firelock in hand, to see him step over the dead-\\nline. In 1778, the church excluded him from the communion-table.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0838.jp2"}, "823": {"fulltext": "numbers, wealth and prospeiit}-, until it now outstrips\\nthe other and older. The Unitarians, Episcopalians,\\ni\\\\Iethodists, Baptists, Catholics and Universalists have\\nnourishing societies.\\nProminent among those who earl3 gave character and\\ndirection to the business interests of the town was Stephen\\nGrconleaf of Boston, who purchased what was called the\\ngovernor s farm, and opened probably the first store in\\nV ermont in 1771, tlius laying the corner-stone in the\\nbusiness interests of the East Village of to-day.\\nTo-day a few venerable men are still in business here\\nI whose memory carries them back to the daj-s of the\\nfounders. Among these we may mention the Hon.\\nAsa Ke3 es, the oldest lawj er in Vermont, who has re-\\nI cently resigned the office of register of probate, at the\\nI advanced age of 91 the venerable Joseph Steen, the\\nI oldest merchant in the county, who, at the age of 85, is\\ndaily waiting upon his customers N. B. Williston,\\npresident of the First National Bank and Charles Frost,\\nthe learned shoemaker, whose botanical and linguistic at-\\ntainnients have given him a name and position among the\\nscholars of the daj\\nj A great event in the business interests of the town was\\nthe completion of the Vermont and Massachusetts Rail-\\nroad. Thfe arrival of the first train, Feb. 19, 1849, was\\ncelebrated by an immense gathering of people from all\\nthe surrounding towns. Since then the population and\\nwealth have more than doubled, and the town has become\\nthe business centre of Windham County. The moneyed\\nand mercantile interests arc represented by three banks of\\ndiscount, the oldest of which was organized in 1821, and\\nthe Vermont Savings Bank chartered in 1846.\\nIn 1827 Alexander C. Putnam began the publication\\nj of the Messenger. In 1833 William E. Ryther and\\nGeorge Nichols founded the Vermont Phoenix, now\\none of the oldest and most influential journals in Ver-\\nmont. In 1836 Joseph Steen started the AVindham\\nCounty Democrat, afterward published bj- George Nich-\\nols. In 1847 the Weekly Eagle, by B. D. Harris and\\nWilliam Hall, began its flight. The Record and Far-\\nmer was established in Brattleborough by D. L. Milliken\\nin 1864, and four years later he and George E. Crowell\\nbegan the monthly publication of the Household. The\\nWindham County Reformer was begun as a campaign\\nsheet in the presidential canvass of 1876 by Charles II.\\nDavenport.\\nThe Vermont Asylum, now one of the largest and best\\nI appointed institutions of its kind in New England, was\\nfounded in 1834 by a bequest of $10,000 from Jlrs. Anna\\nM. Marsli of Hinsdale, N. H.\\nThe world-renowned Esty Organ Works wore founded\\nin 1846. They occupj eight extensive shops, and emplo}\\n500 men, who turn out from 7,000 to 9,000 instruments a i\\n3 ear, making a business of over $1,000,000 i)er annum.\\nThe population of Brattleborough is about 5,000.\\nGrafton, chartered to Jonathan Whitney and others,\\nApril 8, 1754, as Tomlinson, was the last town granted\\nby Gov. Wentworth prior to the French and Indian war.\\nIts present name was adopted Oct. 31, 1791. In 1768\\na Mr. Hinkley and others began the settlement of the\\ntown on the brook that has taken his name, but soon\\nabandoned their improvements. In the spring of 1780,\\nAmos Fisher, Samuel Spring, Benjamin Leatherbee and\\nEdward Putnam, from Winchester, Mass., made a per-\\nmanent settlement. A Congregational church was or-\\nganized June 28, 1785, and the Rev. William Hall set-\\ntled Nov. 7, 1788. The meeting-house was built in\\n1792.\\nThere is a large quarrj of soapstone in the south-\\neastern part of the town, extending into Athens. These\\nquarries were opened about 1822, and have been worked\\nwith little or lio interruption lo the present. The village\\nis well located, and built in a neat 3et substantial man-\\nner, and for many years was the seat of a successful\\nwoollen manufactory, now idle.\\nThe population is 1,008.\\nGuilford was chartered bj- Gov. Wentworth April 2,\\n1754. Jonathan and Elisha Hunt made the first clearing\\nin 1758. Micah Rice s family arrived in town in Septem-\\nber, 1761, and were soon followed b} John Barney and\\nothers. From the beginning the town was a little inde-\\npendent republic, governing itself bj an annual election\\nof officers under the rules of the proprietors until 1772,\\nwhen at a meeting held Maj 19, the friends and parti-\\nsans of New York, having a majority, declared the town\\nto be in Cumberland Count}-, N. Y., and organized it\\nagreeable to the laws of that Province. In 1776, the\\nWhigs and New State men combined, and outvoted the\\nYorkers and Tories, and resolved that no man should\\nvote who was not qualified according to the directions of\\nthe Continental Congress, and thus excluded all Tories\\nfrom the polls. They also voted to raise nine soldiers\\nfor the Continental army and give them a bounty of \u00c2\u00a34\\nBay money. In 1777, they voted that no person should\\nvote who was not possessed of \u00c2\u00a340 real or personal\\nestate.\\nIn 1778, the power of the parties changed, and the\\nnext year a committee was appointed to defend the town\\nagainst tlie pretended State of Vermont, and another to\\nhold the town powder, lead and other public stores. Hav-\\ning obtained the power, the Yorkers excluded the New\\nState men from the polls by force. Whereupon the Ver-", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0839.jp2"}, "824": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF XEW E^ GLA^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0D.\\nmonters organized a government of their own and elected\\nthe necessarj- town ofDccrs, who, backed by the laws and\\npowers of the new State, proceeded to collect the taxes\\nand enforce the laws of Vermont, and, as has alread}\\nappeared in the histor}- of the county, manj- and bitter\\nwere the conflicts during the six years reign of anarchy\\nthat followed. Tradition says that both parties held reg-\\nular meetings in secret throughout this stoi-my period,\\nand that the Yorkers, although in possession of the town\\nI books, dared not enter any records therein, lest they\\nj might be stolen, as in fact the records of both parties\\nfinall} were, and buried together in the pound, where\\nthey were totally ruined. Chief among the New State\\nmen was Benj. Carpenter, who was a delegate to the first\\nState Convention at Dorset in 177G, and man}- times did\\nhe march alone through the woods to attend the legisla-\\nture at Bennington. Carpenter s efforts for the freedom\\nof Vermont were fullj seconded by the Hon. John Shep-\\nardson, who was appointed chief judge of Cumberland\\nCount} by the New State authorities in 1778.\\nSince 1790, the history of Guilford has been of that\\nquiet, uneventful character common to all rural towns.\\nThe Rev. Wilbur Fisk, president for a time of the\\nWesle^yan Universit} at Middletown, Conn., was a native\\nof this town.\\nPopulation, 1,277.\\ni IlALiFiVX was chartered b}- Gov. Wentworth Maj- 11,\\n1750. It was the first town covered by a royal grant\\nI within the present limits of Windham Count}-. The first\\nsettler was Abner Rice, from Worcester County, INIass.,\\ni who commenced his clearing in 17G1, and in 17G.3 he was\\njoined by others from Pclham and Colrain. It is sup-\\nposed that the town was organized al)out 1 770. The Con-\\ngregational church was organized in 1778, and the Rev.\\nDavid Goodall was settled in 1781. The next j-ear tlic\\nmeeting-house was built. The church now hves onl}- in\\nmomoi V. Halifax is chicflj- an agricultural town, and\\nwell adapted to grazing. Population, 1,020.\\nJamaica. The first attempt at claiming the land ii\\nthis town was on the 17th of June, 1775, on the river in\\nthe casterl}- part of the town by Caleb and Silas Ila}--\\nward, sons of AVilliam Hayward of Townshend. The}-\\nsettled there near each other within a few 3-ears after,\\nprobably about 1777.\\nBenjamin Ilaj-ward, a distant relative, came from Men-\\ndon, Mass., with several sons, a 3-ear or two later, and\\nsettled in the same neighborhood.\\nThe town was chartered Nov. 7, 1780, and was organ-\\nized Sept. 3, 1781. A saw-mill and a grist-mill were\\nerected on the Wardsborough branch of West River,\\nnear its mouth, by Peter Ilazelton in 1782 or 178.3. Tlie\\nCongregationalist church was organized in 1791. A\\nBaptist church was organized in IGOG, and Elder Simeon\\nCoombs was the first settled minister.\\nThe town has two banlis, and a population of 1,223.\\nLoxDONDEKKY was granted b} Now Y ork as the town\\nof Kent, Feb. 20, 1770. In 1774, James Rogers, S.\\nThompson and James Patterson, of Londonderry, N. H.,\\ncommenced the settlement. Rogers was a firm partisan\\nof New York, and upon the organization of the State of\\nVermont left the territory. The town, of which he was\\nthe principal proprietor, was confiscated in 1778. April\\n20, 1780, it was rcchartercd to Edward Aiken. In 1795\\nand 1797 James Rogers, Jr., petitioned the legislature to\\nreturn to him the original title to the unsold land in town.\\nHis praj-er was favorablj- considered and the title con-\\nfirmed. A Congi-cgational societ}- was organized at what\\nis now called North Derry, and a meeting-house erected\\nin 1813.\\nThe population of the town is 1,252.\\nNewfaxe. The original charter of the town was\\nissued under the name of Fane by Gov. Wentworth,\\nJune 19, 1753. The name is derived from an honored\\nEnglish famil}- of the sixteenth centuiy. The township\\nlinall}- became the property of Luke Knowlton and John\\nTaylor of Worcester County, IMass., and from them all\\ntitles are derived. The settlement of the town was com-\\nmenced in May, 17GG, b}- Jonathan Park and NathaniL l\\nStedman, who were followed in the summer by a Jlr.\\nD3 er. Stedman and Park made their first clearing on\\nthe hill near the centre of the town. In the spring of\\n17GS, Park established himself on the present site of\\nFaj ctteville, and erected the first framed house in town.\\nIn JIaj-, 1774, the town was organized. Juno 30th the\\nchurch was organized and the Rev. Hezekiah Taylor set-\\ntled as pastor. He remained until ISll. In 1792 the\\ntown voted to build a meeting-house, which was finished\\nin 1800.\\nThe Windham County Grammar School, incorporated\\nin 1801, enjoyed a high reputation for 15 j ears, but it\\nw-as allowed to pass awa}-. Faj-ettevillc and Williams-\\nville have grown up since 1825. The latter has a good\\nwater-power and several mills. Faj ettevillo is one of\\nthe most beautiful and attractive villages in the State,\\nand is quite a favorite summer resort.\\nThe population of Newfane is 1,113.\\nPutney. The settlement of this town was begun\\nabout 1744, by AVilliam Phipps, David Rugg, Robert\\nBaker, N. Howe, and several others, who built Fort Hill\\nnear the centre of the great meadow. During the Capo\\nBreton war they were compelled to abandon their im-\\nprovements, and all is then a blank until 1754, when", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0840.jp2"}, "825": {"fulltext": "John Perrj Philip Alexander and Michael Gilsou ai-\\nI rived and established themselves upon the site of their\\npredecessors. The following year others came, and they\\nerected a large fort of hewn pine logs in the south-cast\\npart of the meadow. The first religious services held in\\ntown were conducted within the walls of this fort, bj the\\nj Rev. Andrew Gardner, a former chaplain of Fort\\nI Dummer. The settlement of what is now called Putnej-\\nStreet was begun in the spring of 17G4, by Joshua Par-\\nker, who drove the first wheeled vehicle and moved his\\nfamily into town in 17G5. Before the close of the year\\nthere were 19 families in town. For several j-cars reli-\\ngious services were conducted b} Mr. Parker at his\\nhouse, or the barn of James Cummings. The Hon.