{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3254", "width": "1961", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0V\\n0^ r", "height": "3162", "width": "1931", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "b J\\nO H\\nV^^\\nV\\n[v^,\\nO M O\\n.0\\n.V", "height": "3213", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3202", "width": "1799", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3213", "width": "1768", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3192", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "ON THE\\nEASTERN STATES.\\nBy WILLIAM TUDOR.\\nSECOND EDITION.\\nBOSTON\\nWELLS AND LILLY COURT-STREEf.\\n1821.", "height": "3213", "width": "1768", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "COFYMtlGHT SECtTRRD.", "height": "3101", "width": "1859", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "NOTE TO THE FIRST EDITION.\\nThe following Letters, addressed to dif-\\nferent persons, were principally written with-\\nin the last year. The reader may consider\\nthem to be dated in Boston. The subjects\\nare so miscellaneous, that the simplest me-\\nthod of arrangement seemed to be the pre-\\ncedence of date in which order they are\\nhere placed.\\nSeptember, 1819", "height": "3213", "width": "1768", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3202", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nThe first edition of these Letters was published at\\na distance from the author, and from manuscripts that\\nhad not been copied these circumstances may partly\\naccount for its numerous errors. The prefatatory\\nnote attached to that edition, has the original date\\nrestored which the printers without any attention to\\nits connection, altered to the time of publishing the\\nbook, and thus rendered a few statements and allu-\\nsions contradictory.\\nThe author is indebted to the Editor of the Na-\\ntional Gazette for a very courteous notice of the\\nwork. He has still further obligations to the Editor\\nof the North American Review for an extended\\naccount of it, in which one of the offices of criticism\\nwas exercised in the most lenient manner, the full\\nextent of which was not appreciated until he came\\nto this revisal. The objections made by. both these\\ngentlemen very accomplished judges are indispu-\\ntably well founded yet they were perhaps nearly in-\\nevitable, under the circumstances in which these\\nLetters were written.\\nThe form of the work is not wholly fictitious,\\nthough much the largest part was thrown into this\\nshape for convenience. There may be a slight de-\\ngree of ridicule, in giving the name of an author to a\\nwork of this kind but particular circumstances would\\nhave made it more absurd to withhold it. It ip", "height": "3223", "width": "1773", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "VI PREFACE.\\nneither a statistical work, a Traveller s Guide, or a\\nprocluction of fancy. The object was to give just\\nnotions of a distinguished section of the United\\nStates, and incidentally of the nation at large with\\nthe hope of conveying information even to Americans,\\nand placing strangers in the right paths for investiga-\\ntion. It was written in a desultory way, without the\\naid of any books, being the result of long and various\\nreflection, with some opportunities for observation,\\nand under very slight subjection to any sect or party.\\nIn wishing to avoid exaggeration, the author may\\nnot have done justice to some of the topics he has\\ntreated: they will not be injured by this reserve.\\nHe imposed on himself a rule not to speak of indi-\\nviduals, which is observed with very few exceptions.\\nIt would have added mucli vivacity to some parts of\\nthe work, and afforded him a particular gratification,\\none from which he was hardly restrained, to have\\nspoken of several remarkable persons in our society\\nbut not being an adept in personal panegyric or sa-\\ntire, he was more anxious not to shock that feeling\\nin regard to bringing before the public private anec-\\ndote and character, which, whether it be owing to\\nmodesty or prudery, is so prevalent among us.\\nThe intention of remedying the defects that have\\nbeen pointed out was given up, after finding on con-\\nsideration, that it would be necessary to remould the\\nwork entirely. The author has therefore limited\\nliimself to correcting the numerous verbal errors, and\\nadding a few illustrations either in the body of the\\npage or in notes. With these amendments it is again\\nsubmitted to the indulgence of the public.", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nLETTER I.\\nPage\\nOn certain Funeral Ceremonies 9\\nLETTER II.\\nPolitics 26\\nLETTER III.\\nReligion 75\\nLETTER IV.\\nCommerce 116\\nLETTER V.\\nLiterature 141\\nLETTER VI.\\nFine Arts 173\\nLETTER VII.\\nOn the relative Rank of Americans 1S5\\nLETTER VIII.\\nCharacter and Condition of Women 206\\nLETTER IX.\\nAgriculture 233", "height": "3223", "width": "1773", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "Viii CONTENTS.\\nLETTER X.\\nPage.\\nManufactures 262\\nLETTER XL\\nRemarks on certain points of Administration in different\\nStates 267\\nLETTER XIL\\nOn the past, present, and future State of the Indians 279\\nLETTER XIIL\\nScenery and Climate 306\\nLETTER XIV.\\nHarvard University 334\\nLETTER XV.\\nThe Town of Boston 354\\nLETTER XVI.\\nGenius, Character, and Manners of the Inhahitants of\\nNew-England 378", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "c.\\nLETTER I.\\nON CERTAIN FUNERAL CEREMONIES.\\nX HE advice you wish me to give, my dear friend,\\nin a certain quarter, would be useless. I have long\\nlost all influence there, if I ever had any. Counsel\\nfrom me to avoid exposure to the pestilence, would\\nrather induce your kinsman to encounter it, and run\\nthe chance of the contingency, to prove me wrong.\\nI believe, however, that your fears are needless, and\\nyou may safely calm your solicitude: Were it other-\\nwise, I could hardly partake of it. I am glad that\\nyour own experience and feelings, make you think\\ndeath such a misfortune for others: for myself, I\\nthink it far from being the worst thing that can hap-\\npen to us, and there are situations in which, though it\\nwould not be justifiable to seek it, tis not worth the\\ntrouble to avoid it. J have felt many moments when\\n9", "height": "3223", "width": "1773", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "10\\nit appeared a desirable alternative. 1 rejoice that\\nyou have not found life, to borrow the exasperated ex-\\npressions of Helen M Gregor, the same weary and\\nwasting burden that it is to rue that it is to every\\nnoble and generous mind. But I have so much\\nreason to regard its loss with indifference, that I can\\nbut faintly participate in your apprehensions. To\\nsay the truth, I am at times seriously tired of this\\nchrysalis state of existence, and feel a wish to be trying\\nmy wings in a different region. You know that I am\\nnot sullen, nor careless of your anxieties but if my\\nviews are gloomy, are not your fears unfounded or\\nif not unfounded, are they not exaggerated This is a\\nsubject that will bear the support of poetry let me\\nrecall a passage that you are well acquainted with.\\nReason thus with life\\nIf I do lose thee, I dolose a thing\\nThat none but fools would reck a breath thou art,\\nServile to all the skyey influences,\\nThat do this habitation, where thou keep st,\\nHourly afflict. Merely thou art death s fool\\nFor him thou labourist by thy flight to shun,\\nAnd yet runn st tow rd him still Thou art not noble\\nFor all the accommodations that thou bear st\\nAre nurs d by baseness Thou rt by no means vaUant j\\nFor thou dost fear the soft and tender fork\\nOf a poor worm. Thy best of rest is sleep,\\nAnd that thou oft provok st, yet grossly fear st\\nThy death, which is no more. Thou rt not thyself\\nFor thou exist st on many a thousand grains,\\nThat issue out of dust Happy thou art not\\nFor what thou hast not, still thou striv st to get,", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "11\\nAod what thou hast, forget st Thou art not certain\\nFor thy complexion shifts to strange efl ects,\\nAfter the moon. If thou art rich, thou rt poor\\nFor like an ass whose back with ingots bows.\\nThou bear st thy heavy riches but a journey,\\nAnd death unloadeth thee. Friends thou hast none\\nFor thy own bowels, which do call thee sire,\\nThe mere effusion of thy proper loins,\\nDo curse the gout, serpigo^ and the rheum,\\nFor ending thee no sooner. Thou hast nor youth nor age,\\nBut as it were an after-dinner s sleep,\\nDreaming on both for palPd, thy blessed youth\\nBecomes as aged and doth beg the alms\\nOf palsied Eld and when thou rt old and rich.\\nThou hast neither heat, affection, limb, nor beauty,\\nTo make thy riches pleasant What s yet in this\\nThat bears the name of life yet in this life\\nLie hid more thousand deaths yet death we fear,\\nThat makes these odds all even.\\nYet I do not wish to bring you to my conclusions\\nand if these arguments have an influence that way,\\nyou know where to find in the same admirable\\ndrama,* the opposite side of the question, stated even\\nmore eloquently, and with an effect that will make\\nyou shudder.\\nYou will do me the justice to acknowledge that,\\nwhatever may be the course of my reflections, I do\\nnot often talk or write in the strain I have here been\\nled into but it may be a fit occasion, after this intro-\\nduction, to make some remarks, which I once promis-\\nMeasure for Measure.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "12\\ned you, on the subject of funerals, as they are prac-\\ntised in the eastern states. The traits of peculiarity\\nwhich distinguish them are all derived, like many\\nother things in our habits and customs, from the\\npractice of the forefathers, and are considerably\\ntinctured with that stoical spirit, which the circum-\\nstances they were placed in, and the austere princi-\\nples of their religion, combined to produce.\\nIn that lot which is common to all, it might have\\nbeen supposed, that some similarity of practice would\\nhave taken place. Yet the manner of disposing of\\nthe body after death, is almost as various as are the\\ncauses which produce it. The Hebrews gathered the\\nbodies of their friends to the bones of their fathers,\\nin caves. The Egyptians embalmed the frail tene-\\nment, which becomes so ignoble the moment the\\nethereal spirit has fled, and thus handed down to pos-\\nterity their hideous mummies the Greeks buried\\nor burned their dead indiscriminately among the\\nRomans, the bodies of the great were always burn-\\ned. Some savage nations expose their dead on\\nscaffolds, to be devoured by birds others commit\\nthem to the current of some sacred stream, to be con-\\nsumed by fishes. The first Christians adopted the\\npractice of burying, which was partly induced by\\nsome points of religious belief, and confirmed by the\\ngradual introduction of many superstitious practices,\\ntill this method every were accompanied their reli-\\ngion.\\nThe Romans erected their mausolea on the sides of\\ntheir highways, or at the entrance of their country", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "13\\nseats. Now and then an individual, in modern times,\\nrecurs to the practice of antiquity. The late Duke of\\nOldenburgh, the most virtuous and estimable prince\\nof his time, built, by the side of the public burying\\nground of his little capital, a tomb with the form of a\\nsmall Grecian temple, in the simplest Doric style\u00c2\u00bb\\nand in the purest taste in this were to be deposit-\\ned the urns containing the ashes of his family, whose\\nbodies were burnt in a small building adjoining. The\\nMarquis of Stafford has placed opposite the entrance\\nof his residence in Staffordshire, a stately tomb for\\nhis family. But the common custom of the Chris-\\ntian w^orld, is the literal fulfilment of the precept,\\ndust to dust and the place of deposite is either\\nwithin the walls of the church, or the surrounding\\ncemetery that is consecrated with it. In this coun-\\ntry alone,* is there any deviation from this solemn,\\naffecting, yet often noxious usage. It is solemn to\\nplace the remains of our friends within that sacred\\ntemple, which is dedicated to God it is affecting to\\noffer our devotions, surrounded by the graves of those\\nwe have loved but in great cities, it becomes as\\nnoxious to the living as it is useless to the dead, and\\na wise police has gradually prohibited it in most\\ncountries, or at least diminished the evil, by reserving\\nsuch sepulture for those of high distinction.\\nThe deputies who were sent to this country from Pernambuco, in its recent re-\\nvolt, made a visit to Boston, and nothing appeared to strike them with more sur-\\nprise, than the seeing some burying grounds in the country, unprotected hv. and\\nout of siglit of, any church.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "14\\nFuneral ceremonies are every where different, and\\npeople of different nations would mutually revolt at\\nthose to which they had not been accustomed for\\nwhen the feelings of religion and the anguish of grief\\nhave combined their effects on our minds, we are\\nparticularly shocked at any thing that differs from us.\\nIn the south of Italy, the last care of friends is to\\narray the deceased in a full dress if a man, his hair\\nis powdered, a sword put by his side, and a bouquet\\nat his breast, and then the body is delivered to monks,\\nor to one of those benevolent fraternities, that devote\\nthemselves to the service of the hospitals and the\\nburial of the dead. The appearance of these pro-\\ncessions is appalling; the persons who compose them,\\nwear a kind of hood of linen, black or white, as the\\nrest of their dress may be, and which falls down to\\ntheir waists it has large apertures for the mouth\\nand eyes, so as to form a sort of mask their aspect\\nsuggests to those who see them for the first time,\\nthat it is a collection of spectres who are taking\\ncharge of the individual, who has just entered their\\nranks. The corpse is taken by them through the\\nstreets, exposed on a hearse, and carried to some\\nchurch, where a mass being said over it, the sexton\\nreceives it into his possession, strips it naked, and\\nburies it. Nothing can be more repulsive to unac-\\ncustomed eyes, than this hideous contrast of ghastly\\ndeath, with the gaudy trappings of dress. In Eng-\\nland, according to the regulations of an ancient law,\\npartly sumptuary and partly to encourage the woollen", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "15\\ntrade, the body is always shrouded in woollen thus\\nmaking even the dead contribute to the promotion of\\nmanufactures. A Neapolitan, on seeing one of these\\nplain shrouds, would be shocked in turn, and ready to\\nexclaim, with poor Narcissa.\\nOdiou3 ia woollen p T would a saint provoke.\\nAt Florence many corpses are taken to the Cathe-\\ndral by the monks, to have the funeral service per-\\nformed the churches in Italy are always open, and\\nduring a short residence in that city, I used to go\\nevery evening, towards the close of twilight, to take\\nsome turns in that vast and gloomy Cathedral, when\\na faint gleam was admitted through its elevated win-\\ndows, barely sufficient with the aid of a few lights on\\none of the altars, to distinguish the columns and pro-\\nminent objects of the interior. There seldom failed\\nto enter one of these funeral processions, the monks\\nbeginning to chant the solemn de profundis, as soon\\nas they crossed the threshold. Their torches flung a\\npassing glare on the walls, the flash of which hardly\\nreached the top of the immense dome which towered\\nabove them, like the lofty vault of some gigantic\\ncavern. I used to follow them to one of the interior\\nchapels, and when the service was over, with its last\\nechoes in my ears, groped my way out of the church.,\\nand hurried to the opera house, only a few yards\\ndistant the King of Etruria, then sovereign of Tus-\\ncany, and his family, with all the brilliant society of\\nthe capital, were there assembled amidst a profusion of", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "16\\nlights and the sounds of animated music for the jfirst\\nmoments after this transition, the songs of the opera\\ndid not exclusively occupy my meditations yet I\\nwould not have exchanged them for all the relish of\\nthe finest bravura. But it is not aU^ ays necessary\\nto cross the Atlantic, to witness striking contrasts\\nbetween the gaiety and the inanity of life. A few\\nyears, since, particular reasons made it my duty to\\nattend the funeral of a young and beautiful girl, who\\nwas remarkable for her blooming health. Slie had\\naccepted an invitation to a splendid ball a sudden\\nillness intervened and on the evening it took place\\nshe was deposited in her grave. The tomb was\\nunder a church, the vault of which was lighted up\\nfor the occasion. I listened to the recital of the sub-\\nlime and most affecting burial service over the body\\nof this unfortunate young person, saw her deposited\\nin the tomb among the mouldering coffins of her\\nrelatives and directly afterwards, went to the party,\\ndazzling with lights and elegance, where her com-\\npanions were leading down the dance not one of\\nwhom perhaps had so fair a chance of life, when\\nthe invitations were given, as this sweet young\\ncreature, who thus had been snatched from the midst\\nof them.\\nIn visiting a cemetery one day, near a city in Italy,\\nthe sexton conducted me into a small building by\\nits entrance, where the bodies of three or four chil-\\ndren were lying on a platform. They were all very\\nprettily dressed, and the head of each adorned with", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "17\\na wreath of flowers. Ignorant of this custom, I\\nbelieved them to be asleep and thinking it strange\\nthey should be in this situation, I started a little on\\napproaching, and perceiving they were dead. The\\ngrave-digger asked me, if 1 was afraid of questi\\nangelini f a delicacy of expression that struck me\\nin one of his profession. They had been brought\\nthat morning, and with all the other corpses that\\nmight come in the course of the day, were to be\\nstripped and then deposited in the same pit, whicii\\nwas not to be opened again till the expiration of\\na year. There is one for every day.\\nAn equal diversity prevails in the management and\\nappearance of those enclosures, which protect our\\nfinal quiet home. Those cemeteries where repose\\nthe countless nations of the dead, are as unlike,\\nas the dress and language of their tenants while\\nliving. In some, the ground is thickly studded with\\nmonumental stones, which vainly endeavour to pro-\\nlong the memory of those who have already mingled\\nwith the earth beneath while others show nothing\\nbut those slight svvelhngs of the surface, which, even\\nin a desert, immediately indicate, that they cover a\\nbeing who will disturb it no more. The Quakers,\\nconsistently, with their levelling policy, unwilling\\nthat human vanity should attempt by perishable dis-\\ntinctions, to destroy that equality which death has\\nproduced, exclude monuments from their burying\\ngrounds. The Catholics generally do the same a\\ncenotaph is placed in a church, where the deceased", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "18\\nis of high rank but Protestants in most countries,\\ngive monuments of some kind to their friends and\\nfamilies to the former tliis seems an idle vanit)^.\\nWhen Buonaparte, in one of his early visits to Italy,\\nfirst saw the English burial place* at Leghorn, which\\nis filled with monuments, he exclaimed, See those\\nproud islanders, vain even in death.\\nIn some places the burial ground is never entered\\nbut by the sexton, with the funeral convoy, and the\\nrank grass rustles unheard in others, the sexton\\npastures a cow what a practice, and what a perqui-\\nsite In some, the public pathway crosses the ground,\\nthat some steps may be saved in the brief bustle of\\nthe plodder who passes it, unheeding what he tram-\\nples on and vagrant boys are seen making the\\nmemorials of the dead serve the purposes of their idle\\nplay in others, they form public walks, where chil-\\ndren are carried for the air in the morning, and assig-\\nnations are made for the evening. In some countries,\\nthe tomb once built, the task of vanity is discharged,\\nand it is left to itself and to the injuries it may\\nencounter in others, affection supplies the place of\\na monument, by careful and repeated visits to the\\ngrave. At the great church of Rosschild, where lies\\nthe majesty of buried Denmark, the sides of the\\nchurch are in divisions, that might be chapels if they\\nwere not tombs where all the noble families of the\\nIt is commonly called 90, as there are more of that natiou than of any other\\nbut its real appellation is ihe Protestant burying place because persons of that\\nsect from all nations are buried in it. Tlipre ij one other devoted to the Jews, and\\none to the Catholicp.", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "19\\nkingdom have their deceased relatives deposited in\\ncoffins of brass and lead, with their gaudy coverings\\nfallen into hideous ruin from damp and rottenness, and\\nexposed to view through iron railings. In the\\nchurchyard and church, the graves of humbler indi-\\nviduals are kept in the neatest order, and every\\nSunday their friends arrange them afresh, and place\\nupon them bunches of flowers. Observing in the\\nfloor of this church, a stone covered with wreaths of\\nflowers, I asked the sexton, what person had been\\njust buried there. O, sir, that was the wife of our\\npastor she has been dead several years, but she\\nwas very much beloved, and some of the parishioners\\nbring fresh wreaths of flowers every Sunday, and\\nevery one takes care not to walk on them. A grave\\nin the yard, which was very carefully kept, and on\\nwhich two or three bunches of flowers were sticking,\\nhe said was preserved in that state by the children\\nof a parent, who had been buried there many years\\nbefore. These affectionate demonstrations of remem-\\nbrance, may recall to mind the interesting anecdote\\nwhich the ancients have related concerning the origin\\nof the Corinthian order. The mother or nurse\\nlamenting the death of a young girl, placed on her\\ngrave a basket, containing her toys and playthings,\\ncovered with a tile. It chanced to be placed on a\\nroot of the acanthus the leaves of the plant grow-\\ning up around it, and obstructed by the tile, were\\nbent over, so as to form very nearly the appearance\\nof the Corinthian capital Calliraachus happened to", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "20\\nsee it, took the hint, and formed the Corinthian col-\\numn, the most elegant of the orders.\\nThere is one inconvenience attending the ceme-\\nteries of cities, which all mankind naturally revolt at,\\nand which draws from every one, the imprecation con-\\ntained in Shakspeare s epitaph tiiey must in time\\nbecome so heaped uj) with the spoils of mortality, as to\\nrequire removal to prevent pestilence. The most re-\\nmarkable instance of this exhumation took place in\\nParis, and several years were occupied in the task,\\nwhich was performed without being generally known\\nto the public. It was commenced previous to the\\nRevolution, but the operation continued under all its\\npolitical changes. The immense collection of bones,\\nwhich had accumulated in the burial grounds of that\\ngreat city during the course of centuries, were\\nthrown into the quarries which are near and partly\\nunder it. These excavations are commonly about\\none hundred feet below the surface, and may now,\\nlike the subterranean galleries and quarries of Rome\\nand Naples, be called catacombs. The fancy of the\\nFrench has, however, exerted itself to produce the\\nmost singular exhibition in the world, consisting of a\\nvariety of ornamental objects, which were never be-\\nfore formed of similar materials. These bones have\\nbeen piled up in various forms, such as obelisks, co-\\nlumns, pyramids, c. various inscriptions are scat-\\ntered about, and with the aid of torch-light, the in-\\nhabitant of this living world walks through exten-\\nsive galleries and chambers, surrounded by the re-", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "21\\nmains of countless thousands. In a few minutes he\\nmay pass from the bustle, the frivolity, the gayety, of\\na brilliant capital, to the caverns beneath it, filled\\nwith the relicks of those who in their time also\\nplayed many parts and the mementos are innu-\\nmerable, to enable the philosophic speculator, after a\\nvisit to these regions of the dead, to assure those he\\nhas left that let them paint an inch thick, to this\\ncomplexion they must come at last.\\nTo return from this disgression. When our ances-\\ntors first landed in this country, their numbers were\\nso few, that the death of an individual was like a loss\\nin a family: the decease of one of their number was\\na common concern it made the loneliness of their\\nsituation still more apparent, and naturally carried\\ntheir thoughts back to the country and friends\\nthey had left, the recollection of whom often filled\\ntheir minds with sorrow, in spite of their heroic con-\\nstancy these tender recollections came over them\\nwith accumulated force, when one of their little band\\nwas taken away. The death of an individual, was\\none of the most interesting events that could happen\\nto them, and the funeral of the deceased was attended\\nas a solemn duty by all, when all participated in the\\nbereavement.\\nThere was another motive that produced this\\ngeneral attendance this colony was a religious one,\\nfounded expressly for religious purposes a funeral\\nwas an occasion when religious feelings and impres-\\nsions could be most strongly produced. The precari-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "22\\noils tenure of our existence, which was then so strik-\\ningly obvious, was made use of for the purpose of\\nexhortation, to devote themselves to the constant con-\\nsideration of their future state, and to give themselves\\nexclusively to the service of God, whose worship\\nafter the dictates of their own conscience, was the\\ncause of their expatriation. A funeral was therefore\\na religious observance which none could neglect.\\nOur ancestors had left a country they loved, to\\nencounter the unknown horrors of exile in a new and\\ndistant land. Their minds were elevated to a high\\npitch of steady enthusiasm, which could alone have\\nsupported them, under the difficulties and dangers\\nthey were exposed to. By such men, all the ener-\\nvating emotions of grief and despondency were dis-\\ncountenanced. A stoical disregard of common suf-\\nferings, and of tender feelings, was a practice of re-\\nligious duty. The nourishing of grief and the indul-\\ngence of excess in sensibility, were frowned at a\\nsubmission to the Divine will, and a subjection of all\\ntheir passions to a rigid discipline, was constantly in-\\nculcated. Parents were called upon to yield their\\nchildren, wives their husbands, and children theiv\\nparents, without a murmur. All the dearest relations\\nwere habituated to attend the obsequies of their de-\\nceased relatives, and follow them to the grave.\\nThence arose the practice, that even the nearest rela-\\ntions, in the deepest moments of affliction, followed\\ntheir friends to their last home. It was expected that\\na mother should see her beloved child, or the dear", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "23\\npartner of her life, deposited in the grave, with pious\\nresignation, and witness that agonizing ceremony,\\nwhile listening with indescribable horror to the\\nsound of the earth falling on the coffin of the most\\nbeloved object of her heart.\\nThis fashion continued when the original purpose,\\nor motive, had ceased, and when the sternness and\\nausterity of their manners and habits no longer ex-\\nisted, so as to afford them any particular gratification\\nin the practice of it. In the course of time, too.\\nas their numbers increased, and a diversity of inter-\\nests prevailed, the unity of their social state was bro-\\nken up, and the sort of sympathy, which had existed\\nin a small community, diminished. The forms, how-\\never, continued, and the processions lengthened, till at\\nlast they were composed of very incongruous materi-\\nals of a few wretched sufferers, who followed the\\nhearse with eyes blinded with weeping, and faltering\\nsteps, and with a long train of others, who were per-\\nforming with indifference or unwillingness an irksome\\nduty. This mode of funerals continued till its incon-\\nveniences reached their height. A few years since,\\nthe procession was made as long as possible the re-\\nlatives, male and female, all walked the acquaint-\\nances of both sexes followed, and a train of carria-\\nges, generally empty, brought up the rear the bells\\nwere all tolling, and not, as now, at intervals, but\\nwithout ceasing so that the original purpose of this\\nceremony of tolling the bells, which was to keep the\\ndevil from coming within the sound of them, to annoy", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "24\\nthe dead, was very etfectually answered. It was\\nconsidered a mark of sympathy, and called for by de-\\ncorum, to walk, however bad the weather or the\\nwalking miiiht be. Few more effectual modes could\\nbe devised, for laying the foundation of a new fune-\\nral. This bringing together crowds of indifferent peo-\\nple, produced nothing but the grimace of solemnity\\nand the scene so admirably described at the funeral\\nof Mrs. Margaret Bertram of Singleside, in Guy\\nMannering, had here many prototypes.\\nThe inconvenience began to be gradually remedied\\nthe bells ceased their incessant clattering, and were\\nstruck only at intervals the nearest relations,\\nfemales at least, were excused from going to the\\ngrave no females walked, and in many cases there\\nwas no procession on foot. The desire of a long\\nprocession begins to be less an object of pride and\\nthe vanity of a grand burying is becoming more\\nand more confined to people of colour. A\\nfew individuals have dispensed with public proces-\\nsions, in the case of any of their families. The de-\\ncease of an individual is announced in the papers, for\\nthe information of acquaintances, but the funeral ob-\\nsequies are private, and the ceremonies are fulfilled\\nby the kindness of half a dozen, intimate, sympathiz-\\ning friends. This practice will gradually become\\nuniversal. The useless cruelty of forcing agonized\\nhearts to follow to the grave the unfeeling indecorum,\\nwhich requires a display of their anguish to the gaze\\nThe tolling of bells is sincp entirply srivcn up in Boston\\nI", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "25\\nof the public, and the collecting a crowd of indifter-\\nent people to go though a useless ceremony with re-\\nluctance, will all be obviated. A great deal of idle\\nexpense will be saved, and often to those who can ill\\nafford it. This last consideration should weigh with\\npersons by whom expense will not be felt, to make\\nretrenchment in the practice of the most superfluous of\\nall vanities, that others may follow their example, and\\nnot waste in burying the dead, what is wanted for\\nthe subsistence of the livins:.\\nOur burial grounds in large towns throughout the\\nUnited States are too much crowded, and too much\\nneglected. They have a desolate look of abandon-\\nment. At New-Haven there is one on a better plan,\\nand which forms an interesting object. A reform in\\nour cemeteries would be honourable to public feeling.\\nAn ample piece of ground selected in the vicinity of\\nlarge towns, from land which would be of little value\\nfor any thing else, should be devoted to this purpose^\\nIt would be easy, without great expense, to give the\\nwalls and entrance an appropriate appearance. The\\nyew, the willow, and other funereal trees, would\\nform suitable ornaments within. A sufficient space\\nmight be allowed to different families to decorate as\\nthey choose, and where their remains would repose\\nfor ages untouched. A certain degree of care should\\nbe bestowed in keeping the enclosure and its alleys\\nin a state of neatness, which would seem a decent\\nremembrance of the dead. Such a cemeterv would\\nbe an interesting spot to visit and when dispirited", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "26\\nby uiikindness, misfortune, or that listless satiety,\\nthat makes life insipid, a walk among the graves of\\nour friends might sooth the mind into composure\\nwith this evanescent scene make it look forward\\nwith calmness, if not complacency, to the time when\\nwe shall be re-united to those we have lost when\\nwe too shall be, where the wicked cease from\\ntroubling, and the weary are at rest.\\nLETTER II\\nPOLITICS.\\nMy dear sir,\\nThough we have worn different cockades, and\\nmarched in separate columns, our ultimate views have\\nterminated in the same point the happiness and solid\\nglory of our country. If our prejudices have led us\\nto sympathize with particular individuals, we have\\nnot felt the less contempt for the mere drummers\\nand trumpeters of faction nor been blind to the\\nobliquities in the political course of those, with whom\\nwe were enlisted. Local circumstances may have\\ngiven a different appearance to our opinions, as it has\\nto our dress but this very variety was adopted to\\npreserve comfort and health in the latter, and con-\\nsistency in the former. We may differ about details,", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "27\\nor the merits of this or that individual but in most\\nof the essential points of policy we have fully agreed\\nand during the present political truce we may take a\\nretrospect of the past, with so much more candour, as\\nin the future combination of parties, whenever the strife\\nis renewed, the personnel will be different, though the\\nmateriel may be the same.\\nIt is as easy to imagine a river without banks, as a\\nfree government without parties. Without the one\\nand the other, the current would be stopped in both,\\nand both become stagnant. Parties which tend to\\npreserve the constitution in a sound and vigorous\\nstate, may sometimes, by intemperance and diseased\\naction, cause its destruction. Every man who is not\\na visionary, knows, that their existence is at once\\ninevitable and indispensible but all enlightened and\\nindependent minds will be careful not to identify\\nthem with their country. They will consider them\\nas the means through which that country may be\\nserved, yet will not confound the means with the end.\\nIn extreme cases the one must be abandoned to pre-\\nserve the other and so long as a people continue\\nintelligent and virtuous, they will not be doubtful\\nwhich is to be sacrificed.\\nEvery man who has had much party experience,\\nmust sometimes be disgusted with the tools he is\\nobliged to use, and tired of the course he is impelled to\\npursue. The opinion of one of the most thorough par-\\ntisans of modern times, whose political writings are as\\nclear and correct, as his philosophical ones are obscure\\nand false I mean Lord Bolingbroke may be cited as", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "2^\\nan authoritj ex cathedra A man who has not seen\\nthe inside of parties, nor had opportunities to examine\\nnearly their secret motives, can hardly conceive how\\nlittle a share principle of any sort, though principle\\nof some sort or other be always pretended, has in\\nthe determination of their conduct. Reason has\\nsmall effect on numbers. A turn of imagination,\\noften as violent and as sudden as a gust of wind,\\ndetermines their conduct and passion is taken by\\nothers, and by themselves too, when it grows into\\nhabit especially, for principle.\\nIt is very injurious to a party to remain for a long\\nperiod in opposition, since they will, in the course of\\nit, inevitably fall into relaxation or inconsistency and\\ntheir adherents are lost by the one, and disgraced by\\nthe other. A party, on the contrary, in possession of\\npower, however mean may have been their origin,\\ngradually increase in strength and respectability, till\\na vast majority of the nation is on their side and\\nthen presumption or false views commonly occasion\\ntheir ruin. These remarks are certainly applicable\\nto the two great parties in the United States. The\\nfederalists showed too much presumption from having\\nfounded the constitution, and from having so many\\nillustrious men among them. Your friends began\\ntheir career with no great stock of character in some\\nsections and sacrificed for a time the vital interests\\nof the nation, to the acquisition of popularity. Their\\nnumbers increased first by intriguers, then by the in-\\ndifferent till at last, in some of the states, there was\\nnot a private or a subaltern left on the opposite side.", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "29\\nThe force of circumstances, and the very possession\\nof power, obliged them to adopt sound measures of\\npolicy, and to promote those very objects for whose\\ndestruction they came into office. Their opponents\\ngradually went over to them, and the federal party\\nwould have become even sooner extinct, if considera-\\ntions of local policy in particular states had not still\\nmaintained the name, as a matter of convenience.\\nThis cessation of party at intervals, must inevita-\\nbly take place, from the nature of our political system.\\nAn occasional fallow in the field of politics affords\\na fertilizing repose it prevents the rank growth of\\nparty from exhausting the soil of patriotism. That\\nthere will always be materials for opposition, follows\\nof course but a continuity of opposition in any one\\nbody of men is impossible. Perhaps the revolution\\nof parties may be calculated hereafter with as much\\nprecision as the return of comets but we have not\\nsufficient experience now to fix their periods. The\\nfirst party was undermined at the end of twelve\\nyears yet this was effected by a most skilful states-\\nman, singularly qualified for the task and even he\\nwould not have succeeded at the time, if he had not\\nbeen aided by the contagious violence of the French\\nRevolution. The process, whenever it is attempted,\\nwill be nearly the same the cry will be economy,\\nc. c. but there is so little of mere populace in\\nour country, that so long as the administration pre-\\nserve a due share of discretion in the management of\\naffairs, the operation of subverting them will be slow.\\nHow long the present succession of things may last,", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "it is, impossible to say but a complete revolution in\\nthe cabinet must bo more and more difficult to accom-\\nplish. The old or federal oppositionists have become\\nthe supporters of the administration, though neither\\nofficially nor officiously. They had nothing to op-\\npose their occupation is gone. The party in power\\nhas come back to the true interests and principles of\\nthe government. Such will be the routine- Ambitious\\nindividuals create a party and aided by circumstan-\\nces, are borne into power through popular caprice or\\ndelusion. They put the safety of the nation in jeop-\\nardy to maintain this delusion. After becoming fixed\\nin their seats, they find it necessary to guide the car\\nof state into the beaten road, to prevent its destruc-\\ntion. Those who opposed them are then tranquilliz-\\ned, caring little who holds the reins, if they are pro-\\nceeding in the right road. Parties are amalgamated;\\nand aspiring politicians commence a fresh division.\\nFrom looking at the machinery of English politics,\\nsome persons have had the idea of such a regular\\nopposition here, as exists there, without considering\\nthe radical difference between our political systems.\\nThe opposition in England has a sort of hereditary\\npermanency. It is an imion of the aristocracy and\\ndemocracy against the crown. Several of the great\\nfamilies of that kingdom, from aristocratic pride, and\\ndisdaining to ask favours, which their rank and for-\\ntune make them careless about keep aloof from the\\ngovernment, though not always engaged in active\\nopposition. Their immense landed property gives\\nthem the control of several boroughs, for which they", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "31\\nreturn to the house of commons their sons or connex-\\nions. There are, besides, the rotten boroughs, for\\nwhich a seat is purchased, that enables a statesman,\\nhowever unpopular, to continue in parliament. Two\\nor three cities, besides, where the lower class of citi-\\nzens have a vote, return representatives who com-\\nmonly join this party, because they are too few to\\nact by themselves. The party thus composed, is\\ngenerally a minority of one-fifth or one-sixtii of the\\nlower house, and called the whig party their foun-\\ndation is in the aristocracy. They are, as Burke said\\nof himself, when he belonged to them, nailed to the\\nnorth wall of opposition., and maintain a regular sys-\\ntem of attack against every measure of the ministry\\nof course they are wrong the greater part of the time,\\nand are often opposed to the opinion of the nation. At\\ndistant intervals they are forced by circumstances on\\nthe king, who never receives them cordially, or retains\\nthem long. Now what similarity is there between this\\nopposition, and an opposition in this country We\\nhave no hereditary senators, who can follow their\\nown sentiments, regardless of the feelings of the\\nnation we have no boroughs which we can buy to\\nplace us in congress opposition therefore cannot be\\ncontinued in this country to men, when measures are\\nsatisfactory. If Mr. Burke lost his election for Bristol,\\nhe might still have a seat in parliament for Old Sarum\\nor St. Germains. When Mr. Ames lost the election\\nin his county of Norfolk, he could no longer remain\\nin the house of representatives. Public sentiment", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "32\\ncannot be made to adopt individual prejudices and\\nanimosities for a long time when the people gener-\\nally are satisfied with the course pursued by the\\nadministration, they will elect men who will harmo-\\nnize with it. Principles, not Men, is essentially\\nthe maxim of our political system. There is in this\\ncountry no foundation for supporting a permanent\\nparty in opposition, any more than a permanent party\\nin power.\\nThe federal party has in fact been extinct for some\\ntime. You will excuse me for dwelling at all on so\\nobvious a truth, because a number of demagogues\\nhere have a lively interest in maintaining the contrary,\\nas it gives them a pretension to that exclusive favour\\nat Washington, which they would else be without.\\nWe also see occasionally some people at the south,\\nbeating the air with the cry of federalism, probably\\nfrom habit. If the majority of people in the state of\\nMaryland do not choose to be governed by the ban-\\nditti of Baltimore or in Massachusetts, are unwill-\\ning to displace a gallant, revolutionary patriot, against\\nwhom no shadow of reproach can be cast and if\\nthese people are called Federalists, it is still idle to\\ntalk of the Federal party. In some states it had never\\nany existence at all, and in many others has long\\nceased from any exertion. As its extinction was\\nannounced by no formal act, it cannot be dated ex-\\nactly it may be said to have terminated when the\\nlate war commenced, though an opportunity was then\\nfurnished it for renewal, which was lost, perhaps", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "33\\nfortunately so or at least it expired with the termi-\\nnation of that war, and since the last presidential elec-\\ntion, not a trace of it as a national party can be found.\\nThis party will have justice done to it by posterity.\\nIts services or its errors, I neither wish to magnify\\nnor extenuate. When contemporary partialities and\\nenmities shall be forgotten, it will be considered one\\nof the most illustrious combinations to be found in the\\nannals of freedom. But this is not the time to write\\nits history there are too many yet alive, to borrow\\na figure of Mr. Grattan s, who have sat by its cradle,\\nand who have followed its hearse. Called into exist\\nence to administer and support that glorious constitu-\\ntion, which the wisdom of the states had adopted, it\\ncommenced its career with the purest feelings of\\npatriotism. The nation held in pledge for an upright\\nmanagement of its affairs, the noblest reputation which\\nmodern times have known. Almost all the survivors\\nof the revolutionary struggle, who had been eminent\\nin the council or the field, were to be found in its\\nranks, and they who had achieved the independence\\nof their country, were called upon to preserve it.\\nSurrounded with difficulties in the outset, struggling\\nagainst the undisguised ill will of one nation^ and the\\ninsidious friendship of another they had all the\\ndepartments of the public service to create, and at\\nthe same time to adjust the machinery of a new go-\\nvernment, for a young, restless, and expanding nation.\\nEnvy, jealousy, and ambition were soon busily em-\\nployed to impede their progress, misrepresent their\\no", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "34\\nactions, and exaggerate their errors. The universal\\nphrenzy of the French Revolution brought timely\\naid to their exertions men s minds became so excit-\\ned by the electric state of the times, that all sober\\nJudgment was prevented, and passion decided on the\\nresults of calculation. Fortunately it withstood the\\ntorrent long enough to save the nation from the in-\\ncalculable evils of an alliance with revolutionary\\nEurope in whose vortex, if we had once been in-\\nvolved, we should, when the whirlpool had subsided,\\nlike some others, have disappeared altogether, or have\\nrisen to the surface disfigured, disgraced, and mutilat-\\ned.\\nWhen this party was thrown out of power, its con-\\nduct in opposition, with very few exceptions, added\\nnew dignity to its former character. Exposed to a\\nproscription the most universal, it received the assur-\\nance that there was no hope for personal ambition in\\nits ranks, conveyed in the remarkable complimentj\\nthat the time did not exist when it could only be in-\\nquired respecting a candidate for office, Is he\\nhonest is he capable is he attached to the consti-\\ntution Yet with true magnanimity, they struggled\\nhard to defend, for the interests of the nation, those\\ninstitutions from which they were precluded, against\\nthe short-sightedness, bigotry, and zeal of an increas-\\ning, angry, intolerant party. They strove to preserve\\nthe edifices from which they had been driven, and to\\nkeep those who were in possession, from devastating\\nand destroying them. Their efforts were not wholly\\nunavailing the army, navy, finance, judiciary, all", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "35\\nsuffered dilapidation, and the nation enormous loss\\nand subsequent mischief; but the foundations remain-\\ned and after a period, when some very poignant\\nlessons had been inflicted by events, those who had\\nexulted in the demolition, began to assist in their re-\\nconstruction.\\nAs soon as this process commenced, their existence\\nwas superfluous their task was completed, when the\\nparty in power ceased from the destruction of the\\nfederal government, and began to restore the original\\nprinciples of action and means of security, for which\\nthis government had been adopted by the nation.\\nFederalism was no longer a distinction, when anti-\\nfederalism was extinct, any more than republicanism\\nis, where there are no opposers of it. Nine hundred\\nand ninety-nine in every thousand in the United\\nStates, are republicans from predilection and from\\nprinciple. Parties must invent new names for their\\nwatchword we are now all republicans, all feder-\\nalists. No man will lift a finger against the consti-\\ntuent principles of both these parties. Dispassionate\\nand patriotic minds in the federal ranks welcomed\\nthis state of things; which prevented the ultimate\\ndeterioration of a party, whose general career had\\nbeen useful, dignified, and unpopular. The limits of\\nthis party had been constantly narrowing its con-\\nnexion and concert more and more broken its cha-\\nracter as a national party was shrinking into the con-\\nfined policy of state politics its Catholic principles\\nfalling into the narrowness of sectarianism. There", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "36\\nloiiser a communication between distant\\npoints, and no plan of action, (the results of informa-\\ntion and compromise from various quarters,) all gene-\\nral views were lost, and general sympathy of course\\ndestroyed. From the substitution of local passions\\nand prejudices for a wider system and more enlarged\\nviews, this inevitable consequence ensued that every\\none out of the coteries existing here and there, was\\ndissatisfied, disgusted and injured by the pursuit of\\nmeasures which he disapproved, or tenets he denied.\\nGreat numbers were therefore rejoiced when circum-\\nstances permitted the disbanding of a force, that had\\nbeen originally guided in its career by the noblest\\nprinciples but which, having lost many of its most\\ndistinguished leaders, being extremely incomplete in\\nmany of its divisions, was now led at times by subal-\\nterns without concert and had fallen so much from\\ndiscipline, that a mere trumpeter would sometimes\\nundertake to sound a charge, that might produce a\\nserious check to one of the wings, or a disgraceful\\ndefeat to the whole body.\\nThat all the measures of this party were wise, or\\nthe opinions of all its members sound, no one will\\npretend that the one and the other generally merited\\nthis character, no one but the veriest bigot will ven-\\nture to deny. Commencing the operations of a go-\\nvernment without precedents to consult, or chart to\\ndirect, and at a time when political society was every\\nAvhere in a state of fermentation, it was impossible\\nthat some errors should not have taken place yet in", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "37\\nreviewing all the circumstances, it is astonishing that\\nthey were so few. These few, however, together\\nwith the foppery and extravagance of individual sen^\\ntiments, sometimes produced in the wantonness of\\nsport, and at others in a moment of irritation, were\\ntaken as the standard of their conduct. Posterity,\\nat least, will listen to an appeal from this rule of\\nJudgment for to quote again from Bolingbroke,\\nIt would he hard indeed if parties were to be cha-\\nracterized, not by their common views, or the general\\ntenour of their conduct, but by the private views im-\\nputed to some among them, or by the particular\\nsallies into which mistake, surprise, or passion, hath\\nsometimes betrayed the best intentioned, and even\\nthe best conducted bodies of men.\\nI have spoken of the federal party generally, as a\\nnatural introduction to some remarks upon the por-\\ntion of it in Massachusetts, which were the main pur-\\npose of this letter. 1 think, when you are acquaint-\\ned with the peculiar situation, in which the present\\nruling party in this state, one of the chief fragments\\nof the federal party, has been placed, that you will\\nadmit there is some apology for their recent opposi-\\ntion. Calumny and misrepresentation have been so\\nwidely and steadily disseminated, that the n^ost out-\\nrageous prejudices have been excited in other parts\\nof the country and many have condemned them for\\ntheir violence, without any idea of the provocation\\nthey had received. Very extensive mischief, if it be\\nmischief to create animosity between different sec-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "38\\ntions of the couniiy, has been effected by j onie of tii\u00c2\u00ab\\njournals at the south, and by other publications indus-\\ntriously distributed. One of the most bulky of these\\nmay he cited as a specimen. An octavo volume, com-\\npiled by an Irish bookseller in Philadelphia, has, if the\\ntitle page may be believed, gone through a dozen edi-\\ntions patriotism and profit are both served by the\\nsale of the work, which is entitled, The Olive\\nBranch, or faults on both sides under this pretty\\nname, parties are to be reconciled and diiferences heal-\\ned, by a candid exhibition of mutual errors. What is\\nthe performance Passing over the dulness of a\\nparcel of extracts from old newspapers, it has selected,\\nwith a delicacy and tenderness truly affectionate, a few\\nprominent blunders on one side, which are narrated\\nwith the tone of a friend but from the other, the\\nstrongest passages in remonstrances against particular\\nmeasures the violences of newspaper paragraphs, in\\nthe highest moments of irritation the ebullitions of\\ndeclaimers, Avhose infirmities of temper may have led\\nthem in moments of excitement into extravagance\\nthe most inflammatory things that can be found\\namong insulated speeches, sermons and gazettes, for a\\nseries of years, when the highest political ferment ex-\\nisted all these are brought together in the spirit of an\\nenemy, as a regular plan, a continued system of incon-\\nsistency, discord and faction. This is about as fair,\\nas it would be to make extracts from the bills of mor-\\ntality in Philadelphia, during the most fatal season of\\nthe yellow fever, and from those of Boston in a", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "39\\nhealthy summer, and give them as a true specimen ol\\nthe salubrity of the two cities.\\nA more malignant design could hardly have been\\nImagined though a smile is excited by a certain na-\\ntional raciness in the title of this book, which should\\nhave been, The torch of Alecto, or perpetual rancour\\nand animosity. A work, indeed, of the kind to\\nwhich this makes a hypocritical pretence, might be-\\ncome a text book of permanent utility, to teach poli-\\ntical morality and wisdom to future statesmen but\\nit must not be the paltry impulse of party, or pecuni-\\nary thrift, that should guide its author. Who is there\\nto undertake such a work Who is there with suffi-\\ncient sagacity and knowledge for the task, and, at\\nthe same time, sufficient independence of his own\\ntimes Such a man must not have any expectation\\neither from the people or their delegates he must\\nfear neither the senate nor the tribunes he must tell\\nCaesar that his ambition will lead him and his country\\nto destruction he must let Antony know that his\\nprofligate habits destroy the confidence which his\\ncourage, his talents and address would inspire and\\nhe must yet harder task inform Cato that his vani-\\nty, his rudeness, and his confounding personal ani-\\nmosities with public principles, destroy all the advan-\\ntages which his country might derive from his expe-\\nrience and integrity.\\nThere is much dissimilarity in the character of\\nthose, who compose the parties that bear the same\\nname, in different parts of the country. The causes", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "4U\\nof this discrepancy it is not my purpose to investi-\\ngate nor do I intend to sketch the history of tlie de-\\nmocratic party among us I might be a prejudiced\\nhistorian. You can judge of its general character,\\nfrom the individuals you have seen. Candid men on\\nthat side are always willing to admit, that their party\\nis not composed, in this quarter, of exactly such ma-\\nterials as they could wish. There are able and re-\\nspectable men belonging to it, and there are among\\nthem many veterans of tlie revolution because they\\nwere led to think, that they were the exclusive friends\\nof that event. In point of numbers, it has varied at\\ncertain periods but those who pretend to exclusive\\npatriotism, always find followers it has always been\\nconsiderable in this respect; in others, its relative stand-\\ning has been very different. My chief object is to show\\nyou the position of the majority here, and while I\\nhope you will allow that there is some apology for\\nthe violence of their recent opposition, I shall speak\\nof the course they pursued, with freedom, and I trust\\nwith impartiality.\\nThe federalists in Massachusetts have frequently,\\nnot only by popular election, but by executive ap-\\npointments, placed their opponents in places of profit,\\nwhen it was an office they had before held, and in\\nsome instances appointed them to new ones; and\\nvery rarely has any person in any civil trust, been\\nturned out by them from political considerations.\\nThe feelings of their antagonists were not to be\\ntouched by any generous actions their accession to", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "41\\npower was like the iiiuption of a savage foe; every\\nbody was proscribed integrity and length of service\\nwere nothing. This proscription, which only oc-\\ncasioned some individual distress, was of compara-\\ntively trifling importance. They attempted to\\ndestroy all freedom of opinion, and the very founda-\\ntion of republicanism, by a tyrannical regulation of\\nthe banking system. The charters of the banks\\nwhen about expiring, were to be refused a renewal.\\nA new banki with a very large capital, was incor-\\nporated, to which no man was to be admitted to become\\na subscriber, unless he had certain party qualifications\\nand to perpetuate power thus uprightly used, the\\nancient landmarks of the state were removed, and the\\nsurface broken into new divisions, to secure majori-\\nties which formed such strange portentous shapes in\\ntopography, that a new term was invented to express\\nthe operation.\\nOne powerful source of misrepresentation, and,\\nstrange as it may seem, of delusion, is the imputation\\nof a love of aristocracy, royalty, monarchy, and the\\nwhole train of similar hobgoblins, which are success-\\nfully used to frighten babes in the democratic nursery.\\nPreposterous as this may appear to you, there are\\nmen full grown, who can read and write, and are\\nallowed to vote, who believe this and the sly knaves\\nwho inculcate it are able, from habit, to keep their\\ncountenance while they are telling the story. Now,\\nto an European, who knows of what stuff kings and\\ncourtiers are made, this would be indescribably ludic-\\n6", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "42\\nlous, and his couitiy arrogance would lead him to say,\\nwith Sancho, You cannot make a silk purse from a\\nsow*s-ear but to those who have never seen royalty,\\nand its appendages, it is only absurd. The truth is,\\nthat the people of these states are all essentially,\\ndemocratic republicans, in their civil and political\\ncode, their religion, education, laws respecting pro-\\nperty, habits, prejudices, every thing. Even those\\nwho from mere wantonness and foppery talk lightly\\nof republicanism, are all republicans in grain, and\\ninveterately so. To make a monar hy here, would\\neven be more impracticable than to make a republic in\\nFrance this character indeed is not new to them\\ntheir ancestors left England republicans two cen-\\nturies ago their republicanism has been rendered\\nmore perfect of late years. There was remaining,\\ndown to a recent period, some tinge of distinction in\\nranks, which was a slight remnant of the colonial\\nstate this has been quite obliterated. Honesty, in-\\ntegrity, and intelligence are the only questions asked,\\nand you might have seen, among the members of\\nthe Massachusetts legislature, when it lately obtain-\\ned such a cumbrous size, not only merchants, lawyers,\\nphysicians, and farmers, but shoemakers, carpenters,\\npainters, blacksmiths, masons, printers, c. I do\\nnot mean that they took the labourers from the work-\\nshops, because the wages of a legislator would not\\nsupport a man, and a journeyman could not afford to\\nserve but men who were or had been masters of", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "43\\nthese trades themselves, did their duty in the legisla-\\nture, and discharged it reputably.\\nNor, to do the federalists justice, can it be denied\\nwhether it does them honour, is another question\\nthat they have other marked traits of democracy.\\nThe parsimony in rewarding public services, the fear\\nof losing popularity, the contumelious treatment of all\\nthose in power who were not placed there by them\u00c2\u00bb\\nselves, the ceaseless jealousy with which the actions\\nof all such obnoxious persons were watched adopting\\nthe most uncandid construction that could be put on\\nevery measure in the midst of difficulties condemna-\\ntion for what was done, and for what was left un-\\ndone if all these will establish our claims to a full\\nshare of the democratic spirit, we have waggon-loads\\nof vouchers.\\nWhen the national administration had been transfer-\\nred ^as soon as conflicting claims had been settled\\na general proscription was carried into effect all the\\nold servants of the public were turned out, to reward\\nthose who had laboured so assiduously for theif\\nplaces. Neither revolutionary services, upright con-\\nduct, and faithful discharge of trust, nor the negative\\npraise of inoffensiveness, much less the distress it\\nmight occasion the incumbent, were to be regarded.\\nA general clearing was the consequence, so that only\\none or two standards remained. Indeed, at the mo-\\nment, I only recollect one, the veteran General Lin-\\ncoln, one of those fine specimens of calm intrepidity\\ncourtesy, simplicity and integrity, that ennoble the", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "44\\nmilitary career, and form its heau ideal. You will\\nexcuse my throwing this poor flower in passing, on\\nhis grave over which his country has not yet found\\ntime to erect a monument.\\nThe federalists, it is well known, grumbled and\\nrailed most stoutly at this process but from its very\\nnature it was soon completed the new officers did\\ntheir duty, and the murmurs gradually died away.\\nThey submitted so completely to this system, that\\ntli\u00c2\u00aby entirely gave up all ideas of being employed in\\nthe public service and no claim on account of ser-\\nvices rendered, of talents or peculiar fitness for office,\\nwould have been considered worth urging in favour\\nof any one belonging to this party, however moderate\\nhe might be in his political character. At least nine-\\ntenths of those, whose talents or education made\\nthem suitable for any kind, even the humblest, of\\npublic employments, thus found themselves rigidly ex~\\neluded in favour of the small minority that was left.\\nThis would at last have been considered a matter\\nof course, and opposition would have in time wholly\\nsubsided, if the administration at Washington had\\nnot thought it necessary, and doubtless for a period it\\nwas so to use their constant effi)rts to place their\\npartisans, already basking in the sunshine of national\\nfavour, in the control of the state governments and\\nwe have seen that their conduct in them was such, as\\nto excite the opposition of every man who felt any\\ninterest in the dignity or prosperity of these govern-\\nments. The federalists, therefore, in this and the", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "45\\nbordering states, were forced, from the most obvibus\\nprinciples of self-preservation, to continue an opposi-\\ntion, not so much to the federal government, as to a\\nfaction within themselves, enjoying the protection of\\nthat government without which it would have been\\npowerless and insignificant.\\nThus they went on, struggling annually to main-\\ntain their share in the state administrations, and to\\nprevent, as they believed, the subversion of that\\nsystem of local policy relating to the judiciary, the\\nsupport of education, religion, and various public\\ninstitutions to which they were attached. These\\nfears were doubtless excessive as to the ultimate\\ndegree of mischief that would have been done, be-\\ncause the good sense of the citizens, deluded as they\\nmight be for a time, would not keep any party long\\nenough in power to consummate the work but that\\nthey were not wholly groundless, the open threats\\nand overt acts of this party had given full assurance.\\nThis was the situation of things between the federa-\\nlists in these states and the administration, dowji to\\nthe commencement of the late war.\\nThis was a moment when, if conciliation had been\\npossible, it would have been followed with the most\\nglorious consequences. Whether one, or both sides,\\nor neither, were to blame for its not taking place, I\\ndo not pretend to decide, but their common country\\nwas the victim. There was one transaction at this\\nperiod, which has left an indelible stain on its authors.\\nOne of the most wretched and insignificant of all in-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "46\\ntriguers, worthily seconded by a base, foreign swind-\\nler, went to Washington, and there revealed certain\\nportentous secrets to the president. While many an\\nhonest claimant was pining in delay of justice by a\\nscrupulous treasury while many an important fortress\\nwas without a gun for its defence, these glorious\\nsecrets were eagerly bought for fifty thousand dollars.\\nAs they contained only some silly, abortive intrigues\\nof an English colonial governor, they seemed of little\\nvalue in the list of grievances for a declaration of\\nwar, where so many very substantial ones existed\\nand as the most malignant interpretation could im-\\nplicate no citizen with connivance, if it had been\\nthought worth while to make use of them against the\\nenemy, a fine opportunity was offered for a magnani-\\nmous exoneration of our own citizens, from all sus-\\npicion of yielding to these sinister intrigues. What\\nwas the course pursued I will not trust myself to\\ncharacterize it public sentiment has pronounced on\\nthe subject but the impolicy was flagrant, that at-\\ntempted to stigmatize with infamy all the leading\\nmen in a powerful section of the country, on the eve\\nof a war, which demanded for its successful termina-\\ntion, the whole energy of a united nation. Is there\\nmiy person who can wonder that men who had a\\nspark of honour or integrity remaining, should hurl\\ndefiance at an administration, which sought to blast\\nthem with insinuations of the most despicable treason\\nWhen the war commenced, numerous appointments\\nwere to be made many of these were of a descrip-", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "tion to need a high, elevated, galhmt feeling, and\\nafforded another opening for reconciliation, by calling\\non all classes for the public defence. Was there any\\ninstance, in this part of the country, where a man s\\nparty qualifications were disregarded Could any\\nman obtain leave to shed his blood for his country,\\neven if his father had done so before him, unless he\\ncarried a recommendation from those, who had so\\nfatally persuaded the administration to abandon this\\nimportant section of the Union to their control In\\nother states there were some very notorious federalists\\nwho received military appointments, but here an in-\\nveterate hostility doomed them to inaction. If the\\ncase were reversed, do you think that your friends\\nand neighbours would tamely endure this most gall-\\ning kind of outlawry\\nI trust to your forbearance for one word more of\\nreproach against your friends. The most extensive\\nmischief has resulted, from the administration so\\npertinaciously making a privileged pet of the demo-\\ncratic party among us, which in this case, as in most\\nothers of perverse fondness, had neither the graces\\nof mind nor body to excuse the caprice. The whole\\ninterior management in this quarter during the war,\\nleft the majority of the state in some doubt, whether\\ntheir destruction, or that of the enemy, was the fa-\\nvourite object. Certain it is, that much more serious\\ninjury might have been done to the latter, if hatred\\nagainst the former had been less active, or only been\\npostponed. Essential measures were defeated through", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "48\\ntiie desire to mortify and degrade those, wlio iiekl the\\nmilitary and civil command of the state. It would\\nbe too repulsive a task to go into details, but such\\nwas the fact. Whenever the situation in which the\\ngovernment of Massachusetts was unfortunately pla-\\nced, shall be fairly and fully investigated, men of\\nhonourable feelings and impartial minds, though they\\nmay be of opposite political sentiments, will allow\\nthat there was much excuse for the heated and disas-\\ntrous opposition, the state was almost obliged to\\nsustain. Its services, means, exertions, were all en-\\ngaged in the public defence, and might have been\\nrendered much more effective, if a course had not\\nbeen pursued, which was useless for every purpose,\\nbut to gratify the malignant feelings of a local fac-\\ntion.\\nHaving thus mentioned to you a few circumstan-\\nces, to show how the ruling party here were forced,\\ndriven, goaded into a continued opposition to the na-\\ntional government which was, notwithstanding,\\nfounded on considerations of local policy, and directed\\nmore against a domestic faction among themselves,\\nthan against the general administration I trust the\\nstatement, which might have been enlarged with\\nmany emphatic details, will have some weight in\\nyour mind, to excuse the violence of that opposition\\non which I now proceed to comment with the same\\nfreedom, that I have spoken of the injurious policy\\nexercised towards it. In all these remarks, I consider\\nthe administration and the opposition of that period", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "49\\nas both extinct and that we are reviewing their con-\\nduct as an affair of history though of history too\\nrecent, it must be owned, to expect perfect impartia-\\nlity.\\nI have before remarked, that the commencement\\nof the late war was a moment when the federal part}\\nmight have been renewed that the opportunity was\\nlost, and perhaps fortunately. Though a war with\\none of the great belligerent powers had seemed inevi-\\ntable for years, it was declared at last rashly, because\\nvery slight preparation had been made, and the repre-\\nsentatives who declared it, refused to lay taxes for\\nits support, and hurried home to take care of their\\npopularity. Almost destitute of the first means even\\nfor defensive, there could not be any preparation for\\noffensive, warfare, that merited the name. With\\nundisciplined, new levies, very few of whose officers\\nhad seen service without any one department being\\norganized, or any well arranged plan of a campaign,\\nour operations commenced defeat in the first in-\\nstance was inevitable the miserable state of the\\nfinances, and the little confidence felt by the moneyed\\ninterest in their management, soon accumulated the\\ntnost serious difficulties. We had, besides, been so\\nlong at peace, there was something so resounding and\\nimposing in the great military and naval conflicts,\\nwhich had taken place in this era we had been so\\nlong bullied and injured by the rival powers, that\\nmany individuals distrusted our prowess, and believed\\nthat our enterprise was suited only to peaceful pur-\\n7", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "50\\nsuits, and that we should be very unapt scholars m\\nmartial science. If then the federalists, when the\\nwar broke out, had established a correspondence with\\neach other, for a uniform plan of proceeding if they\\nhad continued to denounce the war, not for its\\nwickedness, but for its rashness and impolicy had\\nthey given the government the means they asked to\\ncarry it on effectively, and confined themselves to legi-\\ntimate measures of opposition to pointing out the\\nmismanagement, the improvidence, which menaced\\nthe country with ruin, they would have acquired a\\nprodigious increase of strength, and perhaps might\\nhave come again into power. But with marvellous\\nmagnanimity, as regarded party policy, they set them-\\nselves to oppose the current of national feeling, not\\nthe conduct of the administration they clamoured\\nagainst the war itself, not the mismanagement of it,\\nand they were so much in dread of the ambition of\\nthe cabinet at Washington, that they did every thing\\nin their power to thwart the prosecution of the war\\nrather trusting for a peace to the forbearance of an\\narrogant, grasping, irritated, foreign power, than to an\\nadministration that had been driven into it, and were\\nmost anxious to get out of the difficulty. By this\\ncourse, which paralyzed some important operations?\\nthey alarmed many moderate men, who however they\\nmay happen to vote, care more for their country than\\ntheir party and a very large number of others were\\ndisgusted and driven away, by the anti-national tone,\\nwhich was so foolishly and so frequently adopted.", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "51\\nThere was no concert between different parts ol\\nthe country the principles that were broached here,\\ntogether with the tone of our newspapers and resohi-\\ntions, destroyed all sympathy in the breasts of fede\\nralists in other states. Thus the occasion for renovat\\ning the federal party was lost, and the fragment of ir\\nwhich subsisted in the eastern section of the Union,\\noccupied itself with more; passion than foresight in\\nopposing the national feelings and struggling against\\nthe intrigues of a domestic faction, that was making\\nuse of the war to get the control of the state govern-\\nments and although the pressure of the war was\\nvery severe upon this quarter, this was perhaps\\nthe most dreaded of all it calamities.\\nYou may, perhaps, think it inconsistent in me to\\nsuggest, that it was fortunate, that the occasion for\\nrestoring the federal party was lost you will there-\\nfore excuse a few words in explanation. So many\\ndistinguished leaders of the party were dead it had\\nso entirely run out in many of the states, and such a\\nload of obloquy had been unjustly heaped upon it,\\nthat even if it had been restored to power, the preju-\\ndices in many parts of the Union were so strong, that\\nit could never have acted usefully for the nation. It\\nwas much better, that the party which had displaced\\nit, and which had the popular prejudice in its favour,\\nshould gradually assume its principles, which were\\nthe original principles of our government. You wil\\nperceive my meaning without further illustration but\\none point is too striking to be omitted. One of the", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "52\\ngreat measures of* the federal administration, one of\\nthe vital supports of this union at home and abroad, is\\nthe navy ^you know what a mass of jealousy and\\nhatred was engendered against it; how many vision-\\nary unfounded statements were made, both in\\nspeeches and writings how resolutely it was doomed\\nto destruction. The late war, one of the most fortu-\\nnate, both in a foreign and domestic view, that any\\nnation ever waged which 1 believe to have been the\\nmost redeeming and salutary in its consequences to\\nthis nation if it had done no other good, would\\nhave been of incalculable value, in showing the indis-\\npensable importance of this branch of defence, and\\nthe excellent materials we possess for it. Probably\\nthere is no subject on which the opinion of the pub-\\nlic is now so unanimous its increase and prosperity\\nare favourite objects with the administration and\\nwith the people, and there is no one to dissent but\\nin the hands of the federal party, suspicion would\\nhave watched every step, and its growth and efficien-\\ncy would have been greatly retarded by opposition.\\nDuring a long course of party animosity and\\naspersion, it had grown to be a matter of belief, that\\nthe administration, in the management of our foreign\\nrielations, were entirely under the influence of France\\nthe main proofs of which were brought from their\\navowed partiality and violent sympathy for the\\nFrench Revolution, long after many who hailed\\nits commencement with the most generous emotions\\nwere disgusted with the course it took, and filled with", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "53\\ntoo just apprehensions of its wretched termination.\\nThis belief, naturally enough, produced a feeling in\\nfavour of the rival of France, more particularly,\\nwhen the existence of that rival seemed to be in the\\nmost imminent danger, and the power of France me-\\nnaced the civilized world with subjection to military\\ntyranny. A number of writers for a series of years,\\nhad dwelt on the danger to which we were ultimate-\\nly exposed, by the prophesied supremacy of France.*\\nFear of that power, rather than love of England,\\nThe writings of Fisher Anies, one of the most accomplished orators tliat the\\neastern states have produced, had a decisive influence in this way. They gave a\\ntone to almost all our new.^paper essays for a loug time. Mr. Ames had suirender-\\ned his mind to a theory, and, as men of genius are prone to do, pursued it in all its\\nramifications, till judgment was out of sight. There was a settled systematic con-\\nviction in his mind, of an inevitable, intrinsic principle of rapid deterioratioQ\\nin our institutions and this produced a train of melancholy, gloomy fore*\\nbodings, which, couched as they were in the most animated style, made a lasting\\nimpression. Having taken the deepest interest in public affairs at the period, when\\nefforts were made to involve our career with that of revolutionary France feeling\\nhow certain and perhaps irretrievable would have been the evils of such an union;\\nhaving watched the crisis with an anxiety amounting almost to mental agony, and\\nhaving had a very considerable share, by his persuasive eloquence, in preventing\\nit the feelings that were excited at the time imbued all his ideas, and led him into\\nthe great error of blending the systems of the French republic and our confederaiiou\\ntogether, though no two political systems could be more fundamentally different.\\nWith respect to the former, he was always right, and sometimes piophetically so\\nand with regard to the latter, almost invariably wrong. In his politics, there was\\na tincture of prejudice, infused by early associations with some of his connexions,\\nwho had been opposed to the revolution. As a public man, there was nothing coarse\\nin his ambition, nothing sordid in his views but he had too much genius and too\\nlittle worldliness, to make a very successful statesman. lu private life he was the\\ndelight of his friends the amenity of his manners, the simplicity and integrity of\\nhis heart, the perennial, sparkling brilliancy of his mind, made his society a constant\\nsource of interest. In the frankness and courtesy of his intercourse, in the pl.iinness\\nand moderation of all his habits, in his ardent love of liberty, he was a practical\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ppublican.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "54\\ndeeply pervaded our political feelings and the evils\\nof war were rendered insupportably galling, when\\nthey were supposed to be in any degree owing to the\\nintrigues of a foreign despotism You may think\\nthis illiberality disgraceful, until you recollect the\\nmiserable imputation so lavishly cast by the other\\nside, of British gold and then regret the common\\ndegradation of supposing our leading statesmen to\\nbe corrupt an idea which arose from the mutual vio-\\nlence of party. The disgraceful habit of making\\nsuch charges, grew out of the phrensy that was spread\\nover the world by the French Revolution. We may\\nhope that, for the future, we shall respect ourselves\\ntoo highly, to endure the license of similar accusa-\\ntions.\\nThe anti-national tone which was so frequently\\nheard here, was generated by the arrogance and\\nbigotry of party. Though it was well calculated to\\ndisgust many persons, whose support would have\\nbeen most useful, as well as to give some colour\\nto the charge of settled disaffection more mean-\\ning was attached to it elsewhere, than it really\\npossessed. Many who abused the conduct of the\\nadminstration, till the cause of their country was\\ninvolved in the disrespect, were led to it by the mere\\nill-temper of party, and much of this flippancy was\\nstimulated by the wish to vex those, who under the\\nmagic of certain assumed names, were enjoying all\\nthe favour of government and having cut off the\\nmajority from the pursuits of peace, deprived them of", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "55\\ntheir share of the advantages to be derived from war.\\nand condemned them to a mortifying and injurious\\ninaction. As to the individuals who have real tory\\nsympathies, the class is very small indeed, and obvi-\\nously a mortuary one. Probably we shall not have\\nan entirely unprejudiced feeling towards England,\\nwhile there is any man amoiig us, who is older than\\nthe nation. A few years more will remove the remains\\nof that generation, who were once subject to a foreign\\nsovereign, and who, often unaware of it, have some re-\\nference in all their feelings to that period, and to the\\nstruggle which terminated in our independence.\\nThose of us who have been born since that event,\\nand have never known any other government than\\nthis of our choice, can hardly realize the lingering\\ninfluence of those prejudices, which were engender-\\ned by the animosities and predilections of our coloni-\\nal existence. Most of those who were decided\\ntories left the country, and long and bitterly have\\nsome of them lamented the mistake. Of those who\\nyet remain among us, the vestiges of former times,\\nthe number I suspect is much smaller, than even the\\nmost liberal minds would be apt to suppose. In most\\nof these cases, it is the result of a vague prejudice,\\ncounteracted by local habits and attachments, and\\nwithout influence. A few years must destroy every\\ntrace of it time has thinned the ranks of the revo-\\nlutionary generation, and the remaining few of those\\ngallant spirits who achieved our independence, and\\nof the timid minds that opposed it, must soon be\\ngathered to the bones of their fathers.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "56\\nThe false ground, not only in a national, but in a\\nparty view, occupied by tlie federalists in the eastern\\nstates, was becoming more and more disadvanta-\\ngeous, exposing them inevitably to ultimate defeat.\\nBy the kind of opposition they had given to the\\nwar, public opinion was put into a course, which\\nled, by a gradual progress, to the absurdity and\\nmischief of an open resistance, or separation and\\nbefore it had come to this, the party would have\\nbeen completely dissolved. This was shown in\\nthe abortive Hartford convention. The leaders of\\nthe party, by the line which had been followed,\\nwere driven into this unfortunate measure; for in\\nthis case, as in many others, those who were\\nsupposed to lead, because they were placed in ad-\\nvance, were in reality driven. The ordinary\\nmodes of opposition to the administration in order\\nto terminate the war, not having been resorted to\\noriginally, they who had so unadvisedly marked\\nout a different route, were called upon, as the pres-\\nsure of suffering became greater, to relieve it by\\nopen resistance if necessary. To temporize and\\nparry this violence of discontent, was all that could\\nbe done. The report of that convention show-\\ned no want of national feeling, and deprecated the\\nidea of disunion. That they were sincere in these\\nfeelings, must indeed be admitted by every one,\\nunless you will deny to individuals of acknowledged\\nability and long experience, a deficiency of common\\nsense, and even ordinary sagacity. For how could", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "67\\nmen who were not deficient in these, with no other\\nfooting than the shifting sand bank of party, which\\nthe current of public feeling was continually wash-\\ning away, and which we have since seen, has com-\\npletely submerged those who represented what was\\nconsidered the most solid and steady of these\\nstates I ask, how such men could expect to take\\nany measures that would lead to a dissolution of\\nthe Union, or to a civil war at the first expectation\\nof which they would have been abandoned by their\\nfollowers almost en masse, and when they would\\nhave been the first, if not the only victims These\\ntransactions furnished a memorable lesson, into\\nwhat insuperable difficulties a wrong system will\\nconduct men of even the greatest capacity neutra-\\nlizing all their powers, causing a certain loss of\\npopularity, and subjecting them to the suspicion of\\nsinister designs, at the very time they are honestly\\nlabouring to avoid great calamities.