FALL RIVER LINE BETWEEN BOSTON AND NEW YORK. The Passenger Steamers in service on this route are the finest of their class in the world. The Superb new Iron Steamer i^ PILGR the latest acquisition of the line, is unsurpassed. She has TWO HULLS. one inside the other, 103 WATER-TIGHT COMPARTMENTS, and is practically Non-Sinkable. STEEL BOILERS, STEAM STEERING GEAR, ELECTRIC BELLS IN STATEROOMS, and is illuminated throughout by the EDISON TArn A Arrfci?.am7'.i>rT' TT'.T.T^.r.nin^ wq LIGHT. u has been thoi, ments mac beei SPLE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. E, M id many improve- 900. 'She has condition. MUSIC £lCCOL«A^t*AA r evening with a lUed every Passengers arrive on Steamer two to three hours earlier than via long rail routes connecting with other Sound Lines, and avoid changing from cars to boat at an unseasonable hour at night. SPECIAL EXJPItESS, connecting with Steamers at Fall River, LEAVES BOSTON, from Old Colony Station, corner South and Knkpxand Streets, Tf^eek Days, G P.M., Sundays (Summer), 7 jP.ilf , running through to steamer at Fall River in 75 MINUTES' Steamers are due in New York at 7 A.M. BuooKLYN and Jersey City Passengers are transferred by Annex Boat on arrival of Steamers from the East. Tickets, Staterooms, and Berths can be secured in Boston at the office of the Line, 3 OLD STATE HOUSE, Corner Washington and State Streets, and at Old Colony Station. L. H. PALMER, Agent, 3 Old State House, Boston. GEO. L. CONNOR, J. R. KENDRICK, General Passenger Agent, General Manager, i New York. Boston. PROMENADE CONCERT in the Grand Saloon. This line has the Shortest Rail Line (49 miles) and ! the Longest Water Route, affording its patrons a full night's rest. ADVEliTlSEMEHrS. THE GREAT PLEASURE ROUTE TO MOUNT DESERT, PENOBSCOT RIVER AND BAY, AKD THK SUMMER RESORTS OF Picturesque Maine. Tourists car -"-■'^'>' the grand and romantic beauties of the coast of Maine b}' a passage on either of the Palace Steamers of the BOSTON AND BANGOR STEAMSHIP CO. The Grand and Magnificent Steamer PENOBSCOT, Capt. Wm . R. Roix. Tlie Large and Elegant Steamer CAMBMIDGE, Capt. Otis Ingraham. The Commodious and Fast Steamer KATAHIHN, Capt. Frank C. Homer. The Spacious and Rapid Steamer MOUNT DESERT, Capt. Mark Ingraham. Fastest steamer in New England. The Reliable and Swift Steamer ROCKLAND, Capt. W. R. Sawtelle. Steamers leave Foster's Wharf, Boston, at 5 o'clock daih' (Sunday's excepted), from May 31 to October 17, for Rockland, South-West Harbor and Bar Harbor (Mount Desert), Camden, Belfast and Bangor, and all Pleasure Resorts on the Penobscot River and Ba}^, arriving at Bar Harbor at 11 A. M., and Bangor at 12 m. About 100 State Rooms on each Steamer ; Electric Bell in each room; capacious Dining Halls; courteous and polite uniformed officials; careful and experienced navigators. During the season of Summer Travel, July 5th to September 1st, a Band of Music and Full Orchestra accompanies ever}' Steamer to and from Boston and to and from Bar Harbor, furnishing choice pro- grammes of delightful music. Tickets over this route can be purchased at any ticket office. Baggage checked through. WILLIAM H. HILL, Jr., General Manager. CALVIN AUSTIN, Agent, Boston. JAMES LITTLEFIELD, Gen'l Supt. AD VERTISEMENTS. THE MAGAZINE OF AMERiGAN HISTORY. ILLUSTRATED. Edited by MRS. MARTHA J. LAMB, Author of "The History of the City of New York." This excellent Magazine, published monthly, begins its 12th volume with the July number of the present year. It treats of all manner of important events connected with our national history, furnishing information of priceless value, on an almost endless variety of important subjects. It is ably edited, and its influence for good cannot be estimated. It is conducted in a bright and readable style, contains original and carefully prepared historical articles from the best living writers, is superbly illustrated with rare portraits and other historic pictures, and has become one of the most firmly established, valuable, and popular Magazines in the whole country. Readers of all ages, creeds, and politics find it entertaining and instructive. Specialists, scholars, the general reader, and young people alike testify emphat- ically to its overshadowing importance among the leading periodicals of the day. WHAT THE PRESS SAY OF IT. "This splendid publication covers In its issues from month to month and year to year the entire field of the history of this continent from its remotest periods to the events of to-day. It is welcomed throughout the whole land for the reason that it is national in its character." — New-Or/eajis Daily City Item. " It is ably edited, is always interesting, furnishing information which even the most learned may accept with gratitude, and is printed with such care and taste as to be a pleasure to handle and look at." — Montreal Gazette. "It should be in every household and library; it is a most entertaining periodical for every intelligent reader, besides being a mine of mental wealth and culture " — Washington Chronicle. " It delights the refined scholar, and, at the same time, by its decidedly popular cast, pleases a large majority of readers of average intelligence. In no other journal do so many important documents relating to our history make their first appearance in print." — Christian Intelligencer. "The best publication of the kind. Mrs. Lamb, while doing ample justice to New York, is true to the whole country. Every State has its own interesting history, and she is glad to collect and print materials reflecting honor on the youngest as well as the oldest member of the Union." — New-York Jojimal of Commerce. " There is nothing superior of its kind, or that in any worthy measure fills its place." — Prittceton Press. Sold by newsdealers everywhere. Terms, ^5 a year, or 50 cents a number. Published at 30 Lafayette Place, New York City. Fold-out Placeholder fold-out is being digitized, and will be inserte future date. M i "^ Hr ^ ^ S Fold-out Placeholder d-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at future date. EW ENGLAND: HANDBOOK FOE TRAVELLEES. A GUIDE TO THE CHIEF CITIES AND POPULAR RESORTS OF NEW ENGLAND, AND TO ITS SCENERY AND HISTORIC ATTRACTIONS : WITH THE WESTERN AND NORTHERN BORDERS, FROM NEW YORK TO QUEBEC. With Six Maps and Eleven Plans. EIGHTH EDITION, REVISED AND AUGMENTED. ^ 1884jj BOSTON: ^ JAMES li. OSGOOD & CO. 1884. V-'- . Copyright, 1873, 1876, and 1884, BY JAMES E. OSGOOD & CO. University Press: John Wilson & Son, Cambridge. J v3 J PREFACE. The chief object of the Handbook for New England is to supply the place of a guide in a land wliere professional guides cannot be found, and to assist the traveller in gaining the greatest possible amount of pleasure and information while passing through the most ancient and interesting district of Anglo- Saxon America. New England has hitherto l)een but casually treated in books which cover wider sections of country ; special localities within its borders have been described with more or less fidelity in local guide-books ; but the present volume is the first which has been devoted to its treatment according to the most approved principles of the European works of similar purpose and character. The Handbook is designed to enable travellers to visit all or any of the notable places in New England, with economy of money, time, and temper, by giving lists of the hotels with their prices, descriptions of the various routes by land and water, and maps and plans of the principal cities. The letter-press contains epitomes of the histories of the old coast and border towns, statements of the principal scenic attractions, descriptions of the art and architecture of the cities, biographical sketches in connection with the birthplaces of eminent men, and statistics of the chief industries of the included States. The half-forgotten but worthy and heroic records of the eaily colonial era and the French and Indian wars have received special attention in connection with the localities rendered classic in those remote days, while numerous Indian legends will be found in various places. The operations of the Wars of the Revolution and of 1812 (so far as they affected this section of the Republic) have been carefully studied and localized, and the rise of the cjreat modern manufacturin<' cities has been traced \ iv PREFACE. and recorded. The famous summer-reports — among the moun- tains and by the sea — with which New England abounds, and which are thronged by visitors from all parts of the country, have been described at length in these pages. The plan and structure of the book, its system of treatment and forms of abbreviation, have been derived from the European Handbooks of Karl Baedeker. The typography, binding, and system of city plans also resemble those of Baedeker, and hence the grand desiderata of compactness and portability, which have made his works tne most popular in Europe, have also been attained in the present volume. Nearly all the facts concerning the routes, hotels, and scenic attractions have been framed or verified from the Editor's personal experience, after fifteen months of almost incessant travelling for this express purpose. But infallibility is impossible in a work of this nature, especially amid the rapid changes which are ever going on in America, and hence the Editor would be grateful for any bond fide correc- tions or suggestions with which either travellers or residents may favor him. He would also thankfully acknowledge his indebted- ness to the gentlemen who have revised the book in advance of publication. The maps and plans of cities have been prepared with the greatest care, and will doubtless prove of material service to all who may trust to their directions. They are based on the system of lettered and numbered squares, Avith figures corresponding to similar figures attached to lists of the chief public buildings, hotels, churches, and notable ol)jects. The most trustworthy time-tables are found ih "ABC Pathfinder Railway Guide," with map, published monthly at Boston (price 25 c). The hotels indicated by asterisks are those which are believed by the Editor to be the most comfortable and elegant. M. F. SWEETSER. CONTENTS. PAGB I. Language . . ' 1 II. Money and Travelling Expenses 1 III. Railways and Steamboats. The Check System .... 1 IV. Excursions on Foot 2 V. Hotels 3 "VI. Round-Trip Excursions 4 VII. Climate and Dress 4 VIII. Miscellaneous Notes 4 XOUTH 1. Boston 2. Environs of Boston NEW ENGLAND. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. The Route to Nahant Bostou Harbor. Nahant The Route to Hull, Hinghain, &c. Hull Hingham. Charlestown . Chelsea. Revere Beach Lexington and Concord Cainl)ridge. Harvard University Mount Auburn .... Brookline 11. Roxbury 3. Boston to New York by Newport 1. Newport 2. The Approach to New York 4. Boston to S. Duxbury . 5. Boston to Plymouth 6. Boston to Cape Cod 1. FairhaA'en Branch 2. Marshpee 7. Boston to Martha's Vineyard and Nantl^cket 1. Gayhead 8. Boston to New York by Providence . 1. Providence 2. Providence to Newport. Narragansett Bay 3. Providence to Warren and Bristol . 5 20 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 29 33 35 36 36 40 47 48 51 54 5t 56 58 60 62 63 65 66 vi CONTENTS. ROUTE PAGE 4. Narragansett Pier 68 5. Watch Hill Point 70 6. Stonington to New York. Block Island 71 7. New Haven 77 9. Boston to New Bedford . . . . . * 90 1. New Bedford to Martha's Vineyard. The Elizabeth Islands . 92 10. Providence to Worcester 93 11. Providence to Hartford and Waterbury 94 12. New London to Vermont 96 1. S. Vernon to Keene 102 13. Norwich to Nashua 104 14. Saybrook to Hartford * 106 15. New Haven to Northampton 108 16. Bridgeport to Winsted Ill 17. Bridgeport to the Berkshire Hills . . . • . . . 114 18. S. NoRWALK TO Danbury , 115 19. Boston to New York (by Norwich) 117 1. Boston to Woonsocket 120 20. Hartford to Salisbury and Millerton 120 21. Boston to New York (by Springfield) 124 1. S. Framingham to Lowell and to Mansfield .... 125 2. S. Framingham to Fitchburg 126 3. Worcester 127 4. Springfield 131 5. Hartford 134 22. Boston to Alb.\ny, Saratoga, and the West 141 23. The Berkshire Hills 142 1. Pittsfield and its Environs . 144 2. Stockbridge 149 3. N. Adams 154 24. New York to Quebec. The Connecticut Valley towns . . 157 1. Mount Holyoke 160 2. Lake Memphremagog 171 25. Boston to the Hoosac Tunnel 175 26. Boston to Burlington (and Montreal) 179 •1. Fitchburg to Peterboro' 179 27. Rutland to Bennington 184 28. Rutland to Albany 187 1. Rutland and Washington Line 187 29. Boston to Lowell, Concord, and Montreal . . . . .188 1. Lowell 189 2. Nashua to Wilton 192 3. Concord to Claremont 196 4. St. Albans to Richford 206 5. St. Albans to Rouse's Point 207 30. Boston to the Franconia Mountains 209 31. Boston to the White Mountains 213 1. Rochester to Portland • 213 CONTENTS. vii laOUTS PACE 32. Lake Winhepesaukee and the Sandwich Mountains . . . 215 1. Centre Harbor to Conway 219 2. Chocorua and Ossipee 220 83. The White Mountains and North Conway 221 1. North Conway 223 2. North Conway to the Glen House and Gorham .... 225 3. Gorham 227 4. Gorham to the Notch 229 5. North Conway to the Notch 230 6. The Crawford House to the Profile House 233 7. Mount Washington 234 34. The Franconia Mountains and the Pemigewasset Valley . . 238 1. The Profile House to Plymouth 241 2. Waterville and Camptou 242 35. The Percy Peaks, Dixville Notch, and Lake Umbagog . . 243 1. Colebrook to Umbagog and Raugeley 244 2. Connecticut Lake . 245 36. Boston to Cape Ann 245 37. Boston to Portland and St. John 248 1. Peabody, Lowell, and Lawrence Branches 255 2. Marblehead Branch 255 3. Essex Branch 257 4. Aniesbury Branch 261 5. The Isles of Shoals 265 6. Portsmouth to Concord 267 7. Portland and its Environs • . . 270 8. Casco Bay 274 38. Boston to Portland 275 1. Wakefield to Newburjrport 276 2. Lawrence to Lowell or Manchester ...... 279 3. Dover to Lake Winnepesaukee 282 39. Portland to the White Mountains 284 1. Lake Sebago • . . . 284 40. Portland to Quebec and Montreal 287 1. Mechanic Falls to Canton 287 2. Bethel to Lake Umbagog 289 41. Portland to Farmington and the Western Maine Forest . 291 1. Farminglon to the Rangeley Lakes 292 42. Portl,\nd to the Upper Kennebec 293 43. Boston or Portland to Moosehead Lake 295 44. Portland to Rockland . • . 297 1. Wiscasset to Boothbay 299 2. Damariscotta to Bristol and Pemaquid • .... 299 45. Portland to Mount Desert 302 1. Castine • . . . , 302 2. Bar Harbor 304 3. Southwest Harbor 306 4. Mount Desert to Machiasport 807 Vlll CONTENTS. ROUTE PAGE 4G. Portland to Lewiston and Bangor 307 47. Portland to Augusta and Banuor 309 48. Boston to Bangor. The Penobscot River 316 49. Bangor to St. John 318 1. Fredericton, N. B 319 2. St. John River 320 50. The New Brunswick Border, Eastport to Madawaska . . 321 THE WESTERN AND NORTHERN BORDERS OF NEW ENGLAND. The Hudson River 61. New York City 1. Central Park . 2. Brooklyn . 52. New York to Albany 1. The Highlands 2. The Catskill Mountains 3. Albany 53. Albany to Montreal .... 1. Saratoga 2. Fort Edward to Wliitehall or Caldwell 3. Lake George 4. Lake Chaniplain .... 54. Montreal and its Environs 1. Lachine Rapids .... 2. Victoria Bridge 55. Montreal to Quebec. The St. Lawrence River 66. Quebec 1. St«. Anne and Chateau Richer . 2. The Saguenay River 325 336 339 340 343 347 348 350 350 355 357 361 368 372 373 373 875 384 385 MAPS. 1. General Map of New England : in pocket. 2. Map of tlie Environs of Boston : in pocket. 3. Map of Nahant. 4. Map of Lake Winnepesaukee. 5. Map of the White and Franconia Mountains. 6. Map of the Hudson River. PLANS OF CITIES, &c. Boston, Hartford, Montreal, New Haven, New York, Newport, Portland, Providence, Quebec, Central Park, Mount Auburn Cemetery. ABBREVIATIONS. M. = mile ; hr. =hour ; min. = minute ; ft. = foot or feet ; r. N. = north ; S. = south ; E. = east ; W. = west. : right ; 1. = left ; ASTERISKS denote objects deserving of special attention. NEW ENGLAND. " Nobis eternum reliquerunt monnmentum, Novanglorum mojuia." "Nova Anglia" : a Latin poem by Morrell, 1G25. New England is the northeastern portion of the United States, and comprises the States of Maine, New Hanipsliire, Vermont, Massacliusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. It is bounded on the S. by the AtLantic Ocean and Long Island Sound, on the W. by the State of New York, on the N. by the Province of Quebec, and on the E . by the province of New Bruns- wick and the Atlantic Ocean. It lies between the latitudes 41° and 48° N, and the longitudes 67° and 74° W. from Greenwich, and has an area of 65,000 square M., with a population of 4,010,529 (census of 1880). The principal religious sect is tlie Congregational, which has 190,473 members; the Episcopal Church has 38,098; and the Methodists have 70,000. The Catholics and the Baptists (114,000) are also strong in numbers, while Unitarianism has here its chief power. A high standard of education prevails among the people, and is supported by an extensive school-system and several renowned colleges. The New-Englanders have always been distinguished for a marked individuality of thought, by reason of which tlie most advanced and radical schools of philosophy, politics, and religion have arisen or have been developed here, Th&. nature of the climate and of the soil has rendered agriculture less profitable than at the West, and the strength of the section has been found in the establishment and maintenance of vast manufacturing indus- tries. The coast extends in a direct line for over 700 M., with many spacious hai'bors ; and the maritime cities are celebrated for their skilful seamen and for their large fleets of merchant-ships. This district was granted by James I. to tlie Plymouth Company (in 1606) under the name of North Virginia; but Capt. John Smith, having surveyed and mapped the coast iu 1614, gave it the name of New England. Maine is bounded on the S. by the Atlantic, on the W. by N. H., on the N. by Canada, and on the E. by New Brunswick. It is the most northeastern of the United States, and the largest of the States of New England. It has an area of 31,766 square M. , with a population of 648,936, and a valuation of $ 235,978,216. It is divided into 16 counties, and has 15 small cities, X MAINE. the chief of which is Portland, wliile the capital is Augusta, at the head of ship-navigation on the Kennebec River. The coast of " hundred-har- bored Maine" is remarkably picturesque, with deep fiords rimning up between bold peninsulas, and with archipelagos of beautiful islands resting in quiet and extensive bays. The direct line of the coast from Kittery Point to Quoddy Head is 278 M., but the deep curves of the bays and estuaries give an actual shore-line of nearly 2,500 M. Mt. Desert (60,000 acres) is the largest of the many islands which front the ocean, and Mon- hegan is the most distant from the mainland. The great rivers Penob- scot, Kennebec, and St. Croix empty into the sea on this coast, and furnish wide and convenient harbors. Nearly | of the area of Maine is still covered with primeval forests, and the lumber-trade is the chief industry of the State. The trees are felled and hauled to the water- courses during the winter, and in the spring they are imited in vast rafts and floated down to the river cities. In the S. and E, of the great forest is a broken range of mountains, the loftiest of which is Mt. Katahdin (5,385 ft. high). One tenth of Maine is covered with water. Maine has 4,500 factories, 53,000 operatives, and an annual product of $80,000,000 in manufactured goods. The State has 65,000 farms. The Maine coast was first visited by Gosnold in 1602, and in 1607 the short-lived Sagadahoc colony settled at the mouth of the Kennebec River. The French colonies at the St. Croix River and Mt. Desert were but ephemeral, and several other attempts proved equally unsuccessful, partly owing to the hostility between the claimants of the territory (the French and English), and the distrust of the Indians for both of them. The island of Monhegan was settled in 1622, and Saco was founded in 1623. When the Plymouth Company broke up, in 1635, Sir Ferdinando Gorges received by royal charter the province of Maine (then iirst so called). In 1642 his son founded the city of Gorgeana (York), but in 1651 Mass. absorbed Maine, being sustained by the exigencies of the times and by the Puritan Parliament of England. After some resistance on the part of the Maine proprietors, Mass . bought out their interest, and thenceforward ruled the northern province for nearly 170 years with a firm and beneficial sway. From 1675 until 1760 a disastrous succession of Indian wars ensued, in which every twentieth settler was killed or captured and many towns were destroyed. The bombardment of Port- land (1775) and the naval battle at Castine (1779) were the chief events during the Revolution, but the coast was badly harried during the War of 1812. In 1820 Maine was admitted into the Union as the twenty- third State. New Hampshire is bounded on the S. by Mass., on the W. by Vt., on the N. by the province of Quebec, and on the E. by ]\Iaine and the Atlantic. It has an NEW HAMrSHIRE — VERilONT. xi .area of 9,280 square M., with a population of 346,991, and a valuation of ^ 1(U,756,181. It is divided into 10 counties, witli 234 towns and 6 cities, and the capital is Concord, on the I\Ierrimac River. There is an ocean- front of 18 M., which is bordered by level plains stretching inland, while just off the coast are the remarkable Isles of Shoals, formerly famed for their fislieries and now a favorite summer-resort. Beyond the sea-shore plains the country assumes a more rugged and broken appearance, with numerous isolated summits and hill-ranges which culnunate in the W'aite Mts., covering over 40 square M. of a picturesque district which is called "the Switzerland of America." The lakes of N. H. cover 110,000 acres, and the most beautiful of their number is Winnepesaukee, which has 69 square M. of extent, and contains 300 islands. The soil of the State is not fertile, but it has much mineral wealth ; and the climate, thoiigh severe, is very healthful. There are extensive primeval forests in the N. (Coos County), in whose recesses wolves and bears still are found ; and the remote lakes and streams afford fine fishing. The Connecticut, Saco, and Merrimac Rivers have their sources in N. H., and on the water-power afforded l)y tlie latter large manufacturing cities are located. The State has more than 3,200 factories, with 48,000 oi)eratives, using $44,000,000 worth of material, and turning out $ 74,000,000 worth of goods. The manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, iron and leather, are the chief mechanical industries, and centre at the cities of Manchester and Nashua. The press of the State consists of 10 daily papers, GQ weeklies, and 7 monthlies. The N. H. coast was first visited by the Europeans in 1614, and settle- ments were founded at Dover and Portsmouth about 1623, The district was for many years under the government of Mass., and was afterwards ceded to N. Y., wlnle the incessant inroads of the Indians devastated the frontiers for nearly 80 years. The chief incidents of these wars were the destruction of Dover (1689), and the battle of Pequawket. In 1741 N. H. became a royal province, and in 1776 it led the secession from the British Empire, giving freely of its men and money to the cause of independence. Vermont is bounded on the S. by Mass., on the W. by N. Y. and Lake Champlain, on the N. by Canada, and on the E. by N. H. It has an area of 9,056 M., with a population of 332,286, and a valuation of $ 86,806,775. It is divided into 14 counties, and has but 3 small cities, the great majority of the people being engaged in farming. The centre of the State is trav- ersed from N. to S. by the Green Mts., whose smooth and rounded sum- mits form a marked contrast -with the sharp peaks of the White Mts. The chief of the Green Mts. are Mt. Mansfield (4,359 ft.), Camel's Hump (4,188 ft.), Killington and Pico Peaks, and Ut. Ascutney. The E. slope is watered by several streams which flow into the Connecticut River, xii MASSACHUSETTS. while tlie W. slope sinks into the broad and fertile plains which border Lake Champlain and are traversed by Otter Creek and the Wiiiooski, Lamoille, and Missisqnoi Rivers. The Lakes Memphreniagog, Willoughby, Bunniore, Bomaseen, and St. Catharine are pleasant summer -resorts, and the great Lake Champlain affords an avenue for an extensive international commerce, whose chief centre is the port of Burlington. The evergreen forests on the mountains alternate with broad pasture-plains, and the deciduous groves on the lowlands are interspersed with tillage-fields of rich, loamy soil, so that Vt. has become the most agricultural of the Northern States, and exceeds all others (j)roportionally to her iiopulation) in the production of wool, live stock, majDle sugar, butter and cheese, hay, hops, and potatoes. There are made here annually 13,000 tons of butter, 750 tons of cheese, and 4,500 tons of maple-sugar. Extensive quarries of fine statuary and variegated marble and serpentine have been opened in the S. counties, and vast quantities of slate have been exported from the same region. There are 36,000 farms, valued at $110,000,000. The first European Avho saw Vt. was Jacques Cartier, Avho, in 1535, looked upon its high ridges from Mount Royal (Montreal). Its coast was explored by Chami)laiu and others in 1609, and prosperous French settle- ments were made (in Addison) later in the 17th century. In 1724 Mass. built Fort Dummer (near the present town of Brattleboro); but the num- bers and ferocity of the Indians prevented colonization until after the conquest of Canada (1760). The territory was then partly occupied under grants from N. H., until it was ceded to N. Y. ; and thereafter ensued a controversy in which the settlers successfully resisted the authorities of N. Y, imtil the outbreak of the Revolution, when they proclaimed Ver- mont ( Verts fronts, or Green TMts. ) an independent State. Congress twice refused to acknowledge the new State, although its soldiers ("the Green Mountain Boys ") captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and annihilated the flower of Burgoyne's German auxilia^ps at the battle of Bemiington. In 1791, after paying New York .