\\nNoah Sabin arrived in the spring of 17G8, and erected the\\nfirst framed house, and soon after, Moses Johnson built\\ntlie first two-storv house, which is still in use. The\\ntown was organized May 8, 1770.\\nRev. Josiah Goodhue was installed pastor of the first\\nchurch Oct. 17, 1776, and remained until his death in\\n1797.\\nI In 1770 Peter Wilson opened a store, around which\\n1 as a centre a thriving village has grown up, containing\\none of the finest town halls in the county.\\nJ The population of the town is 1,1G7.\\nRockingham. In the early days this territor3- was\\nknown as Goldenstown. It was* chartered by Gov.\\nAVcnlwortli under its present title Dec. 28, 17u2. The\\nI settlement was commenced in 1753, by Moses Wright,\\nJoel Bigelow and Simeon Knight. It was organized as\\nj a town about 17C0. The early settlers devoted them-\\nselves principallj to fishing, taking immense quantities\\nI of salmon and shad at the foot of the Great Falls.\\nI About 1770 the Congregational church was organized,\\nj and the Rev. Samuel Whiting settled Oct. 27, 1773, who\\nI remained 36 years. The Congregational church was or-\\nI ganizcd at Bellows Falls in 1850, and the Episcopalians\\nj and Methodists have flourislaing societies in this village.\\nj In the interests of education, Charles Jones, of Cam-\\nliridge, Mass., a native of the town, proposed some\\n1 time since to furnish $10,000 toward the substantial en-\\ndowment of a good academy at Saxton s River, a flour-\\nishing village within the limits of Rockingham. This,\\nI through the wisdom and munificence of J. A. Farns-\\nj worth, aided by the earnest labors of the Rev. W. N.\\nWilbur, has led to the founding of the Vermont Acad-\\nemy at Saxton s River, with a pennanent endowment\\nfund of $100,000, the subscriptions to which were com-\\npleted in 1873. The village derives its name from a Mr.\\nSaxton, who, tradition saj-s, settled here about 1790,\\nand was drowned in the river. The water power here\\nwas early improved bj- the building of a mill, and about\\n1820 a Mr. Bucklin started a woollen factory and estab-\\nlished a business that has contiiiucd to tlie present.\\nIn the early records, the celebrated falls on the Con-\\nnecticut River in this town are called the Great Falls.\\nBut a later civilization has vcr} appropriately named\\nthem in honor of Col. Bellows, one of the leading pio-\\nneers in settling the country around them. The fall is\\nmade up of several descents and rapids, dropping 42\\nfeet in the space of half a mile. Various facts that we\\nhave gathered point to 1790 as near the time wlien busi-\\nness began to take shape and form at this place. The\\nfirst bridge was built across the river at this point b}-\\nEnoch Ilale, in 1785, its length being 365 feet. In\\n1791, the Bellows Falls Canal Companj- was chartered,\\nfor the purpose of opening a canal around the falls, for\\nthe transportation of merchandise on the river. This\\ncompany emploj ed a Mr. Sanderson to build a dam\\nacross the river, and opened their canal for the passage\\nof the first boat in April, 1779.\\nAbout 1810, William Blake established the first paper-\\nmill, and in 1816 Thomas G. Fessenden founded the first\\nnewspaper, the Bellows Falls Intelligencer. The Ver-\\nmont Chronicle was started here in April, 1826, by E.\\nC. Tracy, and the Vermont Intelligencer bj B. G.\\nCook, in January, 1835. The Bellows Falls Gazette\\nwas begun by John W. Moore, in 1837. W^ilHam Mack\\nestablished the Republican Standard, which was\\nchanged to the Bellows Fa;lls Argus bj Iliram At-\\nkins, about 1854. The Bellows Falls Times was\\nfounded bj- its present editor, A. N. Swain, in 1856.\\nThe Vermont Valle} Railroad was completed in 1851,\\nand thus ended the value of the Canal Company s prop-\\nerty until 18G9, when William Russell obtained a con-\\ntrolling intei-est, and began the erection of pulp mills.\\nThe place has since become one of the largest pulp and\\npaper manufacturing points in New England.\\nPopulation of the town, 2,854.\\nTowNSHEND was chartered bj Gov. Wentworth, June\\n20, 1753, and the settlement commenced in 1761, by\\nJoseph Tyler and John Hazeltine. The original town\\nwas organized in the spring of 1771. A Congrega-\\ntional chui-ch was organized, and the Rev. Nicholas\\nDudley ordained, June 26, 1777. In 1790, a new meet-\\ning-house was built, around which the village of East\\nTownshend has grown up. In 1850, a Congregational\\nsociety was organized at West Townshend. The Bap-\\ntists also have a society in town. In 1835, a seminary\\nwas established here, and the school has ever remained\\na firm and enduring institution of learning.\\nThe inhabitants of this town, under the lead of Col.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0841.jp2"}, "826": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nj Ilazeltine and Samuel Fletcher, took an earnest and\\nI active part in the Revolutionar^v war, and the New State\\nmovement. The news from Lexington brought six mus-\\nkets to the shoulders of six good men, who, with young\\nFletcher, marched to the front, and fought at Bunker\\nHill, and served luider Gen. Washington at Roxburv.\\nFletcher was -subsequentl3- captain of. a companj- of\\nminute-men, and served with credit in an expedition to\\nTiconderoga in 1777. During the late war, the town\\nfurnished 120 soldiers for the national army-\\nPopulation, 1,171.\\nAVestmixster was originally granted by the General\\nCourt of Massachusetts, Nov. 19, 173G, to Joseph Tis-\\ndale of Taunton and his associates. The second char-\\nter was issued by Gov. Wentworth to Josiah Willard.\\nNov. 9, 1752, under the name of Westminster, and fail-\\ning to comply with its terms, the proprietors obtained a\\nthird charter, June 11, 17G0.\\nA determined effort was made to settle this town as\\nearly as 1738, by one Richard Ellis and son, and some\\nactual progress was made. A later attempt was made\\nby John Barnej in 1749. On account of various diffi-\\nculties and discouragements, however, these enteritises\\nwere successively abandoned. It was not until Feb. 4,\\n17G1, that a proprietors meeting was held in Westmin-\\nster, and steps taken to apportion the land among the\\nproprietors. At a meeting held Jlay 6, several lots were\\nawarded to Col. Josiah Willard, upon the condition of\\nhis building a saw and grist mill. Such were the deter-\\nmined and earnest efforts of the proprietors in this in-\\nstance to maintain their charter rights, that b} the close\\nof 176G fifty families were settle d in town. In 17G7, a\\nCongregational church was organized. Three j-ears\\nafter, a meeting-house was built.\\nIn JanuaiT, 1771, this was the most populous town\\nin Cumberland Count}-, and in May, 1772, it became the\\nshire town. Soon after, a building of hewn logs for a\\ncourt-house and jail was erected. Earlj- in the summer\\nof 1778, Judah P. Spooner and Timothj Green estab-\\nlished here the first printing-office in Vermont, and in\\nOctober were appointed State printers. In Februar}-,\\n1781, they issued the Green Mountain Post-Boj-, the\\nfirst newspaper published in Vermont. Upon the estab-\\nlishment of Vermont authority, and the removal of the\\npublic buildings to Newfane, the town lost its political\\nimportance, and has since become one of our most flour-\\nishing and wealihj^ agricultural communities.\\nPopulation, 1,238.\\nWiiiTixcnAM. It is supposed that the settlement of\\nthis town was commenced about 1770, bj- a Mr. Bratlin,\\nin the north-west part of the town on the Dcerfield River.\\nTradition says that Mr. Singleton Williams arrived in\\nthe south-east part of the town .about the same time.\\nThe smoke of the latter s cabin was discovered liy Brat-\\nlin while journeying to Colrain to mill, and proceeding\\nin the line of this sign of humanity he soon found a\\nneighbor.\\nMr. Bratlin found Sawetaga, a lone Indian, li\\\\-ing\\nupon the sliores of the lalce that now bears his name\\nbut as the whites crowded upon his hunting-ground, he\\ntook to his canoe and floated down the Dcerfield River,\\nnever to return. Manj Indian relics, such as arrow-\\nheads, hatchets, c., have been found in the vicinity of\\nthe lake. Tliis sheet of water is estimated to cover 500\\nacres, and has upon its surface a bod}- of floating land\\ncontaining about 100 acres, that rises and falls with the\\nwater. The descent at the outlet of the lake and vol-\\nume of water give one of the best water-powers in the\\ncount}-. It is said that the town was organized Jlarch\\n23, 1780. The first meeting-house was comi^leted in the\\ncentre of the town in 1798, and is now used as a town\\nhouse. There are three societies that sustain preaching.\\nThe business has deserted the old town on the hill and\\ncentered at the thriving village of Jacksonsville, in\\nthe east, and Sawetaga at the west part of the town.\\nUpon the hill just south of this village are still to be seen\\nthe well, apple-trees and foundations of the house of\\nJohn Young, the father of the renowned Brigham, who\\nremoved to western New York when the prophet was\\ntwo years old. Ex-Ma}-or Jilson of Worcester is one of\\nthe honored sons of the town, and a gi-andson of the\\noriginal pioneer, Singleton Williams. Population, 1,2G3.\\nWilmington was chartered by Gov. Wentworth to\\nPhineas Lyman and others April 29, 1751. The diffi-\\nculties and dangers of the French and Indian war, as\\nin other towns in the county, prevented a full compliance\\nwith the terms of the charter. June 17, 17G3, Went-\\nworth issued a new charter under the title of Draper, to\\nother parties. A serious contest arose between the old\\nand new proprietors for the possession of tlie town.\\nRecord and tradition clearly indicate that the former,\\nand those holding under them, were the first actual\\nsettlers; and their charter seems to have been finally\\nconfirmed by the legislature of Vermont. First among\\nthese we find the name of Marks, who built his cabin in\\nthe valley of the Dcerfield River, in the south part of the\\ntown, and was soon followed by others. The first town\\nmeeting was held March 2, 1775.\\nIn 1 780 the Congregational church was organized. A\\nMr. Chapin had ijreviously preached to the society.\\nIn 1777 there were about 30 families in town, and\\nwhen the flying horseman heralded the approach of Col.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0842.jp2"}, "827": {"fulltext": "Baum toward Bennington, Col. William Williams and\\nhis men shouldered their muskets and marched to the\\nfront in season to join in that memorable battle. As\\nearly as 1781 Adnah Bangs kept an inn, and Roger\\nBirchard, grandfather of President Haj-es, is said to\\nhave opened the first store.\\nIt is about 40 j-ears since public attention was turned\\ntoward laying the foundations of the present thriving\\nvillage, now the third or fourth in size in the county. It\\nhas a good water-power and lumber trade, and a savings\\nbank.\\nThe town is one of the finest grazing ti:acts in the\\ncounty, and its agricultural fairs have become justly cele-\\nbrated for their exhibitions of stock. Population, 1,24G.\\nDuMJiERSTON, named in honor of the senior proprietor.\\nGov. Dummer of Massachusetts, was settled about the\\nyear 1754. The first town meeting was held March 4,\\n1771. In the old church-yard in this place we find the\\nname of Capt. John Wyman, an officer of the Revolu-\\ntion, and one of the party who destroyed the tea in\\nBoston Harbor in 1773. The population of Dummers-\\nton is 916.\\nVeknon, originallj called Hinsdale, was probablj-\\nsettled about the time of the erection of Fort Dummer\\nbj parties from Northampton and Northfield, Mass.,\\nwho erected forts Bridgman and Sartwell, the latter\\nstanding as late as 1840. The town was organized\\nbefore the Revolution. Population, 764.\\nWardsborough was settled in 1780, and organized as\\na town March 14, 1786. The present town, comprising\\nthe northern part of old Wardsborough, was organized\\nin 1810. Lumbering and agriculture are the principal\\ninterests. Population, 866.\\nMarlborough, settled in 1763 b}- Abel Stockwell\\nfrom West Springfield, Mass., and Capt. Francis Whita-\\nmore from Middletown, Conn., held its first town meet-\\ning May 8, 1776. Present population, G65.