\\nThe false direction taken at the commencement\\nof the war, was partly owing to the federalists having\\ngiven, for a long period, an almost exclusive atten-\\ntion to the concerns of their own particular state.\\nIn a free country the minority get the light only by\\nreflection they are never directly shone upon, and\\ntheir views of public affairs become confined and\\nbroken. A seat in the national legislature was to\\nthem a matter of indifference, when they had lost\\nall influence over measures, when they were pro-\\nscribed as to every branch of public service, and\\nwhen their employment verged more and more\\n8", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "68\\ntowards a captious and ineffectual opposition\\nThey became satisfied if they could maintain them-\\nselves in their state legislatures with an occasional\\nnotice of the affairs of the nation, contained in the\\nanswer to a governor s speech, or in some high\\nsounding, angry, inane resolutions. However im-\\nportant these legislatures may be to the welfare of the\\npeople, and no one can doubt that they are of the\\nhighest importance, not merely to local interests,\\nbut to our existence as a free nation there is still\\na subordinate interest in their deliberations, and the\\nsubjects of them, are confined within narrow limits.\\nTheir management too is greatly inferior to the prac-\\ntice of Congress, both in dignity, and security against\\nsurprise in the passing of acts. It is hardly possible\\nto get a bill through in congress surreptitiously it is\\nalmost impossible to prevent its being done occa-\\nsionally in the state legislatures, and sometimes from\\nthe purest intentions towards the public service.\\nThough the state legislature is the common school\\nof preparation for congress, it may be doubted\\nwhether it is a useful one, and more than doubt-\\ned, if the apprenticeship be a long one. The dele-\\ngate is prone to make the mistake of the young\\nattorney in Rhode Island, who on being chosen\\ninto its legislature, talked about, being engaged in\\npublic life. The topics for discussion are so restrict-\\ned, that the mind accommodates itself to small\\nobjects. The regulation of a county court, the\\nlocation of a road, or the care of our favourite\\nalewife, are the chief concerns to occupy attention", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "69\\nSometimes indeed a mighty genius arises, who m\\na wide scope of reform, attempts to secure the\\napplause of his constituents with a grand scheme\\nof retrenchment which by cutting down the\\nenormous salaries of the half dozen clerks who\\nhave grown gray in the public service, may save to\\na state with 800,000 inhabitants, twelve, or even\\nfourteen hundred dollars a year Another may pro-\\npose to get rid of the shocking scandal which\\narises in a Christian country, from using the pre-\\nsent, pagan names of the months and days, so well\\nknown to be of heathenish derivation. Such\\nschemes, to be sure, do not always succeed, but\\nthey show the dangerous ambition which sometimes\\nlurks in our legislatures.\\nConnecticut affords an example of this narrow-\\ning influence of local policy. There is no state\\nwhere the common and many of tlie higher bran-\\nches of education are more easily obtained there\\nis none where instruction is more generally diffused.\\nNo one will deny, that its inhabitants possess both\\nwit and acuteness. Yet among all their able, public\\nmen, there is hardly one, with the exception of\\nthose who have been transplanted, who has shown a\\nmind capable of extensive range, or that was not\\nbigoted to, or fettered by local considerations. This\\nmight be in some degree owing to the want of a\\nlarge town in the state, where through the inter-\\ncourse and collision of cultivated minds, brought\\ntogether from a distance, a system of generalizing\\nmight be produced, on the ruins of small prejudices", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "GO\\nand diminutive apprehensions. Their government\\nvibrated between two villages, and a man could not\\nbe trusted as a delegate for more than six months.\\nThere was a sort of habitual, pervading police,\\nmade up of Calvinistic inquisition and village scru-\\ntiny, that required a very deleterious subserviency\\nfrom all candidates for public life. A very conceit-\\ned intolerance held opinion in subjection. Superior\\nminds were obliged to cower to inferior ones, till\\nthey lost the power of rising to, and sustaining an\\nelevation, whence they could discern the bearing\\nand relations of distant objects. We have done\\nbetter in Massachusetts, and may boast of having\\nproduced some accomplished and powerful states-\\nmen. This may have been owing in part to our\\nhaving a capital, the seat of the state government,\\nand which is the natural centre, not of its own state\\nalone, but of the neighbouring territories. A very\\nactive and extensive foreign commerce has made it\\na mart where much information is collected, and\\nwhere many strangers resort. A greater variety of\\npursuit has enlarged the sphere of observation, and\\ndiminished the influence of local prejudice. The\\nUniversity in its vicinity has fostered the taste for\\nliterature and science, and it has always possessed\\na more numerous class of cultivated society, than\\ncities of the same, or even much greater size. These\\ncircumstances, among others, have tended to pre-\\nserve us from that provincial atmosphere, under\\nwhich every thing, save plants of common growth,\\nis blighted or dwindles.\\n1", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "61\\nit will be obvious to you, that the position of\\nparties here, being wholly nominal, and entirely\\ndisconnected with any general system, must speedi-\\nly change, and be differently compounded and\\ndesignated. The deepest apathy prevails in regard\\nto all national measures the debates of congress\\nare hardly more known than those of the British\\nparliament the utmost extent of solicitude goes to\\npreserve a preponderance in certain local elections.\\nThe federalists no longer pretend any opposition to\\nthe national administration their appellation has\\ntherefore lost all former party meaning. If it had\\nnot, it would be perfectly absurd to suppose that one\\ncolumn could remain, neither supporting nor sup-\\nported, when all the others had been thrown down,\\nand their materials combined anew. The demo-\\ncratic party are no longer opposed to the federal\\ngovernment, since it is administered by their friends.\\nThe political discord in Massachusetts will subside\\nin one of tw^o ways. If the majority maintains a\\nresolute, local intolerance, while it demands a ca-\\ntholic spirit in the national administration, it will be\\ndestroyed by the open defection of those who may\\nwish to make a merit by so doing, or by the quiet\\nsecession of others, who are not fond of strife at\\nany time, and disgusted with its continuance, when\\nit is founded on petty personalities or senseless\\nhatred, and is no longer necessary on principle.\\nBut if this majority, acting in a spirit of magnani-\\nmous policy, selects frankly some of its opponents,\\nplaces a full proportion of them in the various", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "62\\nmunicipal and civil offices, it will bring about a re-\\nconciliation that will put an end to all opposition\\nto the semblance of it against the general govern-\\nment, from one party, and to the reality of it,\\nagainst the state, from another and the present lists\\nof proscription will be finally closed. Parties will\\nthus be broken up; they will indeed soon form\\nanew it is necessary for the preservation of freedom\\nthat they should exist but it is equally important,\\nthat they should not exist too long in the same form,\\nlest they become so deep rooted and grow to such a\\nheight, as to overshadow the constitution.\\n1 have now terminated this very ungrateful dis-\\ncussion and have endeavoured to exhibit some of the\\nerrors on both sides, in the late exasperated con-\\ntention of parties, which has been protracted for so\\nmany years. My object in part was to show you,\\nthat the conduct of those who were opposed to the\\nlate war, and which excited so much surprise and\\nodium in other states, was susceptible of some pal-\\nliation. The course that was pursued offered the\\nmost irritating provocation to a majority in this\\nsection of the Union and if that majority went\\nbeyond the bounds of temper and discretion in\\nmeeting it, a feeling of magnanimity should dispose\\nevery one, when the conflict is over, and the passions\\nhave cooled, to a mutual oblivion. Let me refresh\\nmyself after the irksome task of reviewing these\\ntransient bickerings, these evanescent quarrels, with\\na few reflections on the noble condition and mas^-", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "63\\nmficent prospects of our common country. In the\\ncontemplation of these all party feelings will be\\nforgotten.\\nIn considering the prosperity of the United\\nStates, and its daily, hourly extension, it is difficult\\nto keep within the limits of sober calculation. Its\\nresults begin to develope themselves so rapidly, that\\nwe are easily led away from facts and figures, into\\nvague though vivid reveries upon the future amount\\nof the population, and the vast resources that will\\nhe within its command. But in examining the\\npolitical and civil institutions, which regulate this\\nfortunate country, whatever pride we may feel from\\ntheir liberality and wisdom, we can discuss them\\nwith more precision and calmness. This letter\\nwould swell into a volume with only a superficial\\nexamination of these subjects but you will be\\npatient under a page or two more, containing a few\\nallusions to them.\\nWhile reasoning upon our government, it is ne-\\ncessary to discard many impressions that have been\\nmade by opinions and theories, derived from histo-\\nry, which presents an identity of names and no\\nsimilarity of circumstances from the rise and fall\\nof states which existed on different principles from\\nrepublics that bore no resemblance to ours. There\\nis, in truth, nothing in the annals of the world like\\nour federal republic, composed of a number of re-\\npresentative democracies, differing in some minute\\ncircumstances for local convenience, yet having the\\nsame basis of civil and political rights and duties.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "64\\nAll these bodies move within certain spheres, and\\nthe checks against any deviation from their orbit\\nare innumerable, not only within themselves, but\\nfrom the others. In this political orrery every thing\\nis so calculated, that when a new star comes in sight,\\nit is immediately subjected to the same influence, and\\ntends to increase the harmony and strength of the\\nwhole. Many able men have had their fears about\\nthe durability of our system, not, as vulgar malice\\nwould insinuate from enmity to it, but from very\\nstrong attachment and excessive fears in conse-\\nquence. In arguments on this subject, when other\\nreasons fail, we are commonly suffocated with\\nsome such truisms as these, human nature is ever\\nthe same men will always be governed by their\\npassions, c. Yet after having recovered our\\nbreath, let us ask for a parallel case show us one\\nexample of a republic like ours having failed, or\\nhaving ever existed at all. How idle it is to talk of the\\nGrecian or Roman republics in what did they\\nresemble our system The miniature community\\nof San Marino the Dutch republic, composed of a\\nstadtholder, an hereditary and a moneyed aristocra-\\ncy, or a free, imperial Hanseatic city, made up\\nof commission merchants, brokers, and their appen-\\ndages, and who could cover their territory with\\ntheir shirts, might as well be brought forward.\\nThe exterior form of ancient republics was impo-\\nsing, but the grand improvement of modern\\npolitical science representation which has been", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "65\\nbrought to such high perfection in this country\\nwhich is felt not only in the great veins and arte-\\nries, but exhibited in the very capillaries of the\\nstate, was most imperfectly known and partially\\npracticed. The moderns have never yet equalled\\nthe Apollo or the Venus yet notwithstanding the\\nexcellence of those ideal forms, the ancients were\\nignorant of the circulation of the blood and there is\\nnot a greater difference in the degree of science dis-\\ncovered in the exquisite, superficial beauty of a\\nstatue, by the hand of Phidias or in one of those\\nwonderful anatomical statues from the school of\\nFlorence, than there is between the mechanism\\nand polity of the Grecian and American states.\\nThe advanced state of the representative system,\\nand its extensive application here, which some ci-\\nvilians, reasoning on the example of nations under\\ndifferent circumstances, have considered a principle\\nof weakness and ultimate mischief, are in reality\\nthe great basis of our national strength and security.\\nThere is no nation that can boast of similar advan-\\ntages even in England, where the system is per-\\nhaps best understood, bow broken, irregular, and\\nunequal it is in its organization, and in its exercise,\\nhow subject to the foulest abuses A parliamen-\\ntary election in that country, more nearly resembles\\nthe license of the saturnalia, than the solemn act of\\nfreemen, conferring the most precious of all authori-\\nty. In this country every thing is delegated the\\npractice of representation extends its ramifications\\nthrough every part of society. The frequency and\\n9", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "66\\nuniversality of election, give a facility and habit of\\njudging to the electors, who, though commonly\\nsubjected to the dictates of party, are not imperiously\\nso, and without their own consent. Even here it\\nis the same principle that governs the choice with\\nwhom to act is always open. This principle is\\nevery where in action, from villages to cities, coun-\\nties, states, up to the confederation from the meanest\\nvillage officer up to the President of the United\\nStates, almost every species of authority is the result\\nof election. The principle is varied in its action,\\naccording to regular fixed rules, and is thus preven-\\nted from becoming unwieldy. The infinite checks\\nagainst the abuse of power, the unrestricted opening\\nfor talent, and the precedence accorded to it the\\npublicity of all transactions, the wide diffusion of\\nintelligence, and the inevitable influence of public,\\nsentiment render this matured scheme of representa-\\ntion, the main support of our liberty, happiness and\\nstrength.\\nOne of the objections that was made to the\\ndurability of our republic, was the very trite one,\\nthat it was not fit for a country of such extent, and\\nthat only a small territory could endure a republi-\\ncan form. In that masterly commentary on our\\nconstitution. The Federalist, it was suggested,\\nwith as much sagacity as originality, that this idea\\nwas erroneous that where a small republic had\\nexisted, it was owing more to external circumstan-\\nces, than to its intrinsic strength, and that an ex-\\ntensive country was better suited to maintain a re-", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "67\\npublic, than a small one. Time has already de-\\nveloped the soundness of this opinion, and few now\\ncan doubt, that the extent of our country is one\\ngreat cause of security for its free government\\nthat the accessions which have been made to the\\nconfederation have added to its strength, and that\\nits vigour and adhesiveness must continue for a\\nlong time to increase.\\nOne powerful security of our republic is, its\\nbeing a confederation, the extent of which renders\\na consolidation impossible this magnificent organi-\\nzation is alone sufficient to render its authors illus-\\ntrious. Compare it with any ancient or modern\\nconfederations with the Peloponnesian league, the\\ncantons of Switzerland, or the federal system of\\nGermany, and how infinitely superior is its consti-\\ntution. The several states, exercising a sovereign-\\nty for all their immediate and intimate concerns,\\nsave the general government from all trouble and\\nresponsibility about their local interests from the\\ndanger of being corrupted by having an excess of\\npatronage, and the dissatisfaction and broils that\\nwould be created in its distribution while the\\ncitizen is guaranteed against the numerous delays or\\ninjudicious measures that would be incident to a\\ndistant exercise of authority. The manner in\\nwhich these states are represented in congress, vary-\\ning in form, yet perfectly harmonizing in spirit, is\\nanother source of security. The innumerable\\nchecks that are given by the sovereignty of the\\nstates, against the encroachments of ambition in the", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "68\\ngeneral government, are certain in then opcratioii.\\nAn arrogant, ambitious cabinet might disregard a\\nminority in the capitol, but if their designs were\\ndangerous, this minority would find a triumphant\\nsupport in the state governments. Yet how absurd\\nand hopeless is an open resistance in any of these\\nstate governments to the federal government the\\nmoment an attempt is made, it is checked in its\\nturn by the minority within itself; which minority,\\nif resistance be persevered in, soon terminates it, by\\nbecoming the majority. The state and general\\ngovernments thus mutually assure each other, by\\nforming alternately a point of support against a\\ndesigning or mistaken policy.\\nThis has been remarkably shown in the difficulty\\nof altering the constitution, which though it may\\nreceive amendments, can only do so from the de-\\ncided sentiments of a large majority of the nation.\\nThe process necessary for this purpose, is replete\\nwith safety to the object of it. Many of the states\\nhave tried their hand at this game, or rather certain\\nindividuals, feeling a call to be reformers, have\\nstimulated their legislatures to make the attempt\\nwhich is calmly, and almost as a matter of course,\\nextinguished by the others.\\nThat the union of the states has increased in\\nstrength as it has grown older, there can be no\\ndoubt; and that the accession of new states, for\\nthe present at least, has a tendency to confirm it,\\nseems equally certain. When General Hamilton\\nwas asked to mention a supposable case, where the", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "69\\nUnion would be in clanger, he gave as an an-\\nswer that supposing a combination between Mas-\\nsachusetts and Virginia, to oppose any particular\\nmeasures, should take place, it would certainly\\ncreate very serious embarrassment, if it did not\\ndestroy the Union. This was twenty years ago.\\nAdmitting the same case to happen now, the mis-\\nchief doubtless would be great, but the ultimate\\ndanger is certainly lessened. The other states have\\nacquired greater strength, and the relative impor-\\ntance of these two is diminished, and diminishing\\nevery day, though both are increasing in wealth\\nand population. They are minds of small calibre,\\nwhich boast now of belonging to Virginia or to\\nMassachusetts; these narrow, local, factious pre-\\ntensions, are abashed they are replaced by the\\nmore noble, generous claim, to the national appel-\\nlation of an American. Indeed the mutual advan-\\ntages of the Union are so continually developing,\\nand the independence of the states is so secure\\nagainst the danger of consolidation, that nothing\\nshort of an universal phrenzy could dissolve the\\nrepublic. One of the events, and indeed the only\\none now talked of, which would produce that mis-\\nfortune, would be the change of the seat of gov-\\nernment, and keeping it in a moveable state. If\\nthis course of policy should be pursued, an estab-\\nlishment of waggons would then be the only means\\nof adapting it to a shifting location, answerable to\\nthe imaginary centre of the nation, whose circle is\\ncontinually spreading with the flood of emigration.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "70\\nBut it is said, the western states are rapidly increas-\\ning in population, and after a second or third ad-\\nditional census, they will have the majority of num-\\nbers, and will carry the seat of government on the\\nother side of the mountains. This would be such\\na dangerous evil to the Atlantic states, that a\\ndivision might indeed be the consequence. Now\\nputting out of the question the influence of all\\nreason and policy in the case; that it is of little\\nconsequence to the interior states to have the seat\\nof government among them, because the objects of\\nthe federal government are almost wholly external\\nthat there is no danger to be guarded against, ex-\\ncept from the east and that if this government\\nwere not within reach of the sea-coast, its foreign\\nrelations would meet with so much delay, and its\\ndistance from the scene of operations, where any\\nenemy could appear, would be so great, that the At-\\nlantic states might be visited with the most serious\\ncalamities before it could interpose putting all\\nconsiderations of this nature out of the question,\\nand there are many unanswerable ones that are\\nobvious, let us see what other impediments may\\narise to such a change.\\nIn the first place, the communication between the\\nwestern and Atlantic states is every day becoming\\neasier. Before this contemplated majority is attain-\\ned, there will be another state on the Gulf of Mexico,\\nbetween the Sabine and the Colorado another on\\nthe Red River, one on the Arkansas, on the Osage,\\nthe Kanses and the Platte, besides two or three on", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "71\\nthe Missouri, and one in the North West Territory.\\nNow where is the new seat of government to be\\nNot at Chillicothe, which used to be talked of\\nwhen the western settlements were in their infancy\\nthat is already quite out of sight. It is difficult to\\nsay where it would be, probably on the Osage, or\\nthe Kanses. But in the mean time the state of\\nOhio will have become opposed to the measure.\\nIt is easier for them to go to Washington, if they\\ncannot have it at Chillicothe: Michigan has the\\nsame feeling Kentucky and Tennessee are nearer\\nhome at Washington than to go down their rivers\\nand up the Missouri. Besides, the unanimity now\\nprevailing in the western states cannot last if\\nthey continue free, they will be split into parties,\\nwhich would have a bearing on this question, and\\nperhaps this very question itself might destroy this\\nunanimity. Those states also, by the time this\\nquestion is called, up, will have got rid of their gid-\\ndiness, and reached a degree of maturity, that will\\ncause them to act on questions of great national\\nmoment, with an enlarged, sober, dignified policy\\nand not be governed by a spirit of rash, heedless\\nvapouring, the vulgar consequences of sudden\\ngrowth and new-made fortune. This is all specu-\\nlation but you will listen with complacence to any\\nthing that can be said, against even the prospect of\\n80 great an evil as separation, which seems to be\\nmore improbable every day. That it will never\\ntake place I do not mean to assert, but I believe\\nmost confidentlv that it is very distant. When the", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "72\\nfuture Pacific states come to be represented in con-\\ngress, and a member cannot travel to his home and\\nback in the interval of the sessions, it may be diffi-\\ncult to get over the inconvenience but this is an\\naffair for posterity. We can only endeavour to\\nleave for their use such regulations, such motives\\nfor attachment, and such experience, as may assist\\nthem in their deliberations.\\nWhen to our civil and political advantages, we\\nadd the benefits we owe to our extensive limits,\\nthat our country comprises every climate, from that\\nin which Alpine plants may be found on the tide\\nwater, to one which ripens the sugar cane that all\\nthe productions between these extremes may be\\ncultivated freely and exchanged without restric-\\ntion, and that the industry of man, spread over\\nsuch a large portion of the earth, will at no distant\\nperiod supply every want while this industry ex-\\nisting under one banner, fettered by no custom-\\nhouse impediments or restrictions, is enabled, by\\nevery where directing its eflbrts after the most\\nbeneficial manner, to throw the vast capabilities of\\nthis immense territory into one common stock,\\nhow incalculable the amount of prosperity that\\nwill be created When we consider that enterprise\\nis unbounded, and constantly excited by successful\\nexamples, that property is secure, the person pro-\\ntected, and opinion without arbitrary control that\\nthe restless may go when and where they will, and\\nevery man in the pursuit of fame, fortune or\\namusement, may range unquestioned throughout", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "75\\nthese wide domains what a prospective accumula-\\ntion of giorj, happiness and power is here displayed\\nMuch of this is owing to local position, but it\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0would be false modesty to deny, that much of it\\nis owing to ourselves, to the patriotism, integrity,\\nability and moderation of our public men, and to\\nthe intelligence and morality of our citizens at\\nlarge. Our character and condition attract daily,\\nmore and more of the attention of the world.\\nThe late war was productive of inestimable bene-\\nfit in this way it made us known and respected\\nby other nations. Our youth and our distance had\\nmade us little regarded, often misrepresented, and\\nvery falsely appreciated. Dragged into war at\\nthe end of a long quarrel, which had desolated\\nevery nation in Europe, and given military glory\\nan unfortunate superiority over all others, we soon\\ngave decisive proofs, that peace had not made us\\ntimid, nor liberty ungovernable. The vulgar glory\\nwhich arises from gallantry and skill in war, we\\nshowed ourselves capable of attaining, not by an\\nequivocal struggle with a weak nation, but in a\\nhardy conflict with the strongest. Foreigners who\\nsee us abroad, or visit us at home, estimate us\\nmore justly, since recent events have dissipated so\\nmany prejudices. The old routine of calumny\\nbegins to be discontinued, and though some exag-\\ngeration may grow out of the re-action, we shall\\nhereafter be better understood. Enlightened stran-\\ngers see our country in a favourable, but a true\\nlight, and are exempt from the bia\u00c2\u00ab which is given\\n10", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "74\\nby party passions. One of this class, who after\\nhaving reigned for some years as a sovereign, over\\nsome of the fairest portions of Europe and now re-\\nsides in this country with philosophic contentment,\\nand all the simplicity of a private gentleman, remark-\\ned to me in conversation This is a happy nation,\\nand in the most fortunate circumstances some per-\\nsons think you have not government enough\\nothers, that you have too much they are both\\nwrong every thing is as it should be, and it is\\nthe happiest country in the world for persons like\\nme, who neither wish to command, nor to obey.\\nIt is natural that the citizens of such a nation\\nshould exult in their national character. It is im-\\npossible that men born and educated in a country,\\ngoverned on more elevated principles than any other\\nunder a system which supposes a higher degree of\\nvirtue and intelligence in its inhabitants where\\nevery man may enjoy not only civil liberty, but the\\nhighest political immunities, where there is no\\ntitular inferiority, and no exclusive privileges\\nwhere talent and virtue are the only honoura-\\nble distinctions, and open the way to the highest\\nm. gistracy, it is impossible such men should not be\\nproud, and glory in the character of republicans.\\nThe vulgar and the insolent will be apt to show\\nthis oflensively to other nations but the man of\\neducation, who knows how to reconcile the esteem\\nof others with self respect, while careful not to\\noffend foreigners with arrogance or vanity, and\\nallowing them all the advantages resulting from a\\nI", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "75\\nhigh degree of polished refinement, and the estab-\\nlishment of many time-honoured institutions, will\\nstill secretly feel, that his national condition is the\\nnoblest in the world.\\nLETTER TIL\\nRELIGION.\\nMy dear Friend,\\nThough I could not entirely clear your brow\\nfrom that expression of reproachful anxiety, which\\nwould come over it, when the situation of Religion\\nhere was a subject of our conversation yet you\\nwere willing to smile at the ludicrous denuncia-\\ntions of some of your fellow citizens, and of others\\nfarther south, against the heretical sects in this\\nquarter, while they themselves never passed the\\nthreshold of any church. Even the orthodox\\namong us, if they are not partisans, think their\\nfriends in other states, who hold the same opinions\\nwith themselves, a little bigoted in their judgment\\nof our Unitarians. It is indeed difficult to feel any\\nprejudice against the theory of people, whose\\npractice embraces every virtue and we perhaps", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "76\\nbecome insensible to the danger of certain tenets in\\ntheir ultimate consequences, by the constant exhibi-\\ntion of the most benevolent virtues in their present\\nfollowers. Many of these who go to j)laces of\\npublic worship, from motives not very dissimilar to\\nthose of the lady in your city, who took a pew in\\nthe Unitarian chapel because it was a nice, cool\\nplace, to carry the children, are dangerous ex-\\namples of strict morality and active virtue, connect-\\ned with very unsound and limited notions of ab-\\nstract doctrine. In attempting to give you some\\naccount of the present state of religion in Massa-\\nchusetts, you must recollect that 1 am no theologian,\\nand thr t I offer you only a superficial sketch, un-\\nbiassed by any sectarian prejudice.\\nThe consideration of the state of religion here is\\nattended with peculiar interest, since the first\\ncolonists, driven by persecution to seek a shelter for\\ntheir principles, crossed the ocean to maintain them,\\nand laid the foundations of this state, as a religious\\ncommonwealth. They acted in the spirit, and con-\\nsidered themselves as living under the sway, of a\\ntheocracy and this was accompanied with the\\nhighest degree of zeal and intolerance in conduct,\\npurity of manners, austerity in discipline, and the\\nseverest tenets of failh. They were rigid Calvinists\\nin belief; puritans in regard to all the amusements\\nof the world obstinate dissenters from all cere-\\nmonies in worship; jealous independents of all\\necclesiastical government, and most devout abhor-\\nrers of every other sect. The cruel character and", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "77\\nappalling ferocity of this religious creed, never\\nwere better justified and strengthened by circum-\\nstances. Men might naturally believe in a system,\\nwhich transformed that Deity, who is the fountain\\nof mercy and God of all grace, into a being of\\nmysterious vengeance and cruelty when they\\nfound themselves, though living in the strictest\\nmorality and devoted to religion, called upon to\\nendure the greatest sufferings, exposed to an untried\\nclimate and howling wilderness, the coil of the\\nrattlesnake at their heels, and the tomahawk of the\\nsavage at their heads.\\nIt was not a sudden impulse, but a long course of\\npreparation, that drove them to cross the \\\\tlantic\\nthe process was gradual that hardened their feelings\\nto every thing but their religious attachments, and\\nmade them prefer those to every other considera-\\ntion. They were as ready to suffer martyrdom\\nas to inflict it the time indeed had gone by when\\nthe refractory were condemned to the flames in\\nthis world. But martyrdom, according to the\\nfashion of the day proscription, imprisonment and\\nexile they first suffered themselves, and then in-\\nflicted on others they were the victims of intolerance\\nand ecclesiastical tyranny and the moment it was\\nin their power exercised both. Stimulated as they\\nbelieved by the love of God in both cases, they en-\\ndured, and they made others endure from the closest\\nconvictions of conscience having sacrificed fortune,\\nfriends and country, in support of their principles,\\nany permission to differ would have been considered", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "78\\na criminal levity and inconsistency. Persecution\\nwas to them a lesson, not of charity, but of per-\\nseverance, and the system they adopted was as rigid\\nand exclusive, as that from which they had fled.\\nStern and zealous as they were, they could not\\nbe wholly insensible to the reflections that were\\ncast upon them, for thus following a system of\\noppression in matters of religion, against which in\\nothers tliey complained so justly. It was answered\\nin excuse, that the case was materially different\\nthat they had been driven from their home for want\\nof conformity, and had fled to this wilderness to\\nenjoy their freedom that they had purchased the\\nsoil, and established a community for the express\\npurpose of worshipping God in simplicity and truth\\nthat they enticed no one to join them, nor wished\\nfor any but those who could unite with them in\\ntheir faith and practice. That under these circum-\\nstances, when they had sought a new world to\\nestablish their own forms of worship, and to renew\\nthe faith and purity of the primitive church, it was\\nunjust, that they should be interrupted by the\\nintrusion of other sects, who voluntarily came\\namong them to create jealousy and disunion that\\nthey had a right, according to the laws they had\\nmade, to punish and drive away these intruders, and\\nall those of their own faith who became apostates,\\nor fell off from the ordinances of their church.\\nThey wanted none to join them, except they were\\nof the same communion and they felt themselves\\ncalled upon by the principles they professed, and all", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "79\\nthe sacrifices they had made for them, to preserve\\ntheir community from the contamination of false\\nteachers, and the danger of religious dissention.\\nTheir hatred of Roman Catholics was an abhor-\\nrence, confirmed by all the prejudices some of them\\nindeed, too well-founded, of the age in which they\\nlived. Their prayers and sermons were seldom\\nwithout some imprecation against them their op-\\nposition to Episcopacy was sharpened by the actual\\nsufferings they had drawn upon themselves for non-\\nconformity their animosity against Quakers was\\nembittered by scorn for the mad extravagances of\\nsome of that sect by their spiritual democracy,\\ntheir abrogation of the priesthood under every form,\\nand their contempt of all human learning and ac-\\nquirements in teaching the duties of religion. This\\nwas touching our ancestors in very susceptible\\npoints. They had abjured the proud hierarchy at\\nhome, but had established a kind of one here, in\\nwhich power was not less jealous, nor subordina-\\ntion less rigid, because the gradations were fewer\\nand less ostentatious. There were wide chasms be-\\ntween those who were not in full communion, and the\\ncommunicants, the deacons, and the pastors besides\\nthe precedence that was awarded in this latter class\\nto greater talents. The denunciation of learning\\nexcited indignation among men, who considered\\nthis, next to religion, the first object of their care\\nand this too mainly on the ground, that it would\\nserve the interests of the former. They had among\\nthem many individuals who were men of profound", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "80\\nlearning, distinguished scholars of the English\\nuniversities who could not endure that those\\nacquirements should be scoffed at, which had cost\\nthem unremitting toil, and consumed the prime of\\ntheir life to acquire.\\nPermit me, however, to remark to you, that\\ntheir conduct towards the Quakers has been misre-\\npresented, and excited an odium in that sect, which\\nwould have been less strong, if the provocations\\nthat were given had been more generally known.\\nA farmer among them, told a friend of mine who\\nwas with the army in the Jerseys in 1776, that we\\nhad never been able to raise wheat in Massachusetts\\nsince we hung the Quakers and possibly this be-\\nlief may exist w^ith some to this day. The Qua-\\nkers however who annoyed our ancestors, were\\nvery different from the mild and benevolent Friends\\nof our times. The former were stubborn and con-\\ntumelious fanatics, extravagant and wild in their\\ntenets and actions, setting at nought the dictates of\\ncommon sense, and the common decencies of life.\\nSome idea of this may be formed from the follow-\\ning anec^dote, as related by an early historian.\\nTwo women (of that sect) stark naked as ever\\nthey were born, came into our public assemblies,\\nand they were (baggages that they were) adjudged\\nunto the whipping post, for that piece of devilism.\\nSuch an outrage, if it were perpetrated now, would\\nprobably meet with as harsh treatment. But the\\nexecutions for the crime of witchcraft were a de-\\nDlorable delusion, the stain of which cannot indeed", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "81\\nbe effaced, yet which equally disgraces the annals\\nof France, England, and other countries and in\\nsome of them similar crimes have been perpetrated\\nat a later period, under circumstances that render\\nthem even more inexcusable.\\nIt was a fortunate circumstance, that the limits\\nof the colony were so narrow towards the south\\nas those who would not conform to the system\\nestablished here, could in one day easily obtain a\\nrefuge without the Massachusetts or Connecticut\\njurisdiction. The small state of Rhode-Island,\\ncomprising the fine island of that name, and a strip\\nfrom each of the contiguous states, offered an asy-\\nlum to the persecuted of all descriptions and\\nby drawing off all who were of a different belief\\nfrom the creed established in the adjoining territo-\\nries, contributed greatly to that remarkable unani-\\nmity, which made the Congregational, Calvinistic\\nchurches of Massachusetts and Connecticut, for so\\nlong a period, not only the prevailing, but almost\\nthe only church existing within their limits. The\\ncelebrated Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode-\\nIsland, was a man of a liberal, enlightened mind,\\nand upright, humane character to whom we ought\\nto render justice now, with more eagerness, as he\\nwas calumniated greatly in former times. Rhode-\\nIsland thus settled, became, as an early historian\\nexpresses it, a perfect colluvies of heretical sects\\nand the entire toleration that prevailed, which was\\nindeed extraordinary in that age, filled with aston-\\nishment the intolerant champions of orthodoxy,\\n11", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "who thought such a state of things must soon draw\\ndown destruction on itself. It was, indeed, diffi-\\ncult to organize a society out of such discordant\\nmaterials and perfect freedom on matters of reli-\\ngion, which was salutary, was, perhaps, at that\\ntime, inevitably blended with laxity in other con-\\ncerns, that had a deleterious influence on the morals\\nof the people.\\nHaving thus a neighbouring colony to which\\npersons of other sects could easily resort, our an-\\ncestors kept their religious state without mixture\\nwith those, who were out of the pale of their\\nchurch. They were constantly recruited by dis-\\nsenters from England, who were induced to aban-\\ndon a country where they were held in contempt, if\\nnot oppression, to join their brethren who were at\\nthe head of a colony. A correspondence from\\nsympathy was naturally kept up, and a people who\\nwere always republicans, rejoiced at the establish-\\nment of the tyrannical English commonwealth\\nwhich placed their friends in power, and gratified\\nthem in the protection of what they conscientiously\\nbelieved to be the pure, undefiled worship of God.\\nOf course their submission to the Stuarts, while\\nthat luckless family was on the throne, though\\nrespectful in terms, was never cordial in feeling\\ntheir religious and political tenets both forbade it.\\nThey also early laid a solid foundation, in the estab-\\nlishment of the college at Cambridge, for perpetu-\\nating their influence, and rendering it respectable.\\nSuch indeed was their reputation for learning and", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "8t{\\npiety, that they were resorted to for clergymen,\\nfrom the churches in other colonies of the conti-\\nnent, as well as from the West Indies. Their\\nsystem engaged many principles in its support, and\\nby its great unity of action, combined with the con-\\ncurring causes already mentioned, enjoyed a fair\\npromise of perpetuity. The ambitious adhered to it,\\nbecause it was the certain and chief means of civil\\ninfluence while a purer impulse secured the zeal-\\nous support of the pious.\\nThis remarkable unity, this almost exclusive ex-\\nistence of a single sect, was liable, however, in\\nthe natural course of events, to be broken by the\\nintrusion of other forms, as actually happened.\\nThe Episcopalians began to obtain a footing to-\\nwards the close of the seventeenth century. It\\nwas natural that the crown should favour their es-\\ntablishment, in order, to make religion an engine\\nof state in the colonies, as it was at home most\\nof the officers they appointed were of this persua-\\nsion. After the country became settled, and began\\nto develope the means of commerce, many of the\\nemigrants, when persecution liad ceased, were of a\\nclass who removed with a view of bettering their\\ntemporal condition and some of this class, who\\nbelonged to the established church, increased the\\nEpiscopal churches here. These churches were\\nalways respectable, though not numerous. Those\\ngentlemen, whose sympathies or interests made\\nthem royalists before the revolution, were generally\\nof this church and there was something aristocra-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "84\\ntic in the refinement and courtesy of its forms, sim-\\nple as they are, which attracted those who were\\nrepelled by the prudish, starch demeanour, and de-\\nmocratic spirit of the dissenting churches. They\\nnever formed, however, more than a seventh of the\\ncongregations in Boston, and a much less propor-\\ntion in other parts of New-England.\\nThe Quakers also, who had not been entirely\\neradicated, obtained a secure and undisturbed set-\\ntlement when the agitation of early dissentions had\\nsubsided. Their troublesome fanaticism gradually\\nceased, and the violent animosity they had excited,\\nceased with it. They built, and still retain a house\\nof worship in Boston, but which has been closed\\nfor a long series of years, and it is a little singular\\nthat in this town, there should not be a sufficient\\nnumber of Friends to form a small congregation.\\nThey are scattered over almost every part of the\\nstate more commonly engaged in commerce and\\nmanufactures than in agriculture some of them\\nopulent, and all of them reputable.\\nThe Baptists have greatly increased of late years,\\nand are now one of the most numerous sects. Till\\na recent period, there was something of the primi-\\ntive, congregational domination still perceptible\\nin Massachusetts, though it was more in appearance\\nthan reality. Of course, so long as any semblance\\nremained, that the government of the state leaned\\ntowards a particular church, the pernicious alliance\\nof politics and rebgion was sure to follow. A poli-\\ntical minority was eager to sympathize with a reli-", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "85\\ngioMS one and their grievances, whether fancied or\\nreal, led to a union in opposition, and this influence\\nhas been extensively shown. Fortunately, how-\\never, but little animosity has been created for the\\nmost extravagant party exaggeration could make\\nout very slender cases for complaint. The Baptists\\ngrew more moderate when perfect toleration was\\nestablished and a few eminent teachers in their\\nraaks gave them more dignity. The learniiig and\\nability of some of their preachers in England, have\\nmade them amongst the most respectable of the\\ndissenters there and this circumstance has had a\\nuseful influence here, by elevating their views, rather\\nto improve themselves, than to increase their num-\\nbers. Among our proselyting sects, they may be\\nconsidered the most respectable.\\nThe Methodists are dispersed over the eastern\\nstates, with two churches in this capital. Their\\nstanding, in Massachusetts at least, is less respecta-\\nble and more precarious than most of the other\\nsects though there are many worthy, kind hearted\\npeople in the humble walks of life belonging to\\nthem. There nasal whinings, camp meetings, and\\nitinerant preachers, are not congenial to the taste\\nof the community. The rational and sedate are\\ndisgusted the fervid and zealous have a resource\\nin some of the churches of other sects and the\\npeople generally, are fond of a steady connexion\\nwith a pastor who is devoted to them. The wan-\\ndering course of the Methodist preachers, their\\nstrange assemblies in the fields, and the call for\\nviolent, enthusiastic excitement in their worship, is", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "86\\nnot suited to our climate or situation. Such a sect\\nis better calculated for regions where religion comes\\nperiodically, like the fever and ague, than for those\\nwhere it is a healthful, regular pulsation of the\\nheart, producing a mild worship of the beneficent\\nFather of the world, perennial as his mercies.\\nThere are several other sects to be found among\\nus, but they are not of sufficient importance to be\\nenumerated. Last of all, came the Roman Catho-\\nlics and few events of a subordinate kind were\\nmore remarkable than this. The foundation of a\\nCatholic church in Boston, could only be surpassed\\nbv devoting a chamber in the Vatican to a Protestant\\nchapel. Our ancestors had a tenfold horror of the\\nchurch of Rome they first seceded from the En-\\nglish church, because they suspected some of the\\nprelates of a leaning to popery. All the prejudi-\\nces and fears, that could be produced from a junc-\\ntion of political jealousy and religious bigotry,\\nthey brought with them to these shores, and care-\\nfully nourished. The troubles created by the\\nIndian wars, which were stimulated by the French\\nin Canada, kept their animosity alive, and the\\nPrince of darkness himself was hardly more an\\nobject of horror to them, than a Jesuit. They\\npreached and prayed most stoutly and frequently\\nagainst the scarlet lady of Babylon, against the\\nantichrist of Rome and even down to the last\\ngeneration, used all the trite terms of vituperation,\\nthat were so often applied to the Pope. Their\\ninvectives against him were so well known, that a", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "87\\ngentleman of Boston who was presented to Cle-\\nment XIV. was asked by that pontiff, with a good-\\nnatured smile, whether Ur. Sewall still continued\\nto pray for the downfall of Babylon.\\nIt was not till after the peace of 1783, that any\\nattempts were made to found a Catholic church in\\nMassachusetts. A very few Catholic families are\\ndispersed over the state, but the only regular\\nchurch is in Boston.f Their first place of worship\\nwas a small chapel, since taken down and it was\\na singular circumstance, that this chapel was origi-\\nnally built by French Protestants, who fled from\\nCatholic persecution. In its commencement the\\ncongregation was small, and not very fortunate in\\nits pastors. It increased gradually by emigrants\\nfrom Ireland, until the building they occupied was\\nunable to contain them. They then built a new\\nchurch, partly by the great and meritorious exer-\\ntions of the poor people who composed the congre-\\ngation, whose zeal made them contribute all they\\nGould spare from their own support partly by\\nthe contributions of some individuals among the\\nProtestants, whose liberality on this occasion was\\nBefore the papal power had dwindled toils present limits, the Court of\\nRome was amply supplied with iotelligeuce from all parts of the world. A know-\\nledge of minute details in distant places will not appear wonderful, to those, who\\nknow how the system of secret intelligence is matured by the governmeDts who\\nmaintain it what seems mysterious, is in fact very simple. Boston was long the\\nhead quarters of puritaoism, and being most zealously opposed to the French\\npower in Canada and the extension of the Catholic religion, the Jesuit missiona-\\nries, who were the agents for extending both, would of course furnish a list of\\nthe chief individuals in the place, to the ecclesiastical police of the Pope.\\nThere are two Catholic chapels in Maine.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "88\\nnot merely of the purse, but, considering the pre-\\nvious, hereditary prejudices, of the mind. All feel-\\nings of this kind have so nearly subsided, that the\\npresent generation can hardly picture to themselves\\nthe bigotry that oppressed even the last. The\\nPope is no longer an object of fear, and if the\\nCatholic religion could get rid of some of its en-\\ncumbrances, which are now not only burdensome,\\nbut ridiculous and revert to the simplicity of pri-\\nmitive institutions, many classes of protestants would\\napproach them without distrust, and this most\\nancient Christian church be regarded with higher\\nreverence. The church in Boston has derived the\\ngreatest advantage from the French Revolution,\\nwhich drove into exile so large a portion of the\\npriesthood. Two individuals, of great acquire-\\nments, full of charity and piety, driven from their\\ndistracted country, received the charge of this infant\\nchurch. They have fulfilled the numerous paro-\\nchial duties required by the Catholic religion, with\\napostolical simplicity and evangelical zeal, neither\\nattempting to make proselytes nor to excite contro-\\nversy and I presume it cannot be disputed, and I\\nhope will not be considered invidious to say, (the\\ncircumstances of their congregation being taken into\\nview,) that their ministry is by far the most arduous\\nand useful in the town.*\\nThe cause of orthodoxy hardly gained enough\\nby this accession of a church, which considers itself\\nOne of {be gontleinen a liuiprl 1o. t lp R\u00c2\u00bb?verpnd Doctor Malignon, is since\\ndead.", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "89\\nthe only orthodox one, to make up for a defection\\nit experienced a few years ago. One of the three\\nEpiscopal churches, called before the Revolution,\\nthe King s chapel, soon after the conclusion of the\\nwar, changed its faith, renounced the doctrine of\\nthe Trinity, keeping the written prayers of the\\nformer church with such alterations as the change\\nof tenets rendered necessary, and became openly an\\nUnitarian church. A circumstance so remarkable\\nmight seem, at a distance, to be attended with in-\\nsuperable obstacles. But you know that the edifi-\\nces here are not the property of the state, as in\\nEurope, but of the individuals who compose the\\ncongregation and that they hav e a right to dis-\\npose of them as they please. The church had lost\\nby the Revolution, some of its members, as well as\\nits rector, who were refugees, and the influence\\nand persuasion of their new pastor carried a majo-\\nrity of those who remained. According to the\\npractice of our country, the majority governed the\\nsubject was regularly debated in the congregation,\\nand the new creed adopted by a great plurality.\\nThose who adhered to the ancient faith sold their\\nproperty in the church, and joined themselves to\\ncongregations who maintained it. The proceed-\\nings were all fair and open, and there was no op-\\npression, though many mourned for this startling\\ndefection.\\nYou will here excuse a little digression on the\\nsubject of the name of this church, which has\\ncaused much anxietv about our political soundness;\\n12", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "90\\nparticularly in those quarters where patriotism\\nis fed from such abundant sources, that it has over-\\nflowed the bounds of our own country, and covered\\nplunder and piracy, if reports be true, to no incon-\\nsiderable extent. Before the Revolution it was\\ncalled The King s Chapel; after that epoch, the\\nStone Chapel, as a distinction, when there was no\\nother church built of that material, and latterly it\\nhas taken the name of King^s Chapel. This was\\ndone in order to hold a legacy devised by a person\\nwho died many years ago, and which, when it\\ncame to the church, had, through the great increase\\nin the value of property, risen to an income of 12\\nor 1300 dollars a year. It was devised to the\\nrector, wardens and vestry of the King s Chapel,\\nfor certain purposes, and a resumption of the name,\\nthough without the definite article, was necessary\\nto hold the bequest. Thus much for the name\\nbut something more singular is connected with this\\naffair. The testator did not probably foresee the\\npolitical changes, and certainly not the religious\\nones, that have taken place. Experience has prov-\\ned that there were many more things in the world\\nthan were dreamt of in his philosophy. A part\\nof the income, and what at the time he perhaps\\nthought would be the largest part, he directed\\nshould be paid to certain clergymen for preaching,\\nduring Lent, sermons on particular subjects, some\\nof which were the great points of orthodox faith.\\nThis of course must be complied with, and the\\nwalls on those occasions echo with the sounds of", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "91\\nancient doctrines, which they had long ceased to\\nreverberate. The rector, a man of singular purity\\nand elevation of sentiment, it was said objected to\\nreceiving this legacy under these conditions, but the\\nchurch had a right to it in law, and had perhaps no\\nalternative but to claim it.\\nA preparation for a gradual dereliction of the\\ndogmas of orthodoxy had been silently, and almost\\nimperceptibly, making in the congregational chur-\\nches for ^a long period. The austere and bigoted\\ncharacter of religious opinions and habits, during\\nthe first generations of the colony, together with\\nthe great leading principle of all fanatics and ultra\\nChristians, that faith is every thing and works\\nnothing, became repugnant to the people, when\\ngreater variety of pursuits, and more enlightened\\nviews, were laid open to them. The discipline of\\nearlier times was not relaxed without a struggle,\\nand occasional attempts that were made to enforce\\nit in all its vigour, more surely prepared its future\\nabandonment. The semblance was kept up after\\nthe reality was extinct. Such a state of things had\\na pernicious tendency to disgust men with what\\nthey ought to reverence and aided by the sarcastic\\ntone of infidelity, which pervaded many fashionable\\nwritings of the last generation was constantly in-\\ncreasing that class of persons who were rigid in\\ntheir observances, because it aided their worldly\\ndesigns, and were therefore fully convinced that\\nreligion was an excellent thing for others. Those\\nwho had purer views, found it necessary to re-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "92\\niiounce what was tyrannical and inlolerant in for-\\nmer practice, to keep up with the progress ot\\nintelligence, and to narrow the sphere of hypocrisy.\\nIn the mean time, the number of writings under\\ndifferent names, according to their different degrees\\nof dissent from ancient fundamental points of\\northodoxy, had prodigiously increased. The En-\\nglish, and more especially the Germans, after hav-\\ning buried the Classics under vast accumulations of\\ncommentaries, began to submit the Bible to their\\nexegetical researches and passages which involv-\\ned the laith and perhaps the peace of millions, were\\nto be expunged as forgeries, or erroneous transla-\\ntions, from the collation of antique MSS. I am\\nnot quite convinced, that this is expedient though\\nI am far from denying the prodigious learning of\\nsome of those commentators, or the great services\\nthey have rendered to theological students. We\\ndo not live in an age, or in a country, where it will\\nbe possible to doubt of the advantages generally,\\nof free inquiry, and yet there are topics where it\\nwould be worse than useless. Biblical criticism is\\nnow pursued in the same spirit that investigated the\\nancient Classics, with a profound reverence for\\nadverbs and prepositions, and very little deference\\nto any thing else. Pedants and sophists will up-\\nhold this practice, but before the matter descends\\nto their competency, many previous questions will\\noccur to considerate men. Perhaps they might\\ndecide that the former should continue the pursuit,\\nand that the breath of time would blow away their", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "93\\nchaff and leave the grains of wheat behind. There\\nseems, however, to be a mean betwixt the super-\\nstition and craft that would retain the Bible in a\\ndead language, or keep it from being read at all\\nand the rashness that would subject it to all the\\ntrials of profane analysis, and all the experiments\\nof scholastic vanity.\\nThe metaphysicians come readily to the aid of\\nthe grammarians, and if the one cannot get rid of\\nthe words, the other involves the sense in dark con-\\nfusion. The union of metaphysics with religion,\\nis almost always disastrous to the latter.* They\\neither blast it with doctrines, that turn its genial\\ninfluence into an inconceivable system, fit only to\\nengender despair and horror, or they involve it in a\\nmaze of sophistry, that destroys a part, and leaves\\nfhe rest uncertain. The pious, useful servant of\\nGod, in singleness of heart, has nothing to do with\\neither, while he is pointing out to his followers the\\nconsolations they may derive during this transitory\\nstate of evil and suffering or teaching them how to\\nrender themselves worthy of them, and the higher\\nexistence they promise. When 1 hear one of these\\nfilm-gathering metaphysicians toiling and twisting\\nabout in vain subtleties, and beating his poor brain\\nagainst the impervious, invisible medium, through\\n*VVhen metaphysics lead to mysticism under female agency, the mischief may\\nbe extensive, and the consequences are sometimes similar witli oiiaracters the\\nmost unlike, and in circumstances wholly different. A curious parallel might be\\ndrawn between archbishop Fenelon and Madame Guyon in Paris sir Harry Vane\\nand Airs. Hutchinson in Boston and the Emperor Alexander and Madame\\nKrudener at St. Petersburg the quiet of the state made il necessary to banish\\neach of these ladies.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "94\\nwhich the light is transmitted to it and not satis-\\nfied with that light, endeavouring to gain, with his\\ngross corporeal faculties, the knowledge of ethereal\\nthings, to soar into the glorious air of heaven, which\\ncan only support the purified spirit; it recalls to\\nmind one of those luckless insects, which having\\ngot into the room on a summer s day, exhausts\\none s patience by buzzing and thumping against\\nthe pane of glass, that he mistakes for an opening\\ninto the air as well as the light, and through which\\nhe vainly endeavours to pass, till tired and spent\\nwith his efforts, he falls into a corner and is forgot-\\nten.\\nThis desertion of the ancient platform was well\\nunderstood, but little talked about, until a few years\\nshice, when the churches of the congregational\\norder in Boston had all their pulpits filled with\\nyoung men some of these, gifted with the bright-*\\nest talents and the purest feelings, have been since,\\nalas too untimely removed. Their immediate\\npredecessors differed but little from them yet the\\ngreat change of tenets seemed to attract more ob-\\nservation, when all the fathers were removed, and\\nthe talents of these young men excited the admira-\\ntion of their friends and the envy of others. Still\\nno controversy existed, except some indirect skir-\\nmishing in periodical works. The taste for polemi-\\ncal divinity was almost extinct among enlightened\\npeople. Points of faith were rarely subjects of dis-\\ncussion charity in its widest sense, the practice of\\nthe moral virtues, and attendance on public worship,", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "95\\nhad been the principal subjects inculcated, and\\nwere generally held in the most estimation devo-\\ntion to particular dogmas, had been converted into\\naffection for their pastor in the breasts of his parish-\\nioners; and clergymen, not creeds, were the sub-\\njects of conversation. This was admirably exem-\\nplified in the sly remark of a celebrated foreigner,\\nwhose extensive knowledge of our country makes\\nhis society a constant source of delight and instruc-\\ntion and who being asked at the south, after hav-\\ning visited Boston, whether he did not hear a great\\ndeal of conversation about religion there replied,\\nNo, not exactly so, I did not hear much said aboiU\\nreligion in Boston, hut I heard a great deal of talk\\nabout ministers. This state of calm, so unusual in\\nthe regions of theology, was wonderfully continu-\\ned it was broken at last by an attack from the\\nCalvinists a year or two since, that was meant to\\nprovoke a discussion, which it seemed indeed im-\\npossible to avoid, since it accused men of disingenu-\\nousness and duplicity, who were incapable of such\\npractices.\\nCalvinism has seldom appeared to more disad-\\nvantage, positively and negatively, than in this dis-\\ncussion. I do not now allude to the merit of the\\npamphlets that were written you will not suppose\\nme to have taken any interest in the most unprofita-\\nble of all vanities, a theological controversy; nor\\ndo I refer to the gentlemen who wrote on the part\\nof the assailants, but to the first causes, the secret\\nmovers of this dispute. Those, however, who", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "96\\nknew nothing of this, but engaged in it to obtain\\nan advantage to their cause, must have been great-\\nly disappointed. The crisis in other limes might\\nhave been dangerous to the defendants but they\\nprobably gained rather than lost by it. The lesson\\nwill not be useless to the others, if it is improved\\nto all the extent of its bearings. On this occasion\\na gentleman, who is remarkable for the promptness\\nof his zeal, and the ability with which his pen fol-\\nlows it, though a layman, took a part, moved by\\nwarm affection for his friends, and indignation\\nagainst their enemies. His pamphlet had this title,\\nAre you a Calvinist or a Christian A Dutch\\ngentleman who was here at the time, saw this pub-\\nlication, and 1 was much amused with the comic ex-\\npression of surprise he exhibited at this title, for\\nthe book I found he would not read. What, said\\nhe, the Calvinists are not Christians and he resolv-\\ned with true filial piety to send home two copies\\nof it to his poor mother, who had carefully though\\nvainly inculcated upon him, that the converse of\\nthe proposition was the truth.\\nAllow me, before I proceed, to explain to\\nwhom I refer, in speaking harshly of Calvinism.\\nFar be it from me to think ill of the Calvinists as\\na body, for it would be thinking ill of a large ma-\\njority of my countrymen, enrolled in different sects.\\nIt is not of those theoretical Calvinists, who serve\\nwnder a rigid creed, and yet have their bosoms\\nfilled with the love of their neighbour; and who\\nendeavouring all things, hoping all tilings, even of", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "97\\nthose who do not believe with them, do not go in\\npursuit qf that neighbour, to the confines of the\\nearth, overlooking with sour contumely the wretch\\nwho is pining before them. I would not think iU\\nof any person for believing too much, which cer-\\ntainly is not the prevailing error of our times, pro-\\nvided his faith does not make him disdainful of\\ngood works. But it is of those practical Calvinists,\\nwhose rancorous ambition makes them the tyrants\\nof society; who illustrate their faith by treating\\nmankind as though they were really a herd of vil-\\nlains and convicts who attempt to make innocent\\namusements serious offences, teaching that it is\\ndangerous to go to a ball or a concert, and per-\\nfectly harmless to frequent evening lectures. Men\\nwho are voluntary, public accusers, and forming a\\nself-constituted tribunal, animated by the spirit of\\nthe inquisition, but fortunately without its power.\\nIt is of those who make Calvinism the means of\\npromoting worldly views, and temporal domina-\\ntion a combination, which if not the most dan-\\ngerous, is the most odious, that human character\\ncan present.\\nAmong the congregational churches, there is one\\nAvhich has receded but little from the ancient line,\\nand maintains what is called, moderate Calvinism.\\nThere were a few individuals, however, who were\\nnot satisfied with this and a handsome meeting-\\nhouse was built by them some years since, in a\\nfashionable part of the town. They began their\\ncourse under the guidance of one of tlie most\\n13", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "98\\nathletic of the sect. He gave them the most fervid\\nand frequent descriptions of the burning lake, until\\nits glare seemed flashing round the walls he placed\\nbefore them all the nations of India, a vast cur-\\nrent of souls rushing into it; he calculated with\\ninimitable precision, making allowance for low\\nlatitudes and omitting infants and small children,\\nhow many plunged into this gulph every day, every\\nhour, every minute yet with many similar topics\\nof edification, urged with great zeal and force, his\\nministry was not very flourishing and after a time\\nhe returned to his former friends, where such truths\\nwere probably better received. The church under\\nits present pastor is more successful. It has been a\\nfavourite object to establish it, and visits have been\\npaid by some of the most eminent Presbyterian\\nclergymen from other states. Their preaching in\\nthis town gave very little pleasure, at least to those\\nwho were not their immediate followers. They\\nurged with vehemence the most difficult dogmas of\\ntheir creed, which had little tendency to per-\\nsuade and the imprecations they made use ot\\ncaused, in those who were not accustomed to them,\\na shuddering disgust.\\nThere are seven or eight churches that are some-\\ntimes called Unitarian, but you must not understand\\nthat they are all strictly so, or that they agree in\\ntheir creed. Probably no two of them agree ex-\\nactly. There are shades of difference among those\\nwho have ceased to acknowledge the doctrine of the\\nTrinity, but some have diverged much more than", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "99\\nothers. A part of them would be satisfactory to\\nthe orthodox, on most points of their preaching\\ng^enerallj their discourses turn more on morality\\nand the great practical duties of christians, on the\\nlove of God and our neighbour, on which two com-\\nmandments hang all the law and the prophets, than\\non points of faith. But this independence leaves\\neach to follow his own judgment exclusively, and\\nopens a wide extent for sermonizing; and if in one\\nof these churches you hear a sermon, which would\\nnot be disowned by any of the great divines of the\\nlast century, you may go to another, and endure a\\ndiscussion on Madame de Stael and the Edinburgh\\nReview.\\nIt ought to be mentioned, to the honour of our\\nUnitarians, that they have not much of the prose-\\nlyting spirit, and the little they have exhibited,\\nwas perhaps in self-defence. Zeal in this way\\nwould be extremely incongruous in them it would\\nbe like eating an ice-cream with a hot spoon.\\nHere there is not much to fear hitherto the sym-\\npathy of liberal minds has been in favour of the\\nUnitarians, even among those who regretted the\\ncourse they followed not only on account of the\\nvirtues and talents which they possessed, but be-\\ncause it was felt that their cause involved the gen-\\neral possession of religious, and, in some respects\\nof civil liberty. The rancorous spirit that was op-\\nposed to them, aimed at universal influence. Pub-\\nlic feeling, however, is now very enlightened and\\nimpartial on these points and if it would not", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "100\\nendure the burning of Servetus in an auto da fe,\\nneither would it allow of a bull Unigenitus, to\\nexcommunicate the Jansenists.\\nA political domination, by any religious sect, can\\nnever happen again in our fortunate country. Some\\nattempts that were made here, such as giving the An-\\ndover Theological College a right of forcing a creed\\nupon their students, and the plan of disfranchising\\nthe citizens on the holiest day of the week, and fil-\\nling the country with spies and petty tyrants under\\nthe name of Tythingmen, failed in a manner that\\nwill preclude a repetition. The Sabbatists rely\\nupon the fourth commandment to support their\\nJewish observance of the Sabbath, yet the Icono-\\nclasts might as well cite the authority of the second,\\nfor destroying every statue in the houses of our\\ndilletanti, or the signs of our inns a literal applica-\\ntion of either of these commandments to the present\\nstate of society, would be equally absurd and im-\\npracticable and the Christian dispensation has\\nclearly restricted the rigid minuteness of those two\\ncommandments, which were so remarkably design-\\ned for a particular people, under peculiar circum-\\nstances, and for a period which has been accom-\\nplished. Connecticut was the last state where any\\npower was exercised in this way, and this has been\\nlately subverted, and its agents covered with signal\\nconfusion. Of all the privileges of this glorious\\ncountry, there is none more magnificent, than its\\nentire exemption from political despotism, clothed\\nin the garb of religion. There is no lesson that", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "101\\nwe are destined to teach mankind, no exairple that\\nwe hold out to them so fraught with wisdom, so\\nproductive of beneficent resuks, as the entire seve-\\nrance of church and state giving to the former all\\nthe rights which the latter can protect, and none\\nof the power it can abuse. Though we never\\nsuffered so much as the nations of Europe, from\\nthe incalculable evils that are every where created\\nby this union, so noxious to both, and so useless to\\nevery thing but abuse, yet we arrived gradually at\\nthe perfect system we now enjoy. The state is\\nrelieved from a troublesome burden, and religion\\nfrom a dangerous protector. The former, where\\na connexion exists, is often in the most imminent\\ndanger from the quarrels of the latter and this in\\nits turn, is sure to be made basely subservient to\\nthe intrigues of the other. When we take into\\nview the innumerable calamities, the desolating\\nwars, the horrible persecutions, and the withering\\ntyranny that has resulted from this fatal system\\nand in despite of the progress of intelligence, the\\nenormous evils it is even now causing to the most\\nenlightened nations of Europe, we may pride our-\\nselves, from having first practically shown the safety\\nand advantages of an opposite course, on being the\\nbenefactors of mankind.\\nIt would be difficult, perhaps impossible, to give\\nthe numbers belonging to these different sects. In\\nBoston the non-orthodox of the Congregational class\\ngreatly prevail and there are many congregations\\nof the same negative description in other parts of", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "102\\nthe eastern states the majority however are Cal-\\nvinistic, though there are many clergymen who\\navoid dwelling exclusively on the five points in\\ntheir exhortations, and who adopt a mild course of\\npractice, without positively renouncing ancient doc-\\ntrines, which they think it inexpedient to subvert.\\nIn Connecticut the Congregationalists are almost\\nexclusively Calvinists, and the latter creed predomi-\\nnates throughout New-England. Since the Calvin-\\nists lost the control of the university at Cambridge,\\nthey have set up a theological college for themselves\\nat Andover. This seminary has been very liberally\\nendowed, and is in a flourishing state, having about\\nseventy students qualifying themselves for the pulpit.\\nThey are taught a creed, which is a mixture of Cal-\\nvinism and Hopkinsianism but assent to the creed\\nmust be voluntary, the legislature having refused to\\nindulge the college in forcing their creed on the stu-\\ndents. The professors are men of learning and\\nability, and the institution is in a growing condition.\\nClergymen have much more social intercourse\\nwith laymen here, than in the middle states. This\\nis a modification only of former custom. They\\noriginally exercised a vigilant influence over every\\nthing that was done in civil as well as in church\\naffairs, and the respect due to their station was\\nevery where felt. Their watchfulness over their\\nflock extended to a minute observance of all their\\nmovements and the interdiction of many innocent\\namusements, was seconded by a close inspection of\\nthe habits of private life. This was continued till", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "103\\nthe Revolution. Since that time, the clergy have\\nbeen glad to get rid of an odious species of inquisi-\\ntion, which their parishioners would be apt now to\\nconsider in the light of a usurpation. Reserving\\nall the right of remonstrating with those communi-\\ncants who give occasion to any scandal, they leave\\nthe ordinary routine of society, to be regulated by\\nthe discretion and prudence of those who compose\\nit. Their society is always courted, and it is one\\nof their difficulties to avoid entertainments, that\\nwould consume too much of their time. They are\\nfrequently met with in social parties, where they\\nare always welcome. It is obvious, that this\\nspecies of intercourse must be attended with the\\nbest consequences. Their presence imposes a deli-\\ncate kind of restraint, not the less strong, because\\nnothing is assumed, which tends to keep conversa-\\ntion from becoming licentious, or indulgence immo-\\nderate. Religion itself loses none of its charms,\\nwhen its ministers, by their personal intercourse,\\ncondescend to a cheerful approbation of innocent\\ngayety and refined amusement.\\nI will conclude this long letter, by giving you an\\nopinion, that the Episcopal church will hereafter\\nincrease, and hold, at no very distant day, a much\\nlarger relative proportion to other denominations\\nthan it now does and I will offer you a brief state-\\nment of the reasons, on which this opinion is found-\\ned. You may put down what you please to any\\nprepossession, which you may suppose me to have,\\nwhen J tell you that I am an Episcopalian. As", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "104\\nto the difference between the Presbyterian and\\nEpiscopal forms, I should say as Counsellor Pley-\\ndell did to Colonel Mannering I hope a plain\\nman may go to heaven without thinking about\\nthem at all but I love to pray where my fathers\\nprayed before me, without thinking worse of the\\nPresbyterian forms, because they do not affect me\\nwith the same associations. The case will now\\ncome fairly before you.\\nAccompany me back to the origin of the colony.\\nOur ancestors were driven into non-conformity\\nby the arrogance, the bigotry, and the indiscretion\\nof prelates, who met a restless and inquiring spirit,\\nwith a more extensive display of ceremonial obser-\\nvances, and a more eager assertion of supremacy.\\nArchbishop Laud, in particular, who seems to have\\nhad a strong leaning towards the Romish church,\\nby requiring the most rigid attention to what a\\nmore liberal age would consider trifles, drove some\\nof the ablest scholars and purest minds among his\\nclergy into dissent continued persecution made\\nthem more untractable, and finally exasperated them\\ninto a thorough non-conformity. This country was\\nopened as an asylum, and they and their followers,\\ndisgusted with a hierarchy, which exhibited too\\nmany examples of the priest, and too tew of the\\npastor, fled to it for shelter. A voyage across the\\nAtlantic, in onr times a mere pleasurable trip, was\\nthen far otherwise. Grief and hatred were deeply\\nnourished against those, who had driven them into\\na distant and danfirerous exile. The individuals", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "105\\nparticularly who first went to Holland, and came\\nafterwards to Plymouth, saw Calvmism in all its\\nvigour in that country, and profited by their visit\\nbut among the first emigrants, there were some who\\ndid not wish to renounce the Episcopal church\\nentirely, because of the abuses which had crept into\\nit. Some of these are mentioned by an early\\nwriter, who styles them godly Episcopalians, and\\nwho would never join themselves with the indepen-\\ndent congregations, assigning this pithy reason\\nthat they had left England because they did not\\nlike the lord bishops, but they could not join with\\nthem, because they would not be under the lord\\nbrethren. Those who came to Salem hesitated\\nwhat course to adopt. Episcopacy was given up\\nwith some reluctance, but at that time they would\\nnot probably have secured their freedom, if they had\\nnot become independents yet, if Episcopacy had\\nbeen then, what it now is, cleared of many excres-\\ncences and useless repetitions in the service, purified\\nfrom several idle ceremonies, and emancipated from\\na hierarchy that depended on a distant sovereign, and\\nnot on the people of its charge, a considerable\\nnumber, at least of the first setilers, would have\\ngladly maintained it.\\nIt is indeed fortunate that Episcopacy was not\\nestablished if it had been, and the people had con-\\ntinued as much under the influence of religion, the\\nRevolution would have been long procrastinated.\\nA clergy dependent on a foreign appointment,\\nwould have always bowed to that power, and\\n14", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "106\\nsacrificed the interests of their followers to their own\\npersonal aggrandizement. This would have been\\nthe natural consequence the examples now before\\nour eyes in some countries of Europe, show how\\nextensive is the mischief it occasions. In this\\ncountry the Episcopal clergy were almost all un-\\nfriendly to the Revolution, and their influence was\\nconstantly exerted against it. This kept alive a\\nfeeling of jealousy and dislike towards the church,\\nfounded on very just and sufficient motives.\\nThe same tone of subservience to a patron and\\nhaughty demeanour to the parishioners, which is\\nnot very uncommon in England, would, in the\\ncourse of time, have been felt here with increased\\nforce, since the patron was essentially indiiferent to\\nthe interests of the country. The numerous abuses\\nwhich have crept into the church establishment in\\nEngland, the wide departure from the primitive\\ncharacter of the clerical function, which have made\\nthe clergy of the established church, according to\\nthe just remark of an intelligent traveller, little\\nmore than an aristocratic body in the state would\\nnever have been endured by a people, who had fled\\nhere to avoid such evils. And till the Revolution\\nsevered all connexion, the Episcopal clergy were al-\\nways obnoxious to suspicion. Now that this church\\nis left to itself, it has become as national in its cha-\\nracter, as any other denomination its ministers and\\ntheir congregations are connected from mutual\\nchoice, depend on each other, without any foreiga\\nintervention, and the true character of the Christian", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "107\\npastor being restored, the affection of his flock\\nfollows of course.\\nEpiscopacy being thus freed from the alloy of\\ntemporal power, from the scandal of sinecures and\\nthe odiousness of simony the rector of a church\\nstands in that relation which would have prevented\\none of the original causes of dissent and the sect\\nenjoys the advantages of a very ancient, venerable\\nform of church government, the want of which has\\noften proved inconvenient to the Congregationalists.\\nThe service, as it is adopted in this country, retains\\nall that is essential, and is freed from what was\\nmere ceremony and repetition which superstition,\\nand the fear of innovation, still retain in England.\\nEpiscopacy, as it exists in Scotland, is on the same\\nfoundation that it is in the United States purified\\nfrom all political influence, it is hardly an object of\\njealousy to the sour, dominating intolerance of\\nPresbyterians. Episcopal ordination, to say no\\nmore, is at least as valid as Presbyterian and I\\nhave heard clergymen, both of the orthodox and\\nliberal description, say they should be very willing\\nto adopt a form of prayer, if their congregations\\nwould give their assent.\\nThe ancient prayers used in this church, so\\nadmirable for their simplicity, pathos, comprehen-\\nsiveness, and humility, can hardly be repeated\\nwithout emotion. The facility and assistance,\\nwhich these written prayers give to fix attention\\nand assist devotion, are obvious. The particular\\nservices of the church especially, impress deeply", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "108\\neven those Avho have not been bred in its forms.\\nThus the profound solemnity and impressiveness\\nof the marriage and funeral services, have sometimes\\ncaused them to be used by persons who belonged\\nto other sects. There is, too, something gratifying\\nand ennobling, in the associations they awaken to\\nkneel to the same exercises, to repeat the same\\nprayers, that so many millions, so many great, good,\\nand illustrious of the human race have said before\\nus, during so many centuries appears to connect\\nus with past ages, with the generations that are\\ngone, and we almost seem to partake of the dignity\\nthat is attached to what is ancient and permanent.\\nIn the first zeal and hurry of secession, extempo-\\nraneous prayers, being then replete with enthusiasm,\\nmay be fully entered into by an audience under the\\nimpulse of the same feelings. But this system in\\ngeneral supposes greater gifts in the preacher, and\\ngreater abstraction and power of concentrating\\nattention in the hearer, than falls to the lot of most\\npreachers, or most congregations and unless very\\nunusual powers exist, the effect is not very edifying.\\nA congregation becomes cold, listless, and impatient,\\nAvhile the preacher is hesitating in his supplications,\\nstringing together ill-assorted texts of scripture or\\nwhat is intolerable, metaphysical subtleties, puerile\\nnovelties and prettinesses of expression. The dan-\\nger too is great, of running into mere brilliant dis-\\nplay, and giving occasion to such a remark, as was\\nonce made on a particular prayer, of which it was\\nobserved that it was the most eloquent prayer", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "109\\never addressed to a Boston audience, The Pres-\\nbyterian system of prayer, is so unfavourable to\\ndevotion in an audience, so adapted to indolence\\nand indifference such a strange evasion of the\\nduty of prayer, by substituting one individual to\\npray for all that it must have been introduced by\\nthe first founders, because they could not separate\\nthe prayers of the church from its corruptions, and\\nwere afraid to retain any one principle, lest some\\nabuses should come w ith it. Otherwise, the recital\\nof prayers by the whole congregation accompany-\\ning the minister, would seem one of the most use-\\nful, indispensable forms; appropriately terminated\\nby his separately asking the blessing of heaven on\\nhis flock. The deep sympathy, the pervading emo-\\ntion, that can wrap and blend a whole congregation\\nin the orisons of the preacher, can exist only at\\nrare periods and under the excitements of some\\ninteresting occasion, or of the most powerful talents..