$30,000"in liquidation of all claims, Vt. was admitted into the Union (the 14th State), and snice that time has prospered and steadily increased in wealth and i)opulation. Massachusetts is bounded on the S. by Conn, and R. I., on the W. by N. Y., on the N. by Vt. and N. H., and on the E. by the Atlantic. It has an area of 7,800 square M., with 1,783,085 inhabitants, and a valuation of $ 1,584,756,802. The soil is not fertile, but considerable crops are gained by careful cultivation ; and tlie best land is found in the valleys of the Connecticut and Housatonlc Rivers. There is but little level land in the State, and in the W. counties the Taronic and Hoosac Ranges of mountains afford great diversity of sceuerj'? The Connecticut River flows through a gardeu-like MASSACHUSETTS. Xlll valley-, with several prosperous towns ; and the Merrimac (in the N. E.) affords a vast water-power to Lowell and Lawrence, and passes nito the sea at Newburvport. The climate is severe in the hill-countries, and is very variable on the coast, — the mean temperature being between 44° and 51°. There are 38,500 farms, whose annual products amount to over $24,000,000, and the State has 2,250,000 apple-trees. Profitable beds of iron ore and glass sand have been developed, and the exportation of mar- ble (from Berkshire County) and granite (from Quincy and Cape Ann) has become a lucrative business. The State has been celebrated for the number and excellence of its ships, and for the skill and enterprise of its seamen. Granite, ice, and fish are among the chief articles of export; the latter being brought in by the large fisliing-Heets of Cape Cod and Gloucester. Massachusetts has 14,352 manufactories, paying annually $ 128,000.000 to 352,000 operatives, nsing ^ 387,000,000 worth of materials, and making $631,000,000 Avorth of goods (boots, shoes, and leather, $144,000,000; cottons, ^ 75,000,000; woollens and worsteds, ,$58,000,000; paper, $15,000,000). In 1880, the net State, county, city, and town debts reached over $ 90,000,000. The prevailing religious sect is the Congregational, the Baptist, IMeth- odist, and Unitarian churches being also strong, while the Roman Catholics are rapidly attaining great power and influence. The educational insti- tutions of the State are admirably arranged and have a high reputation, their ethciency being assured by the maintenance of four normal schools, five colleges, and Harvard University. The militia is kept in a state of high efficiency and discipline, and composes two brigades, with infantry, cavalry, and artillery, which go into camp every year for several days, at the State camp-L'"round nnd fort, at Framingham. The coast of Mass. was first visited by the Norwegian mariners Leif and Thorwahl, about the year 1000. After several attempts at colonization, which were frustrated by the poAverful native tribes, the Norsemen aban- doned the country (which, from its fruitfulness, they had named Vinland). In 1497 John and Sebastian Cabot cruised along the coast, and were fol- lowed by Cortereal, Verrazzani, and Gomez. In 1602 Gosnold explored the S. E. islands, and planted an ephemeral colony on Cuttyhnnk, near New Bedford. Pring, Cham plain, and Weymouth soon after passed along the coast, while Capt. John Smith, following them in 1614, made a map of the coast and islands. Dec. 21, 1620, the ship " Ma j'^ flower " arrived at Plymouth with 102 Pilgrims, who had been driven from England by religious persecution, and who founded here the first permanent colony in Mass. Salem was settled in 1628, and Boston in 1630, by Puritan exiles, and the Atlantic coast and the Connecticut valley were soon dotted with villages of bold and hardy immigrants. xiv CONNECTICUT. The Peqnot War (1637) find King Philip's War (1G75-6) caused a fear- ful loss of life and property, and several of the valley toAvns were utterly destroyed before the colonial forces could crush the insurgent tribes. In 1689 the province revolted against the royal authorities, and the country- people took Boston and its fortifications and guard-frigate, and imprisoned the governor (Sir Edmund Andros). In 1692 Plymouth was united to Massachusetts, and thereafter, until the conquest of Canada in 1760, the province was foremost in the wars with the French colonies in the N. Many of her towns were destroyed by Indian raids, and the W. frontier was nearly depopulated ; but the general prosperity was unchecked, and when the British Parliament commenced its unjust opi)ressious, the prov- ince had 250,000 inhabitants, many of whom were trained veterans of the Canadian Wars. In face of the royal ai'my which liad been moved into Boston, the men of Massachusetts opened correspondences which brought about a colonial union for mutual defence, and enrolled themselves as minute-men, ready to march against the Bi-itish troops at a minute's notice. The battles of Concord and Lexington were followed by a general appeal to arms ; and the siege of Boston, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the American occupation of the city came in rapid siiccession. After these events the scene of war was transferred to New York and the South, where tlie Massachusetts regiments won high honor, especially in tlie victorious campaign against Burgoyne's invading army. In 17S0 the State Constitution was framed, and in 1786 a serious revolt occurred in the W. counties, caused by the pressure of enormous taxes. This rising (which was hea/ied by Daniel Shays) was put down after a few skirmislies. In the War of 1812 the State theoretically confined her exertions to the de- fence of her own coast, though thousands of her seamen entered the national navy. Extensive manufacturing interests now rose rapidly into view, and a network of railroads was stretched across the State. During tlie War for the Union (1861-5) Massachusetts put forth her utmost strength, and gave 158,380 men to the armies of the Republic, besides incurring a war-debt of over $ 50,000,000. Connecticut is bounded on the S. by Long Island Sound, on the W, by New York, on the N. by Mass., and on the E, by R. I, It has an area of 4,730 square M., with 622,700 inhabitants, and a valuation of $327,177,385. There are 8 counties, 100 towns, and 7 cities. The soil is usually rugged aiul com- paratively uiiprciductive, although the river-valleys ati'urd some rich lands, and considerable crops arc raised by laborious cultivation. The tobacco- crop is in the vicinity of 15,000,000 pounds a year; the butter product is 8,200.000 pounds; and the hay -crop is 557,860 tons. " The manufac- tures of the JState are more general, multifarious, and productive than CONNECTICUT. XV those of any other people of similar means," — clocks and carriages, fire- arms, tin and brittania ware, sewing-machines, iron and rubber goods being the chief articles of production. There are Q6 savings-banks, with deposits amonnting to $ 55,297,705, and many wealthy and powerful insurance companies. New Haven has a lucrative West India trade, while New London has a considerable number of vessels engaged in sealing and whaling. Connecticut has 4,500 manufactories, paying annually $43,500,000 to 112,000 operatives; and from $102,000,000 worth of material, making $186,000,000 of goods. The chief religious sect is the Congregational, and the Episcopal Church has more strength here than in any other State (proportionally to the population). There are three colleges, Yale (Cong.), Trinity (Epis. ), and Wesleyan (Metli.), with 4 schools of theology. The educational interests of the State are well and efficiently carried on, under the support of the great funds derived from the sale of the Western Reserve lands. The charitable and correctional institutions of the State are remarkable for their influence and efficiency. The ingenuity, enterprise, and individuality of the men of Conn, have given them an advanced place in the mercantile and political activities of the Republic; and "probably no country of similar extent has sent abroad so vast a horde of emigrants in proportion to its population." The coast and rivers of Conn, were first explored by Adrian Block and other Dutch mariners (1614-33); the district was in the English Plymouth Patent of 1620, and was chartered in 1631. About that time the river Indians Avere subjugated by the Pequots, and Seguin, their chief, sent to New York, Plymouth, and Boston for help. In 1633 a small Dutch colony landed at Hartford ; and in the same year a Plymouth vessel passed up to Windsor, where a settlement was planted. These were merely trading-posts, but Wethersfield was occupied in 1634, and in 1636 three nomadic churches were led by their pastors through the wilderness from Boston to the Conn. River, wliere they settled at Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield. Saybrook was founded and fortified in 1635, and in 1637 the first legislature declared war against the Pequot Indians, who were defeated and speedily crushed by the colonial train-bands, aided by the friendly tribes. In April, 1638, New Haven was settled, and soon after the other coast-towns were founded. In 1639 a remarkable consti- tution (which acknowledged no higher human power than the people of Conn.) Avas adopted, and in 1662 a royal charter was obtained. After the union of the independent colonies of Conn. (Hartford) and New Haven, in 1665, the two towns were made semi-capitals of the province (and State), and so remained until 1873, Mdien Hartford was made the sole capital. The State stood honorably among the foremost during the Revolution, although the towns along the coast were pillaged and destroyed by raid* from the Hessian and Tory garrison at New York. xvi EHODE ISLAND. Hhode Island is ■bounded on the S. by the Atlantic, on tlie W. by Conn., and on the N. and E. by Mass. It is the smallest State in the Union, and has an area of 1,046 sqnare M., with 270,531 inhabitants, and a valuation of $ 252,530,- 673. There are 5 counties, with 32 towns, and 2 cities. The soil is un- productive, and but little fanning is done save on the fertile plains of the Island of Aquidneck. The State is nearly ciit in two by Narragansett Bay, which runs inland for 30 M. (with a width of 3 -12 M.), and contains several islands, the chief of which is Aquidneck (or Rhode Island) on ■whose S. end is the famous summer-resort, Newport. 11 M. S. E. of Point Jr.dith is Block Island, which pertains to this State. Tlie climate is mild and equable, from its vicinity to the sea and exposure to the S. ; and the greater part of the State is a region of low hills or sea-shore plains. The principal mechanical industries are at Providence, Pawtucket, Woon- socket, and Westerly; and in the year 1880 the State reported 2,205 man- ufacturing establishments, with an aggregate capital of $ 70.000,000, us- ing annually $58,000,000 worth of raw material, and producing over $ 104,000,000 worth of goods. The 33 savings-banks of the State hold in deposit $36,289,703. The charitable and correctional institutions are mostly about Providence, where is also the seat of Brown University, a flourishing school luider the care of the Baptist Church, which is the prevailing sect in the State. Rhode Island was probably colonized by the Norsemen in the 10th and 11th centuries, but was afterwards abandoned for centuries, until the coming of Verrazzani in 1524. He remained at Aquidneck (which was then thickly populated by Indians) for two weeks. In 1636 Roger Williams, having been banished from Mass,, came down the Seekonk River with 5 companions, and founded a settlement which he named Providence, in acknowledgment of " God's merciful providence to him in his distress." In 1638 Wm. Coddington and another party of exiles founded Newport ; in 1642 a third banished company settled at Warwick ; and in 1643 and 1663 these colonies united under a royal charier. The powerful Narra- gansett Indians dwelt in Rhode Island, and when King Philip's War broke out they ravaged all the outlying settlements and killed many of the colonists. The New England colonies, ignoring the existence of heret- ical Rhode Island, and rejecting its advice, marched an army across to the Narragansett coimtry, and, after a terrific assault, stormed the Indian stronghold and crushed the tribe. The little province gave freely of her men and money in the French wars, and sent some of the best troops to the American siege of Boston. In Dec, 1776, Newport was taken by the British, who held it for 3 years, but were prevented by the New England militia from passing farther into the country. In 1861 the men of Rhode Island were among the first to reach the imperilled national capital. INTRODUCTION. I. Languag-e. The people of New England claim that tliey speak the English lan- guage more correctly tlian it is spoken elsewhere in the world. Be this as it niay, it is certain that this one language is universally used through- out the six States, and the traveller is delivered from the trouble caused in Great Britain by its four languages and numerous dialects, or in France by its three languages and provincial patois. Tlie European tongues are taught in the higli-schools all over the country, but the instruction is purely theoretical, and the number who can talk French, German, or Ital- ian is very small. Tourists, who wish to travel among the remoter dis- tricts of Nev/ England, sliould be well acquainted with the language, whicli is "the English of Elizabeth," with a few local idioms. II. Money and Travelling Expenses. The notes of the U. S. Treasury and the national banks are the usual forms of money in circulation, although gold coin is sometimes seen. The silver coins, valued at 10, 25, and 50 cents, are common ; and so are the nickel and mixed coins, of 1, 2, 3, and 5 cents. The expense of trav- elling in the Eastern States has been very materially reduced during the last six years, in keeping with the general contraction of values and the falling of war-prices. It is more expensive to travel in New Erigland than in any part of Western Euro^^e. The usual charge per day at the best hotels is $4 to % 4. 50, with considerable reductions when a prolonged stay is mad( at one place. Tourists who travel slowly through the country and stop at the less pretentious hotels (which are usually comfortable, and always safe) may easily limit their expenses to % 25 or % 30 per week. Those who fre- quent hotels of the highest class, and indulge much in carriage-riding, will find $ 45 to $ 50 per week none too much. At most of the sea-beaches board can be secured at .S 10 or $15 per week ; while in the quieter and less fashionable villages about the mountains, substantial fare may be found in broad old farm-houses, for $6 to $10 per week. III. Railways and Steamboats. Kailway travelling in America is much more comfortable, yet more ex- pensive and dangerous, than in the Old World. There is but one class of 2 INTRODUCTION. tickets, the average fares being about three cts. a mile. On each train is a smoking-car, easily accessible from the other cars, and fitted with tables for card-playing. It is prudent to decline playing with strangers, as gamblers sometimes practice their arts here, in spite of the watchfulness of the officers of the train. To nearly every through train on the grand routes is attached one or more Pullman cars, which are richly carpeted and curtained, and profusely furnished with sofas, easy-chairs, tables, min'ors, and fronted with broad plate glass windows. These cars being well balanced and running on twelve wheels, glide over the rails with great ease. By niglit they are ingeniously clianged into sleeping-rooms, with comfortable beds. The extra fares on the palace cars are collected by men attached to them ; the price of a night's lodging (in which time one can go from Boston to New York) is $1.50. The fares by steamboat are somewhat lower than by rail, and (in case of a night passage) include a sleeijing-berth in the lower saloon, but generally do not include meals. A state-room in the upper cabin costs extra, but insures better air and greater comfort and privacy. State-rooms (in the summer season) should be secured in advance at the company's office in New York, Boston, or Portland. Great lines of stages still run among the mountains and in the remote rural districts. Persons travelling by this way, in pleasant weather, should try to get a seat on the outside. The Check System. — The traveller, having bought a ticket for his des- tination, shows his heavy baggage (trunks, &c.) to the baggage-master, who attaches a small numbered brass plate to each piece with a leather thong, and gives to the traA'eller a check for each piece of baggage, simi- lar in form and number to that appended to such piece. The railroad now becomes responsible (within certain limits of weight and value) for the baggage, which is to be given up only on the presentation of the du- plicate check which is in the traveller's possession. Trunks may be tluis despatched from Boston to Montreal, Boston to Chicago, &c., without trouble, and if their owner is delayed on the route, they are stored safely at their destined station until he calls. On presentation of the check at the baggage-room of the station to which the baggage has been sent, it is given up to the owner, or his hotel porter. The large hotels have coaches at the railroad stations, on the arrival of through trains, and their porters will take the duplicate checks, get the trunks and carry tliem to the hotel. IV. Excursions on Foot. It is remarkable that pedestrianism has never been popular in this coiuitry. Tlie ease and perfect freedom of this mode of travelling, its highly beneficial physical effects, the leisure thus afforded in wliich to study the beautiful scenery in otherwise remote and inaccessible dis- tricts, all mark this as one of the most profitable and pleasant modes of INTRODUCTION. 3 Slimmer recreation. To walk two liundred miles in ix fortnight is an easy thing, and it is infinitelj' more refreshing for a man of sedentary habits than the same length of time spent in lying on the sands of some beach, or idling in a farm-lionse among the hills. " For a tour of two or three weeks, a couple of flannel shirts, a pair of worsted stockings, slippers, and the articles of the toilet, carried in a poucli slang over the shoulder, Avill generally be found a sufiicient equipment, to which a light overcoat and a stout umbrella may be added. Strong and well-tried boots are essential to comfort. Heavy and complicated knapsacks should bo avoided ; a light ]:>oucli, or game-bag, is far less irksome, and its position maybe sliifted at pleasure." — Baedeker. One or two books might be added to this list, and a reserve of clothing may be sent on in a light valise, at a trilling cost, to the town whicli is the pedestrian's objective point. It would l)e well for inexperienced walkers to begin at eight to ten miles a day, and gradually increase to sixteen to eigliteen miles, or six hours' walking. During tlie lieats of summer the travelling should be done at early morning and late afternoon, thus spending the hottest part of the day in coolness and rest. The best time for a pedestrian tour is betv/een late September and late October, when the sky is clear and the air bracing, — the season of tlie reaping of harvests, the ripening of fruits, and the splendor of the reddening forests. Among the most interesting districts in New England for the pedes- trian, the following may be mentioned: The picturesque valleys, lakes, and mountains of Berkshire County, Mass. ; the valley of the Connecticut from Springfield to Greenfield ; the ocean-surrounded arm of sand, Cape Cod, with its quaint and salty old villages (Tlioreau's " Cape Cod" is tlie best guide there) ; the lake region of New Hampshire ; the White and Franconia Mountains (frequently explored by walking parties from the colleges during tlie summer vacation); and in Maine, the romantic Island of Mount Desert. The east bank of the Hudson River, from New York to Albany, affords a Avalk of rare interest, and the west shore of Lake George presents a short walk through peerless scenery. But the most in- teresting ramble is from Quebec through the Cote de Montmorenci to Cape Tormenfce, there crossing the St. Lawrence, and passing down tlie south shore tlirough the quaint old Norman Catholic villages of Mont- magny, L'IsIet, and Kamouraska. This route can be traversed only by an experienced traveller who is well posted in French. There are but very few hotels in this ancient and primitive district. V. Hotels. The hotels of the United States, will certainly bear comparison with those of any other country. The European plan has been adopted in maiiv of tliein (as Parker's and Young's, and others at Boston; wliile in many others it is used in couilnnation with the American plan, — $4 to 4 INTRODUCTION. $ 4. 50 per day at the more fashionable houses, $ 2. 50 to 1 4 per day at the comfortable hotels of the smaller cities, and $1.50 to $2.50 per day in the smaller houses in the rural districts, are the charges wliich cover all ordinary requirements. No costly array of sundries and extras is at- tached to the bill, and the practice of feeing the servants has never obtained to any extent, nor has it been foimd necessaiy. VI. Round-Trip Excursions. During the summer and early fall the railroads prepare series of ex- cursion tickets at greatly reduced rates. Information and lists of tliese routes may be obtained from the central offices in Boston. The office of the Grand Trunk Railway is at 280 Washington St. Thns. Cook se tickets are, in some cases, issuer! at reduced rates, and are convenient in many wavs. The tourist can hy means of them know tlie cost of any proposed tour i>eforeli;nid, ami avoid re-purchasing tickets for each stngeof the journey. Programmes of the routes covered by these circular tickets cau be had on application to theui. VII. Climate and Dress. The climate of New England is subject to the most sudden and severe changes, from heat to cold or from cold to heat. The summers are usually much hotter and the winters much colder than in England, and during the latter season great falls of snow are frequent. Tlie summer sun is often fatal in its power, and long exposure to its vertical rays sliould be avoided. At the same time warm clothing should be kept at hand, and woollen, or at least heavy cotton, underclothing should be worn, in order to guard against the sudden changes which are so frequent. VIII. Miscellaneous Notes. Passports are of no use in the United States in time of peace. The examination of luggage at the Canadian frontier and at the ocean- ports is usually very lenient, and conducted in a courteous manner. Traffic is made easy from the fact that fixed charges exist in the shops, and the tiresome processes of chaffing and beating down are umiecessary. There are no professional guides in New England, but the people are prompt and willing to answer all civilly put questions. Gentlemen from abroad will remember that there is here, especially in the comitry, no class of self-recognized peasantry, and that a haughty question or order will often provoke a reply couched in all " the native rudenes.s of the Saxon tongue." NEW-ENGLAND HANDBOOK. 1. Boston. Hotels. The * Hotel Brunswick (B;irnes & Dunklee) is one of the chief hotels South Cluirch, and the Boston Art Club. It is a magnificent structure, built at a cost of over § 1,000,000, and has the best and richest of appoiutuieuts. li ites, .■::; 5 a day. The * Hotel Vendome is a large marble building on Commonwealth Av. and Dartmouth St. (.$5 a day). The hotels in the heart of the city are conveniently situated ff>r tourists. The *Tremout House (corner of Tremont and Beacon Sts ) and tlie * Revere House (on Bowdoiu Square) are large and commodious hotels, near the State House. Their rates are from •# 3.5U to .1? 4 a day. The * .American House is a brownstone building on Hanover St , with 400 rooms ($ 3 50 to $4 a day) Thj * Parker Houi^e, a stately marble building on School St , opposite King's Cliapel and the City Hall, is kept on the European plan, and is a famous resort of the young men of New England and New York. * Young's Hotel (on Court Ave.) is on the Euro- pean plau, and is patronized Vjy city merchants. It has recently been greatly en- larged and enriched. The * Adams House (European plan) is a lofty new marble building, on Washington St., between West and Boylston Sts. The United States, near the .\lbany and Old Colony stations, has 5<.>0 rooms, and is a comfortable old hotel. The Coolidgntl»s. — 'L'urkish, Russiau, electric, sulphur, and large plunge-baths (reserved for I, idles torouoous, Sjiturdoys excepted). Visitors will find the most complete and luxurious arrangements. — Hotel Bo^lstou, 192 Tremout St., under the direction of J . l)e Reer, M. D — Turkish baths at 17 Beacon St. (ladies on Monday and Thursday foreiinons). Keadiiig-Kooms (open evenings also). — In the Public Library are the prin- cipal European periodicals and American newspapers and magazines. The Young MoiTs Christian Union (20Roylston St) and the Young Men's iUiristian Asso<:iatiou (corner of Boylstou and Berkeley Sts.) have large and well-svipplied reading-r^fioms, free to all visitors. An introduction from a member is necessary to secure admission to the Athen.'Kum reading-rooms. The chief hotels devote rooms to numei-ous files of the newspapers of t!ie day. Theatrt'S. — The * Bt)ston Theatre (on Washington St., near West St.) is the larg(!St in New England, a;id is famous in the annals of the stage. Orchestra anm C'eutral >Vharf (freight line); for Philadelphia, semi- wceklv,from Long Wharf; for Norfolk and Baltunore, semi-weekly, from Central Wharf; for Savannah, weekly, from Nickerson's Wharf; for Liverpool (Cunard Line), everv SatunlTV. fvoni the ('umird Wharf, Fast Boston. Also steamboats for the Kennebee,(il(.U(r^ter, Provineetown , PI3 uionlii, Ni'iant, Revere Beach, and the landiinr^ in Boston Harbor. ' Sailing packets connect Boston with nearly every poi of New England. BOSTON. Route 1. 7 Cliurclies. — There are in the city 27 Baptist churches, 29 Congregatioualist, 80 Uuitariau, 23 Episcopal, 32 Methodist, 7 Pivsbyterian, 30 [ioiuan Catholic, 11 Univerfiahst, and 33 other religious societies. I'iieie is a German Lutheran church, corner of Shawmut Ave. and Walthani St. jSewi-ipapers. — 9 daily papers are published in the city ; also 4 seuii-week- lies ; 68 weekiies ; 4 bi-weeklies ; 93 uionculies (mostly magaziues) ; and 10 quarterlies. Boston (Shawmut, or "'Sweet Waters"), tlie Puritan City, was first settled by a. recluse Anglican clergyman, Willam Blaekstone, about the year 1C23. The adventurous colonists who landed at Salem, in 1030, soon moved a large party to Charlestown ; but, finding no water there, they crossed to the peninsula of Shawmut, under the leadexship of "Isaac Johnson, landing on the present site of Boston, September 7(0. S.), 1630. The name Boston wa.j given to the place by order of tlie Court, in honor of that English city from which came Johnson and John Cotton, two of the early church fathers of the new settlement.* In 1G3-1 Blaekstone, declaring " I came from England because I did not like the lord bishops, but I cant join with you, because I would not be under the lords brethren," sold the peninsula to the colonists for £30, and went into the wilderness. Governor AVinthrop had i)revionsly constituted Boston tlie capital of tlie colony, and a strong tide of immigration set in. In 1(J31 the bar.i'ie " Blessing of' the Bay" was launched ; in 1632 the first church was built ; and in 1636-38 Harvard College was founded. In 1663 Josselyu writes : " Tlie buildings are handsome, joining one to the other as in London, with many large streets, most of them paved with pebble-stones. In tlie high street towards the Com- mon there are faire houses, some of stone," &c., — a great change since 163ii, when one declared it to be " a hideous wilderness, possessed by barbarous Indians, very cold, sickly, rocky, barren, untit tor culture, and liia' to keep tlie ])eople miserable." In the Pequot War of lu37, and King Philip's War (167o -76), Boston bore a large share, and hundi'eds of prisoners were guarded there. " Piiiladeliiliia was a forest, and New York was an insignificant village, long after its ri\'al (Bos- ton) had become a great commercial town." The town gave men and money freely in defence of the frontiers against the Franco-Indian attacks, and fleet after fleet left its harbor to do battle on tlie eastern coasts. In 1704 the first American newspaper (the " Boston News-Let- ter") appeared here ; in 1710 a massive wall of brick and stone foundation, with cannon on its parajiets, .and witii two strong gates, was built across the isthmus, or neck, on the south, near the jiresent Dover St. Tiiis, with the walls on on the v/ater- front, 2,200 feet long, 15 feet high, and 20 feet llii(;k, and the foils on Castle Island auil Fort Hill, e I !L'<_'tually guarded against attacks liy the Dutch or French. In 1711, 5,000 of Marlborough's veterans, and a large Provincial force, encamped at Ea.-it Boston, and thence sailed m\ Admiral Walker's disastrous ex- pedition against Quebec. In 1739 sailed tlie fleet de.stiued to attack Cuba, and of 500 men sent froni the Massachusetts colony but 50 ever returned. Meantime France had erected a powerful fortress at Louisbourg, far in the north, and t.KiO soldiers, in 13 vessels, mounting 204 guns, sailed from Boston in 1'745. They were joined at Canseau by 10 royal I'rigates ; the " I\Iassachusetts," 24, captured the French frigate " Vigilant," 64 ; and after firing 9,600 cannon-shot into Louis- bourg it surrendered, with 2,000 men and 76 heavy guns. Restored to France by London treaty-makers, the work had to be done over again, and in 1758 Amherst and Boscawen gathered a royal and ju'ovincial army and fleet at Boston, attacked Louisbourg v.-ith 7,000 men and 57 sail, lost 400 men, and took the fortress, with 5,60i) soldiers, 39 heavy guns, 6 line-of-battle ships, and several frigates. In 1745 the Duke d'Anville, with 16 shiiis of the line, 95 frigates, and a large army, Avas sent to letake Louisliourg and demolish Boston. A frightful storm shattered this armada, but he landed a strong force at Halifax, which annihilated a Massachu- setts army in a battle at Grand Pre, and filled Boston with mourners. The feel- ing of discontent which had been gi-owing since the forfeiture of the coloni;J charters in lo'^S, and whu'h had been increased iiy arbitrary ads of royal gov- ernors and of the London cabinet, arose ra]iidly in 1762 -()5, on the ])assage of the " Writs of Assistance " and the Stamp Act. In 1768 two royal regi- • Boston, in Lincolnshire, Ensr.. was founded in C50 by St. Botolph (boat-help), a pious Saxon and the patron-saint of English sailors. 8 Route 1. BOSTON. ments from Halifax moved into the town, and riots and outrages began to be freqncnt. Reinforcements Avere sent again and again to the garrison, and Lieu- tenant-Gen era 1 Gage, tlie commander of the British forces, was appointed (1774) Govenior of Massachusetts. Then eiisued the gathering of the patriot armies at Cambridge, the bloclvade of the city, and consequent dis-tress among its peojde, and the bombardments from the American hues. "Wlien Lord Howe was forced to evacuate the city, March 17, 1776, 3,000 loyalists chose to go with him, and on the same day the Americans took possession of battered and hungry and depopu- lated Boston. Since the close of the Revolution the city has been engaged in great internal improvements, the construction of a network of railroads to all jiarts of New England, and the preservation and extension of its commerce. Great manufac- turing interests centred here, and the city boundaries were again and again en- larged. In June, 1S72, the Universal Peace Jubilee was held here (as projec ed and managed by P. S. Gilniore) in an immense wooden building on the Back Bay. This editice (called the Coliseum) was 550 feet long, 350 feet wide, and 115 feet high, thus having an area greater than that of the Milan and Cologne Cathe- drals united, or of St. Paul's (London) and St. Sophia (Constantino])le) united. The Roman Coliseum held 87,000 spectators, but the Bn.stou Cdli.seum cuuld accommodate only 40,000 to 50,000. Great galleries ran around the hall, parlors , &c. , were jdentiful, and a forest of flags and national symbols was drajjed within and floated outside. Strong forces of iiolice, firemen, and artillerists were constantly on duty at the Coliseum. Some of the music was emphasized by the booming of cannon near the building and the ringing of the city bells, while a large company of uniformed firemen accompanied the oft-repeated Anvil Chorus with ringing blows on anvils. Strauss, the Austrian comjioser of waltzes, and violinist, iles- dames Peschka-Leutner, Ruder.