\\nDover was a part of Wardsborough until 1810.\\nPopulation, 635.\\nWindham was incorporated Oct. 22, 1795, and was\\norganized soon after. Population, 544.\\nAthens, settled in 1780, and organized March 4, 1781,\\nwas in early days the scene of several Indian alarms.\\nPopulation, 295.\\nStratton, organized March 31, 1788, is a mountain\\ntown with a population of 294. During the presi-\\ndential canvass of 1840 the Log Cabin Convention\\nwas held here and addressed b} Daniel Webster.\\nBrookline was set off from Putiiej and Athens in\\n1794 and organized in March, 1795. Population, 203.\\nSomerset, the smallest town in the county, was organ-\\nized Nov. 19, 1792. Population, 80.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0WIIS^DSOE COUE^TY.\\nBY WILLIAM E. GRAVES, ESQ.\\nLong years had passed since the titled Frenchman\\nwho gave his name to Lake Champlain first saw, in 1609,\\nthe land which he never visited, and of which Windsor\\nCountj forms a part, a land of luxuriant forests unsur-\\npassed in densitj-, where the white-pine and the sugar-\\nmaple find their most congenial soil, in the native home\\nof the evergreen spruce and fir, which first suggested the\\nname of Verd Mont.\\nOf the 14 counties in this Green Mountain State,\\nWindsor and Windham, in the south-eastern part, occupy\\nThe wife of Capt. Whitamore, a woman of remarkable fortitude and\\nof vigorous constitution, was nurse, physician and midwife of all the\\ncountry round. She assisted at two thousand births without losing a\\npatient.\\nI t The records show that the inhabitants of the Grants were not\\nto-day nearl3 the same teri-itorj that under the govern-\\nment of New York was known, previous to the Amer-\\nican Revolution, and during a part of the last centurj\\nhy the name of Cumberland Count3-. This countj was\\nthe first established in Vermont, then called the New\\nHampshire G rants, f and probably received its name\\nfrom Prince William, the Duke of Cumberland, who, in\\n1746, met with distinguished success in opposing the\\nrebels in Scotland.\\nBut not now, as then, are Vermont s river-towns bor-\\nvery obedient subjects to those New Yorkers who volunteered to rule\\nover them. Soon after the Declaration of Independence at Philadelphia,\\nJuly 4, 1776, the Green Mountain Boys concluded not to remain longer\\nunder the rule of any earthly government or nation, except their own,\\nand, in 1791, Vermont became a sovereign State. Demtng.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0843.jp2"}, "828": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\ndered with dense forests of noble pines, destined for\\nHis Majesty s nav\\\\- Nor do Capt. John Burk s, or\\nMaj. Eogers s rangers, fit bodies of troops to rival the\\nresobite Indian, roam now as then, scouring the woods\\nfor scalps watching on mountain-tops for the smoke of\\nIndian camp-fires fighting the savage with a S3 stem\\nof finesse not inferior to his own cunning Indian artifice\\nunsurpassed as marksmen and, as warriors, a foe whom\\nthe enemy might hate, but could not despise.\\nLoaded with provisions for a month s march canying\\nan excessivcl}- heavy musket, with correspondent ammu-\\nnition and bearing the burden of a porter to do the\\nduty of a soldier, these rangers sought the Indian trail\\nover jagged hills and steep mountains, across foaming\\nrivers and gi-avellj^-bedded brooks. Alert to prevent\\nsurprise at night, in summer the ground sufficed for a bed,\\nand the clear skj^ or the- outspreading branches of some\\ngiant oak for a canopj- in winter, at the close of a\\nwearj- march performed on snow-shoes, a few gathered\\ntwigs pointed the couch made hard by necessity, and\\na rude hut served as a miserable shelter for the in-\\nclemencj- of the weather. Were the night verj dark and\\ncold, and no fear of discoverj^ entertained, gathered\\naround the blazing brush-heap thej- enjoyed a kind of\\nsatisfaction in watching the towering of its bright, forked\\nflame, reheved bj- the dark background of the black\\nforest or, encircling it in slumber, dreamed that their\\nheads were in Greenland, and their feet in Vesuvius\\nIn sickness the canteen, or what herbs the forest\\nafforded, furnished all medicine needed till the attain-\\nment of theii- object, a string of scalps or a retinue of\\ncaptives. Some of them had borne for manj- years the\\nbarbarities of the Indian, and were detennined to hunt\\nhim like a beast in his own native woods. Not a few\\nj had seen father and mother tomahawked and scalped\\nbefore their very ej es and some, after spending their\\nyouth as captives in the wigwam, had returned, bringing\\nwith them a knowledge of the Indian modes of warfare,\\nj and a buniing desire to exert that knowledge for the\\ndestruction of their teachers. Great were the dangers\\nthey encountered, arduous the labor they performed,\\nHall s Hist, of Eastern Vermont, pp. 1-73. Reminiscences of the\\nFrench Waa-, Concord, 1831 pp. 4, 5. Rules for Ranging Service,\\nin the Jounials of Maj. Robert Rogers, London, 1765; pp. 60-70.\\nHoyt s Indian Wai-s, pp. 266-268.\\nt In the Memoir of Gen. Stark, Concord, 1831, p. 180, it is said that\\nin the spring of the year 1759, Capt. John Stark was employed with\\ntwo hundred rangers in cutting a road from Ticonderoga to Charles-\\ntown, N.H.\\nt In 1765, the father of a family, a mechanic by trade, was absent\\nthe whole \\\\nnt\u00e2\u0082\u00acr in the older settlements, earning something for the sup-\\nport of his household. During the short, unpleasant days, and long,\\ncheerless nights of this dieary season, the wife left at home saw no human\\neminent the service they rendered, and yet the ranger\\nhas seldom been mentioned but with stigma, and his\\noccupation rarely named but with scorn and abuse.*\\nAlthough the ranging service brought not the honor\\nacquired in a regular or provincial corps, it was in this\\nserv-ice, so instructive in the details and minutia of\\nIndian warfare, that the mind of John Stark reccivcil\\nits lessons of brave soldierj- and heroic daring, and his\\narm gained that strength which, during the Revolution,\\nwas so manfully exerted in defence of the liberties of his\\ncountry on the field of Bennington, f\\nBut all this has passed away, and with it, many heart-\\nrending exi^eriences of the sufferings of these frontier\\nsettlers, I who, defj-ing the perils of border-life, not only\\nencountered hardships, but met them manfully. Seeking\\na home in the silent wilderness, where thej were soon to\\nfound a State accustomed to hard labor and spare\\nmeals, the}- toiled nobl}- on, through hunger and thirst\\nand famine, and the desolations of disease, quietly pur-\\nsuing their way with untiring industry with a zeal not\\nto be quenched and with motives only less lofty than\\nthose which animated the handful of adventurers who\\nbraved the winter s storm on the ice-clad rock of Plym-\\nouth. Who can teU how many a brave spirit, of\\ncourageous man or heroic woman, toiling on through\\nwant and sickness, neglected and forgotten, maj- have\\nsuffered and died alone, wasting away hke a name in the\\nsand\\nWorking early and late to win a field from the forest\\nb} long -continued toil, a strange settler is seen from a\\ndistant hill-top piu suing his toilsome task, miles from\\nanj- human habitation. All at once he is missing A\\nfew daj-s later he is found dead from disease, in his\\nlowly cabin. Such cases are recorded in the history\\nof Windsor County. How many maj- hate lingered and\\ndied alone, amid the rude snows of winter, in the gloom\\nand savage wildness of the forest, unknelled save bj-\\nthe snarling wolf, their only requiem the swaying of the\\nforest-boughs moved bj- the moaning wind.\\nEven thus it is said men and women die daily in\\ncrowded cities, where their names passing awaj- from\\nbeing but her little daughter. Her hands were not employed in per-\\nforming simply the lighter duties of the household, but, to supply her fire\\nwith fuel, she felled the trees of the forest, and on the twigs -n-hich the j\\nbranches afforded she supported her lirilc stock of cattle. She procured\\nwater for them, and for herself and daughter, by melting snow, \u00e2\u0080\u0094it be- j\\ning easier than to seek for springs through the deep drifts. In this way\\nshe spent the winter, and although licr sufferings were occasionally\\nsevere, yet constant employment left her little time for unavailing com-\\nplaint. She was an excellent nurse and midwife, on one occasion trav-\\nelling in the night six miles through the woods, upon snow-shoes, keep-\\ning the path by the assistance of blazed trees. She died at the advanced\\nage of 87 years.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0844.jp2"}, "829": {"fulltext": "record and recollection, are never known But, alas,\\nfor death in the desert be3-ond the sound of human\\nvoice, save its own echoes, that make the solitude more\\nlonelj and where, beside the rush of waters and the\\nsighing wind, no sound startles the ear but the rustling\\nof the squirrel, the flitting of a bird, or the deer s quick,\\ncrackling tread No more planting, sowing and reap-\\ning his scanty harvest No more struggling with the\\nbarren luxuriance of nature No more rising in the\\ncold, dark, snowy winter mornings to his hopeless task\\nof taming the forest, where he laid him down to rest in\\nthat dreamless sleep that knows no waking\\nThe romantic story of Pocahontas may enliven the\\nearly history of Virginia, but the lonel}- death of the\\nnorthern frontier settler forms a sad recital in the annals\\nof the earlj chronicles of New England.\\nAlthough earlj visited and explored, a long time\\nelapsed before Windsor County was settled to any. con-\\nsiderable extent. Nearly 50 miles long and 30 wide,\\nthis magnificent domain, with its peculiarly rich soil and\\nagreeably uneven surface, covers 900 square miles of fer-\\ntile land, having a range of slate passing through the\\nwestern portion, where several quarries of excellent soap-\\nstone have been opened, more especiallj- in Plj mouth,\\nBridgewater, and Bethel. In the south is an abundance\\nof excellent granite and in Plj mouth, primitive lime-\\nstone, which is extensively manufactured into lime.\\nGarnets are found in many parts of the count3-, which\\nwas incorporated in Februarj 1781.\\nLying southerl3 to the sun, on the eastern slope of the\\nGreen Mountains between them and the Connecticut\\nwhose stream winds its way through long reaches of rich\\nmeadow and distant mountain scenerj charming the ej-e\\nalike with placid and with rapid waters, and separating\\nWindsor from the counties of Grafton and Cheshire, in\\nNew Hampshire, Orange Count} bounds it on the north,\\nWindham Count} on the south, and Rutland County on\\nthe west. The White River runs across its northern part,\\nQuechee River through its centre, and the Black River\\nthrough the south, where some head branches of West\\nand Williams rivers take their rise. Of the many pleas-\\nThis town also has its Bloody Brook, foiling into the Connecticut,\\njust below the bridge leading from Darlmouth College. The stream de-\\nrives its name from a bloody battle fought here during the French war.\\nStone pots, arrows and human bones are frequently found in the Indian\\nburying-ground in this place.\\nCapt. Partridge s American Literary, Scientific and Military Acad-\\nemy, was established here in 1820, with pupils or cadets from nearly\\nall the States in the Union. Subsequently, the principal part of the\\nschool was removed to Middletown, Conn., but was at length restored\\nto Norwich (a small school having meantime kept possession of the\\nbuilding) under the name of Norwich Uiyversity by the act of Nov.\\n6, 1834, with the insignia of a regular college, although no definite term\\nant villages in this county, perhaps the most important\\nare Royalton, Norwich, Windsor and Woodstock, the\\nlatter near its centre, and the seat of justice.