\\nIn a general way, a quiet and decent attention is\\nthe utmost that can be expected and this very re-\\npose will be apt to lead some minds into wide ex-\\ncursions of thought while the attention of others\\nwill be interrupted by the passing of a carriage, the\\nfall of a book, or the rustling of a breeze.\\nThere are inconveniences attending the course\\npursued by the liberal party among Congregational-\\nists, from the want of some standard to confine the\\naberrations of teachers within known limits. Other-\\nwise, there seems to be no security that posterity\\nwill be content with the doctrines they now retain", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "110\\nbut they may find something in these which they\\ncannot understand, and if the progress of improve-\\nment continues till there is no mystery left, it is\\nextremely difficult to say, how much of Christianity\\nwill be finally tolerated. If, however, there should\\nalways be enough to constitute a distinct sect, and\\nsatisfy the refined and enlightened portion of society\\nwith a pure system of morality there will be many-\\nseceders who require a certain degree of awe and\\nveneration to enter into their religious feelings.\\nThe most beautiful morality will seem cold to\\nmany minds, if it is not given in connexion with\\nwhat is awful and even mysterious. Satisfaction in\\nreligion does not require the same demonstration, as\\nin mathematics. Mystery surrounds us every\\nwhere the existence of the world, of ourselves,\\nevery object in nature, is lost in obscurity at last\\nthe origin and termination are alike unknown and\\nwe are obliged to refer the whole to a Being, whose\\nfirst, necessary attribute, infinity, is utterly incom-\\nprehensible. Some mystery in religion seems ana-\\nlogous to what we see in nature, whose operations\\nelude even the crucible and microscope and the\\ndegree of indistinctness occasioned by the former,\\ncalls in the solace of faith, to compensate for diffi-\\nculties that assail our reason, on which many repose\\nwith confidence and hope. A scheme, therefore,\\nmade perfectly clear to mere human intelligence,\\nhowever closely interwoven with a pure morality,\\nwill not suffice for all and under such a system of\\npreaching, several would be inclined to make the", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "Ill\\ncomplaint, though with less coarseness and violence,\\nof the old woman in the Tales of my Landlord,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nFor souls are hardened and deadened, and the\\nmouths of fasting multitudes are crammed wi^\\nfizenless bran, instead of the sweet word in season\\nand mony an hungry, starving creature, when he\\nsits down on a Sunday forenoon to get something\\nthat might warm him to the great work, has a\\ndry clatter of morality driven about his lugs.\\nThe adoption of the Episcopal form would pre-\\nvent some of this difficulty. The liturgy, embody-\\ning the ancient, venerable, sublime doctrines of\\nChristianity, clothed in the language of the fathers\\nand the apostles, will satisfy the feelings of those\\nwho have been taught to venerate those doctrines\\nwho demand something more than a system of\\nrhetoric and geometry for their religious feelings,\\nand who are ready to give the quia impossibile est,\\nas a reason for their belief. Assent may be given\\nto those doctrines with different shades of convic-\\ntion as it must have been by the millions who\\nhave professed them. All rational minds may find\\nshelter within its pale. Those who prefer to\\npreach, or to hear a frequent repetition of the great\\ntenets of orthodoxy, may pursue them to the very\\nbrink of the Calvinistic gulf while those who love\\nrather to dwell on the maxims and injunctions in\\nthe moral code of the gospel, are at full liberty to\\npursue it. If a preacher has a congregation, whose\\ncallous and sluggish habits require strong stimu-\\nlants, he may administer them and another who", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "112\\npresides over a more refined and feeling people,\\nmay edify them with the topics of charity and\\ndevotion.\\nIn the ancient colony laws, fines and imprison-\\nment were laid upon the heinous offender, who\\ndared to celebrate that immortal day, which for\\nseventeen centuries at least, has excited the joy and\\ndevotion of the Christian world. Our ancestors\\ndreaded mince pies as dangerous to the soul, which\\nare now considered as noxious only to the body.\\nA voluntary, spontaneous, and natural approxima-\\ntion to the practice of the great majority of Chris-\\ntians, in celebrating the festival of Christmas, is\\ngrowing into a habit among our different sects. If\\nthe numerous fasts and feasts of the Roman Church\\nare an excess in one direction, is not the refusal to\\ncommemorate the great festival and fast of the\\nchurch, an extravagance in another? What would\\nseem more natural, or more impressive, than the\\nreligious observation of those two days, the coming\\nand departing of the Divine author of our religion\\nthe one as a day of thanks and gratitude to God,\\nthe other of humiliation and grief? And yet they\\nwere once denounced as grievous abominations.\\nThe practice of reading the Bible publicly was also\\nproscribed, and the Lord s Prayer is still but seldom\\nused yet how blind and bigoted must he be that\\nThe custom of saying prayers over the dead, at least an innoceut ceremony\\nwas long dreaded as a popish practice. The first instance where prayer was\\nused at a funeral, by congreffationalists, was when the Rev. Dr. May hew wai\\nl uried ia 1766, and the Brst funeral sernjon was on the death of Dr. Cooper,", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "113\\nwould not be ashamed of such neglect, when the\\ndanger of doing any thing that is practised in the\\nchurch, can no longer be feared The service of\\nthe church, which comprises its prayers and por-\\ntions of scripture, presents something stable, a\\nsecure resting place for devotion, which is satisfied\\nby these, when it may not be edified by the sermon.\\nThis advantage will not be lightly estimated by\\nthose reflecting minds, who look to future conse-\\nquences. For in the course of time, with the in-\\nevitably lessening interest which is felt in loose,\\nuncertain prayers that are said for them and with\\nthe dereliction of those severe and mysterious doc-\\ntrines, that keep zeal alive, what will be the motive\\nfor going to a place of worship, except to hear an\\nable or brilliant discourse and when that becomes\\nthe predominant inclination, what will be the de-\\ngree of difference between such a congregation, and\\na respectable audience attending to one of our\\nannual orations, or listening to the recital of Col-\\nlins Ode on the Passions This is exemplified in\\na way, that would appear very strange to persons\\nnot accustomed to it. It is a general practice to\\ninquire of those who have been to meeting, How\\ndid you like the sermon Was it a new one\\nWere you pleased with the prayer and corres-\\nponding remarks in return. O yes, the sermon\\nwas a delightful one It was a very brilliant dis-\\ncourse his prayer pleased me very well there were\\nsome fine expressions in it, but it was too long. A\\nsolemn act of public worship is talked of. and criti-\\n15", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "114\\ncised very much in the same way, as if it was\\nan academical exercise, that the individual had\\nattended.\\nThe ])urposes of ambition can no longer be\\npromoted by belonging to any particular sect. It\\nis now never, I believe, a question in any case, what\\nsect a man belongs to, by those who are to place\\nhim in any civil or political station. A candidate\\nderives no more influence from being a Congrega-\\ntionalist, than from being a Baptist or an Epis-\\ncopalian, which was not always the case. Some\\nopposition was made a few years since to the re-\\nelection of a very excellent governor, because he\\nwas a Unitarian, but this opposition was peculiar,\\nand probably would not occur again. The domi-\\nnation of a particular sect could not now exist,\\nhowever powerful such a sect might be and since\\nthe Congregationalists have separated and formed\\nin reality two sects, the Liberal and the Calvinistic,\\nthe power they once possessed is broken. The\\nchoice of a form of worship is therefore uninflu-\\nenced by any worldly considerations.\\nI may add one circumstance more no sectarian\\ntriumph can be gained by this suggested increase\\nof Episcopacy. If it takes place, it is a mere ques-\\ntion of expediency with the individual, and no ad-\\nvantage can arise to those who are now Episcopa-\\nlians. This church, to its honour, is not a prose-\\nlyting one and the genteel indiflerence for\\nwhich it is proverbial, is true here, as elsewhere.\\nNo ill will can therefore be excited against it on", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "115\\nthis account. Nothing indeed ought to inspire\\nmore distrust, than the spirit of making proselytes\\namong different Christian sects. It is very natural\\nthat a good man, who is sincere in his convictions,\\nshould desire to see others adopt the same senti-\\nments and his benevolence may sometimes lead\\nhim into the error of attempting to induce them\\nto join with him. This disposition ought to be\\ncautiously guarded against. However a man may\\ndeceive himself, vanity has a share in it it is often\\nassociated with the most dangerous passions of the\\nhuman breast, ambition and avarice and whenever\\nit prevails to any extent and for any length of time,\\nreligion becomes only the cover for their gratifica-\\ntion.\\nGenerally speaking, religion is honoured here,\\nand bigotry has much decreased. A regular atten-\\ndance on public worship is almost universal. The\\nstate leaves every man to choose what religion he\\npleases, but obliges him to a slight contribution for\\nthe support of some one. The stipends of the clergy\\nare regulated by agreement between them and their\\ncongregations, and when once stipulated, are re-\\ncoverable by law so long as the agreement subsists.\\nIn the country there is sometimes a parsonage with\\na small farm attached to it the occupancy of this,\\nwith a supply of firewood, and from 200 to 1000\\ndollars a year, constitute the emoluments. In larger\\ntowns it may be something more, and in the capi-\\ntal is from two to three thousand dollars a year,\\nwhich is not more than enough to meet the increas-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "116\\ned expenses in congregations where the minister\\ndoes not receive very considerable presents, there is\\nnot so much liberality, when the respective means\\nand expenses of living are considered, as is shown\\nin many of the country parishes. On the whole,\\nthe religious condition is in the highest degree for-\\ntunate there is no coercion every sect is protected,\\nand the clergy are respected and beloved.\\nLETTER IV.\\nCOMMERCE.\\nMy DEAR Sin,\\nIn attempting to give you some account of the\\ncommerce of this section, I can hardly expect to\\noffer any thing now yet as you have been, per-\\nhaps, in the habit of considering rather the results\\nof the entire trade of the United States, than of\\nany other particular part a cursory view of\\nthe commercial resources of the Eastern states in\\nparticular, may, by comparison, give more distinct\\nideas of the whole. I do not mean to offer you\\nminute statements, or amounts in figures, which", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "117\\nwould only be giving extracts from some of our\\nstatistical works but to make a few general obser-\\nvations on the principal resources which we pos-\\nsess.\\nThe first of these, undoubtedly, is to be found in\\nour population, its numbers and character. Between\\nthe southern frontiers of Connecticut and the eas-\\ntern one of Maine, there are eight hundred miles of\\nsea-coast, containing numerous harbours several\\nrivers, navigable for sea vessels, from twenty to an\\nhundred miles, empty themselves within these\\nlimits. Almost the whole of this coast, and the\\nbanks of these rivers, are lined with inhabitants,\\naccustomed to commercial and maritime affairs.\\nThis region is so healthful, that besides supplying\\nthese increasing branches of employment, it annu-\\nally sends off a surplus, to meet the demands of\\nless healthy and less populous shores. The whole\\nof this population receives the rudiments of edu-\\ncation in a sufficient degree, to qualify even its\\npoorest members for advancing their fortunes, if\\nthey have the skill and disposition to better them.\\nThe excitement produced by the great wealth,\\nwhich has accrued from the pursuit of commerce\\nduring the last thirty years, keeps this population in\\na state of restless activity, calculating observation,\\nand adventurous euierprise, which, without any ex-\\naggeration, may be said to be unequalled by any\\nother country.\\nA considerable part of this population, thus con-\\nveniently situated, is early accustomed to look for", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "118\\na living from the ocean, which breaks at their feet\\na soil comparatively sterile forces them in some sort\\nto share, by freighting the products of richer\\nclimes they take to the water as easily, and almost\\nas early as the broods of water fowls they pass as\\nmuch of their time on shore, as those sea-birds which\\nonly resort to it to make their nests their path is on\\nt the mountain wave, and like the same birds, they\\nfloat on it gaily and fearlessly, if the daily reckoning\\nonly shows the desired difference in latitude and\\nlongitude. As a nursery of seamen, this district\\naffords one of the most valuable in the world.\\nThe whale fishery, which is carried on in both\\noceans, the fishery of the banks of Newfoundland,\\nand the various fisheries nearer home, form the har-\\ndiest and best of sailors. The manner in which\\nthese fisheries are prosecuted, being not on wages,\\nbut on shares, gives habits of economy, watchful-\\nness and industry, that are invaluable.* The coast-\\ning trade, which is daily increasing, adds a vast\\nadditional supply of hardy and excellent seamen\\nall these have their homes and families on these\\nThe sailor tribe as it exists elsewhere is hardly to be found in this district.\\nThat heartless, reckless improvidence, the brutal and hurried waste of hard\\nearned wages in the most stupid frolics, which are encouraged in England from\\nobvious motives of policy as they tend to retain this class of men in a slavish\\nstate, both hopeless and motiveless on shore, are seldom exhibited among us. Al-\\nmost all our seamen are sober, economical and either owning some share id a\\nvessel, or some land for a farm. This applies to the greater part of the popu-\\nlation on the shores of Massachusetts and Maine. Most of the people near the\\nfien coast of the latter have been sailors for a time, and occasionally go on some\\nshort voyage, if they fuid they can earn a few dollars more than by staying at\\nhome. There are many villages, where a population of farmers would be found\\nTo be good sailors in a moment if the occasion required if.", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "119\\nshores, to which they are strongly attached, though\\nthey are absent from them for weeks, months, or\\neven years together. In alluding to this attach-\\nment, I cannot help recalling the mistake of a very\\nacute and profound observer, which furnishes a\\nvery striking instance of the errors, into which\\ntheory is apt to lead even the ablest minds. Tal-\\nleyrand, in his Essay on Colonies, speaking of our\\nfishermen, considers them, a timid, indolent race\\nthat they are cosmopolites, and a few codfish more\\nor less determine their country. As to the timidi-\\nty and indolence, the expression of Burke,\\nEvery sea is vexed by their fisheries, may be a\\nsufficient answer as to their being cosmopolites,\\nand migrating with the codfish the latter have\\nnot been more steady to the submarine mountains\\nof Newfoundland, than the former have been to the\\nrocky and sandy shores, whence they annually go\\nin pursuit of them and where there progenitors\\nhave successively resided for nearly two centuries,\\nfrom the first settlement of the country.\\nThis section furnishes supplies of the various\\nkinds of timber used in ship-building, and abounds\\nwith mechanics in all the various branches\\nconnected with naval construction with these\\nadvantages, ships are built here with great econo-\\nmy, and a very large portion of the tonnage em-\\nployed both in the foreign and coasting trade, is\\nowned in these states. Having therefore the ad\\nvantage of possessing an ample supply of sea\\nmen, and being the chief residence of the ship-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "120\\nowners, they have great advantages for engaging\\nprofitably in the carrying trade, foreign and domes-\\ntic. The produce of the fisheries, of the forest, live\\nstock, salted provisions, potash, and some articles of\\nmanufactures, are the principal domestic exports.\\nTo these is to be added, the merchandize brought\\nfrom other parts of the Union, and from foreign\\ncountries. The trade of the United States with\\nAsia, which now employs 30,000 tons of shipping,\\nis principally, perhaps three quarters of it, carried\\non by merchants of this section. The vessels en-\\ngaged in this commerce, sail almost wholly in bal-\\nlast, taking specie to purchase their return cargoes.\\nThis rich trade, which has prodigiously increased\\nof late years, is prosecuted here with great activity\\nand advantage. The vessels employed in it are ge-\\nnerally of a moderate or small size, between two\\nand five hundred tons they are fitted out whh\\nevery requisite for a speedy passage, and safe trans-\\nport of their cargoes, but with nothing for ostenta-\\ntion. It is therefore carried on so much more eco-\\nnomically, that the foreign carrier cannot enter into\\ncompetition with it in any free market, and even\\nthe merchants in other parts of the United States,\\nhave found it less profitable than it is here. So ma-\\nny young men have commenced their career, by go-\\ning out as supercargoes so many able navigators,\\nfrequently also employed in making the investments\\nof the cargo, have prosecuted this trade, that it is\\nnow better understood in the eastern states, than in\\nany part of the world. Not only the direct trade", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "121\\nwilh Hindostan and China, but the trade between\\nall the islands and countries of the Indian ocean,\\nthey thoroughly understand and besides our own\\ncountry, a considerable portion of Europe is sup-\\nplied by these enterprising merchants with the coffee\\nand spices of the islands, the sugar and cotton, raw\\nand manufactured of the Indian peninsula, and the\\nsilks, teas, and nankins of China.\\nThe commercial cities of the United States may\\nbe divided into two classes the first contains those\\nwhich, situated on rivers at a distance from the\\ncoast, are the depots for the sale of the domestic\\nproduce of the district, which resorts to them for a\\nmarket, and also for the supply of the same country,\\nwith the foreign merchandise they consume. The\\nsecond class consists of those cities which, in addi-\\ntion to these branches of trade, are, from their\\nproximity to the ocean, convenient marts for gene-\\nral commerce, where every species of merchandise\\nis placed in depot for subsequent distribution. In\\nthe first class will be found New-Orleans, Savan-\\nnah, Alexandria, Baltimore, and Philadelphia in\\nthe second, some place on the Gulf of Mexico,\\nCharleston, Norfolk, New-York, Boston, Salem,\\nPortsmouth, and Portland, may be named. The\\nfate of some of our cities seems yet undecided.\\nThe natural course of events will lessen the num-\\nber that will be great depots. The small places\\nare drawn into the vortex of the larger ones. This\\nprocess has been produced by Philadelphia, New-\\nYork, and Boston.\\n16", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "122\\nIt seems probable that some place on the Gulf of\\nMexico, east of the Mississippi, must become an\\nimmense mart of commerce, not only for the coun-\\ntries bordering on that Gulf and the West India\\nislands but as a seaport for New-Orleans, and\\nthrough the latter, for the vast commerce that will\\nbe borne on the Mississippi. Charleston and Nor-\\nfolk labour under disadvantages of climate and\\npopulation, that will prevent them from becoming\\ngeneral depots for the Atlantic states. New-York\\nis daily developing a prodigious growth, which its\\nposition, both with regard to internal and external\\ncommerce, is calculated to give it. Salem transacts\\nalmost all its business on the Exchange of Boston.\\nPortsmouth and Portland are too confined places\\nin their interior trade, to flourish largely from that\\nand with regard to foreign commerce, are less ad-\\nvantageously placed than Boston, towards which\\nthey must naturally gravitate.\\nThe two principal depots of commerce on our\\nAtlantic coast, will be New-York and Boston. On\\nthe great resources and advantages of the former it\\nis not necessary to remark the latter only comes\\nwithin my limits. That Boston must always be a\\nconsiderable place of commerce, and go on to in-\\ncrease with a steady and certain growth for a long\\nperiod to come, seems evident from the following\\ncircumstances It is the natural centre of a district,\\nwhose population at present exceeds a million and\\na half, which is gradually increasing. This popu-\\nlation is thriving and industrious Maine, and the", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "123\\nprovinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick,\\nwhich lie in front of it, and will always have an\\nactive trade with it, are in a state of progressive\\nimprovement, that is yet susceptible of very wide\\nextension it is the centre of the great nursery of\\nseamen, and of the business of ship-building. It\\nis the chief market for all the various products of\\nthe fisheries, and of salted provisions its harbour\\nis safe, commodious, and connected immediately\\nwith the sea it is the place of export for many\\nvaluable manufactures, long and solidly established\\nit is in possession of a very large monied capital.\\nFrom this last advantage, and from much experi-\\nence and knowledge of the trade with Asia, the\\nlargest portion of that trade, as has been before re-\\nmarked, is carried on from this place or its vicinity.\\nThis latter circumstance may not be so permanent\\nas some of the others, but there seems no reason to\\ndoubt of its being long retained.\\nA good deal of experience has been acquired\\nhere on the subject of banking and as it was not\\nobtained gratuitously, its practical utility is greater,\\nand the impression will not be easily obliterated.\\nThis is a great benefit, as mercantile transactions are\\nconducted on a solid foundation, and more confidence\\nis felt in their stability. On this subject, perhaps,\\nmore than any other, it is true that the follies of\\nthe fathers are lost upon the children each genera-\\ntion must have its own. Even our neighbours,\\nwho have seen the mischiefs we had suffered, have\\ngone still further lengths into the same extravagan-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "124\\nces, and are now feeling even greater evils. The\\nbanks in Massachusetts are under good regulations\\nthey are obliged to make semi-annual returns to\\nthe legislature of the state of their debts, credits,\\nbills in circulation, and specie in their vaults. Most\\nof the country banks in this and the neighbouring\\nstates, are connected wath the money market ot\\nBoston. The effect is nearly the same, though the\\naction is different, with what takes place between\\nthe country banks in England and the London\\nbankers. Many of the banks in this district, which\\nare most active in the employment of their capital,\\nkeep a deposite with some of the Boston banks,\\nwhere their bills can be redeemed at a fixed, small\\ndiscount this discount depends on the distance,\\nand varies from to 1 per cent, or about the cost\\nof time and travel to go to the banks themselves.\\nThe consequence is, that these bills circulate freely,\\nso long as their issues are prop brtioned to their\\ncapital any excess is immediately checked, and if\\nnot corrected, the bank soon loses its credit, and is\\nof course restricted. It follows, that there is little\\nunreasonable prejudice against banks, and no igno-\\nrant admission of any peculiar privileges for making\\nmoney to a corporation nor blind submission to\\ntheir issuing what quantities of bills they please,\\nand refusing to redeem them though they may,\\nat the same time, be vaunting a dividend of eight,\\ntwelve, or twenty per centum, annually.\\nThe essays we see in the papers of the southern\\nand middle states, in which the most egregious er-", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "125\\nrers are frequently promulgated in the most virulent\\nand inflammatory language show how slow is the\\nprogress of truth, and how inveterate and absurd pre-\\njudice may become, when pecuniary interests are en-\\ngaged in blinding the reason and exciting the pas-\\nsions. From some things which are advanced by\\nthe writers and speakers of the day, it would seem\\nas if they had never heard or read of any thing,\\nthat has taken place in banking aflairs, either in\\nEngland or in their own country though there is\\nhardly any question which can arise, that has ..ot\\nbeen discussed and however uncertain some of\\nthe subordinate points may be, the fundamental\\nprinciple, that all corporate or individual bankers\\nshould be held to pay their notes on demand, in the\\nnational medium, whether that be paper, silver, or\\ngold, is fully acknowledged and maintained. Peo-\\nple who know nothing of the first principles of\\nfinance, and there are too many such concerned in\\nbanking affairs, have an idea that a bank is to cre-\\nate wealth where none exists it certainly will\\nchange the holders of it, if the mere signatures of\\nclerks are to pass as the representative of pro-\\nperty.\\nI knew a member of the Massachusetts legisla-\\nture, who was very anxious to get a bank in his\\ntown, and the principal reason he urged was, that\\nconsiderable sums of money passed through it.\\nHe had an idea, that by having a bank, they should\\ncatch these dollars, just as they did the salmon with\\na seine. Another member of the same legislature,", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "126\\nseveral years since, who came from a town on the\\nextremity of Cape Cod, asked for a bank for his\\nplace, for which he gave the following reasons\\nThat they were so poor, that a bank ought to be\\ngranted to them that the legislature had granted\\nbanks in the rich counties of Hampshire and Worces-\\nter, where the land was very productive, and the\\ninhabitants so rich, that they could do without\\nthem but that in his part of the country there was\\nnothing but sand that the land produced nothing,\\nand that they were entitled to a bank and that his\\nconstituents would be very much dissatisfied, if an\\nact of incorporation was not granted to them. The\\nworthy member kept out of sight, the only argument\\nthat would have availed any thing the riches which\\nhis constituents drew from a bank that never failed\\nthem, and which injured no one the grand bank of\\nNewfoundland, which would have made a bank a\\nmatter of convenience, where there was capital\\nenough to found it upon and to employ it but he\\nseriously cited their poverty, as an argument that\\nshould entitle them to a bank, from feelings of com-\\nmiseration on the part of the legislature. Incredi-\\nble as this may seem, it actually occurred, and in\\nsome of the states a similar notion prevails, that a\\nbank is to create wealth like a mine and that the in-\\ndefinite multiplication of engraved pieces of paper, as\\nthe representative of property, is an actual increase\\nof that property, though in reality it diminishes its\\nvalue. Much embarrassment and loss will arise to\\nthe community, where these principles of banking", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "127\\nare yet in process but after a time thej will acquire\\nwisdom from suffering, and these baseless specula-\\ntions will be exploded.\\nThe following extract from Governor PownaPs\\nwork on the colonies, furnishes a good specimen of\\ngeneralizing, and I introduce it as a text for a few\\nremarks of a general nature, on the subject of this\\nletter.\\nIn the first uncultivated ages of Europe, when\\nmen sought nothing but to possess, and to secure\\npossession, the power of the sword was the predo-\\nminant spirit of the world it was that w^hich formed\\nthe Roman empire and it was the same which, in\\nthe declension of that empire, divided it again into\\nthe several governments formed upon the ruins of\\nit.\\nWhen men afterward, from leisure, began to\\nexercise the power of their minds in (what is call-\\ned) learning, religion, the only learning of that\\ntime, led them to a concern for their spiritual inter-\\nests, and consequently led them under their spiritu-\\nal guides. The power of religion would hence ajs\\nnaturally predominate and rule, and did actually\\nbecome the ruling spirit of the policy of Europe,\\nk was this spirit which for many ages formed and\\ngave away kingdoms this which created the\\nanointed lords over them, or again excommunicated\\nand execrated these sovereigns this, that united and\\nallied the various nations, or plunged them into war\\nand bloodshed this, that formed the balance of the\\npower of the whole, and actuated the second grand\\nscene of Europe s history.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "128\\nBut since the people of Europe have formed\\ntheir communication with the commerce of Asia,\\nhave been for some ages past settling on all sides\\nof the Atlantic Ocean, and in America have been\\npossessing every seat and channel of commerce, and\\nhave planted and raised that to an interest which\\nhas taken root since they now feel the powers\\nderived from this, and are extending it to and com-\\nbining it with others, the spirit of commerce will\\nbecome that predominant power, which will form\\nthe general policy and rule the powers of Europe\\nand hence a grand commercial interest, the basis of\\na great commercial dominion under the present state\\nand circumstances of the world, will be formed and\\narise. The rise and forming of this commercial\\ninterest, is what constitutes precisely the present\\ncrisis.\\nThe author s general description is correct the\\nsword, religion, mid commerce, have been the ruling\\nprinciples of the three periods, in which the fa-\\nbled succession of the golden, silver, and iron\\nages, has been reversed in our favour. Governor\\nPownal wrote the work which has been cited sixty\\nyears ago, and every year since has developed more\\nand more, the prevalence of commerce and its be-\\nneficent consequences. It is indeed true that te-\\ndious and wasting wars have defaced this period,\\nand impeded, though they could not arrest, the\\nprogress of general prosperity. Fearful approaches\\nwere recently made by one nation, towards renew-\\ning the blasting rule of the sword but the utter", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "129\\ndiscomfiture of that power will operate against a\\nrepetition of the attempt, which can never again be\\nmade under so favourable circumstances, for even a\\nchance of success.\\nThe motives to aid the extension of the commer-\\ncial spirit, understood in its widest sense, are suffi-\\nciently strong to give them a decisive influence in the\\nviews of ambition and power if they seek only\\ntheir own gratification and enlargement, and not the\\ndegradation, as well as the command, of mankind.\\nTake for instance the most prominent objects of Ro-\\nman grandeur, their public works; their roads,\\naqueducts, temples, theatres, and palaces, were\\nmagnificent but they have been equalled or sur-\\npassed in modern times. If canals be added to\\nroads, as they should be in the calculation, they will\\nstand higher on the scale than even the celebrated\\nways of the Roman. Aqueducts we do not show,\\nbecause a better knowledge of hydraulics has su-\\nperseded them. In temples, they cannot compare\\nwith ours in size, or architectural science, though\\nthey may in beautiful and chaste designs, which\\nwere perfected by the Greeks. Their theatres were\\nmore vast and imposing, and the use they made of\\nthem was more barbarous and ignoble in palaces\\nthey perhaps exceeded the splendour, yet were infe-\\nrior in accommodation to modern edifices. But\\nwhat was the state of the people at the difierent\\nperiods Under the Roman empire, with the excep-\\ntion of a very small number, the entire population\\nwere soldiers or labourers a single dres 5 of wool-\\n17", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "ISO\\nlen constituted their whole wardrobe their dwel-\\nlings were mere niches, and nearly all their pleas-\\nures, baths, theatres and gymnasia, were public,\\neleemosynary favours. In modern times, while all\\nthese grand monuments have been created, a con-\\nstant accumulation of comfort has been going on\\nsociety has been improved and divided by imper-\\nceptible gradations into numerous classes, of which\\nthe meanest was equal to what constituted the\\nmass of ancient population. Even for the purposes\\nof conquest, the commercial system has been the\\nmost efficient, and has furnished the means of\\nobtaining possessions, which the Roman legions\\nnever could have reached. Commerce not only\\nincreases the power of the government, but at the\\nsame time advances the improvement of the people.\\n1 may recall to your mind on this topic a fine remark\\nof Gibbon after describing the luxury and osten-\\ntation of some of the Roman patricians, he says\\nYet the multiplication of glass and linen gives a\\nmodern private gentleman more real comforts and\\nluxury, than a Roman proconsul could enjoy with\\nthe plunder of a province.\\nIf it be true, that the age of the sword was less\\nconducive, not only to the happiness of mankind,\\nbut even to its own purposes, than the age of com-\\nmerce it is equally and more strikingly evident, that\\nthe age of religion continued the calamities of man-\\nkind, by the incessant wars it engendered and\\nwould inevitably have destroyed its pretended object\\naltogether, if the enormity of its abuses had not", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "131\\nproduced the Reformation, and laid the way for its\\nsubversion. It cannot be necessary to say, that you\\nwill understand the author s meaning and mine in\\nthe use of this term, religion. The feelings of real\\nreligion produced the second era of which he speaks,\\nbut the foul adulterous spirit of despotism soon\\nusurped its place, and wearing its mask, made\\nEurope for centuries one wide scene of oppression,\\nmisery and devastation. Pure religion withered\\naway, and a hideous superstition grew up in its place,\\nwhich engendered innumerable abuses, though it\\nsometimes stayed the career of profligate hypocrisy,\\nand compensated for some of its mischiefs, by occa-\\nsionally obstructing the cause of those who made\\nuse of its agency. That union of the priest and\\nmagistrate, of politics and religion, was then effected,\\nby which the latter became subservient to the former,\\nand entailed upon mankind an overwhelming bur-\\nden of abuse. The evils arising from this cause\\nare slowly removed they are still felt in every\\nnation of Europe, and the deep root they have taken\\nmakes it almost impossible to eradicate them. Per-\\nfect toleration is the only specific, and this is so\\nobstinately opposed, that an entire cure will be a\\ndistant event, although partial remedies have miti-\\ngated the disorder. We are fortunately wholly\\nemancipated, and the advantageous consequences\\nare shown, not only in our religious condition, but\\nin the freedom and simplicity of action in our poli-\\ntical movements.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "132\\nHow niucli more effic/ient is the influence oF coili-\\nmeice for the advancement of religion, than the\\nsupremacy of religion itself What advantages did\\nreligion derive from the actions or preaching of Peter\\nthe Hermit, and the whole host of crusaders Has\\nnot the founding of a single commercial colony, done\\nmore for the establishment and diffusion of religious\\ntruth, than all the hosts which, in the age of reli-\\ngion, Europe precipitated on Asia Does not the\\nintercourse of commerce, by making men and lan-\\nguages known to each other, cause the light of truth\\nto shine wh erever commerce has penetrated And\\nhave we not reason to think, that the modern Bible\\nSocieties, aided by the facilities which commercial\\nintercourse procures, will do more for the cause of\\ntruth, without any violence or any oppression, in one\\ncentury, than were effected in ten, by all the col-\\nleges of the Propagandists\\n1 am here attaching to the terms, commerce, and\\nthe commercial spirit, a very extensive meaning I\\nconsider them as having a bearing on every class of\\nsociety. In fact, it is not the professed mer-\\nchant and trader only, who arc in our times con-\\nnected with commerce the commercial spirit is\\nuniversal, and pervades all classes in a degree. The\\nmodern state of the world is wholly different from\\nthe ancient in this respect, and is becoming more so\\nit is this difference which constitutes our superior-\\nity it is this which affects the cultivator of the\\nearth, the artizan, and all those likewise, whose\\noperations are connected with mental labour it is", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "133\\nthis, which has stimulated the latent powers of pro-\\nduction, and fertilized the wide fields of human\\nexertion. It is this activity of the principle of com-\\nmerce, that is alternately the cause and effect of our\\nliberty, enterprise, science, and morality it is this\\ntherefore, which has made known the rights,\\nenlarged the capacity, multiplied the comforts, and\\nameliorated the condition of mankind.\\nIn the time of the ancients, those nations which\\ndwelt under inhospitable skies, were very little supe-\\nrior in any thing they possessed, to our Choctaws and\\nSeminoles and those who lived in more fortunate\\nclimates, displayed their grandeur and power princi-\\npally in war. The people at large must have been\\npoorer, as ignorant, and with as little motive for\\nexertion as the Turks. One ship like those engaged\\nin the trade between Europe and India, would have\\ntransported all the merchandise, with the exceptions\\nof corn, wine, and oil, that came annually for the\\nsupply of even imperial Rome. Property existed\\nin much fewer shapes land, palaces, plate, pictures,\\nstatues, and slaves, were the chief investments of it\\nthis wealth was commonly the spoils of a vanquished\\nenemy, and held by a few patrician families the\\npeople at large had no motive to labour, except for\\ndaily sustenance there were few gradations, to\\nproduce the constant excitement of rivalry and effort\\nto better their situation the disparity was too great\\nto give any hope of attaining that vast wealth, which\\nwas in the hands of a few, and of whose ostentatious\\ngratuities they were content to partake, in frequent-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "134\\ning the baths orthe theatres. If Panis et cir censes\\nwas the popular cry in the decline of the empire, it\\nwas bread alone, in poorer and more virtuous times.\\nTill the conclusion of the 15th century, things\\nwere but little better in modern times the baron,\\nthe priest and the peasant, comprised almost all the\\ndistinctions in society. The latter received just\\nenough of the produce of his labour to keep him\\nfrom starving, and the surplus was divided between\\nthe two former. A comparatively small number of\\nmechanics were sufificient to make the few rude arti-\\ncles of dress and furniture then in use. The monied\\ntransactions that occurred were in the hands of\\nJews, who were held in such contempt and oppres-\\nsion, that their agency could be neither extensive or\\nhonourable. The few shops then seen, must have\\nmade such a paltry display of wares, as is now\\nexhibited in the poorest suburbs of modern cities.\\nA pedlar was the richest dealer in a district, and he\\nsupplied, in his rambling visits, not only the cottage\\nof the serf, but the castle of the master. Canals\\nwere unknown and roads impassable transportation\\nof commodities was almost impracticable; the\\nexchange of products was therefore but little prac-\\ntised the corn, wine, oil, and wool that were pro-\\nduced in a province, were consumed within it,\\nexcepting some of the countries on the shores of the\\nMediterranean, on which sea were to be found\\nalmost all the vessels that carried on the commerce\\nof Europe.", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "135\\nI have here recalled to your mind the circum-\\nstances of former times in this general outline, only\\nto show the contrast with the present, and thus\\ninfer the superiority of the influence of commerce\\nover the other two ruling principles. With the\\nadded success of several centuries of conquest, what\\ndid the power of the sword produce, but the colos-\\nsal grandeur of the eternal city, and the slavery of\\nevery country in Europe With the unlimited de-\\nvotion of men s minds, with a universal fanaticism\\nand a trembling unconditional submission to its\\ndecrees, what did the domination of religion, in\\nthe exercise of political power, produce in the\\ncourse of ten centuries, but some gigantic churches,\\nsome vast convents, a few illuminated MSS. and\\nuniversal ignorance and superstition What has\\nbeen effected by the influence of commerce in a\\nlittle more than three centuries let the prosperity\\nof the civilized world, and the daily extension of\\nits limits, be the answer.\\nThe pervading, powerful agency of the commer-\\ncial principle, is a subject of admiration, and the\\nera of its rule seems destined to carry society to its\\nhighest capability of improvement, and perhaps to\\nfurnish the preventives of national decay. It acts\\nas the universal stimulus to production, and makes\\nwhat is produced the certain means of acquiring\\nwealth the acquisition of this induces and sustains\\nevery other acquisition, liberty, comfort, instruc-\\ntion, morality, and religion. Every individual in\\nsociety is animated by this influence, as every thing", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "136\\nhe can produce is marketable men do not limit\\nthemselves to the mere attainment of sustenance\\nwhatever may be their pursuit, each strives to\\ncreate a surplus by his labour beyond his own im-\\nmediate wants, to secure a greater power of ulterior\\ngratification. This impulse extends the limits of\\nintercourse every year, multiplies the mass of ex-\\nchangeable products, and of course accumulates\\nthe general amount of property, or the results of\\nhuman industry it equalizes the gifts of Provi-\\ndence, and levels the condition of his creatures by\\nit, distant nations are brought into communication,\\nand each is enabled to profit not only by the barter\\nof commodities, but by the observation of every\\nkind of improvement. A new fruit is obtained\\nfrom one, a machine from another, a wise regulation\\nfrom a third. Climate no longer prevents this\\nman from eating sugar, or deprives that of bread.\\nThe vast capabilities of the earth are thrown into\\none common stock, which is open to universal com-\\npetition, and from which intelligence and industry\\nare sure to derive the largest portion.\\nThe absurdity, on reflection, must be apparent,\\nthough it still occurs occasionally, of talking about\\na commercial interest separate from that of the\\ncommunity, in any extensive nation and the at-\\ntempt to inspire a jealousy of it is unwise and\\nmischievous. The merchants, for instance, in the\\nUnited States, numerous and important as their\\noperations have become, are only the factors for\\nthe rest of the nation. Their interests cannot be", "height": "3192", "width": "1849", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "137\\ndifferent on any great points. Their concerns and\\nthose of the agriculturist are intimately blended.\\nWe have learnt, from severe experience, that restric-\\ntions on them almost immediately affect the whole\\ncountry. It is like throwing a dam across the\\nmouth of a river the current is first checked there,\\nbut the flood recedes till it stagnates in its most\\ndistant fountains. The planter, iarmer, mechanic,\\nand very soon the professional man, are affected\\ninjuriously by any hindrance to free trade. The\\ncommercial action is to the nation what the circu-\\nlation of the blood is to the body it carries vitality\\nand nutriment to every part.\\nEurope still suffers under the prevalence of max-\\nims, established in times of comparative ignorance\\nand barbarity. The restrictions in the commerce\\nof grain, in the exportation of specie, and in other\\narticles of merchandise, are obstacles to public pros-\\nperity. Some of these questions are attended with\\nsuch serious consequences; the minority which\\ngains by monopoly, always pertinacious, however\\nsmall, throw so many alarms in the way of an im-\\nproved system, that the advances towards it are\\nslow. Then the rivalries and animosities between\\ndifferent states, the embarrassments caused by their\\ncolonial system, and the enormous exactions of the\\nfisc, render amelioration hopeless so long as the\\nwarlike establishments of those countries shall con-\\nsume so large a part of their substance, and intimi-\\ndate their statesmen from trying alterations, which\\nmay throw any hazard on the means of supporting\\n18", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "138\\nlliem. How fortunate is our condition in this re-\\nspect; without colonies to restrict or to favour,\\nwithout military establishments beyond the first\\nwants of defence with every part of our territory\\non an equal footing, all its productions freely ex-\\nported, and no foreign ones prohibited, the freedom\\nof commerce is here perfect and its benefits incal-\\nculable.\\nThe state of commerce, as it now exists in the\\nworld, has rendered many prejudices, originally\\njust, and long hereditary, now obsolete. When the\\nmerchants of the world were in proportion to its\\ncommerce, and little more than a group of pedlars\\nand usurers, it was allowable to view them with\\ncontempt or hatred. But when their operations\\nhave extended, till a single individual employs more\\npersons, and receives a greater income, than some\\nprinces, the case is altered. We have lately seen,\\nthat one of them might almost be considered a\\nparty at the Congress of Aix la Chapelle without\\nwhose agency, at least, the sovereigns could not\\nhave terminated their arrangements. Mercantile\\ntransactions, by the extension of commerce, are\\nwidely diffused and every man who has any thing\\nbeyond his own wants, is obliged to partake of\\nthem. The agriculturist who employs any capital,\\nmust be extensively engaged in buying and selling\\nand he must be conversant with many commercial\\ntransactions, and keep in view the general state of\\ncommerce, or he will be a great loser. There are,\\nbesides, a large number of individuals, who as", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "139\\nbankers, insurers, stockholders, or adventurers in dif-\\nferent voyages, employ their capital in trade, though\\nin a manner that leaves them great leisure for amuse-\\nments or instruction. It is these numerous classes\\nof individuals, with characters more or less elevated,\\nthat connect the profession of commerce with the\\nleading ranks of society. Education in a free coun-\\ntry is the chief test of respectability and as the\\nsons of merchants receive the same education with\\nthose of princes, and often profit by it more, it is the\\nfault or the choice of the individual, if his station\\nbe not conspicuous.\\nThe results of enlarged commerce have been so\\nnumerous and important the changes it has made\\nin society have been so beneficent, that I do not\\nknow whether it be too extravagant to hope, that\\nposterity may owe a diminution of war to this\\nsource. As people acquire property, instruction, a\\nfeeling of their rights, and the habit of examining\\npublic affairs and judging questions of general\\ninterest, they may hereafter become too wise, to\\nsuffer kings to play so often at the game of war.\\nThat the practice of war should be foregone alto-\\ngether, we cannot expect or wish. With all its\\nevils, it produces some good effects. It may be the\\ncorruption of our nature if you please, but it seems\\nnatural to man. It brings out some of his virtues,\\nand sustains the high and noble feeling, which makes\\npersonal safety a subordinate consideration. It gives\\nfrequent examples of manliness, magnanimity, and\\nthe sacrifice of selfishness on the altar of patriotism.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "140\\nIt abashes and humiliates that tone of cant and\\nhypocrisy, which avarice and cowardice sometimes\\nassume, to screen their meanness under the disguise\\nof philanthropy and religion. It, besides, employs\\na number of people, who from their peculiar cha-\\nracter would be only nuisances in society and if\\nthey had no other resort, would become private bul-\\nlies and assassins though the same people under\\nmilitary discipline, guided by superior minds and\\nexcited by a certain standard of honour, may make\\nexcellent food for powder, and contribute to the\\ndefence of their country. But if the increase of\\nintelligence and personal independence, which are\\nproduced by the extension of commerce if this\\nshould stimulate the citizens of every country in\\nEurope, to insist on a reduction of the oppressive\\nand useless military establishments, which devour\\nso much of their industry if they would endure\\nonly a small army for the personal gratification of\\nthe sovereign, and the necessary defence of the\\ncountry, against the surprise of sudden invasion, and\\nthus diminish the scale of military achievements, to a\\nkind of pompous gladiatorial combats, we might then\\nhope for that splendid era which would deprive war\\nof its stmg, and confirm the prosperity and improve-\\nments of mankind. This era, you may think, would\\nbe too near an approach to the millennium, to be\\nexpected in our age. When all civilized nations in\\na feeling of universal comity^ and enlarged views\\nof individual as well as general interests, should\\nagree in removing the restrictions from commerce,", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "141\\nthat mutually oppress them, and should insist that\\nthe operations of war should not interfere, except\\nin the case of a besieged fortress, with the subsis-\\ntence of mankind, or the rewards of their industry\\nthat inoffensive productions should circulate freely,\\nand be exempt from capture then would war be a\\ncomparatively harmless struggle, in which the min-\\nions of glory would be the only sufferers when its\\ndestruction would be confined to a single plain, or a\\nsolitary fortress; and not, as we now behold it,\\nplundering the palace and the cottage, devastating\\nprovinces, covering kingdoms with ruin by its\\ninsatiable demands, consuming the blood and sub-\\nstance of nations, involving the victor and the van-\\nquished in one common oppression, ruining the latter\\nby its defeats, and enfeebling the former by its\\ntriumphs.\\nLETTER V.\\nLITERATURE.\\nMy dear Sir,\\nThe past and present state of American litera-\\nture, and the hopes which may be entertained in\\nrespect to it, you know have of late years been fre-\\nquently discussed by those who felt an interest in the", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "142\\nsubject. The circumstances which have influenced\\nit hitherto, and those which can be expected to pro-\\nmote it hereafter, have been dwelt upon by many\\npatriotic minds, who were anxious about the real\\nand lasting glory of their country. So many just\\nand acute disquisitions have been made, that there\\nis little chance of saying any thing new but to\\nfulfil my intentions and promises, when we last con-\\nversed on the subject, I must attempt to give you\\nsome account of the literary condition and prospects\\nof this section of the Union, without attempting to\\ngo out of these limits.\\nThe first colonists of Massachusetts and Connect-\\nicut, from which the other eastern states derive their\\norigin and general character, were some of them\\nmen of learning, who were led to expatriate them-\\nselves, with the purpose of promoting education\\nand enjoying their religious opinions undisturbed\\nthe latter, indeed, was by far the strongest and most\\nvehement motive, yet they considered the former its\\nmost essential support. They founded a college,\\ntherefore, to prepare aliment for the mind, before\\ntheir cultivation of the soil was sufficiently extended,\\nto guarantee them against a famine for the body.\\nA generation had hardly elapsed, from the first\\nlanding of the forefathers, before they were/ollowed\\nby many learned and pious men, who fled from per-\\nsecution so much more eagerly, when they came to\\na colony, where not only their religious opinions\\ncould be enjoyed, but where their learning obtained\\nfor them the highest reverence and distinction. The", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "143\\nscattered settlements along the shores of Massachu*\\nsetts and Connecticut, which on the map of our\\nnow extensive empire can hardly be made visible,\\nwere not inhabited, as is often the case in a new\\ncolony, by men of forlorn prospects and ruined cha-\\nracters, or by desperate, expelled outcasts but by\\ngentlemen and yeomen of England, who, in a period\\nof stern religious dissent, went into a voluntary, dis-\\ntant exile, to preserve what they considered the truth.\\nThese solitary villages, hardly indenting the vast\\nforest that overshadowed the continent, where labour\\nand frugality never relaxed their cares where every\\nthing luxurious withered before the energy of body\\nand mind, maintained by the daily encounter of hard-\\nship and danger in these lone villages, there were to\\nbe found as teachers and leaders of the flock, men\\nwho united all the learning of the schools, to the\\npiety and zeal of the confessors and martyrs. These\\nmen, who had been bred in the antique cloisters of\\nOxford and Cambridge, with habits and views thai\\nordinarily lead to timid apprehensions of every thing\\nnew, and a reluctant change of locality cheerfully\\ncame to what was then called the new, and might\\nalmost be considered another, world, and here\\nexhorted their fellow pilgrims to constancy. Some-\\ntimes their discourse was held in the deep shades of\\nmoss-grown forests, whose gloom and interlaced\\nboughs first suggested that Gothic architecture, be\\nneath whose pointed arches, where they had studied\\nand prayed, the parti-coloured windows shed a\\ntinged light scenes which the gleams of sunshine.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "144.\\npenetrating the deep foliage, and flickering on the\\nvariegated turf below, might have recalled to their\\nmemory.\\nA text selected by a distinguished clergyman, the\\nRev. Mr. Danforth, for a sermon preached on\\na public occasion, in the early period of the\\nColony, was strikingly adapted to his purpose, and\\nmight nearly be taken as a standing motto for the\\nhistory of our forefathers What went ye out into\\nthe wilderness to see a reed shaken by the wind f\\nBut what went ye out for to see A man clothed\\nin soft raiment Behold they that wear soft clothing\\nare in King s houses.\\nBut what loent ye out for to see A prophet yea,\\nI say unto you, and more than a prophet.\\nThey were constantly reading the scriptures and\\nciting particular passages, which they thought appli-\\ncable to their situation. From this source they ac-\\nquired much of the fortitude which made them en-\\ndure, and finally triumph over the hardships of their\\nlot.\\nThough religion was the chief, nay, almost the\\nexclusive motive for the cultivation of learning by\\nour ancestors, they were not wholly neglectful of the\\nnatural sciences, which have since that period been\\nso prodigiously developed. It is a singular fact,\\nthat the first founders of the Royal Society of Eng-\\nland meditated the romantic idea of coming to\\nthis country, to devote themselves wholly to the\\npursuit of science. This singular conception was\\nabandoned, but one or two of them came here, and\\nwere in constant correspondence with the Society", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "145\\nat home. But to rear teachers of the gospel, was\\nthe main purpose for which the first colleges were\\nfounded. The ancient languages, Latin, Greek,\\nand Hebrew, divinity, logic, and philosophy, such\\nas they were in that period, were the only objects\\nof study.\\nHaving so early founded a college for teaching\\nsome of the higher branches of learning, it may be\\nsupposed that they did not overlook the utility of\\nwidely diffusing the advantages of the common\\nkinds of instruction. This was attended to from\\nthe beginning laws were enacted from time to\\ntime, until it became the imperative duty of every\\ntown to maintain a public school and at pre-\\nsent these must be so supported, as to give every\\nchild the means of instruction. In Connecticut the\\nexpense is defrayed by a fund belonging to the state,\\namounting to 1,500,000 dollars, the income of which\\nis paid over to each town in certain relative propor-\\ntions. In the other eastern states, it is done by each\\ntown taxing itself to keep open a school for a part\\nof the year, generally during the winter months.\\nIn these schools, reading, writing, and arithmetic are\\ntaught, and every family has a right to send its chil-\\ndren. The consequence is, that the rudiments of\\neducation are more universally disseminated, than\\nover any district of equal extent in the world and\\nbut few instances can be found in this population,\\nverging towards two millions, of native individuals\\nwho cannot read and write. Next to these com-\\nmon schools, come the grammar schools, which are.\\n19", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "146\\nmaintained in the more populous towns, and the\\nscale of tuition in these is higher. Then come the\\nincorporated schools, called academies, of which\\nthere are thirty or forty in Massachusetts, and a\\nconsiderable number in the other states these are\\nsupported partly by funds, and by a moderate sum\\npaid for tuition. Writing, arithmetic, geography,\\nelocution, and the languages, are taught in most of\\nthem sufficiently for the examination on entering\\ncollege. Each state has one or more colleges\\nConnecticut one, Rhode Island two. New Hamp-\\nshire one, Vermont two, Maine one, and Massachu\\nsetts three, including the Andover Theological Col-\\nlege. The foundation at Cambridge, which dates\\nfrom 1639, is the only one that is, perhaps, strictly\\nentitled to the appellation of University. The col-\\nlege at New-Haven, founded in 1704, is the next\\nin point of reputation, as well as age. New Hamp-\\nshire and Rhode Island come next. The college\\nat Brunswick, in Maine, is in a growing state, and\\nthough of recent date, enjoys, considerable reputa-\\ntion.*\\nThrough these different schools, the whole rising\\ngeneration is at least taught to read and write. The\\nhigher class of seminaries produce annually a largo\\nnumber who have acquired something of the lan-\\nguages, geography, c. besides those who are bred\\nin many respectable private schools, where the tui-\\ntion is commonly more effective, as the pupils are\\nBow loin College at Bruuswick is iocreasiiig rapidly. Tbe students have\\ndoubled in number within four years, and owing to the zeal of its governmeDt,\\nthe ability of the instructors, and the spirit of improvement prevailing there, it\\nmay be ranked as the third college in the Union.", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "147\\nfewer in number and the expense greater. Last\\ncome the colleges and the university, which perhaps\\nconfer degrees, one year with another, on about\\nthree hundred young men, without including those\\nbelonging to other states. These have, in their four\\nyears residence, pursued the languages, the belles\\nlettres, history, natural and moral philosophy, the\\nmathematics, and heard lectures on theology, law,\\nchemistry, botany, and the medical branches of\\nscience, which last, however, are optional Some\\nof the colleges are deficient in a part of these\\nbranches, and some of them are filled by a more\\nable professor in one institution than at another.\\nThe use of lectures as a means of teaching is in-\\ncreasing in our establishments in certain depart-\\nments we may boast as valuable courses of lectures,\\nand as able professors, as can be found in any coun-\\ntry.\\nThe ability to read must then be universal the\\nmanner in which it is exercised, of course varies with\\nthe situation, instruction and tastes of the individu-\\nal. The Bible is the most read of all other books\\nit would certainly be difficult to find a house with-\\nout one. Next to this, in the houses of the poorer\\nclasses will be found popular religious tracts, of\\nwhich great numbers, as well as of the Bible, are\\nnow annually distributed, gratis. Next to these in\\nfrequency are volumes of popular poetry, travels,\\nor contemporaneous works, exciting patriotic feel-\\nings, or the political sympathies of the times. Then\\ncome the favourite novelists and poets of the day,", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "148\\nBjron, Scott, Miss Edgeworth, kc. wliose works,\\nVepiiblished in a cheap, small form, are spread every\\nwhere. Lastly, come a few with a literary or sci-\\nentific taste, who possess the standard works in mo-\\ndern literature, the ancient classics, and splendid\\nworks in the sciences. Such libraries are not very\\nnumerous, still less can they be called extensive,\\nwhen compared with the private collections in some\\ncountries of Europe but there are some respecta-\\nble both for size and selection, and the taste for\\nowning really valuable works is increasing. I do\\nnot know of any private library among us contain-\\ning more than seven thousand volumes, but there\\nare many that exceed one or two thousand.\\nWe have been, and still are, much more in the\\nhabit of reading books, than making them yet the\\nnumber we have produced is greater, than most per-\\nsons would suppose, or than might have been ex-\\npected under our circumstances. The earliest ef-\\nforts were some small descriptive works, printed in\\nEngland, written soon after the first settlement of\\nthe country, and which are by no means deficient\\nin interest, to those who are fond of investigating\\nour early history. Next come sermons, religious\\ncontroversy, and metaphysical religion, spread into\\nbewildering subtleties, or abstruse, incomprehensible\\ndoctrines, sad trash, of which hardly a single vo-\\nlume has now any value. This class of books has al-\\nways, and does still, form the largest in our produc-\\ntions but its relative magnitude is daily lessening,\\nand its merit increasing. Polemical religion is not", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "149\\nmuch to the taste of the day and a religious disputant\\ncan gain but few readers, and still fewer admirers.\\nIf a man is affected with this mania, the best cure\\nfor him, without taking; the thousands of folios that\\ncrowd some of the theological libraries of Europe,\\nwould be to show him the collection of what has\\nbeen done here how little the cause of truth has\\nbeen served by this kind of strife, and how worth-\\nless are all these dingy volumes. Some of our public\\nlibraries, in order to make their collection complete,\\nhave copies of them all, which are no where else\\nto be found for wost of these works, like the Vicar\\nof Wakefield s Treatise on Monogamy, became\\nscarce even in the life-time of their authors. But\\nthe same improvement has taken place in this, as\\nin other branches of our literature. We have had\\nsome sermons published within a few years, that\\nwill be always read with pleasure.\\nThe next class in point of number, and the first\\nin value, have been Journals, histories, and biogra-\\nphy with the aid of these, we have a very com-\\nplete chronology from the earliest settlement of the\\ncountry, and a tolerable account of the principal in-\\ndividuals who are connected with our history.\\nThe constant Indian wars, and the hostilities with\\nthe French, form the themes of many narratives.\\nBiography of the governors, of men who distin-\\nguished themselves in the border wars, of clergy-\\nmen who were remarkable for their learning or\\ninfluence, are the chief subjects. Most of these\\nworks we owe to clergymen, who were for some", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "150\\ngenerations the only professional men possessed ot\\nrespectability and talents. It is only during the\\ntwo last generations that physicians and lawyers\\nhave been men of learning and celebrity. Next\\ncome poetry and miscellaneous works in the\\nbelles-lettres; religion or politics have been the\\nprevailing motives of the former. Connecticut has\\nbeen the principal nursery of this species of talent.\\nMany of these productions are respectable, and cer-\\ntainly as worthy of preservation as the works of\\nseveral of the minor poets, who are enrolled in\\nEnglish collections of poetry. But none of it is\\nof the first class, and therefore a very lasting repu-\\ntation cannot be founded upon it for mediocrity in\\npoetry is like staleness in champagne and we have\\nit on very ancient and very decisive authority, that\\nneither gods nor men will tolerate indifferent poetry.\\nStill, I believe the productions of some of these\\nwriters, will form part of future collections of\\nAmerican poetry, partly as early specimens, part-\\nly, because there was a good deal of patriotic and\\nardent feeling in the writers, that made them very-\\npopular at the time, and because, if not very\\nbrilliant, the versification was flowing and correct.\\n1 have not noticed political writings, but these\\nhave been very abundant. The Revolution, the\\nadoption of the Federal Constitution, and the\\nparties that grew up under it, have furnished innu-\\nmerable pamphlets, and some solid volumes. By\\nfar the greater number of these were ephemeral,\\nand can now only be met with on the shelves of", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "151\\ncollectors they were too often written with all\\nthe bitterness and prejudice of party spirit, and\\nwere forgotten with the temporary purpose they\\nwere meant to answer. But there are some\\nhonourable exceptions, and this period has furnish-\\ned some treatises, that will enter into the studies of\\nall future statesmen. The Defence of the Ameri-\\ncan Constitutions, and the Federalist, will certain-\\nly be of this description.\\nA great many magazines have been undertaken\\nwithin the last half century, which existed only for\\na few years. At present they are numerous, par-\\nticularly religious ones the Calvinists, Unitarians,\\nBaptists, Methodists, Universalists, Swedenbor-\\ngians. Episcopalians, have each one for the particu-\\nlar edification of their own secc. A quarterly jour-\\nnal devoted to the sciences, published at New-\\nHaven, is highly deserving of an extended patron-\\nage, both for its objects and the talents of its editor.\\nThe New-England Medical Journal, appearing\\nquarterly, at Boston, has able contributors an\\nAgricultural Journal is issued by the Massachusetts\\nAgricultural Society, the Athenaeum, printed once a\\nfortnight, is composed exclusively of selections from\\nthe English Magazines, and as it takes the cream\\nfrom them all must be a rich miscellany. The\\nNorth American Review published quarterly is\\ndevoted to general literature and science. This\\nwork is now conducted with very great ability. It is\\nrepublished in England, and since it has come\\nunder the direction of the present editor promises", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "162\\nto be the most widely circulated of all our periodi-\\ncal works, of which it is certainly the most dis-\\ntinguished.\\nI have omitted, in the account of our reading, to\\nmention newspapers these are go numerous, so\\ncheap and so miscellaneous, that they are dispersed\\nevery where. Upwards of a dozen are published\\nin Boston, two in Salem, Portsmouth, Portland,\\nHallowell, Providence, Hartford, New-Haven, c.\\nand almost every county has one. They carry\\ntheir various topics into every dwelling each poli-\\ntical party has its onn, and whatever taste becomes\\nconsiderably spread, soon has a printer to purvey\\nfor it. Thus, there is one of these papers that\\nespouses the cause of masonry, another that gives\\nan account of religious missions, revivals, c.\\nEvery body reads newspapers the market man,\\nriding home in his cart, will be often seen poring\\nover their pages they are found, not only in\\nevery inn, as in England, but in almost every far-\\nmer s house. All read all get a smattering of the\\nevents as they pass, and many acquire an idle,\\ndesultory habit, from going over the strange medley\\nof these endless gazettes, that incapacitates them\\nfrom pursuing a steady and solid course of reading.\\nThe discouragements to which our literature is\\nexposed, have been well pointed out 1 will touch\\nfor a moment on a few of them. The greatest, and\\nthe most obvious was the constant, supply of very\\nsuperior articles, to use the language of trade, from\\nEngland^ In this, as in coarser branches of manu-", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "153\\nfacture, it was almost in vain to enter into compe-\\ntition. Her scholars were already made, and sup-\\nplied with every advantage for their labours. Her\\nliterary capital was great her taste and learning\\nlong matured, and in every thing of a finer texture,\\nshe could furnish us better and cheaper than we\\ndid ourselves. Still, every people must have some-\\nthing peculiar in their situation, and learn to pre-\\npare for themselves what this peculiarity renders\\nnecessary, and also such things, the want of which\\nis constantly occurring. We soon ceased to import\\nhorse s^oes and almanacs. As one of the earliest\\nmanufactures we possessed was that of thread-lace,\\nso one of the first i)roductions of our literature was\\npoetry. This particularly flourished about the\\ntime we became a nation. As we could not expect\\nour enemies to prepare patriotic verses for us, we\\nwere obliged to make them for ourselves. In this\\nfervid era, enthusiasm naturally led to the production\\nof poetry, and more considerable works were under-\\ntaken under that excitement, than we have pro-\\nduced since. In the mean time, skill and capital,\\nto continue this borrowed phraseology, have both\\nbeen accumulating, and there are some branches\\nwhere the wants of the country are now in a great\\ndegree, and soon will be entirely, supplied at home.\\nSuch, for instance, as law, medicine, theology,\\npolitics, domestic biography, and history. Several\\nof the sciences are beginning to show specimens of\\nour acquirements, which are both elegant and pro-\\n20", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "154\\nfound, and the prospect of a rapid growth of our\\nliterary reputation is extremely animating.\\nBesides the discouragement to labour in the field\\nof literature here, produced by the great superiority\\nof those who cultivated it in England, and whose\\nworks, from being in the same language, were\\nequally accessible to us as to them another disad-\\nvantage arose from the want of wealth and leisure,\\nor in other words, from the necessity and benefit of\\ndevoting all our faculties to more material pursuits.\\nThe forests were to be prostrated, the land tilled,\\nthe sea navigated. There was little superfluous\\nwealth amassed almost every man s existence\\ndepended upon his labour, and those who were ex-\\nempt from this necessity, were obliged to devote\\nthemselves to the various cares of regulating and\\nadministering the concerns of society for which\\nemployment honour was the chief recompense, as\\ntheir fellow citizens could not, or would not pay\\nthose who served them. Thus, in labouring for\\nhis family or the public, every man s exertions\\nwere needed, and till a recent period, every thing\\nthat was written among us, was produced by\\nmagistrates and clergymen, in those gleanings of\\ntime which they could make from their professional\\nvocations. Very profound researches, or very\\nfinished disquisitions, could not be looked for under\\nthese circumstances. The works that were writ-\\nten were for local and temporary purposes, or they\\nwere narratives of events, furnishing invaluable\\ndocuments to future historians.", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "155\\nThe scattered position of our population, and the\\nwant of large towns, was an obstruction. The\\nurbanity, the atticism, or by whatever name that\\ntone of good taste may be called, which can never\\nharmonize with rusticity or vulgarity, cannot exist\\nunless formed by the concentration of large cities.\\nWithout a metropolis, where individual prejudice\\nand conceit will be confounded and put down by\\nthe collision of equal or superior minds, there will\\nbe always a provincial air discoverable in all works\\nof literature, that will disqualify them for general cir-\\nculation. They exhibit a sort of dialect of ideas,\\nas well as of words, of which the former is much\\nmore intolerable than the latter. In England and\\nFrance there are works published every year in the\\nprovinces that exemplify this defect, and which\\nnever get beyond their own vicinity. This state of\\nthings, from which w^e are beginning to emerge, pro-\\nduced its natural effect. We had no large towns,\\nwhere, out of the congregation of opinions, every\\ndefect and every beauty was sure to be remarked,\\nand an author thus enabled to form a correct model.\\nOur seminaries were rather for the instruction of\\nboys than men there were no more persons em-\\nployed in them than was necessary for the former\\npurpose and as there were no matured minds\\nengaged in the higher branches of study, even the\\nlimited competency of collegiate society was want-\\ning in the formation of a pure taste. In every\\ndepartment of the belles-letters, particularly those\\nwhich partake of satire and sportive wit, this would", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "156\\nbe most strongly shown. The productions of Con-\\nnecticut furnish a striking example of this, not only\\nbecause they were most numerous, but because the\\ninilL-?^nce alhuled to was wholly wanting. They\\nexhibited strong, acute, and witty minds, wliich if\\nthey had breathed any other atmosphere than that\\nof a village, might have formed accomplished wri-\\nters. The people of these states have a strong love\\nand perception of humour, but it is clothed in a rus-\\ntic dress. The equality of condition carries this\\nstyle of humour among men of all professions, and\\nthe writers in question imbibed its rusticity often\\nyielding to it against even their better judgment, that\\ntheir writings might be more easily relished by those\\nimmediately about them. The consequence has\\nbeen, that even genuine wit was degraded by its\\nassociations, till it became maukish to a correct\\ntaste. Their sweetness resembles more the flavour\\nof that popular commodity, of which we annually\\ndrain the West Indies, than the honey of Mount\\nHymettus. The productions of minds fraught with\\nclassic images, were adapted to village comprehen-\\nsion their Apollo was the god in exile and dis-\\nguise, tending the flocks of Admetus in Thessaly,\\nplaying with the reed of Pan to shepherds and cot-\\ntagers, not striking the lyre to the listening Muses\\nand Graces on Parnassus.\\nThere is one branch of literature, in which we\\nhave produced nothing that will go down to the next\\ngeneration, though several attempts have been made.\\nI speak of the drama our failure of success here", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "157\\nis owing to various causes. All the prominent and\\nmost natural subjects of tragedy and comedy have\\nlong since been brought into action on the French\\nand English stage. Nothing was left to modern\\nwriters, but to invent some new and complicated\\nplot, or to seize upon the passing ridicule of the day\\nfor the amusement of an audience even these\\nresources are not inexhaustible, and the English\\ntheatre, so far as the authors are concerned, has\\nbeen gradually deteriorating, till at last legitimate\\ntragedy and comedy have been almost lost, and pan-\\ntomime, with all its powerful accompaniments of\\nmusic, dancing and scenery, has nearly got posses-\\nsion of the stage. In this exhaustion of subjects,\\nwe of course were equally at a loss, but we had in\\naddition other disadvantages to struggle with. Tis\\nless than a generation since we have had a theatre at\\nall, and even now, the Boston theatre is the only\\nregular one in the eastern states. Stage plays were\\nheld in abomination by our puritan ancestors and\\na repeal of the law against them in the state of\\nMassachusetts, was obtained after a hard struggle,\\nand only as regarded the capital. The first theatre\\nopened here was before the repeal, and the plays\\nwere called, Moral Lectures thus an advertise-\\nment ran This evening will be performed a\\nmoral lecture, called The School for Scandal,^^ :c.\\nThe magistrates, with a due discretion and regard\\nto public opinion, winked at this evasion, till just at\\nthe close of the season, when they interfered. The\\nrepeal took place at the next session of the legisla-\\nture.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "158\\nYou may recollect the story of the German burgo-\\nmaster, who told his sovereigu on his entering the\\ncity, that they did not fire a salute for six reasons the\\nfirst was, that they had no cannon when the prince,\\ngood-naturedly, spared him a recital of the remainder.\\nNow you may think it a sufficient excuse, that we\\nhave not produced plays, when we were without a\\ntheatre but still the topic suggests some further\\nobservations. We are nearly in the position of\\nIreland and Scotland towards England, as regards\\nhe stage. Ireland and Scotland have no drama of\\nfheir own, though they have marked peculiarities of\\ncharacter, a distinct dialect, and many traditions\\nand romantic adventures appropriate to themselves.\\nYet they have never recurred to these they submit\\nto the dictature of the metropolitan stage, from\\nwhich they derive all their scenic representations,\\nand on which they seldom appear except in an odi-\\nous or ridiculous character. Macbeth and Douglas\\nare indeed from Scottish history, but they were\\nwritten for the English stage. In the case of Scot-\\nland, this seems remarkable, as their romantic his-\\ntory is not only a favourite theme with them, but\\nwith others and their peculiar dialect, which they\\nare so fond of retaining, and with which all their\\nnovels and poetry is infected, would have its value\\nin the drama also. They have, in addition, a na-\\ntional music, which is by all nations admitted to be\\nbeautiful they have a large and splendid metropo-\\nlis, where a good deal of national pride exists and\\nit ould seem as if no country in Europe could", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "159\\nhave more interesting national operas than the\\nScotch, and yet I do not know that any attempt in\\nthis way was ever made by them. Perhaps, the\\nnarrow and bigoted spirit of the Presbyterians, like\\nthat of our puritans, proscribed the theatre. Now,\\nwe are without some of the advantages for the dra-\\nma possessed by the Scotch, particularly in their\\nmusic, and we are, like them, without any actors of\\nour own, and depend upon foreign performers.\\nThis is better, as far as regards English plays, but\\nit is in vain to expect to introduce our own customs\\nand manners on the stage, until we have a race of\\nnative actors who can personate them. In some at-\\ntempts that have been made, an English actor attempt-\\ning to personate a Yankee clown, would introduce\\nhis Yorkshire or Somersetshire cant, but this no more\\nrepresented it, than it did an Irishman or a Scotch-\\nman. Every country has its particular style of hu-\\nmour and manners, and so has ours, and none but a\\nnative can exhibit the marked peculiarity of these,\\nwithout which all comic zest is destroyed.\\nIn the progress of time we shall doubtless have a\\nnational theatre, and then local peculiarities will fur-\\nnish resources for comedy. There are some peri-\\nods of our history, which will furnish hereafter\\nhighly dramatic subjects. This mine must be\\nworked by posterity what will be deeply interest-\\ning to them, runs into the absurd with cotempo-\\nraries. A few years since, a tragedy was brought\\nforward and played several nights, founded on one\\nof the memorable events of the Revolution one of", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "160\\nthe principal characters was that of a distinguished\\nofficer, who derived much amusement by going to\\nthe theatre to see himself represented. The pre-\\nmature blending of fact and fancy together in a\\ndrama, will make even the most serious subjects\\nludicrous. In the calculation of chances, it may\\nbe presumed that some of the future attempts will\\nsucceed, though to write a good play under the in-\\nspiration of either Muse, is one of the most difficult\\nproductions of literature. I presume more than a\\ndozen tragedies, comedies, and farces, have been\\nbrought forward on the Boston stage since it was\\nestablished, which have seldom struggled more than\\na night or two a much greater number have been\\nwritten than have ever been attempted on the stage,\\nthough they may have been printed, commonly to\\nthe subsequent regret of the author. I knew one\\nof these a few years since that produced a useful\\neffect, though it was not on the stage. A member\\nof a legislative body, like Beaumarchais s physician,\\nhad witten a tragedy in his youth, which was\\nunluckily printed, and was most truly ridiculous.\\nDuring a period of high party spirit, a printer had\\nobtained a copy, and was preparing to overwhelm\\nthe senator with ridicule. A gentleman who was\\nanxious for the enactment of a particular bill, ob-\\ntained this copy, and gave it to the author, with no\\nother intimation than that of the mischief he had\\nprevented. In what degree of bribery this would\\nbe ranked, I know not it however at least neutral-\\nized a vote.", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "161\\nOne of the most serious discouragements to Ame-\\nrican authors one that meets them in the very\\nthresholf], arises from the peculiar circumstances of\\nthe book trade some of these for instance, the\\ndifficulty of transmitting books in small parcels to\\ngreat distances, which is a serious obstacle, will be\\ngradually obviated, as the means of transportation\\nand communication are daily improving. But the\\nmain evil will be of longer continuance the publish-\\ning booksellers of the United States are the natural\\nenemies of our own authors they, whose interven-\\ntion is a matter of necessity, either refuse it alto-\\ngether, or offer it with reluctance, and as a favour.\\nI do not know that they can be blamed for consulting\\ntheir own interest, except it be by the non-descripts,\\nwho do not follow the same rule. It is neverthe-\\nless a check to the enterprize of literary men, who\\ncan now hardly get a book printed unless they will\\nsell it themselves and they cannot be authors, ex-\\ncept gratuitously, unless they will be booksellers\\nalso those who are best qualified for the latter oc-\\ncupation, are not always the most competent to\\nthe former. The two, however, are frequently unit-\\ned. The publishers in the United States obtain\\nthe productions of the English press for nothing\\nevery book printed in that country is a waif to\\nthem which they greedily take into possession.