-^dorlF, and Goddard were there ; also the bands of the English Grenadier Guards, the French Garde R^publicaine, and the Prussian Kaiser Franz Grenadier Regiment. These were aided by a grand orchestra of 2,000 musicians, and a chorus of 1G5 well-drilled societies, comprising 20,000 voices. The Jubilee lasted for 3 weeks (withcuit accident or mischance), and was varied by a great Presidential Ball. Early in the next year the Coliseum was taken down. The rapid extension of commerce, and the concentration of great manufacturing agencies in the city, produced a corresponding flow of wealth and growth of stately architecture. Tlie streets between the Common and the Harbor, between Summer and State Sts., were lined with lofty and ornate commercial houses, unsurpassed elsewhere in the world, and crowded with valnable goods. There were tiers of streets lined with massive granite structures, which seemed as un- inflannuable as ravines in the solid rock. About 7 o'clock on the wann, nidoidit evening of November 9, 1872, a fire broke out in a building on the corner of Kings- ton and Snnniier Sts. It speedily crept up from the lower story and turned the Mansard roof into a sea of flame. The fire started thence in three direc- tions, and, fanned by the gale which it had formed, it swept up and down Summer St., and through the lateral avenues into Franklin St. and Wmthrop Sq. The firemen, although heroically active, were driven before it, until early Sunday morning, when several buildings were blown up. About this time the fire was checked in its southward x^rogTess, and the whole Fire Depart- ment (reinforced from many towns within 100 miles) faced the destroyer on the north. From 2 to 3 o'clock Sunday moniing the firemen fought the flames on Washington St., and after incredible eflbrts kept it on the lower side of the street, and saved the Old South Church, which was scorched and strewn Avith sparks. During the day the forie at hand was directed on two jioints, the new U. S. Post Office on Devonshi/e Street, and the Merchant's Exchange, and in the narrow streets between Bmad and Kilby Sts. Repulsed from the fir^it two points, and alter a time checked in its advance toward Kilby St., the fire sank rapidly under the cataracts of water which were being poured upon it from the steam-engines massed along State St. By mid-afternoon the danger was over, and many of the out-of-town engines were sent home. In less than 24 hours the richest quarter of I3oston, covering about 50 acres, had been swept away, and nothing remained of those massive piles of granite and brick save a few ragged and tottering fragments of wall. The loss Avas not far from 870,000,000. To keep out the swarms of thieves, and to prcAcnt the citizens and the scores of thousands of visitors from imperilling tliemselves, three regiments of State troops BOSTON. Route 1. 9 ere called out, who formed a line of guards around the bunit district, which was ^jius picketed and held under martial law for many days. I.ess than thirty lives were lost during the tire. The rapid and resistless spread of the conflagration (which would have been imi)ossible in a Euroiiean city) has been attributed to ■he narrow streets, the thin i)artitiou walls, and the universal use of lofty Man- ard roofs built of light timber and planking, and too high from the street to be cached by tlie water from the engines. " Tlie best treasure of Boston camiot be ereal trappings, and nuuumies of monkeys, lainbs, ibises, cats, hawks, mice, crocodiles, tortoises, snakes, &c. There are 1,100 pieces in this collection (cata- logue, at the door, 25 cts.). In the next room are several hundred lamps, amphorae, cups, statuettes, heads, weapons, &c., from Idalium, on the Island of Cyprus, of great interest to tlie student of early Phoenician and Greek history. The Appleton collection is on the same floor, containing many Grteco-Italian fictile painted vases from Etruscan and Camiianian tombs. Some elaborate old cabinets contain fine Venetian glass- ware, and a large number of rich majolica plates are exhibiteii. A large piece of Gobelins tapestrj'^ (France crowned by Victory and attended by Minerva) occupies one end of the room ; at the other end is a group of plaster casts from famous Italian bas-reliefs, near which is a Madonna and Child, l)y Luca della Rohhia, and tlie Virgin adoring the infant Jesus, by Andrea della Rohbia. Two large pictures by Boucher, two by Alhtoii, a large collection of ancient coins (a gold Alexander), and the rich oaken panels, carved and gilded, from the Chateau Montmorency, are worthy of note. The positions of the pictures and curiosities are so often changed that a more careful list would be of no permanent use. The handsome * First Baptist Church stands at the corner of Com- monwealth Ave. and Clarendon St., and is in the foiin of a Greek cross, with three rose-windows ligliting tlie interior, which is 78 ft. liigli, and is surmounted by a basilica roof of stained ash. The tower is 176 ft. liigh, and is surrounded hy a frieze containing colossal figures in high relief, representing the four Christian eras. Baptism, Communion, Mai-riage, and Death, — one on each side of the tower. At the corners of the frieze are colossal statues representing the Angels of the Judgment, with golden trumpets. The work was done by Italian artists, after designs by Bartholdi. Near this point, iu the Commonwealth-Ave. park, is a colossal bronze stfltue of Gen. John Glover, the commander of the Marblehead marine regiment in the Continental army. The superb marble building of the Hotel V'p.ndome is farther out on the avenue. The Young- Men's Christian Union Building is at No. 20 Boylston St., opposite the Masonic Temple, and has a handsome Gothic front of Ohio sandstone, with a tall clock -tower. It contains a library, reading- rooms, reception-room, parlors and class-rooms, a coffee-room, gymnasium, and a hall which seats 700 persons. The library consists of over 5,000 volumes ; and there are also collections of curiosities, which include 550 coins, 153 shells, 355 specimens of woods, 700 minerals, 3,500 insects, and 475 birds of Massachusetts, nests, Indian relics, etc. Near the new Old South Church is the building of the Boston Art Club, in which exhi- bitions of pictures are frequently given. Boylston St. runs out to the W. through an opulent quarter, passing the Public Garden and Copley Square, and giving access to the newly-built streets of the patrician West End, and the Harvard Medical School. The * Providence Kailroad-Station is on Columbus Ave., near the Common, and has no equal in America in beauty and convenience. The 16 d. Route 1. BOSTON. arcliitecture is Gotliic, with a lofty clock-tower aud a deep arcade on the front. The great hall is paved with marble, and adorned with a niagnili- cent timber-roof. The waiting-rooms, cafe, offices, etc., open from this hall, which is 180 ft. long, 44 ft. broad, and 80 ft. high. At its end is the immense train-house, which is 588 ft. long and 130 ft. wide, with its roof supported on iron trusses. Columbus Avenue runs nearly S. W. from the Common to Chester Park, and is a broad and straight street, with a wooden pavement, bor- dered by handsome residences. It is a favorite thoroughfare for the passage of military processions and otiier civic displays. The First Presbyterian Church is at the corner of Columbus Ave. and Berkeley St. Uppobite is the great Peoples' Church (Methudist), sealing over 3,000 persons. Farther up the avenue is Dr. Miner's Uuiveraiist Church, a large and costly structure with splendid stained-glass windows. The Union Congregational Church is still farther up, and is a picturesL'ue and rambling building of Koxbury stone, with a stone spire and an open timber-roof. One square from the avenue to the 1.. on Canton St., is the Warren-Avenue Baptist Church, near which is the singular edifice occu- pied by James Freeman Clarke's church. Beacon Hill is N. of Boston Common, and is densely covered with brick houses, built along quiet and comparatively narrow streets. It de- rives its name from the fact that in the ancient colonial days permanent arrangements were made for beacon-fires to be kindled here to alarm the country in case of danger or attack. Boston University's chief hall is on Somerset St.; the church formerly occupied by Dr. Kirk is on Ashburtou Place ; the ritualistic Church of St. John (conducted by the Cowley Fathers) and the Swedenborgian Church are on Bowdoiu St., and the Faith Training College is on Beacon-Hill Place. The quaint old West Church (Unitarian) is at the corner of Cambridge and Lynde Sts., and its pastors have been Mayhew, Howard, Lowell, and Bartol. The City Jail is a massive cruci- form building on Cambridge St., near the Charles River. The Charles River is crossed, at the foot of Cambridge St., by the long West-Boston Bridge, whence broad views are afforded over the water on either side. The house of the Charles-River Boat Club is near Brimmer St. It is contemplated to line the water-front of the city, on this side, witli broad esplanades, gardens, and promenades, connected with parks and forests in other parts of the municipality'. The costly and handsome new Church of the Advent (Ritualistic), on Brimmer St., is famous for its imposing choral services. BOSTON. Route 1. 17 Tlie * State House (PI. 13) is on the summit of Beacon Hill, fronting the Common. Its corner-stone was drawn to the place July 4, 1795, by fifteen white horses, amid great ceremonies. The most prominent ob- jects on the exterior are the fiue Corinthian colonnade and the high round dome. Wiien the Legislature (or General Court) is in session, national flags are displayed from the building. The * Doric Hall, at the entrance, is a neat, marble-paved room, supported l)y columns, and surrounded by high niches, fronted with plate-glass, in which are gathered the banners of the Massachusetts regiments borne in the War for the Union. On the right are busts of Charles Sumner and Samuel Adams, and on the left a bust of Abraham Lincoln and a statue of Gov. John A. Andrew, by Ball. In a marble-paved and banner-hung rotunda, opening on the Doric Hall, is Chautrey's * Statue of Wasliington, in front of which are copies of the monuments of the old Washington family, at Brington, in Northampton- shire. The House of Representatives (up stairs to the left from the Doric Hall) is a plain and somewhat crowded hall, with a codfish hanging from the roof, as emblematic of a prolific source of the wealth of the State, The Senate Chamber is on tlie other side, and is adorned by some old por- traits and troi)hies. The extensive State Library is in the west wing. From the dome of the State House (open when the Legislature is not in session) is obtained a fine * view, Boston Harbor, with its islands, and peninsulas, and the distant blue ocean, fill the east ; in the north are Charlestown, its Navy Yard and Monument, with Lynn, Chelsea, Maiden, and Medford ; to the west, Charles River and Bach Bay, Cambridge, Brigh- ton, Brookline, and Newton ; and in the south, Roxbury and Dorchester, with the blue hills of Milton far away. On the terraces in front of the building are bronze statues of Daniel Webster and Horace Mann, the great educationist. The house opposite (coi'uer Park and Beacon Sts.) was for 40 years the home of George Ticknoi', author of the " History of Spanish Literature," in 3 volumes (translated into German and Span- ish), who bequeathed 4,000-5,000 Spanish books to the Public Library. The Union Club (600 members), a patriotic organization formed in 1863, occupies the next house below (on Park St.). On Beacon St., near the State House, is the * Boston Athenaeum, a neat brownstone building, in the Palladian style. On the lower floor is the library of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a large reading-room adorned with statuary. In the vestibule are casts of Houdon's Washington and of Sophocles, also a marble statue — The First Inspiration of Columbus — by Montaverde, and a bronze group — the Boy and the Eagle — by Oreen- ough. On the r, is the entrance to the reading-room, in which the news- jiapers and magazines are kept. On the second floor is the library, which now contains 140,000 volumes, and is the favorite resort of the cultured higher classes of Boston. Only members of the Athenaiuni and B 18 Route 1. BOSTON. (temporarily) i^ersons introduced by them are allowed to use tlie library and reading-room. Tlie Athenteum was organized in 1807, and occu- pied its present building in 1847. It has real estate and books worth $ 400,000, and over $ 250,000 in funds. The pictures pertaining to the society have been transferred to the Museum of Fine Arts. The offices of Boston University are at No. 12 Somerset St. This in- stitution was founded in 1869, with munificent endowments, and has already attained a high rank, having graduated 126 students in 1875. It consists of a group of colleges and schools, with 627 students (144 of whom are young women). Tlie College of the Liberal Arts is at 20 Bea- con St., and lias 17 instructors and 82 students. The College of Music (at Music Hall) has 15 instructors and 21 students; and the College of Agriculture is affiliated with the Mass. Agiicultural College. The professional 'schools inchide the School of Theology (Methodist), with 14 instructors and 101 students, its headquarters being at 36 BroniHcld St. The School of Law is at the same place, and has 16 instructors and 14:1 students. The School of Medicine is on E. Concord St., and has 28 instructors and 172 stu- dents. Tlie Scliool of Oratory is at 18 Beacon St., and has 12 instructors and SO students. The School of All Sciences (11 students) is a scliola scholannn, or department for elective post-graduate study, and is affiliated with the universi- ties at Athens and Rome. The Somerset Club occupies a richly furnished and luxurious house at Beacon St., adorned with many works of art. It is the favorite re- sort of the young men of fashion and wealth, and includes in its mem- bership Charles Francis Adams, Robert C. Winthrop, J. Q. Adams, H. B. Sargent, and many other notables. Tlie Union Club is also famous for its brains and cul- ture, and is the resort of middle-aged gentlemen, among whom the Har- vard element is strong. The house is on Park St., and is very com- fortable and quiet, being also adorned with a few rare paintings. Here Edward Everett, Gov. Andrew, and Charles Sumner passed much of their time. Among the members are Jiulge E. R. Hoar, R. H. Dana, Jr., E. P. Whipple, Gov, Rice, Prof. Ware, Chief Justice Gray, Henry L. Pierce, Gen. Gordon, and other eminent men. Near the Athenceum is Pemberion Square, the site of an old Indian ne- cropolis, where 300 skulls Avere dug up in Cotton Mather's time. Gov- ernor Endicott and Sir Henry Vane lived near this spot, and in later days it was an aristocratic centre. The tall oiri brick houses are now used for the offices of lawyers and business-agencies of various kinds. Louisburg Square is a stately and silent place on the farther slope of Beacon Hill, embellished with statues of Aristides and Columbus. BOSTON. Route 1. 19 South Boston is separated from the city by an arm of the liarhor which reaches to Roxbury, It contains about 900 acres of hand, with 54,000 inhabitants, and is quickly reached by tlie horse-cars from Boston Broadway is the principal street, and is a pleasantly shaded thoroughfare, with several churches. The Perkins Institution for the Blind was founded in 1831, by Dr. S. G. Howe. It was favored by liberal popular contributions, and now oc- cupies large buildings on Mt. Washington, S. Boston. Charles Dickens visited and highly praised this institution, as also the charitable and cor- rective establishments in a secluded position near Independence Square, S. Boston (Insane Hospital and House of Correction). "Such are the institutions at South Boston. In all of them the unfortunate or degenerate citizens of tlie State are carefully instructed in their duties both to God and man ; are surrounded by all reasonable means of comfort or happiness that their condition will admit of ; and are ruled by the strong Heart, and not by the strong (though immeasurably weaker) Hand." — Dickens. The extensive Carney Hospital (managed by Sisters of Charity) is near by on the hill, and above it is a reservoir and small park near the site of the old ibrt. On the liright, moonlit night of Mcirch 3, 1776, General Thomas and 2,000 Ameri- cans advanced quietly to this point (Dorchester Heights), and, when morning dawned, two strong forts were conqjleted within point-blank range of Boston. Jjord Percy and 2,400 royal trooi:)s were ordered to attack them, and AVashington himself, with 4,000 men, awaited the onset. But a storm, " propitious to the real interests of the British army," prevented Percy from crossing the harbor. A few days later the city was heavily bombarded, and a new fort having been built still neWer, the royal forces were forced to evacuate Boston. March IS, sailing away in 150 transports, and carrying with them 3,000 New-Englanders who re- mained loyal to King George. From this little park a fine view is obtained of Boston and its harbor, and of Dorchester and the southern suburbs. The South End. The district south of Boylston and Essex Sts. is mainly occupied by dwelling-houses, and Washington St., with its retail stores and hotels, runs through its centre. The greater part of this district has been re- claimed from the water. Near the line of Dover St. a wall garnished with cannon formerly crossed the Neck and defended the to^wai. Union Park and Worcester and Chester Squares are embellished with trees and fountains and surrounded with fine residences. Columbus Ave., on the north, is a broad thoroughfare, forming an admirable drive-way. On Tremont St. is the imposing white granite edifice of Odd Fellows' Hall (built 1871-73), and beyond it some fine churches, the best of which is the quaint and rand)ling Methodist Cliurch. On Harrison Ave., near Concord St., is the City Hospital, with a fine building (surmounted by a dome) in the centre, joined to the spacious wings by curving colonnades. Near the Hospital is the Roman Catholic Home for Orphans, and the Jesuit Church of the Immaculate Conception (with a fine interior, and famed for its music), connected with which is Boston College. The church and college cost over $ 350,000, Ida. Route 1. BOSTON. and are powerful centres of Catholic influence. The interior of the church is finished in white, witli brilliant paintings in the chancel. Near the point where Washington St. runs between the pleasant little parks of Franklin and Blackstone Squares is the great New-England Conservatory of Music. Brookline St. runs N. W. to the Shawmut Congregational Church, which has a tall and plain campanile and a richly adorned interior. On W. Newton St. is the large structure occu- pied by the Girls' High and Normal School, near the beautiful Corin- thian colonnade of the Church of the Unity. The streets in this quarter are almost entirely occupied by dwelling-houses, and are dotted here and there with churches. The * Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Roman Catholic) is at the corner of Washington and Maiden Sts., and covers more than an acre of ground, its greatest length being 3G4 ft., with a breadth of 170 ft. It is in the simplest form of early English Gothic architecture, with very slight adornment ; and was built between 18G7 and 1S75. The great towers are to be siirniounted by spires, respectively 300 and 200 ft. high. The nave is 95 ft. high, to its vaulted oaken roof; and is separated from tlie aisles by two rows of clustered metallic pillars, bronzed and polished, between which are Gothic arches. The entrance ivowx the marble-paved vestibule is under arches made from the bricks of the old Ursuliue Convent at Somerville, which was destroyed V)y a mob in 1834. Near the octagonal apse are several chapels, the costly high-altar, the archiei)iscopal throne, the chantry, and the beautiful Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament. The stained-glass windows in the chancel represent the Crucifixion, Nativity, and Ascension. The transept-windows are each 40 X 20 ft. in area, that on the r. representing the Finding of the True Cross, the otlier the Exal- tation of the Cross by the Emperor Ileraclius after its recovery from the Persians. The clerestory windows are also stained. The superb organ is built around the great rose-window, and is the fifth in size in the world, having 5,292 pipes, and nearly 100 stops. Under the building are chap- els and class-rooms, and the crypt for the burial of bishops. The artis- tic adornment and enrichment of the Catliedral is to be the work of the coming centuries. The external length of this huilding is greater than that of the cathedrals at Vienna, Munich, Ratisbon, Orvieto. Messina, Moni-eale, Pisa, Venice, Freiliourg, Treves, or ,St. Denis. It is liiglier than the cathedrals of Vievnia, Munich, yi)ires, Paris, Strasl)ourg, FreiV)ourg, Rheinis, Chartres, Autwei'p, or St. Ouen at Rouen. The New-York and Montreal cathedrals are its only rivals iu America. Washington St. soon reaches the Ilif/hkaid District (the ancient Rox- bury), and enters a region of undulating hills, where its divergent streets are overarched with trees. Harrison Ave., Shawmut Ave., and Tremont St. run nearly parallel with Washington St. from the vicinity of the BOSTON. Route 1. 19 5. Common to the Highlands, and each of them is the route of a horse-car line. Chester Park crosses Washington St. at right angles, and is lined with handsome residences. Near its centre is a pleasant square, with abun- dant trees and a musical fountain. West Chester Park is being extended across the new-made land to Beacon St. The Hotel Alexandra is at the intersection of the Park and Washington St. Among the eminent natives of Boston are the divines Increase Mather and Cotton Mather, John Cotton, Mather Byles. Thomas Prince, the annalist : Jeremy Belknap, liistorian of New Hami'sliire ; William Bentley, John Pierce, Leonard Withington, N. L. Frothiimham, F. W. P. Greenwood, Jolm A. Vinton, S. G. Bul- finch, W. H. Channing, bTsIio]) J. B. Fitzi'atriek, E. O. Haven, John Weiss, C. D. Bradlee, and Phillips Brooks. Among the Boston-born authors are Isaiah Thomas, Thomas Pemherton, B. Austin, Wm. Tudor, W. H. Sumner, Jas. Sav- age, J. T. Austin, L. M. Sargent, Eliza L. Follen, A. H. Everett, George Tick- nor, Caroline Gihnan, W. B. Fowle, T. W. Harris, C. H. Snow, J. G. Pallrey, Edmund Quiney, W. B. Trask, F. A. Uurivage, J. J. Jarves, R. S. Willis, W. F. Channing, Samuel Eliot, M. M. Ballou, E. E. Hale, Franfis Parkman, A. J. H. Dugaune, E. S. Rand, Jr. The native poets are Joseph Green, Royal Tyler, Charles Sprague, Rufus Dawes, W. J. Snelling, Albert Pike, Frances S. (Osgood, H. T. Tuckerman, T. W. Parsons, G. E. Rice, Susan W^ MTisjirait. The native statesmen are Joseph Dudley, Jonathan Bekher, Tlios. Hutc-hiuson, Samuel Adams, James Bowdoin, Josiah Quiney, Robert Treat Paine, J. Mason, Samuel Sewall, Charles Francis Adams, Charles Sunnier. The orators are Thos. Dawes, Samuel Dexter. Harrison Gray Otis, Edward Everett, Robert C. Wintlirop, W^-n- dell Phillips, Mary A. Liverm'ore. The philosophers are Benjamin Fianklin and Ralph Waldo Emerson. The scientists are B. A. Gould, G. B. Bond, F. H. Storer, and W^inslow Lewis. Tlie pliiIanthroi>ists are Dr. S. G. Howe, John Low ell, Jr., S. J. May, and T. H. Perkins. The artists are J. S. Copley, G. P. A. Healey, Geo. L. Bro\\m, W. E. Norton, W. W. Fksher, Horatio Greenongh, and MartiiiMillinore. The actors ai'e AV. F. Johnson, G. H. Hills, Charlotte Cushman and E. L. Davenport. The military and naval officers born at Boston are Gen. Henry Knox, Admiral Sir T. A. Coffin, Sir R. H. Sheafle, Admiral C. H. Davis, Gen. Chas. Devens, Jr., Gen. C. R. Lowell, Gen. T. G. Stevenson, and ]uauy others of eminence. The main halls of the Old State House have recently been restored and dedicated as a Museum (open, free, 9-5 daily), containing many colonial pictures and other relics of great interest. On outer Newbury St. the beautiful new church for the Hollis-St Uni- tarian society, and the costly and elegant First Spiritual Temple (Spiritu- alist) are being built. Among the new statues erected in Boston are the Charles Sumner, on the Public Garden ; Mayor Quiney, in front of the City Hall; Gov. John Winthrop, on Scollay Square; Sam. Adams, near the corner of Washing- ton and Brattle Sts.; and the Emancipation Group, Park Sq. Statues of William Lloyd Garrison, Theodore Parker, Harriet Martineau, Col. Robert G. Shaw, and others are in preparation. 20 Routed. ENVIRONS OF BOSTON. 2. Environs of Boston. "As you approach Boston the roughest region is yet a region of homes Man may sometimes deform, but he ofteuest improves Nature ; it is mere cant to assert the contrary. And I know no better illustration of the fact than the eiivirous of Boston The approach to Boston is almost the only pictui-esque city-view we have on the Atlantic coast. The broad reaches of water, the cheerful suburbs on either hand, the long, gently rising bi-ick liill in front, crowned with the yellow dome of the .State House, when seen in the tempered evening light, under a cloudless sky, form an imposing and truly attractive picture. New York, from the bay, sug- gests conunercial activity only ; Piiiln7. Near the entrance to the cemetery is the tomb of Ben.iamin Lincohi, a m;i.j(n--general in the Continental Army, second in cnuimand of the Army of the North which cai)tured Burgoyne, commander of t!ic Army of tlie ISoutli, 1778-80, repulsed from Savannah and Stono Ferry. After enduring a siege of 6 weeks at Charleston (spring of 17S0), he was forced to surrender to Sir Henry Clinton. Having been excdianged, he commanded the centre at York- town, and was Secretary of War, 1781 - Si. He died at Hingham, his birtlqdace (1733), in 1810. The Charlestown District includes the ancient city of Charlestown, which was annexed to Boston in 1873. It has about 31,000 inhabit- ants, 2 banks, 2 savings-banks, 3 papers, 13 ehurclies, and large sugar- refineries, tanneries, distillerie.s, bakeries, etc. Two bridges cioss the Charles River to Boston ; one leads to E. Cambridge ; and another crosses the broad Mystic River to Chelsea. In the S. part is City Square, ENVIi;ONS OF BOSTON. Route 2. 