\\nBut few vestiges of the Indians now remain yet, as\\nlate as 1840, in several of the towns bordering on the\\nbanks of the Connecticut, stone mortars and pestles,\\nwhite flint stones, heads of arrows, tomahawks, and\\nbones buried in the sitting posture peculiar to the Indians,\\nwere occasionally found. Many }ears ago, large tracts\\nof burned ground and ashes, marks of long residence\\nin old and extensive settlements were discovered. The\\nIroquois, whose hunting-grounds were west of the Green\\nMountains, seldom wandered to this part of the State\\nbut there are many indications that the aborigines had a\\nhome here for centuries, before America had been lifted\\nabove the mystery of the great Western Ocean.\\nThe first town granted by New Hampshire east of the\\nGreen Mountains, after the close of the French war, was\\nHartford, incorfDorated July 4, 17G1. In the summer of\\n17G4, Elijah, Solomon and Beuiijah Strong emigrated\\nwith their families from Lebanon, Conn., and made the\\nfirst permanent settlement. They were followed during\\nthe next year by 12 other families, and in 17G8 a town\\ngovernment was regularly organized. The first child\\nborn in town was Roger, son of Ebenezer Gillett, in\\n1767. On the same day and date, July 4, 17G1, was\\nincorporated Norwich,* by the name of Norwhich. t\\nDuring the two following years, Jacob Fenton, Ebenezer\\nSmith and John Slafter, from Mansfield, Conn., built a\\ncamp and began improvements. There were at this\\ntime, two men in Hanover, and a small settlement in\\nLebanon, both towns lying opposite in New Hampshire.\\nSmith and Slafter left Fenton at the camp, while they\\nwent to Lebanon to help hoe corn. Upon returning on\\nSaturday evening they found Fenton dead. A monu-\\nment was erected over his grave. In 17GG, a saw-mill\\nwas built by the Burtons, a little west of Norwich Plain.\\nThe first town meeting was held in 17G8.\\nNear the centre of the western side of Windsor\\nCounty lies Plymouth,} chartered in 17G1, by the name\\nof Saltash, changed to Pl} mouth in 1707. The town-\\nwas prescribed in which to complete a course of study, students being\\nadmitted to honors upon passing a satisfactory examination. This went\\ninto oper.ation in May, 1835. It has never been practically regarded as\\namong colleges of the first r.ank. Its first president was Capt. Aldcn\\nPiirtridgc. His successors have been Gen. T. B. Ransom, who died on\\nthe battle-field of Chepultapec; Gen. Henry S. Wheaton, and Kev.\\nEdward Bourns, D. D.\\nt Everybody pronounced it Norwich, and the superfluous h was\\neventually dropped without an act of the legislature.\\nJ The largest of the Plymouth caverns, situated near the foot of\\nMount Tom, in this town, was thoroughly explored by the late Prof.\\nZadock Thompson, the historian, in July, 1818. It contained seven", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0845.jp2"}, "830": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nship was re-granted bj New York in 1772, but no settle-\\nments commenced till 1777, and the town was not or-\\nganized till ten j-ears later. A part of this township\\nwas set off to Shrewsbury in 1823.\\nOne of the richest farming-towns in the county is\\nIlartland,* originally granted in 1761, by the name of\\nHertford, f Manj fine cattle roam over its hills and\\nvalleys on the west bank of the Connecticut, and 10,000\\nsheep have been often seen grazing in its pastures. The\\nrightful father of the town was Timothy Lull, who took\\nhis family from Dummerston, where he had previously\\nbeen living, 50 miles up the Connecticut River in a log\\ncanoe, in 1763. He landed at the mouth of a beautiful\\nstream which he called Lull s Brook, the name by\\nwhich it has ever since been known. His nearest neigh-\\nbors were more than 20 miles distant. Proceeding up\\nthe brook he came to a deserted log-hut, situated near\\nthe place now called Sumner s Village. Here he com-\\nmenced a settlement, and after acquiring a handsome\\npropertj-, died at the age of 81. Timothy Lull, Jr., was\\nthe first child bom in the town. J The settlers who fol-\\nlowed Mr. Lull were mostl} from Massachusetts and\\nConnecticut. In 1765, the number of inhabitants in the\\nrooms, varying from 10 to 30 feet in length, the roofs of which, when\\ndiscovered, were festooned with stalactites, and the floor with stalag-\\nmites, which have been broken off and carried away. The rocks of the\\ncavern are limestone, and it was probably formed by the removal of\\nearth from among the rocks by water. This cave is visited by large\\nnumbers of persons during the summer season. Soapstone is found\\nhere also considerable quantities of iron-ore of a superior quality,\\nwhich is smelted and cast into stoves, at the village called Tyson Fur-\\nnace.\\nThe follomng singular incident, in all his personal experience the\\nmost peculiar, and of little interest, perhaps, to the general reader,\\nmade a strong impression on the writer at the time of his first visit to\\nVermont, nearly 20 years ago On a mission for the soldiers, during the\\nwar of the Rebellion, in the latter part of June, 1862, he first set foot in\\nAV indsor County, having left the county of Sullivan in a neighboring\\nState early in the morning. The last call he made in New Ilampshu-e,\\nbefore crossing the Connecticut, was one of inquiry at a scminaiy for\\nyoung ladies, where he listened to a reading-exercise of the senior\\nclass, a member of which had recited in the text-book a selection from\\nIsaiah on the Triumph of the Gospel, the last paragi aph com-\\nmencing, Thy sun shall no more go down, c. The perfect June\\nday gradually wore away, and closed with a gorgeous sunset, blazing\\nthrough the trees and reddening the entire west while, as the shadows\\nlengthened, the prophecy, Thy sun shall no more go down, was con-\\ntinually recalled to mind, and often repeated mentally, with the addi-\\ntional query, when The answer came, half an hour later, when,\\non reaching Hartland, enveloped in fogs from the river, in the gloom of\\nthe evening, an eccentric stranger (possibly insane), in the garb of a\\nprofessional man, of some sort, being asked, What town is this,\\nplease pausing for a moment as if to collect his scattered thoughts, at\\nfirst glared wildly at the speaker, and then with a vacant far-off gaze,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nsuch as the Seer might have assumed in addressing Lochicl, responded\\nsomewhat loftily, but with great apparent solemnity, We shall com-\\nprehend it when we know how the morning stars sang together\\nBidding the man good-night, with thanks but leaving him in pos-\\ntown was 30. The first town-meeting was held in 1767.\\nThe first town clerk was William Sims, and the first\\nrepresentative was William Gallup, in 1778.\\nIn the centre of the uneven antl mountainous town-\\nship of Reading is a church edifice, built in 1816,\\nowned bj all denominations. Chartered by New Hamp-\\nshire in 1761, and granted bj New York in 1772, the\\ntown could boast of no inhabitants until the latter j ear,\\nwhen Andrew Spear with his family came here from\\nWalpole, N. H., and were for five or six years the only\\nresidents. In 1778, John Weld came from Pomfret,\\nConn. A saw-mill was built in 1780, when the first\\ntown meeting was held, and Reading became a thriving\\nsettlement. Portions of the town of Hancock were\\nannexed to Reading in 1831 and in 1837.\\nThe town of Pomfret one of whose proprietors was\\nGen. Israel Putnam, of Pomfret, Conn. was incorpo-\\nrated in 1761. The first settlers, Bartholomew Durkee,\\nwith his wife and five children on foot, upon a snow-shoe\\npath, drawing their furniture on a hand-sled, came here\\nin 1770. The first minister of the town. Rev. Elisha\\nHutchinson, according to one historian, had some sin-\\ngularities about him. 1 The town organization of Pom-\\nsession of the road, the traveller pushed on to the first pnblic-honsc,\\nwhere a cordial welcome caused him to forget the rebuff he had just\\nencountered, and where the incident of the evening was afterwards satis-\\nfactorily explained, as one of the by no means uncommon hallucinations\\nof a gifled college-bred man (then residing in the neighlxjrhood), and\\nwhose unfortunate propensity for brain-stimulants had already cost him\\nthe loss of a prominent goveniraent position abroad. At that time the\\nhumble visitor to Vermont little dreamed that he would ever be called\\nupon to describe any part of the Green Mountain State although during\\nthe season he visited many of the towns in the leading counties, making\\nhis home in Windsor till late in the following spring. And now the\\nphilosophy that draws a moral from the smallest incidents in our lives,\\nat once suggests how little we know of the future, which is not for\\nmortal eyes, or, what we may do, or where we may be at the end of j\\nthe year, or twenty years hence I and the thought of this will sometimes\\nrecall the hour and the man, with his sti-ange answer, We shall com-\\nprchcnd it when we know how the morning stars sang together. I\\nt Its similarity to Hartford, the adjoining town, caused the legislature\\nto alter the name to Hartland, in 1782.\\nX His birth took place in December, 1764, and on this occasion, the\\nmidwife was drawn by the father from Charlestoivn, upon the ice, a dis-\\ntance of 23 miles, upon a hand-sled. Thompson s Vermont, Part III.,\\np. S8.\\nIt is said that Captive Johnson (described under Cavendish) was bom\\nin Ueading, Aug. 30, 1754, and the monument mentioned is in Reading.\\nII No longer occupied as a house of worship, it is kept in repair by the\\ntown, and used for its meetings.\\nH lie was preaching a sermon in Hartland, at a private house, and\\nstood in the door-way delivering his discourse to an audience occupying\\nthe entry and the two adjoining rooms. While thus engaged, Lieut.\\nGov. Spooncr entered. Pausing for a moment, the minister infoi-mcd\\nhis hearers that he had got about half through his sermon, but as j\\nGov. Spooncr h.ad come to hear it, he would begin it again, and looking i\\nat a woman near him, remarked, Good woman, get out of that chair,\\nand let Gov. Spooncr have a seat, if you please.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0846.jp2"}, "831": {"fulltext": "fi-ct commenced in 1733. John W. Dana, who came to\\nI orafrct about the year 1772, built the first grist-mill\\nI upon a small stream falling into White River, and was\\nthe first town representative.\\nWoodstock, the shire town of Windsor County, first\\nchartered by New Hampshire in 17C1, was also granted\\nten 3 ears later b} Kcw York, and a charter to that effect\\nwas issued in 1772, when the place had only 42 inhab-\\nitants but a town government was organized early\\nI in the following j ear, and in 1774, there were 14 fam-\\nilies in the township. James Sanderson, however, had\\npreviously settled herewith his family in 1768 Major\\nJames Hoisington was the first person who pitched his\\ncamp in that part of the town whore the village now is,\\nwhich was in earlv times called the Green. In 1770\\nhe built a grist-mill, and soon after a saw-mill, on the\\nj south branch of the Quechee, near the spot where the\\ncount} jail now stands. Previous to the erection of\\nthese, the inhabitants found the nearest grist-mill at\\nWindsor, and sometimes had to go to Cornish, N. H.\\nDr. Stejihen Powers (grandfather of the famous sculp-\\ntor), the first resident phj-sician, removed here from\\nMiddleborough, Mass., in 1774, and erected the second\\nlog-house in the village. During the Revolutionary war\\nthe progress of llie settlement was slow. There were\\nscarcely anj inhabitants in the State to the north of this\\nplace, and the frequent alarms by reports of Indian\\ninvasions repeatedly caused the settlers to conceal their\\nvaluables in the woods. The ravages of wild beasts\\nalso compelled the people to guard their cattle and\\nsheep by night. The settlement of this town came too\\nlate to give it a brilliant Revolutionar}- histor}-, or a\\nprominent part in those conflicts occurring between the\\npeople of this and the neighboring province of New\\nYork. The legislature held a session here in 1807,\\nthe first and only one ever held in Woodstock, that\\nbod}-, since 1808, having been regularlj convened at\\nI Montpelier, the established capital of the State. In\\n1811-12, the prevailing epidemic was quite fatal hero.