\\nThe author is in this case paid nothing the bookseller\\nand printer profit by his wits. An American author\\nmust be paid for the oil he has consumed, but the\\nbookseller would not give him the value of the\\n21", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "162\\ntiiiniuiiigs of his Jainp Why should he He\\ncan derive more by the republication of foreign\\nliterature. The public also connive at this proscrij)-\\ntion of domestic talent, partly from habit, partly\\nfrom interest since if the author receives any thing\\nfor his labours, American books must be dearer than\\nforeign ones, on which the publisher modestly takes\\nfor his share, as an importer, only part of what\\nwould be paid to the author.\\nWe have indeed no poet like Byron, or novelist\\nlike Scott and Edgeworth would to heaven Ave\\nhad but we might furnish works superior to many\\nthat are reprinted here, and circulated with all the\\nindustry of trade. Much of what is republished is\\nmiserable. But I may cite to you a case which will\\nexemplify the whole of this evil. Some years\\nsince a bookseller got the earliest copy of one of\\nthose villanous libels, that have been written\\nagainst this country, in the form of travels it was\\na sorry production yet it was foreign, and therefore\\nprinted and circulated. It so happened, that a cler-\\ngyman of this state, who had recently travelled\\nover the same ground, published a well written tour,\\nwhich, however, contained nothing libellous it\\nwould not sell. I recollect seeing in a periodical\\npublication, a short notice from him of these cir-\\ncumstances, expressed in terms rather of regret than\\nanger, and which terminated with this apposite de-\\nscription of American patronage Alienos fovens,\\nsuis neglectis. This evil will be slowly corrected\\nby public feeling, and we may look forward to the", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "163\\nlime when foreign works of merit only will be re-\\nprinted, and when a domestic production of equal\\ngoodness will have the preference over a foreign\\none but this period has not yet arrived.\\nLiterature is discouraged by the present state of\\npatronage, which is not commensurate with our\\nmeans. Patronage formerly meant an arrogant\\ngratuity, bestowed by rank and wealth on the la-\\nbours of genius, to gratify ostentation or secure\\nfame, by having their names held up in a dedica-\\ntion. But the condition of authors is ameliorated a\\ndedication is now a mark of friendship, not of sub-\\nserviency the individual largess is changed into\\npublic contribution. The number of readers, from\\nthe wide diffusion of education, now contributes the\\nmost effective patronage, it is this kind of support\\nwhich is wanting, not from deficiency of means,\\nbut from want of consideration. There is many a\\nperson among us whose cellar is worth a thousand\\ndollars, but whose library would not bring a hun-\\ndred. Do not think for a moment that I would\\ndisparage the value of wine, particularly that true\\nFalernian, that is sent to double the Cape of Good\\nHope. I have read too much of Anacreon and\\nHorace to be guilty of that heresy on the con-\\ntrary, I hold its limited consumption to be one of\\nthe ablest supporters of sound learning. But I\\nmean, that we have the ability to encourage learn-\\ning, by buying books to the full extent which is\\nnecessary, to cherish our growing literature. A\\nvery few dollars a year would purchase a copy of\\nevery American work, and the money so employed", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "J 64\\nIS not thrown away even if tlie purchaser does not\\nread them, they will commonly sell for what they\\ncost. It is a want of reflection on its advantages,\\nthat prevents many persons, who have a patriotic\\nfeeling for every thing that concerns the honour of\\ntheir country, from this sligljt contribution which\\npaid by many, amounts to an ample aggregate.\\nPersons who can easily afford the purchase, should\\nfeel something like shame at borrowing a book\\nwhich they may obtain of any bookseller, and thus\\nreward the talents of their countrymen. If the im-\\nportance of this were fully understood, there are\\nmany more individuals than now practise it, who\\nwould give directions to their bookseller to send\\nthem a copy of every American work of merit, as\\nsoon as it appeared. Many scientific and learned\\nmen would then be encouraged to pursue labours,\\nwhich are now too often unrewarded. This topic\\nrecalls a remark of a distinguished individual,\\nwhich will fully illustrate it. Being engaged one day\\nin conversation wath three or four gentlemen, they\\nurged him to remain, when he proposed leaving\\nthem his answer was, that he could not. I must\\ngo down to Wells and Lilly s. They have adver-\\ntised some new and valuable books this morning,\\nand I must buy them for some of my rich parishon-\\ners, who will want to borrow them.\\nThe deference for foreign opinion and the admi-\\nration of foreign literature, was disadvantageous\\nwhen it was carried to excess, since it occasioned,\\nwith many, and those commonly the most cultivat-", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "165\\nid minds, a distrust of their own powers, which\\nrendered them inactive. There was a numerous\\nclass of mere smatterers, who were ready to impute\\ntheir want of success entirely to the dazzling bril-\\nliancy of foreign works people, who believed if\\nthe nightingale were out of the way, their own\\ncroaking would be music, and who therefore invok-\\ned patriotism to support, what good taste condemned.\\nThose who had the cause of sound literature really\\nat heart, who feared the progress of a false, inflated\\nstyle, and, above all, the deterioration of the lan-\\nguage, by the introduction of corrupt idioms and un-\\nauthorized words, treated all this class with great\\nderision. Hence a habit of sarcasm and sneering\\nat our own productions became general, and tended\\nto create a distrust of them all. Politics also,\\nwhich blend themselves so frequently with modern\\nliterature, exercised a powerful influence. The\\nlearning of the country was almost entirely on the\\nside of that party, which be^an the administration\\nof the national affairs, and which soon after became\\nthe minority. The disappointment created by this\\npolitical reverse, was too deeply felt. Temporary\\nmischiefs were considered radical evils. The loss\\nof an election was held to be not the consequence\\nof measures, but of the vices of our system. Men\\nwith upright views especially, were apt to attribute\\nthe vexations and injustice they met with in public\\nlife, to false principles of government. Foreigners,\\nwho looked at our institutions with incredulity or\\njealousy, denounced them as impracticable or ab-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "166\\nsurd, because they were unsuited to any thing they\\nwere acquainted with. The vile, atrocious parody\\nof our maxims and establishments, by the French\\nRevolution, confirmed them in their opinions; and\\nproduced some influence upon us for if the enor-\\nmities in France were the natural result of our sys-\\ntem, then it was indeed monstrous and we were\\nso frequently told that the reflection we saw in the\\nRevolutionary mirror was our own image, that\\nmuch uneasiness was excited, though we could not\\nrecognise it. The picture, however, was as much\\nlike the original, as in one of those optical tricks,\\nwhere the figure of the most beautiful object in\\ncreation is converted by reflection into a hideous\\nmonster.\\nThe political distrust and anxiety that were en-\\ngendered, had their influence upon literary opinions.\\nOur institutions were so new they were so benefi-\\ncent, compared with those of any other nation,\\nthat apprehensions Avere perfectly natural. There\\nwas a period even when a man who defended\\ntheir wisdom and stability, was considered rather\\nvisionary, and exi)()sed to a certain vague suspicion\\nof jacobinism. This has gone by experience has\\naccumulated proofs of their solidity statesmen\\nhave become convinced that the walls are not a\\nwooden frame, but massive masonry, and more and\\nmore pride is felt for the edifice. This feeling, in\\nconcerns of state, has a reaction upon literature,\\nand we begin to feel more confidence and more\\nardour in its pursuit. These effects will be evi-", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "167\\ndent to every person who has watched the progress\\nof criticism, and the tone of the higher class of lite-\\nrary journals. A subservience to foreign opinions\\nis destroyed they will be examined and valued\\nonly for their intrinsic merits, and we may flatter\\nourselves, that a progressive self-respect will be\\njustified by our productions.\\nThere are several reasons that hold out to our\\ncountry the fair prospect of literary fame, and a\\nvery extensive cultivation of learning. The incite-\\nments are very powerful from the wide spread of\\nour language, the numbers that speak it, on both\\ncontinents, are already great, but from the vast\\ncapacity for increase here, how many additional\\nmillions, in only a few years, will communicate\\ntheir ideas through this medium This considera-\\ntion will be a powerful stimulus to talent and\\nbenevolence for the good that may be done, or\\nthe applause that may be acquired by authors, very\\nmuch depend on the language that is used. A\\nwriter who should publish brilliant or useful\\nthoughts in the Danish or Swedish language, or\\nseveral others, would write for a very small portion\\nof mankind hence many authors in Europe have\\ngiven up the language of their own country, to\\nwrite in French, which is more generally known\\nbut there is a great disadvantage in this, for the\\nnumber of persons who can acquire a foreign lan-\\nguage in sufficient perfection to express their\\nthoughts in it with ease and elegance, must neces-\\nsarily be very limited. The French having been", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "168\\nused in diplomatic intercourse by common consent,\\nbecame the language of polite people in every\\ncountry of Europe, and at one period this gave it a\\npromise of universality. Some disposition has been\\nshown on the continent to narrow its use, in order\\nto counteract a political influence this may be on-\\nly temporary yet the English must become the\\npredominant language. It is probably now spoken\\nmore than the French. In Asia it must be the exclu-\\nsive European language in Europe, the interests\\nof literature and commerce both exert an increas-\\ning influence towards its acquisition as an accom-\\nplishment and in this country, its indefinite power\\nof increase will make it hereafter the most general\\nlanguage. The author who uses it, knows that\\nthose who can sympathize with him, or follow his\\nviews, are innumerable the theatre on which he\\nperforms is the largest, and the audience the most\\nnumerous in the world.\\nThe love of distinction, the ambition of fame,\\nthose natural and generous consequences of liberty,\\nmust have numerous votaries here. That love of\\nfuture renown, which is surely not absurd unless\\nthe hope of immortality be groundless that prefer-\\nence of posthumous fame to notoriety, which ab-\\nstracts itself from the present, and is anxious to be\\nenrolled in the temple of memory that last in-\\nfirmity of noble minds, if it prove a disorder to\\nthe individual, is a benefit to the public*\\nWliat booteth it to have been rich alive\\nWhat to be great P what to be gracioii", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "169\\nNow, as our families cannot be perpetuated as\\nwe have no entailed privileges, no hereditary rank\\nas no one is born to titular distinctions as every\\nman must achieve all that he possesses literary ce-\\nlebrity will become an object of pursuit with many,\\nwho cannot obtain it by any less arduous mode.\\nThe equality that subsists among us can only be\\nsurmounted by superior attainments and those who\\ndo not take the roads of wealth or politics in pur-\\nsuit of these, will follow that of literature.\\nPerhaps it may be found, that literature will de-\\nrive facilities from the unfettered state of opinion\\namong us. In some countries education is in the\\nhands of particular classes of men, who give it a\\nbias subservient to the views of government, or their\\nown order. They are too apt to have a morbid\\nfear of novelty, and a tendtu toleration, of existing\\nabuses. Their system is founded on prescription,\\nwith a strong reluctance to admit any change, even\\nif that change be improvement. They themselves\\nwent through a certain routine, and they seem loath\\nthat others should escape from its irksomeness, lest\\ntheir acquisitions should be undervalued. There is\\na strong disposition to subject every mind to one\\nmethod their plan is the bed of Procrustes, and\\nthe mind must be stretched or contracted to fit it.\\nIf after death no token dotii survive\\nOf former being in tiiis mortal house.\\nBut sleeps in dust, dead and inglorious\\nLike beast whose breath but in his nostrils is,\\nAnd hatfi not hope of happiness or bliss.\\nSpencf:-,\\\\- Ruintof Time-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "170\\nIn the freer countries, there are some exceptions,\\nbut they are all modern or all private institutions\\nthe public establishments still wear the livery of the\\n15th century. Many minds are thus exercised in\\ntrammels, until the natural freedom and spring arc\\nlost, and they ever after move in the required gait,\\nthat never oversteps the ancient paths. In this\\ncountry, when we shall have a body of instructors\\nwith equal ability, and less subject to the influence\\nof prejudice, less bigoted to antique forms, because\\nthey are antique, we may hope for greater facilities\\nor fewer obstacles to the developement of talent.\\nA boy s case will not be desperate, though he can-\\nnot make Latin verses; if he can comprehend a\\nproblem of Euclid or a moral of history, it will be\\nreceived in connnutation for an exercise in proso-\\ndy and if his mind can soar, the course will be\\nleft in some degree to his own choice, and not bo\\ndragged back to earth, to flutter in one, for which\\nhe may feel nothing except repugnance and in-\\naptitude.\\nThere is one circumstance which has, in some\\nrespects, a favourable, in others an unfavourable\\ntendency for literature, and which of these pre-\\nponderates, is uncertain, though I am inclined to\\nthink the latter this is the wide circulation of\\nnewspapers, and their extremely miscellaneous cha-\\nracter, which furnish great variety of reading, and\\ntend to encourage desultory habits of it they offer\\na receptacle for speedy publication, open to almost\\nevery one s communications. This gives an easy\\nI", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "171\\nopportunity to young writers to try their pens but\\nit also wastes the energy of many minds in discon-\\nnected essays on subjects of temporary interest, the\\nfleeting topics of the day. The facility of publica-\\ntion, in this ready mode of occupying public atten-\\ntion, is very attractive to those who want to express\\ntheir thoughts without the labour of correction.\\nOpinions made up under immediate excitement,\\ncommonly exhibit great rashness of judgment and a\\nstrong tincture of prejudice a loose and careless\\nstyle is adopted, in which violence and exaggeration\\nsupply the place of correctness and strength where\\nthe effect is from the venom of the shaft, not the\\nvigour of the bow. There are many persons who\\nprobably would not write at all, if they were obliged\\nto write with more care and effort but there are\\nsome who have in this way got rid of their thoughts\\nas they occurred, without the trouble of maturing\\nthem, and have frittered away powers of intellect,\\nthat might have produced works of permanent\\nutilitv.\\nWe derive great satisfaction for the present, and\\nentertain strong hopes for the future, from the\\nadvances we have made within a few years while,\\nfrom the steps that have been taken, we may pre-\\nsume upon a developement, a few years hence, that\\nwill exhibit a very high ratio of increase. The\\nstandard of education has been enlarging, instructors\\nare more able, and students more accomplished.\\nThis is shown not only in the number and character\\nof the books we have published, but is very obvious", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "172\\nand striking in most of our journals and periodical\\nworks. The transactions of our learned societies,\\nexhibit very gratifying proofs of this progressive\\namelioration. The volumes of the Historical So-\\nciety, though they might be supposed to have ex-\\nhausted the most interesting papers, still continue\\nto be annually published, affording a mass of docu-\\nments, invaluable to the American historian. The\\nTransactions of the American Academy, have been\\nconstantly improving, and will now compare with\\nthose of almost any learned Society in Europe. None\\nof these labours are paid for every thing of this\\nkind is gratuitous, and these productions are the\\nvoluntary efforts of individuals, in the moments of\\nleisure from active business, either in public or pri-\\nvate life. Indeed, it may be considered as one of\\nthe advantages of modern literature, that the race\\nof mere authors is almost extinct. Tiie character\\nof literary men stands higher. It is not considered\\nin Europe, as it formerly was, degrading to a man\\nof noble rank or in high employ, to write a book\\nit now^ adds to his consideration. Men of learning\\nand science have been discovered to be capable of\\nvarious kinds of public employment, and talents\\nno^v are not thought incompatible with performing\\nan active part, either in public or private concerns.\\nThere is less encouragement in ours than in any\\nother country, for a man to confine himself to au-\\nthorship. This I think a great advantage it pre-\\nvents genius from degrading itself by unworthy\\nsubserviency, and it gives servants to tiic public of", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "17^\\ngreater capacity. It brings men of learning and\\nmen of the world more into contact it blends the\\nbusiness of life and its instruction more intimately\\nit destroys pedantry, and enriches literature.\\nLETTER VI.\\nFINE ARTS.\\nMy dear Sir,\\nWe agreed so fully in the opinion, that our coun-\\ntry was destined to acquire a glorious reputation\\nfrom the successful cultivation of the fine arts, that\\n1 very cheerfully answer your inquiries, as to our\\nprospects respecting them. On this subject there\\nis much prejudice, and it is so often considered\\nunder very narrow and false views of its importance,\\nthat I shall, at the risk of repeating many ideas\\nwhich may be already familiar to you, presume so\\nfar on your patience, as to give an outline of the\\nreasons which should influence us, nationally and\\nindividually, to promote the growth of the fine arts\\nin our country. I think my observations will be\\ncapable of general application, but I request you to\\nbear in mind, that I am writing mider the impulse\\nof local impressions, and my allusions will be\\nprincipally to facts existing in this vicinity.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "174\\nIt is impossible to avoid very confident expecta-\\ntions of future glory from the arts, when we\\nconsider the numerous indications that we have\\ngiven of aptitude for their cultivation. Surely, the\\neminent artists produced in this country, during the\\nlast generation, did not spring from mere chance\\nbut we shall continue to produce others in constant\\nsuccession. If we claim as our countrymen those\\nwho pursued their profession under every disadvan-\\ntage, from the strong instinct of talent alone and\\nwho were obliged to expatriate themselves at pe-\\nriods when revolution and poverty prevented their\\nemployment at home we may calculate on having\\nan increased number, when we are beginning to\\nget models that will serve to awaken and guide the\\nefforts of genius when Avealth has given us the\\nample means of patronage, when the circle of\\ntaste is widening every day, and when a sense of\\nnational policy, is beginning to call on the arts to\\npromote national feeling.\\nIn this, as in some other cases in almost every\\nthing but patriotism and virtue, we are obliged,\\nafter admitting present deficiencies, and pointing\\nout the remedy, to console ourselves, by looking\\nforward. The difference between this and some\\nolder countries, is the difference between anticipa-\\ntion and retrospect; ours are the pleasures of hope,\\ntheirs the pleasures of memory. We do not expect\\na harvest without having planted the seed, and\\nproved the soil to be fruitful. Accidents may re-\\ntard the growth, disastrous seasons may blight the", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "175\\nexpected fruit; but these will be transient disap-\\npointments. A people enjoying the highest degree\\nof liberty, and a power of expansion nearly unlimit-\\ned with facilities for all kinds of acquisition\\npossessing wealth, learning, skill, and security for\\nthese advantages, must advance. Sanguine as some\\nof our calculations have been, they have more often\\nfallen short of, than exceeded the reality. The\\npower of production in our country has nothing to\\nfetter it, and every thing to maintain its excitement.\\nAs New- York and Philadelphia had already\\ncommenced institutions for the public patronage of\\nthe arts, a few gentlemen undertook to furnish a\\nsimilar protection in Boston in which design they\\nmade some progress, and obtained a subscription of\\nfour or five thousand dollars but, I believe, suspend-\\ned its execution, to combine it with a plan for\\nerecting a building for the Atheneum, that is in\\ncontemplation. An exhibition room, where pic-\\ntures, models in architecture and sculpture, engrav-\\nings, c. can be shown to advantage, is one of the\\nmost useful aids that can be given. If an artist\\npaints a very large historical picture, that will ex-\\ncite general interest, it will often reward him to\\nexhibit it by itself; but smaller pictures, and other\\nperformances, require a common exhibition room,\\nwhich will draw the attention of the public, where\\ntaste may be formed by comparing various styles\\ntogether, and where the artist himself receives the\\nmost useful hints, by observing different manners,\\nand learning to correct his own defects, by exam-\\nining both the beauties and defects of others.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "176\\nWhen the subject was ajSjitated of commencing\\nan institution to promote the arts which should\\ngrow with their growth, and be extended hereafter,\\nif iound to be expedient the proposition elicited a\\ngood deal of obvious wisdom. Very sensible ob-\\nservations were made by that numerous class,\\nwhose remarks are equally valuable the last day of\\nthe week as the first, and who are always ready\\nupon a new proposal, because they are always on one\\nside. Others, in a spirit of true magnanimity, for-\\nbore to express any opinion against a design of such\\ninherent absurdity, that it must inevitably sink with\\nits own weight. Others were unwilling to consider\\na subject at all, on which they had never reflected,\\nand which they looked upon with indifference.\\nEven many of those who were favourably disposed\\ntowards it, gave their assent in that feeling of pub-\\nlic spirit, which induces them to wish well to every\\nthing proposed for the public advantage, rather than\\nto any particular conviction of the utility of this\\nundertaking. You will then allow me to discuss\\nsome of the points which the question of encourag-\\ning the arts presents, and take a cursory notice of\\nsome of the objections, that have been made to\\nthem.\\nTo commence with objections the most seri-\\nous one was that made by the Abbe Gregoire to Mr.\\nBarlow, in his letter on the subject of one of the\\nplates in the Columbiad an olyection which has\\nbeen sometimes urged by others, and which, if it\\nwere just, ought to be fatal, that the arts exercised", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "177\\na corrupting influence on society. Now that\\nsociety has sometimes exercised a corrupting in-\\nfluence on the arts, is unfortunately true but yet no\\none will probably contend that society ought to be\\ndestroyed. There have been very immoral books\\npublished, but no one would consent to renounce\\nthe use of printing If too many artists of the\\nItalian school delineated the voluptuous fables of\\nantiquity, it was because the profligacy of their\\npatrons left them no alternative. The tendency of\\nall the higher branches of the art is unquestionably\\nto elevate the mind and in this country, or in\\nEngland, no artist of any note can be reproached\\nwith licentious works. The arts have, perhaps, no\\nconservative quality that can preserve them pure\\nin the midst of profligacy and debasement but they\\nwill certainly be found on the side of all that is\\ngrand and sublime in human character, so long as\\nthe disposition of their country and the spirit of the\\ntimes, will uphold them in that cause.\\nIt was said to be premature to make a foundation\\nfor the arts before they existed among us we\\nshall be very glad to have them hereafter, when\\npeople have acquired a taste for them they will\\ncome in due season. It was not thought prema-\\nture by our ancestors to found a college for teaching\\nLatin and Greek, before they could raise Indian\\ncorn enough to feed themselves through the year\\nand yet, to the barren rocks from whence they\\ncaused the living sources of learning to flow, hun-\\ndreds have resorted, from distant and more fertile\\n23", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "178\\nregions, to drink of the stream, and pay homage to\\ntheir foresight and from these very fountains the\\nwhole country has been refreshed and invigorated.\\nYet with what a smile of insolent pity, would modern\\nsagacity have regarded a scheme for teaching Greek\\nand Latin, when they were almost destitute of food\\nand clothing It could not be premature, when\\nour neighbours were commencing similar attempts,\\nrespecting which, we must choose between being\\nthe rivals or tributaries. Besides, it was not a\\nV^atican or a Louvre that was proposed it was\\nnot the intention to import delicate exotics to be\\nnourished by artificial heat no, it was only to\\nshelter and protect what our own soil had produced,\\nwhat had grown up within our borders, from the\\nnative riches of the clime, and to prepare, in the\\nmost gradual manner, the means of future develope-\\nment.\\nIt was said we had not wealth enough for this\\nobjection there are at least two answers. In the\\nfirst place, we have more wealth than many coun-\\ntries possessed, when they carried the arts to the\\nhighest state of splendour; and more money has\\nbeen expended on foreign productions, altogether\\nworthless tawdry coloured prints from worn-out\\nplates, for example, than would have furnished a\\nsufficient, temporary support, to our own produc-\\ntions. We have a taste for splendid furniture in\\nour houses, and certainly prove, by their appear-\\nance, that we have the means of gratifying it. No\\none will assert that we have so little taste or senti", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "179\\nment, as to be insensible to the pleasure of looking\\nat some interesting native landscape, some delinea-\\ntion of a memorable event in our history, some like-\\nness of a departed patriot, or a public benefactor.\\nIf these could be obtained, there are few even vt^ho\\nwould not, if it were necessary, forego the pur-\\nchase of some gilded bauble to procure them; and\\nif there are any doubts whether the influence of\\ntaste would go so far, there can be none about the\\npower of fashion, or that it would be exerted in this\\ndirection.\\nIt is not strange, perhaps, and ought not to excite\\nvexation, that mistaken notions should prevail upon a\\nquestion, which circumstances have not given occa-\\nsion to most persons to reflect upon sufficiently. Yet\\nnothing can be more absurd, than some of the\\nobservations that have been thrown out. When on\\na recent occasion, it was proposed to erect certain\\nmonuments, or procure the busts and portraits of\\nsome eminent patriots it was declared that we did\\nnot want pictures or statues, that we had no taste\\nfor the fine arts, and were too poor to encourage\\nthem. Now, the only fine art that had much to do\\nwith this question, was gratitude. When it was\\nproposed to commemorate some national triumph, or\\nto perpetuate the likeness of some great patriot, it\\nmight have been inferred, from the objections, that\\nit was intended to have a statue of an Apollo,\\nor a painting of the siege of Troy rather than the\\nDeath of Warren, and the Battle of Bunker s Hill.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "180\\nIf indeed the object was merely to found a school\\nfor the production of that ideal beauty, or those fine\\ndelineations of the allegorical and picturesque, which\\ncan afford such delight to the connoisseur, it might be\\nleft to him to provide for his own gratification.\\nIgnorance only can deny, that there must be some-\\nthing of high value and attraction, in those fragile or\\ndiminutive specimens of the genius of Greece, which\\nhave survived the existence of the people that pro-\\nduced them, and outlived powerful empires. These\\nproductions, that have excited the envy and admira-\\ntion of all cultivated nations, cannot be destitute of\\nmerit yet if the subject were confined to them,\\nhowever innocent or refined the pursuit of such\\nstudies and tastes might be, it should be considered\\na matter of individual luxury, not of public concern\\na subject to be left to the management of the dille-\\ntanti, not demanding the interference of the state,\\nBut is it so Is this the only point of view in which\\nit is to be regarded, and are policy and patriotism\\nwholly uninterested in the event\\nI would not have you think me insensible to the\\ndelight which exquisite performances in painting,\\nsculpture, architecture, or music can afford, far\\nfrom it, ^without any pretensions to connoisseur-\\nship in either of these branches, I would not wil-\\nlingly renounce the pure and elevated pleasure which\\nthey have inspired, even in one so ignorant of those\\narts as myself; but it is not for the sake of this\\npleasure, though its tendency is to raise the mind\\nabove gratifications of a coarser nature, that the\\nencouragement of the arts should be promoted nor", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "181\\nshould this pleasure give the impulse for their estab-\\nlishment in this country. The grounds on which\\nthey should be protected and fostered, belong to the\\npatriot and statesman, and not to the virtuoso.\\nIf we had gone on, as we were proceeding, till\\nwithin a recent period, we should have formed in\\nthe end a collection of very intelligent and skilful\\nplanters, farmers, mechanics, and traders but we\\nshould have gradually lost what we possessed of\\nnational character and patriotic feeling we should\\nhave had no rallying points for public sentiments, no\\ntopics for general enthusiasm, no sanctuary where\\npatriotism could have taken refuge from the violence\\nof party we should have been degraded into tribu-\\ntaries to foreign nations, in every thing that regarded\\nsentiment, and been destitute of all the associations\\nthat ennoble the love of country. Even our parties\\nformerly, seemed to renounce everything indigenous\\nin their contests and arrayed themselves in foreign\\nliveries, echoing the vaunting of other nations, until\\nthey had well nigh forgotten they had one of their\\nown. If a mob contended at a theatre for some\\npopular air, it was, God save the King, or Ca Ira\\nif a festival was held, the songs commemorated the\\ntriumphs of foreigners over each other, and some-\\ntimes, by implication, over ourselves. Our houses\\nwere decorated with French victories by land, and\\nEnglish ones by sea. The print shops of Europe\\nsupplied us with representations of their warlike\\ntriumphs, their beneficent actions, their illustrious\\nmen. All that excited admiration, all the sympa-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "182\\nthies of a public nature, that blend themselves with\\nthe holiday emotions of the human heart, were\\nengaged in the service of strangers. Such a state of\\nthings could not last, and if it had endured much\\nlonger, our national existence would have lingered on,\\nwithout glory and without security. Events gradu-\\nally weakened this humiliating state of things, and\\nthe late war consummated its ruin. We have now\\npopular ballads, and festal songs of our own we\\ntoo can show our battles by land and by sea, and our\\ntriumphs on both we too have begun to recollect,\\nthat we had national events to commemorate, and\\ngreat men to honour. A reviving animating impulse\\nhas been given to public sentiment the glory of\\nour Revolution, and the services of its illustrious\\nmen, have begun to occupy the attention of the pub-\\nlic. The national and state governments are awak-\\nening to a sense of their true interests in this respect\\nthe actions and the portraits of our own citizens\\nwill become the ornaments of our cities and dwel-\\nlings and national gratitude is at length heartily\\nengaged in securing our national fame. To further\\nperpetuate these purposes, constitutes the invaluable\\nutility of the arts, and furnishes their noblest voca-\\ntion.\\nIf all history be not false, all knowledge of the\\nhuman heart vain the erection of public monu-\\nments, the keeping alive the remembrance of great\\nservices, by tlie aid of the arts, is the reward most\\nardently desired by genius and heroic virtue. The\\ncommon and instant favours of society, are the pre-", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "183\\nvailing motives for a great number of the most use-\\nful and indispensable services, and sufficiently gra-\\ntify many honourable and meritorious men but such\\nare not minds of the first order. The famcB sacra,\\nfames is the instinct of elevated souls, and the\\nprompter of the noblest class of actions. Nor is it\\nenough that such actions should only be recorded in\\nhistory they must be represented in visible memo-\\nrials in our temples and public edifices there they\\nare recognized by every citizen, and not reserved\\nfor the observation of the student there they are\\nbrought often and palpably to view, and not kept\\nout of sight in neglected annals. If the arts were\\nto have been finally proscribed in this country, the\\ndeleterious effects would have gone deeper than\\nwould be at first imagined. We should have depre-\\nciated our own character, by neglecting all posthu-\\nmous reputation. All mankind would have been\\nadmitted to our Temple of Fame, except an Ameri-\\ncan it would have been a misfortune for a great\\nman to have been born here he could have obtained\\nno entrance through its gates he would have been\\nlike the people of France on the week days, exclud-\\ned from their museums, which, with great courtesy,\\nare shown to strangers he would have felt like\\na Frenchman, whom I once heard exclaim with vex-\\nation, on observing a small party entering a reserved\\npart of the garden of plants at Paris, to which he\\nwas refused admittance, when he was told it was\\nbecause we were foreigners, and he was a French-\\nman, Ah. comme on est malheureux d^etre Fran-\\ncais.^^", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "184\\nTo these high purposes the arts have been gradu-\\nally directed, by that progress of improvement,\\nwhich has operated such great ameliorations of the\\nstate of society, within the last fifty years. They\\nhave been withdrawn from frivolous employments,\\nto the most useful purposes. The ancients engaged\\nthe arts in the service of religion and patriotism. In\\ntheir state of ignorance, with respect to the former,\\nthe arts were a powerful ally and the gods they\\nproduced for the adoration of Pagans, still excite\\nthe admiration of more enlightened worshippers.\\nTheir patriotism was also nourished by them, and\\nstatues were erected to all those who had served\\nthe state. When the arts revived in modern times,\\nthey were enlisted, particularly painting and archi-\\ntecture, in the service of religion. They after-\\nwards fell off from this direction, and became sub-\\nservient, in a great degree, to mere fancy and luxu-\\nry. They have experienced another revolution, and\\nare now returning to their legitimate uses. In\\nFrance, the government has employed painters and\\nsculptors in representing the actions and the indi-\\nviduals, that will live in history. In England, the\\nsame course has been followed, and perhaps to\\ngreater extent. Mr. West has been a great leader\\nin this course his Death of Wolfe, Battle of La\\nHogue, Death of Nelson, and many other historical\\nevents, are well known. Mr. Copley s Death of\\nLord Chatham, Victory of Admiral Duncan, Death\\nof Major Pierson, c. c. Mr. Trumbull s Sortie\\nof Gibraltar, c. are instances, among many others\\nI", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "185\\nand I have named these, because here were three of\\nour countrymen engaged at one time, in the service\\nof a foreign state. Sculpture, in England, has been\\nalmost exclusively employed in the service of the\\nnation. The numerous monuments ordered by Par-\\nliament in Westminster Abbey, and St. Paul s, have\\nemployed all their eminent artists and the busts of\\ndistinguished individuals, in addition, are nearly all\\nthe works they have produced. How much more\\nrational and honourable is such occupation, both for\\nthe artist and the public, than the production of\\nideal figures, only to exemplify skill in the concep-\\ntion of imaginary beauty. Figures of this descrip-\\ntion, gods and goddesses, in modern times, border\\nupon affectation and ridicule, since they create few\\nof the associations that made them interesting to\\nthe ancients and as there are some half dozen\\nstatues among those which they have left, that are\\nmodels of the various kinds of ideal beauty not to\\nbe surpassed, it would seem better to have copies\\nmade of these, and let our artists devote them-\\nselves to monuments, which will connect their\\nnames with the history of their own times and\\ncountry.\\nThere is one of the arts that is so indispensible in\\nalmost all climates of the world, that every people,\\nabove the condition of troglodytes, are obliged to\\nrecur to it. Shelter, in many countries, is as ne-\\ncessary as food, yet how imperfect with us is the art\\nthat prepares it. How few buildings in this country,\\neither public or private, are constructed with a due\\n24", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "186\\nregard to the principles of beauty, or a wise distri-\\nbution as to convenience for the occupants. How\\noften are they left to mere mechanics, who erect\\nthem with the aid of the builder s assistant, with\\nabout the same degree of success, that would be\\nobtained in a correspondence, guided by the Com-\\nplete Letter Writer. Surely, next to agriculture,\\narchitecture should receive the fostering care of the\\nstate, when so much of the economy, the appear-\\nance, and the comfort of a country, depend on its\\nbeing well understood, and thoroughly adapted to\\nall the wide variety of purposes, to which it is sub-\\nservient.\\nA foundation for a school of architecture is now\\npeculiarly necessary. Our buildings, public and\\nprivate, are every year becoming more important\\nand expensive. Our race of wooden buildings is\\nannually decaying, and more permanent ones erect-\\ning in their stead. Bad, inconvenient plans and de-\\nsigns, violating the principles of the art, are now\\nmore than ever to be deplored because, when of\\nwood, they might have decayed, or been burnt up\\nbut now, all blunders will last for centuries. Al-\\nmost every year some churches are erected what\\na pity that we could not get a style of building bet-\\nter suited to the purpose of religious worship, than\\nthose awkward wooden lanterns, that are almost\\nevery where exhibited. The period has now gone\\nby, when the spirit of religious dissent, which pro-\\nscribed the Lord s Prayer, and the reading of the Bible,\\ndetermined also to dispense with every thing like", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "187\\ndignity and solemnity in churches, as abominations,\\nthat would lead to dangerous errors. Probably,\\nmany parishes might now be brought to give up\\nhaving a window to each pew, out of which they\\ncould all stare at any passing object, whilst the\\nminister was performing their duty of devotion\\nand they might be induced to have their meeting-\\nhouse so constructed, that the congregation should\\nbe separated from all exterior objects and being\\nfreed from the glare of sunshine and numerous lights,\\nfind, in the solemnity of more sober tones and per-v\\nfeet seclusion, an appropriate situation for the exer-\\ncises of devotion.\\nIt was remarked by a distinguished individual,\\nmany years since, that the genius of architecture\\nseemed to have shed his malediction over our coun-\\ntry. Some buildings have been erected within a\\nlater period, which prove that the spell may be bro-\\nken. Our progress has been from wood to brick,\\nfrom brick to marble and granite. In Baltimore and\\nNew- York, the churches are the handsomest build-\\nings in Philadelphia, the banks. There is one build-\\ning for this purpose in the latter city, which you well\\nknow is admitted to be the most beautiful edifice in\\nthis country, and there are two or three others that\\nare worthy of observation but the churches are\\nremarkably plain and mean. This led to the\\nremark of a lady that it was easy to perceive\\nwhat deity the Philadelphians worshipped, by the\\ntemples they erected to him their temples of\\nmammon were the most splendid in the United", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "188\\nStates, their churches the meanest. It may\\nweaken the pungency of this sarcasm to observe,\\nthat this state of their churches was owing to the\\nstrong predominance of Quakerism one of whose\\nwhims it is, to proscribe every thing elegant, varie-\\ngated, or majestic this principle, which is carried\\nto a singular degree of perfection in their meeting-\\nhouses, had its influence over other sects, especially\\nwhen their relative numbers were very different from\\nwhat they are at present. We can boast of nothing\\nequal to the buildings alluded to, but we have made\\none step in the progress of improvement we are\\ngetting rid of our wooden edition of edifices, and\\nconstructing them of brick or stone. The latter,\\nparticularly, is getting more and more into use,\\nand our future buildings will present at least one\\nrequisite, the appearance of solidity, in which they\\nhave hitherto been lamentably deficient.\\nIt is not only very desirable that we should intro-\\nduce a correct style of architecture, since we have\\nbegun to make use of more durable materials, but\\nit is absolutely necessary, because the more refrac-\\ntory character of our materials will drive us into\\nmore simplicity. When soft pine wood was the only\\narticle used in the construction of a house, except\\nthe rough stones for the cellar walls, and the bricks\\nin the chimney, it was easy to mould it into any\\nform and this has often led to a very preposterous\\nand fantastic use of ornament. Columns, pilasters,\\nbalustrades, porticos, turrets, and all the minor\\nkinds of architectural ornaments, have been some-", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "189\\ntimes most absurdly lavished a. false taste has been\\nformed in consequence. We tried our hand at the\\nmost complicated variations, before we were able to\\njudge of the simplest accords. But it is harmony\\nand simplicity, in architecture, as in music, that give\\npleasure, not the combination of difficulties and exu-\\nberance of ornaments. The two styles which are\\nbest suited to our circumstances, are the Gothic for\\nchurches, and the Doric for other buildings. The\\nfirst is susceptible of any degree of ornament, or\\nwill admit of the greatest plainness the other, in\\nits majestic simple harmony, has produced the most\\nstriking, and the most durable edifices in the world.\\nTrinity church, in the Gothic style, at New\\nHaven, is the handsomest church in this part of the\\nUnion;* there are in Boston, Providence, and in\\nsome other towns, places of public worship that are\\nnot destitute of merit, but it is united with great\\ndefects. It would be an invidious task to point out\\nall these, but there are two cases in which bad taste\\nhas operated to destroy a good effect, where it might\\nhave been produced, that may be mentioned as\\nexamples. A church was built a few years since in\\nBoston, for which the original design was very hand-\\nsome. It was intended to be a parallelogram, with\\na Doric portico the walls were plaui, with large\\nwindows, making only one story, and built of a\\nbeautiful white granite. Thus far the original design\\nSince this was written, two chiirclics have bten erected, that in purity of\\ndesign surpass all others in the Uiiion. Christ Chtireh in Gardiner, Maine, and\\nSt. Paul s Church in Boston, hotli of stone; the former Gothic, the latter Gre-\\ncian, nre the finest specimeosof these styles-, exi^Iiiif iii this ciMinliy.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "190\\nbut the plans of an architect have to pass through\\nthe hands of a committee. The first thing that was\\ndone, was to add a steeple a very pretty one and\\nthis though a sort of monster in the architecture, is\\njustifiable, from the agreeable effect it produces at a\\ndistance no church indeed ought to be built without\\none a village spire is always picturesque, and\\nawakens pleasing emotions, and the effect of stee-\\nples and domes, in giving an air of animation and\\ngrandeur to a town, may be judged of negatively,\\nby seeing what a dull, lifeless, unmeaning aspect\\nPhiladelphia presents to the observer without, though\\nit is such a handsome city within. The next alter-\\nation was to change the form to an octagon, a fig-\\nure which is appropriate enough for a crystal, but\\nis an absurdity in architecture. The portico was\\nDoric, but these columns, though made of wood,\\nwere with an Ionic proportion thus mutilating and\\ndestroying its whole beauty. To remedy this glar-\\ning fault, an addition, which does not belong to\\nthe order, was put on at the bottom, to diminish\\ntheir dyspeptic appearance, that only increased the\\ndisorder. If it had been proposed to paint one red,\\none green, one blue, one yellow, it would have been\\nscoffed at as absurd and yet it would have been a\\nless grievous blunder than has been committed now\\nfor it is not uncommon in Italy, to see columns of\\ndifferent coloured marbles in the same edifice, where\\nthe proportions are all alike. Fortunately these\\ndeformed columns are of wood, and must soon grow\\nshabby. They will then perhaps be replaced by col-\\ni", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "191\\numns of the Nova Scotia freestone, which is easily\\nworked, and is now getting into use here, for every\\nthing where the chisel is required.\\nCircumstances like these ought to be made known,\\nto save the honour of the architect. A similar\\ninstance may be mentioned in the State House in\\nBoston. The committee were alarmed at the idea\\nof expense, and therefore ordered ten feet of solid\\nwall to be left out of each wing in the length, and\\na proportionate quantity in the width this of\\ncourse gave it a lantern-like appearance, and made\\nthe dome so out of proportion, as to crush the edi-\\nfice. It is hardly worth while to criticise a building\\nof brick, with wooden ornaments but from its com-\\nmanding situation, and general outline, this produ-\\nces at a distance a much better effect, than many\\nmore costly and handsome buildings. One other\\ninstance may be mentioned, where a fine effect is\\ndestroyed still more perversely, because the pretence\\nof saving is extremely trifling. A very excellent\\nand capacious establishment for an insane hospital,\\nhas been recently made in the vicinity of Boston.\\nThe centre of this hospital was formerly a large\\ncountry house, standing in a very conspicuous posi-\\ntion the estate was purchased, and two additional\\nbuildings, as wings, advancing in front, on diverg-\\ning lines, are connected by galleries with the centre\\nbuilding, and might have been made to form a noble\\nand imposing whole. But this has been marred.\\nThe centre, which is of brick and stone, and the\\nconnecting corridors, are painted a lii^ht yellow the", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "192\\nwings are left with their original colour of the red\\nbrick there is something so delicious in the colour\\nof dingy red bricks, especially in the country, that\\nno one could have the heart to paint them over.\\nThe consequence is, that the w^hole is disjointed, and\\nfrom the points where they would be seen to the\\ngreatest advantage, may be taken for great ware-\\nhouses or manufactories, and seem to have no con-\\nnexion with the centre building. Now, if this\\narrangement had been made by any of the unfor-\\ntunate tenants, it would have been put down to a\\nbroken disordered intellect, but it being by those\\nwho have the direction of them, nothing is said.\\nThere is a great deal of injustice in this world.\\nIt is a cruel thing to architects to have their plans\\nmutilated without remorse, or consideration of them,\\nin a scientific point of view. In a free country\\nevery thing of this kind is done by committees,\\ncomposed commonly of men who may be invaluable\\nfrom their active habits of business or benevolence,\\nbut who are too apt to consider the plan and appear-\\nance in a subordinate point of view, from a misap-\\nprehension of their real importance. These mis-\\ntakes are not confined to our country England\\nhas many awkward edifices to show. There is one\\nvery remarkable one, of which you may have heard\\nthe history. I allude to the Mansion House of the\\ncity of London when this was about to be built,\\nthe Earl of Burlington, who had great taste in\\narchitecture, sent a very classic design for the edi-\\nfice but it was from Palladio. The worthy Com-", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "193\\nuion Council knew nothing and cared nothing\\nabout Palladio they adopted a plan of one of their\\nown citizens, a man whom they knew, a ship-\\ncarpenter and the building he produced for them,\\nhas much more nearly the appearance of the stern\\nof a three decker, than any other edifice on the sur-\\nface of the land. I would not have architects trust-\\ned implicitly they are often led into plans of\\nuseless and dangerous extent but the harmony of\\na design ought not to be lightly destroyed. Very\\nglaring defects in public buildings are a standing\\nreproach to a community, and they are mischievous\\nin accustoming the eye to deformity. Taste ought\\nnot to be too much disregarded it is often the\\nsynonyme of judgment, and if consulted in the ex-\\nternal appearance, it will, on the mere principle of\\ncongruity, regulate what is within and the im-\\nprovements resulting will not be superficial, but go\\nto the right distribution of every thing that is solid\\nand essential in the art.\\nThere is another art which is the handmaid of\\nall the others, whose productions are more easily\\nunderstood than either of the rest an art which is\\ndaily increasing both for use and ornament, enabling\\nus to participate in some degree in the pleasure of\\nbeholding numerous objects of sculpture and archi-\\ntecture, as well as painting, which else would be\\nbeyond our reach you know, without my naming\\nit, that I mean the art of enj^raving. By the aid\\nof this, we obtain a correct idea of all the noblest\\nefforts of sculpture and architecture, and a still more\\n25", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "194\\ncomplete representation of all celebrated paintings.\\nEngraving is, to all the other arts, what printing\\nis to literature. It multiplies the copies of what is\\ndeserving of admiration, and brings them within\\nthe walls of every house. The patriot and the\\nphilanthropist is thus every where known this art\\nputs it in our power, when paintings are beyond\\nour means, to decorate our rooms with the portraits\\nof those we love and honour, though they may\\nhave lived in other times or in other regions.\\nThere is another department in which this art is\\nof great importance, and where the use of it is con-\\nstantly increasing this is in education, and almost\\nall kinds of instruction. A representation of ob-\\njects, instead of a description, is a prodigious facili-\\nty to children in acquiring knowledge. This\\nmethod has been much extended of late years, and\\ncapable of yet wider application it would be diffi-\\ncult to estimate all the advantages that have result-\\ned from it in the early stages of education. The\\nextension of the science, and the multiplication of\\nmachinery, make its aid of some consequence to\\nalmost every individual there is no man who has\\nnot experienced the difficulty of comprehending the\\nappearance of any object of natural history, or any\\nmachine for the purpose of agriculture or manufac-\\ntures, from mere description, but who obtains a\\nperfect idea of it at once from an engraving. There\\nare few books to which this art cannot add, either\\na most agreeable embellishment, or indispensible\\nexplanation.", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "195\\nIt would be too tedious to go into further exem-\\nplifications of the positive utility of the Fine Arts\\nbut it is in this point of view chiefly that I should\\nregard the question of introducing and fostering\\nthem. From their most elevated purposes, their\\ninfluence descends, by nice gradations, to almost\\nevery branch of human industry it is felt in many\\nkinds of manufactures, and materially promotes\\nthe beauty and excellence of most productions of\\nthe mechanic arts. Every country must possess\\nthem, or become tributary for their results to others.\\nThe sections of the United States that take the\\nlead in their encouragement, will have very great\\nadvantages over their neighbours, not only in intel-\\nlectual refinement, but in the products of their\\nindustry.\\nLETTKR VII.\\nON THE RELATIVE RANK OF AMERICANS.\\nMy dear Sir,\\nFrom some expressions in your last letter, 1\\ninfer that your friend the Baronet has made some-\\nthing like a complaint against me, on which 1 wish\\nto offer you some explanation. 1 showed him very", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "196\\ncheerfully all the civilities that were in my power,\\non your introduction, and because he was a stran-\\nger he could not help being a dull man, and I was\\nwilling to overlook it. On one or two occasions,\\nhowever, he assumed certain airs in society, which\\ninduced me to treat him a little cavalierly. You\\nwill believe, that I am incapable of intentionally\\nhurting the feelings of any man, without provoca-\\ntion, of whatever condition he may be. On this\\noccasion it was too trifling to cause much sensa-\\ntion and I thought his perceptions rather too ob-\\ntuse, to have felt the slight shade of difference in\\nmy conduct. The circumstance gives me a good\\ntheme for some remarks on relative rank, which I\\nhave long intended to offer you.\\nThe comparative rank between Americans and\\nthe subjects of European monarchies, has never\\nbeen settled there is no common umpire whom\\nboth will acknowledge. The legends of heraldry\\nare not accredited by us we cannot be marshalled\\nby the Garter King at Arms, or the Grande Maitre\\ndes Ceremonies there is no international code that\\ncan adjust the respective pretensions. We must\\nmaintain ours, by preserving with vigilance the\\nfreedom, civil, political, and religious, which we\\nenjoy at home and by securing exterior considera-\\ntion, from a course of integrity, firmness and inde-\\npendence towards foreign nations. In the mean\\ntime they are apt to fall into the mistake, of level-\\nling us down to similar denominations among\\nthemselves. They see no titular rank among us", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "197\\nthey see nothing but planter;^, merchants, and pro-\\nfessional men no noble idlers and they place us\\nin the condition of such characters in their society,\\nto whom they assign a subordinate rank. But\\nthis will not do men who have higher privileges\\nin one country, cannot be classed with those who\\nhold lower ones in another.\\nOur situation and that of England approach the\\nnearest tlie identity of language, the similarity of\\nlaws and habits, make the examination of our\\nrelative circumstances more easy, and 1 shall there-\\nfore have a more particular reference to them than\\nto other nations. The English nation has long\\nbeen the envy of its neighbours, for its free institu-\\ntions and the more enlightened and generous\\nminds on the continent, have made, and are still\\nmaking, great efforts to obtain the same advan-\\ntages. The English were not insensible to their\\ngood fortune it has always furnished a theme of\\nexultation. The perfect security of civil rights,\\nand high degree of political liberty they enjoyed,\\nwTre apt to make them arrogant, presuming, and\\ncontemptuous towards their neighbours, who were\\nsubjected to gross inequality of personal rights\\nand a state of servitude mitigated only by the\\nspirit and intelligence of the nation. English inso-\\nlence became proverbial with those, who were\\noften exposed to its observation. This is not a\\nvery amiable feature, but it is a natural one the\\nfeeling of freedom elevates those who possess it,\\nand they will be prone to treat with contempt", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "198\\nthose who are without it. The freest nation must\\nbe the proudest, and they will often irritate, by an\\nexhibition of this pride, those who are their infe-\\nriors in this respect. The English are the freest\\npeople in Europe but their government is a mon-\\narchy founded on a gradation of rights and privi-\\nleges the body of the nation is on a near equality\\nof condition, but there are a few with hereditary\\nadvantages, which place them infinitely above their\\nfellow subjects. In this country no class is pro-\\nscribed for the sake of the rest every man is born\\nwith the same inalienable rights no one can claim\\nprecedence of another from birth, and no man can\\nbe raised except by his merits, talents, or services,\\nabove his fellow citizens, and by their consent and\\nduring their pleasure. We in fact live in the high-\\nest and most perfectly organized state of freedom\\nthat ever was known the condition of man is\\nhigher than has ever been assumed by any nation,\\nancient or modern, and the consequences are in-\\nevitable.\\nWe are born under a perfect equality, so far as\\nhuman enactments can produce it, and every man\\nhas a chance of elevating himself, if he has the\\ncapacity and inclination to do so. It results, that\\nthere is a freer bearing, a more unshackled gait in\\npeople of all classes, than is seen in other countries.\\nA merchant, a farmer, a professional man, feels\\nno inferiority of rank, and his personal position is\\ntherefore higher. In England, where the security\\nof civil rights maintains great independence of", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "199\\ncharacter in the people, a sort of defiance, even,\\ngrowing out of this conviction of persona! security,\\nand a sullen consciousness of political inferiority,\\nmay be more often witnessed than in this country\\nwhere the perfect conviction of political equality,\\nand the absence of all titular pre-eminence, give a\\ncast of independence to the manners, the more care-\\nless and good-natured, as it never thinks of subser-\\nviency. You will understand me to be speaking\\ngenerally I know that we have narrow-minded\\nfarmers and planters, paltry attorneys, and sordid\\ntraders but, take the same classes of men in the\\nsame circumstances, suppose them to possess the\\nsame degree of good sense, education and liber-\\nality, the consciousness of equality will make the\\nAmerican superior, or prouder in his feelings, than\\nthe Englishman, who acknowledges, and if he\\nattempts to shake it off, is made to feel, that he\\nholds a subordinate station in society.\\nAn Englishman might say ^you seem to hold\\nvery extravagant pretensions you acknowledge no\\ngradations. How far do you carry them 1 give\\nyou up our city knights, but surely, you, a plain\\ncitizen of a republic, will give precedence to our\\nbaronets Certainly not they are the lowest order\\nof your nobility. You would, then, place yourself\\non a footing with a baron, or a viscount Those are\\nonly gradations in your privileged orders I ac-\\nknowledge none. Well, then, you rank vourself\\nwith the premier peer of England You wonder,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nbut this comes nearer to the case I assent to no", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "200\\ninherent, abstract niferiority I am equal to any\\nman in my own country I must, therefore, de-\\ngrade and forswear that country, or feei myself\\nequal, in natural rank, to any man in your s and\\nif you have established a scale of privileges, to\\nwhich, from policy, or necessity, you are willing to\\nsubmit, it is not binding on me I place myself at\\nthe top of the scale, and not at the bottom. The\\nshape of the button of your mandarins, or the col-\\nour of his dress, is a matter of indifference no man\\npossesses higher privileges than myself, in my owji\\ncountry. I therefore place myself with those, who\\nhave the highest in your s. This must be the feel-\\ning of every high-spirited, well educated American-\\nCoarse minds will be apt to show it offensively\\nwell-bred men will be content with feeing it.\\nThey will not go abroad to be either missionaries or\\nbullies nor will they dispute with the customs or\\nfeelings of other nations. Others may rank them\\nas they see fit, but the reservation in their own\\nbreasts will preserve their just situation. There is\\nsuch a strong infusion of republicanism in the Eng-\\nlish laws and manners, that their difference of privi-\\nleges is less obnoxious to the feelings than in\\nmost other countries. A private gentleman there\\nmay preserve his independence in retirement, and\\nrarely come in collision with any galling claims of\\nprecedence. But, if he goes to court, or into pub-\\nlic life, he must submit to the pretensions of others,\\nand take rank beneath them.", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "201\\nThe English nobility was formerly so restricted,\\nthat the privileges of hereditary rank were seldom\\nencountered. During the present reign, the titled\\nclass has been prodigiously increased, so that what\\nMadame de Stael calls les iioms historiques, are\\nnow swallowed up in the crowd. There were\\nformerly just nobles enough to form a suitable\\nshow at court, and serve as a necessary pageant\\nto the crown. Various motives of policy have\\nenlarged their number, and lessened the relative\\nimportance of the old noblesse. A recent innova-\\ntion has excessively multiplied the number of titled\\npersons. Formerly there were two or three orders\\nof knighthood, very limited in extent, which served,\\nsometimes, a useful purpose to the court or the\\nministry, in securing the support of some powerful\\npeer, whose vanity was sighing for a yard of blue\\nriband. The republican principle of public ap-\\nplause and esteem, was generally sufficient for\\nthose, who distinguished themselves in the public\\nservice. The practice of the Continent, which\\nmade all such individuals courtiers, by giving them\\nstars and ribands, has lately been adopted in Eng-\\nland. One of the orders, particularly, has been\\ngreatly enlarged, and the continental forms adopted\\nknights grand crosses, and commanders, and\\nknights simple, multiplied and the little, vain\\ndisplay of a piece of red riband, has converted all\\nthese into courtiers, and multiplied the class of\\nexpectants for similar favours. Whether this change,\\nwhich is a more considerable one than it appears,\\n26", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "202\\nbe useful or not, does not coilcern us, and I express;\\nno opinion about it; but you will perceive that it\\nmultiplies greatly the number of privileged persons\\nof a subaltern class, who take rank of those who\\nare not thus decorated, and would add to the num-\\nber of persons, to whose pretensions we should not\\naccede.\\nIt is, perhaps, on the whole, a disadvantage to an\\nEnglishman to come to this country with a title. Il\\nmakes him conspicuous, and excites a kind of gaping\\ncuriosity among the frivolous, who know nothing of\\nlords and knights, but from plays and novels. They\\nare apt to associate an idea of superior polish and\\nrefinement with a title, and when they are disap-\\npointed, in meeting this, the individual sinks as much\\ntoo low in their appreciation, as he was before too\\nhigh. With graver persons there is an association,\\nfrom reading history, with great names, that is wo-\\nfully disappointed when they see the modern repre-\\nsentative condemned, with feeble faculties, to totter\\nunder the burden of an illustrious appellation. The\\nillusion is dissipated, and there is none of the habi-\\ntual deference to mere rank, to keep up considera-\\ntion. A man of genius, however, would, in this\\ncountry, find it no disservice, unless he disliked\\nnotoriety. To such a man as Lord Byron, for\\ninstance, his title would be no incumbrance but\\nthe homage would be paid to the poet,* not to the\\nlord.\\nThis was written before Den Juan was published. Alas^", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "203\\nSuch principles, it may be said, will have a\\ntendency to keep up a proud, turbulent, ferocious\\nspirit. It might be so, if they were confined to a\\nfew individuals. But their universality forms the\\ncorrective. Where they are generally felt, every\\nman must acknowledge the same rights in others,\\nwhich he claims for himself and if he forgets to\\ndo this, he is immediately put in mind of it. On\\nthe contrary, the tendency may be rather towards\\nan insincere deference and civility, than to an arro-\\ngant, supercilious demeanour since, as no public\\nemployment can be obtained but from the suffrages\\nof others, the desire of popularity will generate\\nhabits of courtesy, where there is no real feeling of\\ngood-will.\\nThere can be no fear, that this high feeling of\\nequality will induce too much presumption, or make\\nthose who entertain it ridiculous and absurd yet\\ncases of this kind will, without doubt, sometimes\\noccur. Though we are born with the same natural\\nrights, a thousand circumstances vary our condition\\ngenius, education, and the numerous gradations\\nof good and evil fortune, chequer and direct our\\ncourse. None but a fool will deny that one man\\npossesses greater talents, another greater wealth, or\\ngreater strength, than himself, and every one will\\nbe ready to give precedence where it is due, that he\\nmay be in turn enforce his own claims. It is the\\nidea of abstract inferiority, that we renounce and\\ndeny. We do not allow that any man comes into\\nthe world our superior, that he is born with here-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "204\\nditary privileges, which give him advantages over us,\\nwhile in every other respect he may be decidedly\\nour inferior. The divine right of kings, the infalli-\\nbility of popes, the hereditary wisdom of senators,\\nwe laugh at, and consider quite as illegitimate, as\\nthe pretension of certain Asiatic barbarians, to a\\nrelationship with the sun and moon.\\nThese principles in substance, not in form, are\\ngaining ground in the world. That true apprecia-\\ntion, which, founded on the generous maxim of ori-\\nginal equality, disregards artificial, barbarous dis-\\ntinctions, and ranks men, not according to their\\nbirth, but their merit, is daily becoming more preva-\\nlent the last thirty years has done much towards it\\nthe next will make a further addition. The ame-\\nlioration is progressive, and unless the diffusion of\\nintelligence is interrupted, must continue, in spite of\\nall the efforts of abuse, bigotry, and partial interests,\\nto prevent it. Talents and services are constantly\\ndiminishing and eclipsing the prerogatives of birth,\\nand all those false distinctions which arose in a bar-\\nbarous period. Consider the difference between a\\nman of science in France, now, and in the days of\\nLouis XIV. observe the different relations in which\\ntitled rank and untitled merit stand toward each\\nother. Later policy has attempted to counteract the\\nconsequences, by enrolling the latter in the ranks of\\nthe former but this is only a temporary expedient,\\nwhich cannot turn the course of public sentiment.\\nIn England, where the disparity was less shocking\\nthan in France, it is easy to remark the change that", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "205\\nhas taken place it may be discovered in all their\\nworks that treat of manners plays, novels, and\\npoetry. The different style of considering himself\\nand of treating others, between a courtier, a century\\nsince, and now, is almost as great as it was in France.\\nThe man of rank does not value himself upon that,\\nif he has any thing else to produce, and if he has\\nnot, he treats those more like his equals, who are in\\nfact his superiors. The fellowship of mankind\\nhas become much more equal, much more intimate.\\nThe tone of arrogance and insolent condesc en-\\nsion, which we read of in the manners of former\\ntimes, would no longer be endured.\\nLet us, my dear friend, glory in our country and\\nits institutions our ancestors laid the foundations\\nfor a noble empire they came here with high ideas\\nof freedom, and their descendants have improved on\\nthe principles they left them. The eyes of the\\nworld are turned towards us with anxiety and hope;\\nwe have made the boldest experiments in the science\\nof government, hitherto with the most complete\\nsuccess, and unless our posterity prove recreant to\\nexample, to their own interests and honour, our\\nexperience will hereafter be claimed in favour of\\nmankind. What immeasurable good will result, if\\nit can be shown to the world that a nation can dis-\\npense with the ruinous burdens of a hierarchy con-\\nnected with the state, and an hereditary nobility\\nand who in this country can doubt it Every day\\nshows our constitution to be stronger, from being\\nfounded on the broad principles of natural justice;", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "206\\non the equal interests and affections of a whole peo-\\nple, than if it derived a precarious existence, by\\nsecuring the interested support of a part, at the\\nexpense of the rest of the community. \u00c2\u00a3^5^0 per-\\npetua.\\nCHARACTER AND COI^DITION OF WOMEN.\\nMy DEAR Friend,\\nYou smile at the pretty compliment 1 paid you\\nwhen we last met, in having attributed the dis-\\nagreeable weather we then felt to your agency and\\naccuse me of want of gallantry. I acknowledge\\nit was a piece of awkwardness, but you well under-\\nstand that you must have the magnanimity to over-\\nlook occasional instances of it. I know not how\\nsuch a speech should have occurred to me, for I\\nalwaj s feel as if in sunshine when in jour presence\\nthe truth, however, is, that it was owing to a certain\\nconfusion of ideas. When you leave it seems to\\nme as if there was nothing left there that you bring\\nevery thing with you, and therefore that even the\\nweather came too. A little reflection indeed would\\nhave convinced me of the absurdity of this but it\\nis impulse, not reflection, that governs your friends\\nwhen they first meet you.\\nWhat a task have you imposed upon me it was\\ndone so lightly and so gracefully, that I thought it", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "207\\nwas easy at the moment, and yet when I come to\\ni;onsider the undertaking seriously, I faulter with the\\nburthen. An account of the condition, character,\\nand manners of your sex here and a comparison\\nbetween these, and the state of female society in.\\nother parts of the United States, and other coun-\\ntries, would be a performance of no less difficulty\\nthan interest. Still, to show my readiness to per-\\nform whatever you enjoin, I will offer you a few re-\\nmarks on my countrywomen claiming in advance\\nyour indulgence for any mistakes I may fall into,\\nand that you will not attribute my deficiencies to\\nany hesitation at receiving your injunctions as a\\nlaw.\\nMy observations may perhaps prove too general\\n^and vague, as I should be afraid of exposing myself\\nto great mistakes in going much into detail. Many\\nthings appear strange, which, if w-e were acquainted\\nwith the motives of them, would be perfectly rea-\\nsonable. You may recollect, that when our friend\\nresolved to have his own furnished apartments,\\nafter having every thing in readiness to take posses-\\nsion, he bought a bushel of ashes Most people\\nthought this one of the unaccountable whims of a ce-\\nlibataire but every person who had been in Paris,\\nwhere he had formed so many of his habits, and\\nseen the admirable economy of a French fire-place,\\nwould have been satisfied with the foresight and\\nconvenience of this preparation.\\nFrom an accurate account of the condition of\\nwomen in any country, it would not be difficult to", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "208\\ninfer the whole state of society. So great is the\\ninfluence they exercise on the character of men,\\nthat the latter will be elevated or degraded, accord-\\ning to the situation of the weaker sex. Where wo-\\nmen are slaves, as in Turkey, the men will be the\\nsame where they are treated as moral beings,\\nwhere their minds are cultivated, and they are con-\\nsidered equals, the state of society must be high,\\nand the character of men energetic and noble.\\nThere is so much quickness of comprehension, so\\nmuch susceptibility of pure and generous emotion,\\nso much ardour of affection in women, that they\\nconstantly stimulate men to exertion and have at\\nthe same time a most powerful agency in soothing\\nthe angry feelings, and in mitigating the harsh and\\nnarrow propensities, which are generated in the\\nstrife of the passions.\\nHow much of the decrepitude of Italy, of that\\nfine country, where the people, as a whole, are so\\nnerveless and submissive, while the individuals\\nthat compose it are gifted with the highest capaci-\\nties and susceptibility how much of this national\\nimbecility might be traced, to the monstrous and\\nperverted condition of their women They are kept\\nout of sight, in strict subservience, till they are mar-\\nried they receive the husband that is given them\\nwithout objection, as the means of emancipation,\\nand make a choice as soon as the nuptials are over.\\nThe object of this choice, the cavalier servente, be-\\ncomes at once the most insignificant of slaves and\\nall this takes place with the consent and approba-", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "209\\ntion of society. How many of the misfortunes of\\nFrance may be traced to the less vicious, indeed,\\nbut false position of their females where women\\nare taught to be adroit, graceful, glittering, smart,\\nintriguing treated with uribounded deference, as\\nobjects of amusement, without one particle of real\\nrespect as women easily reconciled to the faithless-\\nness of a husband, and satisfying his honour, if they\\ndo not betray his interests. When the unity of do-\\nmestic life is thus broken, the charm is gone when\\nhome is cheerless, those who abandon it become\\nprofligate and reckless, and substitute noxious plea-\\nsures for its calm and genial delights. From a com-\\nponent part we may judge of the whole a nation\\nis an accumulation of families where the happi-\\nness of the latter is sapped, the disorder will per-\\nvade the system if there is no private happiness,\\nthere can be no public spirit, no solid patriotism.\\nOther motives must be substituted, which increase\\nthe corruption skill and energy may still govern\\nsuch a nation, and make it powerful for a time, and\\nfor a long time but the progress of decay is still\\ngoing on, and destruction cannot be averted.\\nEven in England, where a superior state of so-\\nciety is found, the situation of women is partially\\nattainted with evil but it may be hoped that this\\nevil is not encroaching. In the middling classes, do-\\nmestic life is well regulated and harmonious: all\\nthe influence of the female character is exerted in\\nthe most desirable manner, and the virtues and en-\\nergy of the nation are principally to be found witlji-\\n27", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "210\\nill these limits. The two extremes of society\\nhave each their peculiar vices, which impair the\\nrespectability and mar the happiness of the females\\nwho belong to them. In the lowest ranks, particu-\\nlarly in the large towns, the men are addicted to\\ndrunkenness, and spending a large portion of their\\nearnings, in a stupifying habit of passing hours or\\neven days together in their alehouses, smoking, and\\ndrinking strong beer. The wife is in the mean time\\nstruggling hard to support herself and children, with\\nthe simplest necessaries of life, while her husband\\nthus wastes all his surplus earnings and when he\\ncomes home, in an intoxicated state, she is exposed\\nto his brutality and cruelty. At the other extreme\\nof society, the evil arises from more complicated\\ncauses and though confined to a few, the mischief\\nis great, because the examples are prominent and\\ncommanding. The people of the highest condi-\\ntion are not in reality the most pure and refined in\\ntheir sentiments. Born to the certainty of high\\nrank and g;reat w^ealth, an early consciousness of\\ntheir importance is developed the forward, inso-\\nlent child becomes, too often, the headstrong arro-\\ngant man. The advantages of superior education\\nare sometimes neglected and the individual over-\\nwhelmed with temptations, seldom makes those ac-\\nquirements which would prevent his resorting to\\ncoarser gratifications. Too many motives of pride\\nand ambition always interfere, to allow of mar-\\nriages founded on mutual affection. Haughtiness,\\negotism, the impatience of restraint, and the habit", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "211\\nof profligate indulgences, soon interrupt the simpli-\\ncity of domestic life, and the female is exposed\\neither to the dreary blank of slighted affection, or\\nto the sad alternative of bestowing it criminally.\\nTake the condition of women among us, com-\\nprehending all classes; and through their whole\\ncareer, from infancy to age, I need not fear contra-\\ndiction in saying, that it is the most fortunate in\\nthe world. There are in other countries a few who\\nare artificially elevated who have more power\\nand if power forms happiness, why then more\\nhappiness, than any females in our country. In\\nsome nations, women who possess great attractions\\nand accomplishments, are vastly more caressed and\\nflattered for a period of their lives, than any of\\ntheir sex are here but they are afterwards often\\ntreated with the most mortifying neglect, which is\\nembittered by the recollection of former attentions.\\nBut if there are none so high, there are none so\\nlow, as the thousands who are found on the other\\nside of the Atlantic. No such figures as the\\nstreets, the markets, and the fields present in Eu-\\nrope, are to be seen here. The market-women of\\nall descriptions have a coarseness and hardihood, a\\nmasculine ugliness that we never witness. Nor is\\nthis confined to the towns but in the country, as\\nthey are habitually occupied in the labours of agri-\\nculture, tanned by the sun and hardened by ex-\\nposure to the weather, and severe labour, the female\\npeasantry present an appearance wholly unlike any\\nclass of women among us.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "212\\nTo begin with tlie most numerous order,-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 with\\nthose who commence life with nothing but strength\\nto labour for subsistence, and the hope of future\\ncompetence In the country, or the towns, the\\nfemales in this class are never exposed to work in\\nthe open air. All that is required out of doors is\\nperformed by the men. That the women are very\\nassiduously, and even laboriously employed, every\\none may witness, but their labours are almost\\nwholly domestic, and performed under shelter.\\nThey are not seen driving market carts, standing in\\nthe streets, carrying heavy burdens, or engaged\\nfrom morning to night in the open fields. They\\nare not exposed to the inclemency of the weather,\\nto the promiscuous mingling with the crowds of a\\ncity, or in large groupes in the toils of the field.\\nThey live secluded in the performance of their\\nhousehold labours, and rarely meet in any assem-\\nblage, except when they go in their best attire,\\nwith decency and solemnity, to public worship.\\nBesides, they have higher hopes than the labour-\\ning classes in Europe. The journeyman may look\\nforward with certainty, to become, in a few years,\\nif he has common skill and industry, a master\\nworkman in his turn. The farmer is not, as in\\nEurope, a mere peasant, labouring on land which\\nhe never dreams of owning but he is here a pro-\\nprietor, though he begins at first with only a log-\\nhouse, and a piece of forest to be cleared, he is\\nsure that, in the end, he shall possess a productive\\nfarm, and the means of comfortable subsistence.", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "213\\nThe women in these classes, who are often more\\nrefined and ambitious than the men, conduct them-\\nselves with a view to their future situations and\\noften stimulate their husbands to those exertions\\nfor acquiring property and improving their children,\\nin which they are willing to participate. This\\nprospect of bettering their condition, operates very\\nfavourably upon them, since it encourages the men\\nto domestic habits and economy who know their\\nsavings will all be productive of very compound\\nadvantage, and that, as they advance in life, they\\nmay look forward to a comfortable support from\\nthe results of former labour.\\nThe excitement produced by this well-founded\\nexpectation of rising in the world, has had many\\nbeneficial consequences. A degree of pride, and\\ngreater self-respect, have brought their aid to the\\nassistance of some of the moral duties. If we may\\nbelieve some traditions of former manners, there is\\na great improvement in them. The rapidity of\\nintercourse, the increase of reading, and the activity\\nof trade, have carried light into every district. The\\nfashions and opinions of the day make their way\\ninto the meanest village the conduct of all is\\nopen to observation, and the tendency to assimilate\\nis therefore universal. There are, no doubt, some\\ninconveniences arising from this same source, but\\nthese are only inconveniences, while the advan-\\ntages are substantial and progressive. This senti-\\nment produces an evident reluctance in all services\\nthat are not gratuitous and that awkward, vulgar", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "214\\npride, which is abashed by the superiority it is\\nafraid to acknowledge, though it seldom acts offen-\\nsively, by insult, yet shows itself too often in the\\ndefensive, by a cold and churlish demeanour.\\nThe pervading influence of fashion, to which 1\\nhave alluded, in doing away all peculiarities, may\\nbe advantageous in some respects but it makes a\\nsad diminution of the pleasure of the artist and the\\ntraveller, in destroying all variety, and much that\\nis picturesque. A general fusion and blending of\\ndress and manners, is the characteristic of the age.