25 where extensive domed !juildin,£;:s on the left were formerly occupied as the Waverly Hotel. Near by is the old City Hall, in which is a fine library and rearling-room. Main St., to the right, leads to the United States Navy Yard, covering over 100 acres, and separated from the city by a heavy stone-wall, 16 ft. high. A sea-wall extends along the water-front, broken only by a fevv^ wluirves and a great dry-dock, built of hammered granite, 341 ft. long and 80 ft. wide, and costing nearly $700,000. Various construction-depots, magazines of naval stores, barracks, and. work-shops are in the yard; also 4 large ship-houses, and a granite- built rope-walk, \ M. long. In one of the ship-houses is the old line-of- battle-ship "Virginia" (designed for 120 guns), which has been on the stocks for nearly half a century. Charlestown has a handsome soldiers' monument, — on a tall pedestal, a figure of America cro^vning representatives of the x\rmy and Navy, who stand below hei\ On the path near Bunker Hill Monument is a fine statue of Gen. Joseph Warren, who was killed on the Hill. On Prison Point are the great granite buildings formerly occupied by the Massachusetts State Prison, and now, since the removal of that insti- tution to Concord, used for various manufacturing purposes by private corporations. The four northern railroads enter Boston near tins point, crossing the Charles River, and wellnigh hiding the stream under their long and multitudinous bridges. Not far from the prison is an ancient cemetery, where a simple and mas- sive granite shaft has been erected by Harvai-d. alumni^ to the memory of John Harvard, the early benefactor of the University. The principal attraction of Charlestown is * Bunker Hill Monument, a lofty obelisk on the site of the battle of Breed's Hill (1775). It is built of 90 courses of Quincy granite, is 221 ft. in height, and 30 ft. square at the base. A spiral flight of 295 ste^^s, ranged around a hollow cone, leads to a chamber 11 ft. in diameter, with windows on each side. Above is the apex-stone, weighing 1\ tons. (A small fee, 20 cts., is charged for admission. Books about the monument, &c. , sold in the porter's lodge). The *view from the top is glorious. From the S. E. window the Navjf Yaixl is seen, with all its manifold activities, — its ship-houses, dry-dock, rope-walk, and frigates. Beyond this is the confluence of the Charles and Mystic Rivers, and East Boston ; above which is Fort War- ren at George's Island at the mouth of the harbor. Forts Winthrop and Independence, and the archipelago of variously utilized islands which dot the harbor, all are visible from this point. From the S. W. window is seen the city of Boston, with Copp's Hill nearest on the 1. and the spires and domes of its church and state buildings rising on all sides. The great network of the northern railroads and highways crosses Charles River below, while, beyond the city, the southern and western 2 2G Route 2. ENVIRONS OF BOSTON. roads emerge. Farther still, on the r., is S. Boston, aiid over it, Qnincy, Dorchester, ami the bine hills of Milton. Over Boston are Rox- bury and Brookline, and directly below are the houses of Charlestown. From the N. W. window, the State Prison, Cambridge, and Brighton, the McLean Asylum, the Harvard Observatory, the city of Somerville, Arlington, and Medford. It is said that, in very clear weather, with a strong glass, may be seen Mt. Wachusett (over Cambridge), and succes- sively to _ the r., Mt. Monadnock, Kearsarge, and the White Mts. in New Hampsliire. From tlie N. E., Everett, and Revere with its beach, the city of Chelsea, with the U. S. Marine Hospital, and, over it, the city of Lynn. Naliant rmis into the sea to tlie r. The comer-stone of this stately monument was laid in 1825 by General La Fayette, on the fiftieth anniversary of tlie battle. It was completed in 1842, and dedicated on the sixty-eighth anniversary of the battle, in the presence of Presi- dent Tyler and his cabinet, and with an oration by Daniel Webster. In the upper cliamber are two cannon, named "Hancock" and "Adams," each inscribed, " This is one of four cannons whicli constituted the whole train of tield-artillery possessed by the British colonies of North America at the commencement of the war, on the 19th of April, 1775. This cannon and its fellow, belonging to a num- ber of citizens of Boston, were used in many engagements during the v/ar. The other two, the prox^erty of the Government of Massachusetts, were taken by the enemy." Battle of Bunker Hill. " In their rapsed regimentals Stood the old Continentals, Yieldms not. When the grenadiers were hinging, And lilte hail tell the plunging Cannon-shot ; Wlicre the tiles Of the isles From the smoky night-encampment hore the banner of the rampant unicorn. And gruminer, grummer, grummer, rolled the roll of the drummer through the morn." After an impressive prayer by President Langdon, of Harvard College, on a starry night of Jane, 1775, Colonel Prescott led a thousand men to Bunker Hili. His force was composed of troops from Essex, Middlesex, and Connecticut, Avith Gridley's artillery. His orders were to fortify the hill, but a council of officers of the detachment changed the plan, and they occupied Breed's Hill, as much nearer Boston and more surely conuuandiug the roads to the north. The work Avas comme4iced at mididght, umler the supervision of General Gridley, an old veteran of the Louisbourg and Canadian wars, and by dawn th«y had t^ompleteil a redoubt 132 ft. square and 6 ft. high. The frigates in Charles River first saw it, and opened a tremendous fire, which awoke all Boston. The liatteries on Copp's Hill then opened lire, and at noon 2,000 picked nu'U from the Biitish garrison crossed the river. The New England flag (blue, with iSt. George's Cross on the pine-tree emblem) was hoisted over the redoubt, and the 1st and 2d New Ham]>shii-e rein- forced the weary provincials. At 2 o'clock 2,000 more soldiers crossed from Bos- ton, and soon after, after a fiu-ious cannonade from Copp's Hill and the fleet, the British column advanced. Gen. Putnam ordered the Americans to hold their fire until they could see the whites of the assailants' eyes ; and 1500 silent and determined men waited till that a])pointed time, and then fired. "Whole platoons of the British regulars were laid upon the earth, like grass by the mower's scythe. Other deadly volleys followed, and the enemy, disconcerted, broke, and fled toward the water." While they rallied, the Crovincials worried them until they reached Prospect Hill, in Cambridge, where 700 men of E^sex, with the militia of Dorchester and lloxbury, stopped, and held the flower of the British army until Percy's artil- lery drove them from tlie field, and the noble Ntu-thumbrian led his shattered colun^ns on Bunker Hill, under protection of the fleet. On this memorable day, the royal forces lost 65 killed, ISO wounded, and 28 prisoners ; while the Ainericaus lost 5i) killed, 39 wounded, and 5 missing. Cambridge. W. of Boston (horse-cars from Bowdoin Sq.) is the ancient academic city of Cambridge, on the Charles River. Abont 3^ M. from Boston are the spacious grounds and buiklings of Harvard University. Cambridge was settled shortly after Boston, under the name of Newtown. In 1636, the legislature of Massachusetts (tlien, and occasionally now, called the General Court) voted £ 400 for tlie establishment of a school here. In 1G3S John Harvard, the young pastor of Charlestown (from Emanuel College, in Old Cam- bridge,), died, leaving to the young school his library and about £ 800 in money. Then the General Court advanced the school into a college, and named it Harvard, changing also the name Newtown into Cambridge, in memory of the old univer- sity town where, and especially at Emanuel College, so many of the founders of the new State had studied. In 1640 Charlestowu Ferry was made an appanage of the College ; in 1642 its first class graduated ; and in 1650 the " President and Fellows of Harvard College " were incorpcjr.ited. Endowments and gifts now flowed in from the province and its citizens, and the young college became the ]iride of New England. In 1696, of 121 clergymen in the eleven counties nearest to Cambridge, 104 were gi'aduates of Harvard. Many of the political leaders of the War of Independence were educated here, — Sauuiel Adams (class of 1740), James Otis (1743), Artemas Ward, first commander of the army (1748), John Han- cock (1754), Joseph Warren (1 75',>). In May, 1769, on the occujiation of Boston by royal troops, the legislature refused to sit "with British cannon pointing at their doors," so they adjourned to the college buildings. In 1775 the students were sent home, and the classic halls were turned into Isarracks for the Continen- tal soldiers. The library and ap]iaratus were sent to Andover and Concord. The headcpiarters of the American army of investment was near the College, and the army numbered 16,000 men in June, 1775. Of these, 11,500 were from Massachu- setts, 2,300 from Connecticut, 1,200 from New Hampshire, and 1,000 from Rhode Island. The left wing, under Ward, consisting of 15 Massacdiusetts regiments and Gridley's artillery, lay at Camln-idge. Later, Knox brought 55 cannon from the Lake Forts, and the New York volunteers and Morgan's Virginia riflemen joined 30 Route 2. ENVIRONS OF BOSTON. the camp. The 10,000 royal troops in Boston were environed by 20 miles of can- tonments, stretchijig from tlie Mystic Kiver to Roxbnry. Thomas, witli 4,000 Massachusetts troops, and 4 comptuiies o!' ariillery, lield tlie Roxbury lines ; the Rliode Island men were at Jamaica Plain witli iSpencer's Connecticut regiment. The New Hampshire brigade Avas at Medford, and Putnam, with a Connecticut brigade, held Cliarlestown Neclv and picketted Bunker Hill. The siege was hardly over, and the College in order once more, when the great captive army of Burgoyne was led to Cambridge (Nov. 10, 1777). Tlie government ordered the college to be vacated, for the accommodation of the British and Hessian officers. But the collegiate autliorities, feeUng that enough had already been sacrificed by them in tlie cause of freedom, sent in such a spirited protest that the order was reconsidered, and the prisoners encamped on Winter and Prospect Hills until 1779, when they were sent to Charlottesville, Virginia. In 1639 tlie first New England printing-press was set up here, and for its first works printed the " Freeman's Oath," " Tlie New England Alma- nac," and the "Bay Psalm Book." At present the vast University and Eiverside Presses turn out hundreds of thousands of volumes yearly. Margaret Fuller, Countess D'Ossoli, was born at Cambridge, 1810. A fine linguist and conversationalist, she became an enthusiastic tvansceudentalist, and, after writing several books, and spending some time in Europe, she married Count d'Ossoli, but was wrecked and lost on tlie Fire I.sland coast, returning, in 1S50. Oliver Wendell Holmes was born at Camliridge, 1809. A skilful physician, lec- turer, aud microscopist, he has been Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in Harvard University since 1847, and has found time to write many pleasant essays and liumorous X'oems, besides two or three novels and numerous medical lectures ami dissertations. James Russell Lowell was born at Cambridge, in 1S19. After writing several volumes of poetry, and spending some years in Europe, he returned, and succeeded Mr. Longfellow as Professor of Modern Languages, &c., in Harvard University. He has published "The Biglow Papers " (two series), — a political satire in the New England vernacular ; " The Cathedral," and " Under the Willows," his later poems ; and several volumes of i)rose. F. H. Hedge, the Unitarian theologian, Alfred Lee, Bishop of Delaware, and Rear-Admiral Charles H. Poor, were born in Cambridge. "Harvard College was founded at Cambridge only ninety years later than the greatest and wealthiest college of our Cambridge in Clil Enghmd. Puritan Har- vard is the sister rather than the daughter of our own Puritan Emanuel. Harvard himself, ami Dunster, the first President of Harvard, were among the earliest of the scholars of Emanuel. . . . Our English universities have not about them the classic repose, the air of study, which belongs to Cambridge, Massachusetts ; our Cambridge comes nearest to her daughter town, but even tlie English Cambridge has a breathing street or two, and a weekly market-day, while Cambridge in New England is one gi-eat academic grove, buried in a philosophic calm, which our universities cannot rival as long as men resort to them for other purposes than work." — Sir Charles Dilke. Among the most distinguished of the New-England-born alumni of Harvard may be named, Increase Mather (class of ](35()), Cotton Mather (1678), John Adams, second President of the United iStates (1755), John Quincy Adams, his son, sixth President of the United States (1787), Fisher x\mes (1774), W. E. Channing (1798), Edward Everett (1811), W. H. Prescott(1814), Jared Sparks and J. G. Palfrey (1815), Caleb Cushing and George Bancroft (1817), Ralph Waldo Emerson (1821), C. F, Adams (1825), O. W. Holmes (1829), Charles Sumner (1830), Wendell Phillips and J. L. Motley (1831), H. W. Bellows (1832), R. H. Dana, Jr., and H. D. Thoreau (1S37), J. R. Lowell (J 838), E. E. Hale (1839). The avei'age age at which youths enter Harvard is ISs years ; and the students are generally from the middle classes, —from families of hereditary culture. Mas- sachusetts lias about § of the stiulents ; New York has J ; and the Western States send 70 men. Prohi.ssorships of Music and of the History of Art have lately been established. 470 students board at Memorial Hall, at an average cost of §4.52 a week each. The Medical aud Denial Schools are in Boston. Between CAMBRIDGE. Route 2. 31 IfiGI and 1670, 45 per cent of the Harvard graduates became ministers ; between 1761 and 1770, 29 per cent ; and between 1861 and 1870, 5| per cent. The Ijuildings of the University are named generally in honoi- of its benefactors. The small brick building on the comer near the horse-car station contains the Law Library (13,000 volumes) embracing the stand- ard works on this subject by American, English, French, and German writers. The law-liall and the professorship were founded by Nathan Dane, an eminent Essex County jurist. The large and ornate edifice next to Dane Hall is known as Matthews Hall. Beyond this, and at right angles with it, is Massachusetts Hall, an ancient building which has been changed into two large rooms, the lower of which is occupied as a read- ing-room. Beyond Massachusetts Hall is Harvard Hall, with its sober ornaments and belfry, and then Hollis and Stoughton Halls, between which, and nearer the street is the quaint little edifice (said to have been built by Lady Holden's bounty) whicli was long used as a chapel, and was built early in tlie 18th century. Across the upper end of the quadrangle stretches the plain old Holwortliy Hall, back of which is the Lawrence Scientific School. Turning now on the other side, the first building is the new, lofty, and ornate Thayer Hall, behind which is the romanesque Appleton Chapel. Beyond Thayer is the simple and substantial Uni- versity Hall, built of granite, and next comes the modern and Mansard- roofed Weld Hall. University Hall is the seat of the University gov- ernment, which consists of the President and six Fellows, with a second branch (Board of Overseers) elected by the alumni. The system of elective studies and of special series of lectures is superseding the old rigid course and text -book plan, and Harvard is accepting the style, as well as gaining the power, of the German universities. There are about 1,450 men in the various departments of study, with 55 professors and many tutors, &c . Four years' study procures the degree of B. A. ; three years covers the courses in the Divinity and Medical Schools, and two years in the Law School. Beyond Weld Hall the fourth side of the quad- rangle is occupied by the noble Boylston Hall (of granite, with several collections inside), and the modern Gray Hall. Opposite the wooden Wadsworth Hall is the Holyoke House (pertaining to the college) and nearly opposite Massachusetts Hall is the First Church, with its venerable graveyard. Gore Hall, beyond the quadrangle, contains the University Library. It is a neat building of Quincy granite, in the form of a Latin Cross, and in the 14th-century Gothic style. The new Law School is a large and stately stone building, designed by H. H. Richardson, and of very interesting architectural forms. The Jefferson Physical Laboratory stands N. of the College. A noble ideal statue of John Ilarvard {by D. C. Trench) was placed on the College delta in 1884. 32 Route 2. ENVIRONS OF BOSTON. Inside there are 10 colnnms on eacli side of a nave 112 ft. lonj;, with a .Groined roof 35 ft. high. About i:;'!,0()o volumes are kept in this hall, besides whirh the University has about 7(),(K).i volumes in 8 other libraries. In glass eases, tiirough- out the hall, are kept many literary curiosities : a MS. Ovid ot the 14th century ; letters of Washington ; Aristotle, in black-letter Latin MS. ; ancient Greek MSS. of Hippocrates, Gregory Nazianzcn, ifcc, with EvangelisLeries, Psalters, &c. ; old Hebrew MS. of Esther (in roll) ; the Gospels in Latin, 8th century (oldest MS. in America) ; illuminated Latin missals ; MS. Koran ; Sanscrit and Sianie.se bool-is in leaves ; 8 lieautiful Persian MSS. on silk paper ; book printed in Mexico City, 1566 ; Rale's Dictionary of the Abenaki language, in liis own writing ; Eliot's Indian Bible ; Bay Psalm-Book (1640), first book printeil in America, north of Mexico ; medals, relics, autographs, &c. Busts of distinguished men surround the hall. The * Memorial Hall is N. of the quadrangle, and is fne mo.st stately and imposing building in Cambridge. It was erected in memory of the graduates and student.s of Harvard who fell in the War for the Union, and was dedicated in 1874, liaving co.st nearly $400,000. The building is of brick and Nova- Scotia stone, 310 ft. long, with a cloister at one end, and a hifty and massive tower near the other end. The * great liall (oile Mt. (N II ) etc Squanfum (2 M. N. E. of Atlantic) is a bold bluff overlooking the harbor and crowned by several boarding-houses and villas. At Mooyi Is/muf the great Boston sewer (finished in 1884) empties into the harbor, ^quantum was the home of (^ickatabut, Pncbem of Massachusetts, and was named for Squantum, the firm friend of the Pilgrims, who, when dying, besought Gov. Bradford to pray for him that he might go to the Englishmen's God in heaven." Wollaston Heights (WoUaston Hotel) is a beautiful new village (founded in 1870) built on the lofty slope.s of one of the easterly Blue Hills, commanding broad water- views, f M. N. E. is the venerable Quincy homestead, near which is the National Sailors' Home, fronthig on the bay. Quincy is the chief station in a large and pictures(iue agri^cul- tural town, much of whose land is in the estates of the illustrious Adams and Quincy families. It has 12,C00 inhabitants, 7 churches, a paper, 70 farms, and 700 acres of salt marsh. Opposite the granite town-hall is the Adavis Tem.ple, an antique church near which the"two Presidents Adams are burie.l. A handsome granite shaft in the Wollaston cemetery com- memorates 11.3 soldiers of Quincy who died in the war for the Union. The Adams Academy is in this village, and has a neat stone building. John Adams born in Quincy, 1735, was a firm opponent of the Stamp Act de- fender otCaptam Preston and his soldiers in tlii so-called " Bo.ston Matsaci?' tial and Congre.ssman 1774-77. In 1776, as leader of the cn^nnnittee on the Declaration of Independence, he fought the Declaration tlirough CV a 'ress in a three days debate. In 177S, 1770, and 1782, he visited Paris on as Sal mis^ S!on and in 1782 was chosen ambassador to Holland. In 17S.5-88 he S minister bv h'^^'p '?• }^% ^'f }K- ^'-'^ Vice-President, and in 179G was electe^l l™s lent ^^lir^^^n "S^na?^?^.^^'?'"!^ "f Republican candidate, and succeedfng \^ asluni,t.on. tuna 1801 to 182b he lived on his estate in Quincy and died oS of IndeSnce""'""' ~''''''' '''"' *^^ ''''' anniversar? of th'e Declaration _ John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams, bom Quincy 17G7 He remained m Europe most of the time between 1778 and 1785, then graduate I Tt^^^^^^ U^'^'vf^ '''t""'f r^''' ^'^'^ 1*"^'^^^^^*- He was successively Sster to Hoi" and, England, and Prussia, 1794 - 1801. A United States senatcfr 1803 - 8 • in 1809 he became minister to Russia, and later was appointed minister to Emdand' Seere tary of State, 1817-25, in the latteryear he was elected PresiSntof the uTi ted Itates 38 Roidc 3. BOSTON TO NEW YORK. (the 6th). From 1831 to 184S he was in Congress, and died suddenly in th.e Capitol (1848), his last words being. " This is the last of earth ; 1 am content." Under his uiliuenee (as iSecretary of State or President) great national works were carried on ; Florida was added to the Union ; and the ttouth American republics were recognized. An opponent of tlie exteiision of slavery, and a powerful advo- cate of the right of petition, his powers continued untd tiie la^t, and won for him the title of "the Old Man Elocpient." Charles Francis Adams, his son, was hom in Boston in 1S07, and long lived in Europe. He was one of the founders of the present Republican party, was some- time a Congressman, and in ISGl received the hereditary office of minister to England. He held this x'osition until 1S(>8, — an arduous duty, since, during this time, the (unofficial but efficient) English syni]>atliy with tlie Rebel States re- quired sleepless vigilance on his part. In ISl'l he was one of the connnissioners to Geneva (for the settlement of the "Alabama" trouble), and conducted his part of the work with great skill. John Hancock, bom at Quincy 1737, became a wealthy Boston merchant, and early opposed the aggressions of Parliament, so that lie and Samuel Adams alone were excepted from the general pardon which General Gage ofl'ered to the Americans. Sometime President of the Provincial Congress, in 1775 he was President of the Continental Congress, and v/as the hrst to sign tlie Declaration of Iiidei>endence. Later he became an officer in the militia, and was governor of Ma.ssachusetts 1780-8.5, and 1787-93. This distri'-t was first settled by Weston's company (1622), and WoUaston's (1625), at a place called Merry Mount, where their conduct was so opposed to the ])rinciples of the Pilgrims that Miles Standish marched Irom Plymouth against these jovial Episcopalians, and sent tlieir chiefs captive to England. I a 1630 the Plymoutli foi'ces made another damaging attack on Merry Mount. Thomas Morton, of tliis colony, who was twice banished to England, and once imin-isoncd for one year by the Plpnouth government, wrote the "New English Canaan," in which he gives the following account of the aborigines: "The Indians maybe ratlier accompted as living richly, wanting notliing that is needful ; and to be commended for leading a contented life, the younger being ruled by the elder, and the ekler ruled by the Powahs, and the Powahs are ruled by the Uevill, and then you may imagine what good. rule is like to be amongst them." This curiously agrees with Cotton Mather's theory that "the Indians are under the special pro- tection of the Devill." At Braintree, in an ancient farming-town of 4,000 inhabitants, with granite-quarries and shoe-factories, and the stately Thayer Academy, a raihvav' diverges to Cohasset and Marshfield; and at S. Braintree a rail- way diverges to Abington and I'lymouth. Stations Kandolph (Howard Mouse) and Stoughton, in prosperous shoe-making towns, among the hills. At N. Easton is the great Ames shovel-factory (see page 53 b). Easton station is 2 M. N. E, of Easton. Kaynham is a lowland f-irming-town, famous in the Indian wars. Taunton (Cttfj Hotel, $3 a day, on City Square) was founded by Mi.ss Elizabeth Pool, a pious Puritan lady, of Taunton, in Somersetshire. The settlement was on the territory of Cohannet, and King Philip was friendly to the Tauntonians until midsummer of 1076, when ho attacked the place, and was driven off and followed sharply until he was killed. In 1810 there were but 50 houses here ; but the water-power of the river soon induced the location of factories, until it became a large manufacturing city, with 20,000 inhabitants. The Mason Machine Works and Taunton Locomotive Works employ 800 men. The Tack Companies make 700 varieties, from a heavy boat-nail down to microscopic tacks weighing 4,000 to the ounce. In BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Route 3. 39 1871, 18,000,000 bricks were made here. The Taunton Copper Co. covers 15 acres with their buildings, and works up 3,000,000 or 4,000,000 pounds of copper yearly. There are also 11 foundries, and manufactories of screws, stove-linings, and copper, large cotton-mills, and a famous manu- factory of Britannia ware. With all this, the city is clean and or- derly, and clusters around the central square called Taunton Green. There are 19 churches, of which St. Mary's (Catholic) on Broadway, St. Thomas (Episcopal), and the First Unitarian, on Church Green, are fine stone structures. The latter is a large, rambling, Saxon-towered church, which looks like some secluded parish-church of Merrie England which was built before the Conquest. The City Hall fronts on Church Green, and the Public Library is next to the rude stone church (Congrega- tional) on Broadway. The extensive buildings of the State Lunatic Asy- lum are near Taunton Green, surrounded by pleasant grounds. Stations, Weir Junction, Weir, N. Dightmi, DigMon. Near the latter place, on the opposite shore, is the famous Dighton Rock, — a long mass of granite with rude sculptures and inscriptions iipon it (copied and published in the Antiqicitaies Americance, Copenhagen), which some schol- ars refer to the Norsemen in the 11th century, while President Stiles speaks of "the Phoenicians, who charged the Dighton Rock, and other rocks in Narragansett Bay, with Punic inscriptions which remain to this day." It is said that near this place a skeleton was found (in 1S34) with a brazen belt and breastplate, which is probably the same v.diich inspired Longfellow's fine poem, "The Skeleton in Armor." Station Somerset, then Fall Kiver {Narrayansett Hottl, % 2.50-3 a day ; Wilbur House), an ener- getic and growing city, which enjoys a rare combination of great water- power on the margin of navigable waters. The river rises in the Watuppa Ponds on the highlands 2 M. E. of the city, and falls 136 ft. in less than half a mile. Along this incline immense factories are drawn up like platoons in a marching regiment, built across the stream and resting on the granitic banks on either side. Over ^ 30,000,000 are invested in these works, and 15,000 persons are employed in them. The great article of manufacture is cotton cloth, and more spindles are here engaged upon that work than in any other city in America. Most of the mills are now run by steam-power. Large quarries of granite are worked in the vicin- ity of the city, and many of its edifices, including some of the factories, tv/o or three churches, and the City Hall, are built of that materiaL The city is compactly built, and fronts on Mount Hope Bay, across which Mount Hope looms into view. On South and North Main Sts. are the principal churches, the City Hall, Post Office, and hotels, and from the City Hall a group of parallel factories stretches westward and downward to the Bay. Fall River was formerly divided by the Rhode Island line. 40 Routes. BOSTON TO NEW YORK. but a change of boundary secured to Massachusetts, Fall River, "The Border City." Its population is above 50,000. The U. S. Custom House and Post-Ollice is an imposing Gothic build- ing ; and the Episcopal and Congregational churches are notable. There is a pleasant park of 70 acres. 12,000 French Canadians dwell here. iJaihi stages from Fall River to Westport, 8^ M. ; Westport Point, 16i ; New Bedford, 16; Dartmouth, IG ; Tiverton, 6A ; Little Couipton, 17 ; Portsmoutn, 10>> ; Newport, 15| ; Swansea, 4; Seekonk, I4i ; Providence, 17. 0. C. Railroad to New Bedford and Providence. Two divisions of the Old Co^loiiy R. R. unite here, run tlirough Tiver- ton, cross to Rhode Island, and run to Newport, 19 M. The palatial steamers, leaving Fall River in the early evening, stop at Newport, Hotels. — *Ocean House, Bellevue Ave., 400 guests, $4 a day; Aquidneck House, Pelham St , 150 gue.sts, S 4 a day ; Perry House, VV'ashingtou Sq., and U. S. Hotel, Thames St., lOU guests each, !ip2.50 a day; Cliff- Aveuue Hotel, 60 guests, ^ 4 a day ; Cliff House, lOO guest.-;, $ 3 a day ; Boarding-houses of Joseph Bateman, J. B. Brayton (12 Pelham St.), A. A. Wilbur (44 Church), Mary A. Anthony (42 Church), C. T. Hazard (4 Catherine St.), W'm. Riggs(S Catherine), Mrs. W'm. Hodges, Mrs. K. Paine (.36 Touro St.). Keadiiig-rooins. — At the Redwood Library; the Free Library, on Thames Street. *The Ca.siiio, on Bellevue Ave., is a handsome old-English building, 200 ft. long, with rcadiug-rooms, etc , a theatre, racquet-court, tenuis lawn, balcouy for band-concerts, etc. Roller skating-rink, on Bellevue Ave. Churches. — Baptist, on Spring, Farewell, and Clark Streets; Catholic, St. Mary's, Spring St. ; Congregationalist, Spring St ; Methodist Episcopal, Marlboro St., Thames St.; Episcopal, Trinity, Church St.; Zion, Emmanuel, All .Saints (Dr- Potter), Beach St. The Channing Church is of rich rose-granite, with stained "windows by Lafarge. The Congregational Church, successor to that of Hopkins and Stiles, was richly frescoed by Lafarge in Oriental designs. Bathing, on First Beach. During the hours when the white flag floats bath- ing in costume is obligatory. While the red flag is displayed (1 - 3 p. M. ), the beach is re.served for gentlemen. Stajfes run to First Beach and other points at regular hours. Steamhoats run to Rocky Point and Providence four times daily (in summer), excursion tickets, 75c. : to Wickford (connecting with Shore Line R. R. for New York), 3 times daily ; to Narragansett Pier, 3 times daily. The magnificent steam- ers of the Fall-River Line to New York touch at Newport every evening on their way to New York. Daily to Block Island. Kallroads. — The Old Colony, to Boston, 67 miles, fare, $2. Via Wickford (by stcaiii-ferry) and iShore Line to New York, 180 miles. The harbor of Newport was first Aisited (during the historic epoch) by Verraz- zani, a noble Florentine, who was sent with the frigate Dauphin, by King Francis I. of France, to explore the American coast. He remained two -weeks here, re- fitting his ship, resting his men, and preparing reports for his royal master. The Dutch and English explorers visited the place occasionally, until in 1639 the settle- ment was made by exiled dissenters from the State church of Puritan land. These embraced Baptists, Antinomians, and many Quakers, and Rhode Island had such a consequent air of heterodoxy and irregularity about it that it was excluded from the league of the United Colonies, although it had received a royal charter in 1665. So late as the beginning of the jireseut century, President Dwight attrib- uted the laxity of morals in Stonington to " its nearness to Rhode Island." So the little colonj' drew in its outlying settlements, fortified Providence, and main- tained armed vessels cruising about Rhode Island throughout King Philip's War, so that no hostile Indian lauded on the shores of the " Isle of Peace." Anawan, the chief captain of King Philip, and 60 of his bravest warriors, sur- rendered to Captain Clnn-ch after the death of Philip, being ]iromised amnesty. The broken-liearted chief delivered up his sovereign's rude regalia, and all accom- panied Church to Newport, where, shortly after, in Chui'ch's absence, he was per- Fold-out Placeholder Id-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at future date. Fold-out Placeholder d-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at future date. BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Route 8. 