\\nOn the west side of the Connecticut River, which scp-\\nIn December, 177G, Lord Townshcnd and his associates petitioned\\nGov. Moore of New Yorlc for a grant of the township of Woodstock l)y\\nthe name of Raynham Hall, promising to settle and cultivate it. The\\nrequest appears to have been dismissed. .V. F. Colonial MS S., Land\\nPapers, Dec, 1766, vol. xxii.\\nt Old MSS. in possession of Hon. William M. Tingry.\\nX Tlicso falls, having a descent of 110 feet in an eighth of a mile,\\n50 of which are nearly perpendicular, are regarded as one of the\\ngreatest curiosities of the State. The scenery around the village is also\\nhighly romantic and interesting. In some places, the channel tlirough\\nwhich the river passes docs not exceed three yards in width, some of the\\nway through a deep ravine, walled in by perpendicnlar ledges of miea-\\nslato from 60 to 86 feet high.\\narates it from Charlestown, N. II., is Springfield, one of\\nthe best agricultural towns in the State, first chartered\\nb} Gov. Wentworth of New Hampshire iu 17C1. Among\\nits first settlers were Simon (or Simeon) Stevens and\\nHon. Lewis R. Morris. Little is definitely known of\\nthe earliest town governments, but from conflicting\\nstatements it may be reasonably concluded that Spring-\\nfield was organized before 17C4.f Its principal village\\nis situated at the falls on Black River. John Barrett\\nwas the first representative of tlio town in 1778.\\nThe lands now comprised in the township of Chester\\nwere granted in 1754 by the name of Flamstead. No\\nsettlements being made, this first New Hampshire grant\\nwas forfeited. A second charter hy the same province,\\nissued in 1701, gave to the town the name of New\\nFlamstead. Thomas Chandler, a selectman of Walpole,\\nN. II., became interested in the settlement of New\\nFlamstead in 1703, finallj removed to that town, and in\\n1760 became proprietor, by a third charter issued bj-\\nNew York, and the name of the town was changed to\\nChester. Under this patent the town was organized in\\n1707, and by authority derived from it lands in Chester\\narc now held. The first birth in town was that of\\nThomas Chester Chandler, in 1073. Daniel, Amos and\\nPrescott Ileald father, son and grandson held the\\noffice of town clerk during a period of 80 years, from\\n1779.\\nDuring the troubles of 1814, many of the young men of\\nAndover enlisted in the army and served throughout the\\ncampaign. Chartered in 1701, the first permanent settle-\\nment in that town was made bj- Thomas Adams, and\\neight or ten others in 1770, and the town was organized\\nin 1780. The western half of Andover was, in 1779,\\nincorporated, and in the following year organized as the\\ntown of Weston.\\nThe small triangular town of Baltimore was formerly\\na part of Cavendish, set ott in 1793, and organized in\\n1794, Cavendish having been granted bj- New Hamp-\\nshire in 1761, re-granted by New York in 1772, and\\nprobably organized about 1781. Capt. John Coffein, at\\nProbably .incestor of the late Alviu Adams.\\nII On one of their predatory excursions, during the French and Indian\\nwars, the savages, having taken several prisoners in Charlestown, N.H.,\\nfled with them to Canada, and encamped, Aug. 30, 1754, within the\\nlimits of this town, where one of the captive women, a Mrs. Johnson,\\ngave birth to a daughter. The Indians compelled her to take up her\\nline of march over the Green Mountains, a distance of 200 miles, to\\nCanada. The daughter was named Captive, in commemoration of\\nthe circumstances of her birth. Captive Johnson was afterwards the\\nwife of Col. George Kimball of Cavendish. Upon the north bank of\\nKnapp s Brook in the town of Reading, beside the road running from\\nSpringfield to Woodstock, stands a monument commemorative of the\\nevents above recorded.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0847.jp2"}, "832": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nwhose hospitable dwelling the Eevolutionarj soldiers re-\\nceived refreshments while passing from Charlestown,\\nN. H., to Lake Champlain, was the first settler in this\\nwilderness. Hawks Mountain* separates the town from\\nBaltimore.\\nSituated near the highest elevation of the Green\\nMountain range, about 1 ,000 feet above the level of\\nthe sea, is Ludlow, which, after receiving its charter in\\n1761, remained unsettled for more than 20 j ears, when\\nJames Whitney moved here from Massachusetts, and\\nsettled on what is called North Hill. In 1835 a Univer-\\nsalist Society was formed, -greatly prospering under\\nthe charge of Rev. J. Hemphill, through whose influence\\nrepentance and baptism were made pre-requisites of\\nmembership in that church.\\nThe town of Bethel was at first granted by the govern-\\nment of New York to a company of men, most of whom\\nwere Tories, and who, at the commencement of the\\nRevolution, sought safety bj flight. Its charter of 1779\\nwas the first issued by the government of Vermont,\\nthe town being settled in the fall of that j ear, and or-\\nganized in 1782 and again in 1790. Joel Marsh was the\\nfirst representative, and the first town clerk was Barnabas\\nStrong.\\nThe first permanent settlement commenced in Windsor\\nwas bj- Capt. Steele Smith, who moved here, with\\nhis famil}-, from Farmington, Conn., in 17G4. Solomon\\nEmmons and his wife f are, however, entitled to the\\nhonor of being the first persons in the place, Capt. Smith\\nfinding them here on his arrival. Chartered bj- New\\nHampshire in 1761, Windsor was afterwards granted by\\nNew York in 17G6, and re-granted bj the same province\\nin 1772. The place was rapidlj- settled, soon organized,\\nand at an early period became one of the most flourishing\\nand popular villages on the Grants. In 1777, the\\nState Constitution was adopted and ratified in this town.\\nIn 1848, Windsor was, for the second time, di\\\\ided into\\ntwo townships, the west part being incorporated, and in\\n1849 organized as the town of West Windsor.\\nIn the year 1780 there were about 300 persons in\\nRo}-alton, and the* place was very thriving. But the}-\\nhad hardly secured their harvest when they received\\nIt derives Us name from Col. Hawks, who, during the French and\\nIndian wars, encamped thereon, for a night, with a small regular force,\\namong whom was General (then Captain) John Starli. Traces of their\\nroute arc still to be seen.\\nt Mrs. Emmons was the first, and for sometime the only white woman\\nwho resided in the town. Slie was an excellent midwife, the only one\\nfor many miles around. During the latter part of her life she was sup-\\nported by the town. Her death occuri-ed in the year 1S33.\\nt In a house first approached by the Indians two women, suddenly\\nawalsened by the Indians, rushed out of the doors, deshabille, and stood\\nmotionless till the Indians brought them their clothes. This act of\\na hostile visit from the Indians, and the settlement was\\nlaid in ashcs.| New York gave the place a charter in\\n1771, and Vermont in 1781. The town was probably\\norganized about 1774 or 75. Benjamin Parkhurst, one\\nof the first settlers, died in 1842 at the advanced age of\\n97 years. His family were noted for longevity.\\nThe township of Weathersfield granted to Gideon\\nLyman and others, mostly from New Haven, Conn., in\\n1 761, was re-granted to the same parties bj- the governor\\nof New York, in 1772, and a town government was formed\\nin 1778 and Rochester, incorporated in 1781, was organ-\\nized in 1788: Stockbridge, chartered in 1761, was first\\nsettled in 1784-5, its first organized town meeting being\\nheld in 1792. Hon. Elias Kej-es built the first grist-mill\\nin 1786.\\nSo elevated is the town of Barnard that the sound\\nof the cannon fired at Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775, was\\ndistinctlj- heard in that place, although over 100 miles\\ndistant. Gov. Wentworth gave the town its charter in\\n1761. It was organized in 1778. The township of\\nBridgewater was also chartered in 1761. Its settlement\\ncommenced in 1780, and the town was organized in\\n1785.\\nPossibly it maj- be worth mentioning that Joe\\nSmith, the founder of the Mormons, was born and\\nspent his youthful days in Sharon, one of the northerly\\ntowns of Windsor County, chartered like most of them in\\n1761. This town suffered with Ro3-alton from the Indian\\nattack of 1780, the savages when leaving town firing\\nevery building within sight, destroying cattle and laj ing\\nwaste the crops.\\nToWTv S.\\nWoodstock, the seat of justice for AVindsor County,\\nsituated on the Quechee River and its branches, con-\\ntains a population of about 3,000, and prides itself on\\nits beautiful village of Woodstock Green, the busi-\\nness centre of a large tract of country, and containing\\nmany handsome public and private buildings. Its county\\ncom t-house, built imder the supervision of Ammi B.\\nYoung, a native architect, is one of the most tasteful\\nstructures in New England. The annual term of the\\nnegative kindness restored their senses. They dressed themselves, col-\\nlected the children and fled to the woods, while the savages plundered\\nthe house. At another place when one of the women had the boldness\\nto reproach the Indians for destroying helpless women and children,\\ntelling them tliat if they had the courage of wan-iors they would cross\\nthe river and go and fight men at the fort, one of the Indians bore\\nher remarks patiently, and only replied, Squaw sliouldn t say too\\nmuch This quiet rebuke of the savage answered its purpose, and\\nthe woman remained silent.\\nIn 1822, a living frog was taken from the earth, 26 feet below its\\nsurface, at a place about 30 rods from the river.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0848.jp2"}, "833": {"fulltext": "Superior Court sits here iu February, and terms of tlic\\nCounty Court occur in Ma}- and December. In the sum-\\nmer months, with its wide-spreading elms and the goodl}\\nmaples of its beautiful park iu full foliage, few vil-\\nlages make a more agreeable impression. Five miles\\nfrom the Green is South Woodstock, a neat and\\npleasant village containing the Green Mountain Liberal\\nj Institute. Taftsville is also a busy place. Two news-\\npapers, the Vermont Standard and The Age, are\\npublished in Woodstock, which has a bank with a capital\\nJ of $60,000, one savings institution, a manufactory for\\nscythes and axes, one for making carding-machines,\\nstraw-cutters and other articles of like description a\\nmachine-shop, gunsmith s shop, establishments for mak-\\ning furniture, carriages, harnesses, trunks and leather\\na woollen-factory making dail} about 500 yards of doc-\\nskins, and grain and flour mills.\\nWoodstock has been the residence or the native place\\n1 of its full share of distinguished men. Here was\\nI cradled and reared Hiram Powers, a man whose name\\nj has become a household word among lovers of art,\\nI whose fame is his country s boast. His father was Ste-\\nphen Powers, Jr., and his grandfather, Dr. Powers, one\\nof the first settlers. He was born July 6, 1805.\\nHon. Titus Hutchinson, judge of the Supreme Court\\nfrom 1825 to 1834, the last five of which he served as\\nchief justice. He died Aug. 24, 1857.\\nHon. Charles Marsh, in his day the head of the Wind-\\nsor County bar, and M. C, 1815-17. He died in 1849.\\nHon. George P. Marsh, formerlj- M. C, and minister\\nI resident at Constantinople, was son of Hon. Charles\\nMarsh, and a native of this town.\\nHon. Jacob Collamer, a distinguished lawyer, was\\nin 1833 a judge of the Supreme Court, continuing till\\n1842, when he declined the office, serving as M. C. from\\n1843 till 1849, when he was appointed postmaster-general\\nof the U. S. by President Taylor. On the death of Gen.\\nI Taylor in 1850, Judge Collamer resigned with the other\\nmembers of the Cabinet and in 1854 was elected U. S.\\nI senator. He received the degree of Doctor of Laws\\nI from Dartmouth College and from the University of\\nVermont.