\\nThere will be, hereafter, no distinctions of costume\\nto be met with. In Europe and in America the\\nsame fashions now make their way from Paris and\\nLondon, to Naples and St. Petersburg, Boston and\\nNew-Orleans. There are still some districts in\\nEurope, in Holland, Italy, Switzerland, and France,\\nwhere the inhabitants take a pride in maintaining\\ntheir ancient dresses some of these are extremely\\npleasing, others highly grotesque. The women, of\\nall ranks, at Caux, in Normandy, wear a head-dress\\nat least a yard in height, by the aid of wires, gauze,\\nribands, and their own hair. In Friesland, the\\nfemale attire, though arranged with great art, is in\\nthe highest degree absurd and ludicrous and the\\nsame may be said of many other places. These\\npreposterous dresses add much to the amusement\\nof the traveller they illustrate the barbarous taste\\nof the times in which they originated, but offer\\nnothing to be imitated. I am here tempted to\\nmention a visionary scheme that has sometimes", "height": "3202", "width": "1754", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "215\\npassed in my mind and as it will procure you a\\nlaugh, though at my expense, I am willing to com-\\nmunicate it. You must have often smiled at the\\ndeterioration which these European fashions suffer,\\nby going through so many hands, most of them\\nunskilful ones. These ill-made dresses appear the\\nworse, from the gaudy materials of which they are\\ncomposed and silk and muslin attract a cruel atten-\\ntion, where homelier articles would pass without\\nobservation. Now, suppose our ladies were to\\nresolve on a permanent peculiarity of costume,\\nwhich should be subject to no change or deviation;\\nwould not great advantages result from it Let\\nme allude to some of them.\\nIn the first place, the general taste is now very\\ngood, and the facilities for consulting the best stand-\\nards, extensive and entire. There is no danger that\\nany Gothic extravagance, any cumbersome excres-\\ncences, or any bigoted prejudices, will interfere to\\nproduce deformity. It would not do to adopt a dress\\nfor a whole state this would produce too much\\nuniformity, but let it be marked by counties. Sup-\\npose two or three ladies from each town should\\nform a committee, to agree upon a dress for their\\ncounty, woollen for winter, and cotton for sum-\\nmer the pattern should be chosen that would\\nbest answer the purpose of convenience and sym-\\nmetry the bonnet and shoes, as well as the style of\\ncap for the matron of the hair for young women,\\nwould be regulated on the same principles. In hav-\\ning these forms once fixed, the raantua-makers", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "216\\nwould soon become more expert in making the\\nclothes to fit, since that would be their only object,\\nand not to attempt to imitate or invent new fancies.\\nIn one county the colour might be blue in another,\\nbrown, purple, green, c. with simple trimmings of\\na suitable colour, to form a harmonious contrast with\\nthem. The bonnet would be straw^, black, or the\\nnatural colour, with ribands to accord with the dress,\\nand in any of those forms which would be most\\nconvenient and graceful. We should then never\\nencounter a figure with green shoes, black stockings,\\na blue gown, and yellow bonnet, or any of those\\nluckless attempts at display of fancy, which we\\nsometimes meet, in the country and the town. Im-\\nmense Slims would be annually saved, that are now\\nemployed in foreign productions, and every family\\nmight lay out these savings in objects of substantial\\ncomfort, in improving their farms, or in education of\\na higher kind. The materials of which the clothes\\nwould be composed, are of our own growth, wool\\nand cotton. There would be nothing needed from\\nabroad, except the ribands, and these would soon come\\nto be made here. Our own manufacturers would\\nbe encouraged, because, when the article was once,\\nin permanent demand, and without capricious varia-\\ntion, they could soon bring it to perfection, to the\\nexclusion of foreign competition. If the principal\\nfamilies in every county consented to this arrange-\\nment, and agreed never to wear any other dress,\\nexcept when they went out of the state, it would\\nsoon become a matter of pride, and a point of hon-", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "217\\neur, to appear in their own peculiar costume. A\\ndistinction would be made by those who could afford\\nit, which would not be offensive, because it would\\nbe less obvious, by wearing the same uniform dress,\\nof finer texture. This would do away the envy\\nand ruinous competition, that now takes so much\\nfrom laborious earnings.\\nI have slightly alluded to some of the incidental\\nadvantages, that might result from a voluntary regu-\\nlation of dress, such as economy, encouragement of\\nour own manufactures, c. but these are trifles\\nthe grand advantage is, that women would look\\nbetter, and their charms would be better displayed.\\nYou will say, perhaps, that this might be the case\\nwith some, but how can it be with all Take a\\nregiment with uniform, or without, individually, or\\nin a body, which looks best? Even the most\\nordinary are helped by the uniform dress, while\\nthose who are superior, acquire greater bril-\\nliancy from it. Yet, it is in vain to propose such a\\nscheme the age is sophistical, and you are infected\\nwith its spirit. Formerly, women dressed to please\\nmen, but this simple, natural, honest motive has\\ngone by. They now dress to please one another\\ntheir costume is as full of concetti as Italian poetry\\nno man can understand it nor do you consider us\\nat all you dress to excite admiration or envy in\\nyour own sex, and it is their remarks, or their suf-\\nfrage, that you attend to. There are a thousand\\nfutile, expensive nothings in embroidery, fcc. that\\ngo to make it up, and which none but a milliner\\n28", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "can appreciate. It would require less expense and\\nless time to please men, and the purpose would be\\nmore natural and more generous; but it is in vain\\nto repine we must submit in this, as in many other\\nthings, to the power of fashion.\\nTo return from this digression some of the\\nadvantages possessed by females in the labouring\\nclass, are also felt by those next above them but\\nas you rise in the scale of property, the disparit}^\\nbetween the lot of women here and in Europe, is\\nmuch less perceptible; though the prospect that\\nopens before them, of advancing themselves or theii\\nchildren, is still the same. However humble may\\nbe the pursuit of the parents, their children, if gifted\\nwith talent, may, with suitable education, look for-\\nward to the highest distinctions. This produces\\nsome abortive attempts to quit their sphere, some\\nmurmuring at discomfiture the good still predom-\\ninates a wider field for th^ selection of talent is\\nopened constant exertion is excited a wholesome\\nrivalry is kept alive, and in the growth of society\\nthe universal tendency is upwards.\\nThe last fifty years, which have so prodigiously\\nadvanced the improvement of society every where,\\nhas also witnessed a most salutary change in the\\neducation of women. In the days of our grand-\\nmothers, it was an amiable and rare accomplishment\\nto be able to spell correctly and write legibly nay,\\nit was even considered in some countries derogatory\\nto rank to be able to write well, which was thought\\nto be only suited to authors, clerks, or similar sub-", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "219\\naltera employments. Grimm, in his Memoirs, gives\\na very amusing specimen of the gross ignorance of\\northography in the famous Marshal Saxe, worthy of\\nhis illustrious station and the ignorance of the\\nMarshal was common to the higher ranks in his day.\\nFashions change with time what would be held\\ndisgraceful now, was vaunted then. As the Parisian\\nhairdresser, who, just previous to the Revolution,\\nboasted to a traveller, whose hair he was bringing\\ninto fashionable shape, that though he was nothing\\nbut a poor barber, yet he had no more religion than\\nthe best philosopher of them all so many a trades-\\nman might boast, that he could not write any better\\nthan the greatest nobleman about the court.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nHeaven first taught letters for some wretch s aid,\\n^but the boon was long imperfectly known very\\nserious concerns were necessarily intrusted to the\\nfidelity of a third person and if an impatient lover\\nreceived a billet musque he could hardly tell whether\\nthe hieroglyphics it contained, conveyed love or\\nhatred.\\nThe reform in this respect commenced with men,\\nafter it became evident, that if rank had the power\\nto save vice from contempt, it could not shield\\nignorance. When it was proposed to extend the\\nadvantages of education to the other sex, a strong\\nopposition was raised which though it has been\\nobliged to cede point after point, still maintains\\nitself within narrowed limits. Those women even,\\nwho had been brought up in the good, old fash-\\nion way, were many of them desirous that their", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "220\\ndaughters should be as ignorant as themselves.\\nMen, whose wives had more sense than their lords,\\nstill asserted their own superiority, because they\\nhad more learning but if women could construe\\na line in Virgil, or go through a process in arithme-\\ntic, as well as themselves, this high-minded superi-\\nority would be destroyed. All who were attached\\nto the abuse from habit or profit, were, as usual,\\nsturdy in its defence. But these efforts are in vain\\non a great scale, or where any general question is\\ninvolved. The spirit of improvement, which was\\ncalled into vigour by the invention of printing, has\\nbeen gaining ground with an increasing ratio ever\\nsince. We may as well attempt to stop the passage\\nof the light which has not yet reached us from\\nremote stars, as to arrest its progress it will pene-\\ntrate to the darkest corners in time.\\nIt sickens the heart to consider the monstrous\\nextent, to which the selfishness of mankind will\\ncarry abuses. One body will contend that a whole\\nnation shall be degraded, that they may enjoy an\\nhereditary superiority another, that the people\\nshall not be taught to read, lest they should learn\\nthat their condition might be improved another^\\nthat they shall not have a Bible, for fear they might\\nbe puzzled in reconciling what is taught, with what\\nwas commanded. This same feeling existed among\\nmany narrow-minded men, respecting the educa-\\ntion of women they would keep them ignorant,\\nin order to give to their own attainments an arro-\\ngant superiority or if they taught them any thing", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "221\\nelse than household affairs, it would be some showy\\naccomplishment To instruct their minds to\\nteach them to think No, that was to be depre-\\ncated. Men with this slight modification of Tur-\\nkish spirit, commonly employ arguments that are\\nworthy of its views yet even good arguments will\\nnot long support false views. If there was former-\\nly much time wasted in the education of boys, b}\\nan improper distribution of studies, it was vastly\\nworse with respect to girls whole years of their\\ntime were thrown away in the repetition of the most\\ninsignificant pursuits, or in attaining excellence in\\ntedious futilities. Each sex has some studies that\\nare appropriate girls need not learn fencing they\\ncan reach our hearts without it nor a boy\\nembroidery, even though he should employ his\\nskill, like Ferdinand of Spain, on a petticoat\\nfor the Virgin yet there are many studies that\\nmay be common to both, the pursuit of which will\\nhave a useful influence in assimilating their taste,\\nmultiplying their sympathies, elevating their charac-\\nter, and increasing their happiness. It is singulari-\\nty only that should be avoided, except under rare\\nand peculiar circumstances. If but one girl in a\\ntown could construe Latin, or tell the composition\\nof atmospheric air, it might make her very unhappy,\\nor ridiculous, or both but when this instruction is\\nmore generally diffused, it ceases to create vanity,\\nor to give rise to a taunting, painful notoriety.\\nThe children of both sexes enjoy equally the\\nadvantage of our common schools. There are,", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "222\\nbesides, many academies and private schools for\\nfemales exclusively, besides boarding-scliools in and\\nnear the large towns. In some of these the course\\nof instruction runs high, and is accompanied b}\\nwhat are commonly called accomplishments. In\\nniany instances the girls are taught Latin, not that\\nit is of much consequence to them to know that\\nlanguage, or that they are expected to follow the\\nsteps of Madame Dacier but as grammar is every\\nwhere taught, they can acquire a knowledge of the\\ngeneral principles from the Latin grammar, in a\\nmore amusing way, than by the study of the Eng-\\nlish one and even a slight insight into the Latin,\\nfacilitates considerably the acquisition of Frencli\\nand Italian, which form an important part of an\\naccomplished education. There are examples among\\nour females of very considerable proficiency, in\\nmore than one of the learned languages and in\\nthose I have known, this knowledge has not made\\nthem pedantic nor did they seem to perform the\\nordinary duties of domestic life the worse, though\\nthey knew that the ^Eneid was written in Latin\\nand the Iliad in Greek, and could translate a passage\\nfrom either.\\nThe advantages of giving a superior education to\\nwomen, are not confined to themselves, but have a\\nsalutary influence on our sex. The fear, that in-\\ncreased instruction will render them incompetent or\\nneglectful in domestic life, is absurd in theory, and\\ncompletely destroyed by facts. Women, as well\\nas men, when once established in life, know that", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "223\\nthere is an end of trifling its solicitudes and duties\\nmultiply upon them equally fast the former are apt\\nto feel them much more keenly, and too frequently\\nabandon all previous acquirements, to devote them-\\nselves wholly to these. But if your sex have cul-\\ntivated and refined minds, mine must meet them\\nfrom shame, if not from sympathy. If a man finds\\nthat his wife is not a mere nurse or a housekeeper\\nthat she can, when the occupations of the day are\\nover, enliven a winter s evening that she can con*\\nI erse on the usual topics of literature, and enjoy the\\npleasures of superior conversation, or the reading of\\na valuable book, he must have a perverted taste,\\nindeed, if it does not make home still dearer, and\\nprevent him from resorting to taverns for recreation.\\nThe benefits to her children need not be mentioned\\ninstruction and cultivated taste in a mother, enhance\\ntheir respect and affection for her and their love of\\nhome, and throw a charm over the whole scene of\\ndomestic life.\\nThese effects are widely shown, especially in that\\nnumerous class who have received a good education,\\nbut whose moderate fortune or retired residence,\\nkeeps them from mixing in the gayeties and crowded\\ncircles of fashionable life. The charms of litera-\\nture are here a useful equivalent for less quiet\\namusements. Indeed an acquaintance with the\\nliterature of the day is at least affected by every\\none and a new work, or a new Review, is the\\ncommon topic of conversation in every party. In\\ncontemporaneous literature, women are perhaps", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "224\\ngreater readers than men, and often quite as good\\njudges, though less confident in giving their opin-\\nions. The common subjects of chat with young\\nmen in the society of your sex, are the merits of a\\nnew work they sometimes, at the risk of a little\\nsilent ridicule, volunteer instruction, in a tone of\\ncondescension to those who have much more deli-\\ncacy and tact in judging than their kind instructors\\nthis, however, promotes amusement, and ladies are\\namply gratified for they, unlike the Turkish wo-\\nmen, have\\nMany bustling Botherbys, to show eiu\\nThe finest passage io tlie last new poem.\\nThe manners of our women in the leading ranks\\nof society, are highly pleasing. They are gentle,\\nrefined, simple, affectionate. When intimately\\nknown, they will, I think, bear an advantageous\\ncomparison with those of any other country. They\\nare not perfect, indeed mind I am speaking gene-\\nrally but they leave little to desire. That little,\\nperhaps, would be a greater degree of confidence,\\nthe shaking off that timidity, which communicates\\nembarrassment, suppresses too much the expression\\nof emotion, and sometimes the promptitude to ren-\\nder little services, which they would gladly perform.\\nThis also makes them rather too retiring the mar-\\nried women become too suddenlv matronal are\\ntoo apt to shrink from the task the word is used\\nconfidentially of amusing and being amused in so-\\nciety and leaving it to young girls, who are less", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "225\\ncompetent to keep conversation from becoming in-\\nsipid or inane.\\nIt is difficult to compare our women with those\\nof France or England, because their manners, as\\nwell as their dress, resemble neither entirely, but\\npartake considerably of both. Their dress is\\nless foppish and extravagant than the French\\nless crude and fanciful than the Fnglish. Their\\nmanners are less artificial and sparkling than the\\nformer less bold and decided than the latter.\\nThe crowds and the vices of the great European\\ncities produce a degree of impudence in men in\\nhigh life in their mode of staring at, and examin-\\ning the appearance of women. This, which, when\\nit occurs here, excits downright alarm, is met in\\nFrance by a coquettish shrinking in England by\\na passive defiance. An American is immediately\\nstruck with manners to which he is so unaccustom-\\ned, and will perhaps be more confounded at the de-\\nfensive, and sometimes offensive, stare of a woman\\nof high ton, than any thing else he can encounter.\\nIn regard to beauty, I am too much under imme-\\ndiate influence to be impartial in regard to distant\\nclaims and you will perhaps think, knowing how\\nwholly I am subdued that any thing said for trans-\\natlanic pretensions, may be a feeble attempt to es-\\ncape from thraldom, which after all it would be\\npainful to renounce. The American women,\\nthough their manners are almost as different as\\ntheir language from the French, resemble them more\\nin some respects, and would be more easily as-\\n29", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "similated with them than with the English. A\\npersonage of very high rank in England, who\\nhad seen in society, three or four times, two of our\\ncountry women, who were sisters, inquired, who\\nare those two little Frenchwomen And most per-\\nsons would make the same mistake with respect to\\nAmerican women in England, especially those,\\nwhom they should meet in the circles of fashiona-\\nble life. Our women have the advantage over the\\nFrench women in complexion, but have a less live-\\nly expression the English women have perhaps\\nstill finer complexions than ours, but the texture of\\ntheir skin is coarser, which diminishes the air of\\nfeminine softness, that is common both to French\\nand American women. The English women are\\nmore robust than either of the others their tem-\\nperate climate enables them to lake more exercise\\nthey are, generally speaking, a stouter race their\\nframes are larger, and they have a stronger and\\nmore substantial appearance. Compared with\\nEnglish, or even French ladies, ours have an air of\\nlanguor, and a slowness in their movements and\\ntalking, which you know in the southern states is\\ncarried to excess. Vivacity and readiness are the\\ncharacteristic traits of the French alacrity and en-\\nergy those of the English and languor and softness\\nthose of our women. Vivacity forms the greatest con-\\ntrast with the general manners of the last a lan-\\nguishing air with those of the two former hence\\na common object of affectation with French and\\nEnglish women, is to put on an air of sentimental", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "227\\nor voluptuous languor with ours to assume a tone\\nof sprightiiness.\\nThe comparison between our ladies and those of\\nthe middle states, I am unable to make with any\\ndegree of precision. The shades of difference\\nmust, of course, be very slight and delicate, and I\\nhave not studied them enough to make the descrip-\\ntion distinct. There is a much greater mixture\\nof foreign manners in New- York, Philadelphia,\\nand Baltimore, than exists here their ladies\\ndress more, and perhaps better than ours. They\\nmake a display in the streets, particularly in New-\\nYork, which is never done with us nor would any\\npersons, except mere spectators, wish to see the cus-\\ntom introduced. The excessive sobriety of the\\nQuaker costume, and a more true taste, have sim-\\npliiied the walking costume, and, indeed, all others\\nin Philadelphia and it is, I believe, generally ad-\\nmitted, that women dress belter there, than in any\\nother of our cities. Female dress here, used to\\nbe too homely at one time, and too gaudy at\\nanother both these extremes have been corrected,\\nand if, on some occasions, a little more elegance\\nmight be indulged, without extravagance, it is gen-\\nerally what is decent and suitable, neither sinning\\nthrough parsimony and neglect, nor by ostentation\\nand expense.\\nThere is one remark on a peculiarity of man-\\nners, which I make with less reluctance, as 1 know\\nmy opinion accords with your s. In Philadelphia\\nand New-York, there is sometimes seen a decided,\\navowed intention at display, and a confidence in", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "228\\naiming to be conspicuous, in joung girls, which is\\nany thing but engaging. At a ball, or in a large\\nassembly, they talk and laugh loud, and get a cir-\\ncle round them and the ambition to be what is\\ncalled a dashing belle, leads to the very confines of\\nromping. I have often been amused at observing\\nthe expression in the countenance of a foreigner,\\nwhich is produced by the utter confusion of ideas,\\nsuch conduct creates in his mind. The mothers\\nare to blame. They push their daughters forward\\nprematurely, and encourage them to assume a lead-\\ning tone, which they have not experience enough to\\nsupport with dignity or safety. The most interest-\\ning and delightful of all objects, a brilliant, fine,\\nyoung woman, loses half her loveliness, when she\\nis seen presuming, openly, on her attractions, in a\\ncrowded circle, and using, with boldness, all the\\narts of rivalry, to maintain pre-eminence. This\\nfashion has not yet encroached upon the primitive\\nreserve of our manners and (though for somewhat\\ndifferent reasons) would not be tolerated here, any\\nmore than in Europe.\\nYou must not think me harsh in censuring, or\\nthat I mistake the grounds of this levity. Our\\nyoung women are in the situation, in which Inno-\\ncence is represented by the allegory to have been,\\nin the golden age, when she walked forth, accom-\\npanied with Courage and Confidence, while Guilt\\nwas attended with Bashfulness and Fear. As the\\nworld grew worse, they changed companions, and\\nlong may it be, ere the corruption of our manners\\nshall render the exchange necessary here. Let all", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "229\\nthe playfulness, all the vivacity that youth and\\nhappiness can produce, be discovered among familiar\\nfriends; let no unreasonable check be given to\\nthis we have hardly enough of it, either for the\\nhealth of mind or body but let us beware of in-\\nducing our young girls to an ostentation of gayety\\nin public, or attempting to usurp supremacy in a\\nball-room. It leads them too immediately under\\nthe dominion of the giddy, or the corrosive passions\\nit makes them the victims of vanity or envy.\\nNo one can be insensible of the invaluable bles-\\nsings w^hich arise from a state of society, where\\nyoung girls can be thus protected and where even\\nmany of those who have fluttered the gayest in the\\ncircles of fashion, renounce every amusement as\\nsoon as they are married, to devote themselves\\nwholly to the duties and solicitude of domestic life.\\nNo one can wish to see our girls shut up in con-\\nvents, or kept under severe restraint our married\\nwomen become coquettes, and our young men ca-\\nvalieri servente. But there are many intermediate\\nstages. Married women too readily renounce all\\nexertion in society, which is apt to become insipid\\nto them, when they are once engaged in the serious\\ncares of life. Yet these need not be neglected,\\nthough social intercourse be maintained the habit\\nof the latter, on the contrary, will alleviate the bur-\\nden of the former. To engage in both, however,\\nrequires exertion and, perhaps, there may be some\\nfoundation for the reproacli of indolence, where\\neither is disregarded.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "230\\nThe pleasures of society are certainly lessened,\\neven if no other injury results to those who partake\\nof it when they, whose characters are formed, and\\nwhose standing is fixed, recede too soon, or too\\nmuch, from giving a direction to conversation and\\namusement. If they abandon this almost wholly\\nto girls, the general characteristics of every gay\\ncircle must become more light and frivolous.\\nGirls can neither have the experience nor the con-\\nfidence to sustain any general conversation, that\\n.takes other topics than the merest trifles; and the\\nhappy propensity of their time of life, to mere\\nfrolic and playfulness, renders it necessary to intro-\\nduce suitable companions. Boys are then brought\\nforward, prematurely, and where they are intruded,\\nthere is an end of all etiquette, of that deference\\nand courtesy, which form the charm of large\\nparties. There are some who think that our\\nfashionable assemblies have deteriorated in this\\nway.\\nI have already dilated on the advantages which\\nyour sex enjoy in education here. There are few\\nvillages to be seen, where there are not several men\\nwho have received a collegiate education. Their\\nconversation, their books, and their instruction,\\nhave had an influence on the education of females.\\nA facility afforded to those w ho wanted to go a\\nlittle beyond what they were taught at school, and\\nthe difficulty of procuring masters for polite accom-\\nplishments, has given them more leisure for read-\\ning, and made them endeavour to compensate for", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "231\\nany deficiency in lighter attainments, by move\\nsolid information.\\nThis state of things is very unlike what exists in\\nthe middle states, where the institutions for educa-\\ntion were in former times too much neglected, and\\nwhere the sons even of wealthy people, received\\nlittle more than the commonest school education.\\nThe perverse fanaticism of the Quakers, who had\\nformerly a preponderating influence, and who, on a\\nsystem of sobriety, industry, integrity and neatness,\\ntaught only the great art of thriving in the world,\\nand proscribed all other kinds of knowledge in\\nthe endeavour to give the same drab or russet hue\\nto their minds, which they had done to their gar-\\nments, produced an unfortunate neglect of all intel-\\nlectual cultivation. If the boys were only taught\\nto read, write, and cipher, the girls must be con-\\ntent with a lower degree of instruction in these ac-\\ncomplishments. In short, if the latter could read\\ntheir Bibles, and calculate a domestic bargain, their\\nmental instruction was completed.\\nFortunately this state of education has been im-\\nproved of late years even the Quakers begin to\\nfind that learning is not sinful and that their sect\\nmust either keep pace with the spirit of the age, or\\nsink into insignificance as there is an end of per-\\nsecution, they have no other mode of maintaining\\ntheir corps, or attaching any high respectability to\\nthemselves. While the mind was thus neglected,\\nthe personal appearance was improved, and grace-\\nful manners widely diffused. The influence of the", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "232\\nQuakers was here partially useful. Those female\u00c2\u00a7\\nof their sect, who did not feel the importance of\\nthat part of religion, which consisted in wearing an\\nill-shaped, ugly coloured gown, or a queer little\\nbonnet, preposterously prim, chose a more becom-\\ning and less affected costume. Their former\\nhabits, and a wish to avoid too glaring a departure\\nfrom their friends, still inclined them to the Quaker\\nsimplicity, only, instead of its uncomeliness, sub-\\nstituting elegance. The influence of a large city\\nwas also felt and as Philadelphia acquired a dis-\\ntinguished society while it was the seat of govern-\\nment, which it has never wholly lost an air of\\ngracefulness, and the tone of fashionable life, was\\ngiven to their principal circles, and which, like\\nevery thing else in this country, was readily imi-\\ntated, and widely diffused. The same advantages\\nwere wanting here, and a less uniform turn, less\\nappearance of the fashionable drill, more of a militia\\ncharacter of dress and movement, were prevalent.\\nIn short, you will sometimes meet there, under a\\nvery fashionable dress and manner, a most com-\\nposing degree of ignorance you will often find\\nhere much mental acquirement, under an exterior\\nof consummate awkwardness and timidity.\\nI am afraid I have tired you but you encounter-\\ned this risk when you gave me permission to write.\\nI could still linger near this subject, if my letter\\nwas not growing to a volume. It is one, on which,\\nthough a constant observer, 1 am but an indifferent\\ncritic. You know the reason, the", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "233.\\nallegiance and fast fealty\\nWhich 1 do owe unto all woman kyiid,\\nWould that they had an abler champion they\\ncannot have a more respectful admirer.\\nP. S. You speak of your enemies. I think\\nyou must be mistaken. I cannot conceive that you\\nshould have any. If, however, it be so, I will re-\\npeat the laconic prayer of a zealous clergyman,\\nduring the war may they be soon brought to\\nreason, or to ruin.\\nLETTER IX.\\nAGRICULTURE.\\nI KNOW of nothing, my dear Sir, that is a subject\\nfor more real congratulation than the attention\\nrecently given to agriculture, and the spirit for im-\\nproving it, that is pervading every district in the\\nUnion. It was indeed quite time for this disposi-\\ntion to show itself. The truth will be less painful\\nnow, since we have begun to amend but certainly\\nthere was no country, where greater ignorance, or\\n60", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "2i34\\ngreater lioglect oi this science, could be witnessed,\\nthan in the United States. This was owing to dif-\\nferent causes, in different parts of the country. In\\nthe south and the west, the proprietors held land\\nenough to persist in bad management, for two or\\nthree generations an exuberant soil produced abun-\\ndant crops, without artificial enrichment or very\\nheavy labour when one field was exhausted,\\nanother was cleared, and tilled to poverty in its turn.\\nThis kind of farming so impoverished the country\\nin some of the older districts, that the inhabitants\\nwere at length left to choose between emigration to\\na new region, or the employment of greater care\\nand skill on their old farms too many of them per-\\nhaps preferred the former. In this quarter a less\\nfertile soil always demanded more labour yet few\\nattempts were made to go out of the common rou-\\ntine of a very restricted cultivation, and the inclina-\\ntion was almost universal, to devote all their skill\\nand capital to some of the branches of trade con-\\nsidering all exertions to derive a greater profit from\\nagriculture, as hopeless. The spirit of emigration\\nalso, acting with full force on an enterprising people,\\neasily induced them to go to new states, in pursuit\\nof the real or delusive advantages that were held out\\nto them. This constant draining from our popula-\\ntion, while it afforded a hardy, vigorous race for the\\ncultivation of new territories; may have produced\\na greater increase to the ultimate good and power\\nof the nation, than would have happened if these\\nemigrants had remained stationary still it occa-", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "235\\nsioned some local disadvantages. In the first place,\\nit prevented tlie inhabitants from thinking of any\\nimprovement if their farm was not sufficiently\\nproductive, the easy remedy to a restless people w^as\\nto sell it, collect their effects and go five or fifteen\\nhundred miles (the distance, greater or less, was not\\nthought of) in pursuit of a richer soil. It was not\\nby the employment of greater skill, but by a change\\nof location, that they sought to improve their condi-\\ntion. Improvement was discouraged in another\\nway, not by the high rate of wages, which this\\nfacility of obtaining new lands had a tendency to\\nmaintain (high wages are a gain to the community\\nat large;) but by keeping our population always\\nscattered and thin, it prevented the means of bring-\\ning together, occasionally, a large body of labour-\\ners, which is sometimes very important for the secu-\\nrity of crops in extended cultivation.\\nThere are two things that have been injurious to\\nthe agriculture of the United States one of whicli\\nmay be remedied in time; the other will always\\ncontinue. The first, is the occupation of too much\\nland, so that the labour applied to it can only pro-\\nduce a very imperfect tillage the other, is the\\nirregularity of the climate this is every where felt\\nin the eastern states it is an untimely frost in June\\nin the southern it is the same accident in March, that\\ninjures the respective crops of these different terri-\\ntories our geographical, and atmospherical posi-\\ntion, if I may use the expression, will always subject\\nus to these evils. But it is the consideration of", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "236\\nthese unfavourable circumstances, in this quarter\\nonly, that comes within my purpose. With regard\\nto the land, there is hardly a farm where the quan-\\ntity of ground in tillage, is not too much for the\\nstrength that is to be employed upon it; hence, not\\nonly the labour, but the manure are diffused over too\\nlarge a surface.\\nThe evil consequences are not only immediate, in\\ngiving a less amount of produce in each year, but a\\npermanent gain is prevented. If the farmer, who\\nnow tills ten acres, were to confine his efforts\\nto eight, his harvest would not only be equal\\nthe present year, but the prospective value of his\\nfarm would be enhanced. A more complete tilth\\nand a heavier stock of manure upon the diminislied\\nspace, would leave it, after the crop was taken, more\\nmellow and in better heart. If two farmers were\\nselected, who should possess about the same degree of\\nindustry, skill, and means for labour, and who should\\nproceed in their cultivation on lands of the same qual-\\nity, one of them stirring more surface than the other\\nI have no hesitation in believing, that he who culti-\\nvated one-fifth or one quarter less in quantity, would,\\nbesides having an equal harvest annually, find at the\\nend of ten years, that his farm was worth double\\nthat of his competitor. The evil in question is so\\nradical and extensive, that its bad consequences can-\\nnot be too often pointed out: though it is the most\\nobvious, and has been most frequently remarked\\nupon, it is still almost universal.", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "237\\nWith regard to our climate, the greatest evil is its\\nuncertainty in other respects, it may be as favour-\\nable to agriculture, as most others, ft is true, the\\nlong continuance of winter, by depriving cattle of\\npasturage, and by interrupting a great deal of ?\\\\^n-\\ncultural labour, which must all be crowded into the\\nremaining part of the year, is a serious inconvenience\\nbut then compare it with countries that escape this\\nevil, and you will find them without the ripening\\nwarmth of our summers, and drenched wit! rp.in\\nand fogs in the autumn and early part of v inter,\\nwhen we are blessed with clear skies, and a fine\\ntemperature. The accidents we are liable to frr.m\\nlate springs and late frosts, are a peculiar evil, which\\nwe shall never escape, but which we may provide\\nagainst much better than we do now. This evil is\\nfelt most by the farmer in the cultivation of Indian\\ncorn. A late spring throws him too far into the\\nsummer a late frost sometimes cuts him off alto-\\ngether. Yet, if raising the plants in a hot-bed, and\\nthen transplanting them, could be practised success-\\nfully, both these evils would be remedied but such\\nhas been our supineness with regard to agricultural\\nimprovement, that I doubt if the experiment has\\never been tried decisively.\\nThe facilities every where afforded to our citi-\\nzens for engaging in trade, and the great profits that\\nfor a considerable period accrued from it fostered\\na general inclination to place all their means in this\\npursuit, rather than in agriculture of late years\\nat least this has been a very unprofitable course to\\nmany. The attention of intelligent and enterpriS", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "^8\\ning men, was thus diverted from their farms to oth-\\ner concerns no attempts were made at improve-\\nment no man thought of wasting his skill upon\\nagriculture Very little attention was paid to the\\nbreed of cattle or horses the making of butter and\\ncheese was miserably neglected, since it was found\\nthat, however bad it might be, a market would be\\nprocured for it. The routine of cultivation at least,\\npreserved the primitive simplicity of our puritan\\nforefathers. A field of Indian corn, with a border of\\npotatoes, a few fields of the small grains, turned at\\nintervals into grass lands, formed thb whole system\\nand the only part of this that was performed with\\nneatness and care, was the cultivation of Indian\\ncorn. This commonly received two or three\\nploughings and hoeings, was kept free from weeds\\nand this plant filled the only fields, that were an\\nexception to the general neglect and ignorance of\\nagriculture. No root crops were thought of for\\nthe sustenance of animals indeed, with the excep-\\ntion of working oxen, if the others were kept from\\nstarving through the winter, the farmer was satisfi-\\ned, and each year was made to balance its own ac-\\ncounts. In a plentiful one, all that was raised was\\nconsumed and if a little waste was necessary to\\neffect this purpose, it was readily resorted to. The\\nabundance of one season was not calculated upon to\\nsupply the deficiencies of the next if there was a\\nlarge crop of corn, the oxen, pigs, and turkeys were\\nsomewhat fatter and if there was any hay left\\nthrough the winter, it was considered a nuisance", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "239\\nold hay being held to be poor stuff. It would have\\nbeen difficult to find ten farmers in a county, who\\never looked forward to blend the operations of two\\nor three years together. In an unfavourable season\\nthey exerted themselves to make the two ends meet,\\nby keeping their stock alive but the bounty of a\\nprosperous one was thrown away, except that the\\ncattle fared better, and therefore yielded something\\nmore to the owner. That this was the general -state\\nof our agriculture, and that too much of it still con-\\ntinues the same, no one who knows it can deny.\\nThe only exceptions are the farmers who raised\\nroots in some places for exportation, and the market\\ngardeners in the vicinity of one or two large towns.\\nEven the attempts that were made at improve-\\nment, were cited as evidence against the possibility\\nof deriving any thing from farming. An experi-\\nmentalist, having surrounded his fields with ex-\\npensive fences, erected spacious, showy barns,\\nplanted orchards, and when once planted, consi-\\ndered that work as done would cultivate his farm\\nwithout much economy of labour, but a sparing use\\nof manures, especially those of a permanent nature\\nand finding his whole produce to consist of a few\\ntons of hay, a few bushels of corn and potatoes,\\nwould assure you, from his own knowledge, which\\nhe had paid dearly for, that it was impossible to de-\\nrive any thing from farming. So a few years since,\\nwhen a sudden mania took possession of the public\\nabout the merino sheep and a man thought he had\\nnothing to do but to buy a flock of merinos, give a", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "hundred dollars a piece for them, and send them to a\\nfarm, under the charge of a man who knew no-\\nthing about their management, aided, however, by\\nhis neighbours s dogs the result was cited with a\\nsignificant look, or a knowing remark, as showing\\nthe folly of attempting to derive any thing from\\nfarming in this country.\\nAmong the advantages which the farmer posses-\\nses, the first may be considered, his exemption from\\nrent, tithes and burthensome taxes. The land is\\nsubjected to no species of feudal imposition the\\ncommon tenure is in fee simple, and there is no\\nrent, unless the interest of the purchase money,\\nwhich is small, can be so considered. There are\\nno tithes religion and education are, to be sure,\\nsupported every where, but at a very moderate\\nexpense, since nothing can be exacted by luxury\\nand each individual pays his contribution to what\\nsect he chooses. There are no burdensome taxes\\nthose which would be most so, the militia, and high-\\nway labours, are lightened by being paid in personal\\nservice, at the most convenient seasons an intelli-\\ngent and free people, who voluntarily impose these\\nduties upon themselves, know that they are essen-\\ntial, the one to the common good, and the other to\\nthe preservation of their rights. The wages of la-\\nbour are, indeed, high what goes in Europe to the\\nexactions of the government, is here retained by\\nthe labourer, whose strength is sustained by plen-\\ntiful nourishment, and who is enabled to lay up\\nsomething from his earnings.", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "241\\nThe next advantage is, that he supplies the dear-\\nest market in the world, with great facilities for\\ngetting to it. There being no check, no limit what-\\never, to exportation, the prices of the main articles\\nof food are regulated here, not by the wants and\\nsupplies of the country, but by the general wants of\\nthe world. The commerce in grain being wholly\\nunrestricted, a bad season in Europe is a premium\\nto ihe farmer here and the fact has been, that we\\nhave always paid a higher price for bread than has\\nbeen paid in Europe. This main article of food\\nregulates all the rest. But another instance may\\nbe cited, which proves how advantageous a market\\nour farmers possess for their produce I believe it\\nwill be found, on examination, that the price of hay\\nhas been as high in Boston, and elsewhere in pro-\\nportion, for a series of years, as it has been in Lon-\\ndon.\\nAn advantage to the farmer, individually, and a\\nvery important benefit in its general results, is ow-\\ning to the use of oxen, instead of horses, in almost all\\nagricultural labour. This practice has been recom-\\nmended in other countries, with no great success.\\nThe strength, the patience, the docility of these ani-\\nmals, are admirable, and from the universal habit of\\nusing them, it may be supposed they are managed\\nwith great adroitness. Yet, in many places, the\\nwhip is made use of, in driving them, though\\nthe goad is the true instrument. It is an amusing\\nthing to observe a skilful teamster, with two yoke\\nof good oxen, which constitutes the common force\\n31", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "242\\nof a team, manoeuvring them where any considera-\\nble effort, or nicety in driving, is necessary each\\nox has his own name, and much is done by the\\ntones of voice, in ahernately threatening, entreating,\\nand encourRging the animals who, in spite of their\\nclumsy appearance, when it is necessary to make\\nway in a narrow, difficult road, are more managea-\\nble than horses. A gentleman from a distant state,\\nwho had passed the summer among us, on his re-\\nturn, met^ at a very narrow place in the road, a\\nwaggon, with a team of oxen. It seemed impossi-\\nble to pass as ne discovered some uneasiness, his\\ncoachman, whose mind had been deeply impressed\\nwith what he had seen of the management of oxen,\\ntold him O, Sir, there is no danger these oxen\\nknow a great deal more than our people at home.\\nIn fact, after various ejaculations, which none but\\nthe oxen could understand, a due degree of backing\\nand advancing, the waggon was at last adjusted, so\\nthat the carriage might pass, greatly to the admi-\\nration of its owner. After a life of labour, this\\nvaluable creature, when killed, is worth at least his\\nfirst cost to his owner while the horse, supposing\\nthe cost of supporting him and his labour to have\\nbeen the same, is entirely worthless.\\nA prospective advantage, of great importance to\\nthis whole section, is, that the best lands, even in\\nthe cultivated and populous districts, with the ex-\\nception of the intervale on the banks of rivers, are\\nyet to be reclaimed. There are tens of thousands\\nof acres of wet, swampy lands, that may be easily", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "243\\nand cheaply drained, that are now wholly without\\nvalue, except in the supply of firewood, which is\\ngenerally of slow growth, and inferior quality.\\nTliese low grounds, sufficiently elevated, however,\\nto be almost every where susceptible of being com-\\npletely drained, so that in many cases they might\\nbe used for the planting of corn are commonly\\ncomposed of a rich, deep soil, the deposite from the\\nneighbouring uplands. When so far cleared as to\\nproduce their natural grasses, the growth is so\\ncoaree, that it is hardly worth the trouble of cur-\\ning while the same lands, if drained, and sowed\\nwith the cultivated grasses, would give the heaviest\\ncrops of the most valuable hay. A considerable\\nquantity of rich upland, which is now devoted to\\nthis purpose, would then be liberated for the pur-\\nposes of tillage. Besides, these moist meadows\\nare certain in their produce, and in dry seasons,\\nwhen the grass on the uplands hardly yields a\\nquantity worth mowing, would give a rich harvest.\\nThe grasses, too, which soon run out on dry lands,\\nin a moist, deep soil, may be considered permanent.\\nA good many spots have been thus converted, with-\\nin a few years, from producing mere useless weeds,\\nto the finest sward of nutritious grasses and\\nincreasing attention is given to these neglected\\ngrounds. Those who have examined the surface\\nof the country, know, that there is a much greater\\nproportion of these lands than would be at first\\nimagined, which are capable of being easily brought\\ninto use, and changed from the most worthless, to\\nthe most valuable land in the country.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "244\\nThere is another description of land, of which\\nvery large tracts are found on every part of the sea-\\ncoast, which is a reproach to our agricultural man-\\nagement. I allude to the salt marshes. These are\\ngenerally composed of a fat, rich soil, often several\\nfeet in depth. At })resent the^y produce a crop of\\nhay, which is worth only half the price of the up-\\nland produce. Attempts liave been made in many\\nplaces to dyke out the sea-water in some few the\\nmost luxuriant crops have followed in most others,\\nthe natural grasses have been destroyed, the land\\nrun to waste, and after a few years, the salt water\\nhas been ajj;ain admitted to cover them. Doubtless,\\nthe growth they furnish, the depth of soil, and\\nother circumstances, may make some of these lands\\nmore difficult to be reclaimed than others. But, I\\ndoubt whether most of the experiments have been\\nwell conducted, and whether they have not failed\\nfrom being made imperfectly. Though the tide\\nhas been kept from overflowing the surface, the\\nWriter within has been too near its level, to per-\\nmit the soil being properly freshened. Thou-\\nsands and thousands of acres of land in England,\\nthat were once overflowed by the tide, have been\\nembanked, and now produce the richest crops. In\\nFlanders and Holland, half the country must have\\nbeen originally in this situation and lands now\\nbelow the level of the tides produce not only the\\nfinest hay, but are cultivated with vegetables and\\ngrain. Some of the richest lands we have might\\nbe made to do the same here, and would afford the", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "245\\nlargest returns, instead of a sorry crop of salt hay.\\nIt is a prominent object in our agriculture, that a\\nfull experiment, on a large scale, should be made\\nwith these valuable and extensive tracts.\\nThe prosperity of our agriculture will be greatly\\npromoted by the agricultural societies, recently\\nestablished, and whose influence has been already\\nshown. It is in a great degree owing to such soci-\\neties, that Great Britian has made such advances\\nin agriculture within the last sixty years. The agri-\\ncultural skill in many parts of that magnificent\\nisland, is fully equal, if not superior, to what is dis-\\nplayed in Lombardy and Flanders, the finest culti-\\nvated regions in Europe. These societies will be\\nhere, as they have been there, the patrons of various\\nexperiments from the success of some of these,\\nand even the failure of others, very essential im-\\nprovements will result. They rouse the attention\\nof farmers, they collect and diffuse information, and\\nthey excite an emulation, that animates the whole\\nagricultural interest.\\nTheir influence, undervalued by many, regarded\\nwith indifference by more, is fully appreciated by\\nonly a few. Yet they have already furnished in-\\ndications of the benefits that will flow from them\\nand the early and rapid improvement of our long\\nneglected agriculture, has followed their establish-\\nment. Many persons mistake the object of them,\\nby a very narrow view of their proceedings they\\ncan see no advantage in giving a prize for an ox or\\na wether, too fat to be eaten, or a cumbrous growth", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "246\\non a single acre. Yet these are extremes, little\\nmore than curiosities in themselves, that show the\\nlimits of capability. But it is the instruction they\\nafford, the emulation they create, that constitute\\ntheir utility. By showing the extent of what can\\nbe done, they excite exertion every where. They\\nmake the farmer ashamed of being so far inferior\\nto his successful neighbour they make him anxious\\nto recede from the opposite extreme of poverty and\\nmeanness. If he finds that a man in the same\\ncounty can raise sixty bushels, where he gets only\\nten, he resolves at least that he will have twenty.\\nIf he finds that one of his neighbours has reared an\\nox that weighs two thousand five hundred pounds,\\nhe will try to carry his from a thousand to twelve\\nor fifteen hundred. The extraordinary efforts that\\nobtain the prizes, serve to show what is possible,\\nand place in strong contrast the disadvantage of bad\\nbreeds and imperfect tillage. Every feeling of pride\\nand interest is stimulated to make improvements,\\nand amelioration is every where diffused.\\nThe competition thus produced, is perhaps no\\nwhere more remarkable, or more beneficial, than in\\nthe improvement it causes in all kinds of live stock.\\nPoor cows, feeble oxen, sorry horses, lank lean hogs,\\ncoarse wooled, bad shaped sheep, consume as much\\nfood, and yield one-third or one quarter as much\\nprofit, as others of select improved breeds. A poor\\nman, who keeps but a single cow, or a single pig,\\nmay partake of this improvement while, to the\\nlarger farmer, it is in itself sufficient to make all", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "247\\nihe difference between a productive and unproduc-\\ntive estate. Great attention has been ()aid in this\\ndepartment, by all the agricultural societies in Eng-\\nland and there is no country that affords such\\nstriking and admirable proofs of what may be done\\nby improving the breeds of animals. We are be-\\nginning to make a progress in this way several\\nfine animals, from the most improved European\\nstocks, have been imported and the profit of having\\nthe best kind of stock is getting to be universally\\nunderstood. We were indeed far from being desti-\\ntute of valuable stock, particularly in neat cattle\\nand swine. The spirit of improvement leads to\\nthe selection of the finest among these, and to rais-\\ning only those which have the requisite qualities\\nfor being productive. Aided by the imported ani-\\nmals, which come from the most perfect breeds in\\nEurope, we may calculate, in a very few years, to\\nexhibit generally, the finest kinds of live stock.\\nIt is the natural consequence of these societies to\\nattract attention to agricultural pursuits this pro-\\nduces as much advantage as their specific objects.\\nIt is not merely the local benefit that is produced\\nby prizes, and cattle shows, by a superior piece of\\ncultivation, or a better breed of animals but it is\\nthe increased interest, that is given to the occupa-\\ntion of farming. This is particularly valuable\\namong us, where agriculture had been so much\\nneglected, both as a source of profit or employment.\\nCommercial concerns, in all their branches, were\\nthe principal subjects of conversation they brought", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "248\\nmen together, and became popular, not only from\\nthe expectation of greater gains, but because their\\ninterests were the chief objects of attention, and\\ndrew within their sphere all active minds. Agricul-\\nture was not upon a scale large enough to attract\\nnotice it was almost wholly carried on by people\\nwith sn^ all means; for every man, as he obtained\\nany property, embarked in trade or banking, and\\ndid not think of going beyond the simplest exer-\\ntions in tillage. As there was no strong interest\\nexcited from the magnitude of the operations, so\\nthere was no pride to be gratified from successful\\nexperiment and superior management. An inferior\\nstation in any of the professions, a subaltern con-\\nnexion with trade, raised higher expectations, and\\nobtained a preference over the occupation of a far-\\nmer. The effect of these societies does much to\\ncounteract and remedy this evil in the first place,\\nby showing that it is a science in which great skill\\nmay be discovered, and which will aiford constant\\noccupation to the mind and where the products\\nare so prodigiously varied according to the manage-\\nment, that if it only gives a bare subsistence in\\nmost cases, it may, in others, make a greater re-\\nturn, than can be got on the average of ordinary\\ntimes, from capital employed in trade. In the next\\nplace, it draws attention, it creates sympathy, it\\nflatters the love of distinction, that is natural to all\\nmen which, when thus directed, is, to the public\\nat large, as well as the individual, a salutary vanity.\\nMen who are sufficiently favoured by circum-", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "249\\nstances to select their own course of employment,\\nwill be more apt to go into one, for which a fellow-\\nfeeling exists in the commmiity, when the expec-\\ntation of profit is in some degree ennobled by a\\ngenerous competition, that engages not only the\\npublic sentiment, but promotes the public weal.\\nWhen emulation is once turned to this kind of im-\\nprovement, its effects are so obvious, they are so\\npleasing, from the manner in which they adorn and\\ndisplay the country, that the pursuit is a constant\\nsource of satisfaction. The growth of trees, the\\ngiving a neat appearance to fields, the reclaiming a\\nrough, savage spot, the making the wilderness to\\nblossom, become at once the most alluring, and the\\nmost beneficent of all employments.\\nA great advantage follows from having men of\\nproperty scattered over the country, who take an\\ninterest in agricultural concerns. Such men are\\nable to take the risk of doing things on a large scale,\\nand if the true definition of economy, in this, as in\\nevery other case, be a wise expenditure, they set\\nan example, which their neighbours can imitate on\\na smaller scale. Their experiments, if they are\\ntoo costly to be immediately profitable, still furnish\\nhints to others, who may take the substantial part\\nof them, and avoid the expense of what is ostenta-\\ntious. The influence of such men, in promoting\\nrefinement of manners, a wider range of intelli-\\ngence, and larger views of policy, is of incalcula-\\nble importance to the moral and political interests\\nof society. This is most strikingly shown in En-\\n32", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "250\\ngland. The people who fill the higher ranks of the\\nfashionable world, in that country, live in town\\nonly for a short season the rest of the year they\\nare dispersed over every part of the island. Their\\nexample and their influence are to be found in\\nevery district. They contribute to elevate and\\nenlighten the whole population of the countr}.\\nThe middling classes are prevented from nourish-\\ning boorish and coarse dispositions and pleasures,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094from being mere Squire Westerns, as was the\\ncase with many of the wealthy farmers, two or\\nthree generations back and they themselves are\\nsaved from the degradation of becoming profligate\\ncourtiers, or narrow-minded cits. On the Conti-\\nnent, the contrary course was too prevalent it was\\nthe policy of the courts to prevent all the men who\\nwere powerful, from rank or property, from exer-\\ncising a local influence in the provinces by making\\nthem the slaves and dependants of court influence,\\nand intoxicating them with the pleasures of the\\ncapital. They retained them constantly near the\\nsovereign, till they held a residence in the country\\nas a painful exile, which, indeed, was used as a\\npunishment. In a conversation, one day, with a\\ndistinguished individual, of high rank in the Rus-\\nsian service, and who was familiar with every part\\nof the European continent, he attributed almost\\nthe whole strength and energy of the English\\nnation, to the circumstance of the great proprietors\\nresiding so much in the country and the opposite\\nstate of things in this respect, in many other coun-", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "251\\ntries, he considered a radical vice and weakness in\\ntheir system.\\nTo return from this digression the more we\\ncan find men of leisure and property devoting their\\nattention to landed estates, and passing a part of\\nthe year in the country, enjoying its pleasures, dif-\\nfusing intelligence and improvement in every dis-\\ntrict the more we shall find the solid prosperity,\\nand, above all, the moral character of the people\\nadvanced. Let us hope, then, that every individu-\\nal, who has made his fortune in the city, may have\\na taste to spend a portion of it in the country. No\\npursuit is more useful than tilling the earth; none\\nnobler, none more pleasing. But this topic has\\nbeen often embellished. Let me conclude with the\\nwell-known expressions of that illustrious Roman\\norator, who was too sound a patriot not to give\\nsome of his time to agriculture: Omnium rerum\\nquibus aliquid exquiritur, nihil est agri cultura\\nmelius, nihil uberius, nihil dulcius, nihil homine\\nlibero dignius.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "252\\nLETTER X,\\nMANUFACTURES.\\nMy dear Friend,\\nThe subject of manufactures has been fruitful of\\ndiscussion in all its branches from the previous\\nquestion of policy, down to the matter of fact one\\nof practicability. There are some folks even who\\nare still doubtful on the first point, though it seemed\\nto be settled by the clear, elaborate report of Hamil-\\nton, when Secretary of th(^ Treasury but this must\\nalways be so if there are some men who advance\\ntoo far beyond their cotemporaries to be of much\\nuse, like the twilight that precedes the splendour of\\nday there are others who always lag behind the\\nprogress of society, like the twiMght that is soon\\nextinguished in darkness. Some would deny all\\nencouragement, even that of good-will and cheering\\napprobation for successful efforts while others\\nclamour for exclusive privileges, prohibitions, boun-\\nties, and a whole system of hot house forcing, that\\ncan never produce a vigorous growth. While these\\ndebates are going on, while patriotism and avarice\\nare alternately appealed to with every argument that\\ncan affect either while some still deny that we can\\never carry them on with advantage, and others assert", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "263\\nthat we can never be independent without them.:\\nmanufacturers themselves, in spite of their foes, and\\nin some cases of their friends, are every where\\nselecting the most suitable locations, forming solid\\nestablishments, and furnishing the disputants them-\\nselves with much of the clothing that protects them.\\nThere are several parts of the United States\\nwhere certain branches of manufactures are perma-\\nnently fixed, without including those household pro-\\nductions, which are made to a great extent in every\\nstate in the Union. It is my purpose only, in an-\\nswer to your inquiries, to tell you what has been\\ndone in the eastern division to say something of\\nthe advantages it possesses for the prosecution of\\nmanufactures, and to remark upon some of the\\nobjections, that have been urged against them. In\\ndoing this, I do not intend to furnish you with\\ndetails, to tell you the number of spindles or of trip-\\nhammers that we have in motion. 1 have not the\\nfacts necessary for the purpose I am not making\\nstatistical tables, but attempting only a general out-\\nline of our capabilities in this way.\\nWe have furnished many proofs of the liability of\\ntheorists to make false calculations, and how fre-\\nquently a successful practice v\\\\ ill run counter to the\\nmost plausible reasonings of theory. Associations\\nto introduce any particular branch of manufacture\\nrarely succeed numerous instances may be cited of\\ntheir failures. Two, among others in Boston, may\\nserve as examples of the rest. The first was an\\nattempt to introduce the manufacture of linen", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "254\\nIrish spinners and weavers were to be employed u\\nlarge, substantial building was erected but after all\\nthe expense, it languished for only a short period\\nbefore its extinction. Another was a manufactory\\nof sail-cloth. The reasoning here was excellent;\\nit was said that we could produce the hemp which\\nwould assist our agriculture that the great quantity\\nof shipping we employed in the fisheries, in the for-\\neign and coasting trade, would always secure a cer-\\ntain demand that the fabric was of so coarse a\\ndescription, that little skill would be required, and it\\nmight at once be brought to perfection. The duck\\nwas made, and the usual certificates were given,\\nafter a fair trial, that by virtue of the kind of oil\\nwhich was used in the weaving, it was less liable to\\nmildew, and, in short, that it was decidedly superior\\nto the European sail-cloth. Yet the manufactory\\nsoon fell through. At this very time, though we\\ncould not carry on a manufacture of this coarse ma-\\nterial, very considerable quantities of thread-lace\\nwere made in the county of Kssex and it continued\\nto be woven, till the modern patent lace drove it out\\nof the market.* So it was, contrary to obvious\\ntheory, that though we could not make cloth for the\\nfisherman s sails, we did produce the lace-edging for\\nhis wife s cap. The manufactory of glass was intro-\\nduced in the same way, and would probably have\\nfailed in turn, if the association had not been given\\nup; and a few only of the proprietors joined with\\nthe principal workmen in carrying it on.\\nIt is said that this manufacture of lace by hand is reviviug.", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "2.55\\nThese associations, which, owing in part to the\\ngreat facility of obtaining legislative acts of incorpo-\\nration, have been remarkably multiplied of late\\nyears, make a considerable display of introducing\\nmanufactures but it may be doubted, on the whole,\\nwhether they are productive of gain to the commu-\\nnity. The stockholders commonly lose, but the\\npeople employed obtain their wages the farmer\\nprofits by getting a greater demand for his produce,\\nand some knowledge of manufacturing is obtained\\nby the workmen, which furnishes them another\\nresource for a livelihood. Against these are to be\\nplaced the loss of the proprietors, and still more, the\\ndiscouragement which is produced by unsuccessful\\nattempts.\\nIt might be wise policy in legislatures, in passing\\nacts of incorporation, to imitate the English princi-\\nple in regard to private banking where to ensure\\ncare and responsibility in the transaction of their\\naffairs, but a limited number of persons, five or six,\\nare allowed to associate together the consequence\\nis, that each one puts in so much capital that it\\nbecomes the main object of his attention, and his\\nruin would follow his personal negligence, or mis-\\nconduct. This principle may perhaps take place in\\nour banking system, in the course of time but a\\nmodification of it might do good in our manufactur-\\ning establishments. The number of persons might\\nbe limited expressly, or eflfectively, by making the\\nvalue of each share much greater than it now is.\\nManufactures are never exposed, when properly con-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "256\\nducted, to the wide chances of commerce they can\\nnever expect its extravagant gains, or its sudden los-\\nses. Their gain is moderate, but certain. The\\ngreatest attention to all the details, the closest econ-\\nomy, the constant personal watchfulness of the pro-\\nprietor, are necessary to their success. Now, in\\none of these numerous associations, where each pro-\\nprietor holds only a few hundred dollars in the\\nstock, and where the managers derive their emolu-\\nment chiefly from the wages for superintendence\\nit is almost impossible that the establishment should\\nbe carried on profitably, except during some period\\nof temporary interruption in foreign competition.\\nThe state at large should interpose its guardianship\\nfor the community, in cases where the motive is not\\nsufficiently strong, to expect a prudent watchfulness\\nfrom the individual. A sudden excitement may pro-\\nduce a mania in the public mind for any particular\\npursuit, an act of incorporation is asked for, and\\nobtained of course, each individual adventures\\nonly a moderate sum, and considering it a kind of\\nlottery, feels little solicitude about the event; but\\nthe aggregate of property involved is very impor-\\ntant, and the loss is a serious injury to the state.\\nThe government might then exercise a kind of ne-\\ngative prohibition, and by requiring a larger stake\\nfrom the adventurers, secure them and the public,\\nagainst a rash undertaking or improvident manage-\\nment.\\nThe truth of some of these remarks is very\\nstrongly supported by the cotton manufactory at", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "257\\nWaltham, near Boston; one of the largest and best\\nmanaged in the United States. This was begun at\\na period when manufactures were depressed, and\\nmany of the establishments were discontinued. One\\nin the immediate vicinity, of considerable extent,\\nhad ceased working. Under these discouraging\\nappearances, this manufactory was set on foot by\\nfive or six gentlemen, who had a sufficient capital to\\nmeet the delays attendant upon an incipient estab-\\nlishment, and in both their purchases and sales, to take\\nadvantage of the market. They had a large stake\\nin the undertaking, and every thing was done with\\nprecaution and solidity. They first secured a water\\npower, which gave them an ample, certain supply at\\nall seasons. They then erected large substantial\\nbuild ngs. Having procured the best mechanics,\\nthey began by degrees to put up their machinery,\\nmaking it certain, by experiment, that they were of\\nthe best and most improved kind. Their machinery\\nis, consequently, superior to any other in the United\\nStates, and is not surpassed by the most perfect in\\nEngland. They now consume about 400,000\\npounds of cotton annually, and keep nearly 200\\nlooms, moved by water, in constant operation.*\\nThis manufactory is a very interesting one, because\\nit proves decisively, that, with sufficient capital and\\nproper management, the manufacture of cotton may\\nbe carried on with advantage.\\nAdditional bnildiuga and machinery have been since erected, that have\\nnearlv doubled its extent.\\n33", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "258\\nThe cotton manufactories are numerous they are\\nscattered over every part of these states many of them\\nsmall, with only four or five hundred spindles, and\\nfrom that number up to ten or fifteen thousand these\\nare, in almost every instance, the property of incor-\\nporated companies most of them were hastily\\nerected, and their machinery is not very good. The\\naggregate of their produce is very considerable,\\nthough very few of them continue in full steady\\noperation. Their capital is commonly too limited,\\nto enable them to transact their business advantage-\\nously. They are often obliged to make forced\\nsales of their goods, and a rise in the price of the\\nraw material consumes all their profits, and forces\\nthem to suspend their work of course, they cannot\\nbe expected to make any great improvement, while\\nliable to such interruptions. Still, this branch of\\nmanufactures for the production of coarse kinds of\\ngoods, may be considered as permanently established\\nhere.\\nThe manufactures of iron, both wrought and cast,\\nare largely extended in this quarter. Some iron is\\nmade from the ore, but by far the largest quantity\\nconsumed, is imported from Russia, Sweden, and\\nEngland. The chief articles of cast iron, are made\\nhere to the exclusion of foreign ones. Many of\\nthe coarser articles of wrought iron are also made\\nin large quantities, such as nails, shovels, edge tools,\\nc. We have, by necessity, been obliged to manu-\\nfacture machinery, since it was not allowed to be\\nexported from England. We have many excellent", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "259\\nworkmen in this line, and the most delicate and\\ndifficult machinery is made in perfection, from a\\nstocking loom, or a card machine, up to a steam\\nengine of these last we have two or three manu-\\nfactories and these invaluable machines are now\\ngetting more and more into use.\\nThe manufactures of leather are all extensively\\nestablished, and many of them brought to a high\\ndegree of perfection. In the preparation of skins,\\nwe have not yet produced the finest kinds of Mo-\\nrocco or Russia leather, but we are daily making a\\nprogress towards doing so. In some of the manu-\\nfactures of which leather is the principal material,\\nour produce for a long period has been very consid-\\nerable others have been more recently introduced,\\nbut all of them may vie with any foreign produc-\\ntions. Boots, shoes, trunks, saddlery, and book-\\nbinding, furnish a large amount in our exports to the\\nrest of the Union. Every article of any importance\\nmade from skins, except gloves, may be considered\\nas one of our permanent manufactures. To these\\nmay be added hats, both from wool and fur, of\\nwhich large quantities are made, though we still\\nimport many of the finer description from Europe.\\nOur woollen manufactures may yet be considered\\nin their infancy, though their produce is very consid-\\nerable. Of the coarser kind of woollens, a wevy con-\\nsiderable proportion of what is worn in the country,\\nis home made. The quantity has been increased\\nby the saving of labour, from the establishment of\\ncarding machines, which are every where to be", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "260\\nfound. Several respectable manufactories, for tiie\\nproduction of the finer kinds of cloths and cassi-\\nmeres, have been got up within a few years and\\nsome of the specimens they have shown will bear a\\ncomparison with almost any productions of the\\nEuropean looms. These manufactories are gradu-\\nally increasing, and we may look forward to no very\\ndistant period, M hen they will more than supply our\\nown wants. Their success is connected with the\\nimprovement of our breeds of sheep this has com-\\nmenced with the introduction of the Spanish breeds\\nbut there are some other races that are greatly want-\\ned, and which will no doubt be had, ere long, in\\nspite of foreign prohibition.\\nBesides these principal branches of manufactures,\\nthere are many others in extensive operation.\\nAmong these, glass may be cited, as having been\\nso early brought to rival the most beautiful articles\\nof English ware. There are glass manufactories\\nin different places those in Boston are the principal\\nones the finest and most difficult kinds of cut glass\\ncan now be procured at them. Manufactures of\\nall kinds of cabinet work, of musical instruments,\\nof tin-ware, c. c. are to be found in different\\nplaces, some of these in every village. There\\nis no considerable branch of manufactures which\\nhas not some establishment here, excepting silk.\\nThe climate is favourable to the mulberry-tree, and\\nno doubt silk will be produced hereafter. Samples\\nindeed have been shown in different places but\\nthey are as yet too inconsiderable to be numbered\\namong our fabrics.", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "261\\nIt seems, then, that there can be no doubt of the\\npracticability of our becoming manufacturers, and\\nthe expediency is I presume growing daily more\\nevident. With the fullest belief, however, of the\\nutility and necessity of manufactures, I am not\\nanxious for the growth of large manufacturing\\ntowns, and the kind of population that exists in\\nthem in Europe though it will naturally come in\\nthe course of things, no wise or benevolent man\\nwould wish to advance it. Our manufacturing\\npopulation is now blended with that of agriculture\\nthe labourers in the former are drawn from the lat-\\nter, and frequently return to it for a time. This\\npreserves their health and energy in this way we\\nmay go on to a great increase of manufactures, till we\\nare able to supply as much as we consume, though\\nwe may always find it convenient to import some\\narticles. But to have large manufacturing cities,\\nswarming with labourers, who are mere spinning\\nmules m\\\\d jennies, who are reduced by competi-\\ntion to the minimum of subsistence, and even this\\nrendered precarious by the change of fashion or\\nforeign prohibition such a state of things I do not\\nwish to see existing, while there is any land left to\\ngive our population the means of subsistence. In-\\ndeed, there is no fear that it will happen for many\\ngenerations to come.\\nLet me point out to your notice, one or two of\\nthe advantages we possess, for the establishment of\\nmanufactures. Those abroad who fear our com-\\npetition, have commonly solaced themselves with the", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "262\\nbelief, that we never could carry on manufactures\\nextensively, because labour was too high the same\\nidea has been held up here, by those who have con-\\nsidered the question superficially, or with adverse\\nprejudices. Now, it is remarkable, that in all those\\nnumerous branches of manufactures, in which fo-\\nreign productions have been altogether superseded,\\nexcept in a few cases of luxury or fashionable caprice\\nit is labour, and labour of the dearest kind, that is\\nalmost exclusively employed. For instance, boots,\\nshoes, hats, saddlery, c. c. in these and many\\nother articles, machinery cannot be used, and the\\nwork is almost wholly performed by men. It is not\\nthe price of labour, but the want of capital, that\\nprevents our success. We manufacture for our-\\nselves much the greater part of what we consume,\\nexcepting those fabrics which are principally made\\nby machinery. The labour of men is dearer than\\nit is in England, but the labour of women and chil-\\ndren bears nearly the same price in both countries\\nand in the great manufactories of cotton, and many\\nothers, the number of men who are employed is\\ncomparatively small. Whenever persons of capi-\\ntal shall choose to employ it in manufactures, and\\ngive their personal attention to their concerns, it\\nwill be found that the price of labour will be no\\nimpediment.\\nThere is also a preference given by our people to\\nemployment in a manufactory, over domestic ser-\\nvice, which grows out of their character and habits.\\nThis is not the case in Europe it gives a consi-", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "263\\nderable facility to the establishments of manufac-\\ntures, and will continue so long as they are well\\nmanaged. The labour is not so perpetual, as to\\nprevent children from receiving instruction and\\nbeing conducted with order and decency, the daugh-\\nters of respectable farmers often pass three or four\\nyears in them, where they accumulate a little sum\\nfrom their wages, and avoid, what they consider a\\ndegradation, becoming household servants. A well\\nregulated manufactory, situated in the country, may\\nbe made subservient to the promotion of good prin-\\nciples and good habits in those employed in it\\nwhile in large towns, and with a straining competi-\\ntion incessantly exerted, the labour is too continu-\\nous to admit of any instruction or any relaxation-\\nHealth and morals are both disregarded, and too\\nfrequently destroyed altogether.\\nThe want of coal will prevent our making use\\nof steam engines of large dimensions, until it shall\\nbe discovered, which it probably will be at no re-\\nmote period, between the Connecticut and the Hud-\\nson, if not in other parts of this district. In the\\nmean time we have innumerable mill-seats, whose\\nwater power is perpetual. They are of course\\ngenerally scattered, and will not admit of many\\nestablishments in one spot but there are excep-\\ntions in some falls of water, which furnish an almost\\nunlimited power. These waterfalls are one of the\\nremarkable features of the Atlantic states generally,\\nbut particularly so of the eastern division. They\\nfurnish an invaluable facility to manufactures, which", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "264\\nis some compensation for the evil they cause in the\\ninterruption of navigation. Some of the most con-\\nsiderable of these mill-seats are directly upon the\\ntide water, so that they have all the advantages of\\nbeing contiguous to navigation.\\nA great facility of communication, from good\\nroads or navigable rivers, is an important benefit to\\nour manufactures. They are no where at any great\\ndistance from a market, either for local consump-\\ntion or for exportation. The extensive and hourly\\nincreasing market that is afforded within the limits\\nof the United States, where no duty or restriction\\ncan be laid upon them, is an advantage, a very pow-\\nerful one, which they partake in common with the\\nrest of the Union. The raw material of the most\\nimportant production is obtained, within the United\\nStates the materials of others, wool, iron, flax,\\n.C. are produced in considerable quantities, and\\nmay hereafter be made adequate to a full supply.\\nThe present produce of our manufactures, is of\\nthe most useful kind, and the best calculated for se-\\ncuring them a preference with the consumer. They\\nare principally the coarse kinds of goods, and are\\nmuch more substantial than European or India mer-\\nchandise of the same prices. They have, there-\\nfore, obtained a character in this respect, which\\nmakes them always in demand. The public gain too,\\nin a general way, since these domestic productions\\nare so much more durable. This substantial quality\\nthey can, in most articles, always maintain in cot-\\nton stuffs, for instance, since the raw material comes", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "265\\nto them so much cheaper, that in those cloths where\\nthe quantity of material employed forms a great part\\nof the price, the foreign manufacturer, who is obliged\\nto purchase it at a much higher rate, must make his\\nfabrics slighter, and thus very inferior in quality\\ntrying to obtain a sale by a superior finish and ap-\\npearance. Our fabrics commence with acquiring a\\nreputation for durability they will gradually add\\nthat of variety and elegance.\\nThere are no people more ingenious in the use\\nand invention of machinery, no country more pro-\\nlific in patents, than the one under consideration.\\nGood mechanics are to found in every one of the\\nmechanic arts, and the improvements they have\\nmade in some old, and the invention of many new\\ninstruments, are strong proofs of their skill and en-\\nterprise. These are not shown merely in the common\\ntools in use in various trades, but in the most com-\\nplicated and useful machines. Such, for instance,\\nare the card and nail machines, which are so exten-\\nsively used in the United States. These are entirely\\nof their own invention. They have also improved the\\nmachines used in Europe, in the process of spinning\\nand weaving though the machinery was consid-\\nered almost perfect there, they have made many\\nameliorations. In this department, also, we have\\nan advantage over the European manufacturer\\nno resistance is made here to the introduction of\\nany machinery every kind of labour-saving ma-\\nchine is eagerly sought after, and new ones are\\nconstantly coming into use. In Europe, the manu-\\n34", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "266\\nfacturer is often limited in this respect he is often\\nafraid to make use of machinery that would be of\\nessential service to him. Machinery that is used in\\none county, sometimes cannot be brought into an-\\nother, without producing a riot among the workmen.\\nWithin a few years the most serious mischief, alarm-\\ning and long continued disturbances, have arisen\\nfrom this source. Our manufacturers have no fears\\nof this kind to encounter.\\nWith these advantages, to which may be added\\na healthy climate, a numerous, active, free popula-\\ntion, we are certainly capable of becoming an im-\\nportant manufacturing district. Nothing is wanting\\nbut capital, largely engaged, and personally attend-\\ned to, for the immediate extension of manufactures.\\nI have no doubt that this will all happen in due\\ntime no one can wish to see it forced prematurely,\\nwho is governed by sound and enlightened views.\\nIndividual enterprise is less thwarted in this coun-\\ntry than in any other, by the interference of govern-\\nment, either in the shape of prohibition or bounties.\\nAn intelligent, industrious people are left to pursue\\nwhat they find most advantageous and the aggre-\\ngate of individual, forms the noble mass of national\\nprosperity, that we enjoy.", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "267\\nLETTER XI.\\nREMARKS ON CERTAIN POINTS OF ADMINISTRATION\\nIN DIFFERENT STATES.\\nYou know, my clear Sir, that in regard to a late\\nEnvoy from a foreign court, it was cited, as a con-\\nvincing proof of the amiable, not to say skilful,\\npolicy of this gentleman and his wife, soon after\\ntheir arrival, that they were resolved to be popular\\nthey were pleased with every thing, even the\\nroad from Baltimore to Washington. I am happy\\nto acknowledge that a bad eminence is taken\\nfrom the road in question but 1 believe it still\\nremains with some others in its vicinity. Now, it\\nwas, you know, after a winter s excursion over these\\nperilous roads, which are most powerfully described\\nin Milton s narration of Satan s passage through cha-\\nos, and which makes a journey over them more dan-\\ngerous and painful, than a voyage across the Atlan-\\ntic that all smarting with my wounds, I dis-\\ncovered some petulance at the injustice with which\\nwe in the east were treated and the total disre-\\ngard or oblivion of the peculiar burdens, to which\\nwe subjected ourselves for the common advantage.