41 fidiously beheacled. The cliief Tispaquin and his men also surrendered to rimr.l, under solenni ])ledges of pardon and amnesty, but the muidei o this ,.S-^^^^^^^^^ leader was reserved for tlie people of Plvniouth patriotic a f.hiln^nTif.-^^f''" f'''''^''\*'y g^^*^ a 'liyl' literary tone to the colony, and oi-anized ?-r ] i -^^f rf^ and seientUic disc-ussions. The harbor of Newport was n V- xl Vl?'^- ^^r l^'^f •■'^"■^'^^ of 1730 reported 4,G40 iiilial>itants in the town ^^^^^S'^^r^'"'^;' only to lioston in the extent of its conune^; Wn^' ^'"^^^^^^^^f,^^^^ caused the British to b rn\if fd^SS bif f the town feuUivan and Green advanced down tlie island in lu- " 177^ b fVp,! T«ionri^ ,^*• r /'^ ivniynt ot fet. John of Jerusalem, Governor of Hip the Count rlpp'.^'h T^ Bourbon," &e., appeared in the harbor br 4" tue count de Roehambeau and 6,000 French soldiers rthp rp.rin,/. ,f ' V/^ ^ Sol^i^f "f' ^'''''' t^'r^' ^^ Sab^^ige t;S 2eux-^n?"'feuS" geT comm-itdiL 4™""^ Ins ohicers; were Aubert Dubayet, who aftei-wa^s was ■ C(Lt dSte^^^^ La Vendee, and inl 790 was Minister of Wa- v.ount clAutieliam]!, afterwards an ejnigre who served in all C.ni.lp'i 1.^,1' Esh-VlfT"-"* ^'^^^''^^^''^i^. afterwards President otie deh 1 e ml ly'a d o t^h- fm "hi,''^/'''^;""°^^'.^'^^ ^'^ ^^'^'- His sou Eugene betame Viceroy terwm ; £-1 • 5^1 /'p"'"^' '^"^^l^h'S*'.' ^'^^"'« impress of France ; Berthic' at^ Louis YVlJlnP ^7''^'''*' ''"'^ ^""^6 of Neuichatel and Wagra n created bV g.n;ernor of Toulorcommander'o^tl Art/o ' L? Norlf'and'oi'' tt^T™^^ Rhine, and guillotined in 1793 -^^'^^y ui uie rnortn, and ot the Lower .ml" Ssto S't",;!?,,!'" L''"?^' "■" ''■;'!"'''■' '■?"""= "«' '" »" Chesapeake, court of justice ■ ra-s stufi•e.fit^^,^ wh/i" ^ the public square in front of the lean, unquiet .d/ilS^n-itt]^^^ Ho J' ^7^ ^'''^^"^^-^ ^o™«=^ ^^"d made strenuous ettbrts to have RhSp llin 1 ^'''?^f ':'"'i^^*^ f^'«"^'^^ government President A(lanis n Se a rivil Sfnn T^f^ ^* "'® ^^^niain of France. Sanniel Hopkins tlfoundi of the h/i-'"- f^^'tihed with six batteries. Dr. Theology")! and'l.eio S Mr? StoS 's no?eV' " The^MhiL'er"' w'^°-^ ^''.'^^*"V ^^' Slowly until thi war o^l^^I^^^J^iZ, l^S Set:;^!^^^!^.^:? 42 Route 3. BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Newport has been slow and uneven. But tliis unprngressivc and tranquil spirit constitutes one of the charms of Newport, and makes ol this quiet little marine city the Osteud, the Nice of America. William EUery Clianuing was born at Newport in 1780 (died 1S42). "The in- fluences of the climate and scenery of the i.sland where his boyhood was passed, had no slight inttuence ujion the social and moral attributes of liis mind." He won the highest honors at Harvard University, and afterwards was pastor of a Unitarian Church in Boston lor 37 years. He was an abolitionist, an anti- annexatiouist, and an advocate of peace, and his principles were sustained with fearless independence, iilain-spoken lidehty, and a soienm arid impressive manner. As the leader of the liberal party in the Unitarian controversy, his power was derived as nmch from the symmetrical beauty of his lite as from tlie remarkable strength of his writings. " He has the love of wisdom, and the wis- dom of love." — CoLEKiDGE, of Ohauuing. Newport, "the Queen of American watering-place.s," and a semi-capi- tal of the State of Rhode Island, is on the S. W. shore of the island from which the State is nanieti, and fronts, across its harbor, on Narra- gansett Bay. Its older portion, lying near the wharves, has many narrow streets, bordered with the houses of tlie year-round residents, many of which are mansions of the old time. New Newport almost surrounds the old town, and stretches away to the S. with a great number of handsome villas and cottages. The bathing and boating at Newport are fine, the drives over the " Isle of Peace " are varied and pleasant, but the chief charm of the place is its balmy and equable climate, due, according to most opinions, to a divergence in this direction of the waters of the Gulf Stream. Dean Berkeley likened the atmosphere of Newport to that of Italy, wliile another writer speaks of tlie damp sea-air and equable climate as resembling those of England. Fogs are of frequent occurrence, but of short duration. There are many summer visitors from the South and the West Indies, while the array of literary talent which gathers here yearly is quite attractive. Several of the ambassadors from Europe, with the nobles connected with the emliassies, spend their summers here. The feature of private cottages is largely developed here, and hotel life is quite subordinate to it. Wealthy New York and Boston merchants move into tlieir palatial villas early in the summer, and have their horses and car- riages sent on, so that by Aug. 1 the broad, firm avenues, and the hard and level beaches are fdled with cheerfid life. The central point in Old Ne\vport is Washington Square, with its mall and fountain. The State House fronts on this Square,— a plain but solid old building erected in 1742, which served as a hospital from 1776 to 1781. From its steps the Declaration of Independence was read, July 20, 1776, and in its Senate Chamber is a line portrait of George Washington, by Stuart. The City Hall, the Perry Hotel, and the mansion taken by Com. Perry after his victory at Lake Erie, all front on this Square. Gen. Washington passed through this Square on his way to Rocharabeau's headquarters in his first visit to Newport. In the evening the town was illuminated, and Washington, Rochambeau, and the French nobles EOSTON TO NEW YORK. Route 3. 43 paraded through the streets. Trinity Church (on Church S-t.) was l)uilt in the early part of the hist century, and was often preached in by Dean Berkeley (1729 to 1731). He presented an organ (still in use) to this churcli, and left a dearer token, one of liis children, in the old church- yard. On Farewell St. is an ancient cemetery, where ai'e buried many of the earliest colonists and their governors. The Jewish cemetery on Touro St. is a beautiful garden-spot kept in perfect order. Near it is the Synagogue, the first in the Union (built in 17G2), and not now used, though kept in order by permanent endowments. Tlie * Redwood Library is south of the cemetery, in a handsome Doric building, dating from 1750. An elegant though small library is kept here, and some good paintings, together with some fine pieces of statuary. The King of Eng- land gave 84 volumes to this lil)rary, and Dean Berkeley gave also a largo number ; but when the evacuating British army carried even the church- bells with them, they spared not the Redwood Library. Touro Park is a favorite resort, and was the gift of Judah Touro, born at Newport in 177.5, the son of Isaac Touro, the pasfor of the Jewisli Synagogue. From 1802 to 1854 he lived in New Orleans, where he amassed a large fortune which he left to various charities, mostly those of the Christian Church, though he himself was a Jew. "He gave $10,000 towards the Bunker Hill Monument." On this Park, surrounded by an iron fence, stands the * Sound Tower, otherwise called the Old Stone Mill, an ivy-clad, circrJar stone tower supported on round arches. More battles of the antiqua- rians liave been fought over this ancient tower than could well be num- bered, the radical theories of its origin being, on the one side, that it was built by the Norsemen in the 11th century, an scheme was im- practicable, and returned to England in 1731, giving his Newport estate and a Hne library to Yale and Harvard Colleges. From 1733 until his death (in 1753) he was Bishop of Cloyne. Washington x\llston was fond of roaming on these beaches, and Dr. Channing once remarked (of First Beach), " No spot on earth has helped to form me so much as that beach." Sachuest Point is on the S. E. of the island, and is much visited by fishermen. 43 Route 3. BOSTON TO NEW YORK. To Miantonomi Hill, l.^ M. from the city, with its old British earth- works and noble view of Newport and its environs, is a pleasant ex- cursion for a clear day. ILmei/mcm's Hill, near Miantonomi, is another far- viewing point. The old MalLone Estate (see "Malhone; a Romance of Oldport," by T. W. Higginson) was at the foot of Miantonomi Hill. The Pirates' Cave and Batemau's Point are often visited, being about 4^ M. from the city, and a favorite drive is around the Neck, past Fort Adams, and along Ocean and Bellevue Aves. to the city again, the distance being little more than 10 M. Fort Adams, distant 3j-4 M. from the city (by Thames St. and Wel- lington Ave.). Tills is the strongest (save two. Fortress Monroe and Fort Richmond) of the coast defences of the U. S., and mounts 468 can- non, requiring a garrison of 3,000 men. Its systems of covered ways, casemates, and other protective works, is complete. The "fort days," (twice weekly), when the garrison band plays its best music, attract great numbers of visitors, and many carriages pass the imposing granite walls. The fort is armed partly with Rodman guns. This fortress is on Brenton's Point, named for the noble family of that name. WiUiam Brenton was governor oftlie colony l(JGG-()9 ; his son, Jalilcd, was a cus- toms officer under William III. ; his grandson, Jahleel, resided ontlie great family estates in the island ; his great-grandson, Jahleel, refused very tempting otters from the Americans, left hi^ estates, which were afterwards confiscated, and c(jm- niandud the British frigate, the "Queen"; his great-great-grandson, Jahleel, an English knight and rear-admiral of the Blue, died at Loudon in IS-i-i. Conanicut Island is opposite Newport, and is visited by several steam- boats daily. It lias a pleasant village of summer cottages, with broad avenues, and the * Conanicut Part House, a popular summer-resort. Goat Island, opposite the city-wharves, is the headquarters of tlie torpedo division of the U. S. Naval Service. Here is the school in which the young officers of the navy are instructed in the tori)edo service. Lime Rock is beyond Goat Island, and is famed for being the home of Ida Lewis, tho American Grace Darling, who has saved many lives in this harbor. Rose Island is farther out in the Bay, and has the remains of an old fort upon it. Fort Greene was built in 1798, near the Blue Rocks and the line of Washington St. On Coaster's Harbor Island is the U. S. Naval Station, on land left by Wm. C(jddington, the founder of li. 1., and for nine years its governor. Rhode Island was bought from tho Indians in 1638. Its name was Aquid- neck, ''floating ou the Water." The discoverers named it Claudia, and a later ex[il(n'iug expedition from Holland, coming upon it in tlieautuuni, when its forests were in bright colors, called it Rood Eyl uuU, the lied Island. Roger AVilliams tried to fasten the name "Patmos" upon it, but Rhode Island in'evailed, derived, according to some, from its similarity to the Isle of Rhodes, a Moslem fortress iu the E. Mediterranean. In that early day Neale called it "the garden of New England," and even now the Rhode Island farms are the most valuable in the six States. Off its sliores are caught 112 kinds of fish, ranging from whales to smelts. The island is 1;") M. long by 3-4 M. wide, and is "pleasantly laid BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Route 3. 47 out in hills and vales and rising gronnds, with plenty of excellent springs and fine rivulets, and many delightful landscapes of rock, and promontories, and atUac.ent lands." M-iluoue, the celebrated portrait-painter, was born at Newport in 1777, and Capt. Dec.itur, of tlie navy, was born here in 1751, whose son was iStephen Decatur, "the Bayard of the seas." After leavi]ig Fall Iliver, and touching at Newport, the steamer moves on steadily through the night, passing Point Judith, Block Island, and Fisher's Island, after which she enters the tranquil waters of Long Island Sound. At a very early hour the narrowing W. end of the Sound is entered, and the shores of Westchester County are passed on the N. Throgg's Point, on the r., bears Fort Schuyler (318 guns), out on the Sound, which is mated by a strong fortress on Willet's Point (opposite). After passing several villages, Flushing Bay opens to the 1., with the beautiful village of Flushing at its head. Richly cultivated islands anil shores follow, up to Randall's Island, with the House of Refuge, and Ward's Island, with the Emigrant-Refuge and Hospital, and the Potter's Field, where 3,000 of the poor of New York are buried yearly. The steamer now enters Hell Gate, a wild and turbulent succession of strong currents and whirlpools, caused by the action of immense bodies ol' water, in the changes of the tide, being poured througli this narrow and sinuous strait, which abounds in rocky islets and sunken ledges. Tlie passage of this point was formerly difficult and dangerous, and two or three British frigates were wrecked here during our wars. But immense ledges have been removed by submarme blasting, and now but little danger remains. Astoria and Ravenswood are beautiful villages soon passed on the Long- Island shore, after which Blackwell's Island comes into view, with its long lines of charitable and correctional establishments. The N. point of this island is occupied by a neat little model of a fort, with a formid- able array of wooden cannon, called Fort Maxey or the Crazy-Man's Fort. It was built by an Irish lunatic named Maxey, who has liv^ed many years here, and claims a great sum from the government for his defense of New York. The octagonal building, with two long wings, is the Lunatic Asylum. One wing is reserved for each sex, while the more noisy maniacs are kept in a separate building on the E. The Work-Houses come next, where willing hands which can find no work, and vagrants, wao will not do honest labor, are furnished with appropriate work. The extensive Aims-Houses, with the handsome house of the Superintendent, come next, being divided into male and female departments. Then the extensive Penitentiary and Cliarity-Hospital are passed, and, on the lower end of the island, the ornate building of the Small-Pox Hospital. These structures are all of granite, quarried here by the convicts, and probably there is no cluster of such institutions, in the same space, in the world, which combine so much of safety, comfort, and practical influence for correction and restraint. Deep ship-channels run on each side of the 48 Route 4. BOSTON TO S. DUXBURY. island, and on the Manhattan shore, opposite its centre, is tlie great German Festival-Garden, Called Jones' Wood. Hunter's Point and Greenpoint are now passed on the left, and a long line, on both sides of the East River, of foundries and factories. Then comes Williamshurg with its shipyards. On tlae 1., and beyond it, fronting on Wallabout Bay, is the Brooklyn Navy- Yard, the principal naval-station of the Union, where several U. S. frigates may usually be seen. Crov.'ded wharves now stretch into the stream on each side, with forests of masts, while fleet and powerful tug-boats dart to and fro in the river, and the crowded and ever busy ferry-boats cross and recross it. The spans of the great East-River Bridge are seen near Fulton Ferry. Where Brooklyn bends off to the S. W., the steamer turns to the W., and passes Governor's Island on the 1. This island belongs to the government, and its centre is occupied by Fort Columbus, a low-lying but powerful star-fort, mounting 120 guns. A water-battery on the S. W. commands the channel toward Brookljai, and a tall, semi-cir- cular fort with three tiers of guns, called Castle William, looks toward tlie Battery. The steamer now rounds tlie Battery, the tree-shaded lower extremity of Manhattan Island. This was once a favorite park, but is now neglected. The curious round buiUling at the water's edge Avas built in 1807 by the government, as a fortress, under the name of Castle Clinton. At a later day great fairs and concerts were held here, and it is now used as an emigrant depot. On the 1., Ellis, Bedloes, and Stateu Islands are seen, and Jersey City and Bergen. Passing up the North River tlie boat soon enters its dock at the foot of Murray St. (see New York). 4. Boston to Cohasset and S. Luxbury. Via Old Colony Railroad,39 M. ; 2-2| hrs. Boston to Braintree, see Route 3. Beyond E. Braintree is Weymouth {Weymouth Hotel), in a rich bay-shore slioe-manufacturiiig town, witli 8 churclies, 5 villages, 2 lakes, and picturesque shores. It has a neat sol- diers' monument. Here, in 1623; occurred the terrible attack of IMiles Standish on the assembled Indian chiefs, whose justifiableness has not yet been proven clearly. The scene is well described in the 7th part of "The Courtship of Miles Standish," by Longfellow. After this affair, the Episcopalian colonists left, and in 1621 a company moved in from Weymouth, in Dorsetsliire, Eng., who gave its name to the town. Stations N. Weymouth, E. Weymouth, W. Hingham, Hingham (see Route 2), Nantasket, and Cohasset. The latter is a small town with a quaint old church on its green. The rocky shores and resounding inlets along the ocean front are very picturesque, and are adorned with fine villas, including those of Barrett, Uobson, Crane, Thorne, Boni- face, and other actors. BOSTON TO S. DUXBURY. Route 4. 49 No district in America yields such quantities of Irish moss as do the shores of Cohasset and Seituate. On these same "hard sienitic rocks, which the waves have laid bare but have not been able to crumble," in Oct., 1849, the emigrant vessel " !St. John " was wrecked, and many scores of passengers were lost. " The sea-bathing at Cohasset Rocks was perleet. The water was purer and more trans- parent than any I had ever seen. The smooth and fantastically worn rocks, and the perfectly clean and tress-like rock-weeds falling over you, and attaclied so lirndy to the rocks that you could pull yourself up by them, greatly enhanced the luxury of the bath." — Thoreau. Capt. John Smith, when passing by one of these rocky promontories, in IGU, was attacked by the Indians with arrows, whereupon he says, "We found the people in those jiai-ts verie kinde ; but in their furie no lesse valiant." At N. Cohasset are the Black Rock and Rockville Houses, while the Pleasant Beach House is south of these, and on a point near Minot's Ledge is the extensive Glades House. Minot's Ledge is a dangerous reef far out from the shore. In 1849, a lighthouse on iron piles was built here, but this was swept away in the great storjii of April, 1851, and its keepers were lost. The present lighthouse (8 M. from Boston Liglit) is 88 ft. high, of which the lower 40 ft. are of solid masonry. Stations JV. Scituate, Egypt, Scituate (South Shore House), a quiet old marine village looking out on the ocean through a wide harbor-mouth scarce a mile away. Cliff St, leads up on an emmence v/hence a fino view is gained of the sea, and the singular and desolate bluffs in the S. Near by is Peggotty Beacli, with good bathing, but no hotel. On Coleman Heig-hts, near S. Scituate station, is the Cottarje House, a summer-hotel 150 ft. above the sea, on a plateau of 150 acres, conmiand- ing a superb view of ocean, river, forest, and valley scenery. Scituate was founded in 1648 by Kentish men, on the Indian domain of SaUdt (whence its name). It has 4 churches, 3 hamlets, and broad salt-mars!ies. The poein of •' The Old Oaken Bucket " was written in, and is descriptive of a locality in, Herring-Brook Valley, near Coleman Heights. 1 M. from Sen-View station is the new * Hotel Humnrock (200 guests; $2.50-3 a day), on the delightful peninsula called by the Indians The Humarocks, 5 M. long, and 1,000 ft. wide, between North River and the sea. There are many beautiful drives in this region. From Marshjield station stages run 4 M. E. to Brant Eock ( ChurchilVs Hotel ; Brant-Rock House; Washburn; Bay View, etc.), a small and unconventional sea-side resort. The ancient home of Daniel Webster, 2 M. from the station, was burned in 1878, and has been replaced by an Elizabethan villa, which passed out of the Webster family in 1884. To the S. is the ancient Winslow house, built by the Pilgrim Gov. Winslow in the 17tl! century. Here we are in the Old Colony, fragrant with the history of the Pilgrims. A road turning to the 1. from the main road just N. of the Webster farm, and running toward the sea, leads in a few minutes to an ancient burying-ground on an (Tcean-viewing hiU. The tirst graves reached are those of tlie Webster family: Daniel, and his sons, — Major Edward, died in the Mexican War, and Col. Fletcher Webster (12th Mass. Infantry), killed at the battle of Bull Run, 18G2. Daniel Webster, bnrn at Salisbury, N. H., Jan. 18, 1782, was in the class of ISOl at Dartmouth College, and afterwarrotected and manoeuvred tiiat her opijonent was sunk within sight of the crowded Frencli coast. Josiah Winslow, son of Edward, was born at Marshfield in 1629, commanded the colonial armies t'.irough King Pliilip's War, and was the first native-born governor (1673- 1680). His grandson, John Winslow, born at Marshfield, 1702, a brave and able oflicer, "was the principal actor in the tragedy of the expulsion of the hap- less Acadians from Nova Scotia in 1755 ; and it is a siir^ular fact that, 20 years after, nearly every j>erson of Winslow's lineage was, for i)olitical reasons, by the force of events, transplanted to the very soil from which the Acadians were ex- I)elled." Stations, Webster Place (2 M. from Webster Hoiisp, at Cut Pviver); Duzbury (Freevuin House, GO guests; ILdlls Jlouse; $7-10 a week); and S. Duxbury, in a picturesque old rili^^rim tov.Mi. Duxbuiy was allotted to John Alden (youngest of the Pilgrims, wliose great grandson commanded the 7th Mass. CoDtineiital Regt., and was killed in battle at Cherry Valley), and lO Miles Standish. The Bradfoni^uiiso settled here, and Alden Bradford, the autlior, and Gamaliel Bradford, colonel of the I4t!i Mass. Regt. tiirough the war for in'lti)en(lence, were born liere. Duxbury was so named from its l7e- ing the ho.7ie oi the military chief (dux) of the colony. Standish lived on Cap- tain's Hill, a \m\i\ promontory near S. Duxbury, on wliich has lately l)cen erected a handsome .; rcular stone tower, 110 ft. higli, surmounted by a statue of Slan- dish. The* view thence is one of the grandest on the coast, and imluiles he ]>ictnres(iMe village and harbor of Duxbury,. wiLti its beai'hcs, a wiile sweep of the sea, Plymouth town and harbor, with the Gurnet and Clark's Island, the Kingston PLYMOUTH. Routed. 51 forest, and the bold onMines of Manomet Hill and tlic' Bluo TTills. Miles Staiidish, a veteran of the Flanders campaigns, came over with the Pilgrims, and was made tlie liead of their arinies (consisting of 12 men), although he did not belong to their church. He Avas a short man, very brave, but impetuous and choleric, and his name soon became a terror to all hostile Indians. He is the hero of a beautiful poem in nine parts, by Longfellow, called " The Courtship of Miles Standish." Ralph Partridge, the first pastor of Duxbury, "had the innocence of a dove and the loftiness of an eagle. His epitaph is ' Avolavit.'" — Mather. The Slandish House is a seaside resort near S. Duxbury, with still- water batliing, fishing, etc. The scenery in the vicinity is beautiful and diversified, witli anticjue houses. At Duxbury is the end of the French Atlantic telegraph. The railroad runs S. W. 3 M. from S. Duxbury, to Kimjston, on the Plymouth Branch R. Pt. 5. Boston to Plymouth. By Old Colony R. R., 37^ M., in 1% hrs. To S. Braintree, see page 37. Beyond S. Braintree, the stations are S. Weymouth {Gushing House); N. Abington (Culver ITouse), whence a brnnch line runs E. to Boc.l-lnnd (Sherman House) and Hanover (stages thence to E. Pembroke and W. Duxbury); Abington (Centennial House), ^ M. from station; ^i. AblngUm (Pratt House), whence a branch runs S. W. to E. Bridgewater and Bridge- water; N. Hanson, with daily stage to Hanson. 3 M. E. ; S. Hanson, with daily stage to Pembroke, 5 M. N. E.; Halifax, with semi-daily s^age to Halifax village, 3 M. S W.; Flympfon, near the summer picnic-grounds of Silver Lake, and with daily stage to Plympton, b^ M., CarA'er, 124, and Middleborough,14; Kingston (Faiuxtt //oiise), whence railroad to Duxbury. Plymouth, iTmpame, or patuxet. (Sanioset House, a large and comfortable hotel, near the R. R. statmn. §1.50 to $2 a day). Elizabeth Queen of England, in 1558 -G2, jiut into operation the Acts of Su- preniacy and Uniformity, and the Articles of Riligion, sternly forbidding all forms ot religious worship within her realm, save those prescribed by the Church of England, of which she was the head. Almost simultaneously a sect si)rang up claiming that the Anglican Church still retained many of tl'ie errors of Roniail Cathplicism ; while, in opposition to the Queen's primacy and ecclesiastical laws tliey maintained that the church was spiritual, governed by the laws of Christ given in the New Testament, and separate from temporal affairs and independent ot earthly sovereigns. Hence tliey were c.-slled Separatists (sometimes Brown- ists) They were imprisoned and mart:>Ted by the government, and in 1508 many led to Holland. Churches existed at .Southwark and elsewhere, but the true birthplace of the Pilgrim Church (if not at Jerusalem) was at the deserted "Manor of the Bishops (of York) at Scrooby. Bancroft, the new primate, redoubled the persecutions,^ ill 1602, and in 1608 tl:e church at Scrooby ran the blockade of the l-nglish coasL, and went to Amster.lam. In 1G09 the Pilgrims moved to Levden c +/".l^r I ^™™ Delft haven, via Southampton, for America. On Sei.t. • ^ T, . J^'i;^y""wer, previously driven back by adverse circumstances, left Plv- moutn in England, intending to reach land and settle near the Hudson River. By treachery or otherwise they struck the continent far north of this point, and oil the 21st Dec, 1620, the Pilgrims landed at New Plymouth. Capt. Smith was severely attacKed here by the Inles and nnlk, and lor ius maimlactories of boots and shoes, boxes and tac-ks. 'i'he town has 2 banks, 3 ])apers, 9 churches, 4(5 sclioiis P(r^ (Ilallett IIou>e1 ; and 2 M. W. is Cenireville (SaMn'n Hnuse ; Cheqiuwucf Ifniise ; $ 10 a week). S. Yarmouth station is 2 M. from the village (Howes' Hott'l). From S. Dennis (Nicker.son House) dailv sfnges to E. and W. Dennis. From Harwich (Central, Phie-Gmre), stages 2 jM. to ILmrich Port (Sca-VicAv House), and 8 M. to Chathnm (Ocean House). Brewster (Ocean TIovi^i') is U ]\r. from its station, near Cape-Cod Ray. Large and singular bouldtis are found iiere. Many sailors and captains belong in this town, and Orlear.a (Shattuck House), and Kastham, which was .settled by the Pilgrims in IH U. under the k'ad of Thomas Prince, who was for sixteen years govern- or of Plymouth. A fortified church, twenty ft. square, was built, and a j)art of every stranded whale was by law reserved for the ministry. At Millennitmi Grove In this town were long held extensive camp-meet- ings. The line now passes, on the E., the broad, sandy plains of Nauset. Stations, N. Easthavi (Nauset House), S. WeUflcet, Wellflect (Ilolbrook Hotel). WellHeet Bay opens on Cape Cod Bay, and is sheltered by a line of islands. The town has 2,135 inhabitants, a fishing-Heet, 3 churches, and a soldiers' monument. Its territory is covered with sand- hills and pine-plains, among which are 15 fresh-water ponds ; and the climate is remarkably healthy. Truro is to the N., with 1,269 inhabi- tants, 3 churches, 3 villages, and many ponds. It is a sandy desert, on one of whose beaches the British frigate " Somerset " was wrecked in 1778, and 480 men made prisoners. Near Wellflect, in 171S, the "\^nji- dah," a pirate-ship mounting 23 guns, was wrecked, and 130 buccaneers were drowned. Truro was settled in 1700, imder the name of Daiiger- BOSTON TO CAPE COD. Route 6. 