\\nSpringi ield, a flourishing town containing many fine\\nfarms, numbers -also about 3,000 inhabitants, and be-\\nsides its rich lands and deep soil, has several mills and\\nmanufactories of various kinds at its central village.\\nSome of the best Vermont horses have been reared in\\nthis town and, at one time, the production of sillv re-\\nceived considerable attention, more than 1,000 pounds of\\nI cocoons having been produced in a year. The Rutland\\nand Burlington Railroad touches the south-west corner of\\nthe town, which has six church edifices, 20 school dis-\\ntricts, and a prosperous academj- called the Springfield\\nWesleyan Seminar}\\nHartford is watered by the White and Quechee\\nrivers, affording the town many valuable mill-privileges,\\nparticularly at White River village and at the village of\\nQuechee. The former is pleasantly situated about a\\nmile from the mouth of the river, which is here crossed\\nby a substantial bridge. Quechee village is situated\\naround a considerable fall in Otta Quechee River, aliout\\nfive miles from its mouth. There are also two other vil-\\nlages, called White River Junction and West Hartford.\\nThe population of the town is about 2,500, and its several\\nvillages contain numerous mills and manufacturing estab-\\nlislimcnts of various kinds. The Vermont Central Rail-\\nroad passes through the town.\\nJoseph ]\\\\Iarsh, very prominent in the early history of\\nthe State, came here in 1772. He was a member of the\\nconvention of 1777, which drafted the first State Consti-\\ntution was the first lieutenant-governor, holding the\\noffice several successive j-ears and was for a long time\\nchief justice of the court for Windsor Count}\\nChester, a very pleasant town, with two handsome\\nvillages, and a population of more than 2,000, has good\\nwater-power and manufactories of various kinds, and is\\na great thoroughfare for travellers from the eastern part\\nof New England to the Hudson River, near Troy, N. Y.\\nThe passage over the Green Mountains from Chester to\\nManchester is considered the best in this part of the\\nState.\\nRev. Aaron Leland, prominent in polities and religion,\\nfrom town clerk became representative, judge of the\\nCounty Court, speaker of the House of Representatives,\\nand lastly lieutenant-governor of the State.\\nDaniel Hoald, who settled here in 177G, served in the\\nRevolutionary army was in the battle at Concord\\nbridge, and at Ticonderoga, and died here in 1833, in\\nthe ninety-fifth year of his age.\\nWindsor, by the enterprise and wealth of its inhabit-\\nants, has become one of tiie most flourishing towns on the\\nConnecticut River. It has a population of about 1,700,\\na court-house. State j)rison,* and an educational semi-\\nnary two newspapers, the Vermont Chronicle and\\nthe Vermont Journal a national bank, with a capital\\nof $50,000 the Union Arms Company, manufacturing\\nguns and machinery and other mills and factories\\nHon. Horace Everett and Hon. Jonathan H. Hubbard,\\nformer members of Congress, and the Hon. Carlos\\nThe original prison, of stone, was built in\\nbuilding, 112 feet long, 40 feet wide, and four st\\nconfinement, was erected in 1830-32.\\n9. An additional\\nhigh, for solitary", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0849.jp2"}, "834": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF NEW ENGLAND.\\nCoolidge, governor of the State in 1849 and 1850, are\\namong the distinguished men of Windsor. The farm\\nand country residence of the Hon. William M. Evarts,\\nsecretary of State of the United States, is also in\\nWindsor.\\nLudlow is a mountainous town of 1,827 inhabitants,\\nwith excellent land for sheep and cattle. The village is\\nverj i^leasant, and the centre of considerable trade. Black\\nRiver Academy in this town ranks with the first acad-\\nemical institutions of the State. The remaining towns\\nin the county are Cavendish, containing a population of\\n1,823, with the two flourishing villages of Proctorsville\\nand Duttonsville, four large wooUen factories, iron-\\nworks, and other manufacturing establishments, also\\nthe birthplace of Ryland Fletcher, late governor of Ver-\\nmont, and of the late lion. Richard Fletcher, formerly\\nmember of Congress, and justice of the Supreme Court\\nof Massachusetts: Bethel (1,818), a place of consider-\\nable business, especially at the larger village of West\\nBethel, and having a bank with a capital of \u00c2\u00a750,000\\nHartland (1,711), with its valuable water-power and its\\nfertile farms: Royalton (1,678), somewhat rough and\\nmountainous, but an excellent grazing-town, whose agi-i-\\ncultural products are considerable, and hav-ing a pleasant\\nvillage and an academy: Norwich (1,640), rejoicing in\\nsome of the finest orchards in the State Weathersfield\\n(1,577), noted for wool-growing, whose meadows on\\nBlack River are rich and fertile, and whose fai-ms on the\\nbanks of the Connecticut are among the best in A ermont\\nRochester (1,445), with its tracts of excellent meadow,\\nits pleasant village and busy trade Plvmouth (1,285),\\nwell-known for the quantity and quality of its farm prod-\\nucts Stockbridge (1,269), whose soil is better for\\npasturage than for tillage, and having a famous mill-\\nprivilege at the Great Narrows Pomfret (1,251), a\\nhilly grazing-town, 20 miles from Windsor, watered by\\nthe White and Quechee rivers: Barnard (1,209), ex-\\ncelled b}- few towns of its size in the yearlj- products of\\nbutter, cheese, cattle, sheep and wool Bridgewater\\n(1,141), abounding in excellent soapstone, and having\\nmanj good mill-sites and fine inten als on the river,\\nits highlands also producing valuable crops Sharon\\n(1,013), traversed by the Vermont Central Railroad,\\nand containing a handsome and flourishing AoUage, with\\nmills f(jr the manufacture of woollen goods, paper, and\\nother articles: Reading (1,012), with its several small\\nstreams tributarj to the Quechee and Black rivers, its\\nwoollen- factor} and excellent pasturage Weston (931),\\nwhose inhabitants are principally engaged in farming\\nWest Windsor (709), the business of whose people is\\nwholly agricultural, special attention being given to\\nwool-growing: Baltimore (83), with twice that number\\nof inhabitants 20 or even 60 years ago and Andover\\n(588), where was bom, June 16, 1894, the late Alvin\\nAdams, leading partner in the wo rid- renowned firm of\\nAdams Co., whose lines of travel reach to the ends\\nof the earth, and whose banking-houses and express-\\notflces are in all the great cities of America.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0850.jp2"}, "835": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nAbbott Family, 495.\\nAbington, 239.\\nAbington, South, 240.\\nActon, 208.\\nAcushnet, 124.\\nAdams, Samuel, 50.\\nAdams, John Quincy, 222.\\nAdams, John, 58, 222.\\nAdams, Town of, 103.\\nAdams, Noi-th, 103.\\nAddison County, 693.\\nAddison County, grouped towns of, 701.\\nAgawam, 175.\\nAlbany, Vt., 769.\\nAlfred, 592.\\nAllen, Ethan, 683, 702, 703, 707, 726.\\nAllen, Ira, 685, 711, 722, 728.\\nAlna, 532.\\nAlton, 603.\\nAmherst, N. H., 639.\\nAmherst, Mass., 180.\\nAmcsbury, 141.\\nAmes, Fisher, 220.\\nAndros, Sir Edmund, 42, 247, 313, 456, 501,\\n551.\\nAndrew, John A., 66.\\nAndroscoggin County, 464.\\nAndover, Mass., 141.\\nAndover, North, Mass., 146.\\nAndover, Me., 542.\\nAndover, N. H., 648.\\nAndover, Ct., 387.\\nAntrim, 641.\\nAnti-slavery agitation, 64.\\nAroostook County, 470.\\nAroostook County, grouped\\nAroostook Wars, 471.\\nArgall, 16.\\nArlington, Mass., 204.\\nArlington, Vt., 710.\\nAshfield, 159.\\nAshland, 206.\\nAshburnham, 281.\\nAshford, 396.\\nAthol, 281.\\nAttlcborough, 122.\\nAugusta, 514.\\nAvon, 497.\\nAyer, 208.\\nB.\\nBanks, Gen. N. P., 198.\\nBangor, 546.\\nBakcrsfleld, 746.\\ni of, 473.\\nBartlett, Gen. \u00e2\u0096\u00a0William P., 66, 99.\\nBarnstable, County of, 72.\\nBarnstable, Town cf, 74, 81.\\nBamstead, 603.\\nBarnet, 719.\\nBarton, 769.\\nBarrc, Mass., 281.\\nBarre, Vt., 782.\\nBarnum, P. T., 307.\\nBarrington, K. I., 409.\\nBarrington, N. H., 670.\\nBath, 560.\\nBedford, N. H., 640.\\nBclchcrtown, 183.\\nBelknap County, 601.\\nBellingham, 230.\\nBelfast, 570.\\nBelmont, Mass., 208.\\nBelmont, N. H., 604.\\nBellows Falls, Village of, 789.\\nBennington, County of, 702.\\nBennington, Battle of, 684, 705.\\nBennington, Town of, 707.\\nBennington, grouped to\\\\vns of County, 711.\\nBerkshire County, 87.\\nBerkshire County, tabulated towns of, 107.\\nBerkshire, Vt., 747.\\nBerkley, 122.\\nBerkeley, Dean, 428, 430.\\nBemardston, 159.\\nBerlin, Vt., 782.\\nBeriin, Ct., 328.\\nBerwick, 592.\\nBethel, Me., 538.\\nBeverly, 142.\\nBillerica, 207.\\nBiddcford, 586.\\nBjame, 9.\\nBlack Snake affair, 740.\\nBlackstone, William, 241.\\nBlaine, Hon. James G., 516.\\nBlue Laws, 356.\\nBlue Hill, Me., 508.\\nBlock Island, 431.\\nBowditch, Nathaniel, 137.\\nBoxford, 147.\\nBoutwell, Hon. George S., 204, 225.\\nBoston, 242.\\nBoston, South, 270.\\nBoston, East, 271.\\nBoston Massacre, 56, 252.\\nBoston Tea Party, 253.\\nBoston Port Bill, 253.\\nBoston Elm, 258.\\nBolton, 386.\\nBowdoinham, 561.\\nBoscawen, 647.\\nBozrah, 376.\\nBraintree, Mass., 226.\\nBraintree, Vt., 758.\\nBrainerd, David, 346.\\nBradford, Vt., 757.\\nBradford, M.ass., 146.\\nBradford, William, 22.\\nBradstreet, Simon, 31.\\nBrandon, 775.\\nBrattleborough, 786.\\nBrewer, 549.\\nBremen, 533.\\nBrewster, 86.\\nBriggs, Gov. George N., 103.\\nBrighton, Mass., 269.\\nBrighton, Vt., 738.\\nBridgeport, 306.\\nBridgewater, 238.\\nBridgewater. East, 239.\\nBridgewater, West, 240.\\nBridgton, 479.\\nBristol Coimty, Mass., 108.\\nBristol County, R. I., 403.\\nBristol, Ct., Town of, 325.\\nBristol, R. I., Town of, 414.\\nBristol, Me., Town of, 532.\\nBristol, Vt., Town of, 700.\\nBrookfield, Mass., 281.\\nBrookflcld, West, Mass., 287.\\nBrookfield, Vt., 758.\\nBrooklinc, 224.\\nBrooklyn, Ct., 390, 394, 395.\\nBrockton, 236.\\nBrownell, Thomas C, 322.\\nBrown, John, Col., 93, 95, 704.\\nBrunswick, 481.\\nBryant, William Cullen, 185.\\nBucksport, 506.\\nBuckland, 159.\\nBuckfield, 539.\\nBuckingham, William A., 294, 374.\\nBunker Hill, Battle of, 190.\\nBunker Hill Monument, 264.\\nUurke, 720.\\nBurlington, 724.\\nBurritt, Elihu, 324.\\nBushncU, Rev. Horace, 322.\\nButler, Gen. Benjamin F., 194.\\nBuxton, 591.\\nCabots, 11.\\nCabot, Vt., 783.\\nCalais, Me., 580.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0851.jp2"}, "836": {"fulltext": "800\\nIXDEX.\\nCalais, Tt., 783.\\nColrain, 159.\\nDresden, 532.\\nCaledonia County, 711.\\nColt, Samuel, 322.\\nDudley, Thomas, 31.\\nCaledonia County, grouped towns of, 721.\\nColchester, Conn., 372.\\nDudley, Joseph, 42, 220, 245.\\nCamden, 527.\\nColchester, Yt., 728.\\nDukes County, 124.\\nCambridge, Yt., 75.5.\\nColumbia, 384.\\nDuramerston, 791.\\nCambridge, Mass.\\nCoUamer, Hon. Jacob, 797.\\nDunbarton, 649.\\nCanton, Mass., 227.\\nCommonwealth Period, 58.\\nDurham, Me., 469.\\n1 Canton, Conn., 328.\\nConnecticut, State of, 291.\\nDurham, K. H., 670.\\nCanonicus, 399.\\nConnecticut Charter Troubles, 292, 312.\\nDurham, Conn., 3.54.\\nCanterbury, 391.\\nCoos County, 616.\\nDustin, Mrs. Hannah, 642.\\nCanaan, Me., 567.\\nCoos County, grouped towns of, 616.\\nDuxbury, 239.\\nCandia, 654.\\nCopley, John Singleton, 273.\\nDwight, Timothy, 180.\\nCape Cod, 72.\\nCohassct, 228.\\nCape Elizabeth, 481.\\nCortereal, 12.\\nCartier, 13, 739, 748.\\nCornish, N. H., 676.\\nE.\\nCarver, John, 22, 72.\\nCornwall, Conn., 699.\\nCarroll County, 604.\\nCorinth, Yt., 759.\\nCarroll Countv, grouped towns of, 607.\\nCoffin, Sir Isaac, 214.\\nEastham, 86.\\nCastleton, 775.\\nCovcntrj R. I., 421.\\nEaston, 122.\\nCastin, Baron De, 4.56, 500.\\nCoventry, Conn., 379, 3S0.\\nEasthampton, 182.\\nCastine, to\u00c2\u00ab-n of, 507.\\nCrandnli s School, Miss Prudence, 392.\\nEastford, 397.\\nCentre Harbor, 604.\\nCromwell, 354.\\nEastport,581.\\nChatham, Mass., 84.\\nCraftsbnry, 769.\\nEaston, Theophilus, 291, 3.55, 358.\\nChatham, Conn., 351.\\nCumberland County, Mc., 473.\\nEdwards, Rev. Jonathan, 91, 179, 329.\\nCharlemont, 1-39.\\nCumberland County, grouped towns of.\\nEdgecomb, 533.\\nChanning, Kev. W. E.. 249.\\n489.\\nEdgartown, 127.\\nCharlestown, Mass., 261.\\nCummington, 183.\\nEffingham, 607.