\\nI promised you, when my irritation had subsided\\nand my bruises were gone, that 1 would make some", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "268\\nremarks on our relative contribution to the public\\ngood without intending to make invidious com-\\nparisons, or to vaunt our own merits, which, are\\nowing to those wise views that were designated by\\nour ancestors in their earliest regulations.\\nThis subject involves a consideration of the pro-\\ncess for the management of puf)Iic affairs, in the\\nEastern states, and will show how this differs from\\nthe mode of administration, in otiier parts of the\\nUnion. I have no intention of going into the whole\\nof this it would require an epistle of tedious\\nminuteness. The plans of the different common-\\nwealths in our national system, are governed by the\\nsame general laws, and gravitate to the same cen-\\ntre and though there is almost as much difference\\nin the size of these bodies, as there is in the planets\\nof our system, yet they all revolv^e in symmetry\\nand harmony. There is some difference in their\\nmode of action, though there is a great similarity in\\nthe result.\\nThe states of New- York, Pennsylvania, Vir-\\nginia, and some others, have raised large funds and\\ncarried on extensive schemes of internal improve-\\nment; which prove their administrations to be\\ndirected by a far-sighted, enlightened policy, the\\nadvantages of which will be more and more devel-\\noped. There is an air of grandeur in these extensive\\nplans of utility, that does honour to the states that\\nadopt them and many great objects of general\\nadvantage are thus attained, that would never be\\nundertaken by individuals. It must be borne in", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "269\\nmind, however, that almost all improvements in these\\nstates are made from the state funds, or bj chartered\\ncompanies, who receive a toll in remuneration\\nand though great objects are effected by clearing\\nrivers of obstructions, by making roads and canals,\\nyet these do not come in every man s way, and the\\ntraveller is much oftener impeded there, than in\\nthis section, where he finds good roads in every\\ndirection.\\nSome explanation of this sort is necessary, to\\nprevent the eastern states from being considered in-\\nferior in public spirit, or liberal policy, to their\\nneighbours. It will be found, on examination, that\\nthe taxes annually raised in these states, for three\\nobjects, education, roads, and militia in which the\\nwhole nation have an indirect concern, that each\\nstate should do its duty are more in proportion,\\nthan are paid in any other state in the Union. It\\nis precisely on these subjects that we may claim\\nthe praise for our citizens at large, of being directed\\nby enlightened, public-spirited feelings. The man-\\nner in which this is done precludes any ostentatious\\nreports, but the real purposes of such expenses are\\nvery well answered. The militia is an organized\\nsystem, of which some display is made, because it\\nis connected with the government, as the governor\\nis commander in chief but the affairs of schools\\nand roads are not managed by the state administra-\\ntion. They depend on each separate town, which\\nlevies and appropriates, at its own discretion, the\\nsums raised within itself. There is one exception", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "270\\nonly to this in Connecticut there is a school fund,\\nfrom which each town receives a certain income\\nannually to pay for its schools by which means\\nthe inhabitants are exempt from all expense on this\\naccount, though every child in the state has the\\nopportunity of common school education.\\nThe laws require that every town should support\\nschools, and also keep in good repair the roads\\nwithin its limits and for failure in either of these\\nduties, the legal remedies are of course provided.\\nThese roads are constantly improving, and, except\\nin very new districts, may be generally considered\\nvery good. Besides these public roads, there are\\nturnpikes in every direction over these the United\\nStates carry their mail, and transport military stores,\\nand thus derive a direct advantage from them and\\na citizen of another state derives the same facility\\nas the inhabitants. The people of Maryland are as\\nable to pay for the expense of good roads as the\\npeople of Connecticut yet in the former state they\\nare almost impassable, and in the latter are every\\nwhere in good condition. One state has then a\\nright to claim some merit, for the service it renders\\nto the public in this way, and which is grossly\\nneglected by another.\\nI have no data to form an accurate estimate of\\nthe sums annually raised for this purpose. There\\nis no provision for making any official returns, and\\nI have never seen any statistical account of them\\nthough, they are so important in the political\\neconomy of the state, that an annual statement of", "height": "3212", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "271\\nthem ought to be made to the legislature. Every\\ntown agrees, by an annual vote, to lay out a sum\\nupon the highways this is afterwards assessed\\nupon the inhabitants, and expended under the direc-\\ntion of surveyors, chosen for the purpose. A good\\ndeal depends on the judgment and fidelity of these\\nsurveyors, in seeing that the work is not slighted.\\nThe tax is expected to be paid by labour, and is\\nalmost always discharged in this way but if in-\\nconvenient to the individual, he may pay it in\\nmoney. 1 believe I am within bounds in estimat-\\ning the highway taxes, annually raised in the eas-\\ntern states, at 200,000 dollars.* Besides this annual\\nexpenditure, more than two millions of dollars have\\nbeen employed, within a few years, by incorporated\\ncompanies, in constructing bridges and roads. The\\nformer are generally a lucrative stock but of the\\nlatter, there are very few that pay simple interest\\nfor the capital. These roads, however, were, in\\nmany instances, subscribed to by the greater part of\\nthe stockholders, rather with a view to public im-\\nprovement, than from any sanguine expectations of\\nincome from the stock. Another million of dollars\\nmay be placed to the item of canals, which, though\\nin almost all cases an improving property, give at\\npresent but a small per centage on the stock.\\nIn the department of education there is also an\\nannual tax, voted by each town, for their public\\nschools. This is apportioned, if the township is\\nI have been told by some persons that in their opinioo this item might h*\\ntrebled at least.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "272\\nextensive, according to the number of children in\\neach school district, so that it often happens that a\\nsection richer in children than in property, draws a\\ngreater amount from the treasury than they pay in\\ntaxes the rich thus contribute for the education\\nof the poor. It sometimes happens, where the\\npopulation is scattered, that some of the children\\nhave to go one or two miles to school and travers-\\ning this distance through the snow, in some of our\\nwinter mornings, makes them hardy, at least, if\\nthev do not become learned. All the children go\\nto school at least a part of the year. The value of\\ncommon education is extensively felt, and great ex-\\nertions are made to obtain it. In passing through\\na woody district, not long since, where there were\\nvery few inhabitants the stage driver, in pointing\\nto two solitary, mean looking dwellings, told me,\\nthat in the winter before, the two families which\\ninhabited them, being four or five miles from any\\nschool, had hired a schoolmaster to reside with\\nthem two months; and that they furnished him\\nseventeen scholars between them, and of different\\ncolours too, for one of these families was black. I\\nshould say, (or to make, in this case, a legitimate\\nuse of a favourite term, 1 should guess,) that the\\nsum expended for this purpose, raised by volun-\\ntary, annual taxation, amounted to 300,000 dollars.*\\nIn this item, as in tliat of roads, I have- been told since the first edition of\\nthis work, that a very large addition might be made to it. But having no means\\nof ascertaining the amount accurately,! do not alter it as my principal pur-\\npose was to shew the principle, not the precise sum expended, whicii iu all tiiese\\nestimates I have greatly underrated.\\ni", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "273\\nBesides tliis, there is an expenditure in a great\\nnumber of private schools, academies, colleges, ;c.\\nwhich would more than double the amount.\\nIn the department of the militia, all the service\\nis performed that is required bj law and I pre-\\nsume there is no state in the Union, which can com-\\npare with any one of the eastern states, in their ful-\\nfilment of militia duties. On this point I will take\\nthe state of Massachusetts for some particulars,\\nwhich will enable you to form an opinion and I\\nbelieve that the other states in this political division\\nare nearly, or quite as effective. The militia in\\nthis state exceeds 80,000 men these are regularly\\norganized in companies, battalions, brigades, and\\ndivisions. The staff is all complete. The state\\ngives no pay, except to a quartermaster, and adju-\\ntant-generals and their clerks, who, having per-\\nmanent duties to perform, have regular salaries\\nand a small allowance to certain staff officers\\nfor the transmission of orders, c. It also pays\\nfor the expenses of courts martial, for powder\\nto the artillery, and furnishes instruments of mili-\\ntary music, and all the materiel of the artillery,\\nexcept side-arms. There are ninety pieces of brass\\nfield artillery, in the charge of the different com-\\npanies. The whole body is trained at least four\\ndays in the year three times by companies, and\\nonce by regiments, or brigades. The officers, of\\nall ranks, are in complete uniform, so also arc the\\nartillery, cavalry, riflemen, and most of the light\\ninfantry companies. The whole are completely\\narmed, and every man between eighteen and forty.\\noil", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "274\\nexcept magistrates, clergymen, physicians, and mem-\\nbers of the legislature, is held to perform this ser-\\nvice, and all fines, for any failure, are rigidly ex-\\nacted. The expenses of this branch, including the\\nservice of the privates, uniform of officers, and vol-\\nimteer companies, and the sums paid out of the\\nstate treasury, I think cannot be estimated at less\\nthan half a million of dollars annually and suppos-\\ning the others to pay only as much more, the militia\\ncosts the eastern states one million of dollars yearly.*\\nThus, from these three sources, it will be seen\\nthat a very constant and considerable contribution\\nis made to the public weal and for performing our\\nduty effectually, in this way, as we not only\\nact for ourselves, but contribute to the national\\nstrength and character, we ask for some considera-\\ntion from other states, and especially from those\\nwho, by neglecting these duties, exonerate them-\\nselves from their burdens. I think they are un-\\nwise in doing so, and that they are, eventually, the\\nsufferers. No man would wish to diminish these\\ncontributions, or to enlarge them much the latter\\ncould not be done without making them oppressive.\\nAs it is, it may be stated in the way of generalizing,\\nthat, for the support of the militia, highways, and\\ncommon school education, every able-bodied man\\ncontributes ten days of annual labour this\\nproves a degree of public spirit that is highly hon-\\nourable to the citizens.\\nIf the utility of tl)e militia, in war time, against a foreign foe, were only con-\\nsidered, this expense might be thoiiglit excessive but the real object of a mili-\\ntia is Jomeslic it is to prevent the small regular army which we cannot (]f\\n(vithout, fiom becoming too large, and destructive to our freedom.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "275\\nIt will be observed, that the greater part of these\\ncontribalions are voluntarily imposed from year\\nto year and that the power of laying these taxes,\\nis not delegated to the state, but is reserved to each\\ntown, which raises the money, and appropriates it\\nat its own discretion. This is doubtless effected in\\na way more convenient to the inhabitants, than if\\nit were a subject of general administration. In-\\ndeed, it is highly characteristic of the deep-laid\\nrepublican feeling, which is the foundation of all\\nour institutions. Every thing is delegated, but\\nnothing is delegated further, or longer, than is abso-\\nlutely necessary. The government is intrusted\\nwith no jurisdiction, and no finances, except for\\nsuch general purposes as cannot well be avoided.\\nThis keeps up a general attention to public con-\\ncerns, a habit, in a limited way, of providing for\\nthe public service and, consequently, a considera-\\nble degree of public feeling and watchfulness. The\\ngeneral convenience is, no doubt, better served,\\nthough it narrows the operations of administration.\\nThe people are in the habit of taxing themselves\\nfor the public good, and they do it more willingly,\\nwhen they have the immediate control and distribu-\\ntion of the money, which they probably dispose of\\nmore advantageously and economically, than it\\nwould be expended if placed in distant hands.\\nStill, it must not be concealed, that this system\\nhas some disadvantages, and that the views of ad-\\nministration in the eastern states are, in comparison\\nwith some others, as diminutive, as their system of\\nfinance. The state of New-York has undertaken", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "276\\na caiinl, which would liave been consKleiecl a mag-\\nnificent enterprise, by the proudest monarchy in\\nEurope. Pennsylvania has laid out great sums iu\\nroads and canals. Virginia is proceeding in a sys-\\ntematic course of public improvement, worthy of\\nan enlightened and powerful state. Others are\\nfollowing these examples, and will reap the benefit\\nof tiiem. In those states, large funds have been\\nwisely accumulated for the general purposes of\\npublic improvement and where this was wanting,\\nbold and sagacious statesmen have laid taxes to effect\\nthe purpose, and made even taxation popular, when it\\nwas for such objects. In this section, the citizens\\nhave done their duty within their own limits but\\nno wide scope of policy has ever been shown by\\nthe governments. Not one of these states, in a\\ncareer of unexampled prosperity for a whole genera-\\ntion, has done any thing to accumulate funds for\\npublic improvement, with the exception of the state\\nof Connecticut. The exception is, indeed, a noble\\none she has accumulated a fund that now pays\\nfor all the schools in tlie state. Massachusetts had\\ngreat means in her power, but they have been\\nchiefly frittered away, though enough still remains\\nto do something, which shall be of permanent ad-\\nvantage to the commonwealth. The other states\\nhad no lands that were public property but a\\nsmall per centage on the taxation, annually set apart,\\nwould have accumulated a fund for the next genera-\\ntion, with no inconvenience to the present.\\nBut there is nothing in the character of our state\\nadministrations, that can lead to the adoption of such", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "277\\na policy. The governors are commonly selected\\nat a })eriod of life, when they are not expected to\\noriginate any thing new. The salaries attached to\\nstate offices, are not sufficient to command the ser-\\nvices of very active talents and the influential\\nmembers of the legislature too often derive their\\ninfluence from being the opponents of any more\\nextensive systems. Men who advocate wider views,\\nare looked upon with wonder or suspicion, and are\\nsure to become unpopular they, therefore, must\\neither sacrifice these views, or, by pursuing them,\\nlose the station that would be necessary to carry\\nthem into execution. Cunning men, in the mean\\ntime, prosper they serve the purposes of a subal-\\ntern ambition, by an eternal booing to narrow\\nminds, and narrow prejudices every thing con-\\ntinues the same, in this best of all possible worlds\\nthey keep the management of affairs within their\\nown comprehension, and nothing is impaired, but\\nthe honour and prosperity of the state.\\nIt is not necessary to raise very large sums, or to\\nendeavour to fill the treasury for indefinite purposes.\\nThere should be no funds accumulated, except for\\nappropriation to some specific object. It would be\\ndangerous to leave funds to any amount, without\\nhaving them so pledged. The violence of party\\nwould be nourished by the hope of managing such\\nfunds, and would be apt rashly to appropriate them\\nin a way to serve its purposes. We have seen\\ninstances, where funds lying in the treasury, have\\nbeen absurdly squandered by party violence when,\\nat the same time, it would never have dared to raise", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "278\\nthe same sums by taxation, as that would have\\nthsown it out of power. But funds may be raised\\nfor education, for the construction of roads, bridges,\\nand canals, and other specific purposes, and the\\nmost positive enactments should guard against their\\nbeing applied to any other objects.\\nThere are, doubtless, many advantages arising\\nfrom our thorough republican habit, of leaving the\\ncare of many interior concerns and local expendi-\\ntures to be prov ided for, by the citizens in their local\\ndistricts. But, at the same time, there are many\\nobjects that can be effected only by the state govern-\\nments, and the operation of an enlarged policy.\\nSuch are the protection of the higher branches of\\neducation in our Universities the encouragement\\nof agriculture and the arts, and the construction\\nof public edifices, roads, and canals. There are\\nsome objects of this description that demand, impe-\\nriously, the patronage of the state, and which would\\nbe productive of extensive public advantage. The\\nexpense and the uncertainty of adequate returns,\\nmake it impossible for private associations, founded\\non a view of profit, to undertake them. It is such\\nobjects which call loudly for a change of our policy,\\nso far as to prepare for their future accomplishment,\\nby funds, under the control of the state. A revisal\\nof our financial sjstem would procure these means,\\nwithout any perceptible burden on the community\\nand by furnishing to these states the future power of\\nperforming great public works, add to the dignity\\nof their governments, and promote the prosperity\\nof their citizens.\\nI", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "279\\nLETTER XII.\\nON THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE STATE OF THF\\nINDIANS.\\nMy DEAR Friend,\\nThe little Indian story you mentioned to me, has\\nturned my attention to the subject of the original\\nAmericans, to whom the events of the day have\\ngiven a momentary accession of interest. There\\nare few things connected with our history, that have\\noccasioned more declamation, or more opposite state-\\nments. After a long and intimate knowledge of\\nthem, some have described the Indians as possessed\\nof every virtue while others degrade them below\\nthe rank of humanity, as destitute of every good\\nquality, and practising all the vices, that can come\\nunder the heads of dishonesty, perfidy, and ferocity.\\nOne swears that the object before him is black the\\nother maintains that it is white while the bystander,\\nwho knows that the two sides of the shield are of\\ndifferent colours, will perceive that both are right,\\nfrom the position in which they have viewed it. In\\nthe mean time, the unfortunate race which is the\\nsubject of dispute, is mouldering away, and at no\\nremote period will have no existence but in history.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "280\\nThere is soinetliiiig very saddening in tlie reflec-\\ntion, that the original possessors of this magnificent\\ncountry, whom we acknowledged for the lords of\\nthe soil, when we bought their birthright for a mess\\nof pottage, should be inevitably destined to destruc-\\ntion. It seems cruel, that we should not give them\\nthe benefits of civilization, and share Avith them, at\\nleast, the land that was once exclusively their own.\\nTheoretical philanthropists have cried out against us,\\nand practical ones have vainly endeavoured to avert\\nthe fate which seems marked out for the Indians.\\nNation after nation disappears, and, in a few years,\\nthe last remnants of these numerous tribes will be\\ndriven, with the buffalo and the deer, to the recesses\\nof the Rocky Mountains. Once in a while a master\\nspirit among them attempts, with vain struggles, to\\nresist the destruction that is impending. In the\\ntruest spirit of patriotism he rouses his countrymen,\\nbut only leads them to their ruin after scalj)ing a\\nfew men, murdering a few women, and dashing\\nout the brains of their children. Though he may\\nbe a good warriour, he proves but a false prophet in\\nhis predictions of success he is either cut down,\\nlike the prophet Tecumseh, or hung, like the prophet\\nFrancis, and the ruin of his tribe is consummated.\\nIt is remarkable, how few of the natives are to be\\nfound in our population, and how rarely they blend\\nwith it. The discoloiuings from Indian, are infi-\\nnitely fewer than those arising from Negro mixture.\\nThe few that remain are not so numerous as the\\nGipsies in many parts of Europe, to whom they may", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "281\\njn many points be compared. Two or three, or\\nsometimes a larger groupe, perambulate the country,\\noffering medicinal herbs, baskets or brooms for sale,\\nalmost the only articles they manufacture. They\\nare a harmless set of beings, and lead a life of hard-\\nship, though not of labour. I have sometimes\\nthought, when I have seen some of these poor\\nIndians, on the revolving turns of fate that here\\nwere the descendants perhaps of the Sachems, who\\nonce held the country, and made treaties with our\\nancestors when they might have annihilated them,\\ngaining a scanty livelihood from the charitable pur-\\nchases of their posterity. They preserve most of the\\ntraitsof the Indian character, though imbedded in ci-\\nvilization, and knowing no other language than the\\nEnglish. They are seldom seen to laugh, are prone\\nto intoxication, yet obliged, from poverty, to have\\nintervals of sobriety and in traversing the country,\\nwhile they commonly make use of our roads, they\\nretain a knowledge of its natural topography and\\nare never afraid of being lost in a forest, as they\\nalways know their direction, and often traverse the\\ncountry, as was the primitive practice, from one\\nstream to another, at the shortest carrying place;\\nand still are acquainted with all the rivers and ponds,\\nand the most probable places for finding game.\\nIf then, so many tribes and nations have disap-\\npeared, leaving no other than these miserable vesti-\\nges, so that they and their language have become\\nextinct if within the wide limits of the old United\\nStates, there hardly exist Indians enough to form\\n36", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "282\\none populous village, could this destruction have\\nbeen prevented by the whites Has civilized man\\nmade use of his superiority over the savage, only to\\ndespoil him Is the existence of a barbarous and\\ncivilized nation, in the same country compatible\\nIs the red man of the American forests a species of\\nthe human genus susceptible of civilization It\\nmay be of some assistance, in answering these ques-\\ntions, to consider what has been done towards civi-\\nlizing the Indians I cannot go into the inquiry at\\nlarge, but will only give you a sketch of what has\\nbeen attempted in the state of Massachusetts, this\\nis not much, yet is probably more than has been\\ndone by any other.\\nThe first founders, either through fear, or some\\nbetter motive, appeared to wish to deal peace-\\nably and honestly with the natives. Though\\nthey came here with the European prejudices, and\\nwere in the habit of hearing the Pope and other\\nsovereigns, claim the property of the coiuitry, with-\\nout any consideration for the natives who were in\\npossession, yet they bought the land they occupied,\\nand generally maintained their treaties with them.\\nThey would have followed a liberal course of poli-\\ncy, if it had not been for their peculiar religious fa-\\nnaticism. Our forefathers were constantly likening\\nthemselves to the Israelites, one of the most cruel\\nof nations, as shown in their own annals like\\nthem, they were invading a country that did not be-\\nlong to them, whose inhabitants they considered\\nheathen, and therefore deserving of destruction.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "283\\nThe hardships of their situation made them harsh\\nin their sentiments, and the sternest denunciations\\nof the Old Testament were the passages most fre-\\nquently in their mouths. The Indians were hea-\\nthen, and on this account a feeling of scorn was\\nengendered, that prevented any general sympathy\\nfor their condition. Humanity, however, was still\\nfelt in many upright, benevolent minds and reli-\\ngion too guided some individuals to pursue the be-\\nneficent lessons of the New, rather than the extermi-\\nnating injunctions of the Old Testament, in their\\ntreatment of the natives. Some good men were\\nconstantly endeavouring to ameliorate their condi-\\ntion among whom the venerable Eliot is most con-\\nspicuous. His zeal, learning, and industry enabled\\nhim to form a grammar of their languages, and to\\ntranslate the Bible into it. He has been sometimes\\ncalled the Indian Apostle and his primitive sim-\\nplicity, devotedness, and entire disinterestedness,\\ngave him claims to the appellation.\\nIf, however, there was any chance from the exer-\\ntions of such missionaries as tlliot, or such benevo-\\nlent characters in civil life as Roger Williams, and\\nsome others, it was destroyed by the wars that were\\nafterwards excited. The premature destruction of\\nthe Indians was chiefly brought about by the rival-\\nries of foreign nations who made use of them, in\\nthe most profligate and remorseless manner, to pro-\\nmote their own ambitious designs. The rivalries\\nof the French and English occasioned the destruc-\\ntion of whole tribes, in the early ages of the colo-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "284\\nnies as the same y)olicy pursued by the latter of\\nthose nations, in their former and recent war with\\nus, again produced the same effect. The most san-\\nguinary wars in which the Eastern Indians were\\nengaged with the whites, were excited by the\\nFrench in Canada. The forests which are impervi-\\nous to the advance of a regular army, are the ap-\\npropriate scene of operation for Indian warriors,\\nand a communication between remote points is\\nreadily maintained by them. The Six Nations\\nwere the dogs of war, whom the English let slip\\nupon the French at every opportunity while tlie\\nlatter more than once stirred up all the tribes be-\\ntween the Penobscot and the Hudson, to carry on\\nthe most harrassing hostilities against our settle-\\nments. The practices of Indian warfare are such,\\nas to rouse all the feelings of hatred and ven-\\ngeance, and the strongest detestation against their\\nauthors. All considerations of justice or magna-\\nnimity are lost sight of by those, who have seen\\ntheir women and children massacred and though\\nthe war may not have been unprovoked, the man-\\nner in which it is carried on, stifles all the feelings\\nof humanity, and the savages, if injured in the\\nfirst instance, are from the mode they take of\\nrevenging it, doomed without remorse to extermi-\\nnation.\\nThe mode of civilization pursued formerly, was\\nnot so well understood as it has been since the\\nprocess was very imperfect. They began with the\\nwrong end, and insisted on making that a precedent,", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "285\\nwhich would have happened more easily as a con-\\nsequence. It has been found much more success-\\nful, to give the Indians a love of fixed residences\\nand domestic comforts to induce them to exchause\\nhunting for cultivation, and with a change of habits,\\nto give them the religious instruction, that will har-\\nmonize with it. But our forefathers were staunch\\ndogmatists they thought abstruse points of faith\\nthe only sources of all salutary influence, and taught\\ntheir Indian neophytes the Assembly s catechism,\\nbefore they showed them how to spin. Societies\\nwere early formed in Europe and this country, for\\nthe propagation of the gospel among the Indians\\nand others and if it had not been for this little\\nadditional clause, the society must in time have been\\nwithout an object. Few societies that have existed\\nso long, have done less they have employed some\\nmissionaries, who have struggled with more or less\\nability, to keep alive a dwindling congregation.\\nThis was not from any defect of good intentions,\\nbut from the impracticability of the object, or want\\nof energy, or some defects in their system. The\\nJesuits and the Moravians have been the most pros-\\nperous in their missionary labours and they seem to\\nbe the only ones, that have any hope of forming\\npermanent congregations of a red colour.\\nThe state of Massachusetts has now four tribes\\nwithin its limits, and under its protection. One of\\nthese dwells on the Penobscot, where they own a\\nconsiderable tract of country. The state has by-\\nlaw secured to itself the right of pre-emption, as", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "286\\nthe United States have done with all the Indian\\ntribes, to prevent their being defrauded by individu-\\nals. From time to time purchases are made, as the\\nIndians waste away, and then an act is made rela-\\ntive to the extinguishing the Indian title in cer-\\ntain tracts, which, in other words, might be said\\nto be, for extinguishing the Indians. The Penob-\\nscot tribe consists of about 400 souls they retain\\ntheir own language, and speak also a broken English.\\nThey dress with our kinds of garments, modified\\nby Indian taste, retaining their fondness for orna-\\nments; but as these are no longer of their own\\nmanufacture, from feathers and shells, which would\\nretain something peculiar, but are formed from the\\nmost sorry materials we can furnish them, fragments\\nof ribands and bits of tin, they have a miserable\\nappe:\u00c2\u00abrance. They are Koman Catholics after a\\nmanner, in which faith they were anciently in-\\nstructed by the Canadian Jesuits they are in the\\ntadpole state the limbs of civilization partly form-\\ned, and the tail of savage life not yet obliterated.\\nSome of their chiefs are intelligent, and there are\\na few individuals among them, who have remin-\\niscences of a prouder condition. They are, I\\nbelieve, like all the others, gradually growing worse\\nand dwindling.\\nThe three other tribes are on a different footing.\\nTwo of them are situated in the county of Ply-\\nmouth, in the district which we call the Old\\nColony, and the third at Gay Head and Martha s\\nVineyard. The former are known by the name of", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "287\\ntiie Massapee, and Herring-pond tribes, and the\\nlatter takes its name from the place of residence.\\nThis country, generally poor in point of soil, was\\nonce thickly peopled with Indians. It was the\\nlocation, of all others, best suited to them, abound-\\ning with small lakes, and clear brooks, all replete\\nwith trout and many other kinds of fish and in\\nthe spring filled with astonishing quantities of her-\\nrings. In the districts, the forests contain deer\\nand several kinds of game besides a sea-coast pos-\\nsessing inexhaustible stores of shell-fish, and the\\nsea itself affording a certain supply of various kinds\\nof the finest fish. The light sandy soil was perfect-\\nly adapted to their imperfect cultivation, and gave\\nthem a supply of corn and squashes, so that, with\\nperennial stores of fish and game, even Indian im-\\nprovidence was never left in want of subsistence.\\nHere let me remark to you, by the way, on the\\nsingular fact that the oldest district in the country\\nshould be almost the only one, where the original\\ntenants of the forest, biped and quadruped, the\\nIndian and the deer, are still to be found but\\nhow different is their condition the latter bounds\\nwith as much grace and elasticity, as did its pre-\\ncursors when our forefathers first landed, how de-\\ngraded are the descendants of Philip and Massa-\\nsoit\\nThese tribes are in a state of perpetual pupilage.\\nThey cannot alienate their lands, or any part of\\ntheir natural productions, of which firewood is the\\nmost important. Each individual has a right to", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "288\\ncultivate what piece of land he pleases, and this, as\\nwell as the hut he occupies, are his, from a kind of\\nright of occupancy, which is not clearly defined.\\nThey have guardians appointed by the state, against\\nwhom the Indians occasionally make complaints to\\nthe legislature it may be presumed often unrea-\\nsonably and also missionaries sent them by the\\nsociety for propagating the gospel. These tribes\\nare a kind of perquisite to the state and this society,\\nwho divide the care of them, and if you wish to ob-\\nserve a specimen of the most degraded and misera-\\nble population in the whole countrj you must visit\\nthe protegees of these two bodies. It is now nearly\\ntwo centuries since the experiment has been going\\non, and it furnishes a standing lesson of the luckless\\nconsequences of vesting in states, or societies, the\\nguardianship of tribes of people. Far be it from\\nme to accuse either of these bodies of misconduct or\\nneglect but either they have been guilty of both, or\\nthe civilization, and improvement of Indians are\\nhopeless attempts. The charge of these tribes\\nseems entailed upon the state, and serious objec-\\ntions arise to their divesting themselves of it. Un-\\nless, therefore, a species of benevolent exertion and\\nwatchful attention should arise, we shall continue\\nto furnish to posterity a perpetual example of the\\npoor results, that attend upon plans for Indian\\ncivilization.*\\nA very interesting account of these Indians, may be found in the third vol\\nlime, second series, of the Massachusetts Historical Society s papers.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "289\\nThere are no individuals now remaining in these\\ntribes of pure Indian blood. Thej are all of a\\nmixed breed, some crossed with the white, and\\nsome with the African races. The greater part of\\nthe men are employed as sailors, particularly by\\nthe people of Nantucket and New Bedford, in their\\nwhaling ships. Some of the females go into the\\nneighbouring towns, as servants, returning home\\noccasionally. Though they have lost the language\\nand the virtues of their ancestors, and are only a\\nmongrel mixture, they still retain some of their\\nsuperstitions and customs. One of these the travel-\\nler will have occasion to notice. On the road be-\\ntween Plymouth and Sandwich, there are certain\\nrocks by the way-side, where the road passes\\nthrough an extensive piece of forest, that are always\\nseen covered with chips and dry sticks. These\\nare called the sacrifice rocks, and every person of\\nthese tribes, as he passes them, always lays a dry\\nstick or piece of wood upon them. The origin of\\nthis practice is unknown. In one of these tribes, the\\nmost respectable individual is of half negro and half\\nIndian blood and in another, a negro born in\\nAfrica, said to have been the son of a chieftain, and\\nsold, when a boy, for a slave he is now advanced\\nin life, as wpH as the other, and appeared to me, in a\\nshort conversation, a solid, sensible man. An im-\\nportant and favourite article of food with all these\\npeople, are the various kinds of shell-fish, of which\\nthey are always certain of obtaining a supply.\\nLiving in a slothful, filthy manner, their miserable\\n87", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "290\\ncabins are mostly situated on the shores of two\\nbeautiful lakes, in the midst of very picturesque\\nscenery, and in a country, which from the abun-\\ndance of different kinds of game, forms the delight\\nof the sportsman.\\nBesides these splendid efforts in patronizing\\nwhole tribes, attempts have been occasionally made\\nfrom the first settlement of the country, to give in-\\ndividuals an education. The catalogues of Har-\\nvard, Yale, and Dartmouth colleges, show a few\\nIndian graduates. Now and then an individual has\\nbeen qualified for being a missionary, but not-\\nwithstanding all these attempts I do not at this\\nmoment recollect, that one civilized Indian has ever\\ndiscovered any kind of superiority; not a single\\nfamily of them has been kept up in a tame state.\\nThere has never been even a scion ingrafted on the\\nwild stock, that has produced fruit of any value.\\nThe only example that I know of is in Virginia,\\nwhere it is said some of the descendants of Poca-\\nhontas are proud of their descent from that inte-\\nresting princess. There are no families in this\\nquarter, that have any Indian blood, avowedly, who\\nhave ever attained to any distinction though there\\nare two or three who, from peculiarities of linea-\\nment or complexion, have given rise to vague, and\\nprobably malicious conjectures. I do not wish the\\ninference to be strong against the unfortunate abo-\\nrigines. If our ancestors had mixed with them on\\nterms of equality, some individual families might\\nhave permanently veined the white mass of popu-", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "291\\niation. There are one or two characters preserved\\nin our histories, that interest us in a degree, like\\nPocahontas. But the prejudice against the Indians,\\neven when they were our equals in some things,\\nand our superiors in power, prevented all intermar-\\nriages. They were treated with contempt, and of\\ncourse with injustice.\\nIt would be too strong an inference to say, that\\nthe Indians do not possess talents capable of being\\ndeveloped by cultivation but it is certainly remar-\\nkable, that, in the course of two centuries, and\\nwith many opportunities furnished them, not one\\nshould have become distinguished. In their wild\\nstate they have shown themselves to be eminent as\\nwarriors, politicians, and orators. Massasoit and\\nPhilip, among our Indians, Garangula, Decanesora,\\nCorn-planter, and Tecumseh, among the Six\\nNations, Tamanend, Logan, and many others,\\namong the Lennape, have left a reputation that will\\npreserve their names in Indian history. The wars,\\nthe confederacies and policy, of different Indian\\nnations, show marks of talent and deep views,\\namong their leaders. This we can ascertain even\\nfrom the imperfect knowledge we have of them,\\nderived through the medium of common interpre-\\nters and it should be remembered, that these peo-\\nple have no written records, and therefore do not\\nspeak for themselves that though they possessed\\npowerful minds among them, yet every generation\\nhad to do all its labour for itself. As there were\\nno books, no science and learning could be stored", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "292\\nup for progressive improvement and, save the\\nfeeble aids of confused tradition, each succession of\\nmen had to acquire every thing for themselves as\\nif they were the first race of mankind, just sprung\\nfrom the earth, the common mother. The his-\\ntory of these people, long after they shall have be-\\ncome extinct, will be interesting to our posterity,\\nand furnish subjects for poetry and romance. They\\nwill be to us, what the inhabitants of the earth\\nwere in the fabulous ages of Greece a race of\\npeople gathered into tribes, before Ceres or Bac-\\nchus, Cadmus or Hercules, had visited the world\\nto exterminate monsters, and teach the means of\\ncultivation and intellectual improvement. Too\\nmany facts will be preserved, and the contemporary\\nrecords will be too clear to permit the same extra-\\nvagance of allegory and fable but a remote pos-\\nterity will look back with wonder to this strange\\nrace of men, whose country their ancestors usurped,\\nand of whom there will be no other vestiges, than\\nwhat we now have of the mammoth.\\nIs there any thing in this species of men that\\nmakes them wither, when transplanted from the\\nshades of the forest to the open grounds of cultiva-\\ntion Are their characters suited only to a wild\\nstate, and incapable of artificial amelioration If\\nreclaimed from savage life, could they distinguish\\nthemselves among the tame herds of policed states\\nWould their warriors be capable of being more\\nthan corporals or Serjeants, in our scientific disci-\\npline Would one of their prophets rise higher", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "293\\nthan one of our fanatics in theology r Would\\ntheir orators dwindle into mere spouting dema-\\ngogues? I should not have much hesitation in\\nanswering these questions, if I thought we had\\nfallen upon the average of Indian abilities, in those\\nwe have attempted to educate. But it is generally\\nthe poorest and most inferior part of a tribe, that\\nbecomes the subject of civilization. The most\\nenergetic spurn our habits, and if their own tribe\\nis so humbled as to adopt them, fly off to some,\\nthat still adhere to the hunting state. There is a\\ncharm in savage life, that sometimes leads away\\nthe descendants of people, who have been civilized\\nfrom time immemorial. How much more, then,\\nmay we expect apostacy in those who have been\\nnewly converted from it AVe have seen repeated\\ninstances of Indians, who were taken when boys,\\nbrought up among us, and enjoying the comforts\\nof civilized life, renounce it after a series of years,\\nand return once more to the forests. The most\\nperfect convert is constantly in danger of a relapse\\na sudden caprice may restore him at once to his\\nfirst habits, like that metamorphosed lady, who re-\\nsumed instantly her claws and her whiskers, at the\\nsight of a mouse.\\nThe only chance of saving any of this race, will\\nbe, by taking their children, at a very early age,\\nand educating them in our habits, in a situation re-\\nmoved from the contagion of Indian pursuits. A\\nvery effectual way, too, would be the proposal that\\nwas made in an official report, to recommend mar-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "294\\nriages between them and the whites. This sug-\\ngestion was treated with obloquy and ridicule by\\nshallow minds, which had not meditated, or were\\nincapable of estimating the subject. But unless\\nwe offer them the rights of citizens, on certain con-\\nditions, we shall never, even in this way, obtain\\nany but the meaner kinds. Savage as he is, the\\nIndian can still see and feel all the relative positions\\nof society and unless we surmount our prejudices\\nagainst complexion, and allow the red man the\\nsame advantages as the white, what inducement\\ncan we offer them to adopt our customs How\\ncan it be expected that a proud, intelligent chief,\\nshould renounce war and hunting, become a Chris-\\ntian and a cultivator, if he is to be treated with\\ncontempt, and deprived of all privileges, on account\\nof the colour of his skin The experiment of civi-\\nlizing them cannot be said to be fairly made, until\\nyou shall have imparted to them all your rights,\\nwhen they have adopted all your habits.*\\nI would not assert that our governments have\\nbeen always just towards the Indians but they\\nA striking display of Indian character occurred some years since in a town in\\nMaine. A.n Indian of the Kennebeck tribe remarkable for his good conduct, receiv-\\ned a grant of land from the slate, and fixed himself in a new township where a num-\\nber of families were settled. Though not ill treated, yet the common prejudice\\nagainst Indians prevented any sympathy with him. This was shewn at the death\\nof his only child, when none of the people came near him. Shortly afterwards\\nhe went to some of the inhabitants and said to them, When white maii^s child die-\\nIndian man he sorry he help bury him\u00e2\u0080\u0094 when my child die no one speak to\\nme\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I make his grave alone \u00e2\u0080\u0094I can no live here. He gave up his farm, dug up\\nthe body of his child, and carried it with him two hundred miles through the\\nforests, to join the Canada Indians. What energy and depth of feeling does thii\\nspecimen of Indian character exhibit f", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "295\\nhave been more so than those of any other nation.\\nIn time of war, extermination has sometimes been\\nthe watchword, but it was when the passions were\\nroused by scenes of Indian cruelty even then, the\\nvengeance has arisen from the stimulated fury of\\nindividual commanders, rather than from the orders\\nof the government. The Indians are the victims,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094but the blame should fall on those, who engage\\nthem to practise such shocking barbarities in their\\ncause, and then leave them to their fate. The\\npolicy of the federal government has been, from the\\nbeginning, influenced by humane views towards\\nthe natives it may not have done all in its power,\\nbut it has made numerous treaties with them, with\\nfair stipulations, which have been observed with\\ngood faith. It has made some attempts at in-\\ntroducing the arts of civilization among them\\nand has endeavoured to mediate and prevent wars\\nbetween hostile tribes. More, perhaps, might have\\nbeen done, but are those benevolent minds, which\\ndeplore the sutfe rings and degradation of Indians,\\nprepared to prove that they might have been pre-\\nvented or would they support the measures and\\nexpenses, necessary to the experiment of civilizing\\nthem\\nThe flood of civilization is constantly flowing,\\ntill at no distant period, it must cover the whole\\nof our part of the continent. It is hardly worth\\ndiscussing the question, whether the government\\nought to confine its progress, when it is obviouly\\nout of their power. Even the gens d armes and", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "296\\ndouaniers of Napolooji would have been insufficient\\nfor this purpose and how is it possible for our\\ngovernment to control the scouts, the precursors of\\ncivilization a set of restless, daring, and common-\\nly profligate beings, whose character, like their po-\\nsition, is intermediate, between savage and civilized\\nlife, and is more prone to possess the vices of both,\\nthan the virtues of either. These people are as in-\\ncapable of the restraints of civilized society, as the\\nsavage himself; they move on before it, and as it\\novertakes them, still advance, perhaps cultivating\\na little, but easil} shifting their residence, and\\nfonder of the gun than the plough. These are the\\npeople with whom the Indian fcomes most in con-\\ntact, and from whom he often receives injuries that\\nare revenged upon the innocent. This has been\\nthe course of things from the beginning and it ap-\\npears to me quite impossible for the government to\\nalter it, even if they employed a large army, and\\nthe greatest expenditure. The Indians must re-\\ncede, and perish gradually, not through the agency\\nof the whites, but through the vices and diseases\\nthey acquire from them. All that is practicable,\\nseems to be, the civilization of those insulated\\nbodies of Indians, which the rapid and accidental\\nflow of civilization has left among us. What\\nwould be the most effectual process, or the ultimate\\nresults from even these limited attempts, cannot\\nbe very clearly defined.\\nA strong reason against commencing the attempts\\nat civilization, exclusively with religious instruc-", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "297\\ntion, is the opposition that will be opposed by In-\\ndian superstition. The Indians, particularly the\\nhighest and least vitiated among them, are attached\\nto their own notions, some of which are the sound-\\nest principles of natural religion. They are very\\napt to confound our religion with the evils our so-\\nciety has brought upon them and their prophets\\ntake every occasion to excite their distrust of our\\nmissionaries they represent it as the fatal engine\\nthat encloses the means of their destruction Timeo\\nDanaos et dona Jerentes, would answer for the\\nmotto of their w^arnings to the tribe. Sometimes\\nthey reject our offers with violence, but more\\ncommonly with a sarcastic and deep irony, that is\\nveiled under an appearance of candour and thank-\\nfulness. There is a very good story on this sub-\\nject told by Dr. Franklin and the following, nar-\\nrated by the Honourable Mr. Boudinot, in his\\nStar in the West, is very creditable to Indian\\nsagacity.\\nThis gentleman, as one of the agents of the\\nsociety in Scotland for propagating the gospel, had\\nbeen instrumental in fitting out two missionaries,\\nwho were sent to the Delaware nation. The chiefs\\nwere called together, and after deliberating for\\nfourteen days, sent back the missionaries, very\\ncourteously, with an answer; which made great\\nacknowledgments for the favour we had done\\nthem. They rejoiced exceedingly at our happiness\\nin being thus favoured by the Great Spirit, and\\nfelt very grateful that we had condescended to re-\\nSB", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "298\\nmember our brethren in the wilderness. Buf\\nthey could not help recollecting that we had a\\npeople among us, who, because they differed from\\nus in colour, we had made slaves of, and made\\nthem suffer great hardships, and lead miserable\\nlives. Now, they could not see any reason, if a\\npeople being black, entitled us thus to deal with\\nthem, why a red colour would not equally justify\\nthe same treatment. They therefore had deter-\\nmined to wait, to see whether all the black peo-\\npie amongst us were made thus happy and joyful,\\nbefore they could put confidence in our promises,\\nfor they thought a people who had suffered so\\nmuch, and so long, by our means, should be en-\\ntitled to our first attentions that, therefore,\\nthey had sent back the two missionaries, with\\nmany thanks, promising that, when they saw\\nthe black people among us restored to freedom\\nand happiness, they would gladly receive our\\nmissionaries. This is what, in any other case,\\nwould be called close reasoning, and is too morti-\\nfying a fact to make further remarks upon.\\nThis brings me to the expression of an opinion\\nthat I have for some time entertained, and in ex-\\nplanation of which you must indulge me with a\\nlittle more patience. 1 am strongly inclined to be-\\nlieve, that the negro is much more susceptible of\\ncivilization, and the improvements that follow it,\\nthan the Indian and though I would neglect noth-\\ning humanity could suggest in favour of the latter,\\nI apprehend that the opportunity for doing good is.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "299\\nbeyond measure, more extensive in the case of the\\nAfrican, than in that of the American aboriginal.\\nThe Indian race has been constantly, and is now\\ndaily decreasing the course has been going on so\\nlong, that there is some reason for supposing it is\\nowing to some inherent and immutable principles.\\nThe African, on the contrary, is steadily increasing\\nan increase, under all circumstances, that must\\nmake every humane and reflecting individual, look\\nwith painful solicitude to its future consequences.\\nThis is a topic, on which an inhabitant of your\\nstate and one of mine, can seldom converse without\\nrestraint, and giving rise to unpleasant feelings.\\nFrom all I have observed, I am convinced, that\\nit will always produce injurious consequences,\\nfor the people of these, or the middle states,\\nto be the movers in any of the questions re-\\nlating to slavery. They have for a long period\\ntaken no steps, and the proprietors in some of the\\nslave-holding states, impelled by far-sighted and\\nhumane views, have commenced, of their own ac-\\ncord, measures that may gradually lead to a system\\nof amelioration and prevention. The jealousy of\\nthe citizens in those sections, on this point, appears\\nto me not only natural, but reasonable they cannot\\nsee with calmness persons undertaking to legislate\\non a subject, which involves exclusively their pro-\\nperty and safety in the most intimate manner. It\\nis impossible they should not see and feel the evil,\\nwho live in the midst of it and it is equally so that\\nthey should not be anxious to provide gradual re-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "300\\nmedies for what creates so much well-founded\\nanxiety which the humane have so long deplored,\\nand which their greatest statesmen consider as a\\nstain on the past, a misfortune for the present, and\\npregnant with the most extensive calamities for\\nfuture times. All we can do advantageously, is to\\nsecond your efforts to the utmost in our power, but\\nto leave the preparation of all measures to originate\\nwith yourselves.*\\n1 have said that the negro is more susceptible\\nof civilization and improvement than the Indian,\\nand the proofs of it, both negative and positive, are\\nabundant. No Indian family can be found living\\nin a civilized state, educating their children, and\\naccumulating property. Now, the cases of negroes\\nhaving done this, and under every disadvantage,\\nmay be found in different places. This class of\\nmen were formerly slaves among us, and are still\\nlooked upon with contempt. They have every\\nthing to struggle against yet many have obtained\\na degree of consideration, in spite of the strongest\\nprejudices, by the force of good conduct. They\\nhave, in several instances, acquired a very comfort-\\nable property, and conducted themselves with per-\\nfect propriety. A much greater improvement may\\nbe expected among them in future, because their\\nchildren are now almost all of them sent to school,\\nsince this was written, the deplorable Missouri Question has arisen the\\nthe author never would have imagined, that the enlightened statesmen of the\\nSouth would have contended for tiie extension of slavery, which their ablest mea\\nhave represented to be such a dreadful curse on the country.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "301\\nand a fairer chance will be given to estimate their\\ncapacities. I was much struck by a circumstance\\n1 have before mentioned, that in two of the degene-\\nrate Indian tribes, under the care of the state of\\nMassachusetts, the two most respectable individuals\\nwere of African origin.\\nThe negro is a more gay, light-hearted, social\\nbeing, than the Indian becomes easily and perma-\\nnently domesticated. Much less pains have been\\ntaken to improve their minds, and they have pro-\\nduced more beneficial results. They have been\\nmore degraded, by being kept in a state of hopeless\\nslavery, and the i e,w who were emancipated from\\nthat, were still treated with contempt by the mean-\\nest white men. They are fonder of cheerful amuse-\\nments, and in no degree so prone to drunkenness\\nas the Indian. Perhaps they may not be suscepti-\\nble of the highest degree of civilization they may\\nnot have sufficient intelligence and command of their\\npassions, to form the citizens of a free government.\\nBut in a lower scale of existence, in a state of thiugs\\nthat is consistent with the two extremes of misery\\nand splendour, under a government, where a privi-\\nleged few govern, what Spencer calls, the rascal\\nmany for a moderate despotism, in short, they\\nhave shown themselves fully adequate. The court\\nof St. Domingo was as splendid, as many that it\\naped nor was it only in this frivolity of titles,\\nribands, embroidery, or parade, that it was success-\\nful but in sagacious precautions for defence, and\\nthe greatest energy and watchfulness for carrying", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "302\\nits plans into execution, it lias shown clear and\\ncommanding views. Now, it must be recollected,\\nthat this has been done, not hy a people who were\\nin any state of preparation, but by men who passed\\nfrom a condition of the most abject slavery at once\\ninto power and that they have maintained them-\\nselves against a most formidable combination of\\nsecret perfidy and open force, and in all probability\\nwill now perpetuate an independent, insular gov-\\nernment, in the midst of a chain of islands, whose\\npopulation is composed of the same materials, and\\nwhich it may be expected, will be in some way,\\nhereafter assimilated to them.\\nWhether this opinion of their greater capacity for\\nimprovement, relatively to the Indian, be well\\nfounded or not, the field of experiment is beyond\\ncomparison wider. The blacks are fifteen or\\ntwenty times as numerous as the red men now\\nand the latter are dwindling away every year, while\\nthe former are portentously increasing. The amount\\nof good to be done, will be sufficient to satiate the\\nthirst of the most ardent benevolence and the diffi-\\nculty of effecting it, will be great enough to occupy\\nthe most intelligent ambition. The dangers to be\\naverted, are of the most dreadfid description the\\nadvantage to be gained, of the most beneficent\\ncharacter. Those who engage in it, need have\\nno fears of being left without employment the pro-\\ncess must be gradual and cautious, to be useful, and\\nwill not be completed by one generation.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "303\\nThinking, as I do, that the states which have no\\nslaves, should decline the exercise of any right to\\noriginate measures on this momentous subject I\\nmight escape, as one of their citizens, from the dif-\\nficulty of the subject, and feel bound to make no\\nsuggestions of what might be practicable. But\\nthose who dread the consequences of innovation,\\nand refuse to take any measures at all, say it is\\nvery easy to declaim about humanity and policy\\nbut that nothing can be done, and that the least\\nchange will lead to a long train of mischievous con-\\nsequences and ultimate ruin. But reasoners of this\\ndescription are not aware, that on this, as on many\\nother subjects, to make no change exposes you to\\nthe most fearful kind of alteration not to accommo-\\ndate yourself to the spirit and circumstances of your\\nage, leaves you in a situation, which their progress\\nwill soon render awkward and defenceless that\\nstanding still, when others are advancing, is virtual-\\nly retreating that every nation and every legisla-\\nture, that do not float onward with the flood of\\npublic sentiment, but still adhere to their old\\nprejudices and fears, will be infallibly submerged\\nby the very tide, that would have safely carried\\nthem on its bosom.\\nThe coarser mode of proceeding seems to have\\nbeen resorted to in some places, the plan of obvi-\\nating danger by increased severity this will\\nanswer very well where the thing dreaded is tem-\\nporary in its nature, and where if it does not palli-\\nate, will exterminate. But this is not a case of that", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "304\\nkind and a very little reflection must convince\\nenlightened men, that greater severity, which is\\nalways the ready resort of rash and narrow minds,\\nwill here only exasperate the disorder, and inevita-\\nbly bring on convulsions.\\nThe first step was taken by the nation in abolish-\\ning the infamous foreign traffic in slaves the next\\npoint will be a close restriction and watchful regu-\\nlation of the domestic transportation, and this falls\\nwithin the jurisdiction of local authority. The\\ncommencement that has been made, towards at-\\ntempting a colony for the free blacks in Africa,\\nargues a wise and liberal policy. No force can be\\nused but if a suitable situation should be obtained,\\nwhere this class could find the inducement of bet-\\ntering their situation, it might be the means of not\\nonly relieving us, but of introducing civilization\\ninto that barbarous continent. To get rid wholly\\nof two millions of a very prolific race, cannot enter\\ninto the most extravagant mind it is a population\\nthat is entailed upon us forever what is the best\\nmode of regulating it, is the only inquiry. Total\\nemancipation is quite out of the question it would\\nbe attended with innumerable evils, if it were prac-\\nticable. The only expedient seems to be a cautious\\nand gradual amelioration till the slothful, sulky,\\nsmarting slaves, should be raised to the condition of\\nfeudal tenants, or a Russian peasantry ^that their\\npersonal condition, though heavily restricted, should\\nnot be entirely without the pale of law and humani-\\nty that their situation should be so far improved,", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "305\\nthat those who are the property of the poorest or\\nmost unfeeling, should be as happy, as those who\\nare now the property of the wealthy and humane\\nplanters that religious and moral instruction\\nshould be allowed them that families should not\\nbe torn asunder for sale and that they should have\\na right of self-purchase under certain stipulations,\\none of which should be that of leaving the country.\\nA system of this kind might be gradually intro-\\nduced, and the proprietor would derive at least\\nequal emoluments, and certainly greater security.\\nThe shocking scenes which are sometimes occa-\\nsioned by a brutal ignorant owner, would be pre-\\nvented the degrading aspect of slavery would be\\nsoftened its deleterious effects on freemen mitigat-\\ned, and the fearful anxiety, which must rather\\nincrease than diminish, would be done away.\\nWhatever is effected must begin with you, we\\ncan only second your exertions, and with the deep-\\nest sympathy for your attempts to diminish this\\ngreat mass of evil and misery, cry, God speed you=\\n39", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "306\\nLETTER XIII.\\nSCENERY AND CLIMATE.\\nDear Sir,\\nYou have perhaps resided long enough on this\\nside of the Atlantic, to perceive that our climate is\\nas different as our scenery from that of jour own\\ncountry. If I touch a little on what is peculiar in\\neach, with some comparative allusions, you will\\nreadily know where I am mistaken, and perhaps\\nyour own observations on these subjects will be\\nin some degree facilitated.\\nSome foreigners from the continent of Europe,\\nwho are struck with the liberty and happiness we\\nenjoy, and who still remember the mild climates\\nthey have left, assert, that we should be too fortunate,\\nif we had as fine a climate as they possess and\\nthat the asperity of our weather is the only draw-\\nback we suffer, the only evil to be put in the balance\\nagainst the sufferings of Europe, by the emigrant\\nwho wishes to make a right estimate between the\\ntwo countries. The natives of the south of Europe\\ncannot bear our snow and icy air, and those of the\\nnorth pant under the fervid heat of our summers.\\nThe one sighs after lemon-trees flourishing openly in\\nJanuary, and the other regrets a temperature ad-", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "307\\nmirably adapted to turnips, while he is sweltering\\nin one, that makes the Indian corn grow audibly.\\nThere is one point in our climate that occasions\\nmost of these reproaches, and is in truth a serious\\nobjection, and this is, its great inequality. There\\nwould be fewer complaints if it were steadily bad\\nbut the occasional beauty and perfection it pre-\\nsents, enhances its inconveniences, by a feeling of\\ndisappointment. Greece and Italy cannot boast of\\nmore exquisite days than we are frequently favour-\\ned w ith in the summer and autumn and the most\\nfog-smitten, ice-bound regions in Europe, can en-\\ndure no worse meteorological sufferings, than are\\nsometimes inflicted on us. This is an evil from\\nwhich the country can never be exempted, though\\nit will be moderated a little by the effect of cultiva-\\ntion. This amelioration may never happen to the\\ndegree which many persons have anticipated\\nbut that some change has been produced, almost\\nevery man can testify from his own experience.\\nThe average results of the thermometer through\\nthe year, compared with the same transatlantic\\ndata, would give a very imperfect knowledge of our\\nclimate. The averages that would approach the\\nnearest in result, are produced from very opposite\\ncircumstances there, they are drawn from a suc-\\ncession of moderate, though variable temperatures\\nhere, from great extremes, which often last a con-\\nsiderable period. The climate of Flanders, and\\nsome parts of Germany, would exhibit tlie same\\naverage with some districts here, that ripen the", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "308\\nmelon and Indian corn, which you must enter\\nGascony and Provence, Spain and Portugal, to find\\nin Kurope. Many of the richest productions of\\nCeres and Pomona meiy be raised among us, if they\\ncan reach maturity during the transient and fervid\\nheat of our summers while others, such as the\\ngrape, whose tardy growth requires a long exemp-\\ntion from frost, is always uncertain.\\nThe position of our continent, and the course of\\nthe winds, will always give us an unequal climate,\\nand one abounding in contrasts. In the latitude of\\n50\u00c2\u00b0 on the north-west coast of America, the weather\\nis milder even, than in the same parallel in Europe\\nthe wind, three quarters of the year, comes off\\nthe Pacific in the same latitude on the eastern\\nside, the country is hardly worth inhabiting, under\\nthe dreary length of cold, produced by the succes-\\nsion of winds across a frozen continent. The\\nwind and the sun too often carry on the contest\\nhere, which they exerted on the poor traveller in\\nthe fable and we are in doubt to which we shall\\nyield. The changes that cultivation, and planetary\\ninfluence, if there be such a thing, can create, are\\nvery gradual. It seems to be a general opinion,\\nthat the cold is more broken now, though the\\ntotals of heat and cold may be nearly the same\\nas they were fifty years ago. The winters, par-\\nticularly, have commenced later. The autumn is\\nwarmer and the spring colder. We are still sub-\\nject to the same caprices a flight of snow in\\nMay, a frost in June, and sometimes in every", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "309\\nmonth in the year; and Jilohis indulges his servants\\nin stranger freaks and extravagances here, than\\nelsewhere yet the severe cold seldom sets in before\\nJanuary the snow is less and later, and on the\\nsea-coast does not, on an average, afford more than\\na month s sleighing.\\nThese contrasts in our climate occasion some very\\npicturesque effects, some that would be considered\\nphenomena by persons unaccustomed to them. It\\nblends together the circumstances of very distant\\nregions in Europe. Thus, when the earth lies\\nburied under a deep covering of snow, in Europe,\\nthe clime is so far to the north, that the sun rises\\nbut little above the horizon, and his daily visit is a\\nvery short one his feeble rays hardly illumine a\\nchilly sky, that harmonizes with the dreary waste\\nit covers but here, the same surface reflects a daz-\\nzling brilliancy from rays that strike at the same\\nangle, at which they do the dome of St. Peter s.\\nThe plains of Siberia and the Campagna di Roma,\\nare here combined; we have the snow of the one,\\nand the sun of the other, at the same period.\\nWhile his rays, in the month of March, are ex-\\npanding the flowers and blossoms at Albano and\\nTivoli, they are here falling on a wide, uninterrup-\\nted covering of snow, producing a dazzling bril-\\nliancy that is almost insupportable. A moonlight\\nat this season is equally remarkable, and its ef-\\nfects can be more easily endured. Our moon is\\nnearly the same with that moon of Naples, which", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "310\\nCairacioli told the king of England was superior\\nto his majesty s sun, when this surface of spot-\\nless snow is shone upon by this moon at its full, and\\nreflects back its beams, the light, indeed, is not that\\nof day, but it takes away all appearance of night\\nthe witch and the spectre would shrink from its\\nexposure\\nIt is not niwht tis but the daj\u00c2\u00bbliglit sick\\nIt looks a little paler.\\nThe climate is more open on the sea-coast, and\\nmore unequal than in the interior. Rhode-Island,\\nand some of the islands on that part of the coast,\\napproach more nearly than any other part of our\\ncountry does, to the mild temperature of England.\\nThe snow lies but a short time, and the extremes\\nof heat and cold are a little mitigated. Particular\\nsituations will possess advantages over others, either\\nfrom the nature of the soil, the position of hills, or\\nthe joint effect of both but circumstances of this\\nkind have not here been minutely attended to. In\\nEurope, these local peculiarities are well understood\\nand improved, and a favoured valley, or well-ex-\\nposed slope, will possess a reputation over all others\\nin its vicinity. Observation will gradually lead us\\nto remark the best positions, and to appreciate the\\nsuperiority which certain localities intrinsically ex-\\nhibit.\\nOn the sea-coast, the winters are milder, but the\\nobnoxious east winds are more severely felt in the\\nspring than they are in the interior the whole", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "311\\ncoast of Massachusetts Bay is remarkably exposed\\nto their influence. Some compensation, however,\\nis derived for their harshness and virulence in the\\nspring, by their refreshing and salutary breezes in\\nthe summer, when they frequently allay the sultry\\nheat, and prevent it from becoming oppressive.\\nAlthough a district favourably situated, will enjoy\\nan average of climate two or three degrees better\\nthan those in its neighbourhood, yet, generally, the\\nprogress of the climate is pretty regular as you fol-\\nlow the coast of the United States, from north-east\\nto south-west. I am induced to think that our\\ngreat rivers have some connexion with the grada-\\ntions of climate that every large river you pass,\\nmakes a difference of two or three degrees in the\\naverages of the thermometer. The position of moun-\\ntains will affect the climate essentially but these\\nrivers, whose course upwards is northerly, will still,\\nin general, be lines of demarkation. The Kennebec,\\nthe Piscataqua, the Merrimac, Connecticut, Hudson,\\nand Delaware, all of which run from the north, or\\nnorth-west, will furnish some data for this theory.\\nThe difference, for instance, between Portsmouth and\\nBoston, between New-York and Philadelphia, is, in\\nboth cases, very considerable more than is produc-\\ned in other districts of wider extent, where no great\\nriver intervenes. Here there are two in each of\\nthese cases. I do not mean to give it to you as a\\npositive theory, but merely as a supposition, that\\nevery large river makes an increase of three degrees\\nin the cold of winter, at least in the extremes of it.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "S12\\nOne of the most agreeable peculiarities in our\\nclimate is a period in the autumn, called the Indian\\nSummer, it happens in October, commencing a few\\nd ays earlier or later, as the season may be. The\\ntemperature is delightful and the weather differing in\\nits character from that of any other season. The air\\nis filled with a slight haze, like smoke, which some\\npersons suppose it to be the wind is south west,\\nand there is a vernal softness in the atmosphere\\nyet the different altitude of the sun from what it\\nhas in the summer, makes it in other respects very\\nunlike that season. This singular occurrence in our\\nclimate seems to be to summer, what a vivid\\nrecollection of past joys is to the reality. The\\nIndians have some pleasing superstitions respecting\\nit, They believe that it is caused by a wind, which\\ncomes immediately from the Court of their great\\nand benevolent god Cautantowwit, or the south-\\nwestern god, the god, who is superior to all other\\nbeings, who sends them every blessing which they\\nenjoy, and to whom the souls of their fathers\\ngo after their decease.\\nThere would be no more effectual way of show-\\ning the striking differences between our climate and\\nthat of Europe, than by arranging the months in\\neach country according to their quality. The\\nsame months have a very dissimilar character.\\nGenerally speaking, the spring is finer than the\\nautumn, in Europe, which is just the reverse of\\nwhat happens in this country. Nations, through the\\nNote to Dr. Freeman s occasiooal Sermons.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "313\\ninfluence of literature, obtain from each other\\nmaxims and prejudices, that are wholly inapplicable.\\nWe are especially exposed to this, as regards your\\ncountry, from the identity of language. But\\nwhen your poets abuse November, and praise May,\\nwe cannot sympathise with them. Indeed, with\\nregard to this latter month, half the world are led\\ninto absurdity. The poets of Greece might eulo-\\ngize the month of May those of Italy might fol-\\nlow them with safety and from these two, all the\\nrest of mankind have derived the habit of talking\\nabout the charming month of May. This is\\noften ridiculous in Paris, more so, perhaps, than\\nit is at London but in this country it is a down-\\nright insult to the feelings of plain prose, and our\\nnative rhymers have seldom the indecency to praise\\na month, which is the most arrant jilt of the twelve,\\nand is so cold, deceptive, and capricious, under an\\noccasional smile it is now only practised by those,\\nwho have got their ideas and names by rote. In\\narranging the months, there may be some variation\\nin the fancy of different people but in all cases,\\nthe position of certain months would be very differ-\\nent from their rank in Europe. If I were to place\\nthem according to my own opinion of their merits,\\nthey would stand thus June, July, Se[)tember,\\nAugust, October, November, May, December,\\nJanuary, April, February, March. But there would\\nbe many different plans for marshalling them, and\\nchaos would come again, if their order were at our\\ndisposal. Fortunately, their government is be-;\\n40", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "314\\nyoud our reach we cannot stop the wheels on\\nwhich they revolve.\\nIn connexion with our climate, the appearance of\\nour atmosphere may be considered the lover of\\npicturesque beauty will find this a fruitful source of\\nit. The same inequalities will be found here, that\\ntake place in the measure of heat and cold, and\\nan equal number of contrasts and varieties. We\\nhave many of those days, when a murky vapour-\\nishness is diifused through the air, dimming the lustre\\nof the sun, and producing just such tones of light\\nand colour as would be marked in the calendar of\\nNewfoundland or the Hebrides, for a bright, fair\\nday. We have again others, in which even the\\ntransparency and purity of the tropics, and all the\\nglowing, mellow hues of Greece and Naples, are\\nblended together, to shed a hue of paradise on\\nevery object. I have already spoken of the intense\\nbrilliancy of a winter moonlight, when the air has\\na polar temperature the same brilliancy and a\\ngreater clearness is often found in the month of\\nJune, and sometimes in July, with the warmth of\\nthe Equator. There are, occasionally, in the sum-\\nmer and autumn such magical effects of light,\\nsuch a universal tone of brilliant colouring, that\\nrhe very air seems tinged and an aspect of such\\nharmonious splendour is thrown over every object,\\nthat the attention of the most indifferent is awakened,\\nand the lovers of the beautiful in nature enjoy the\\nmost lively delight. These are the kind of tints,\\nwhich even the matchless pencil of Claude vainly", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "315\\nendeavoured to imitate. They occur a few times\\nevery year, a little before sunset, under a particu-\\nlar state of the air and position of the clouds. These\\nbeautiful appearances are not so frequent indeed\\nhere, as they are at Naples all those warm and\\ndelicate colours which we see in Neapolitan pic-\\ntures, occur there more often but I have frequent-\\nly observed the hills to the south of Boston ex-\\nhibiting, towards sunset, the same exquisite hues\\nwhich Vesuvius more frequently presents, and\\nwhich the Neapolitans, in their paintings of it,\\nalways adopt. The vivid beauty which I now\\nspeak of, is rare and transient but we often enjoy\\nthe charms of a transparent atmosphere, where ob-\\njects stand in bold relief, and even distant ones\\nwill present all their lines and angles, clear and\\nsharp, from the deep distant sky, as on the shores\\nof Greece and we gaze at sunset on gorgeous\\nskies, where all the magnificence that form and\\ncolour can combine, is accumulated, to enrapture\\nthe eye, and render description hopeless.\\nThe scenery of this country will have struck you\\nat once, as very different from that of Europe\\nthis difference is partly intrinsic, and partly acci-\\ndental, arising out of the kinds and degrees of\\ncultivation. The most obvious and extensive view\\nin which it differs, is the redundancy of forest. A\\nvast forest, to a person who had never seen one,\\nwould excite almost as strong sensations, as the\\nsight of the ocean to him, who beheld it for the\\nfirst time, and in both cases, a long continuance", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "316\\nof the prospect becomes tiresome. From some of\\nour hills, the spectator looks over an expanse of\\nwoods, bounded by the horizon, and slightly che-\\nquered with cultivation. The view is grand and\\nimposing at first, but it will be more agreeable, and\\naiiord more lasting gratification, when the relative\\nproportions of wood and open ground are reversed.\\nThe most cultivated parts of these states, approach\\nthe nearest to some of the most covered parts in\\nEngland, that are not an actual forest. AVe have\\nnothing like the Downs, on your southern coast,\\nand fatiguing as an eternal forest may be, it is less\\nso than those dreary wastes, as destitute of objects,\\nas the mountain swell of the ocean. We have\\nstill so much wood, that even in the oldest cultivat-\\ned parts of the country, it is very difficult to find a\\npanoramic view of any extent, where some patches\\nof the native forest are not to be found. I know of\\nbut one exception, which is from the steeple of the\\nchurch in Ipswich in Essex, Massachusetts. This\\nis one of our oldest towns the prospect will put\\nyou in mind of the scenery of your own country\\nI need not add, that it is a very pleasing one,\\nand will repay you for the slight trouble of ascend-\\ning the steeple.\\nThe trees, though there are too many of them at\\nleast, in masses, must please the eye of an Euro-\\npean, from their variety and beauty, as well as\\nnovelty. The richness of our trees and shrubs has\\nalways excited the admiration of botanists, and the\\nlovers of landscape gardening. There can be noth-", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "317\\ning nobler, than the appearance of some of the\\noaks and beeches hi England, and the vvahiuts and\\nchestnuts in France and Italy. The vast size of\\nthese spreading trees is only surpassed by some of\\nour sycamores on the banks of the Ohio. Our\\noaks may sometimes be seen of the same size,\\nand the towering white pine and hemlock reach a\\nheight that I had never seen attained by trees in\\nEurope but, for grandeur of appearance, we\\nmust rely, in the first instance, on the American\\nelm, that has been planted for ornament. Its\\ncolour, its form, and its size, place it much before\\nthe European elm it is one of our most majestic\\ntrees. There are many varieties of it, very distinct,\\nyet not so numerous as of the oaks, walnuts, and\\nsome others. Of the former, you know we have\\nbetween thirty and forty different species, and a\\ngreat number of species exist of all our principal\\ntrees. This variety, in the hands of taste, would\\nbe made productive of the finest effects in ornamen-\\ntal planting, of which you may find more specimens\\nin your own country than in this, though only a\\npart of our riches in this way have been transplant-\\ned by your gardeners. You will remark the fresh\\nand healthy look of our forest, as well as fruit\\ntrees, compared with those of all the northern parts\\nof Europe. The humidity of that atmosphere\\nnourishes the mosses, and a green coating over the\\ntrunks and branches, that give the aspect of disease\\nand decay. You will often observe the clean and\\nsmooth bark of our trees, of all kinds among the", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "318\\nforest trees, particularly the walnut, maple, beech,\\nbirch, c. will be seen entirely free from moss or\\nrust of any kind, and their trunks form fine con-\\ntrasts with the leaves. You will have too much of\\nforest in this country, to go in pursuit of one but\\nshould you happen to visit Naushawn, one of the\\nElizabeth Islands, you will see the most beautiful\\ninsulated forests in the United States, with less of\\nthat ragged, lank look, which our native forests\\ncommonly present, from the trees struggling with\\neach other for the light, and running up to a great\\nheight, with few or no branches but this one ex-\\nhibits the tufted, rounded masses, which are found\\nin the groves of your parks.\\nYou will be almost ready to exclaim, with the\\ncapricious fair one in Pope, O odious, odioUs\\ntrees, but you must have patience a moment\\nlonger, while 1 mention a peculiarity which you\\nwill witness in autumn, that will affect a lover of\\nlandscape scenery, like yourself, on seeing it the\\nfirst time, with surprise as well as delight. The\\nrich and mellow tints of the forest, at that season\\nof the year, have often furnished subjects for the\\npainter and the poet, in Europe but it will hard-\\nly prepare you for the sights our woods exhibit. I\\nhave never seen a representation of them attempted\\nin painting it would probably be grotesque. Be-\\nsides all the shades of brown and green, which you\\nhave in European trees, there are the most brilliant\\nand glaring colours, bright yellow, and scarlet,\\nfor instance, not merely on single leaves, but in\\nM", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "319\\nmasses of whole trees, with all their foliage thus\\ntinged. I do not know that it has ever been ac-\\ncounted for it may perhaps, be owing to the frosts\\ncoming earlier here than in Europe, and falling on\\nthe leaves, while the sap is yet copious, before they\\nhave begun to dry up and fall off. However this\\nmay be, the colouring is wonderful the walnut\\nis turned to the brightest yellow, the maple, to\\nscarlet, c. Our trees put on this harlequin dress\\nabout the first of October. I leave to your imagi-\\nnation, which can never reach the reality, to fancy\\nthe appearance of such scenes as you may behold\\nat this season a cloudless sky, and transparent\\natmosphere, a clear blue lake, with meadows of\\nlight, delicate green, backed by hills and dales, of\\nthese parti-coloured, gorgeous forests, are often\\ncombined, to form the most enchanting views.*\\nThe reader who has any relic of veneration for Pomona and the Hama-\\ndryads, will excuse this supplementary note. We have several individual trees\\nthat are remarkable, I can only mention two or three. In Salem, there is a\\npear tree still producing fruit, that was planted by Governor Endicott in his gar-\\nden in 1630, and which is now owned by his descendants. At Sagadahoc in\\nMaine, when the French had a footing in 1689, there is an apple tree with some\\nremains of life, amidst the ruins of their dwellings. The trunk is nearly the size\\nof a hogshead and entirely hollow. It was almost a century after before any\\napple trees were planted in the neighbouring country. In Hartford the oak yet\\nstands, in which the Connecticut charter was secreted, during the disastrous admin-\\nistration of Andross, when all the New-England charters were taken away. Gov-\\nernor And ross went to Hartford to obtain the charter of Connecticut when the\\nCouncil were assembled with Audioss in ihe evening, whilethe destined victim was\\nlying on the table, the lights were suddenly extinguished. Captain Wadsworth\\nseized the Charter and hid it in this tree, which even then, in 1692, was hollow\\nwith age. This tree forms an appropriate counterpart to the royal oak of En-\\ngland. The most celebrated of all our trees however, was the Liberty tree in\\nBoston, which fell a sacrifice to party vengeance, and was cut down when the\\nRritish troops got possession of the town. It was an elm of vast size of whick", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "320\\nThough you will not find in this country, any\\nof those extensive districts of uninterrupted cultiva-\\ntion, which are so common in Europe; and though\\nthere is such a predominance of forest in our sce-\\nnery, still there are situations presenting a noble\\nappearance of fertile soil and productive agriculture.