57 field, as it has perhaps the most fatal coast in New England. Scores of vessels have been dashed in pieces on its shore, and hundreds of lives have been lost. There is scarcely a family in Truro, or indeed on the whole Cape E. of Barnstable, but has lost some member by the disasters of tlie sea. Truro lost 57 men and 7 vessels, and Dennis lost 28 men in one day of 1841. The lofty Fresnel burners of the famous Highland. Light shed a vivid radiance over leagues of rude coast and deep sea. vV. Truro has farm boarding-houses, noble ocean scenery, and perfect quiet. Thoreau walked from Orleans to Pro^'inoetown (several days) on the ocean side of this "sand-bar in the midst of tlie sea," and says : — " Tlie nearest beach to us on the east wns on the coast of Galieia, in Spain, whose capital is Santiago, though by old jfoets' reckoning it should have been Atlantis or the Hesperides ; but heaven is found to be farther west now. At first we were abreast of that part of Portugal entre Douro e Mino, and then Galieia and the port of Pontevedi-o opened to us as we walked along ; but we did not en- ter, the breakers ran so high. Tlie bold headland of Cape Finisterre, a little north of east, .jutted toward tis next, with its vain brag, for we flung back, — ' Here is Cape Cod, Cape Land's Beginning.' A little iuileutation toward the north— for the land loomed to our imaginations like a common mirage — we knew was the Bay of Biscay, and we sang : ' There we lay till next day, In the iJay of Biscay, O ! '" "A little south of east was Palos, where Columbus weighed anchor, and farther yet the pillars which Hercules set up." Truro is "a village where its able-bodied men are all ploughing the ocean together as a common field. In N. Truro the women and girls may sit at their doors and see Avhere their husbands and brothers are harvesting their mackerel 15-20 M. off, on the sea, with hundreds of white harvest- wagons." The 2nd Mass. Continental Regiment marched from this E. end of the Cape, and tl;e eight E. towns sent 2,000 soldiers against the Rebellion. In Nov., 1620, Standish and 16 men, "with nuisket, sword, and corslet," lauded at Long Point, Provincetown, chased the unresisting Indians into Truro, pillaged many graves, and carried ofT everything portable. They were attacked in Eaotliam, by Indians, but the arrows fell harmlessly from their corslets, while the musket-shot told on the half-clad red men. 'ProvincetO'Wn (G'lffoj-d House ; Central; Pilgrim; Aflnntic ; each §8- 10 a week), is a curious marine village, with 4,000 inhabitants, a large fleet, 5 churches, a paper, public library, sohliers' monument, and 2 banks. The street is o M. long, running around the harbor. Fine water-views are enjoyed from Town Hill. Daily steamer to Boston, 50 INI. The Harbor is a noble one, broad and clear, and is the favorite refuge of the fishing fleets. The energies of the townsmen are devoted to the fisheries — of mackerel, cod, .and sperm-whales, in whose pursuit tliey search the wildest and most distant banks and bays of the N. Atlantic. The village lies along the b'.\ach between the sea and the desert, — an in- habited beacli, where fisliernien cure and store their fish, wiLhoiit any back country, save ocean-breasting knolls of v/hite sand. This is the last town in that strange region where the people " are said to be more purely the descendants of the Puritans than the inhabitants of any other part of the' State." From these shores come the most daring and skilful of American seamen. "Wherever over the world you see the stars and stripes float- ing, you may have good lio]ie that l)enoath them some one will be found who can tell you the soundings of Barnstable, or Wellfleet, or Chatham Harbor." " Cape 58 n.oute 7. BOSTON TO LIARTHA'S VINEYARD Cod is the hare and bended arm of Jrassacliusetts ; the shoulder is at BTizzarda Bay ; the elbow, or crazy-bone, at Cai)e Malebarre ; the wrist at Truro, and the sandy fist at Provineetown, behind wiiicli the State stands on her guard, with her bacl: to tlie Green j\Its., and lier feet i)lanted on the floor of the Orean, like an atlilete, — protecting her Bay, boxing with N. E. stonns, and, ever and anon, heaving up her Atlantic adversary from the lap of eartli, ready to thrust for- ward her other fist, which lon the world, when, on Nov. 11, 1()20, the storm-tossed Mayflower anchored in Provineetown Harbor. Here, "on the bleak shores of a barren wilderness, in the midst of desolation, with tlie blast of winter howling around them, and surrounded with dangers in their most awful and appalHng forms, the Pilgrims of Leyden laid the foumlations of American liberty." While the Mayflower lay in this harbor, that celebrated compact was drawn up and signed, which long governed Plymouth and her de- jiemlencies, and of which J. Q. Adams says : " This is, perhajis, the only instance in human history of that positive original social compact which sjveculative jiliilosophers have imagined as the only legitimate source of government." This solemn compact (given below) was signed i)y 41 men (of Avhom -21 died in the next four months), 17 of whom had their wives with them, the remaining 43 persons being young people and children. " In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal sulijects of our dread sovercii;-n lord. King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland. King, defender of the faith, &c., having undertaken, for the glory o, God, and advancement of the Cliristian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant tlie first colony in the northern parts of Vir- ginia, do, by these presents, solemnly and mutually, in the j)resence of God and of one another, covenant and combine ourselves togetlier into a civil body politic, for our lietter ordering and preservation, and furtlierance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hei'eof to enact, constittite, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and ottices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and exi)edient for the general good of the colony ; unto v/hich Ave promise all due submission and obedience. In Avitness whereof Ave have hereun- der inscribed our names, at Cape Cod, the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our soverign lord. King James, of England. France, and Ireland, the IStli, and of Scotland the 54th, Anno Domini, IG^O." 7. Boston to Martha's Vineyard and Nantacket. Via Old Colony R. R. and Steamers. To Martha's Vineyard, 7S M., 3^ hrs. New York to Martha's Vineyard. To Fall River by steamboat, and thence to Wood's HoU by rail, whence the steamer runs to the Vineyard ('^25 M. in all). To Buzzard's Bay, see Route 6. Crossing Monument River, the line runs on to Monument Beach (Stearns House); Pocasset, near the sea- vieAving Pocasset Heigllts (Pocasset-B eiy Ids House ; Bay View), where dAvell many summer-cottagers from Boston (steam-yacht to Onset Bay); N. Falmouth, near Cataumut Harbor, and the game-haunted Coonemossett Pond; W. Falmouth; and Falmouth {Hutd Falmouth), the chief vil- lage in a toAvn of 2,400 inhabitants, Avitii 9 clmrches, academy, bank, 40 ponds, and 140 farms. Falmouth was incorporated in 1G8G, on the Indian domain of Succanesset; and in 1814 was bombarded by the British frigate Nimrod. 3 M. E. is the Menauhant House. Faimouth Heights (* Towej'\s Hotel) is a summer-resort, 1 M. S. E. of Fahuouth, fronting on Vineyard Sound, Avith high bluffs, and including 1 M. of beach, 2 small lakes, several groves, and numerous summer-cottages. On the E., be- yond Waquoit village, is the Indian reservation of ^fashpee. Wood's Hell is near Nobska llill and the Elizabeth Islands (page U2). It is a MAKTHA'S VINEYAKD. Route?. 59 safe harbor, where the railroad connects with the steamboat, which crosses the Sound to Martha's Vineyard in 7 M. The Webster House is much visited in summer. Martha's Vineyard. * Sea-View House, gas-lighted, steam-heated, with elevator, billiard-room, &c., accommodates 250 guests, iff 4.50 per day * Ilighlaud House. Ou Circuit Avenue, iu Cottage City, are several good hotels, ou the Eurojjeau plau: Wesley House, Pawnee llouse, Central, Island, &c. Restaurants at the l*aviUou, Wesley, and Pawuee Houses, &c. Pleasure-Boa ts at the Sea-Viow House. Sea-baths at the bathing-liouses, on Circuit Avenue beyond Ocean Parlt (30c.). Winslow's skatiug-rink. Episcopal Church, ou Lake Ave. In May, lu02, Capt. Gosnold coasted the isLuid on tlie S., and landed on a bar- ren islet (No Man's Land) to the 8. W. whicli he named Martha's Vineyard. He tlieu landed on this island (then called Nope), and found, iu S. E. Cliilmark, deer and all kind of game, spvin^js and a Lilie of i)ure fresh water, four kinds of lier- ries iu profusion, and trees loaded with fruitful vines. Probaljly then, or dm-' ing las stay at Cuttyhunk (over three weelcs) the name was transferred from No Man's Land to its present pos^-cssor. The name is thought to have been given in honor of some friend of tlie Captain's, or else for the lady of some one of his patrons. (A newspaper correspondent states that the oldest inhabitant, who ovv^ned these isles, gave them to his daughters ere he died. Riioda took Rhode Island, Elizabeth took the island since named for her, Martha took and named Martha's Vineyard, and as for tlie reriiaining i-jland, Nan-took-it. The legend is interesting, but cannot be traced back farther than the year 1870.) From this island and the neighboring main, Gosnold and Fring (1G03) got large cargoes of sassafras, then esteemed a sovereign specific in Europe. In 1G14, Capt. Hunt stole 27 Indians at Eastham, on Cape Cod, and sold them as slaves at Malaga, for $ 100 each. One of them, Epenow, was carried to England, where tiie sly fel- low told of vast gold-mines on this island. A ship was sent over, at great ex- pense, with Epenow to show the place, but as soon as he saw the shore, he leaped over, swam to land, and was not seen again until Capt. Dcrmer landed here in 1619. In a dashing attack conducted by Epenow, the Captain and many of his men were killed and woundeil. In lo47, Thomas Mayliew, Governor of the Islands by grant from the Eail of ytirling, settled at Edgartown. The lordship of the isles remained in the Mayhew family fi'om 1G41 to 1710, during which time the kindness of these men won the hearts of the natives. Tlie Mayhews were all missionaries, and, learning tlie Indian language, preached with sucli success that Christian villages arose all over the island. During King Philip's V/ar, the con- verts remained true, and guarded the sliores. About 1060, some Quakers landed here calling the Puritan pastors "priests of Baal," but the Indians soon drove them (jff. Gookiu visited the island in 1674, and fomid six towns of Christian Indians, " a very fruitful Vineyard unto the Lord of Hosts." For a century the Indians slowly dwindled, and the coasting ^■essels began to frequent Holmes' Hole in yearly increasing numbers. In 177S, Lord Gray (who defeated Wayne at Paoli) Avith a British force, destroyed a large niunber of \-essels in the Hole. In 1S35, 9 tents were pitched at the present (Jamp-Grounds, and the first camp-meeting ou the island was held. Tlie Wesleyau Grove, or Camp-Meeting Grormd, is near the Sea View House and is laid out iu gracefully curved streets, grass-paved and crowded with small but vigorous trees. Near Trinity Park, a wide lawn, is the great tabernacle tent 160 by 120 ft. which can shelter 5,000 persons. Tliis is the centre of intense excitement during the meetings in late August, when from 20,000 to 25,000 people are gathered here, and emi- nent Methodist preachers address them. Lake Anthony borders the N". and W. of the ground, and beyond it, on the high bluffs toward East 60 Route?. MARTHA'S VINEYAED. Chop LiiJ^ht, the " Hiiclilands " have been laid out. Cottage City was laid out in 1808, on bluffs ^jO ft. hii^di fronting on Vineyard Sound, and now contains man}' hundreds of handsome siimnier-cottages, surrounded by oak- groves and connected by avenues. A narrow-gauge railroad and the Sea- View Boulevard follow the siiore S. E. to Edgartown (6 M.) and Katania. Edgartown {Atlantic; Seaside) was founded in 1647 by Gov. Mayliew, and is the capital of Dukes County. The harbor is sheltered by Chap- paquiddick Island (5 M. long and 2 M. wide). The town has 1,300 in- habitants, a fleet, bank, paper, library, and 3 churches. It has become decadent since the decline of the whale-fishery. Katama is 4 M. S. of Edgartown, and is a summer-resort on tlie lake- like Katama Bay (5 M. long), with numerous cottages and the handsome hotel called ^ Mattakeset Lodge. Katama has good facilities for boating, bathing, and driving; also for fishing and bird-shooting. By walking to the East Chop Eight, a view is gained of Holmes' Hole, or Vineyard Haven (Mansion House), one of the most famous harbors on the coast, where, in seasons of stoi'm, hundreds of vessels take shelter under the lofty bluffs. Through Vineyard Sound passes the vast and unceasing procession of commerce from New York and Southern New England to Boston and the East. The island is 21 M. long, and has 4,300 inhabitants. 20-25 M. S. W. of Oak BlufTs is Gayliead, near which is the Devil's Den, a wild spot where the old Indian traditions say tliat llie giant Mosliup lived, v>iio cauglit Vv-hales and roasted tiieni on trees wiiich he tore up by tlie roots. He Tiictamoryhosed liis children into iJsii, and, on his wife's lamenting, he threw her to Seconnet, where slie dwelt and levied contributions on all who passed the rocks, until she herself became a rock. Then Moshnp disai)i)eared from Imman sight and luiowlcdge. Gay Head is "the most remarkahle natural curiosity in New England." The sea-view from the lighthouse is grand. "Never since I stood on Table Rock have I seen a sight so grand as this." — General Twiggs. About this promontory several score of half-breed Indians live a strange unsettled life. The remarkable clitfs by the shore have been closely studied by Prof. Hitch- cock and Sir Charles Lyell. the latter describing them as "the lofty cliils of Gay- bond, more than 200 ft. high, where the highly inclined tertiary strata arc gayly colored, some consisting (it" light red clays, others of white, yellow, and green, and some of black lignite." Here the steamship City of Columbus was wrecked, in 1884, and 100 lives were lost. Nantucket is 28-30 jNI. from Martha's Vineyard, and connected with it by a daily steamer. After leaving the Vineyard astern, the islands of Muskeget and Tuckernuck are seen in the S., and the low shores of Nantucket. The town of Nantucket has a fine appearance from the sea. The hotels are the Ocean IIou.=;e, Springfield, Shelburne, Bay View, Veranda, American, &c., and many quiet boarding-houses. Narrow-gauge railroad to Siii'f- sileil jj^, of the island to ten men for £30 ami two beaver hats, and one family moved there, there being then 7()0 friendly Iiidians on Nantucket. In 1G65 King Philip visited his people here, and in 1671 the town Avas incor- porated (.at ^laddefiuet, 5-6 M. W. from the present town), and in 1672 moved to its present place. In 1072 the first wh.ale was taken. In 1073 tJie town was called Sherburne by the New York Governor, in who e doiiiaiu it was until 1693 (tlie name was retained till 1795). The 700 English had no church or pastor, tiiough the Indians liad four churches. A white church was forined in 1711. In 1755 -G 9 whaliug-slon])s were sunk or captured, and but few men of their crews ever re- turned. In 1704, there were 3,220 whites on tlie island ; and a iilague, the same year, swept off § of the Indians, leaving but 130. 1,000 Nantucket men died in the Continental Army. In 17S4 the x'oi'ulation was larger than it is now. In 1S21, 78 ships and SI smaller vessels wexe owned here, and mostly engaged in whaling. Tlie last Indian died in 1S54. Notwithstanding devastating fires in the town, Nantucket in 1840 had 9,712 inhabitants. The town (400 buildings) was burned down in 1846, and the same year the whaling business began to decline, until now there is but one small vessel engaged in it, and in the town which has houses for 10,000 people there are but about 3,700. The houses are of a quaint old style, with platiorms on the roofs (whence to watch the ships coming in). Tlie North Cliurch was the first on the island, and was built in 1711. It is still used by the same society as a vestry, and its oaken timbers are hard as iron. \ M. from the Ocean House, on Centre St., is a small house which was built in 16S2. The hospitality of the old families of Nantucket is famous, and its churches and schools are numerous. Many houses have been taken down and shipped away, but of Late real estate is rising, as city men are securing summer homes here. Maiii St., at the head of which is the old Pacific Bank, has tlie shops of the towni (shells and marine curiosities may be bought here), and is a wide, deserted, grassy street lead- ing to the heads of silent and decaymg wharves. The low, sandy beach which shelters the harbor stretches N. W. 8-9 M. to Great Point, leav- ing a wide and quiet lagoon between it and the island. At the Athenroum is a public library and a museum of marine curiosities and relics of the older days of Nantucket. Tlie Squantum is a peculiar institution of the island, being an informal picnic on the beach-sands, where the dinner is made of fish or other spoils of the sea. Excursions to the fishing grounds are managed by veteran skippers, who let themselves and their boats cheaply. There are rides to the ancient districts on the W. shore, and to the beaches on the S. shore. Siasconset ( Ocean- View, 100 guests, $ 10 - 15 a week; Atlantic), 8 M. from the town, is composed of a cluster of quaint little cottages on a high bank fronting the ocean. Surf-bathing here is 62 Routes. HYDE PARK. safe only when the bathers use ropes, as (he shore descends rapidly. 1 M. N. of Siasconset is Sankoty Head, where a powerful Fresiiel light is elevated on a far-viewing bluff 90 ft. high. 1 M. N. of Sankoty Head is the beauti- ful Sesacacha Pond, of pure, sweet water and abounding in fish (small inn on the shore). In 1G76 a village was built on this pond and remained for 140 years; but its last house was torn down in 18-20. Most of the island, over which rambles may be made, consists of high, breezy, sea-viewnng plains, where but few fences or houses are seen, and which "the traveller will call downs, prairies, or pampas, as he happens to come from England, the West, or Buenos Ayres." 8. Boston to Providence and New York. By the Boston & Providence R. R., and the Shore Line to New York (7 hrs.\ or by stoaiucr from Stoiiington (12-14 las.) Stations. — Boston to Roxbury, 2 M. ; Jamaica Plain, 3o ; Hyde Park, 7A : Readvilie, 8^(Dedliam, D^) ; Canton, 14 ; Sharon, 17^ ; K. Foxborougii, 21^ ; Mnus- lield, 24; \V. Manstield, 26; Attleboi'ougli, 31 ; Dodgeville, 32; Hebrouville ; Pawtucket, 39 ; Providence, 43^. Sionington & Providence R. R. Auburn, 49 ; Hill's Grove, b\k ; Apponaug, 52^ ; Greenwich, 5(U ; Wickford Junction. 67-2- ; Slucuiii's, 71 ; Kingstuii, 74 ; Carolina, SO ; Wood-River Junction, S3 ; Nianlic, 87 ; Westerly, 88 ; iStonington, 94 ; Mystic, 98 ; W. Mystic, 99 ; Noaiik. I(i3 : Groton ; New London, 106. Shore Line, N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. Boston to New London, 106 M. ; Waterford, 110 ; E. Lyme, 114 ; S. Lyme, 118 ; Black Hall, 121 ; Lyme, 123; Saybrook, 124^; Westbrook, 128; Clinton, 133 ; Madison, 136; East River, 138^ ; Guilford, 140^ ; Stony Creek, 145 ; Branford, 148 ; East Haven, 152 ; Fairhaven, 154^- ; New Haven, 150^ N. F., jY. //. & H. R. R. Boston to New Haven, 156^ M. ; W. Haven, 150 ; Milford, 167 ; Naugatuck Junction, 170; Sti-atford, 171 ; Bridgeport, 175 ; Fairlield, 180 : Southport, 181 ; Westport, 186 ; S. Norwalk, 189 ; Darien, 192 ; Noroton, 194 ; Stamford, 197 : Cos Cob, 200 ; Greenwich, 202 ; Port Chester, 204 ; Rye. 206 ; Harrison, 208 ; Mamaroneck, 210 ; Larch Manor, 212 ; New Rochelle, 214 ; Pelhamville, 215 ; Mount Yernon, 217 ; Williams Bridge, 220 ; New York, 231. The train leaves the splendid terminal station in Boston (on Cohinihns Ave., near the Common), and traverses the made land S. W. of the citj', between Columbus and Huntington Aves. At Roxbury station it crosses Tremont St., and then passes Boylston and Jamaica Plain (see Route 2). As the train approaches Boylston station, the quaint buildings of the Massachusetts Infant Asylum are seen on the r. Beyond the stations for Forest-Hills and Mt.-Hope Cemeteries is Hyda Park {Everett House and Willard H:inse, used also as summer-resorts), a large suburban village, many of whose citizens are engaged in business in Boston. This town was incorporated in 1868, and has 7,500 inhabitants, 6 churches, a ])ai)er, a library, and several factories. Readmlle is 1.^ M. S., and was occui)ied by great encampments of State troops during the war for the Union. The roads from Hyde Park and Readville to the E. over Fairniount and the Blue Hills are full of interest, giving beautiful views in all directions. The hamlet of Mattapan is 1 M. N. E. of Hyde Park, down the Neponset River; and Milton is 4-5 M. E., over the hills. At Read\iile the i res- CANTON. Routes. 62 a. ent route meets its Dedham Branch, and the New York & New-England 11. R. (See also page 37.) Dedham {Norfvlh House), the quiet and antiquated capital of Norfolk Coimty, is reached by two branch railroads from the main line, one diverging at Forest Hills and running 5 M. through W, Roxbury, the other leaving at Readville, and running W. N. W. 1.^ M. The town has 6,500 inhabitnts, 10 churches, 2 papers, a bank, a liljrary, a soldiers' monu- ment (for 47 dead), a handsome Memorial Hall, and a granite court-house. The streets are 2)leasant and vv'ell-shaded, and many Boston merchants have homes here. The elm-trees completely overarch the streets for long distances, and the sidewalks are fringed with arbor-vitce. The Charles River curves in close to the village on the N. St. Paul's Church (Epis- copal) is a handsome Gothic structure of stone, on Church St., and near the ancient cemetery. It has a tall stone s})ire and rich stained win- dows ; and in its yard is the monument of Alexander Griswold, Bishop of the Eastern Diocese. The Court H mse has Doric colonnades at each end, and is surmounted by a high dome which rises finely over the trees in distant views of the village. In the corner of the enrailed Court- Honse grounds is the ancient Pillar of Liberty, which was set up by the Sons of Liberty in 1766. The anti(|uateii Unitarian and Congregational Churches are near the Court House. The County Jail is a massive stone building, in modei'n architecture. The Memorial Hall is a graceful stone structure, not far from the station. Dedham has many ancient mansions, in wide and pleasant grounds, and is by many visitors considered the most beautiful village in Eastern Massachusetts. It has a large Catholic Church, a handsome station, and the picturesque Oakdale Cemetery. A branch of the N. Y. & N. E. R. R. reaches Dedham. Stages run from the trains to ]V. Dedham, a rural hamlet 3 M. S. W. Mill Village is just E. of Dedham, and lias several factories. Dedliain was settled ia 1G35, imder the name of Contentment , and in 1640 t^ie first canal in America was dug liere, to increase the navigable fa-ilities of the Nc[>f)nset River by turning into it part of tlie Cliarles River. It i.s 3 M long, falling GO ft., and is called Mother Brook. The town was fortified and menacc4 during King Pliilip's war (Li570), and sent troop.s to the attack on Havana (,1740), none of who:n ever returned. iSlie sent 100 soUliers to the Revolutionary armies, and (572 to the Secession War. Fisher Ames was born here in 1758, and was an eniinctit lawyer and orator, and a leader in tlie Congress of the Confederation era. Beyond Readville the main line crosses the N. Y. & New-England R. R., and ascends the Neponset valley to Canton {Tirrell IIvusc), the chief place in a town of 4,192 inhabitants, with manuf.ictoi-ies of silk, cotton, fancy woollens, shovels, rubber, axles, machinery, and cop- per and iron wares. It has 5 churches, a bank, and a high school ; and occupies the site of one of the ancient villages of Christian Indians established by the Apostle Eliot. To the N. is the picturesque Blire Hill, 635 ft. high, overlooking Boston aii Runiford and India Point). Pawtucket (Pawtucket Hotel; Park House) was the scene of a bloody action in 1070. Captain Pierce, with 70 men, was driven back to the river by the Indians, and his party was fairly showered with arrows. When help came, not one man was living. At present, Pawtucket is the princi- pal thread manufactory in America, and wadding, hair-cloth, rope, braid, &c., are made here. Tlie Dunnell Manufacturing Co. has 36 buildings, and prints 22,500,000 yards of calico yearly. The town has 25,000 inhabitants, 11 churcliGs, a newspaper, and a pid)lic library. The Pawtucket River falls here 50 ft., giving a valuable water-power. ' PROVIDENCE. MouteS. C3 Providence (* Narmgansett House, corner Broad and Dorrance Sts., an eleo:ant new house, $2.50-4 a day; * Hotel Dorrance, $2.50-4 a day; Aldrich House; Central Hotel, 6-10 Canal St., European plan) is the second city, in wealth and population, of Xew Enii:lnnd, and a semi- capital of Ehode island. It is beautifully situated on hills at the head of Niuragansett Bay, a cove of which lies far in the city and is suirouuded by promenades. The view of the city from the Bay, or from the heights E. of the river, is very pleasing. The China trade was once largely en- joyed by Providence, but .since its loss the energies of the citizens have turned to manufactures, and now large jewelry, iron, stove, and locomo- tive works are kept going. The Corliss engines, the Peabody rifles, the Gorham silver-ware, Perry Davis's Pain-Killer, and millions of cigars are made here. 36 banks take care of the money. Providence Avas founded and named by Roger Williams, Avho was banished ft'om Massachusetts in 1636, for his advanced ideas relative to Church and «tate. He was boi'n in Wales, 1599, educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge, and preached for some time at Salem, Mass. After his exile he settled at Seel^onk, wlience he was soon warned away by the Governor of Plymouth. In a canoe, with five (companions, he dropped down the river, until, in passing a cove (near the present India St. Bridge), he was ii.iiled by sorae Indians with tlie words, " What clieer, Netop? " (friend). He lauded in tliis cove on the celebrated What Cheer Rock, and then coasted around to the mouth of Providence River, where he landed and remained. This was in June, 1633. Soon after he visited the Sacliem Canonicns (o;i Canonicut Island) and received a grant of the land hereabouts. In 1639 Williams became a Baptist, and in 1643 -■! went to England, and got a charter for the new colony. In King Philip's War, every house between Stonington and Bridgewater (save Providence) was destroyed, and the little colony was once fiercely atitacked, and lost 30 houses. In the royal census of 1730, Providence had 3,916 inhabitants. De Warville visited it in 17S8, and reported it " decayed, and in the silence of death." In ISOO, it had 7,611 inhabitants, and in 1883, 116,755. The E,. R. station, fronting on Exchange Place, is a large, handsome building, near which is a costly * monument, erected by the State in honor of her dead soldiers. The base of this work is of blue Westerly granite, bearing the arms of the U. S., and of R. I. Surrounding this are four 7-ft. bronze statues representing the Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, and the Navy ; above which is a statue of militant America (10 ft. high), bearing a sword and laurel wreath in one hand, and a wreath of immor- telles in the other. The names of 1,680 R. I. soldiers who died in the War for the Union are inscribed on the monument, which was designed by Randolph Rogers, of Rome. Near Exchange Place, and parallel to it, is Vv'estminster St., the main thoroughfare of the city. From this street to Weybosset St. runs the Arcade, a fine granite building (built 1828), on the plan of the European "galleries," containing a great number of shops ranged along a glass-roofed promenade. In the vicinity is the massive granite building of the Custom House and Post Oflice. The most notabla churches are St. Joseph and St. Mary (Roman Catholic), the Union Congregational, the Roger Williams Baptist, the ancient First Baptist \society founded 1G39), Grace Church, and St. Stephen's (Episcopal), a 64 Route 8. BOSTON TO NEW YORK. massive edifice of rugged brown stone, with a deeply recessed chancel, an ornate roof, and riclily stained windows. There are 80 churches in the city. In the S. part, and fronting on the harbor, is the stately building of the * E. I. Hospital, surrounded by pleasant grounds. Some distance S. of this, the city is preparing a park on the bold shores of the Narra- gansett Bay. On the E. side of Providence River are two long business streets and a line of heights covered with residences. On N. Main St., near Presi- dent, is the quaint old church of the First Baptist Society, and beyond it, on the corner of S. Court St., is the small brick building used for the State