\\nCharlcstown, R. 1., 446, 453.\\nEliot, Rev. John, 33, 35, 267, 268.\\nCharlestown, N. H., 675.\\nEllsworth Family, 327.\\nCharleston, Tt., 7C9.\\nD.\\nEllington, 387.\\nChandler, Hon. Z., 640.\\nDalton, 106.\\nEmigration to Connecticut, Hooker s, 34.\\nChamplain, Samuel, 14, 72, 499, 648, 693,\\nDamariscotta, 533.\\nEmmons, Rev. Nathaniel, 221.\\n739.\\nDanville, 719.\\nEndicott, John, 28.\\nCheshire, Mass., 107.\\nDanvers, 139.\\nEnfield, Mass., 186.\\nCheshire County-, N. H., 60S.\\nDanielsonville, 398.\\nEnfield, Conn., 324.\\n1 Cheshire County, grouped towns of, 615.\\nDartmouth, HI, 122.\\nEnfield, N. H., 629.\\nChesterfield, 615.\\nDark Day, 339, 451.\\n.Enosburgh,746.\\nChester, K. H., 6-56.\\nDavenport, Rev. John, 291, 3.55, 357, 358.\\nEpping, 6-5.3.\\nChester, Yt., 797.\\nDavenport, Abram, 309.\\nEssex County, Mass., 131.\\nChehnsford, 206.\\nDawes, Hemy- L., 103, 185.\\nEssex, Town of, 142.\\nChelsea, Mass., 297.\\nDedham, Mass., 224.\\nEssex County, Yt., 729.\\nChelsea, Yt., 759.\\nDeering, 482.\\nEssex County, Yt., grouped towns of, 739.\\nCheever, Master, 263.\\nDeerfield, N. H., 6.53.\\nEverett, Edward, 65, 273.\\nCherryfield, 582.\\nDeerfield, Mass., 153, 157.\\nEverett, Town of, 206.\\nChina, 519.\\nDeerfield, attack on, 149.\\nExeter, R. I., 447, 454.\\nChittenden County, 722.\\nDeMonts, 14, 72, 499, 528, 576.\\nExeter,*N. H., 652.\\nChittenden County, grouped towns of, 729.\\nDennis, 83.\\nt Chittenden, Gov. Thomas, 728.\\nDerbv, Conn., 363.\\n1 Chilmark. 129.\\nDerby, Yt., 769.\\nF.\\n1 Chicopee, 172.\\nDeny, 653.\\nFair Haven, Yt., 776.\\nChurch, Col. Benjamin, 123, 431.\\nDewev, Rev. Orville, 107.\\nFairhaven, 123.\\nClinton, 282.\\nDewey, Chester, 107.\\nFairfield County, 299.\\nClaremont, 675.\\nDexter, 550.\\nFairfield County, grouped towns of, 309.\\nConnecticut, State of, 291.\\nDifficulties with England, 41.\\nFairfield, Fort, 472.\\nConant, Roger, 28, 132.\\nDifficnities with France, 46.\\nFairfield, Yt., Town of, 745.\\nConfederacy, N. E., 38.\\nDighton, 122.\\nFairlec, 759.\\nCongress, Continental, 56, 57.\\nDighton Rock, 122.\\nFairlec, West, 760.\\nCongress, Provincial, 50.\\nDix, Gen. John A., 647.\\nFairfax, 744.\\nConway, Mass., 152, 159.\\nDorr s RebeUion, 402.\\nFahnonth, 83.\\n1 Conwav, N. H., 606.\\nDorchester, 264.\\nFalmouth, Me., 483.\\nConcord, Mass., 204.\\nDorchester Adventurers, 27.\\nFall River, 113.\\nConcord, N. H., 644.\\nDorset, 709.\\nFaneuil Hall, 2-50, 251.\\nConcord, Yt., 738.\\nDouglas, Stephen A., 775.\\nFarmington, Conn., 328.\\nCourt of Assistants, 30.\\nDover, Mass., 230.\\nFarroington, Me., 496.\\nCoddington. -W-illiam, 31, 399, 400, 422.\\nDover, Mc., 5-53.\\nFarmington, X.H., 670.\\nCobb, Gen. David, 121, 509.\\nDover, N. H., 660, 668.\\nFcssenden, Hon. Wm. Pitt, 647.\\nCotton, Rev. John, 33, 242, 245.\\nDracnt, 207.\\nFires in Boston, 242, 247, 248, 251, 254.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0852.jp2"}, "837": {"fulltext": "Fitchbmg, 289.\\nFletcher, 745.\\nFort Griswold, Capture ol 295.\\nForest Hills, 268.\\nFoxborotigh, 229.\\nFoxcroft. 554.\\nFranklin County, JIiiss., 147.\\nFranklin County, grouped towns ol 160.\\nFranklin County, Me., 490.\\nFranklin County, Me., grouped towns of,\\n498.\\nFranklin County, Vt., 739.\\nFranklin, Mass., Town of, 228.\\nFranklin, Ct., Town of, 375.\\nFranklin, N. H., To\\\\\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 of, 646.\\nFranklin, Vt., Town of, 746.\\nFrankfort, 575.\\nFranccstown, 641.\\nFraniingliani, 201.\\nFreetown, 113, 123.\\nFrceport, 484.\\nFr.vebnrg, 537.\\nG.\\nGallaudet, Thos. H., 322.\\nGariliner, 516.\\nGarrison, AVni. Lloyd, 64.\\nGaspee, Burning of the, 419.\\nGay Head, 129.\\nGeorgia, 745.\\nGeorgetown, Me., 561.\\nGeorgetown, Mass., 146.\\nGilmanton, 602.\\nGilford, N. II., 604.\\nGlastonbury, 325.\\nGlover, 769.\\nGloucester, 137.\\nGolTstown, 638.\\nGomez, 12.\\nGorton, Samuel, 417.\\nGorham, 484.\\nGorges, Ferdinando, 583, 584, 593.\\nGosnold, Bartholomew, 13, 124.\\nGosnold, Town of, 130.\\nGouldsborough, 508.\\nGrafton, Mass., 282.\\nGrafton County, 624.\\nGrafton County, grouped towns of, 630, 631.\\nGrafton, Vt., 787.\\nGrand Isle County, 748.\\nGrand Isle County, Towns of, 751.\\nGreat Barrington, 103.\\nGreenfield, 150, 167.\\nGreene, Gen. Nathaniel, 419.\\nGreenwich, K. I., East, 420.\\nGreenwich, R. I., West, 422.\\nGreenville, 641.\\nGreene, 469.\\nGreen Mountain Boys, 683, 704.\\nGreeley, Horace, 634, 775.\\nGridley, Gen. Richard, 220.\\nGriswold, 372.\\nGroton, Mass., 203.\\nGrovcland, 143.\\nGroton. Ct., 371.\\nGuildhall, 737.\\nGuilford, Vt.\\nGuilford, Ct.,\\n362.\\nH.\\nHadlcy, 183.\\nHadley, South, 181.\\nHaddam, 352.\\nHaddam, East, 352.\\nHale, Nathan, 294, 380.\\nHallowcll, 517.\\nHalifax, Vt., 788.\\nHamilton, 147.\\nHampden County, 160^.\\nHampden County, grouped towns of, 175.\\nHampden, Me., 547.\\nHampshire County, 175.\\nHampshire County, grouped towns of, 175.\\nHamlin, Hannibal, 547.\\nHampton, 655.\\nHancock, John, 56, 68, 222.\\nHancock County, Me., 499.\\nHancock County, grouped towns of, 510.\\nHancock, N.H., 041.\\nHanover, N. H., 630.\\nHarvard, Rev. John, 34, 262.\\nHarvard College, 34.\\nHartford Convention, 61, 316.\\nHartford County, 311.\\nHartford Countj-, grouped towns of, 329.\\nHartford, City of, 318.\\nHartford, East, 326.\\nHartford, West, 329.\\nHartford, Vt., 797.\\nHarpswell, 485.\\nHaidwick, Vt., 720.\\nHarwich, 84.\\nHatfield, 184.\\nHaverhill, Mass., 137.\\nHaverhill, N. H., 629.\\nHawley, Gen. Joseph R., 297, 317, 3J3.\\nHawes, Dr. Joel, 323.\\nHayes, Rutherford B., 127\\nHeath, Gen. Wm., 220.\\nHebron, Ct., 380.\\nHebron, Me., 541.\\nHenniker, 648.\\nHigginson, Francis, 29.\\nHighgate, 745.\\nHillsborough County, 631.\\nHillsborough County, grouped towns ul\\n641.\\nHillsborough, Town of, 638.\\nHinsdale, N. H., 615.\\nHinsdale, Mass., 107.\\nHinckley, Gov. Thomas, 42, 76.\\nHinghani, 237.\\nHiram, 541.\\nHoUiston, 204.\\nHollis, 640.\\nHolbrook, 229.\\nHoulton, 472.\\nHolidays, Pastimes and Customs, 44, 441,\\n448, 475, 487.\\nHolyoke, 171.\\nHoosac Tunnel, 97.\\nHooker, Rev. Thomas, 33, 34, 291, 312, 321.\\nHooksett, 648.\\nHopkinton, Mass., 202.\\nHopkinton, R. I., 447, 453.\\nHopkinton, N. H., 647.\\nHopkins, Samuel, 92, 362.\\nHopkins, Dr. Mark, 106\\nHoward, Gen. O. O., 46S.\\nHudson, Henry, 14, 72.\\nHudson, Mass., 204.\\nHudson, N. II., 640.\\nHuntington, 184.\\nHutchinson, Anne, 36.\\nHutchinson, Thomas, 273.\\nHyde Park, Mass., 220.\\nHyde Park, Vt., 755.\\nT\\nIndians\\nAbenaquis, 722.\\nAnasagunticooks, 537.\\nIroquois, 693, 748.\\nKennebec, 519, 531, 562.\\nMashpee, 75.\\nMassachusetts, 108.\\nMohcgans, 87, 89, 388.\\nNarragansetts, 108, 243, 442.\\nNorridgewocks, 491, 662, 563.\\nNipmucks, 275, 387, 616.\\nPraying, 35.\\nPequots, 299, 243, 301.\\nPequakett, 536.\\nPenobscot, 458.\\nPennaeook, 642.\\nPassamaquoddy, 677.\\nSt. Francis, 698, 616, 617, 711, 734.\\nTarratincs, 458, 524, 543, 546, 548.\\nWalibaquasselts, 388.\\nWampanoags, 22, 108, 404.\\nIndian Stoekbridge Mission, 89.\\nIpswich, 144.\\nIrasburg, 769.\\nIsles of Shoals, 5S9.\\nIslesborough, 576.\\nJamestown, R. I., 431\\nJamaica, 788.\\nJefferson, .^33.\\nJohnson, Isaac, 531.\\nJohnson, Vt., 755.\\nKeene, 610, 614.\\nKcnnebunk, 590.\\nKenncbunkport, 591.\\nKennebec Comity, 511.\\nKennebec County, groui cd towns\\nKent County, 417.\\nKent s Hill, 520.\\nKillingly, 395.\\nKing Philip, 39, 73, 123, 406, 446.\\nKingston, Mass., 240.\\nKingston, N. H., G56.\\nKingstown, 44.).\\nKingstown, North, 462, 4,54.\\nKingstown, Soutli, 4.t3.\\nKittery, 688.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0853.jp2"}, "838": {"fulltext": "802\\nINDEX.\\nKnox, Gen. Henry, 273, 526.\\nMansfield, Ct., 377.\\nMontville, Me., 574.\\nKnox County, 521.\\nManchester, Ct., 325.\\nMontgomery, 747.\\nKnox County, grouped towns of, 52S.\\nManchester, Mass., 144.\\nMontpelier, 777.\\nManchester, N. IL, 635.\\nMontpclier, East, 783.\\nL.\\nManchester, Vt., 708.\\nMorse, Samuel F. B., 273.\\nLaconia, 604.\\nMann, Horace, 64, 05, 221.\\nMorton, Gov. M.ircus, 131.\\nLaneaster, N. 11., CIS, 622.\\nMarshfield, Vt., 783.\\nMorristown, 755.\\nLancaster, Mass., 283.\\nMarshficld, Mass., 240.\\nMoretown, 782.\\nLangdon, John, COO, C52.\\nMarblehead, 138.\\nMoultouborough, COO.\\nLamoille County, 751.\\nMarll)orough, 198.\\ni\\nLamoille County, grouped towns of, 7CG.\\nMartha s Vineyard, 124.\\nN.\\nLa Tour, 57G.\\nMassachusetts, State of, IS.\\nKihant, 145.\\nLawrence, 1.34.\\nMassachusetts Bay .Colony, 26.\\nNantucket County, 209.\\nLawrence Family, 203.\\nMassachusetts, first seltlcment of, 27.\\nNantucket, Town of, 209.\\nLee, 104.\\nMassachusetts, General Court of, 22.\\nNashua, C36.\\nLee, N. H., C70.\\nMassachusetts, Constitution of, 58.\\nNatick, 109.\\nLee, Rev. Jesse, 250.\\nMassasoit, 22, 108, 404, 405.\\nNational Constitution, adoption of, 59.\\nLedyard, John, 371.\\nMassacre, Bloodv BrooU, 132, 1 !8.\\nNccdham, 226.\\nLedyard, Col. William, 371.\\nMashpee, 86.\\nNew England, council for, 27.\\nj\\nLcdyard,375.\\nMason, 641.\\nNewport, Vt., 769.\\nLeeds, 468.\\nMason, John, 455, 503, 504.\\nNewport, N. 11., 675.\\ni\\nLebanon, X. II., C20.\\nMason, Capt. John, 291, 312, 343, 365, 370.\\nNewport County, R. I., 422.\\nLebanon, West, G29.\\nMather, Rev. Richard, 265.\\nNewport Old Stone .Mill, 11, 428.\\nLebanon, Ct., 373.\\nMather, Rev. Increase, 33.\\nNewport, City of, 422.\\nLenox, 105.\\nMather, Rev. Cotton, 33.\\nNew Hartford, 340.\\nj\\nLeominster, 283.\\nMayflower, 17, 19, 72.\\nNew Haven Coimty, 354.\\nLcwiston, 465.\\nMaynard, 208.\\nNew Haven County, grouped town.\\nof.\\nLexington, 206.\\nMaysville, 473.\\n365.\\nLexington, Battle of, ISO.\\nMayhew, Rev. Jonathan, D2.\\nNew Haven Colony, 355.\\nLitcbfield County, 330.\\nMaverick, Samuel, 271.\\nNew Haven, Ct., 361.\\nLitchfield County, grouped towns of, 341.\\nMedford, 200.\\nNew Haven, Vt., 699.\\nLitchfield Law School, 333.\\nMedw.iy, 227.\\nNew London County, 365.\\nLitchfield, 340.\\nMcdUeld,-229.\\nNew London, Town of, 366.\\nLisbon, Ct., 376.\\nMelrose, 204.\\nNew Hampshire, 593.\\nLisbon, Me., 465.\\nMeredith, C03.\\nNew Hampton, 603.\\nLisbon, N. H., 629.\\nMerrimack, N. H., 040.\\nNew Bedford, 115.\\nLincoln Coimty, 528.\\nMerrimack County, C42.\\nNew Britain, 323.\\nLincolnvillc, 573.\\nMerrimack County, grouped towns of, 040.\\nNew Milford, 338.\\nLittle Compton, 431.\\nMcrrimac, Mass., 146.\\nNew Gloucester, 486.\\nLittleton, N. U., C29.\\nMethucn, 145.\\nNew Sharon, 498.\\nLivermore, 467.\\nMiantonomo, 244, 399.\\nNew Ipswich, 639.\\nLivermore, East, 460.\\nMiddlesex County, Mass., 187.\\nNew Boston, 640.\\nLondon Company, 14.\\nMiddlesex County, grouped towns of, 208.\\nNew Durham, 671.\\nLondon Merchants C.iupanv, 24-\\nMiddlesex County, Ct., 312.\\nNew Market, 653.\\nLondondcrn-, N. U., C55.\\nMiddlesex County, grouped towns of, 351.\\nNew Sweden, 472.\\nLondondeny, Vt., 7SS.\\nMiddlesex, Vt., Town of, 7S3.\\nNewbury, Vt., 760.\\nLoudon, 648.\\nMiddlebury, G98.\\nNewbury, Mass., 145.\\nLowell, Mass., 191.\\nMiddlefield, 354.\\nNewbur}-, AVcst, 146.\\nLunenbnrgh, Vt., 738.\\nMiddleborough, Mass., 236.\\nNcwbuiyport, 138-\\nLudlow. Vt., 708.\\nMiddlcton, Mass., 147.\\nNewfane, 788.\\nLubcc, 582.\\nMiddlcton, N. H., 671.\\nNewton, 197.\\nLynn, 135.\\nMiddlctown, Ct., 349.\\nNewcastle, 532.\\n1\\nLrndcl orough, 641.\\nMiddletown, R. I., 430.\\nNewman, Rev. Samuel, 111.\\nLynnficld, 146.\\nMilford, Mass., 283.\\nNobleborough, 533.\\nLyndon, 718.\\nMilford, Ct., 363.\\nNorth Haven, 363.\\nLyme, 374.\\nMilford, N. II., G37.\\nNorthport, 575.\\nLyme, East, 374.\\nMilton, Mass., 228.\\nNorthwood, 655.\\nLyme, Old, 375.\\nMilton, N. IL, 670.\\nNorthfleld, Vt., 780.\\nM.\\nMills Family, 339.\\nNorthfield, Mass., 158.\\nMill River Disaster, 177.\\nNorthampton, 178.\\nMachias, 578.\\nMilo, 554.\\nNorfolk County, 210.\\nMachias, East, 588.\\nMinot, 465.\\nNorfolk, Town of, 230.\\nMadlmry, 671.\\nMonson, 173..\\nNonvood, 230.\\nMadrid, 498.\\nMonroe, 154.\\nNorwalk, 307.\\nMaine, State of, 4-55.\\nMontague, 154, 158.\\nNorton, 123.\\nMaiden, 198.\\nMonhegan, 529, 530.\\nNorse Discoveries, 9.\\nMansfield, Mass., 123.\\nMontville, Ct., 372.\\nNonvich, 368.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0854.jp2"}, "839": {"fulltext": "Norway, 638.