\\nThe beautiful river Connecticut, as it glides by\\nsome of the handsomest villages in Vermont, New-\\nHampshire, Massachusetts, and the state to which\\nit gives a name, is, through almost its whole extent,\\nbordered with fertile banks in high cultivation.\\nThese lands, those at least that are within reach of\\nthe river floods, have here the common appellation\\nof intervale. This species of land, on all our rivers,\\nis the most valuable we possess, and gives peren-\\nnially the most exuberant crops. There are some\\nextended tracts of it near Northampton, for exam-\\nple, which rival the aspect of the richest plains in\\nFlanders or Italy.\\nAlmost the whole of New-England is a region\\nof gentle hill and dale, except where in the northern\\nor western parts it rises into mountains. The\\nwhole surface is chequered with cultivation, ex-\\ncepting some portions of Maine. The practice of\\nthe country is not to build in compact villages, as\\nin Europe, but the dwellings and farms are scatter-\\nonly the sturap remains. Many transactions leading to the revolution took\\nplace beneath it. Trees in various places in this country and Europe, were\\nnamed after it in France at one time every municipality had one, but in tliat\\ncountry they never flourished and 6nally perished root and branch under Napo-\\nleon. Their fate as usual was commemorated with a calembourg, tmtranslatea-\\nble. Dt lous les arbres de la liberte il n en reste plus gut l^ecorce-", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "321\\ned along the roads. You would not get a correct\\nidea of the population of the country, in passing\\nthrough it by the mail roads. These are generally\\nthe turnpikes that have been made within a few\\nyears, and connect the principal towns by the\\nshortest routes passing in strait lines over rocky\\nhills, and through swamps, offering no marks of\\ncultivation or inhabitants, even in the midst of\\na populous section, while the old public roads in\\nthe vicinity, which were established with little re-\\nference to the shortest lines between remote places,\\nwind their way through a long line of continuous\\nfarms and dwellings. The general good that was\\neduced from these turnpikes, was, in the opinion of\\nsome persons, out of seeming evil. When the\\nspirit for this kind of improvement was very rife\\nin Massachusetts, a farmer, who had come to op-\\npose the petition for a turnpike, was standing\\noutside the bar of the representatives chamber,\\nwhile a gentleman was talking with another about\\nthe purchase of a farm. He took part in the con-\\nversation, without any introduction, a circumstance\\nnot wholly unexampled in this country, and addres-\\nsing himself to the person who contemplated mak-\\ning a purchase You talk. Sir, of buying a\\nfarm Yes, Sir. Do you wish to have it on a\\nhigh road, where the traveller will pass your house\\nCertainly I do. Well, Sir, then do you go right\\ninto the middle of the woods, and begin a farm any\\nwhere, and it is an even chance that you will have\\na turnpike by your house in a year or two but if\\n41", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "522\\nyou fix yoursell* on any established roaJ, where the\\nmail and public travelling passes, I vow it will be\\ntaken from you, before you have got warm in your\\nhouse.\\nThe most pleasing of our rural scenes, and which\\nare frequently met with, are composed of the fol~\\nlowing materials a farm-house shaded with two\\nor three spreading elms, large barns, for not only\\nthe grain and the hay, (which are stacked in Eu-\\nrope,) but where all our animals, are housed, an\\nextensive orchard, one or two fields of that noble\\nplant, the Indian corn, beautiful in all its stages a\\nsmall brook with a green meadow and within\\nsight, if not adjoining, the woodland that supplies\\nthe common fuel of the country.\\nOur picturesque objects of an artificial kind, are\\nvastly fewer than those in older countries. The\\ntotal absence of ruins, deprives us of what is an\\nabundant source of associations in Europe. No\\nartist could be reconciled to this deficiency, and in\\ntruth we have no other way to turn the edge of\\nreproach on this account, than by boldly assuming,\\nthat the landscape is better without them that\\nthe sight of these grisly, hideous remains, conjure\\nup the ideas of baronial oppression, feudal slavery,\\nand monkish delusion that in those mouldering\\ndungeons were formerly immured the victims of\\npriestly or lordly tyranny and those ruined walls\\nonce protected a few lawless despots, who carried\\non a petty but cruel warfare for personal revenge,\\nand held a wretched peasantry in abject depen-", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "323\\ndence that they recall times of ignorance and\\nmisrule, of barbarism and murder, and awaken\\npainful recollections in the midst of the most smiling\\nscenery that in this happy region of freedom,\\nwhere no slave exists, and no oppression ever dwelt,\\nthe earth is encumbered with no mark or trophy of\\ndespotism no monument attests a period of ante-\\nrior degradation, and wherever the eye turns, it\\nbeholds the unpolluted soil of liberty\\nIf this ranting will not do, I must frankly give\\nup the point, and acknowledge our want of this\\nclass of objects. There is another of a humbler\\nand more pleasing kind, that are also rarely found\\nhere I mean the straw roofed cottage, the latticed\\nwindow, the antique mansion, the ivied church.\\nHere and there an old farm-house may be found, that\\nwould serve a painter s turn, and frequently a dis-\\ntant steeple peeps over the trees, that has a pleasing\\neffect, till you come near the building it belongs to,\\nwhen all idea of the picturesque is at once annihi-\\nlated. Our houses are plain, square, regular things,\\nsuggesting at once that our carpenters are good\\nworkmen, and that the country is in a flourishing\\nstate, which is so spotted over with white painted\\ndwellings. An artist could seldom get a study\\nmto his port- folio from one of these habitations.\\nIn the paucity of subjects of this nature, 1 may\\nmention one that is fast disappearing. This is the\\nw^ell-post, where a crotched tree is made to support\\na slender pole, from one end of which hangs the\\nrod and bucket over the well, and balanced by a", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "324\\nlog or a few stones fastened to the other.* A con-\\ntrivance of this kind, which goes back to the primi-\\ntive ages of the world, rn ay still be found attached\\nto some old farm-houses but in this case I believe\\nthe house will almost always be of one story, or in\\nthe old manner of building, with two stories in\\nfront, and a long roof, sloping down to one behind.\\nThese rude machines are fast giving way to\\npumps or aqueducts, which are doubtless more\\nconvenient. The science of hydraulics has done\\nmuch for the comfort of mankind, but it has done\\naway one of the simplest, and one of the grandest,\\nclasses of artificial objects. The rural well-pole,\\nwhich a few rude hands can erect, and the colossal\\naqueduct, still displaying some of the noblest efforts\\nof Roman grandeur, are both superseded by the\\nsimplest principle of that science.\\nThe mountain scenery of this country is inferior\\nto that of Europe, not only in elevation and mas-\\nsiveness, but in beauty and grandeur of outline.\\nWe have nothing in these respects to compare with\\nthe Pyrennees and the Alps. The highest moun-\\ntains in the whole region of North America, on the\\nAtlantic side, are in the state of New-Hampshire\\nthese which are modestly called the White Hills,\\ndo not rise above 6000 feet. The mountains of\\nVermont and Massachusetts do not exceed 4000\\nfeet. These mountains cannot fail of exhibiting\\nDr. Clarke in his travels has a vignette containing a well-pole in Norway,\\ncoeval with the earliest ages of .Scandinavia, and exactly reseiubling those near\\nold farm houses in New \u00c2\u00a3ngland.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "325\\nsome grand and beautiful scenery, but still not equal\\nto that of the European continent. The outline of\\nour mountains is more rounding, and tamer, what is\\nsignificantly termed, hog-back there are fewer of\\nthose astounding precipices, of those deep and\\ngloomy ravines, of those abrupt elevations, and\\ntowering peaks and the sublimity of the eternal\\nglaciers of Mont-Blanc must always be wanting.\\nIt must be remembered, however, that all the\\ntreasures of our mountains have not been laid open\\nthey have been very partially explored by the\\nartist or the man of science. It is but recently that\\ntheir height was accurately ascertained. Their in-\\nterior has been little examined their exterior rarely\\nportrayed. They may possess mines of wealth for\\nthe mineralogist and the artist, which future efforts\\nwill develope.\\nAfter admitting the inferiority of our mountain\\nlandscape generally to that of Europe, we may be\\nallowed to bring forward our water scenerv, in\\nwhich the United States possess a decided superi-\\nority. From the vast cataract of Niagara down to\\nthe smallest cascade from our ocean lakes to the\\ndelightful ponds of water, that embellish almost\\nevery part of the eastern states, there is no form of\\ngrandeur or beauty that may not be discovered.\\nWaterfalls are very abundant. Our streams are\\nremarkable for flowing over different levels: not\\na brook or a river but precipitates itself more than\\nonce between its source and its receptacle. Our\\nrivers are navigable for long distances, after their", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "326\\ncourse is interrupted by falls, which naturally grow\\nmore and more numerous as they are ascended. A\\nwaterfall in Europe, is the most uncommon of all\\nthe ingredients of landscape. The falls of the\\nRhine, which attract the admiration of so many\\ntravellers, would hardly engage observation among\\nthe numbers, that surpass them here. Two-thirds\\nof the course of our rivers would be useless to trans-\\nportation, were it not for locks and canals while\\nin Europe, the Thames, the Seine, the Loire, the\\nGaronne, the Danube, and many others, may be\\nascended from their estuaries almost to their sour-\\nces, without meeting a single cascade.\\nIt is difficult to single out of such a number, the\\nfalls that are most worthy of your observation.\\nThe Kennebeck, Androscoggin, Saco, Merrimac,\\nConnecticut, with their tributaries, and many\\nstreams of inferior note, will offer you specimens.\\nIn some instances, the road is carried over bridges\\nso near to waterfalls, that the traveller is deafened\\nby their noise, and sometimes moistened with their\\nspray the Pawtucket, in Rhode-Island, the Saco\\nand Androscoggin, in Maine, are instances among\\nmany others. None of these falls are very remar-\\nkable for their height in any one leap, but are\\ngenerally from ten to twenty or thirty feet, yet are,\\nin several rivers, repeated at short distances. In\\nmany cases the natural beauties are defaced, by\\nthe mills they support but there are others where\\nthe effect is heightened in this latter class, two\\nor three of the cascades on Charles s River may be", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "327\\nuieiitioned, and the most beautiful of these, what\\nare called the Upper Falls in Newton, a few miles\\nfrom Boston, exhibit a piece of scenery worth\\nvisiting.\\nNext in beauty to falls of water, is the class of\\nlake scenery, where our possessions are, if possible,\\nstill more extensive and with the same moderation\\nthat we call our mountains, hills, we call our lakes,\\nponds. There are several extensive sheets of\\nwater, but only three that are commonly called\\nlakes; Champhiin in Vermont, Winipiseogee in\\nNew-Hampshire and Moosehead in Maine. Lake\\nGeorge is the most beautiful lake in the whole\\ncountry; it is just without our limits, in the state\\nof New-York it was called by the French the\\nLake of the Holy Sacrament, from the extreme\\nlimpidness of its waters. This quality, for which\\nit is very remarkable, joined to the mountainous\\ncharacter of its shores, and innumerable islands,\\nenables it to vie with any other in the world in\\nbeautiful effect. On a smaller scale, we have num-\\nbers of these lakes that form exquisite pictures,\\nthey are to be found every where, sometimes show-\\ning a bright gleam in the midst of a dark untouched\\nforest, and reflecting no living forms, save those of\\nsome wild bird or animal, and in other situations,\\nsurrounded by meadows and farms. You may\\nform some idea how many of these ponds may be\\nfound, when told that within a dozen miles of Bos-\\nton there are more than twenty of them, and in\\nPlymouth County, Massachusetts, not of very great", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "328\\nextent, there are said to be sixty. There are only\\na few instances, in which the beautiful sites on their\\nborders have been taken up for country residences\\nbut the advantages they offer to the eye of taste are\\ninnumerable and where they are surrounded by\\nhigh ground, there is no evil in being near them.\\nSome of our most beautiful villas will yet be created\\non their shores.\\nOne peculiar spot in the vicinity of Boston you\\nmust not omit visiting, if you are fond of marine\\nscenery and what islander, and from your island\\ntoo, is not animated by the sight of the ocean\\nThere is a remarkable promontory, called, in old\\nmaps, the Great Nahant, nine miles from Boston\\nby water, and fifteen by land. A peninsula of\\nvery irregular outlisie and surface, five or six miles\\nin circumference, is united by a beach of a mile and\\na quarter long to the coast, from which it projects\\nso as to form a right angle with it. The upper\\npart of this beach is composed of loose sand and\\nstones where the water fiows, it is quite compact,\\nand at low tide a dozen carriages may pass abreast\\non the sand, which appears smooth as a mirror, and\\nso hard, that the horse s hoof scarcely leaves a\\nmark. There is also another beach of the same\\ndescription, about one-third the length of the first;\\nnothing can be finer than a ride over these smooth,\\nhard courses, while the surf is rolling up and burst-\\ning in foam alongside, that runs and recedes under\\nthe horse s feet, as if in sport. The coast of this\\npeninsula is defended from the fury of the sea, by", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "329\\nmasses of ragged precipitous rocks, which at the\\nsontherii extremities overhang it at the height of\\nmore than a hundred feet. There are half a dozen\\nfarm houses, which afford the only places of shelter\\nit can hardly be called entertainment to great\\nnumbers who frequent the spot for bathing, fishaig,\\nor shooting.\\nIt is surprising that this place should have been\\nso long destitute of all tolerable accommodation for\\nvisiters. It might be one of the most delightful sea-\\nbathing places in the world to such as are fond of\\nfishing, its shores afford endless sport. Some\\ngentlemen have turned their attention to it of late,\\nand it may soon become a place of great resort.\\nOn the whole coast of the United States, at least\\nfrom Portland to the southern side of the Mexican\\nGulf, there is not such a promontory as this. It\\npresents some of the finest marine views that can\\nbe seen. One of its accompaniments, a league\\ndistant, is called Egg-rock, from being the home of\\nvast numbers of birds, who make their nests upon\\nit its shape and colours are highly picturesque.\\nNahant commands a prospect over a large part\\nof the bay of Massachusetts, with the finest portion\\nof its shores it approaches so near to the lower\\nharbour of Boston, as almost to form one of its\\ndefences overseeing all its islands and channels\\nthe forts, with the town itself, rising in the back\\nground. The seascape here is always interesting\\nthe materials for a picture abundant in the first\\nplace, the ocean, whose incessant movement and\\n42", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "330\\nboundless expanse engage the mind in reve-\\nries the extensive shores, various in their ap-\\npearance, and spotted over with towns, villages,\\nand groves the islands and the disastrous rocks,\\nof which there are several to excite the dread of\\nmariners the light-houses, which always raise\\nagreeable associations in the mind, being one of\\nthe few objects that are erected, in a spirit of\\nuniversal comity, for the common good of all man-\\nkind and, lastly, a gay animation is thrown over\\nthe whole, by the scene being interspersed with\\nnumerous vessels of all kinds, which lead the specta-\\ntor, who overlooks the entrance of a great com-\\nmercial mart, to sympathize in imagination with\\nsome of the liveliest joys and regrets of the human\\nmind, the sensations that are passing in the bosoms\\nof those before him, in the outward and the\\nhomeward bound, the grief of departure, the\\nexultation of return. The south-east point of the\\npeninsula resembles very strongly the picture in the\\ntravels of Anacharsis, of Cape Sunium near Athens\\nonly that the beautiful temple on the brink of the\\nGrecian Cape, whose harmonious architecture con-\\ntrasts so strikingly with the rude rocks beneath it, is\\nhere wanting. Perhaps hereafter, when Nahant shall\\npossess a handsome marine village, and become the\\nsummer residence of many families, a church may\\nbe raised on these rocks to the worship of that\\neternal God, who alone spreads out the heavens^ aiid\\nrules the raging of the sea.\\nIn travelling through the country, you will see\\ncultivation in all its different stages, from the rude", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "331\\niog-house of those who have just commenced an\\nestablishment in the midst of the forest, to farms in\\nthe older districts, that have been cultivated for\\nnearly two centuries. You will see a country\\nalmost every where susceptible of profitable cultiva-\\ntion, with but a few spots absolutely sterile, and\\nsome of the highest fertility. The surface is agree-\\nably variegated, and copiously watered; and no\\nwhere those dreary wastes, like the heaths and\\ndowns of Europe. There are considerable tracts,\\non the sea coast however, where the soil is full as\\nmeagre as that of the heaths they are now kept\\nfor woodland. If ever this wood is suffered to run\\nout, these spots will become perfectly barren.\\nYou will rarely perceive any marks of decay, but\\nalmost every where the indications of prosperity\\ngradually increasing. This aspect of general com-\\nfort and happiness, will be a substitute for the want\\nof many interesting objects that are found in Europe,\\nand which are too often accompanied with appear-\\nances of misery. Though you will behold no\\nmagnificent castles or villas, you will find, every\\nwhere, substantial dwellings, and more appearances\\nof wealth, than displays of taste. In the vicinity\\nof the larger towns, there are many handsome\\ncountry seats, laid out on those principles, which\\nwe have borrowed from you, and which ornament\\nevery part of your island. Our improvements in\\nthis way are most of them recent, and taken from\\nyour country, from which we have derived so much,\\nand towards which we should feel so much affec-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "332\\ntiou, if political animosities did not interfere, to\\nexasperate the passions. This taste is not yet\\ngenerally spread, but will soon make its way, and\\nthen the number of fences that surround the better\\nkind of dwellings, and are intended to be ornamen-\\ntal, though they have an awkward look, and are\\nvery troublesome to keep in order, will be replaced\\nby Jiedgcs, lawns, and shrubberies.\\nThere is almost an instinctive dislike to forest\\ntrees, in many of our farmers, and they seldom con-\\nsider them as an ornament. This feeling naturally\\narose out of the difficulty of clearing a piece of\\nland from its original forests. In those who com-\\nmenced their farms with this kind of labour, the\\nfeeling can hardly be eradicated, and the habit of\\nconsidering trees as a kind of nuisance, which ought\\nto be destroyed, became general. It is not uncom-\\nmon, therefore, to find a farmer cut down oaks\\nthat were near his house, and plant Lombardy\\npoplars, as more ornamental. The increasing value\\nof wood, and the example of better taste, will\\ngradually prevent the repetition of similar absurdi-\\nties. We have, however, to guard against too servile\\nan imitation of your style of landscape gardening.\\nThe circumstances of the country are different, and\\nthe great beauties that grow out of contrast, must\\nbe produced in other ways. In Europe, where the\\ncountry is universally cultivated, its unvaried aspect\\nis fatiguing, and therefore the gardeners resort to\\nthick plantations, and continued belts of trees\\nbut here, where there is already too much of forest", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "333\\nin the scenery, it should only be attempted to have\\na sufficient degree of shade for shelter, and the\\nview of cultivated grounds rather assisted than\\nprevented a discriminating taste will be governed\\nby these circumstances.\\nYou must not expect the park-like appearance of\\nyour own country you must not look for that suc-\\ncession of neat fields, ornamented grounds, pictur-\\nesque plantations, and perfect tillage, with which\\nwealth, taste, and agricultural skill, have almost\\ncovered the surface of England but if you will\\nlook with candour on a young country, indulge\\ncheerful sensations at its improving state, which\\nwill every where appear if you will not be disap-\\npointed at seeing no vestiges of remote antiquity,\\nor any of those splendid establishments great\\nwealth can produce if your mind can be satisfied\\nwith frequent combinations of the loveliest natural\\nscenery, you will find a tour through many parts\\nof this section of the Union, to be attended with\\nsrreat satisfaction.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "334\\nLETTER XIY.\\nHARVARD UNIVERSITY.\\nMv DEAR Friend,\\nYou make some inquiries respecting our colleges.\\nI cannot give jou accurate details about many of\\nthem but a general account of the oldest, and the\\none I am best acquainted with, may answer your\\npurpose if you wish for more minute information,\\nit will be readily obtained by addressing yourself to\\nsome of the gentlemen connected with it. Their\\nplan of education is nearly the same, and the choice\\nto be made, must depend on various considerations.\\nLocal convenience and economy are the general\\nmotives that send most of the students to all these\\ncolleges, in preference, to those at Cambridge and\\nNew-Haven. The students who come from a dis-\\ntance, are almost exclusively entered at one of these\\nplaces, which, as they are the oldest, so they also\\npossess the greatest number of professors, and the\\nlargest apparatus for study.\\nOur colleges were established without reference\\nto any general system. Each state has at least\\none in some, there are two or three. The Theo-\\nlogical College at Andover, in Massachusetts, is", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "335\\nsolely devoted to students in divinity, who are pre-\\nparing for the Christian ministry in tlie others,\\nall the chief branches of learning are taught, but\\nonly one of them, that at Cambridge, is strictly\\nentitled to the name of University, and though it\\nhas long borne the appellation, it is but recently\\nthat it could be really so considered. Yale College,\\nat New-Haven, has derived a high reputation, from\\nthe distinguished abilities of some of its late and\\npresent instructors but neither its persomteV^ nor\\nmaterieP are sufficiently complete, to make it a\\nuniversity. It is, however, a very flourishing insti-\\ntution, and counts, among its students, youths from\\nall parts of the United States. I am not qualified to\\ngo into a particular description of it but some of\\nthe remarks I shall offer you upon Harvard Uni-\\nversity, will apply to this, and all our other col-\\nleges.\\nOne principle is common to all these establish-\\nments, and which will prevent any of them becom-\\ning truly a university, until it is changed this is,\\nthe early age at which the students are admitted.\\nSome of them are so young, that they are brought\\nto the study of the moral and physical sciences,\\nbefore their minds are matured enough, to derive\\nany lasting advantage from it. This was owing,\\noriginally, to the circumstances of the country.\\nLittle more was intended, than to make these col-\\nleges a place were the learned languages might be\\nacquired, and the students merely initiated in the\\nstudy of the sciences. We were too young, too", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "336\\npoor, liad too much rough labour to perform, were\\ntoo much in a hurrj to conunence the active busi-\\nness of hfe, to be able to devote the time necessary\\nto a thorough school and university education. We\\nare preparing, gradually, to raise the scale of ed-\\nucation, by prolonging its period. At Yale College,\\nno student is received under fifteen, and the requi-\\nsites for admission into Harvard University have\\nbeen progressively increased, so that few now enter\\nthere under that age, much the larger proportion\\nis considerably above it.\\nThe plan of education in these seminaries, is\\npartly that of a school, partly that of an university.\\nAll the four classes attend recitations before their\\ndifferent tutors and professors, as in a school and\\nalso attend the various courses of lectures of the\\nprofessors, as in an university. The recitations are,\\nhowever, most frequent for the freshmen and so-\\nphomores the juniors and seniors attend to a great-\\ner number of lectures. This frequency of recita-\\ntion is occasioned principally by the study of the\\nlanguages. The system of education will be more\\ncomplete, when the study of the languages, so far,\\nat least, as it is a boyish study, shall be completed\\nat school and the student, when he comes to the\\nuniversity, shall pursue them only under the guid-\\nance of enlarged and philosophic criticism, to relish\\nthe beauties of the ancient poets, philosophers and\\nhistorians, and form his taste and style on the mo-\\ndels they present. The student may then be loosed\\nfrom the trammels of constant recitation, which", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "337\\nmay be compared to the fatigue of sailing in a con-\\nvoy, where the dullest sailer regulates the speed of\\nthe whole fleet. If he comes perfectly fitted in the\\ngrammar, and in rendering the classics, and has got\\nthrough the first stages of some other studies,\\nwhich can hardly be done before sixteen, he will be\\nof a suitable age to commence the higher branches\\nof learning, and following the various courses of\\nlectures, and studying their subjects at the same\\ntime, he will advance faster than by the present\\nsystem. Another advantage, also, will be gained\\nhe will be allowed greater liberty of selectin-r\\nthe studies most congenial to his taste and destina-\\ntion in life. It is one evil attending plans of reci-\\ntation, if too far extended, that students are forced\\nto give their attention to studies, for which they\\nhave no degree of capacity, which can be of no\\nuse to them in their intended career, and for which,\\ntherefore, they naturally feel a great repugnance,\\nand often oblige their instructors to wink at their\\ndeficiency. A mixture of the two modes of in-\\nstruction, by recitation and by lectures, seems the\\nbest, because these recitations are a frequent check\\non the students, and operate, like an examination,\\nto secure their attention. The question is on the\\ndue proportion of each method.\\nHarvard College was founded in 1638, and took\\nits name from a clergyman, who gave a liberal sum\\nto promote it. An establishment of this kind, at\\nso early a period, is strongly characteristic of our\\nancestors. The motto of its arms, Christo et Ec-\\n43", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "338\\nelesicB^ points out their leading uiotive,- to raise\\nup ministers of the gospel it has fulfilled their in-\\ntentions, by producing several hundred clergymen,\\nmany of whom were distinguished for their piety and\\ntheir learning. The literature of this country, to\\nsay nothing of religion and morality, owes more to\\nthem than to any one or indeed, I may say, all\\nthe other professions together. At its commence-\\nment, it was under the direction of excellent\\nscholars from the English universities, and as a\\nschool for the languages, and the divinity of that\\nday, it grew at once into eminence. It was always\\na favourite object with our enlightened citizens, to\\nincrease its prosperity and its growth was slow-\\nly, but steadily developing, as the country ad-\\nvanced. It continued in a flourishing state up to\\nthe period of the Kevolution. As a classical school,\\nit was not greatly inferior to those of England\\nand the Latin and Greek poems there produced, on\\nthe accession of George the Third to the throne,\\nmay stand a competition with similar effusions from\\nthe English colleges, on the same occasion. The\\nRevolution affected it very sensibly. In that peri-\\nod of embarrassment, danger and uncertainty, its\\nprogress was interrupted, and its interests suffer-\\ned in the general distress of the country. The\\nbreed of thorough, classical scholars, disappeared,\\n-^and we are only now beginning to produce a\\nnew race, that can vie wntli those who existed\\nfifty years ago. What is called learning, in the", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "339\\nnarrow use of the term, received a fatal blow.\\nThose who had it, died without successors the\\ncourse of instruction was broken up, and as there\\nwere no longer profound masters, there could be only\\nsuperficial scholars. The evils of such an interrup-\\ntion are slowly repaired its effects were shown for\\nmore than a generation. The change has been\\ngreat and animating within a few years the pre-\\nparatory schools are greatly improved. The re-\\nsources of all kinds, the talents, the administration\\nof the university, stand much higher, and if they\\nshould go on for the next, in the same ratio that\\nthey have for the last fifteen years, its most zeal-\\nous friends will be amply gratified.\\nThis institution is a perpetual corporation its\\nmanagement is vested in three bodies, called the\\nGovernment^ the Corporatio7i, and the Board of\\niOverseers. The first is composed of the college\\nofficers president, professors, c., who have the\\ncare of the immediate police of the university, the\\ncontrol of the students, the direction of their studies,\\nrewards and punishments, c. the second consists\\nof six gentlemen, who have the power of filling\\ntheir own vacancies they have the charge of the\\nfinancial concerns of the institution, the choice of\\nthe president, professors, c. the third is a numer-\\nous body, composed of the executive and senate of\\nthe state for the time being, certain clergymen of\\nBoston or the neighbouring towns, and some other\\ngentlemen who have been elected into the body,", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "340\\nwhich consists of more than ei2;hty members. They\\nhave a negative on the choice of all officers by the\\ncorporation they form an honorary board, who\\nhave a right of revision, and may resort to it oa\\nextreme occasions but they sehJom take an active\\npart in the concerns of the university.\\nThe immediate college government is composed\\nof the president, professors, tutors and librarian.\\nThe president is also a member of both the\\nother boards he is not engaged in any branch of\\ninstruction when the person who fills the place is\\na clergyman, he occasionally preaches in the chapel,\\nand says the morning and evening prayers. The\\nprofessors are most of them married, and reside in\\ntheir own houses the tutors, regents, and proctors,\\nhave rooms in the college halls, where they can\\nexercise a close watchfulness over the students.\\nSeveral of the professors, who are no otherwise\\nengaged in the instruction, than by delivering an\\nannual course of lectures, reside in the capital, and\\nas the distance is only three miles, they can attend\\nto their duty without inconvenience. The president\\nhas a house, and about 3000 dollars a year a\\npart of the professors have houses furnished them,\\nand their salaries are from five hundred to two\\nthousand dollars. The tutors have their rooms,\\nand about 800 dollars a year. The professors take\\nthe following branches, theology, mathematics,\\nand natural philosophy oriental languages, anato-\\nmy, and surgery theory and practice of medicine,\\nmateria medica, chemistry, natural history, rhetoric,\\nand oratory logic, metaphysics, and ethics Latin.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "341\\nGreek, Greek literature, sacred literature, and\\njii! iSifrudence on the application of the sciences\\nto the arts natural theolog}^, moral philosophy,\\nand civil polity; polite literature and French and\\nSpanish languages. In addition to these seventeen\\nprofessors, \\\\vhi( h are liere placed in the order in\\nwhich the foundations were made, there are two or\\nthree tutors, librarian, French instructor, c.\\nThe professors of latin and greek, of logic and\\nmetaphysics, do not give lectures, but only hear\\nrecitations. Many of the other professors only give\\nlectures some do both. The lectures connected\\nwith the medical department, are given at Cam-\\nbridge, in a way to suit the purposes of those stu-\\ndents who may wish to gain some general know-\\nledge in those branches, without intending to devote\\nthemselves to the profession in the course of\\nanatomy, therefore, only some very exquisite wax,\\nand other jjreparations, are made use of; the same\\nprofessors give a course of lectures annually at the\\n]\\\\ledical College in Boston, expressly to physicians\\nand medical students. Attendance upon some of\\nthe courses is confined to the two upper classes,\\nwho pay no particular fee to the professor, and\\nother persons may attend them on paying a small\\nfee. Taking all these lectures together, 1 doubt\\nwhether any establishment in the world can boast\\nof more ability, on the whole, than will be found\\nhere. Among the recent professorships, some of\\nthem are filled by men who were first sent abroad,\\nat the expense of the institution, to visit differeni", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "342\\nparts of Europe, to examine the various systems of\\nteaching, and reside for a time at some of the\\nprincipal universities, attend their courses of lectures,\\naivd bring home the knowledge of their forms of\\ninstruction, tliat we might derive some improvement\\nfrom them all.\\nThe revenues of the establishment, from all\\nsources, amount to more than ;^30,000 a year. The\\nproperty, besides seven edifices of brick, and one\\nof stone, which contain a chapel, dining halls,\\nlibraries, lecture rooms, philosophical and chemical\\ninstruments, anatomical preparations, and lodging\\nrooms, consists in dwelling houses for the instructors,\\nand other estates in different places. The library\\nis a very valuable, though not very extensive one\\nit contains upwards of 25,000 volumes, some of\\nthem books of the most rare description. The\\nphilosophical apparatus is by far the most elegant\\nin the United States, and in the branches of electri-\\ncity and astronomy, contains many costly and\\nbeautiful instruments. The chemical laboratory is\\nprovided, with all that is requisite for experiments,\\nafter the most recent imjjrovements. The medical\\nlibrary and anatomical preparations are extensive.\\nThe botanic garden was formed with great care and\\nexpense. There is also a small, but chosen collec-\\ntion of minerals, a few pictures, chiefly portraits,\\nc. c. It must be recollected, that most of these\\nthings have been obtained very recently. The\\nlibrary itself is not more than sixty years old, since\\ntlie ancient library was unfortunately burnt in 1760.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "343\\nif the number of books could be doubled by a care-\\nful selection, laying aside the innumerable volumes\\nthat have been superseded by modern discoveries,\\nthis library would leave very few desiderata for tlie\\nlovers of art or science.\\nThe studies comprise the English, Latin, and\\nGreek languages, and Hebrew or French one or\\nboth at the option of the student. History and the\\nbelles-lettres, and almost every branch of moral and\\nphysical science, are also taught to all the students.\\nThe instruction is all public, and there are no pri-\\nvate tutors, except occasionally, some individual is\\nallowed to give lessons in the languages, c. The\\nstudents go through an annual examination. There\\nare two or three exhibitions, and the annual com-\\nmencement, when public exercises are assigned to\\nthe best scholars, the principal purpose of which, is\\nto keep up a spirit of emulation. Students may\\nenter any of the classes if they can pass the requi-\\nsite examination, but they almost all enter fresh-\\nmen two or three perhaps in each class enter\\nsophomores, and very rarely in a higher standing.\\nIt is considered more advantageous, to go through\\nthe regular period of four years. At the end of\\nthis time they receive a degree of Bachelor of Arts,\\nand three years afterwards, as a matter of course,\\nif they apply for it, a degree of Master. The\\nnumber of students is commonly about 250. The\\nresident graduates have increased of late years,\\nand are now 50 or 60. The expense of an educa-\\ntion at this seminary, for lodging and instruction.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "344\\nis about one thousand dollars for the whole term of\\nfour years. The private expenses will be accord-\\ning to the discretion of the parent or g^uardian.\\nThere are several little aids given to poor scholars,\\nto assist them in their necessary disbursements.\\nThere are some improvements to be made, which\\nwill tend to raise the character, and enlarge the\\nutility of this establishment. One of these is, to\\nmultiply the imndier of resident graduates. This\\nwill enlarge the society, and excite sympathy and\\nemulation among youns; men whose minds are\\nmatiu ed, and who can attend the lectures and\\npursue the particular studies they prefer, without\\nthe restrictions necessarily imposed on under gra-\\nduates. The standard of education will become\\nhigher, if the three years between the two degrees\\nare devoted to a course of liberal study, to accom-\\nplishing the mind with general know ledge, before\\nit is exclusively given up to one particular profes-\\nsion. The studejits in divinity and law, as well as\\nall young men whose fortune prevents the necessity\\nof their choosing a profession, would be greatly\\nbenefited by a studious residence here of two or\\nthree years. The students in medicine are more\\ndesirous of being in a large town, as their studies\\nare so closely connected with practice. The great-\\nest number of resident graduates at present are di-\\nvinity students the law s(;hool is of recent foun-\\ndation but it will add very much to the character\\nof young men, if they |)ass two or three years at\\nCambridge in the study of polite literature, philoso-", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "345\\nphy, and the elementary parts of law, before they\\nplunge into the narrow details of an attorney s\\npractice.\\nAnother improvement would be, a strict examina-\\ntion of the students, before receiving their degrees\\nand making honorary distinctions among them, ac-\\ncording to their merits, as is done in the English\\nuniversities. These distinctions should be designat-\\ned in the catalogue. As it is, the dull and the neg-\\nligent stand on the same line with the gifted and\\nthe studious. This would stimulate all emulous\\nminds to strive for this permanent mark of distinc-\\ntion. The officers of college now very justly com-\\nplain, tliat in the last quarter of the senior year the\\nstudent is more listless, and profits less, than in any\\nother part of his career. This measure would cer-\\ntainly change it, into the most studious and atten-\\ntive in the whole period of a college life.\\nA branch of instruction, which has been shame-\\nfully neglected, (the word, I own, is a harsh one,)\\nhas been oratory, or rather, elocution. Every\\nperson who has attended a college exhibition, would\\nsee, with disgust, more than half the exhibiters\\nspeak their parts in such a slovenly, awkward man-\\nner, as would not have been tolerated in a village\\nschool. Mistaken notions are very prevalent on\\nthis subject, and because some of the ablest writers\\nwe possess, have the worst possible delivery, it is\\nthought to be of no consequence. But how much\\ngreater, how much more effective, would the pow-\\ner of these speakers be, if, to solid mental ac~", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "346\\nquirements and a hapjDj style, they joined a grace-\\nful and impressive delivery. But it is said, that\\na theatrical flourish and display of gesture and\\nelocution, would not be tolerated in the senate\\nchamber, the pulpit, or the bar. Certainly they\\nwould not. A person does not learn to dance, to\\nstand always in the first or second position, or to\\nmove about in a room in the step of a minuet\\nbut dancing, and the mechanical part of oratory,\\ngive a man the command of his powers, make his\\nmovements supple and easy and dancing and de-\\nclaiming are useful exercises, chiefly because they\\nenable him who has practised them, to walk and\\nspeak with facility. In this country, of all others,\\nwhere the influence of oratory is so important and\\nso universal, it is surprising, such a pernicious neg-\\nlect of it should be found. There is a professor-\\nship of rhetoric and oratory, but its principal\\nduties are tiie instruction in the former, in the for-\\nmation of style and the theory of speaking. Elo-\\ncution must be taught by a master for that particu-\\nlar purpose actors are generally the best. In\\nFrance and England there are the persons by whom\\ninstruction is given to those, who wish to accom-\\nplish themselves in the art of speaking and reading.\\nI should have felt more reluctance in touching upon\\nthis subject, if a change was not about taking place.\\nThe art of speaking has been lately made a public\\nexercise honours are awarded to those who\\nexcel, and a spirit of competition is created, that\\nwill ameliorate the manner of future orators.", "height": "3202", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "347\\nThere is another regulation to be introduced,\\nwhich some consider trifling, perhaps without suffi-\\ncient reflection. There is no country, which has\\nso utterly discarded all the influence that can be de-\\nrived from dress, as the United States. We have\\ngone much beyond the Quakers, for their plainness,\\nunvarying fashion, and limiied choice of colours,\\nconstitute a species of uniform, and keep up a kind\\nof starch pretension, very preservative in its tendency\u00c2\u00ab\\nBut we have renounced all distinctions in dress\\nthe bushy wigs, the solemn and the gorgeous robes,\\nof other nations and of other times, and a clergy-\\nman, a deacon, or a layman a judge, an attorney,\\nor a witness have, in most cases, no distinction of\\napparel. This has, to a certain extent, good conse-\\nquences, though most of the governments in the\\nworld would think, and probably think right, that\\nthey could not exist under such a disregard of ex-\\nternals. Still, in some cases, we find it necessary\\nto adhere to old customs, and the lessons of expe-\\nrience. The first step in military organization, is\\na uniform both discipline and the pride of situa-\\ntion are found to be essentially promoted by it.\\nIn most parts of Europe, a uniform is found highly\\nuselul in all schools and colleges; it would be\\nattended with good effects, if we were to return to\\nit. I say return, because the giving it up was an\\ninnovation. The ancient academic dress, the black\\ngown and square cap, were the original costume of\\nthe university. This simple, graceful dress, ought\\nto be resumed and, as in the English schools and", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "348\\ncolleges, every instructor and student should be\\nobliged to wear them at all times, except when\\ngoing out of the town. This would give a uni-\\nformity and ennobling appearance, that could not\\nfail of some moral influence it would contimially\\nremind all the wearers of their situation, and Avould\\nat least do away the present, promiscuous, street-\\nlike appearance among the students where some\\nhave the aspect of ridiculous dandies, and others of\\nsorry apprentices. With the resumption of this\\nancient dress, I would introduce, (and thus would\\nfacilitate it) greater general neatness, and particu-\\nlarly in the aspect of the buildings and courts. It\\nis one of the greatest charms of England, that all\\nthe public institutions, colleges, barracks, :c. are\\nkept with such exquisite order, cleanliness, and\\nsimple ornament. Something has been done of\\nlate, but much remains to be done. The exterior\\nof most of the buildings has a shabby look they\\nshould be painted, the lawns and paths about the\\nedifices should be kept neatly trimmed and swept.\\nThis would have its effect on the tenants, and if\\nthey could be fixed in a taste for cleanliness and\\nneatness in the objects that surround them, to say\\nnothing for their own persons the acquisition\\nwould not be the less useful, that they could carry\\nback and propagate it, by their example, over different\\nparts of the country. I am aware that these topics\\nmay appear trivial to some men v. ho are deeply\\nincrusted with collegiate learning, are a])t to con-\\nsider such things trifles they serve, however, to", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "349\\ndecorate and give effect to solid things. I think in\\nthis, as in several other places, the counsel which\\nPlato gave to Xenocrates, when he advised him\\nto sacrifice to the Graces, might be usefully incul-\\ncated.\\nWith regard to discipline, the grand difficulty of\\nour country in civil, military and collegiate life,\\nthis university has not been W ithout its trials yet\\nthese have been less violent, and not more frequent,\\nthan have happened in other seminaries of the\\nUnion. The government generally is very leni-\\nent, but very firm if the courser chooses to take\\nthe bit between his teeth, and run aside, there is no\\ncurb to prevent him. They are governed principal-\\nly by their good feelings, not merely by the loss\\nof college honours and advantages, but by their re-\\ngard for their friends. If a student perseveres in a\\nwrong course, the parent is written to, and he is\\nmade to conform, by the influence of parental au-\\nthority. Rebellions occasionally happen, and sum-\\nmary punishments are inflicted, in the shape of\\nfines, temporary banishment, or total expulsion.\\nThe youth have all their feathers erect on these\\noccasions, and strut and crow for an hour or two\\nin the mean time the public smile, the govern-\\nment eliminate two or three of the most turbulent,\\nand order is restored. These diminutive events are\\nwhat the empress of Russia, speaking of the trou-\\nbles at Geneva, called a storm in a wine-glass.\\nOn the whole, it is highly honourable to the cha-\\nracter of our youth it proves their ingenuousness,", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "350\\n-and the good order of their homes, to find how well\\nthej behave under the slight restrictions imposed\\nupon them. When some persons lament that the\\nsystem of discipline is not more rigid and severe,\\nthey do not sufficiently reflect on the nature of the\\ngovernment under which we live a state of free-\\ndom that presumes so much on the good conduct\\nof the citizen. Young men are prepared for such\\na form of society, by the absence of all coruse re-\\nstraint they are kept to their duty by principles of\\naffection and propriety they acquire the habit of\\nself-government, and voluntary moderation. If\\nthey were restrained by high walls and grated win-\\ndows, by vigilant watching, and underwent severe\\npenances and personal punishments; they would be\\nlet out from such a place of education, very unpre-\\npared for the state of society in which they are to\\nact.\\nThere is another point, on which some prejudice\\nand misapprehension exist in the minds of the pub-\\nlic. The religious doctrines that are taught in the\\ntheological department, have excited ill-will near\\nhome, and alarm at a distance, in some persons\\nwho have a bigoted hatred of every thing that\\ndoes not accord with their creed. But little danger\\nis to be apprehended for the general student on\\nthis account. He is not called upon to be a very\\ngreat proficient in theology and the college gov-\\nernment preach and practise toleration. The ser-\\nmons in the University Chapel, are a series of lec-\\ntures on the doctrines of Christianity. But there", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "351\\nis an Episcopal church, where the students are al-\\nlowed to go, if their parents should prefer it\u00c2\u00bb\\nPerhaps, for theological students, who are intended\\nfor the orthodox career, the experiment of attend-\\ning these lectures might be dangerous, unless their\\nprinciples and their conviction were very clear\\nand steady if they were so, even students of this\\nkind might derive great benefit from some of the\\nvery able lectures on theology and sacred criticism,\\nwhich they would have an opportunity of hearing.\\nThis institution, as has been already remarked,\\nwas originally founded for religious purposes and\\nclergymen have always had a chief share in its\\nmanagement. For a long period it continued a\\nnursery of Calvinistic teachers. When this faith,\\nwhich for a series of years had been gradually re-\\nlenting, at length lost its hold altogether, in the\\nminds of the congregational clergy in this vicinity\\nit was a matter of course, that the University which\\nwas so much under their government, should come\\nunder the influence of what are called liberal\\nopinions. The Calvinists repaired this defection at\\nonce, with their accustomed energy and zeal and\\nestablished a theological colh^ge at Andover, and\\nobtained twice as many students for their youthful\\nestablishment, as this university possessed in the\\ntheological department, with all its learning and\\nother advantages.\\nThe government of the university expressly pro-\\ntest against being considered as exclusively under\\nthe dominion of any sect. The object of the theo-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "352\\nlogical department, is to give general instruction in\\nthe doctrines of religion and of the truth and im-\\nportance of Christianity, but not in connexion with\\nany particular creed, though the general tendency\\nis undoubtedly Unitarian. They do not pretend to\\nact as propagandists, nor can they with any great\\neffect since no two of these gentlemen agree in all\\npoints of belief: there is no written creed, no plat-\\nform established the progress towards Unitarian-\\nism has been gradual it has been openly avowed\\nbut by very few, till lately. There probably never\\ncan be any fixed system, when once the artificial,\\nyet settled ground of orthodoxy, is abandoned peo-\\nple who commit themselves to the stream, are borne\\nabout by various currents and eddies of opinion, and\\nit is very uncertain where they will land at last.\\nThey will be necessarily scattered. The libera!\\nschool is in its very nature innovating and fluctuating,\\nand the question about believing too much or too lit-\\ntle will never be decided. Such a school of divinity\\ncan never have a very wide spread but it will\\ndoubtless be productive of great learning and inge-\\nnuity, and its liberality and courage will counteract\\nthe establishment of the most odious of all tyranny,\\nthe domination of a religious sect.\\nThe government is well aware, that it must act\\nin a Catholic spirit, to promote the interests com-\\nmitted to them. Many of the contributors to its\\nfunds are Episcopalians, or others of the orthodox\\nclasses. The state, which hasl^een a liberal patron,\\nis filled with different sects, who look to this semi-", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "353\\nnary as a noble school for general learning, and not\\nas devoted to the interests of any sect or party.\\nThe proportion of young men who resort to it for\\nan education, who are destined for other professions\\nthan theology, has been steadily growing larger;\\nand it is as a school, where every branch of litera-\\nture and science will be cultivated and taught in\\nfine, as an university, that the public regard it, and\\nby these considerations, the views of those w^ho\\ngovern it are and must be directed.\\nIts emancipation from the control of a proselyting\\nsect, is certainly a subject of congratulation. Else,\\nits wide capacity would be narrowed to the pur-\\nposes of a religious party it would then be a bed\\nwhere no man could repose, before his opinions\\nwere drawn out, or cut down, till they fitted. A\\nprofessor could not then be chosen without a first\\nregard to his religious creed, and a secondary one,\\nto his talents. The question would be, in such\\nseminaries, not whether he was a first rate scholar,\\na man of profound science but whether he was a\\nTrinitarian or a Unitarian whether he believed\\nin the infallibility of the Pope, or Calvin. Fortu-\\nnately, this university stands on broader ground it\\nwill possess always an able school of theological\\nlearning and biblical criticism and will, without\\ndoubt, continue to furnish a succession of learned\\nand pious clergymen but its chief reputation will\\narise from its being a distinguished, fruitful reposi-\\ntory of all good learning.\\n45", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "354\\nLETTER XV.\\nTHE TOWN OF BOSTON.\\nMy Dear Friend,\\nYou asked me to give you a description of Bos-\\nton and of its inhabitants a place which you have\\nnever yet visited, though it is but little more than\\neight hundred miles from your own residence, and\\npeople of both sexes, and of all ages, come a much\\ngreater distance every summer, to leave their cards.\\nA few hundred miles, which would carry a travel-\\nler out of the limits of some empires, can hardly be\\nremarked on the extensive map of our country\\nwhich, if colossal size were the only measure of\\ngreatness, would find few competitors to look it in\\nthe face, even by standing tiptoe, but as it is, we\\ntoo often find it productive of inconvenience, and\\nwhen it separates friends so far, we wish its limits\\nwere more restricted however, as it is daily en-\\nlarging, not, I trust, like the circle in the water,\\nwe may as well cease our regrets on this point.\\nPerhaps my description may induce you to come,\\nthough I might be led into great exaggerations,\\nif I thought so but as I fear you will never gratify\\nthe friends who would give you such a cordial wel-", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "355\\ncome, I shall try to make out a plain matter of fact\\naccount. I am willing, however, to caution you\\nagainst my partiality, and that this sketch should\\nbe received, as coming from a native Cockney.\\nBoston is situated at the bottom of Massachusetts\\nbay, on a capacious and excellent harbour, distant\\nfrom the sea about ten miles, from whose waves it\\nis sheltered by a groupe of islands, of various sizes\\nand appearance. Three small rivers, the Charles,\\nMystic, and Neponset, navigable for only five or\\nsix miles, empty into these waters, and the first\\nwashes the towns on the north and west. The\\ntown itself, and two of its suburbs, Charlestown\\nand South Boston, stand on three peninsulas,\\nwhich form the western, northern, and southern\\nsides of the inner harbour. The neck of each of\\nthese peninsulas is low and narrow, over which the\\ntide formerly flowed. Each of these districts,\\nwhich collectively contain less than three thousand\\nacres, is variegated in its surface with gentle slopes\\nand hills of moderate height. The surrounding\\ncountry exhibits a variegated appearance smooth\\nmeadows, gently swelling hills, and small valleys,\\npresenting undulating lines of the most pleasing\\nvariety, covered with villages, country seats, farm-\\nhouses, orchards, groves, and a cultivation, that\\ngives a smiling aspect to the whole landscape.\\nThere are no sublime features in this scenery,\\nexcept the view of the ocean, which is obtained\\nfrom almost every rising ground but all the traits\\nof beauty are profusely scattered. There are no", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "356\\nmajestic mountains, no fearful precipices the high-\\nest land, called the Blue Hills, about eight miles\\nsouth from the town, rises between seven and eight\\nhundred feet. A striking circumstance in the to-\\npography of this district, is the endless number and\\nvariety of pleasing views it offers. The tide flows\\naround these islands, peninsulas, and points of land,\\nforming so many little straits and coves, and running\\nup these small rivers and creeks, in such a serpen-\\ntine course, that the land and water are every\\nwhere blended together in addition, there are\\nseveral line brooks, and many beautiful ponds of\\nfresh water, which makes it almost impossible to\\nfind a view, that is not embellished by some sheet\\nof water. The town itself, which is visible from\\nthe neighbouring eminences for many miles in every\\ndirection, comes in to give richness to the scene.\\nThe surface on which it is built is so irregular\\nthere are so many steeples and turrets the varied\\ncolour of its dwellings reflected and contrasted by\\nthe smooth surface of the water, that almost encircles\\nit the sort of coquettish negligence with which it\\nseems flung over its hills for display all combine\\nto make its exterior more imposing and picturesque\\nthan any other city in the Union, though it is but\\nthe fourth in magnitude. To point out all the\\nbeautiful views would be in vain where every\\nlittle eminence you ascend, and almost every turn\\nyou take, oflers a new picture.\\nSeveral country seats are so placed, as to com-\\nmand delightful prospects. It would form a long", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "357\\nlist to enumerate them all but I will answer for it,\\nthat any of your friends who will bring letters from\\nyou, will find a ready access to them. I will only\\nmention three views which are on the highway,\\nand are very different, and all possessing, in a very\\nhigh degree, grandeur, and beauty. The first is\\non a hill, about six miles from town, over which\\nthe Concord turnpike passes the next is on Mil-\\nton-hill, about the same distance and the third is\\non a hill in Maiden, over which the Newbury turn-\\npike passes, about a mile from the bridge. A great\\ndeal of the effect in landscape, as well as in paint-\\nings, depends on the manner in which the light is\\nthrown in these three that I have mentioned, the\\nmost favourable moments for seeing them are an\\nhour or two before sunset. You may conclude,\\nthat these environs must possess remarkable beauty,\\nwhen it has been observed, by more than one intel-\\nligent foreigner, whose opinions must be free from\\nlocal partiality, that, Naples excepted, there is no\\nspot in Europe can equal it.\\nNor does this scenery depend on its natural beau-\\nties alone, to give pleasure. There are many de-\\nlightful places in our country, that have no other\\ncharm but their own loveliness to attract the specta-\\ntor and being wholly unconnected with any his-\\ntorical events, create no associations that occupy\\nthe mind. But it is far otherwise here. Inde-\\npendently of many events in early history, the\\nAmerican Revolution has immortalized the spot.\\nHere first began, in words and writing, resist-\\nance to oppression, and here that resistance was", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "358\\nfirst sealed in blood. Every hill, every point of\\nland around the town, is still crowned with the first\\nbreast-works of the Revolution. Lexington and\\nBunker-hill are parts of the landscape. It is the\\nclassic ground of American patriotism and valour,\\nand the interest it excites, must increase with all\\nsucceeding ages.\\nOn entering the town, the traveller does not find\\nits interior equal to the expectations he will have\\nentertained from its appearance at a distance. It\\nis very irregular, many of the streets are narrow\\nand winding. It has more the aspect of an Euro-\\npean town, than any other city in America. The\\nbuildings are, many of them, of wood, but some of\\nthese are neat and even elegant, from being neatly\\npainted, and from their style of architecture. Build-\\nings of this material, more than ten feet high, have\\nbeen prohibited by law for some years of course\\ntheir number is decreasing by fires and decay.\\nThis salutary law was not passed, till the town had\\nsuffered repeatedly from extensive conflagrations.\\nThe greatest number of buildings are now of brick.\\nOf late years it has become the practice to build\\nwith stone, and there are several public and private\\nedifices of this material. The stone employed is a\\nfine light-coloured granite, which is found at\\nChelmsford, on the Middlesex canal, about twenty\\nmiles distant. Many of the houses have gardens\\nattached to them, and a small piece of grass in\\nfront, with an open raiUng. This relieves the nar-\\nrowness of the streets and the number of trees", "height": "3202", "width": "1789", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "359\\nbreak up the dull masses of brick very agreeably.\\nSome of the modern streets are straight and suffi-\\nciently spacious. There are many large and elegant\\nhouses scattered in different parts. As the streets\\nare not on a flat plain, but run over the hills, they\\npresent some picturesque views. The commercial\\npart of the town has a better appearance, and is\\nmore convenient than in any of our cities there\\nare three noble wharves parallel to each other, with\\nrows of warehouses their whole length, having\\nspacious open docks for the vessels to unload, with\\nevery accommodation. Two of these wharves, all\\ntheir buildings, and some adjoining streets, were\\nproduced by one individual,* who has done more to\\nimprove the town, than any other fifty men it ever\\npossessed.\\nThe town is, generally speaking, very clean, and\\nthree or four of the streets may be called beautiful.\\nForty years ago it had but one entrance since then,\\nfour bridges, from live to eight hundred yards in\\nlength, have been constructed, and a solid causeway,\\nof more than a mile and a half, is now making,\\nwhich will open a noble approach to the finest part\\nof the town. Its handsomest feature is the common,\\nand the mall which surrounds it. This is a charm-\\ning piece of ground nearly a mile in circumference\\nit has fine houses, two churches, and the state-house,\\non four of its sides, and on the fifth, an extensive\\nbay of Charles River, bounded by an amphitheatre\\nUrial\\\\ Cotting, Esq. since dccensed.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "360\\nof hills, forming an exquisite prospect. On the\\nside of the town next the harbour there is an emi-\\nnence, called Fort-hill, on which there is a pretty\\ncircular walk, commanding a view of the harbour,\\nthe shipping, and the islands. But the great orna-\\nment and boast of the town, is the common before\\nmentioned this is superior to any other walk in the\\nUnited States, and there are few in any part of the\\nworld, for which less has been done by art, or more\\nby nature.\\nThe site on which Boston was built, was called,\\nby the Indians, Shawmut. It was first called, by\\nthe whites, Tremont, or Trimount, from the pre-\\ndominance of three conspicuous hills afterwards\\ncalled Boston, out of compliment to a clergyman\\nmuch beloved, who came over from Boston in\\nEngland. The founder of Boston was Mr. John-\\nstone, a Lincolnshire gentleman, who resided with\\nhis wife, the Lady Arabella, daughter of the Earl\\nof Lincoln, somewhere in the street now called\\nTremont-Street, and was the first person buried in\\nthe chapel burying-ground. Our antiquities are\\nmerely degrees of infancy compared with the cities\\nof Europe while in respect to some of the towns\\nthat sprung up last year, or last week, in various parts\\nof the Union, they claim a most venerable seniority.\\nOwing to the early habit of constructing with wood,\\nthere are a few buildings more than a century old,\\nand not many even of that age. The oldest is a\\ndwelling house in Tremont-street, built by the\\ncelebrated Sir Henry Vane, about 150 years since,", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "361\\nand this is probably the most ancient dwelling in\\nthe United States it has been modernized, but is\\nstill a substantial, handsome house.\\nFrom its central position, in regard to an extensive\\nsea-coast, on which the first settlements were made,\\nBoston soon grew to be a place of some note, and\\ngradually became the largest town in all the colonies\\nand it continued to be so nearly to the period of the\\nRevolution. It was the centre of the fisheries and\\nof ship-building, the main sources of its prosperity,\\nup to the epoch of our present government. The\\nlucrative commerce which has been carried on for\\nthe last thirty years, has produced an immense\\naccession of wealth to the town, as well as the\\nneighbouring country. Of its former sources of\\nwealth, the building of vessels and the fisheries, the\\nfirst is diminished really, and the latter relatively.\\nIts foreign commerce, and the mart it has become\\nfor home manufactures, are now the chief sources\\nof its wealth.\\nThe population was, for a long time, the highest\\nof any town on the continent New-York, Phila-\\ndelphia, and Baltimore, now greatly surpass it.\\nBut in the returns of the population, there are some\\ncircumstances that should be borne in mind, to form\\na just estimate of the relative resources of these\\nplaces. Boston is limited to a very narrow terri-\\ntory its proper suburbs belong to other places.\\nIt has numerous towns in its vicinity, many of\\nthem older than itself, and all of which have had a\\nsteady, gradual increase. The other cities incorpo-\\n46", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "rate a large territory, and there are few towns, or\\neven villages, in their vicinity. Boston contains\\nonly 43,000 people New- York and Philadelphia\\nthree times that number but if the population\\nwithin a square of thirty miles, including Boston,\\nbe counted, all of which has its centre of business\\nin that place, and with which a very active daily\\nintercourse is kept up, it would probably be nearly\\nequal to that of any similar extent in the United\\nStates.\\nIts importance, however, was only in part owing\\nto its trade, or the amount of its population. It\\nwas the character of that population from the be-\\nginning which excited the respect of its neighbours,\\nand made it the capital of opinion, as well as com-\\nmerce, to all New-England. The early establish-\\nment of Harvard College the general diffusion of\\neducation the high religious feeling which pervaded\\nthe community, and the learned clergymen who\\nmade this place the focus of that feeling the stern\\nspirit of independence; the unrelenting watchfulness\\nover their political rights the great ability and rigid\\nvirtue of the early magistrates the elevation of\\nmind, which made them esteem all other considera-\\ntions subordinate to the maintenance of their reli-\\ngious freedom and their political rights, were among\\nthe circumstances, which contributed essentially to\\nthe respectability of this capital.\\nThis kind of character, followed by the influence\\nit would naturally command, was steadily main-\\ntained, with some diminution of austerity, perhaps.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "363\\nin religion, in the last generation but tlie whole\\namount was not lessened, for an additional portion\\nof severe vigilance was given to politics. The con-\\nsequences were shown in the period between 1760\\nand 1 776. When the coercive scheme of finance,\\nthat produced our emancipation, was attempt-\\ned to be put into execution, its first approaches, its\\nmost indirect and concealed attempts, were here\\nfirst met and unmasked. A discussion has arisen\\nin the United States about who first proposed the\\nRevolution this is a mere question of curiosit}^\\nthe solution of which is almost as easy as to tell\\nwhich portion of water, in an impetuous stream,\\ncame out of a particular fountain. The current of\\npublic opinion arose imperceptibly, ^it increased\\ngradually, was swollen by a thousand rivulets,\\nand fed at once from sources beneath, and with\\ndrops from heaven. Boston was first called upon\\nto act and suffer the former Avas performed with\\nenergy, the latter with firmness. The British\\nministry, though they had not contemplated the\\nend of their measures with accuracy, knew where\\nto begin. They laid their whole weight of power\\non this devoted town, in the first instance. Its\\nskilful and heroic resistance, from the first insinua-\\ntion of an arbitrary principle in a governor s speech,\\nto the defiance and defeat of naval and military\\nforces, excited the sympathy and gave time for the\\nwhole country to prepare for the explosion of a\\ngeneral contest. Their conduct excited the atten-\\ntion of the world at the time so much, that Boston", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "364\\nonly was talked of, as if the whole effort at resist-\\nance was made by them and Americans were\\nthen, in France, often called BosionianSy the term\\nby which they are designated in Canada to this\\nday.*\\nIt is natural that the citizens of a town, whose\\nhall for public meetings has been called the cra-\\ndle of the Revolution, whose name is associated\\nwith so many great events, and so honourably en-\\nrolled in history, should feel a pride in belonging to\\nit. This is cherished by the nature of their institu-\\ntions, which are highly remarkable. This town\\n(for it is not a city) is, perhaps, the most perfect,\\nand certainly the best regulated democracy, that\\never existed. There is something so imposing in\\nthe immortal fame of Athens, that the very name\\nmakes every thing modern shrink from comparison\\nbut since the days of that glorious city, I know of\\nnone that has approached so near in some points,\\ndistant as it may still be from that illustrious\\nmodel. The cities of Italy, in the middle ages, the\\nHanse towns, Geneva, and others, were called re-\\npublics but they have been under the government\\nA game of cards was invented at Versailles, and called iu honourof the town,\\nBoston; tlie points of the game are z]\\\\\\\\\\\\?\\\\\\\\e,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 great independence, little indepen-\\ndence, great misery, little misery, S(C. It was composed partly of whist, and partly\\nof quadrille, thoupji partnkiiig most of the former. As it is almost unknown ia\\nthis country, it may be of use to persons who amuse themselves in this way to\\nknow, that this is the most interesting game that is plavej. It is still partially in\\nuse in France, but in every circle in the -lorlh of Europe, from Amsterdam to St.\\nPetersh.irgh, Boston is )i w almost the exclusive game. A work has been re-\\ncently published in France, called Boston de Flore, its object is to illustrate\\nbolrtiiy by a kind of cards.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "365\\nof an aristocracy, or in a state of anarchy. Boston\\nhas never, like these, possessed sovereign power\\nbut it has essentially contributed to the establish-\\nment of the noblest sovereignty in the world, and\\nhas generally possessed a wider influence, than\\nthese puny states. It cannot yet boast of the mag-\\nnificence of Athens, or even of some of these\\nmodern cities, it is not yet two centuries old, and\\nin a country no older than itself but if its citizens\\ndo not become recreant, if its future manhood\\nshould not belie the promises of youth, when time\\nshall have swept over it as many ages, as it has\\nover the Acropolis, the recollections it will leave\\nwill not be inferior. Let me return, however, from,\\nthese excursions into the past and the future, to\\nconsider only the present.\\nThis place now contains a population of 43,000.\\nIt is, and always has been, a simple, pure, unmixed\\ndemocracy, but without any sovereign power, form-\\ning part of the state of which it is the capital.\\nAll its officers are annually chosen, and all its con-\\ncerns, financial as well as others, are acted upon by\\nthe whole people, in public town-meeting. Every\\ninhabitant has a right to vote and speak on all sub-\\njects, and this right is exercised by individuals of\\nevery class. The choice of officers, and other town\\naffairs, takes place on certain fixed days, every year.\\nBut public town meetings are held, from time to\\ntime, on various subjects of general concern and the\\nselectmen, who are charged with the government of\\nthe town, must call one whenever a requisition for tlie", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "S66\\npurpose is signed by a certain number of citizens.\\nThese selectmen answer to a court of aldermen,\\nbut there is no officer corresponding to a mayor.\\nThese municipal officers, excepting the chairman,\\nwho has a small salary, have no pay, no particular\\ncostume, and no guards of any kind, except, on\\npublic meetings, w hen one or two constables are in\\nattendance, and serve as messengers, c.\\nThese public assemblies are called for various\\npurposes, frequently for political ones, in times of\\nagitation, when public measures are discussed, and\\nresolutions passed, according to the will of the\\nmajority. Public notice is given some days previ-\\nously, the selectmen are obliged to be in attend-\\nance, but the person who is to preside over the\\nmeetings is taken from among the citizens any\\nperson has a right to nominate, and the choice is\\nimmediately decided by a hand vote. The person\\nchosen takes the chair, is called a moderator, and\\nhas no other visible protection for his authority, than\\nwhat the good sense of the citizens always accords\\nto his discretion and impartiality.* The parlia-\\nmentary form of addressing the chair, and not the\\nbody of the assembly, is adhered to, and this is a\\ngreat restraint on the passions, both of the speaker\\nand the hearers. The speaking is not confined to\\nprofessional men, or to the richer classes, but peo-\\nple in every walk of life may, and do, take a part.\\nA sturdy demagogue will sometimes obstinately\\nPersons exhibiting riotous conduct are amenable to the law.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "367\\nhold his way in these debates, to the annoyance or\\nthe amusement of the meeting, but generally they\\nare men of ability who attempt to harangue. Such\\nassemblies must furnish a good school for popular\\noratory, and excellent speakers have been, from\\ntime to time, produced by them. The most perfect\\norder reigns in these primary assemblies it is\\nrare, indeed, that any indecorum, either of word or\\ngesture, is offered, and if it should happen, is sure\\nto meet with general reprobation. I have been pre-\\nsent at these meetings, when from three to four\\nthousand people were assembled, among whom a\\nstrong personal excitement existed in regard to the\\nquestion at issue and although the assembly was\\nnearly equally divided, yet the subject was discus-\\nsed with less violence, and more quiet in the audi-\\nence, than I have seen in many debates in the\\nBritish House of Commons. Habit, self-respect,\\nfrom the consciousness of freedom, and the degree\\nof general information that prevails among the peo-\\nple, combine to produce this remarkable order and\\ngood conduct, which are strongly shown on the\\ndays of election. The annual election of the go-\\nvernor of the state is, generally, a close struggle,\\nwhen parties run high, which they have done for\\nthe last thirty years. Every kind of effort, in\\nspeaking and writing, is made use of for some\\nweeks before, to rouse the electors in favour of their\\nrespective candidates. The whole mass sometimes\\ntake a lively interest in the event, and yet, on the\\ndav of election, near six thousand ballots are given", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "368\\nin Faneuil Hall, between the hours of nine and\\nthree o clock every individual, as he hands in\\nhis vote to the selectmen, is checked by a com-\\nmittee, composed of the opposite parties no in-\\nstance has been known of the slightest hustling,\\ndisorder, or riot of any kind, and the ordinary\\nbusiness of the citizens is uninterrupted. A stran-\\nger, who wants to understand our character, should\\nattend some of these assemblies.\\nAmong the public institutions, there are two\\nwhich deserve particular notice. The first is a mili-\\ntary company, which was incorporated in the com-\\nmencement of the colony, to form a school for offi-\\ncers but religious feelings were strongly united\\nwith military ones, in its establishment. It now\\ncontains between one and two hundred members,\\nwho are, or have been, almost every one of them,\\nofficers, either in the regular service or in the\\nmilitia of course, among the privates, are gene-\\nrals, colonels, c. The original intention was,\\nthat this should be a school for military discipline\\nand instruction, and that they should keep in\\nmind their duty to religion, so as to form a corps\\nof Christian soldiers. For this purpose, their anni-\\nversary is publicly celebrated, the governor, and\\nother persons in civil authority, attending it, and\\ngoing in procession to church, where an appropriate\\nsermon is preached to them, on the joint duties of\\nthe Christian and the soldier. After this annual\\nsermon they have a dinner in Faneuil Hall, to\\nwhich a large number of guests are invited and", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "369\\nin the afternoon, the company escort the governor\\nto the Common, where he receives the insignia of\\nthe officers for the past year, and confers them on\\nthose who have been elected to their places. A\\nshort speech is made on giving and receiving these\\ncommissions. This company is now on a respecta-\\nble footing, but perhaps more might be made of it.\\nTheir anniversary, however, affords one of the pret-\\ntiest fetes we have. It is called the Artillery Elec-\\ntion, and takes place in the month of June, and on\\nthis occasion, eight or ten thousand people are col-\\nlected, to see the ceremonies in the Common. In\\nthis, as in many other cases, the spectators them-\\nselves afford the most pleasing spectacle.\\nThe annual visitation of the schools is another\\nceremony that is worthy of notice. The care of\\nthe public schools is given to a few gentlemen, an-\\nnually elected, who are called the school commit-\\ntee they, with the selectmen, have the charge of\\nall that relates to public instruction. There is a\\nyearly visitation of all these schools by the school\\ncommittee and selectmen, accompanied by the\\nclergy, some of the principal citizens, strangers of\\ndistinction, c. wdio are invited on this occa-\\nsion. After the examination is gone through,\\nall the boys who have distinguished themselves in\\nthe different schools, with their masters, join the\\nprocession, and the whole company partake of a\\nhandsome dinner in Faneuil Hall. The appearance\\nof this company is peculiar; these children, their\\ncountenances glowing with the distinction they", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "370\\nhave acquired, are here seated at a public feast,\\nwith the most venerable and dignified citizens of\\nthe town. They are here introduced, for the first\\ntime, into the hall, where their fathers maintained\\nthe rights of their country, and which they may\\nhereafter be called upon to support. After the\\ncloth is removed, the children place themselves as\\nthey please, and are scattered about the hall for\\nsome time in various groupes while the company\\nare listening to songs, and drinking toasts, enjoy-\\ning, with a moderate hilarity, a festival, in which\\nall the finest feelings of the parent and the citizen\\nare deeply interested. After a while the masters\\nassemble them, a march is played, they make the\\ntour of the Hall in regular files the company all\\nrise and stand till they leave the room when a burst\\nof applause breaks out, which vibrate on the ears\\nand hearts of the boys as they depart. This mix-\\nture of infancy and age, this public honour paid to\\neducation, this stimulating reward to childish merit,\\nthe sparkling pleasure of the young, and the mild\\nsatisfaction of the aged, the introduction of these\\nboys into the public forum, where they are hereafter\\nto discharge their duty as citizens, presents, alto-\\ngether, one of the most pleasing, and certainly the\\nmost republican festival, I ever witnessed.\\nThe town is not deficient in the means of amuse-\\nment. Those of a quiet, intellectual kind, are the\\nmost numerous. Libraries and reading-rooms are\\nof this description. There are one or two of the lat-\\nter near the ^;xchange, where all the principal news-\\npapers of the continent are filed, and where all", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "371\\ncommercial intelligence is regularly entered. There\\nare book-stores, well supplied with a miscellaneous\\ncollection, and places of call for literary loungers.\\nThere are several public libraries, which, though\\nnot extensive, are the foundations that may support\\ngoodly superstructures each of the professions,\\nlaw, medicine, and divinity, have one. But the\\nchief establishment is the Athenaeum. This is\\nalready a considerable institution, and wants little\\nnow, except a suitable building, to develope its\\nutility. It has a library of about 12,000 volumes,\\nmany of them elegant and valuable books these\\nare not allow^ed to be taken away, but the room is\\nalwa}^ open for their perusal. An apartment below\\ncontains the chief periodical works of the United\\nStates and of Great Britain the principal news-\\npapers of both countries, and most of the pam-\\nphlets and new books of our own country. Occa-\\nsionally there are some German and French jour-\\nnals, but they are not received regularly. In the\\nsame rooms are very complete series of all the\\nAmerican periodical works, and also of some\\nFrench and English journals, from their first estab-\\nlishment. A good building, and a small increase\\nof funds for the purchase of new publications, and\\nthe principal periodical works of the continent of\\nEurope, would make it very perfect. Persons of\\na literary taste have, from time to time, an oppor-\\ntunity of hearing public lectures. There are also\\nseveral literary clubs, where the chief pleasure is\\nconversation, though some written dissertation is", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "STZ\\nthe duly of each member in turn a stranger, witii\\nsuitable introduction, may easily have access to all\\nthese places.