House. Fine views of the "sevfeu hills of Providence" are gained from Benefit St. above the State Hoiise. On the corner of College and Benefit Sts. is the * Athenaeum, a sturdy little granite building, con- taining a library of 42,000 volumes. Several busts are preserved here, and some fine pamtings, among which are a copy of Stuart's Washington, by Allston ; portrait of Channing, Allstmi ; Charles II., long thought to be by Van Dyk, now held to be by Caspar ; portraits of Gen. Greene, J. G. Percival, and Phillips Brooke ; * portrait of a young lady, (his niece ?) reading, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, one of his finest works. But the gem of this collection is Malboue's masterpiece, * " The Hours," painted in water-colors on a sheet of ivory 6 inches by 7, and presented to the Athenceum in 1853, by 130 subscribers. Tlie picture represents Eunomia, Dice, and Irene, the Past, Present, and Future. The President of the Royal Academy said of it to Monroe, " I have seen a picture, painted by a young man by the name of Malbone, which no man in England could excel." On the heights near the Athenaeum is the line of buildings (R. I. College, Hope, Manning, and University Halls, &c.), pertaining to Brown TJniversity. There is here a fine library of about 60,000 volumes, a rausei;m of Natural History containing 10,000 specimens ; and in the portrait gallery 38 portraits, some of which are of value. Rhode Island College was founded at Warren in 1764, and removed to Provi- dence in 1770. Its buildings served as a hospital for the Franco-Auierican army during great part of tlie Revolution. Nicholas Brown, and others of that dis- tingi;ished R. I. family, having greatly aided the college, in 1804 its name was changed to Brown University. Two tliirds of the Boards of Fellows and Trustees are required by the charter to be Baptists. The hall of the R. I. Historical Society is near the University, and contains many relics of the Indians and early settlers, together wdth 6,000 books, 30,000 pamphlets, and 7,000 MSS. On Hope St., N. W. of the University, are the extensive biiildings, surrounded by fine grounds, of the Dexter Asylum (for the poor), near which are the ornate buildings of the Friends' Boarding School. The Butler Hospital for the Insane has large and stately edifices, surrounded by 115 acres of ornamental grounds, on the heiehts which look down on the widenings of the Seekonk River Fold-out Placeholder old-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at future date. «5 Fold-out Placeholder out is being digitized, and will be inserted at < future date. PROVIDENCE. Route 8 65 (which is the boundary of Massachusetts). N. of the Butler Hospital is Swan Point Cemetery, a beautiful rural necropolis on undulating ground near the river. The Home for Aged Women is in the S. E. part of the city. Near the E. end of Power St., on the banks of the rivei', is the What-Cheer Kock, on which Roger Williams first landed. The Butler Exchange, near the station, is an imposing 6-story commer- cial building. The Court House (corner Benefit and College Sts.) was finished in 1877, in Gothic architecture. In a similar style is the High School, on Summer St. (built in 1878). The granite City Hall fronts on Exchange Place, near the station, and cost over $ 1,000,000. The Library of Brown University is in a handsome Venetian-Gothic building ; SaA^es Memorial Hall (built in 1880) is Romanesque, of granite; and Slater Hall (built in 1879) is a modern dormitory'. The armory of the First Light Infantry is a very large building on South Main St. ; and the fortress-like armory of the Marine Corps of Artillery is on Benefit St. The Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul, on High St., is a noble Gothic structure, of rough- faced red Longmeadow stone, with white-marble clustered columns, up- holding an oaken roof. The Friends' meeting-house is on N. Main St. Roger Williams lies buried in the North Burying-Ground; and in the Park is a noble bronze statue of him, on a granite pedestal<27 ft. high, with a bronze figure of History writing his name on the base. On Stamp- ers Hill is the site of the King's Garrison fort, erected in 1656, which did not save the town from destruction by the Indians twenty years later. The Whipple house, on Abbott St., dates from before 1670 ; the Old City Building, in Market Sq., from 1773; the Old State House, from 1762 (it contains a portrait of Washington, by Gilbert Stuart). The Public Library, on Snow St., has 16,000 volumes. The city gasometer is crowned by the largest dome in America (140 ft. in diameter). Koger -Williams Park was given to the city by Betsy Williams, great- great-granddaughter of Roger Williams, in 1871; and includes 100 acres of beautifully diversified land, with the venerable gambrel-roofed house of the donor (built in 1775), the What-Cheer Cottage (for refreshments), Crystal Lake, and other attractions. Broad St., a favorite drive, leads to the Park, and to Pawtuxet (4^ M.), passing the popular Park Garden and theatre. Near Cranston are the State Prison, and the Pettaconsett Pumping-Station. Theatres, etc. Low's Grand Opera House, Westminster St., seats 1,800 ; Music Hall, 276 Westminster St., seats 2,200 ; Providence Opera House, Dorrance St., seats 1,500; Theatre Comique, 83 Weybosset St.; Park Garden; Sans-Souci Garden. Concerts by the Arion Club (160 voices), Cecilia Society (100 voices), Liederkranz (80 voices), and Mendelssohn Choral Union (200 voices). Art-Chib rooms, 35 N. Main St. Base-Ball Ground s,Messer St. (Olneyville horse-cars). Bicycle Chib, Custom- House St. Board of Trade, Market Sq. Caledonian ,S'oc((^^//, 142 Westminster St. Tennis Club, Brook and Manning Sts. Y. M. C. A., 276 Vv^estminster St. Horse-Cars to Olneyville, S. Providence, Pawtucket (10 cts.), Central Falls, 65 a Routes. NARRAGANSETT BAY. the Park, Pawtuxet (12 cts.), Cranston, Swan-Point Cemetery, &c., the lines cen- tring at Market Sq. Stages daily to Danielsonville (25 M.). Steamboats daily (in Summer) to Block Island, Mount Hope, &c. Several times daily to Rocky Point, Newport, Bullock's Point. Riverside, Silver Spring, &c. Railroads. — From Union Depot, for Boston, New York, &c. From India-St. station, for Warren and Bristol. From Gaspee-St. station for Pascoag. Narragansett Bay. steamboats leave Providence several times daily for the Bay resorts, Newport, and Block Island. Providence to Rocky Point and back, 40 cts. ; to Newport and back, 75 cts.; Newport to Rocky Point and back, 40 cts.; Providence to Conanicut Park, 40 cts. ; to Newport, 50 cts. j 7 boats daily to Rocky Point; 4 to Newport. Running down from Providence, the boat passes Sassafras Point on the W., with its lighthouse; Field's Point (E.), crowned by the old Fort In- dependence; Squantum Bluff, Ocean Cottage (E.), and Silver Spring, with Hiram Maxfield's famous clam-bake pavilion, many summer-cottages and diversified scenery. Off-shore are the Pomham Rocks, named for a brave Narragansett sachem whom the English killed in battle in 1676, and bearing a sturdy lighthouse. Cedar Grove (E. shore), 5 M. from Provi- dence, has an array of cottages, and summer amusements; and close beside it is the great E iverside Hotel, accommodating 200 guests. Farther down, on the shore, is the Elliott Hotel. Across the bay stands Pawtuxet, a quiet and lovely village, in front of which, on Fort Hill, near the site of a Revolutionary battery, is a group of pretty villas. Farther down, on the E., is Bullock's Point ( What-Cheer House), and on the W. is Gaspee Point, off which the British sloop-of-war Gaspee grounded, while pursuing an American vessel, in 1772, and was surprised, captured, and burnt the following night, by eight boat-loads of Providence men. S. of the point flows Turtle Cove, below which are Mark Rock, anciently known as " The Natchez of Rhode Island," and Conimicut Point, Avith its tall lighthouse. Nayatt Point {Nayatt-Point House) now opens, on the E., with its quiet villas and emparked grounds, once owned by Massasoit, and later by Miles Standish, On Rumstick Point stands a lighthouse. Beyond Nayatt the bay opens to treble its former width, and the steamer, passing on the VV. the River-View House (75 guests) and Long-Meadow House (100 guests), lands at Rocky Point, a rocky and wooded promon- tory midway between Providence and Newport, and crowned by a colossal dining-hall, famous for clam-bakes, with attendant arbors, menagerie, bowling-alleys, observatory, &c. ($ 8 - 15 a week). 1 M. below stands the gpacious Warwick-Neck House, with a noble water-view ; and farther W. are the Buttunwoods and Oakland Beach (see page 67). Farther down the bav is Prudence Ishnid. the Indian Chifxjctiicest, 6 M. lung, and con- taining many tine farms. Near Prudence are Patience. Hope, and De- spair Islands. On one side (off Bristol) is Hog Island, where the early settlers kept their swine, out of the reach of wolves and hears. Farther down is Conanicut (Conanicut-Park Hotel), an island 8 M. long, bought from the Indians in 1655, and in 1678 named in honor of King James, BLOCK ISLAND. Route 8. 65 6 Jamestown, v/hich name it still retains. On its N. part is Conanicut Park, covering 500 acres, with avenues, sea views, the Captaln-Kidd house (200 years old), and many summer-cottages. At its S. end is Beaver-Tail Light, the oldest in America (dating from 1GG7), near the ruins of an old British fort. On the E., near Newport, stands Fort Dumplincf, a pictu- resque ruin nearly a century old. Beautiful views arc afforded from the adjacent rounded and rocky hills, over the sea and across to Newport; and here are the costl\'- villas of Wm. T. Richards, Chas. Wharton, and other Philadelphia patricians. The steamer runs between Conanicut and Rhode Island, and passes under Fort Adams into the harbor of Newport (see page 40). Block Island. Hotels. — *Ocea7i-Vieio Hotel, 600 guests, $3.50-4 a day, .$12-35 a week. Piazzas, .^ M. long, electric bells, Schumauu Orchestra, theatre, spring-water, hot sea-baths, livery stable, couuected cottages; 7Vie Manisses, 200 guests, ^12-20 a week ; Spring House, large and comfortable, with a valuable chalybeate spring; Norinlch House (•S6-10 a week); Highland House; United States; block- Island House; Narragansett ; Central; Fequot ; Betle Vieio ; JVeptune ; Union, &c. Steamboats leave Providence at 9 every summer morning, reaching Block Island at 3 p. M. The boat touches at Newport at 10.45, where it may be caught by the morning Old-Colony train from Boston. The Block Island leaves Norwich at 8 A.M., New London at 9.80, and Watch Hill at 11, and reaches Block Island at 12.30 p. M. She returns at 2.30, arriving at AVatch Hill at 4 p.m., and New London at 5.30. Another steamer leaves Newport about noon, daily. Di.stances. — To Beacon Hill, 2i M.; Pilot Hill, IJ ; Salt Lake, li; Black Rock, 5 ; Dickens Point, 5 ; the Cliffs, 2j ; Old Harbor Point, 1 ; Sachem's Pond, 4A. Block Island (see page 71) lies 15 M. out at sea, off the mouth of Narra- gansett Bay, midway between Point Judith and Montauk Point. Its brac- ing, ozonized air, grand ocean-views, singular and attractive scenery, and primitive tranquillity have sufficed to make here one of the chief Ameri- can summer-resorts. The thermometer rarely rises above 75"^ in this "Bermuda of the North." There is good bathing, in water less cold than on the more northerly beaches. Among the fish found in the adjacent waters are sea-trout, bluefish, black-bass, cod, and sword-fish, Edward Everett Hale characterized the place as our future Isle of Wight. Tourists visit the old burying-ground, the peat-bogs, the life-saving stations, the lighthouses, the windmills, the government breakwater, and the high bluffs and cliffs which rebuff the waves. The Great Salt Pond covers an area of 1,000 acres. The views from Beacon Hill (an almost complete circle of sea), Pilot Hill, Mohegan Bluffs, Bush Hill, and many other points, are full of grandeur. The island is traversed by several roads, giving attractive drives. Persons in search of rest, and a pecidiarly equable and tonic climate, and not desirous of excitement, find tliis locality beneficial. Peat is largely used here for fuel. The sea-weed thrown on the i.sland is worth .•}? 20,000 a year. 90 per cent of the inhabitants were born on the island, of native Block-Islanders. They are all Baptists. The little stone- walled farms, the rolling lulls, and the lily-strewn [jonds give inlerest to tlie 66 Routes. WARREN. — BRISTOL. drives; while near the harbor are modern restaurants, shops, and a large skating-rink. Several of the islanders take summer-boarders, charging |1 6 - 10 a week. The adjacent waters are the scene of li. II. Dana's poem, "The Buccaneer," and of Whittier's poem, "The Palatine." Many visi- tors from the Southern and Western States make Block Island their sum- mer home; and statesmen, diplomats, society-leaders, and other prominent persons are found here every season. Providence to Warren and Bristol. Tlie Providence, Warren, and Bristol li. 11. leaves its station at Fox Point, crosses the Seekonk River, and passes the popular resorts on the E. shore. Stations, India Point, Boston Switch, V'ue de I'Eau, Drownville, Nayatt, Barrington and Warren. The latter town (Cole's Hotel, estab- lished in 1762) is a busy manufacturing place on the E. shore of Narra- gansett Bay. It is a nursery of sailors, and has a well-protected harbor. The Saclnem Massasoit had his favorite dwelling here on his territory of Sowamset, near a spring which is still called after his name. The Warren Veteran Artillei'y has two cannon which were made at Strasbourg in 1760, taken from the French at Montreal, surrendered with Burgoyne at Sara- toga, and used in the Dorr Rebellion (1842). A railroad runs from Warren to Fall River. The next station, 4 M. S. of Warren, is Bristol (a small hotel). Tliis town is a pleasant summer-resort, and is built on a high peninsula sloping to a deep, safe harbor. Three wide, grassy streets run down the penin- sula, — Water St., near the harbor ; Mahi St., with St. Michael's (Epis.) Church, and two or three old colonial mansions; and High St., with the common, the poor county buildings, and a fine Cong, church, in rambling mediaeval arcliitecture. From this broad and quiet street may be seen Mount Hope, where was "King Philip's seat" (Arnold), or "Philip's sty at Mount Hope " (Palfrey). King Pliilip, or Metacomet, was the son of Massasoit, and chief of the Wam- panoags. After enduring various aggressions from his white neighbors, in lOZl, thf Plymouth people demanded that nil the Indians should give up their arms, and Pinlii) dennirred at this. Then, travelling throughout New England, he formed a powerful anti-English league, and attacked the colonies in 1675. After a long war conducted with unexamiiled ferocity by both combatants, liis jiower was broken by the Narragansett Fort Fight, and the repulse from Taunton. Having dechnated the colonists and destroyed many of their fairest towns, he was hunted down and shot near the foot of Mount Hope, in midsunnner, 1G7G. During the war 600 colonists were killed, and 12 towns were destroyed. In 16S0 the peninsula was bought from the Government by a company of Bos- ton capitalists, who divided it into lots, and sold the land to actual settlers. In Oct., 1775, three British frigates bombarded Bristol, and in 1778 a raiding party of British soldiers plundered this town and Warren. Fine yachts are made at Bristol, also cotton goods and refined sugars, while an immense ruhber manufactory does a business of 8 2,000,000 a year. Papasqua.sh Neck, between Bristol Harbor and Narragausett Bay, has many pleasant rural villas. WxVHWICK. — WJCKFOr.D. Route 8. C7 Providence to New Haven and New York. After leaving Providence, the Shore Line route to New York (Eoute 8, continued) runs S., passing the stations Elniville, HiWs Grove, Apponaug, and Greemcich (Updike House, Greenwich Hotel). Greenwich is a neat village on Cowesit Bay, and is the seat of a large Methodist Seminary. In 1G41, a trading-post and inn were erected here on the great Southern road, or "Pequot Path." Its site is now occupied hy the Uj)dike House, into which many of its timbers are built. At this post the Mass. and "lymouth forces met before the Narragansett Fort Fight (1G75), and ither t]i3y retreated witli their wounded. Old "WarAvick; is a few miles distant, across Cowesit Bay. Samviel Gorton, a 1 lyinau who iutraded into tlie arena of theological polemics, was banished from Plymouth m 1037, from Newport in lo41, from Providence in 1642, from Craustoi) later in the same year, and tlien settled on Shawomet. In 1643, 40 soldiei's from Bjstou came here, and took Goi'ton and 10 colonists to Boston, where they were tried and sentenced as " damnable heretics," and banished from America. The Earl of Warwick sent him back to yiiawomet (which he named Warwick), and under that nobleman's protection he spent the remainder of his life in launching anatliematic treatises at Massachusetts and R. I., among which were " Simplieitie's Defence against Seven-Headed Policy," "Antidote against Piiarasaic Teachers," &c. In 1652, the clerk of this unfortunate settle- n^icnt was disfranchised on seven charges : first, for calling the officers of tlie town rogues and tliieves ; second, for calling all the town rogues and thieves; third, for threatening to kill all the mares in town. In 1G76, the place Avas at- tacked and burnt. Nathaniel Greene Avas born at Warwick, in 1742. He led the R. I. brigade to Cambridge in 1775. commanded the left wing, and took the guns at Trenton, saved the army at the Battle of the Bi-anclj-Avine, and leil a brigade at German- town, Monmouth, and Newport. In 1780, he commanded the shattered Army of the South in its celebrated retreat across Soutlx and North Carolina into Virginia, and fought the drawn battle at Guilford C. H. In Aprd, 1781, he was badly de- feated by Lord Rawdon, at Hol)kirk's Hill, and Avas repulsed from Fort 96, but in September he won tlie sanguinary and decisive battle of EntaAV Springs, which ruined the British hopes in the South. Congress jiresented him with a medal, a Britisli standard, and two captured cannon, and the State of Georgia gave him a line iilantation near Savannah, where he resided until his death. Gens. Greene and Casey, of the Army of the Potomac, were born near here. i)aklanto\voniut Neck, across the bay, is a delightful region of farms and suaimer- viilas. The Warwick-Neck House (100 guests) is 1 M. from Rocky Point. Station "Wickford. The village {American ffoitse), a quaint and quiet o! 1 })lace, is on a broad bay, and is reached by a branch railroad in 2 J M. (connecting with a steamer to Newport daily). In the edge of the village is a curious square Episcopal church, which was built in 1706, and has been long deserted. Station Kingston. Tlie village (Kingston House) is on the heiglits, 2 M. E. of the station, and contains the county buildings of Washington Co. 9 M. from the stati(-)n is the fashionalile sea- side resort at Narragansett Pier (branch railroad in 30 minutes). 68 Routes. NAERAGANSETT PIER. Hotels. — * Toicer-Hilt House, a noble building on Narragansett Heights, which overlook the whole Bay, is 3 M. from the shore; Delavan House; Coii.ti- ncntal House ; Massasoit, 150 ; Metatoxtt; Sea View; Ehmvood Narragnn- sett ; MattliKWSon; Atlantic; Ativood ; lievtre ; Mount iff /yje, and others. Most of these hotels accouimodate 60 - 80 guests, aud charge JjJ 12 - 18 a week. The Tower Hill charges $2.50 a daj', ^ 10-15 a week (get o£f at Tower-Hill station). Music, Lectures, &c., in Canonchet Hall. Handsome Episcopal church of stone. Narragansett Pier P. 0. receives two mails daily. Steamers leave daily for Newport (10 M.), and Providence. K. 11. to Kingston, 5 trains each way. In 1856, a family from Pliiladelphia came here, and boarded at a farm- house near the beach. The next year they returned with some friends, and the farm was called the Narragansett Boarding-House. Summer visitors increased, until in 1867, the Atlantic (SO guests), the Atwood (175 guests), and the Revere (50 guests) Houses were built. Other hotels v.-ere rapidly built, and in 1871, the Continental, Maxson, Mt. Hope, and Tower Hill Houses Avere finished. The Beach afibrds fine riding and bathing (light surf), and many fish are caught from the rocks. Narragansett is more quiet and unassuming than Newport. Below the Pier is a mass of rocks, beyond which stretches the long line of Wolcott's Beach. Indian Rock and Castle Rock are much visited; also Willow Dell, White Lake, and Little Comfort Beach. The famous mansion of the Sprague family is near the hotels. Every visitor should go to Narragansett Heights (3 M.), where the palatial Tower-Hill Hotel stands on its 800-acre plateau, near Silver Lake, 125 ft. above the Bay. The * view is fine, extending over Newport and 10-12 villages, and covering a horizon-line of 100 M. The Ocean, the Bay, Point Judith, and the lakes of S. Kingstown, are all visible. 4-6 M. W. of the Pier is Peacedale, with a fine stone church, and a large manufactory of woollen shawls. The road running S. "W. from Peacedale, through Wakefield, passes the remains of the old Potter Palace, and the birthplace of Commodore Perry. John Potter was a magnate of the middle of the ISth century, who built here -in Narragansett a line mansion, richly frescoed throughout, surrounded by gar- dens, and kept by 100 slaves, where he used to receive company in baronial style. At and before this time large Quaker settlements were scattered through the distrii^t, and three of their deserted churches still remain in this town. Oliver Hazard Perry was born in 1785, of an old aristocratic family of Narra- gansett. He served as a midshipman in the Tripolitan War, and was ])ut in com- mand of the squadron on Lake Erie, at whose heud, ^ei.t. 10, 1S13, he won a bril- liant victory, and captured the entii-e British Heet. He died of yellow fever, at Trinidad, in 18lfl. His brother, Commodore M. G. Perry, born at Newport, 17S14, was an active naval officer, chiefly distinguished for leading the Japan expedition in 1852-4, when he concluded an important treaty with that empire. Conunodore Perry's cousin, Stephen Champlin, Connnodore in the U. S. Navy, was born here in 178'.). He iired the first and last shots at the battle of Lahe Erie, where he comnimded the "Scorpion," in Perry's squadron. His services in the War of 1812 were important. . G. C. Stuart, tlie celebrated portrait-painter, was born in this town in 1754. ]\Iost of the time from 1772 to 1708 he spent in London and Paris, and bent his studio at Bosron, 180!) - 2h. i£is |,'rtnnr,« ol WaslnDgnm ami other founders of tlie Republic are tiie best in existenci-, aud ^how .'•kiU of the highest order. * NARRAGANSETT FORT. Route 8, G9 "Wanomachin was the Indian sachem of this region. 5 M. from tlie Pier, by a noble sea-side road, and beyond the fish-abounding Point-Judith Pond, is Point Jurtitli, named for Judith, wife of John Hull, wh(^ bought this land from the Indians in 1659. In 1777, H. M. S. Siiren, 28, was wrecked here, and her crew became prisoners. Point Juditli is the site of an important lighthouse. The legend runs, that far back in the colonial days, a storm-tossed vessel was driven in towards the Narragansett shore. The captain, an ancient mariner, was at the wheel, watchful amid the perils of an unknown coast, when his bright- eyed daughter, Judith, called out to him, " Land, father ! I see the land ! " His dim eyes could not discern the distant shore, and he shouted, "Where away? Point, J;idith, point!" She did point, and he changed his course, and left the surf-whitened caiie far away under lee ; and when he reached port, the story of the fearless girl pointing out the danger from the storm-swept deck was told often and again among the sailors, so that the old sea-captains, when they passed this cajie thereafter, repeated the story, and gave her name to the j)lace. During much of the year 1778, the Count D'Estaing's fleet of 16 vessels, with 933 cannon, was stretched across tlie Bay from Point Judith, and maintained an efficient blockade of the British forces at Newport. Admiral Lord Howe attacked D'Estaing with a large squadron, and after an indecisive battle and a severe storm, both fleets were forced to leave the Bay and refit. This towii of S. Kingstown is the largest in the State, covering over 76 square M. N. W. of Kingston, near the Exeter line, on a high, rocky hill, are the rnins of the Indian "Queen's Fort." Part of the stone-wall remains, also a rock-chamber called the Queen's Bedroom, where many arrows liave been found. On a hill in the great pine and cedar swamp near Worden's Pond (S. W. of Kingston) are the scanty remains of the Narragansett Fort (guide necessary, who can sometimes be obtained at the farm-houses on the edge of the swamj^). At the time of the landing of the Pilgrims, the Narragansett Indians, unwasted by pestilence, ruled the E. There were 30,000 souls in this nation (Brinley). or according to Roger Williams, "12 towns within 20 M., with 5,000 warriors." Gookin (1074) calls them an "active, lab(jrious, and ingenious people," and they were extensively engaged in trade and manufacture, supplying nearly all the New England tribes with pipes, pots, and wampum .jewelry and coin. Their territory stretched from Wickford nearly to Westerly, with its largest villages in the vicin- ity (favorable for fishing or agriculture) of the great ponds in S. Kingstown. In their simple theology they looked forward to some mystic realms in tiiefar S. W., where the gods and pure spirits dwelt, while the souls of murderers, thieves, and liars are doomed to wander abroad. They fought freciuently with the Mohegans and Pequots, but lived more peaceably with the Massachusetts, which was the name they (living in a flat country) applied to the dwellers at Neponset, Milton, and Canton. It is from Massa (many) and Waschoe (mountains), and means the ])eo[)le of the many mountains ('he high blue hills of Milton). Canonicus and Miautonomoh ruled irom about IGOO to 1G43 ; the former being " a wise and peace- able prince" (Roger Williams), and the latter a "brave and magnanimous chief," who gave lands freely to the R. I. colonists. But the unvarying friendship be- tween the settlers and this great tribe was ended in 1G75, wlieuthe fiery eloquence and crafty subtlety of King Pliilip of the Wampanoags induced them to enter the anti-English confederation of tlie New Englaiid triV)es. The United Colonies took ijrompt action, and assejiibled 1,000 men under Gen. Winslow, on the verge of the trLl)al territory. Many of the Indians were campaigning with King Philip ; many fled to the N. W. ; and the rest abandoned their villages and took refuge in the ancient fortress of the tribe in the swamp near Worden's Pond. After a long march through the snow in Dec. , 1675, the colonial troops came in sight of tlie hill, covered with a system of embankments, palisades, and abatis, and defended by the flower of tlie Narragansetts. The iMassachusetts men, in the van, dashed into the Fort through au enfiladed enti'ance, and after a furious struggle, being 70 Route 8. BOSTON TO NEW YORK. unsupported, they were driven out with heavy loss. The whole force now having arrived, a double attack was made ; the troops of Connecticut stormed the gate, and, wliile tlie attention of tlie whole Indian garrison was centred on tliat point, the Plymouth companies broke tiirough the abatis and palisades on the other side, and attacked them in the rear. A bitter combat ensued, the Indians retir- ing to their wigwams and repulsing every attack of tiie colonials, who now held the walls. Fire was now applied to the wigwams, and spread rapidly, amid a scene of unutterable confusion and carnage. A band of chosen warriors dashed forth and cleared a way and covered the retreat of full 3,000 people, after which the colonials were left in full possession, having lost SO men killed and 150 wounded. 300 warriors were killed, and 600 prisoners taken, of whom most of the fighting men were either shot on Boston Common, died on Deer Island, or were sold into slavery. The tribe was annihilated. Nearly all the colonial captains were shot, and a considerable proportion of the wounded, borne through a road- less country in midwinter, scores of miles to the settlements, died on the wa.