\\nNorombega, 549.\\nNorridgewock, 365, 367.\\nNott, Rev. Samuel, 376.\\nNottingham, 656.\\nOak Bluffs, 128.\\nOccam, Kev. Saiiipsoii, 373, 385.\\nOld South, 249, 257.\\nOld Saj brook, 353.\\nOld Town, Me., 548.\\nOrange Countj-, Vt., 756.\\nOrange, Town nf, 760.\\nOrange, Mass., Town of, 158.\\nOrland, 509.\\nOrleans, Mass., 86.\\nOrleans County, Vt., 764.\\nOrleans County, grouped towns of, 769.\\nOrono,548.\\nOrrington, 549.\\nOrwell, 699.\\nOssipee, 605.\\nOtis, James, 50, 52, 77, 79, 81.\\nOtis, Harrison Gray, 273.\\nOxford, Mass. 283.\\nOxford County, Me., 536.\\nOxford County, grouped towns of, 542.\\nPaine, Robert Treat, 121.\\nPalmer, 174.\\nParker, Theodore, 64, 268.\\nParkraan, 555.\\nParis, 539.\\nPeabody, Town of, 143.\\nPeabody, George, 143.\\nPeacham, 720.\\nPelham, N. H., 641.\\nPembroke, N.H., 647.\\nPembroke, Me., 581.\\nPemaquid, 529, 530, 531, 532, 557.\\nPenobscot County, 543.\\nPenobscot County, grouped towns of, 5)0.\\nPenobscot, Town of, 509.\\nPenalties, Colonial, 35, 75.\\nPepperell, 207.\\nPepperell, Sir William, 589.\\nPeterborough, 637.\\nPersecutions, religious, 36.\\nPcquot war, 39, 244, 291, 312, 343, 3G5.\\nPhip^l.urg, 5G0.\\nPhips, Sir AVilliam, 43, 532.\\nPhillips, 498.\\nPhillips, Wendell, 64.\\nPilgrims, landing of, 20.\\nPilgrims Compact, 24, 72.\\nPiscataquis County, 551.\\nPiscataquis County, grouped towns of, 555.\\nPittsfield, N. H., 648.\\nPittsfield, Mass., 100.\\nPittsford, 776.\\nPittston, 518.\\nPlainfield, Ct., 390.\\nPlaiiiHcld, Vt., 783.\\nPlainfield, N. H., 676.\\nPlymouth County, 231.\\nPlymouth County, smaller towns of, 241.-\\nPlymouth, Town of, 237.\\nPlymouth, N. H., 630.\\nPlymouth Company, 14.\\nPlymouth, Council of, 17.\\nPlymouth Colony, 18.\\nPlymoulU Rock, 20.\\nPoland, 468.\\nPomfret, 393.\\nPool, Elizabeth, 108.\\nPopham, Lord John, 15.\\nPopham, George, 15.\\nPopham, or Sagadahoc settlement, 15, 529,\\n556.\\nPortsmouth, N. H., 650.\\nPortsmouth, R. I., 430.\\nPortland, Me., 474.\\nPortland, Ct., 351.\\nPoultney, 775.\\nPowers, Hiram, 797.\\nPownal, Vt., 710.\\nPreston, 374.\\nPresque Isle, 472.\\nPring, Martin, 13, 15, 72.\\nPrinceton, 283.\\nProspect, 571.\\nProvidence County, 433.\\nProvidence County, Towns of, 444, 445.\\nProvince Charter, 42.\\nProvincial Religion, 49.\\nProvincial Governors, 44.\\nProvincial Period, 43.\\nProvincial Politics, 50.\\nProvincial Congress, 56.\\nProvincial Contests with the Crown, 50.\\nProvineetown, 84.\\nProgress in Massachusetts, 68.\\nPuritans, 26.\\nPutney, 788.\\nPutnam, Town of, 397.\\nPutnann Gen. Israel, 294, 302, 394.\\nQ-\\nQuaker Troubles, 37, 75, 245.\\nQiiincy Family, The, 223.\\nQuincy, Town of, 225.\\nR.\\nRandolph, Mass., 227.\\nRandolph, Vt., 761.\\nRangeley, 498.\\nRaslc, Sebastian, 457, 558, 563.\\nRaymond, 656.\\nRaynham, 123.\\nReading, 205.\\nReadficld, 520.\\nRegicides, 177, 292, 359.\\nRevolution, Rise of the, 53, 579.\\nRevolution, the War of, 56.\\nRevere, 272.\\nRehoboth, 110, 123.\\nRhode Island, State of, 399.\\nRhode Island, Battle of, 425.\\nRichmond, Me., 561, 617.\\nRichmond, R. I., 447, 454.\\nRichardson, Gen. I. B., 743.\\nRichford, 747.\\nRobinson, Rev. John, 19, 73.\\nRockport, 145.\\nRockland, Mass., 239.\\nRockland, Me., 526.\\nRockingham County, G50.\\nRockingham County, gronpi\\n657.\\nRockingham, Vt., Town of, 71\\nRochester, N. 11., 069.\\nRochester, Mass., 241.\\nRogers Rangers, 598, 792.\\nRollinsfurd, 670.\\nRowley, 145.\\nRox\\n,267.\\nRoxhury, West, 268.\\nRoyalston, 288.\\nRoycc, Stephen, 742.\\nRumford, Count, 199, 646.\\nRumford, 540.\\nRupert, 710.\\nRutland County, 770.\\nRutland County, grouped\\nRutland, Vt., 772.\\nRutland, Mass., 284.\\nRye, 657.\\nSagadahoc County, 555.\\nSagadahoc County, gi-ouped towns of, 562.\\nSalem, N. H., 654.\\nSalem, Mass., 136.\\nSalem, Ct., 376.\\nSalem Witchcraft, 132.\\nSalisbury, Mass., 143.\\nSalisbury, N. H., 648.\\nSalisbury, Ct., 340.\\nSaltonstall, Sir Richard, 31.\\nSamosct, 404.\\nSandwich, Mass., 74, 82.\\nSandwich, N. H., 605.\\nSangervillc, 554.\\nSanbornton, 603.\\nSargent, Lucius M., 273.\\nSassacus, 244.\\nSaugus, 144.\\nSaxe, John G., 743, 745.\\nSchools, Common, 34.\\nScituate, 240.\\nSeabrook, 654.\\nSearsmont, 574.\\nSebec, 554.\\nSedgwick, John, 341.\\nSedgwick, Theodore, 93.\\nSeekonk, 124.\\nSeparatists, 378, 391.\\nScwall, Samuel, 273.\\nShaw, Robert G., 66.\\nShays Rebellion, 58, 97, 164, 191, 276.\\nSharon, Mass., 230.\\nSharon, Ct., 340.\\nShaftsbury, 709.\\nShcpard, Rev. Thomas, 263.\\nShepard, Rev. Thomas, Jr., 263.", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0855.jp2"}, "840": {"fulltext": "Sherman, Roger M., 310, 339.\\nSherborn, 208.\\nSheffield, 107.\\nI Shelbume, Mass., 159.\\nI Shelburne, Vt., 727.\\nSheldon, Vt., 746.\\nShirley, 207.\\nShoreham, Vt., 700.\\nShoreham, New, R. I., 431.\\nShrewsbury, 284.\\nSimsbniy, 329.\\nSigoumey, Mrs. L. II., 322.\\nSkowhegan, 565, 566.\\nSlavery in Massachusetts, 62.\\nSlavery, 448, 586.\\nSlave Trade, 426.\\nSmith, Capt. John, 16, 72.\\nSmith, Hon. John G., 743.\\nSomerset County, 562.\\nSomerset County, gi-ouped towns of, rvjT.\\nSomerset County, Mass., 123.\\nSomerville, Mass., 196.\\nSomerville, Me., 533.\\nSomers, 381.\\nSomcrsworth, 668.\\nSouthampton, 184.\\nSouthbridge, 284.\\nSouthborongh, 287.\\nj Southington, 324.\\nI Southport, Me., 533.\\nI Spencer, 284.\\nSpringfield, Mass., 170.\\nSpringfield, West, Mass., 173.\\nSpringfield, Vt., 797.\\nSprag-.ie, 372.\\nI Stamp Act, 52.\\nStamp Act Riots, 251.\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^tandish, Miles, 22, 72.\\nStark, Gen. John, 96, 684, 7a5.\\nStarks, Town of, 567.\\nStamford, 308.\\nStafford, 379.\\nSt. Albans, 744.\\nSt. Albans Raid, 741.\\nSterling, 288.\\nStiles, Rev. Ezra, 363.\\nSt. George, Me., 527.\\nSt. Johnsbury, 717.\\nStockbridge, 105.\\nStoddard, Col. John, 179.\\nStowe, Vt., 755.\\nI Stowe, Mass., 207.\\nStoneham, 202.\\nStoughton, 227.\\nStoughton, Gov., 265.\\nStone, Rev. Samuel, 33, 34, 312.\\nStonington, 370.\\nStonington, North, 375.\\nStockton, 573.\\nj Strafford County, 657.\\nStrafford, N. H., Town of, G71.\\nI Strafford, Vt., 761.\\nj Strong, Gov. Caleb, 179.\\nSturbridge, 285.\\nStuart, Gilbert, 428.\\nSudbury, 206.\\nSuffield, 326.\\nSuffolk County, 241.\\nSullivan County, 671.\\nSullivan County, grouped towns of, 676.\\nSumner, Charles, 66, 273.\\nSunderland, 711.\\nSurrey, 509.\\nSutton, 285.\\nSwanzey, N. II., 615.\\nSwansea, Mass., 112, 124, 408.\\nSwampscott, 145.\\nSwanton, 744.\\nTamworth, 606.\\nTaunton, 118.\\nTemple, 497.\\nTempleton, 287.\\nTewksbury, 207.\\nThanksgiving, 22.\\nThetford, 762.\\nThompson, 395.\\nThomaston, 527.\\nThomaston, South, 527.\\nThorstein, 10.\\nThorfiun, 10, 11.\\nThorwald, 10.\\nTilton, 604.\\nTisbury, 128.\\nTiverton, 431.\\nTodd, Rev. John, 103, 774.\\nTolland County, 376.\\nTolland, Town of, 382.\\nTopsham, Me.,561.\\nTopsham, Vt., 762.\\nTopsficld, 145.\\nTorrington, 339.\\nTownshend, 207.\\nTownscnd, 789.\\nTravelling, Old-tune, 67.\\nTroy, Vt., 769.\\nTruro, 85.\\nTrumbull, Jonathan, 294, 373, 374.\\nTrumbull, Jonathan, Jr., 374.\\nTrumbull, John, 321.\\nTrumbull, J. Hammond, 322.\\nTuftonborough, 607.\\nTurner, 468.\\nTunbridge, 762.\\nu.\\nUncas, 312, 313, 343, 373.\\nUnion, Ct., 385.\\nUnion, Me., 527.\\nUpton, 285.\\nUxbridge, 285.\\nV.\\nVane, Sir Henry, 33, 243.\\nVan Ness, Gov. Comelius P., 726.\\nVassalborough, 520.\\nVerrazani, 12.\\nVernon, 379.\\nVermont, State of, 677.\\n679.\\nVermont in the Revolution, 683.\\nVermont, civil polity of, 686.\\nVermont, admission into the Union, 68\\nVergennes, 700.\\nVershire, 763.\\nVinland, 9.\\nVoluntown, 396.\\nw.\\nWallingford, Vt., 776.\\nWaitsfield, 783.\\nWakefield, N. H., 607.\\nWakefield, Mass., 204.\\nWallingford, 364.\\nWales, Me., 470.\\nWaltham, 197.\\nWaldo County, 568.\\nWaldo County, grouped towns of, 576.\\nWaldo, Gen. Samuel, 501, 523, 569.\\nWaldron, Maj., 595, 596, 661.\\nWalpole, N. H., 615.\\nWalpole, Mass., 230.\\nWalden, 721.\\nAValcott Family, 293.\\nWarner, 648.\\nWan-en, Vt., 783.\\nWa\\nMa\\nWarren, R. I., 411.\\nWarren, Me., 527.\\nWarren, Gen. Joseph, 191, 380.\\nWarwick, 417.\\nWard, Rev. Nathaniel, 33.\\nWar, King Philip s, 39, 75. 110, 112, 188,\\n232, 246, 586.\\nWar, French and Indian, 47.\\nWar of 1812, 60, 459, 505, 534, 548, 551, 5.59.\\nWar for the Union, 66.\\nWar, Revolutionary, .56, 683.\\nWare, 181.\\nWareham, 240.\\nWashington County, R. I., 445.\\nWashington County, Me., 576.\\nWashington County, Me., grouped towns\\nof, 583.\\nWashington County, Vt., 777.\\nWashington County, Vt., grouped towns\\nof, 783.\\nWashington, Vt., Town of, 763.\\nWashburnc Family, 467.\\nWatcrbury, Ct., 362.\\nWatcrbury, Vt., 781.\\nWatertown, 202.\\nWaterford, Ct., 376.\\nWaterford, Me., 541.\\nWaterville, 517.\\nWayland, 208.\\nWeare, 638.\\nWebster, Daniel, 65, 646, 652.\\nWebster, Mass., Town of, 286.\\nWebster, Me., To\u00c2\u00abti of, 470.\\nWellflcet, 85.\\nWells, 591.\\nWeld, 497.\\nWentworth, Benning, 597, 679.\\nWentworth, John, 597, 598, 608.\\nWenham, 147.\\nWestminster, Vt., 790.\\nWestminster, Mass., 287.", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0856.jp2"}, "841": {"fulltext": "Westfleld, 173.\\nWilton, Me., 497.\\nWinchester, N. H., 615.\\nWestport, Mass., 124.\\nWilton, Vt., 638.\\nWinchester, Mass., 207.\\nWestpoit, Me., 533.\\nWillington, 383.\\nWinchendon, 286.\\nWestford, 207.\\nWillimantic, 398.\\nWiscasset, 532, 534.\\nWeston, 208.\\nWilliston, 728.\\nWitchcraft in Boston, 245.\\nWcstbrook, 488.\\nWilmington, Vt., 790.\\nWoburn, 198.\\nWestborough, 286.\\nWilbraliam, 174.\\nWolf borough, 604.\\nWesterly, 447, 452.\\nWinslow, Edward, 108.\\nWoodstock, Me., 541.\\nWest Boylston, 287.\\nWinslow, Me., Town of, 518.\\nWoodstock, Ct., 392.\\nWest, Dr. Samuel, 82, 117.\\nWindsor County, 791.\\nWoodstock, Vt., 795, 796.\\nWethersfield, Ct., 327.\\nWindsor County, grouped towns of, 791.\\nWoodbury, 341.\\nWoyiunutli, Capt. George, It, 520.\\nWindsor, Vt., Town of, 797.\\nWoolwich, 561.\\nWeymouth, Town of, 225.\\nWindsor, Ct., Town of, 32G.\\nWooster, Gen. David, 294, 310.\\nWlialc Fishery, 210.\\nWindsor Loeks, Town of, 329.\\nWorcester County, 274.\\nM^heehvright, Rcv. John, 593.\\nWinthrop, John, 30, 31, 241, 245.\\nWorcester Countv, grouped towns of, 288.\\nWhitefield, Rev. George, 250.\\nWinthrop, John, Jr., 291, 292, 307.\\nWorcester, City of, 278.\\nWhite, Rev. John, 27, 28.\\nWinthrop, Mass., Town of, 272.\\nWorthington, 186.\\nWhitingham, 790.\\nWinthrop, Me., Town of, 518.\\nWrentbam, 230.\\nWhittier, John G., 64, 65, 140.\\nWindham County, Ct., 387.\\nWrits of Assistance, 51, .52.\\nWickford, 445.\\nWindham County, Ct., grouped towns of,\\nWilson, Rev. John, 32, 241, 242, 24G.\\n398.\\nWilson, Hon. Henry, 66, 200, 667.\\nWindham, Ct., To^vn of, 389.\\nY.\\nWilliams, Roger, 33, 36, 242, 243, 399, 400,\\nWindham, Me., 488.\\n423, 433, 434, 435.\\nWindham County, Vt., 784.\\nYarmouth, Mass., 74, 82.\\nWilliams, Ephraim, 92, 98.\\nWindham County, Vt., towns of small\\nYarmouth, Me., 489.\\nWilliarastown, Mass., 106.\\npopulation, 791.\\nYork County, Me., 583.\\nWilliamstown, Vt., 763.\\nWinsted, 337.\\nYork County, Me., grouped towns of, 592.\\nWilliamsburg, 183.\\nWinterport, 573.\\nYork, Town of, 592.\\nEnnATi M. rage 310. Vi", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0857.jp2"}, "842": {"fulltext": "LRBJe 28", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0858.jp2"}, "843": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0859.jp2"}, "844": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0860.jp2"}, "845": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0861.jp2"}, "846": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0862.jp2"}, "847": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0863.jp2"}, "848": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3059", "width": "2345", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0864.jp2"}, "849": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3100", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0865.jp2"}, "850": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n014 042 463 8", "height": "3351", "width": "2538", "jp2-path": "historyofnewengl00howa_0866.jp2"}}