\\nTliere is a theatre open three times a week, from\\nOctober to May, in whicli the performances, taken\\ngenerally, are equal, if not superior, to the best\\nEnglish provincial theatres. There is a circus for\\nequestrian performances, singing, c. We have\\npublic balls, and public concerts, at intervals they\\nwere formerly kept up regularly, but as the society\\ngrew larger, they were attended with inconvenien-\\nces. You may recollect an impromptu of a cele-\\nbrated Scotch wit, Harry Erskine, to the Dutchess\\nof Gordon, who told him, that she would not go\\nto the races she thought they would be dull, and\\nthere would be nothing worth seeing\\nNot go, that is, as if the sun should say,\\nIt s a cold cloudy morn I will not rise to-day.\\nWell, so it was here those who formed the sun-\\nshine of these parties shrunk back, and the clouds\\nwould not assemble, unless they were illuminated.\\nAVe now have these public parties only on particular\\noccasions but the private ones are the more nume-\\nrous in consequence.\\nA strar^ger who comes properly introduced, (and\\nthe error here is on the side of facility, rather than\\nstrictness,) may pass his time very pleasantly. He\\nmust not look, however, for the licentious pleasures\\nof great capitals our resources in this way are for-\\ntunately inferior, to what may be found in many\\ncities of the same size. But if he has a robust con-", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "SIS\\nstitution, and can bear the good dinners and excel-\\nlent wines that will be offered him if he has a\\ntaste for easy, social intercourse, great simplicity of\\nmanners, to the almost entire exclusion of what is\\nmere etiquette if he is fond of cards, and can be\\nsatisfied with a party at whist without high play\\nif he has a taste for literary or scientific discussion\\nin short, if he is fond of rational and moderate en-\\njoyments, and a pervading domestic tone of life, he\\nmay certainly be gratified.\\nOur population is very little mixed it is native\\nof the spot, or transferred from various parts of the\\neastern states, whose origin was similar. It has\\ngrown so gradually, that the inhabitants are more\\nknown to each other and aided by the peculiar\\nform of government, their mutual dependence is\\nmore intimately felt, than in most towns. This\\nprevents the wealthy from being arrogant, and the\\npoor from being turbulent. There is hardly any\\nsuch thing as mere populace in the town. It is not\\na manufacturing town, and is therefore without the\\nkinds of crowds that such towns exhibit. It is,\\nhowever, a great depot for manufactures, produced\\nin its vicinity, and the sale of these, and an exten-\\nsive foreign and domestic trade, furnish the chief\\nemployment to the inhabitants. It is an orderly,\\nquiet place, which effect is produced more by the\\ncharacter of the people, than by the vigour of the\\npolice, of which there is very little. There are\\ntwo or three festival days in the course of the year,\\nwhen there are military parades, and a great con-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "374\\ncourse of people are collected yet there is no riot,\\nno disorder even drunkenness is rarely seen, and the\\nstreets are as quiet on the evening of such a day,\\nas on any other. A very great improvement has\\ntaken place in these respects, within the period of\\nthe present generation.\\nThere is a great deal of wealth in this commu-\\nnity most of it is employed in commerce, but\\nmuch of it is in the hands of people who do not\\nengage very actively in trade though as bankers,\\ninsurers, or adventurers in distant voyages, they take\\nsome share in business, merely as an occupation,\\nand to have an excuse for going to the Exchange,\\nthat they may talk over the various news of the\\nday. There are some individuals who have colos-\\nsal fortunes there are many who have liberal ones\\nand a still greater number, who obtain, from diffe-\\nrent pursuits, an easy, moderate competence. There\\nis very little ostentation, and no extravagant display\\nof luxury. The richest men are not those who\\nspend the most their scale of expense does not ex-\\nceed what men of moderate fortune may reach, by\\nwhom indeed they are often surpassed. It often\\nhappens, in every part of the world, that the own-\\ners of great wealth seem to have undergone some\\nmental process, by which they become as secure\\nkeepers of it, as the guards of the Seraglio of what\\nis intrusted to them. Here, however these mode-\\nrate habits may have a fortunate tendency they\\nkeep down luxury, and a spirit of rivalry in expense,", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "375\\nthat would be followed with the most deleterious\\nconsequences, both to individuals and to society.\\nThere is a large number of persons who have\\nhad a liberal education and who, amidst all the\\noccupation of professional or commercial busitiess,\\nstill retain some tincture of it. Every man enrolls\\nhimself with some particular class, because there\\nare none who are willing to be put down with the\\nhog, described by Dr. Franklin s negro, he no\\nivork he eat he drink he sleep he walk about\\nhe lib like a gentleman. There are many young\\nmen possessed of competence, who go into a count-\\ning-house, or to some professional study, even with-\\nout engaging actively in the profession they have\\nacquired. The greatest number of these study the\\nlaw, and are admitted to the bar, but never practise\\nto any extent. They correspond in some respects\\nto the class of men which existed in France, before\\nthe Revolution, called Abbes; and bear the same\\nproportion to an active lawyer, that an abbe did to\\na priest. It is, however, in the one case as the\\nother, a condition they are in the way of prefer-\\nment, amusing their minds, in the mean time, with\\nliterature or other pursuits.\\nThe people of this town are great travellers it\\nwould be difficult to find a society of half a dozen,\\nof the class who change their linen every day, in\\nwhich some, if not most of the party, have not\\nvisited Europe. Commercial pursuits have led a\\ngreat many almost every body has been to En-\\nsrland. The natural desire, in liberal and intelli-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "376\\ngent minds, of seeing Europe, of which, Iroiu their\\ninfancy, they have heard so much, inspires a rest-\\nless, enlightened curiosity, to visit regions so fa-\\nmous. Nor is this confined to men alone, but\\nboth sexes have enjoyed the advantage of travelling\\nin an unusual degree. You might find a large cir-\\ncle of both sexes, who have not only seen London\\nand Paris, but Rome and Naples. Of late years,\\nsome of our young men have travelled with the most\\nliberal views, and under the greatest advantages,\\nand we have a small number of these who have\\nnot stopped with Italy, but have been on a classic\\npilgrimage to Greece. If no other good is pro-\\nduced, the subjects of conversation in society, are\\nthus rendered more amusing and instructive.\\nOne result of so much travelling, has been to\\ndiffuse a taste for the arts. The encouragement\\nthey receive is not indeed splendid, but it is pro-\\ngressive. We have produced some artists of emi-\\nnence, and for several years have had one or two\\nresiding here constantly. There are some small\\ncollections of pictures belonging to individuals,\\nwhich are at least equal to the average of collec-\\ntions. There is too, a right feeling on this score\\nwe rather seek to reward a living artist, than to\\ngive an extravagant price for old pictures. Most of\\nour gentlemen feel a pride in having some works of\\nour own artists hanging in their parlours every\\nnew performance aids in the diffusion of refine-\\nment. In the other arts, we have hardly any thing\\nto show. In sculpture, we have nothing but here", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "377\\nand there a bust. This art will be awakened\\namong us, when we think we are rich enough to\\nerect monuments or cenotaphs, to departed great-\\nness. For music, we have more fondness than\\nskill our musicians and actors are all foreigners\\nour young men seldom pla,y on any instrument, and\\nthough no one would wish to see them a race of\\nfiddlers, yet the practice of music would fill up\\nmany hours innocently, that are now spent in\\nvicious or stupifying indolence. Sacred music,\\nfrom the universal habit of attending public wor-\\nship, is a good deal cultivated, but too generally in\\na bad taste there are two or three musical socie-\\nties, who have regular meetings for vocal and in-\\nstrumental music. As every man now-a-days\\nwears a watch, whatever may be the value of his\\ntime, and every lady a parasol, whatever may be\\nthe shade of her complexion so every house has a\\npiano, whether the owner is, or is not, one of those,\\nwho can tell the tuning from the overture.\\nThere is generally musical talent enough in every\\ncircle, to promote conversation at a tea-party and\\nthere is seldom a summer s night, that is without a\\nserenade.\\nPerhaps 1 have said enough to show you that there\\nis much activity, enterprise and intelligence in this\\ncommunity that it exhibits what is the best result,\\nand surest support of liberty, self-respect that keeps\\nthem equally from offering or suffering violence,\\nand induces a deference to public opinion, and a\\ndisposition to maintain law and order. A more\\n48", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "378\\npeculiar and unmixed character, arising from its\\nliomogeneous population, will be found here than\\nin any other city in the United States. There is\\nnone of the show and attractions of ostentatious\\nand expensive luxury but a great deal of cheerful,\\nfrank hospitality, and easy, social intercourse. In\\nshort, if a man can limit his wishes to living in a\\nbeautiful country, among a hospitable people, where\\nhe will find only simple, unobtrusive pleasures,\\nwith a high degree of moral and intellectual refine-\\nment, he may here be gratified.\\nLETTER XVI.\\nGENIUS, CHARACTER, AND MANNERS OF THE IN-\\nHABITANTS OF NEW-ENGLAND.\\nMv DEAR Friend,\\nThe features of national character seem almost\\nas marked as those of particular species of the hu-\\nman race and the long period through which they\\nmay be discovered, under various accidents and\\nchanges of fortune, as well as government, is, on\\nfirst observation at least, a subject of surprise. We\\nmay remark, in some families, a predominance of\\ngood or bad qualities, a series of virtuous or vicious", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "379\\nconduct, for successive generations. That nations\\nexhibit a peculiar bias throughout their whole\\ncareer, is certainly evident from history. Though\\nthis may be thwarted or interrupted occasionally,\\neven so as to disappear for a time it will be found,\\non a general view of their whole policy, never to\\nhave been destroyed, but its effects may be traced\\nthrough the entire era of their existence. The\\nJews, who are altogether an exclusive people, fur-\\nnish an extreme case. The Homans commenced\\ntheir career as robbers, and when they rose from\\ntheir petty villany of a single murder, to the splend-\\ned heroism of slaughtering millions they continued\\nthe same policy, enlarged from the plunder of a\\nneighbouring village, to the aggrandizement of their\\nempire, by the subjection of kingdoms. The\\nGreeks, who invented or improved all the arts and\\nsciences, directed their chief emulation to these,\\nthrough all their vicissitudes and down to the ex-\\ntinction of their nation by the Turks, preserved\\nmany remains of this illuminating spirit, when all\\nthe rest of the world was involved in darkness.\\nAmong modern nations, the French are supposed\\nto have many of the characteristics which they had\\nin the days of Julian and as to the Spaniards, we\\nhave it from Count Oxenstiern, that when Adam\\nwas permitted to revisit the world, he found every\\nthing altered and new, till he came to Spain when\\nhe at once exclaimed, Ah this I know every\\nthing is here just as I left it. The English have\\nbeen remarkable, through many ages, for their sub-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "380\\nmission to the authority of fashion in dress, and\\ntheir unyielding adherence to the principles of civil\\nliberty. The Germans unite a gravity of tempera-\\nment with a mystical frivolity their passions seem\\nseated in their brain, and strike out into strange va-\\ngaries of fancy while those of the Italians flow\\nthrough all the channels of the blood, beat with\\nits pulse, and are profound and true to nature.\\nI have made these remarks by way of introduc-\\ntion to some sketches of the genius, character, and\\nmanners of the people in this section of the Union\\nbecause I think these partake strongly of their\\norigin, and cannot be well understood without\\nkeeping that in view. We have not quite complet-\\ned two centuries, since the first bark of our fore-\\nfathers anchored under the wintry shores of Ply-\\nmouth and two centuries, we may hope, will form\\nonly a small part of our national existence. The\\nperiod is not long enough to predict what will be\\nour character in after ages, when time shall have\\nexposed it to all the successive temptations of ad-\\nversity and prosperity when all the accidents of\\nfortune, and the progress of luxury, shall have been\\ntried, to change or corrupt it. Yet, as far as we\\nhave proceeded, it has not become unworthy of its\\norigin, or essentially different from its first princi-\\nples. The impetus originally given, still remains,\\nmodified, but not eradicated. There is something\\nless of exterior roughness but this only makes the\\ninherent traits more distinct as a surface of marble", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "381\\nexhibits its veins more clearly when polished, than\\nin a rude state.\\nThe men who planted this division of the United\\nStates, came from the most virtuous part of the\\nEnglish nation. They carried their severe notions\\nof religious purity to a degree of austerity and\\ntheir assertion of civil and political liberty, to the\\ndreadful alternative of a civil war. They were\\npart of that body of men which brought a faithless\\nsovereign to the scaffold, and raised their country\\nto that glorious pitch of power and prosperity,\\nwhich she enjoyed during the early part of the\\ncommonwealth. Some even of the chief actors in\\nthese scenes came to this country from choice, and\\nothers to escape from proscription. All the foun-\\nders of these colonies, were the inveterate enemies\\nof the perfidious despotism of the Stuarts, and stern\\nseceders from the arrogant sway of the English pre-\\nlates and Scotch presbyters. A large proportion\\nof them were of the condition of gentlemen, and\\ntheir followers were all virtuous, substantial yeo-\\nmen. A striking and indisputable inference has\\nbeen drawn, from the comparative purity of our\\nlanguage, respecting the class of people who settled\\nthe country. They came from various counties of\\nEngland, in some of which a jargon scarcely intel-\\nligible is spoken to this day by the lower sorts of\\nthe people. But, among our forefathers, if there\\nwere any of this description, there never were\\nenough to keep up this corrupt dialect and even\\nthe provincialisms that were retained or generated", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "382\\nhere, are very few in number. This test of lan-\\nguage is one of the strongest that can be adduced\\nand in this instance supports well-known histori-\\ncal facts.\\nTheir first object in seeking a new world, was\\nto enjoy freedom in religion the next, to obtain\\ncivil and political liberty. They came exposed to\\nevery hardship, and manfully encountered them for\\nthese noble purposes. The hopes of enriching\\nthemselves could form a very small part of the\\nmotives of the first settlers, or of those who follow-\\ned them, for two or three generations. For a con-\\nsiderable period their daily fare was coarse, and\\nsometimes scanty. The rigid practice of piety,\\nindustry, and temperance, fortified their minds and\\nbodies, to endure the sufferings incident to the in-\\nhabitants of a new country. These virtues gradu-\\nally ameliorated their condition, and procured them\\nan increase of their means, and the substantial com-\\nforts of life. If they had been satisfied with this\\nresult, they would not have risen above an estab-\\nlishment of Quakers or Moravians but continued\\nfrugal, virtuous, thrifty and obscure. They how-\\never, possessed more elevated designs there were\\namong them both clergymen and laymen, who were\\nprofound scholars, who had imbibed in the English\\nuniversities the soundest conviction of the value of\\nlearning, and that religion especially could not be\\nmaintained without it. Hence, they never lost\\nsight of the necessity of instruction schools were at\\noKce established, and they founded a college during", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "383\\nthe first generation. It was this enlightened course\\nthat gave a peculiar tone to their character. Talent\\nand education were assured of their leoitimate\\nimportance, and they constantly showed themselves\\nthe watchful and jealous guardians of every reli-\\ngious and civil right.\\nThese men belonged to that class who were\\ncalled, or rather stigmatized, with the name of Pu-\\nritans yet, under this name, the most virtuous and\\nenergetic part of the English nation were at one\\ntime enrolled. The Independents were ihe persons\\nwho kept the state from falling under the despotism\\nof the Stuarts, and religion perhaps from relapsing\\ninto the power of the Pope. There were of course\\nmany fanatics among them, and their extravagances\\nwere imputed to the whole. In those who came\\nhere, there was great rigour and adhesiveness to\\ntheir particular tenets yet fewer absurd fanatics\\nthan in England. There was no deficiency, how-\\never, of bigotry or narrow-minded prejudices and\\nthese were often most obstinately manifested in\\ntrifles. This was the fault of the age, when trifles\\nwere magnified into importance or, to speak more\\njustly, when trifles were considered the indications\\nof fundamental principles the latter were in fact\\nthe subject of contest, in the name of the former.\\nMany circumstances contributed to preserve an\\naustere bias of character in these colonists. The\\ncountry gave no rich productions to create wealth\\nand luxury and therefore offered few inducements\\nfor men to expatriate themselves, except they were", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "384\\nstimulated by the same motives that led the first\\nsettlers. The gradual increase of the population\\nleft the first comers a preponderating influence, and\\nobliged successive emigrants to assimilate them-\\nselves to them. The plain and simple manners,\\nthe gravity of character, the sternness of religious\\nprinciple, the bigotry of their opinions, repelled all\\nforeigners, and almost all Englishmen of other sects,\\nfrom coming here, and all such who crossed the\\nAtlantic, went into other colonies. E .ducation was\\nentirely in the hands, or under the direction of the\\nclergy, who were all Independents and Calvinists.\\nThe first magistrates of the country were all men\\nof noble simplicity and rigid virtue and there was\\nno levity or profligacy of conduct in the leading\\nmen in society, that could countenance or excuse\\nany frolicking or debauchery among inferior people.\\nThese were the principal causes, which gave that\\nsevere aspect to the manners, that unity of faith and\\npractice, both ni religion and politics, which conti-\\nnued unchanged for a century.\\nThe introduction of the Episcopal Church, fa-\\nvoured by the court, from motives of policy rather\\nthan religion, and of other sects, the mission of\\ngovernors from England, the increase of property,\\nof commerce, and of the capital, created progressive\\nalterations. These, however, grew imperceptibly,\\nand their influence was only superficial. The prin-\\nciples, prejudices, and habits of the puritans, had\\ntaken too deep root, and were too widely spread,\\nT may add, fortunately, to be eradicated. They", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "385\\ncontinued little diminished, to the Revolution, of\\nwhich they were one of the original causes. The\\nconcussion of war, and, above all, of civil war,\\nthe introduction of many foreigners, the sudden\\nalliance with France, after a century and a half of\\ndeadly animosity, heightened with all the strength\\nof provincial and religious bitterness, the cordial\\nreception and intermixture of the most accomplished\\nnoblesse of the French court, with the plain citizens\\nof this hitherto remote and secluded country, (strange\\ncontrast the changes, the excitement, the patriot-\\nism, the profligacy created by war, passed away,\\nleaving few traces, out of the large towns. And\\nsince the Revolution, the wide extension of com-\\nmerce, the great accumulation of wealth, the spirit\\nof enterprise, stimulated and exerted to the utmost,\\nthe ardent feeling of adventure, which has sent\\nso many young men into every part of the world in\\npursuit of pleasure, instruction, or gain, all these,\\ncombined, have left the solid fabric of our character\\nand manners as unimpaired, as the granite rocks of\\nour country and the variations they have pro-\\nduced, render it only more striking to the philo-\\nsophical observer.\\nThe original system of discipline for the young,\\nwhich is still almost every where in force, turned\\nprincipally on two points, the subjugation of the\\npassions, and a perfect equality of standing, giving\\nto seniority the chief and almost exclusive claim to\\ndeference. Under the first of these, was included\\nthe discouragement of vivacity, the reproof of all\\n49", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "386\\ngayety, the condemnation of all angry emotions and\\nimpetuous expression. The perpetual lessons in-\\nculcated, during childhood and youth, were to be\\nmild, submissive, serious, devotional, and respectful\\nto age. All brilliant sallies were checked, and any\\nimpatient sprightliness frowned upon. A steady\\ncomposure, a calm and gentle demeanour, a slow\\nand cautious habit of reasoning, were held up as\\nthe objects of imitation. The equality of condition,\\nwhich was carried very far in society, was perfect\\nin all the schools the children were all on a footing\\nthe station or wealth of the parent caused no dis-\\ntinctions, they were all allowed the same advanta-\\nges, and exposed to the same treatment and all\\ntaught to bow to every passing stranger, and to\\nevery old man in the village. Some change has\\ntaken place in this respect wealthy parents have\\nsought for more select schools, their children\\nperceive sooner the advantages they possess, and a\\nlittle arrogance on this account is not wholly re-\\npressed childish impetuosity and juvenile pre-\\nsumption are partially tolerated, under the idea that\\ntheir talents will be more readily developed, and\\ntheir character be rendered more decisive and\\nenterprising. It is not perhaps quite decided that\\nthis is an improvement.\\nA punctual attendance on public worship from\\ninfancy, and the great use that was made of the\\nBible in the schools, contributed very much to the\\nestablishment of sober habits. The universal prac-\\ntice of perusing the scriptures, which, in former", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "387\\ntimes, constituted almost the exclusive reading, had\\na great influence, not only in promoting religion\\namong the people, but upon their manners and\\nhabits of thinking. The prudential maxims, the\\nsolemn impassioned denunciations against offen-\\nders, in the Old Testament the peaceful, earnest\\nexhortations, to humility, patience, moderation, and\\ncharity, in the New were so often heard and read,\\nthat they could not fail of producing some effect.\\nIn fact, all the education of the country was blended\\nwith them, and in all public speaking, frequent re-\\nferences were made to this knowledge, as being\\nmost common with the hearers, as well as the\\nspeakers. It was not only exhortation or argument,\\nthat was thus rendered more impressive, but a\\nwitty allusion to scripture, if not indecorous, would\\nbe the species of illustration most widely relished and\\nunderstood. This general and constant use of the\\nscriptures produced another incidental advantage\\nit kept up a comparative purity in the language of\\nthe people, the clear and simple English of our old\\ntranslation was easily understood, and being in such\\nconstant use, the whole style of writing and speak-\\ning was founded upon it.\\nEvery system will be liable to a particular class\\nof ill consequences, resulting from the mistake or\\nincapacity of those who are reared under it.\\nThus, in some countries, where it is sought to ex-\\ncite the vivacity of children, where they are taught\\nto be graceful, where their sprightly sallies are ap-\\nplauded, and they are urged to make a display", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "388\\nwe ar(3 sure to encounter a great deal of the viva-\\ncity of inanity, to be depressed with a tedious\\ngayety, and to yawn luider the efforts of an artifi-\\ncial sprightliness. Under the stoical plan of subdu-\\ning the passions and controlling even their harmless\\nemotions, the simulation that ensues, will be of an\\nopposite kind and the atnioyance it produces\\nmore negative downright dulness will take the\\nmask of gravity a constitutional indifference and\\nlifeless apathy will pretend to be calm reason and\\nprofound reflection a cool, calculating cunning,\\nwill assume the garb of prudent caution and reserve.\\nIt is in vain to attempt to raise any strong emotion\\nin such individuals they turn the edge and blunt\\nthe point of every mental weapon wit or argument\\nare both powerless to these they are impervious.\\nIf I were writing a treatise, I might apologize\\nfor this digression. The results of the education\\nI have mentioned, might be inferred without seeing\\nthem. Such a people must be serious, reflecting,\\nand cold in their manners that they are the former,\\ncannot be disputed, any more than that they are\\nthe calmest people in their deportment, of any in\\nthe world. I use the word calmest, rather than\\ncoldest, as more truly applicable. Could such tui-\\ntion be introduced under a despotism were it com-\\npatible with it, the subjects would be the most quiet\\nof all slaves. But here, where it is given under a\\ngovernment, whose leading principle is the mini-\\nmum of restraint, its object is to avoid rashness and\\nviolence, and to make the citizens deliberate and", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "5\u00c2\u00ab9\\norderly. The constant habit of political and reli-\\ngious discussion, and the familiarity with law pro-\\nceedings, tend to nourish acuteness and foresight in\\nreasoning, as well as in perceiving the actual rela-\\ntion of things. There is so much liberty, such\\nentire equality of privileges enterprise is so unfet-\\ntered, that there must be great intensity in thought,\\nand great energy in action. There are no people\\nmore capable of measured excitement, or more\\nsteadily persevering there are none who can be\\nmade to feel so much, and, at the same time, ex-\\nhibit so little exterior emotion. Pantomime is ab-\\nsolutely unknown. Those who have been taught\\nto give their feelings vent in gesticulations and ex-\\nclamations, are confounded at the tranquillity of\\none of our audiences yet the proof, that this is not\\nowing to insensibility, is the profound and motion-\\nless attention which an able orator, either at the\\nbar, in the pulpit, or the senate chamber, will pro-\\nduce among his hearers of every description this,\\nafter all, is the highest scale of applause, the most\\nanimating and glorious to the speaker. But an\\norator must be very cautious in order to create this\\neffect it must depend rather on the steady heat,\\nthan on the w armth of his manner, to succeed. He\\nmust have complete control of his passions, and re-\\nsort to vehemence of expression, and a display of\\nemotion, in a very sparing method. 1 have witnes-\\nsed a discussion at the Institute, where all the phi-\\nlosophers of France were assembled, that would\\nhave provoked open laughter here. I have heard", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "390\\ndebates in both Houses of the British Parliament,\\nwhere the tone would have been much too impetu-\\nous for a caucus 1 have heard speeches in Con-\\ngress commence in such a mock impassioned style,\\nand terminate in heroics, as would have been deem-\\ned flatly ludicrous. An orator here loses all influ-\\nence who gets in a passion every body is on\\nguard against the contagion he excites only pity\\nor ridicule a fiery speaker, in any of our assem-\\nblies, is like a live coal fallen on ice he may sput-\\nter for a moment, but is soon extinguished. He\\nwho uses the words that burn, must be so temper-\\ned, as not to become heated by their emission he\\nmust resemble those mountains, from which the\\nlava makes way over a belt of snow, to overwhelm\\nall before it.\\n1 have dwelt long on this subject, to show how\\nfar back the origin of our manners may be traced\\nthat it grew out of the soundest and purest part of\\nthe English nation who in contending against the\\nencroachments and corruptions of the crown and\\nthe mitre, were naturally led into the extreme of\\nop])osition that from this body of men proceeded\\nthe first colonists of New-England, whose austere\\nprinciples, and the hardships to which they were\\nexposed, prevented any from joining them, except\\nthe most resolute and inflexible. These colonists,\\nthus separated from the rest of the world and its\\nallurements, another chosen people in the wilder-\\nness, as they were apt to consider themselves, were\\nhere nurtured in hardships and privations. They", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "391\\nwere exempt from the defections and relapses,\\nwhich took place in the mother country after the\\nRestoration in fact, desertion went on there, and\\nrecruiting flourished here, until this portion became\\nthe most numerous and respectable part of the In-\\ndependent, Dissenting interest. Their tenets here\\nwere steadily maintained every thing around har-\\nmonized with their severity and as there was\\nneither example nor reward to entice seceders, none\\nfell off, except those who were unable to sustain\\nso much stern self-denial. The principles of the\\nPuritans were, therefore, inculcated, uninterrupted-\\nly in every school, and practised in every society\\nthey became so thoroughly incorporated with the\\nwhole social system, that even now our manners\\nare deeply imbued with them, though both in theo-\\nry and practice their rigour, as well as uniformity,\\nare at least greatly relaxed.\\nThe cold, passionless appearance which our man-\\nners exhibit, must not, therefore, be taken as the\\nfoundation of our character. Under this exterior\\nwill be often found a force of humour, an ardour of\\nthought, and energy of action, which surprise those\\nunacquainted with the disposition of the inhabi-\\ntants. There is a slow, deliberative manner, that\\nis sometimes very provoking to irritable disposi-\\ntions but when the occasion calls for it, there is\\nno sluggishness, indifference, or faltering. An emi-\\nnent individual who when the occasion required,\\nled his gallant regiment, sword in hand, through the\\nbreach, with an impetuosity that ensured victory", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "392\\nrelates of himself an anecdote, which will illustrate\\nthese remarks. Talking one day with his superior\\nofficer, the passionate, impatient, General Charles\\nLee, the latter exclaimed, Why the devil do you\\nstare at me, with your mouth open why don t\\nyou reply quicker I say every thing off hand,\\nthat comes into my head, and by G d I am\\nashamed of my own questions, long before I get\\nyour answer. He explained to him, (slowly,\\nhowever,) that the habit was inveterate that he\\nsupposed it grew out of the situation in which\\nthe Puritans were placed they were persecuted,\\nand obliged to be very cautious with the answers\\nthey gave, to avoid difficulties and this, with\\nmany of their habits, had been handed down, and\\nbecame a part of our education. Watch these\\npeople when a conflagration takes place, or any\\nsudden emergency, demanding promptitude, cour-\\na^e, and expedients, and then observe a collection\\nof them, taken any where the difficulty will be\\ndiscovered to exist in the abundance, rather than in\\nthe deficiency of these qualities.\\nThe style of conversation here, has yet a long\\nprogress to make, before it reaches that degree of\\nperfection, which is one of the last and most de-\\nlightful results of high refinement and crowded so-\\nciety. We have yet to acquire, what Dr. Johnson\\ncalled, the fine, full flow of London talk, or the\\nmore brilliant and accomplished style of Parisian con-\\nversation; that conversation, which made Madame de\\nStael and so many others who have enjoyed it^", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "393\\neonsider exile from the society of Paris, as a most\\ninsupportable calamity.* We may hope to ap-\\nproach it in time, because there is no country where\\nthe inhabitants depend so much on conversation for\\ntheir amusement, none where so little resort is had\\nto music, dancing, cards, c. The reliance on\\ntalking for a diversion is nearly universal, in all\\nparties, whether consisting of two, or two hundred,\\nwith both sexes and all ages. Such habits may\\nlead to a finished style hereafter, but at present\\nafter surmounting the weather, and family inquiries,\\nwe are too apt to mistake disputation and argu-\\nment for conversation. We have so many profes-\\nsional men, so many sects with their wire-drawn\\nsubtleties, so many legislators, and the habit is so\\ngeneral of taking an interest in one or all of these\\npursuits, that conversation is too often infected with\\ntheir peculiar pedantry. f Yet to harangue, to\\nargue, or to controvert, are not to converse. Very\\nable men sometimes assume from habit a mode of\\ndiscussion, that only wants, Mr. Speaker or\\nmy Christian Friends, or may it please your\\nIn the 14th Number of the Edinburgh Review, article of Marmontel s Me-\\nmoirs, there are some just remarks on the faults to which this brilliant conversa-\\ntion is prone.\\nt The narrow hiibits of the bar are carried into Congress and all our legisla-\\ntures where from the number of lawyers those bodies contain, the predominant\\nmode of discussion is more like special pleading, than the debating of statesmen.\\nTiiis led to the remark of a very shrewd observer, that Congress certainly con-\\ntained a great many men of ability and extensive information; they appeared\\nlike statesmen, till a debate commenced but this was always the handful of\\nchesnuts, that would make them forget flic parts they were acting; tliey then\\nfell at once into their natural habit of scrambling to invent subtle distinctions,\\nand maintain small points, with all the acuteneeSand finesse of attorniet.\\n50", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "394\\nHonors prefixed, to make it a regular speech, a ser-\\nmon, or a plea. Graceful and rapid narratives, easy,\\nunaffected remarks, sudden, unexpected turns, a\\nlight, obvious irony,* glancing allusions, leading\\nquestions, sprightly repartee, assertion v\u00c2\u00bb^ithoiit dog-\\nmatism, and serious observation without formality,\\nare some of the elements that give a charm to con-\\nversation and if argument is brought forward, it\\nshould not be like a charge of heavy dragoons, bear-\\ning down all before it, and trampling under foot by\\nmere dead weight but rather like a flying incursion\\nof light cavalry, which if it does not carry off the\\nprize by an unexpected assault, retreats out of sight\\nimmediately.\\nA forensic, argumentative discussion may be a\\nvery good exercise occasionally for students, but\\nadds little to the pleasure of social intercourse, as\\nwe perceive at once that it is neither an exhibition\\nof playful wit, or profound thought, but a mere\\ndisplay of logical acuteness, a resolute defence of\\nsmall points, a struggle not for truth but for vic-\\ntory. This vicious inclination to perpetual argu-\\ning, is frequently shewn to a person recently re-\\nturned from abroad, in a way, that is amusing or\\nvexatious as his humour may be. If such a person\\nwhen asked about the countries he has left, endea-\\nvours in perfect good faith to give the impressions\\nhe has received, his information may perhaps be\\nIrony however in tliis ooinitry particularly is very apt to be misunderstood,\\nand the person who uses it taken literally. ]t is a habit that results from a more\\nadvanced and complicated state of society than what exists here.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "395\\ndisputed by some individual who has passed all\\nhis life snugly arguing at home and then the un-\\nfortunate traveller must either be prepared to go\\ninto a course of reasoning, against the most deter-\\nmined cavilling, under a manifest impossibility of\\nconvincing, or resign the subject with a smile to the\\nimpertinence of his antagonist.\\nThere is one advantage we derive from educa-\\ntion, that may be justly valued. Opinion is met\\nby opinion, and not by violence. The dirk and the\\npistol are hardly known as arguments, or needed\\nas correctives. Duels are almost unheard of, ex-\\ncept among military men, and then chiefly confined\\nto subalterns. There is hardly any person of ma-\\nture age in society, that would dare to violate public\\nfeeling, by engaging in a personal contest. If there\\nis not always good-temper, there is at least good-\\nnature, and a man is disgraced who shows a want\\nof it. Personal ferocity is so much discouraged,\\nthat he who cannot subdue his disposition, must\\ntake to the woods. A boxing match, or a blow,\\nare of much more rare occurrence than they were\\na generation since the habit of applauding or\\nstimulating such feats, was renounced with our\\ntransatlantic allegiance.\\nThe accumulation of wealth, the frequency and\\nrapidity of intercourse with all parts of our own\\nand many foreign countries, has had some influ-\\nence. The former gave the means, and the latter\\nfurnished the examples, which could not be imitat-\\ned without a relaxation of the primitive rigour and", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "396\\nsimplicity of society, and an emancipation from\\nsome narrow prejudices. Still the progress of\\nluxiny, and the innovations on ancient opinions,\\nhave proceeded in a very measured manner. A lit-\\ntle more elegance, a moderate increase of luxurious\\ncomforts, and greater liberality, if not greater can-\\ndour, in matters of opinion, are the present limits of\\nthe change. Hospitality on a moderate scale of\\nexpense, and an easy style of social intercourse,\\nstill maintain their ground against mere parade and\\nidle, insipid etiquette. The style of manners is in\\nthe right line to reach perfection for this consists\\nin chastened ease, polished simplicity, and total\\nabsence of affectation and pretension. If none can\\nboast of having reached this point, yet at least, in\\npursuit of it, they have not deviated into false\\nmethods. That sort of bustling importance, a loud\\nstep, a spreading diameter of movement, a rustling\\napproach, an affected tone of voice, an assumed\\nconfidence, and all the train of restless manoeuvres\\nto obtain personal consequence, which are so fash-\\nionable in some countries of Europe, fail here en-\\ntirely. It is quite amusing to observe some\\nforeigners, or some of our young men on their first\\nreturn from abroad, practising these airs in vain\\nthere is no corresponding dutter; they are met with\\nsuch a calm, ruinous composure, that they are soon\\nabashed, and forced to adopt a natural, tranquil de-\\nmeanour. If tiiey have not intrinsic merit enough,\\nto sustain themselves in this simple state, they must", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "397\\nsink till they find their level, and remain quiet in a\\ncorner.\\nIn alluding to the increase of wealth, as producing\\nan effect on society, it may be remarked, that itshiflu-\\nence is less here than in Europe. On the Exchange,\\namong merchants in the prosecution of their business,\\nit is of course the first inquiry, the prevailing solici-\\ntude, the universal aim. Intelligence is so much\\ndiffused, the processes for multiplying riches have\\nbecome so numerous, through the extension of\\ncommerce, that there are few persons who do not\\nstrive for something more than a mere subsistence.\\nThe maxim, that wealth is power, is very widely\\nknown, and the rivals for this power are numerous.\\nBut its votaries are not all inordinate some are\\nsatisfied with obtaining a moderate share of it, while\\na great number are content to gain a decent compe-\\ntence, in the various pursuits of public or professional\\nlife. But wealth is still of less relative importance\\nhere than in older countries. And this advantage\\ngrows out of the noble simplicity of our institutious,\\nand of our public characters. The accumulation of\\nw^ealth in the aristocracy of Europe, has so accus-\\ntomed the subjects of those countries to a gaudy\\ndisplay and parade, that no man can fill a high sta-\\ntion without them a great statesman, or a great\\ncommander, could not exist there as they have done\\nin former times and do still among us without a\\nretinue, an equipage, and the costly profusion of the\\ntable. If the person who fills any considerable sta-\\ntion does not possess a fortune, the government", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "398\\nmust either provide for him, by salaries that crush\\ntheir finances, or he must retire from the stage.\\nThe public are so accustomed to the display of\\nopulence, that they think respectability cannot exist\\nwithout it, A bishop, therefore, must have a prince-\\nly revenue a minister or a commander must pos-\\nsess a gre^t income, to over-awe the vulgar, or he\\ncannot hold his situation. A luxurious display is so\\ncommon opulence is considered so essential to\\ndignity, that great talents must have great wealth,\\nto support an appearance in the world, which a\\nwrong estimate of wealth and talents respectively,\\nrenders necessary. We go here into the opposite\\nextreme but the simplicity that surrounds our\\npublic employments, keeps up the respect due to\\ntalent, and makes riches of less importance. Mere\\nwealth has seldom attempted, and still more rarely\\nsucceeded, in a struggle for public favours, against\\ntalent without it.\\nThe plain and modest manner in which our\\nhighest magistrates, and all persons in public life,\\nare obliged to live, from their having such low\\nsalaries, and frequently such small fortunes tends\\nto keep down the consequence of wealth, and to\\nprevent a ruinous, idle ostentation, from becoming\\nfashionable. Expenses run more in the line of real\\nhospitrdity, of substantial pleasures, and enjoyments\\nof an intellectual description. The cost of showy\\nequipages goes into a hospitable table the savings\\nfrom frivolous extravagance in dress, are converted\\ninto wine that has travelled farther than Alexander,", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "399\\nwith full as much power to subdue the world, and\\nmore to cheer it the wages of useless servants de-\\ncorate our walls, or our libraries, with the produc-\\ntions of genius. Ostentation is exhibited in no form\\nof expense, except perhaps in our houses. Thf^ro is\\na taste for having large and elegant houses, when the\\nowner enters into no correspondent expenditure.\\nShould this style of building, and a taste for the\\nluxuries of the table, be carried much farther in the\\ncapital, it will recall the observation that was once\\nmade on a city of Italy, of which it v^^as said\\nthat the inhabitants feasted as if they had not a\\nday to live, and built as if they were never to\\ndie.\\nAnother circumstance which tends powerfully to\\nrepress extravagant expense, are the laws regulat-\\ning the division of property among heirs. Chil-\\ndren, in the eye of the law, have all equal rights,\\nand if no will is made, the parent s estate is divided\\namong them equally. Natural affection commonly\\nacts on this principle, which it may seem to have\\ndictated though sometimes the partiality, but more\\noften the vanity of an individual may give a princi-\\npal part of his estate to one child, under the impulse\\nof some vague, confused feelings of pride, about\\npreserving his name a foolish expectation, that is\\noften productive of cruel injustice, and is always\\nfollowed by disappointment. Even the permanent\\naristocratic system of Europe, for perpetuating cer-\\ntain families, is subject to numerous, and some of\\nthem strange, accidents. But here it is a staring", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "400\\nabsurdity because the design must be defeated.\\nThe principle runs counter to the spirit of our insti-\\ntutions, and our legislatures will always assist\\nevery combination of heirs, to break entails. The\\nonly mode of sustaining a family is by education\\nby implanting in the minds of children, prudence,\\ndiscretion, and under the guidance of these virtues,\\na degree of public spirit, that may endear them to\\ntheir fellow-citizens. There is nothing but a suc-\\ncession of abilities and useful services, that can re-\\ntain public esteem there is no rank and no pos-\\nsession, so protected by the laws against the mis-\\nchief which folly and profligacy will create, that\\nthey will survive it, to descend entire to some more\\nvirtuous representative. Public esteem and respect\\ncan only be secured by each man for himself;\\nno one can value himself long on the merits of his\\nfather or grandfather the virtues or the fame of\\nhis ancestors may, indeed, serve him for a favoura-\\nble introduction, but he must then rely on himself;\\nand he, perhaps, falls even lower, if he is unable to\\nimitate their conduct.\\nThe constant division of property, prevents any\\ngreat estate from being long kept together. The\\ncurrent of fortune may accumulate its golden sands\\nin one spot, but the first storm, or the first ebbing\\ntide, will scatter it away, and heap it in a difierent\\nplace. Wealth is not often preserved through three\\ngenerations, because it cannot be placed in lixtures,\\nout of the power of individuals to dissipate it. A\\nman. therefore, with considerable wealth, who", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "401\\nmaintains his family in elegance, is obliged to\\neconomize a large part of his income and even\\nthen, when it comes to be divided among his chil-\\ndren, it will not enable all of them to live in the\\nsame style with their father. This successive dis-\\npersion of the riches that industry, skill, and good\\nluck have brought together, is attended with this\\nuseful consequence that every rational man, satis-\\nfied, from what he daily sees, of the uncertain ten-\\nure of wealth, gives all his children an education,\\nthat may enable them to exist after its loss. Every\\nman learns some profession or mystery, that may\\nserve him in case of need. The fniges consumere\\nnati form a very small number almost every man\\nis occupied with production.\\nThe fluctuation in wealth, which is here so in-\\ncessant, prevents too much arrogance in its posses-\\nsor, or, at least, hinders it from being hereditary.\\nA good name, to be sure, is something it would\\nbe hard, indeed, if it were not but those who are\\nin possession of the first rank in society, can main-\\ntain it only against the intrusion of vulgar preten-\\nsions and impudent mediocrity. It is impossible to\\nexclude real merit this takes rank ai once, with\\nas little opposition, as courage in the hour of dan-\\nger. The prejudices elsewhere existing against\\ncertain professions and callings cannot be exerted\\nhere to render the person who follows them ridicu-\\nlous, if his character be respectable. A man is\\nonly obnoxious to this kind of obloquy, when he\\nhas suddenly risen on the wheel of fortune, and\\n51", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "402\\ngives hintself airs from licr caprices iu his favour\\nthe revenge of society is then furnished by memory.\\nBut men of the greatest eminence in this coun-\\ntry have risen from the deepest obscurity they\\nhave achieved greatness, and the attempt to\\nreproach them with that obscurity, would here\\nbe deemed absurd. This is one generous triumph\\nover the narrow bigotry of aristocracy. Talents\\nnot only find the way, from poverty and depression,\\nto be fostered and distinguished but the truth,\\nwhich the privileged would suppress in Europe, is\\nhere often felt that nature makes more real gentle-\\nmen, than even rank or fashion. This state of\\nsociety will, however, offer some difference in its\\naspect, from one, where those who constitute the\\nfashionable part of it, are formed and finished out\\nof a certain exclusive portion, from materials that\\nare, perhaps, intrinsically inferior. Our society\\nmust present more energy and robustness, from\\nbeing so frequently crossed by the native vigour of\\nwild stocks. There are many who, reared in pros-\\nperity, are too refined, or too feeble, when a reverse\\ncomes, to struggle successfully with the talent that\\nhas acquired hardihood and force, under the adver-\\nsity from which it is emerging many such,\\nwho would have discharged the duties of superior\\nsituations respectably and gracefully, recede from\\nan eager competition. They sink away, and are\\nlost iu the shade. This misfortune, if it be one to\\nsociety, excites only a transient, individual pity,\\nand is without a remedy.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "403\\nIntelligent and cultivated minds are scattered\\nover the whole country the high tone of moral\\nsentiment which is the consequence, is one great\\nsource of our strength. Discerning persons will\\nnot confound two very distinct things, fashion and\\ncivilization, together and will not mistake a want\\nof the brilliant and disciplined manners of the first,\\nfor a deficiency of the last. They may frequently\\nsee a degree of awkwardness and shj ness border-\\ning on rusticity where at the same time may be\\nfound the truest and best results of civil society.\\nThere is throughout these states a general abhor-\\nrence of violence, a submission to the laws, a gen-\\ntleness of demeanour, a deference to talent, a de-\\nsire of improvement, a diffusion of knowledge and\\na degree of intellectual cultivation, which mark an\\nadvanced state of civilization. There are two or\\nthree small cities in Connecticut, and many villa-\\nges, where a circle, composed of intelligent and re-\\nfined people, may be found, particularly New-Ha-\\nven, the seat of Yale College, Hartford, and Litch-\\nfield, whose civilizing influence extends over all the\\ndistrict about them. In Massachusetts, there are\\nalso many such circles. Salem, from whence com-\\nmerce is very actively and successfully pursued, and\\nwhere it has deposited a great deal of wealth, is re-\\nmarkable for the retired, secluded habits of its\\npopulation but contains some individuals who have\\nmade distinguished attainments in science and lite-\\nrature, in which they have published several works.\\nWorcester, Northampton, and Newbury port, may\\nalso be cited, among others, for having produc-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "404\\ned distinguished men. Portland, Hallowell, and\\nBrunswick, the seat of Bowdoin College, in Maine,\\nPortsmouth, Concord, and Hanover, the seat of\\nDartmouth College, in New-Hampshire, Wind-\\nsor and Burlington, in Vermont, Providence and\\nNewport, in Rhode- Island, may be mentioned in\\nthis list. In these small towns are to be found\\nable, professional men, and in some of them,\\ncountry gentlemen, with very competent fortunes,\\nwho generally possess a very salutary influence in\\ntheir districts. These are, besides, dispersed in\\nlesser towns, and thus no village is left without\\nsome men of liberal education, who contribute to\\nthe diffusion of information and the elevation of\\npublic sentiment.*\\nThe traces of primitive manners are more visible\\nin the country, where they could be more easily\\npreserved from change. The man who, from hav-\\ning received a liberal education, and possessing a\\nconsiderable landed estate, is entitled to the appel-\\nlation of a country gentleman, was always a person\\nof influence. To maintain this influence, grave,\\nand rather severe habits, a plain calm dignity of\\nmanner, a strict attention to religious duties, were\\nnecessary, and also to abstain from all jovial and\\nboisterous amusements. No levity, no immorality,\\nwas permitted in any one who held any public sta-\\nThis diffusion of ir\\\\forniation and refinement is a ^reat advantage. The cele-\\nbrated Abbe Correa, one or two of whose shrewd and brilliant remarks 1 have\\nalready quoled said of the State of Pennsylvania, that it was like a superb\\nSpliynx Philadelphia was the head, but all the rest was beast.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "405\\ntion. Such was the country gentleman, who held\\nany office in the state in former times, and- such, in\\nsome instances, he still continues. But this dignifi-\\ned and austere cast of character has not ah\\\\;\u00c2\u00abvs\\nbeen fortunate, at least in receat tinies. in e;ivi :g\\nthf same habits to his chiirh en. The sons h;: e\\noften fallen short of the fathers repiU tion, or\\nwholly disgraced it, and wasted their estaie ih pro-\\nfligate dissipation. 1 have seen some instances,\\nwhere this misfortune grew out of mistakeii prin-\\nciples of education, and an adherence in the parent,\\nto certain forms of behaviour which mav have\\nanswered in earlier times, but became inexpedient\\nas society advanced. There was something patri-\\narchal in a family establishment formerly the\\nwhole household were assembled at morning and\\nevening prayers the servants were not menials,\\nand the children mixed fre( ly with them. The\\ndignity of the parent kept up a reserve that inspired\\nawe, and restrained the confidence of his children.\\nNo very nice distinction was made in the kind of\\nrespect that was due from the children, on account\\nof their youth, or that which was paid by the hired\\npeople, on account of their station. These latter\\nwere seldom born, and seldom died, servants they\\nserved for a time, till their wages would enable them\\nto begin clearing land for a farm. In such ai; es-\\ntablishment, the gradations of respect turned more\\non the point of age than any other and perhaps\\nthe children might have been so treated two or three\\ngenerations since, without any ill consequences.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "406\\nAs the state of thihgs altered, as the domestic dis-\\ncipline was a little relaxed, the reserve and coldness\\nof the parent drove the bojs more into the compa-\\nny of dependants, who gave them vulgar ideas and\\nclownish manners and when they succeeded to\\ntheir fathers property, it was only to waste it in\\nvicious, low excesses.\\nThe general equality of property marks a vigo-\\nrous and healthy state of society, where the two\\nextremes bear a small relative portion to the\\nwhole. Every man may be, and every farmer is,\\na landed proprietor; the relationship of landlord\\nand tenant is not numerous it might be advan-\\ntageous if it were more so. A young farmer begin-\\nning life, lays out all his means, and runs in debt\\nfor the purchase of his farm, which keeps him incum-\\nbered for a number of years he has not capital suffi-\\ncient to become a land owner. If he began by hiring\\na farm for a few years, rents are so low, that\\nhe would be increasing his capital, and eventu-\\nally become a proprietor with more facility and\\nat the end of fifteen years would be a richer\\nfarmer, if he passed the first seven as a tenant,\\nthan if he had commenced the first year on his\\nown land. Tliis, however, is little practised the\\nnatural pride of owning land prevails over these\\ncalculations but the gradual progress in the ten-\\nure of property is increasing the number of ten-\\nants and landlords. For a long and almost in-\\ndefinite period, at least till our vast western regions\\nare peopled, this must be productive of mutual\\nadvantage in the older districts. Capitalists, by", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "407\\nmaking investments in lands, lend their capital to\\nagriculture, and the tenant having his little pro-\\nperty all active, can employ it with success, and\\nget beforehand in his affairs, to become a pro-\\nprietor afterwards. The mischievous tendency of\\nthe system, to engross all lands in the hands of\\na few, and by deriving the greatest possible\\namount of rent, reduce the tenant to dependence,\\nand the labourer to pauperism, cannot happen in\\nthis country for centuries.\\nThere are few persons here, who can suffer\\nabsolute distress from poverty. That which arises\\namong the wealthier classes, from great reverses,\\nI am not considering but an uncertainty about\\nthe common means of subsistence can never hap-\\npen in the country, except to the miserable drunk-\\nard, or the unfortunate victim of some bodily or\\nmental infirmity, who of course are supported by\\nthe public, when destitute of friends the labour-\\ning man, with health and good habits, may always\\nobtain the comforts of life, and increase his savings.\\nEvery industrious man may look forward with\\ncertainty, to becoming the proprietor in fee sim-\\nple of a small farm and there are thousands\\nwho, with nothing but their labour and good manage-\\nment, have found themselves, at the middle of\\ntheir lives, owners of a large one, producing am-\\nple means to give them all the comforts of life.\\nAs unremitted exertion is not requisite to obtain\\nthe common means of living, it is seldom found,\\nexcept among those, who, under the impulse of", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "406\\nambition or avarice, strive for something higher,\\nand wlio of course form the minority. That stea-\\ndy, mechanical, mill-horse toil, which is general in\\nEurope, is not often seen here and where it is\\nnot necessary, it cannot be expected. The w^hole\\nquantity of work performed in a given time, how-\\never, will not be less here than there. The manner\\nis more irregular the labour is more by fits and\\nstarts at certain periods it is v^ry arduous and\\neffective. When once stimulated, no people per-\\nform more in a short period they will not trot so\\nlong patiently in a harness but bring them to a\\ncompetition, to a match against time, and they\\nwill show blood and bone too. They are suscepti-\\nble of excitement in a very high degree, and for a\\nlong period when they once spring to it, the\\nresults are prodigious. After the late war, the\\nAmerican and English officers compared notes on\\nthe frontiers, with respect to certain work that had\\nbeen done, and where both parties had exerted\\nthemselves to make a rapid progress it was found,\\nthat in ship-building, in making intrenchments, and\\nother efforts, our people had exceeded the others,\\nby at least one-fourth. This was what might be ex-\\npected from their respective habits. Some improve-\\nment in our practice may be made yet it may be\\nhoped the period is distant when incessant, unvaried\\ndrudgery, which destroys all elacticity of mind and\\nbody shall become indispensible to the support of\\nour population, but more regular efforts than are", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "409\\nnow habitual, would be accompanied with many\\ngood consequences.\\nThis effect will, I think, grow out of the im-\\nprovement that is now taking place in agriculture,\\nand also from the gradual increase of manufactures.\\nOur system of farming was so simple, so bad in short,\\nthat it left the farmer with much time unemployed,\\nand of course very small gains. The labour was\\nvery intense at certain periods, such as planting, the\\nhay harvest, c. and very sluggish, the rest of the\\ntime. But when greater skill is employed in farm-\\ning, the labours of the year are more equally distri-\\nbuted. A great deal of ploughing is now done in\\nthe autumn that was formerly confined to the spring\\nthe collection of manures, the dressing of lands,\\nnow go on at seasons that were before passed in\\ncomparative idleness. If there were no increase of\\nproduction and wealth from an improved state of\\nagriculture, its tendency to form more regular habits\\nof industry, would be a sufficient motive for its pro-\\nmotion.\\nThe extremes of heat and cold have some influ-\\nence on the customs of labouring people, and still\\nmore on the habits of those who use exercise for\\nhealth and amusement. It is a general fault, that\\nwe do not take exercise enough, and the only ex-\\ncuse is, that in extreme heat, and extreme cold, it is\\ndifficult and it is not easy to maintain a habit\\nwhich is liable to long interruptions. Reason\\nwould be well employed in trying to make exer-\\ncise more fashionable with both sexes and with all\\n52", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "uo\\nclasses and particularly in persuading the public,\\nthat there is nothing ignominious in walking, and\\nthat young men should prefer mounting a horse to\\nlounging in a gig. A more frequent practice of man-\\nly exercise is a desirable object, for the young men,\\nespecially, of all classes. A stranger, who has seen\\nEurope, and should then observe our highways,\\ncould not fail of being struck with the excessive\\ndifference in the proportions between those who\\nwalk, and those who ride here, and on the other\\nside of the Atlantic. There are here no brilliant\\nequipages, as are frequent there but in this country\\nevery one rides few on horseback, but in vehicles\\nof some sort almost all are riding, very few are on\\nfoot, and this circumstance would alone indicate to\\nhim, very truly, not only the ease, but the love of\\nit, that prevail in this country.\\nThis general equality is not wholly without\\nexceptions virtuous industry is sure of being re-\\nwarded with a competence and a vicious, abandon-\\ned course, will entail misery on itself every where.\\nWe have no palaces, and very few hovels a log-\\nhouse is the first shelter for those who are making\\nencroachments on the forest, to bring new land un-\\nder cultivation. This rude shelter is generally re-\\nplaced in a few years, by a more commodious dwel-\\nling. I have one instance of contrast in my mind,\\nfor an exception to the general condition, which I\\nmay cite, after premising, that it forms an extreme\\ncase.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "411\\nOn the bank of one of the most beautiful riverS;\\nin this country of beautiful rivers, in the midst of\\nsome extensive park-like grounds, there stands a\\nmodest mansion, whose Grecian outline and fair\\nproportions are a happy type of the virtue, hospi-\\ntality, and refinement, that reside beneath its roof.\\nThe road leading to the entrance of this estate, lies\\non the immediate bank of the river, which is fringed\\nwith a growth of birch, ash, oak, and evergreen trees,\\nand various native shrubs, planted by nature in the\\nmost picturesque manner. A short distance from\\nthe gate, in a small nook, formed by the projection\\nof a fence, where the bank rose a little above the\\nroad, there stood a shapeless hut, tenanted by a\\nsolitary hag, of the most ominous aspect. This\\nstrange being, after leading a life of the lowest\\nprofligacy in a village at about a mile s distance,\\nhad selected this spot with some judgment, if not\\nfancy, to establish herself, when she could no longer\\nfmd a home in the village. Having gradually\\ncollected from the river shore various pieces of\\nfloating lumber, she hired the aid of a carpenter for\\none day, which was sufficient to complete her resi-\\ndence where she established herself, a few years\\nbefore the mansion I have mentioned, was built.\\nA little labour, but chiefly the charity of the village,\\nafforded her sustenance. As her strength declined,\\nshe could go no further than to the kind family of a\\nworthy farmer, who was nearly the same distance\\nfrom, her on one side, that the proprietor of the\\ndomain was on the other. From these she obtained", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "412\\nher food the river supplied her with water, and its\\nshores with driftwood for fuel, which in hard\\nweather the neighbours sent their people to cut\\nup. Her dwelling proved, very forcibly, how few\\nare the real wants of human nature, and how great\\nare the sufferings and privations it can endure.\\nTowards the close of her life, this solitary creature,\\nhalf blind, quite deaf, became so decrepit, that, with\\nthe aid of her staff, her daily visit to the neighbours\\nwas a tedious effort, though the distance was only a\\nfew rods. When squatted down to rest herself in\\none of these excursions, Fuseli might have derived\\nsome hints from the object while painting his witch\\nseated under a toadstool on the ground, out of\\nwhich they both seemed to have grown the night\\npreceding. I have sometimes met her in the gloom\\nof twilight, sitting down by the side of the path in\\nsilence, like a rungus on its surface and without\\ndistinguishing whether it was the sight, the hearing,\\nor the mere vibration of the air, which the pulsation\\nof any breathing thing will create, that gave the\\nalarm, I have started from a reverie when just on\\nthe point of treading on her and I have, several\\ntimes, found my horse, albeit incapable of musing,\\naffected in the same manner. The parish had once\\nor twice placed her, from feelings of humanity, with\\ntheir poor but she could bear to live with no one,\\nand no one could live with her.\\nThis desolate being railed against society, on\\nwhich she had no hold she belonged to no nation,\\nfor she was born at sea, in a ship coming from", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "415\\nEngland her mother died on the passage, and she\\nnever knew her parents she had, therefore, as she\\nsaid, neither kindred nor country. She was pre-\\nserved, amidst a callous, indifferent world, as a\\nfeather may float securely amidst rocks and eddies,\\nwhere mightier things would perish. Fostered by\\nthe eleemosynary care of those, to vvhom chance\\nhad committed a helpless infant, she grew up with-\\nout check, without guidance, and without encour-\\nagement. She led a life of the lowest profligacy,\\nredeemed by no single virtue except honesty. The\\njust prejudices of the inhabitants had caused her\\nsometimes to be accused of dishonesty, but an ex-\\namination always cleared her from this crime. She\\nhad two daughters, who left her as she became in-\\nfirm, to pursue, if possible, a worse career than her\\nown, in the lowest haunts of the metropolis. On\\nmaking a visit not long since to my frierid, as we\\nwere approaching his grounds, I perceived this\\nhovel in a ruinous state, with the roof torn off. I\\npointed to the blackened ridge pole, of the ru iied\\nshealing, and accused him of having ousted poor\\nMeg he reddened slightly at the charge, like a man\\nincapable of inhumanity; and told me that, having\\ngrown extremely feeble, she had been removed to a\\nfarm-house about a mile below, there she received\\nsuch care as common humanity could bestow and\\nthere this miserable wretch, desolate and friendless,\\nafter lingering about three weeks, terminated a lo.ig\\nlife of hideous profligacy, with the most irjghtful\\nexecrations and blasphemies.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "414\\nOne ot the characteristics oi the people gene-\\nrally is inquisitiveness this is sometimes carried to\\nan amusing length, and has often been awkwardly\\ncaricatured by daubers. The fine and deep vein of\\nhumour which Dr. Franklin possessed, was exerted\\nin a well-known story, and has formed the basis of\\nmany a miserable imitation. This curiosity is not\\nalways impertinent, and often marks an intelligent\\npeople. They do not carry it quite to the extent\\nwhich the Parisians do and a man in the best so-\\nciety of Paris, will have as many point-blank ques-\\ntions directed at him, as he will encounter in Con-\\nnecticut or Vermont. But this disposition to inqui-\\nry often proceeds from kind and simple feelings, is\\ncommonly accompanied with a degree of commu-\\nnicativeness that shows confidence, and a willingness\\nto give, as well as receive. None but ill tempered\\npersons need dread much annoyance on this score\\nbecause the curiosity may be easily checked by a\\nlittle address or good-nature. A traveller will\\nalways meet (the exceptions will at least be rare)\\nwith a friendly, obliging disposition, when in want\\nof information, or any accidental assistance, if he\\nacts with civility I mean true civility, and not an\\ninsolent condescension. There are no people who\\ncan perceive, and feel the difference more quickly\\nand there are none who are more skilful in regulat-\\ning themselves accordingly. A person with the\\nCockney tone of manners, presuming upon that\\nportion of a gentlemanly exterior, that his tailor\\nhas been able to give him may chance to come in", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "413\\ncontact with a man in a plain or even workingdress,\\nwho may be in every thing his superior and the\\ndegree of satisfaction he will receive, will depend on\\nthe style of conversation he may adopt. Generally\\nspeaking, it is a good rule to presume every man to\\nbe your equal it will be found that civility is seldom\\nthrown away, even upon an inferior.\\nIf the time should ever arrive that we shall pos-\\nsess a domestic theatre, with authors and actors who\\nhave been accustomed, from infancy, to observe and\\nfeel the nice shades of local peculiarities, the comic\\nmuse will have some worthy offerings from this sec-\\ntion of our country. The class of clowns in Euro-\\npean comedies, have here their counterparts, but\\ngreatly varied by the institutions under which they\\nlive. An equal degree of awkwardness, rendered\\nmore ludicrous, by a greater degree of education\\na good deal of native shrewdness, with a large por-\\ntion of social simpleness, will give rise to many\\nscenes of comedy. Go a step or two higher, and\\ntake individuals of both sexes, who have lived in\\nseclusion, with some natural tendency to eccentrici-\\nty, and have got all their ideas of society, from\\nbooks, and of dress, from their own fancy and\\nwatch them when they make an incursion into the\\nworld, and the comedian will find them replete with\\nexcellent matter. But comedy can never rise among\\nus until we have native actors, who can seize upon\\nthe wire edge of what is humorous in cliaracter,under\\nwhich all its sharpness is concealed. There is\\nsomething peculiar in every national character.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "416\\nwhich, like idiom in language, or accent in speak\\ning, a foreigner can rarely, if ever attain.\\nI have often derived amusement from the singu-\\nlarities to vvdiich I here allude, but observed them\\ntoo vaguely, to attempt their description. 1 can\\nonly offer you a rough sketch of an individual, who\\nfell in my way some time since. Hezekiah K\\nleft his wife and his home at a mature age, to better\\nhis condition by a temporary abseiice. He came\\nto Boston, to let himself for help or to express it in\\nother words, entered into service in a gentleman s fa-\\nmily, and changed his place but once during this ca-\\nreer. His tall and rather gaunt person, was surmount-\\ned by an appropriate head, whose sandy locks fringed\\na countenance of very hard outline, the expression of\\nwhich was serious, but not gloomy. Had you seen\\nhim in the street when the state of Massachusetts\\nwas represented en masse, a few years ago, you\\nmight have taken him for a delegate, or if a dis-\\ntressed traveller had met him on the road, when the\\nSabbatists were in power, he might have imagined\\nhim to be a tithing-man. I do not know in what\\ncapacity he originally entered these families but he\\nserved, on occasion, as a double to every servant,\\nfrom the coachman to the chan)bermaid. He could\\ndrive the horses, cook the dinner, sweep the apart-\\nments, and make the beds and when he had nothing\\nelse to do, would sit down to sew making his own\\nclothes and mending his own stockings. With one\\nof these gentlemen he went to Washington, and\\nthough in place, he was rather a dissatisfied man.", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "417\\nwhich arose from two evils his dread of the small-\\npox, and his disgust at the shiftless, sluggish move-\\nment of slaves. Whether it was from these cir-\\ncumstances only, or from his having nothing of what\\nTalleyrand calls the future in his mind, he had a\\nprejudice against the metropolis of the Union\\nand in his plain, inoffensive way, observed, it was\\nno more like a city than Cambridgeport. Per-\\nhaps, in some of these points, a European servant\\nwould be found to resemble him but there is one\\nin which the parallel would cease when he left\\nhis last place, it was to return home with his wages,\\nto a farm of a hundred acres, which he owned in\\nfee simple.\\nThere is a strong relish throughout this region for\\na kind of dry humour, that turns upon what is lu-\\ndicrous in the contrasts and inconsistences of cha-\\nracter. A fondness for quaint comparisons a good\\ndeal of skill in defeating argument, by involving it\\nin some unexpected conclusion a happy adaptation\\nof a story or a parable to the subject in discussion\\nan expression of a very strong opinion, with an in-\\nevitable inference, but in an indirect way with a tone\\nof unyielding gravity and simplicity, are the chief\\nmodes in which this humour is displayed. In the\\nearly times of these colonies, the clergy had so\\nmuch control over all the movements of their pa-\\nrishioneis their intercourse with them was so direct\\nand constant, that their names and character were\\nfrequently brought into view. Though almost in-\\nvariably treated with respect, yet sometimes they\\n53", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "418\\ncame in collision with persons, or were placed in\\ncircumstances that occasioned ridiculous contrasts.\\nTheir formidable coadjutors, the deacons, who stood\\nbetween them and the people, were obnoxious to\\na good deal more freedom of handling. The pro-\\nfession of rigid sanctity, and the habit of exterior\\nsolemnity, when, as it would sometimes happen,\\nthey were accompanied with a great degree of\\nkeenness in worldly interest, and occasionally with\\nfrailties very incompatible with their situation, were\\nsure to be remarked, and made the subject of ridi-\\ncule. This was a fruitful source of humorous an-\\necdote, which is now diminishing, because the offi-\\ncers of this description have lost something of their\\nrelative consequence, in the progress of society\\nand politics, commerce, and newspapers, have found\\ntheir way into every village, and occupied the in-\\nhabitants more with distant, general concerns and\\nbroken up that seclusion, which tended to form pe-\\nculiarities in character and manners.\\nIf I could have recourse to some of our able nar-\\nrators, I could readily produce numerous specimens\\nof this humorous spirit. At the moment, my\\nmemory hardly serves me with the means of mak-\\ning any selection. I can only cite two or three\\nexamples, that may perhaps enable you to judge of\\nthis disposition. An instance of quaint comparison\\nis related in a town in the western part of Massa-\\nchusetts, where the clergyman was remarkable for\\ngiving his sermon very little connexion with his\\ntext. It stood like a sign-post before a house,", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "419\\nwhere no tavern was kept. When this peculiaritv\\nwas a subject of conversation, one of his parishion-\\ners observed of him, that if his text had the small-\\npox^ his sermon coulcfnt catch it. A few years ago,\\nat the parade of the artillery election, which takes\\nplace on the common in Boston, some confusion\\ntook place, as the close of the procession was enter-\\ning the ground appropriated to the ceremony. The\\ncrowd was pressing very hard at the entrance, and\\nthe bar was put down before all the representatives\\nhad got in. Some of these called out to the offi-\\ncer who had charge of the passage, in a tone ex-\\npressive of their claim to admission. We are repre-\\nsentatives A man among the crowd immediately\\nvociferated, in the same tone, We are the people\\nthemselves\\nThe telling a story, or introducing a parable to\\nhave a witty application, is often practised. No\\ninstance occurs to my recollection that is not rather\\nhackneyed and the examples of them which occur\\nin Dr. Franklin s life and works, are known to all\\nthe world, and form the best examples. The fol-\\nlowing anecdote may be new to you, and will illus-\\ntrate one of the species of humour I have mention-\\ned. An individual in Connecticut, of great talents\\nand respectable connexions, but who led a graceless,\\ndissipated life, was travelling with a small party,\\nthe individuals of which were all known to each\\nother. Among them was a very respectable matron,\\nwho, in the course of conversatioii, began to re-\\nproach this rake whh the life he led. She lament-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "420\\ned that a man with his abilities, ol such a respec-\\ntable family, should pursue such a course. Her\\nzeal made her very eloquent, and the object of it\\nbegan to wish to get rid of the discussion. He ob-\\nserved to her, that she was very severe that peo-\\nple were very much the same that there was less\\ndifference between them than she supposed. O\\nno, she said there was nobody so bad as he. In a\\nde[)recating tone and manner, he replied, that most\\npeople would act alike, when put in the same situa-\\ntion that his conduct and her s would be the same;\\nif placed in similar circumstances. She retorted,\\nthat was impossible; that they could never act\\nalike in any case he thought he could name one\\nshe defied him suppose then, madam, that in\\ntravelling, you came to an inn, where all the beds\\nwere full except two, and in one of these was a\\nman, and in the other a woman, which would you\\ntake Why, the woman s, to be sure. Well,\\nmadam, said he, so would I. Even the lady was\\nobliged to join in the laugh, by which the profligate\\nwit made his escape from a troublesome argument.\\nI have only one more anecdote to mention, and\\nthis I get from a newspaper it may probably have\\ngone the rounds of many of them, but it is so cha-\\nracteristic, that I shall run the hazard of repeating\\nit. The substance of it is as folllows There made\\nhis appearance in Cincinnati, what they called\\nthere, 1 suppose figuratively, a good sleek Yan-\\nkee he carried with him from Pittsburg one\\nthousand dollars in bills, issued by one of the banks", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "421\\nin Cincinnati he knew too well, that these bilb\\nwere at 20 per cent, discount, these banks having\\nsuspended specie payments. He, however, chose\\nto have the pleasure of visiting the bank, and enter-\\ning it, went up to the counter, presented his bills\\nwith a grave, expecting face, wishing to have specie\\nfor them they replied, they did not pay specie he\\nseemed a little surprised, but asked if they would\\ngive him in exchange the bills of any banks that did\\npay specie he was told they had none. He now\\ntook a turn in the bank, and then asked them, if\\nthey would give him bills of the Owl Creek,\\nor of one or two other ^^fog-banks,^^ which were by-\\nwords even in that country they told him that they\\nwould not be insulted. Insulted he assured them\\ncalmly it was no insult. After taking another turn\\nhe asked them, as an ultimatum, if they would give\\nhim any tolerably ivell executed, counterfeit notes, of\\nany bank in the Union, that did pay specie. They\\ntalked still louder about being insulted when their\\ntroublesome visiter, after taking a few more turns\\nin the bank, departed.\\nThe character of this people must be in some de-\\ngree known throughout the United States in every\\ndistrict there are emigrants from this quarter, and\\nsome whole states have been peopled from it so\\nthat their character and manners are in some de-\\ngree blended with those of every portion of the na-\\ntion. All who migrate do not, as might be con-\\njectured, present the most favourable specimens,\\nor proceed from the soundest part of the popula-", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "422\\ntion yet, in some places, vulgar prejudice lias at-\\ntempted to take even the smallest and worst part\\nof those who leave us, as a fair sample of the\\nwhole but this is only the error of low minds.\\nThousands go every year to other states, and hun-\\ndreds fall untimely a sacrifice to sickly climates.\\nThe tide of emigration will long continue to flow,\\nundiminished, from a healthy, prolific country this\\nmust tend to bind us, by intermixing the whole,\\nmore strongly together. Our adventurous youth\\nare ever on the wing to find new sources of advan-\\ntage they are carried every where by\\nSuch winds as scatter young men through the woild,\\nTo seek tiieir fortunes farther than at home,\\nWhere small experience grows.\\nFrom what I have said, you will perhaps be able\\nto form a just estimate of the general character of\\nyour fellow-citizens, in this section of the Union.\\nThose who know them will, I think, allow that they\\nare brave, intelligent, mild, enterprising, and serious;\\nwith much more mental cultivation, and more refine-\\nment of sentiment, than either brilliancy of exterior\\nor polish of manner that they are hospitable and\\nbenevolent, with very little of etiquette or ostenta-\\ntion that they are dispassionate, by education\\nand habit ardent and persevering, from nature and\\ncircumstances ^that in religion, they are disposed\\nto attend more to things than to words in politics,\\nmore solicitous for freedom, than for sway that\\nthe forms of society are simple, its intercourse easy.\\nThose who hnve a relish for the domestic style of\\nenjoyments, and value its influence, would here", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "423\\nexperience great satisfaction. A celebrated diplo-\\nmatist, whose knowledge of our country equals\\nthat of any native, and whose philosophic mind\\nmakes him always happy and brilliant in generaliz-\\ning the results of that knowledge, has said, that the\\ndiiference between Europe and the United States,\\nwas this that in America, there was happiness\\nwithout pleasure and in Europe, pleasure with-\\nout happiness. This, which was applied to the\\nwhole country, is fully true of this part of it.\\nPleasure, as it exists in the great cities of Europe,\\ncannot be found on this side of the Atlantic the\\ncup of Circe could not be filled among us but\\nhappiness abounds. Even the dissipation of society\\nhere at least has a kind of family, domestic air,\\nthat makes it perfectly harmless a solitary relaxa-\\ntion, of which there is too little, rather than too\\nmuch. All that is public, enticing, and disengaged\\nfrom household cares all that fosters the contagion\\nof disordered passions, that keeps up a morbid\\nexcitement for dangerous enjoyments, and gives\\nfashion the dominion over reason all that kind\\nof dissipation which furnishes moments of keen\\nintoxicating pleasure, and hours of anguish or apa-\\nthy, must be sought in Europe. Our dissipation is\\nsimpler the Penates are always in sight, or at\\nfarthest in the next room there are no irritable,\\nfeverish delights to be extracted from it pleasure\\nwould find the scenery and action insipid, where\\nhappiness presides with smiling complacency.", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3202", "width": "1809", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3213", "width": "1803", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "v^\\nS\\n-l|\\nV^ sj\\naLJ6^/j7 s\\nV\\n^^1.", "height": "3207", "width": "1889", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "r.\\n..V.", "height": "3213", "width": "1924", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3338", "width": "2046", "jp2-path": "oneastern00tudor_0436.jp2"}}