\ home. "The bitter cold, the tarled swamp, the tedious march, the strong fort, the; numerous and stubborn enemy they contended with lor their God, King, and country, be their trophies over death." — Conn. Legislatui-e on "those dead in the Fort Fight in Narragansett." In 10 - 12 mill, after leaving King.ston Station, the train passes through the swamp where the battle took phace. The next station is Carolina, with large woollen mills, 3-4 M. S. of which is a reservation, with cliurcli and school-house, where lives the scanty remnant of tlie Narragansett tribe. Stations, Wood-River Junction, Niantic, Westerly (about 6,500 inhabitants). In 16G5, a division of the Newport clmrch moved to Westerly, and, in 1671, embraced the tenets of the Seventh-Day Baptists, so if the traveller chances to be here on Saturday, he will find but little business going on, and the church bells ringing. Westerly is also noted for its extensive manufactures of flannels and cotton goods; and also for quarries of fine granite (800 workmen), for monumonts and public buildings. Many summer visitors stop at the elegant Dixon House, and avail themselves of the steamer which runs semi-daily down the Paw- catuck River to Watch Hill Point. Hotels. — * Ocean House, on a far-viewing hill; Watch Hill House, 30-40 years old, the first hotel here ; Larkin House, near the hghthouse ; Atlantic House, Dickens, Bay View, and Plimptnn Houses. There is but little dillerence in these hotels, and the ]iriees are somewhat less than those at Nairagansett Tier. Steamers in sunnner run from Westerly to Watch Hill twice daily ; from Stoniiigton 4-5 times daily ; from New London, daily ; and from Norwich, toach- ing at "New London and Mystic, daily. Watch Hill Point, the S. W. extremity of R. I., is a high, bold promon- tory, from which the sandy Narragansett Beach runs E., while to the W. Napatree Beach, a narrow strip of sand, runs out to Sandy Point. From the top of the hill a good sea view is obtained, with Block Island to the S. E., Fisher's Island to the S, W., and the town of Stonington close at hand in the W. From its fine views, excellent bathing beaches, and (piiet and unpretentious hotels, this has become a favorite summer resort. In August, 1872, the passengei' steamer " Metis," bound from New BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Route 8. 71 York to Providence, was rmi into by another vessel off this point. She sank in deep water, in the storm and night, and 25 or more of her passen- gers were lost. Most of the corpses, together with the deck of the vessel, were thrown up on Watch Hill Beach. After Westerly comes Stoiiington (the * Wadawanuck House is a large summer liotel, commanding a fine water-view. It accommodates 140 guests, and charges $ 4. 50 a day ; large reduction for board by the season. There are one or two smaller houses here). Tliis district (Pawcatuck) was claimed by Mass. as hers in right of "joint con- quest," after the defeat of the Pequods, but was settled in 1(J49 from Coniierticut. Ill ISOl it became a borough, about which time President Dwight wrote that " Ston- ington and all its vicinity sutfers in religion from the nearness of R. I." Aug. 9, 1814, the borough was attacked by the Ramilies, 74 ; the Pactoltis, 38 ; and several other British vessels, which 1)ombarded it for three days, throwing 60 tons of iron into it. Four attempts to laud were repulsed witli grapcsliot, with heavy loss, and the Dispatch, 22, was seriously injured and driven oft' by a3-guu battery on the point. The town was deserted by its people, and 50 soldiers were scattered through it to put out the fires. Stonington is built on a narrow, rocky point, with quiet streets, embel- lished here and there by iron relics of 1814. Steamers from Stonington to Watch Hill 6 times daily in summer (25c.). Tlie Stoiiiiigtoii Line of steamers (to New York) has fine boats which leave this port on tlie arrival of the steamboat train from Boston (9-10 P. M.), and arrive at New York early in t!;e morning. Tliis is one of the four great routes to New York, the others being the Fall River Steamboat Line, the Shore Line U. R., and the R. R. route via Springfield and Hartford. 8 M. beyond Stonington, after passing Mystic (Hoxie House) and W. Mystic stations, the train readies No(mk, off which is Mystic Island {My Stic- Island House), a quiet summer-resort, with good boating, bathing and fishing, and fine sea-views, including the Conn, shore and Fisher's Island (several summer boarding-houses, at $8-10 a week), reached by semi-daily steamers from New London, 10 M., which was granted to Gov. John Winthrop in 16G8, and became " the Governour's farme of Fysher's Island." It remained in the Winthrop family until 1868, when Robert R. Fox, a retired merchant of New York, bought the island, for a stock farm, remodelling the Old Winthrop mansion, near West Harbor, for a manor-house. Tliere are 30 - 40 summer-cottages near the shore, favored by cool breezes, good fishing, and singular scenerj' of sand dunes, emerald meadows, and fresh-water ponds. The island belongs to New York, and is 9 M. long, covering 8,000 acres. Block Island, named for Adrian Block, the Dutch discoverer, was called by the Indians ManLsees (the i.sle of the little god). The natives made the wampum for the interior tribes. In 1636, they captured a Boston ves.sel near the island, and killed the crew, shortly after which a Conn, coaster ran down on her, raking the decks with musketry. The coaster then towed her to sea, and, having removed her sails, let her go, in a fearful storm. Gov. Endicott campaigned on Block Island, and destroyed 2 villages. The island sent 60 ft. of wampum to Boston for tribute, in 1638, and in 1661 an English settlement was made here, and nearly destroyed by a raid from French vessels in 1690. 72 Ro^de 8. BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Near Mystic, on the N., is Peqnot Hill, wliieli was attacked May 2Cth, 1637, by Mason, who had niarclied from Narragansett with 90 Englishmen, and 460 Mohe- gaus and Narragansetts, under the Sachems Uncas and Miantonomoh. On arriving before the Fort, tlie Indian allies were afraid to attack, and drew off, whereuxion the colonial soldiers prepared to do the work alone, and knelt down in prayer. (Tlie Saclieiu Wequash, the guide of the forces, was amazed at this siglit, and Avhen he understood it, he became inix)ressed and converted, and preached throughout New England until he sealed his faith by a glorious mar- tyrdom.) The English now moved steadily to the assault, and, favored liy the darkness, succeeded in getting inside th.e palisades, but they were soon over- Avhelmed by A^astly superior numbers, and fell back, alter setting fire to the wig- wams. "The greatness and violence of the lire, the flashing and I'oaring of the arms, the shrieks and yells of meti, women, and children within the Fort, and the shoutings of Indians without, just at the dawning of the morning, exhibilcd a grand and awful scene. The Narragansetts, Mohegans, and colonials surrounded the hiil and "shot down the fugitives. GOO IVquots were .shot or burnt on tliis dreadful ujorning, which was a death-blow to the tribe. "It was a fearful sight to s^e th'!m frying in tlie lire, and tlie streams of Idood quenching the same, and horrible was the stink and scent thereof; but tlic \ictory seemed a sweet sacri- fice, and they gave the praise thereof to God." Cotton Mather. 4 M. from Peqnot Hill (half-way to New London) is Fort Hill, v.^here Sassacus, saclieiu of the Pequots, had his royal fortres.s. On heaving of the attack of Mason, the chief sent 300 of his best warriors, who caused the Indo-colonial forces great loss in their retreat. But meanwhile those ■who had remained iu the fort revolted, and Sassacns, with his court and chiefs, was forced to flee to the Hudson Piiver, whence they never returned, and the tribal organization was blotted out by the colonies, who gave for slaves to the friendly tribes those remaining of the dreaded Pequots or '-Destroyers." * There is a noble view from Fort Hill (4 M, E. of New London) which embraces parts of 15 towns, 4 counties, 3 States, 20 islands, 7 lighthonses, with New London, Stonington, Fort Griswold, and Fisher's Island Sound. Groton is a very hilly tow^nship, and has but little good soil (in the river valley). In 1832, 40 Pequots were living here on a reservation, and still heartily hating the Narragansetts. Silas Deane, an early American diplomatist, who died in poverty and sorrow in a strange land, after hav- ing made successful negotiations with France, kc, was a native of Gro- ton. Between 1812 and 1819, 500,000 yards of cotton cloth were woven at home by w^omen with hand-looms. Mystic Island, a quiet summer resort, is off the month of the river. After passing the station of Groton, the cars are ferried across tlie Tliamos River to New Loridon (* Crocker House). Above fhe city, at Winthrop Point, a II. \\. bridge is being built across the Thames. Now London is a city of 12,000 inhabitants, on a granite-strewn declivity facing S. E., on a fine harbor, 3 M. long and 30 ft. deep. This was forniei-ly known as Pequot Harbor, and was raided successively by Mason, Endicott, and Underhill, and was settled by John Winthrop, Jr., in IGto. In 1G58 the Couuecticut Assembly resolved, " Whereas, this court considering • One authority s.ays that Pequots means " Gray Foxea." BOSTON TO NEW YOEK. Route 8. 73 that there hath yet no place in any of the colonies been named in honor of the city of London, tliere being a new place, within this jurisdiction of Connecticut settled upon that fair river Mohegan in the Pequot country, behig an excellent liarbor, and a fit and convenient place for future trade, it being also the only place in these parts which the English jjossessed by conquest, and tliat upon a very just war, upon that great and warlike people, the Pequots, we, therefore, that we might thereby leave to posterity that we memory of that renowned city of Lon- don, from whence we had our transportation, have tliought fit, in honor to that famous city, to call the said plantation, New London." In 1G98, the pirate Capt. Kidd cruised along these shores, and buried on Gardinei-'s Island 75 ounces of gold, G33 ounces of silver, and a large lot of precious stones, which were recov- ered l)y the Earl of Bellomont, governor at Boston, in 1G99. During the Revolu- tion, the navy of Conn., consisting of 2G vessels, made New London Its chief ]iort ; and here, in 1776, were landed the governor, officers, and plunder from New rrovi(k'nce (of the Bahamas), which had been ca]itured by an American fleet. >Sept. 5, 1781, the renegade riider Benedict Arnold appeared oft" tlie town with a fleet and a large force of British troops, and having taken Fort Trumbull lie plundered and burnt New London. At the same time a strong detachment made an attack on Fort Griswold (across the river), which was defended Ijy Col. Led- yard with 150 militia-men. The sliarp fire of the Americans repulsed the first at- tack, but a bayonet-charge ensued, which carried the enemy into the fort. The Ih-itish commander was killed on tJie rampart, and the Toiy Capt. Bloomfiekl (from New Jersey) took his place. As he shouted, " Who commands this Fort? " Col. Ledyard gave him his svv'ord, saying, " I did command, sir ; but you do now." The infamous renegade ran Ledyard through with his own sword, where- upon a general massacre ensued, and 70 Americans were killed and 30 wounded atter the surrender. In storming the Fort the British lost 191 men. An excursion should be made to Groton heights, where are the remains of old Fort Griswold, near which is a bnsiness-like 20-gun battery, in ad- mirable order, which protects the channel. Within stone's-tlirow of the fading ramparts of tlie old Fort is a Monument to the massacred militia, — a noble granite shaft, 134 ft. liigli, and 2(5 ft. square at the base, on which was inscribed, "Zcbulon andNajjhthali were a people that jeoparded tlieir lives till death in tlie high places of tlie Lord." A marble tablet at the base contains the names of the slain, wliicli will be seen to run in families ; out of 84 names, 9 are Averys, 6 Perkinses, 4 Allyns, 4 Lesters, kc. The ascent of the inside of the monnment should be made (key, 10 c. at small house close to the monimient). From the top a * view is gained which is ''charming for the student of nature and yet more charm- ing for the student of the romance of American history." — LossiNG. To the W. is New London, with its sj^ires and terraced streets, its shipping, Fort Trumbull's massive walls, and up the river the widenings of the Thames where the U. S. has prepared a Navy Yard. On the E. are the stony hills of Groton, with Fort Hill 4 M. aAvay ; and on the S. the mouth of the Thames with its lighthouses, hotels, and summer-cottages. The long, irregular line of Fisher's Island (9 M. long), belonging to New York and occupied by three farms, is in the S. E. over which the ocean is seen, and, if the day is clear. Block Island may be made out Avith a strong glass. Many leagues to the S. E. over the W. end of Fisher's Island, may be seen the white cliffs of Montauk Point. A steam-ferry (4 c.) leaves the foot of State St. every 15 min. for Gro- 4 74 Route S. BOSTON TO NEW YORK. ton. ^ M. E. of the old Fort, Col. Ledyard is buried under a monument erected by the State. New London is built on a declivity, which is ascended by State St. from the R. R. Station to the County Court House, passing on the r. the brown- stone City Hall and Post Office, and a fine Cong. Church of granite with a spire of the same material. Near tlie Court House is Sj;. James' Epis- copal Church, a large brown-stone edifice in wliose chancel is buried Samuel Seabury, the first Anglican bishop in the Republic. The Englisli bishops (in 17S4) would not consecrate him, but tlie office was performed by 3 bishops of the Scottish Episcopal Church, after which he preached at New London for 12 years. On Federal St. in a lofty situation is a massive and extensive Cong. Church, near which is an ancient cemetery which overlooks the harbor. The lofty towered new school-house on the hill, and the spacious Catholic Church on Huntington St. are fine buildings. 1 M. N. is Cedar Grove Cemetery. Bank St. is tlie main business avenue of the city. Fort Trumbull is a massive and powerful granite fortress Avith a heavy armament, but built too near the city to keep it unscathed. The high j^oints of land in the city command beautiful water and landscape views, including the estuary of the Thames, tlie Sound, and the adjacent hilly country. The costly granite wharf of the N. L. N. R. R. is said to be the finest in the country ; and the har- bor is always free from ice. New London is famous for its noble elms, anticjue mansions, and picturesque hill-streets. There are fine villas on the Harbor road, and at Goshen, a patrician summer-colony, 1^ M. from the Requot House, amid admirable English scenery. Ospfey Beach, famous for its clam-bakes, is near the lighthouse. Daily stages, 14 M. to Salem, over a picturesque road. The State military camp is at Atlantic. The Harbor road leads by Fort Trumbull, and through a line of cot- tages, in 3 - 4 M. to the mouth of the Thames, near which is the * Pequot House, a costly and exclusive aristocratic resort, which accommodates about 500 guests ($4.50 a day), with cottages and pleasant drives, and beautiful views over the Sound. Steamboats run frequently to the city. On the opposite side of the Thames is the quieter and less expensive Edgecomb House. Steamers run twice daily (in summer) to Watch Hill Point. Aline runs also to Sag Harbor, Long Island. Two steamers leave daily for New York (distance 12(J M.) bv the Norwich Line. The New London Northern Division of the Vermont Central R. R. runs N. W. from tliis city to Palmer, Amherst, and the State of Vermont. After leaving New London the Shore Line R. R. passes Waterford (Niantic Hotel,) and E. Lyme, where at the village of Niantic (Howard House), on the bay of the same name, are fomid fishing and boating ad- vantages. This territory, from the Thames to the Connecticut, was formerly held by the Niantic Indians, a clan of the Narragansetts, who under their sachem, Ninigret (brother of Canouicus, and uncle of Mian- BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Route S. 75 toiiomoli) conquered tlie Long Island Indians. The colonies declared war against Ninigret twice, on absurd pretexts, but lie escaped Avitliout fighting, though his territories were ravaged, and in King riiilip's War ke kept his people from attacking the English. Lyme (* Pierrepont House, a new suninier-hotel) is a venerable old handet, buried in foliage, about 1 M. inland from the station. The main street is 1^ M. long, lined with old ti'ees and historic n)ansions, with two churches and an academy ; and Black IIoll, the mansion of the patrician Griswolds, is 3 M. distant. N. of Old Lyme is a picturesque hill-country, in which is Roger's Lake, 2 M. long, with ancient homesteads on the adjacent heights. Lyme was first settled in 16G4 ; and Cluef Justice Waite was born here, in 1816. Beyond Lyme the train crosses the Connecticut River on a long bridge, and stoics at Saybrook, whence trains on the Conn. Valley R. R. run S. to Saybrook Point and the shore. On Saybrook Point a fort Wcis built by Plymouth in 1335, and well armed, several of the cannon remaining here in ISOO. In 1G3-3 Col. Femvifk came here to rule the plantation, Vv'liich v/as named in honor of Lord Say and Sele, and Lord Erook. In 1G37 the Pequots nmbushed and destroyed a detaclnnei't near the fort, and attempted to carry tlie works by a isanlfc, but were received with such discharges of grapesliot that they gave it up, and, capturing several vessels above the Point, put their crews to death with horrible tortures. Lady Fenwick died in 1648, and her husband sold the territory to Conn., returned to England, and v/as one of the regicide judges. The fort eSfectually prevented Dutch vessels from ascending to reinforce Hartford, and in 1G75 forced Andres's fleet to lie out- side of the river. Springfield vessels refused to pay the toll demanded at the Fort, and appealed to Mass., which i)ut a toll on all Conn, vessels entering Boston Harbor, and soon enforced a colonial reciprocity. In 1701 Yale College was chartered and located at Saybrook, and remained there 1707-17, where it held its first 15 commencements. It then occupied a one-story building SO ft. long on the peninsula near the Fort. The celebrateil Saybrook Platform was drav/n up here in 1708, because "the chiurhes must have a x'ublic profession of faith agreeable to which the instruction of the college shall be conducted." On Good Friday, 181 1, 100 British sailors, in the boats of the " La Hogue," 74, took the Fort and ascended the riA-er 20 ]\I. destroying 27 vessels. The commander of this raid was Sir Willi.am E. Parry, afterwards famous for his Arctic voyages. "The steep, solitary hill near the river," on which still stood the remains of the Fort, was cut away by the railroad in 1871 - 2, to r.iai-e embankments with. It is fortunate that the Acropolis and the temiilcs of Caalbec are not in America. In the cemetery at Saybrook Point is tlie transplanted monument of Lady Fenwick, and 1 ^t - 2 M. beyond i; the quiet, elm-shaded, and wealthy village of Old Saybrook. The railroad now runs across a v.'ide cove, and stops close to * Fenwick Hall, an elegant hotel, accommodating S90 guests. A stony strand leads to Lynde's Point on the E. at the mouth of the river, with its lighthouse. On the W., near Cornfield Point, is a small bathing-beach. Several fine cottages are near Fenwick Hall, from which the Long Island shore is seen. In seasons of long adverse winds, a fleet of 150-200 sail somdlimes collects in the mouth of the river. Steamers running between Uartford and tlie river villages and New York, New London, and Sag Harbor touch at Saybrook Point. The Connecticut Valley R. R. runs Vrom Saybrook Point to Hartford (Route 14), 76 F,oute8. GUILFOED. — BRANFORD. After Saybvook, the Shore Line R. R. passes WesihrooJ: (Westbrook Hotel) and CUnton (Clinton House), whence daily sta^-es run G M. N. W. to the pretty and secluded village of Killingworth (Stevens House) where Asaliel Nettleton, the evangelist, was born in 1783. Tlie Indian name of this place was Hamnionasset, but the settlers changed it to Kenil- worth, which was registered, by accident, Killingworth. The pastor of this parish was chosen first President of Yale College, but as he refused to go to Saybrook, the students were obliged to come to him, and so the college was practically here, 1701 - 7, tliough holding its commencements at Saybrook. Longfellow's poem, "The Birds of Killingworth," will be remembered here. Stations, Madison (Hammonasset House), E. River, and Guilford. Guilibrd (Guilford House) was settled by 4 inimigrants from Kent and Surrey in 1639, on the Indian tract called Menuncatuck. They Avere led by their pastor, Henry \Vhitefield,"a man of marvellous majesty and sanctity." The regicides were hidden here for some time, and in 1781 3 frigates landed a force near the village, but the rapidly gathering militia drove them off. During the extermination of the Pequots, in 1G37, the Mohegan Sachem Uucas pursued a Pequot chief to this point, and having shot him on the shore, put his head in the fork of an oak-tree, where it stayed many years, and the point is still called Sachem's Head. Fitz Green Halleck, the versatile poet, was born at Guilford in 1790, and in his later years retired h.ere and lived on a handsome iiensiou allowed him by the As- tor3, of New York. He died in 1SG7. W. H. li. Muiray, the popuhir imlitit orator, was Lorn at Guilford in 1840. The village is a very pretty one, built around an extensive tree-studded and enclosed green, on which 5 churches front. Near the village on the S. is Guilford Point (Pavilion, Guilford Point House, kc. ), and across the harbor is the bold and pictxiresque promontory of Sachem's Head, where formerly stood a large hotel. Station, Stoni/ Creek (Stony Creek, Brainerd, Thimble Island, and In- dian Point Houses, all small and inexpensive), famed for its large and delicious oysters. The romantic group of the Tliimble Islands lies off shore here, and may be reached by boat from the Indian Point Hotel (2j- 50 c. ). On Money and Pot Islands are small and primitive hotels, Avitli cabins and cottages, while around and betAveen these rocky and wooded islets rowing and sailing is full of pleasant surprises. Money Island Avas one of the rover Capt. Kidd's resorts, and it has been dug all over by treasure-seekers. Station, Branford, (Branford House , on land ,sold by the Sachem of Quinnipiac to the English in 1638, he being glad to get an ally against the dreaded MohaAvks. It Avas named from Brentford, where Edmund Ironside fought the Danes. The shore hereabouts is lined with sum- Fold-out Placeholder Id-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at future date. i^ -k Fold-out Placeholder Dut is being digitized, and will be inserted at a future date. BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Route S. 77 mei' hotels, — the Montana, Sea View, Totocket, Pine Orchard, &c. Ou Indian Neck are the Indian Neck and Montowese (200 guests) Houses, both about 2 M, from Branford station. At the head of "the rocky- sliored aiid island-sprinkled bay of Branford " is the large * Branford Point House (160-200 guests), distant 8 M. from New Haven, and near by is the favorite Double Beach House (100 guests, $3-3.50 a day). In 1665, the colonies of Plartford and New Haven were united by royal order and the common consent. The people of Branford had steadily opposed this union, and when it was consunmiated, they moved in a solid body, headed by their pastor, and bearing all their household goods, to Newark, N. J., and the site of Branford was silent and deserted for years. Station, E. Haven, an ancient resort of the Indians (for oysters, &c. ), and the seat of iron-works in 1655, now has large cop2Jer-smelting works. The train now passes Saltonstall Lake, crosses the Quiimipiac River, runs through Fairhavcn, and enters l^ew Haven. Hotels. * New Haven House, corner College and Chapel Sts., opposite the College, .'i!!4-4.50 a day; * Tontine Hotel, corner Cliureli and Court Sts., a quiet old house fronting the Green, i$'i a day ; Treniont House ; Elliott House. Clarriages. The regular tarift' is 50 e. lor one i)assenger for one course in the ciiv, or lor Uvo passengers 35 e. each. Horse-Car 3 (head-quarters at the foot of tlie Green) run to Fairhaven and E. Haven, to W. Chapel St., to Westville and Vv'. RocU, to CeutreviUe, to E. Rociv, and in suunner to W. Haven and Savin Rock. The longer routes are to NewhfillVille,, AVhitncyville, and Ced;ir Hill, and other pleasant rural suburbs. Froni Oliaiicl St. to the Union Depot. lieading-Koonis. In the hotels, and at the Young Men's Institute, Phaniix Building, Cnaiiel Si. Also at the Young Men's Christian Association rooms, over the Palladium Building. Airmsemeiits. Popnlar lectiiro.*, theatrical entertainments, concerts, &c. are frequently held in Carll Opera Houfg (accommodating 2,500 persons). Also i a Harmnnv Hall, and Loomis's Temple of Music, Orange and Centre Sts. Ilailroads. At this point converge tlie New Haven, New London, and Ston- ington R. R. (see pi'eceling pages) ; the New Haven, Middletown, and Willinian- t c (Air Line route, Boston to New York) ; the New Haven, Hartford, and Spring- held R. R. (grand route from Boston to New Y(n-k, via Springfield) ; the New Haven and Northami)ton (Canal) R. R. ; the New Ha\-en and Derby R. R. ; and the New York and New Haven R. R., which is the last division of all three of the land routes from Boston (see sm^ceeding jiages). Steamboats. Steamers leave for New York twice daily (morning and even- ing) making the voyage in 5 hours. Fare $ 1, dinner and state-rooms extra. Tlie Citizens' Line runs boats to New York every morning. . Steamers run (in sununcr, 4 times daily) to the beaches at the mouth of the harbor. Stages run from New Haven to Hartlbrd via DurJiam, to North Branford and Deep River, &c. Daily at 2 R M. for Westville, Woodbridge, and Seymour, also to Milford and Mt. Carmel At 8 A. M. daily to Seymour, Oxford, Southbury, and Woodbury. To Centreville semi-daily ; to Kasthaven 4 times daily ; to N. Branfoid, N. GuiliV))-d, N. Madisnu, Killingwortli, and \Vint!irn]i, 'J'ues. iind Fri., 8 A. M. ; to Watcrbury and Naugatuck, Tues., Tliurs., and Sat., iO A. M. ; to Guil- ford, Thurs. 8 A. M. ; to S. Britain, Wed., 7 A. M. ; to Woodbridge and Ansonia. 78 Routes. NEW HAVEN. ^ John Davenport (of Magdalen College), a powerful parish pastor of London, joined tlie Puritan wing of tlie Anglican Clnirch, and in 1G37 was forced to leave England, with many of his jieojile. After nearly a year's sojourn at Boston, he set sail with his people, and landed at Quinnipiac, the present site of New Haven, in April, 1638. His was " the most opulent colony which came into New Eng- land," and they laid out a city with 9 squares for buildings enclosing a large cen- tral square (the Green), though their houses only occupied then a small space on the present George St., between Church and College Sts. The colony was gov- erned for many years by its 7 most prominent church-members, after a curious find impressive sennon by Davenport from the text, " Wisdom hath builded her house ; she hath hewn out her 7 pillars." One of the cliief of these was the pure and learned Davenjjort, who was revered by the Indians as " so big study man." la looS the 7 pillars bought of the Indians 130 square M. of land for 13 coats, and in lt)39 the truculent Nepaupuck was tried for murder and beheaded on the (ircen, where his liead was long exposed. The trading-posts o' New Haven on the Delaware River were broken up by the Swedes, and other losses combined to discourage tlie settlers, who resolved to go to Jamaica, and then completed negotiations to buy Galloway, in Ireland. The ship Avhich bore their "commer- cial estates," sailed under Capt. Laml)erton for Galloway, in Jan., 1647, but never was heard from afterwards, save when, as the legend says, the spec^tre of the sliip sailed into the harb(jr in the teeth of a head-wind, and when in full view of the anxious people, it slowly melted into thin air, and vanished. The colonists remained at New Haven, and in 1665 this jilantation was united with that of Con- necticut (Hartford) on condition that cacli town should retain the dignity of cap- ital ; and until 1874 the State had two semi-capitals. In 1755, the " Conn. Gazette " was established here, and became the pioneer of the 8 weekly and semiweekly, and the 3 daily papers of New Haven. In Jan., 1761, 7 companies of militia and the council convened, and proclaimed George III. King, drinking to him, the royal family, and the King of Prussia. In 1775, Benedict Arnold (afterAvards so famous and infamous) led to Cambridge the Governor's Guards, the best conqiany in the army. At sunrise, July 5th, 1779, 1,500-2,000 Hessians and Tories were landed at W. Haven Point, from 48 British vessels. They took the fort and town, wliich they plundered and partially burnt. Tliey were much galled by the militia who hovered on their flanks and fought them in the streets. Rev. Dr. Napthali Daggett, President of Yale College, was captured by them with fowling- piece in hand, and forced to guide their columns. When wcUnigh dcnd Irom mortification, and sore from repeated bayonet-wounds, he was asked, "Will you light again?" Tlie nulitant divine answered, "I rather believe I shall, if I have an opiiortunity." He or another pastor of the town was forced to pray for the King, wliicli he did as follows: "O Lord, bless thy servant King George, and grant him wisdom, for thou knowest, O Lord, he needs it." Yale College was transferred to New Haven in 1717. In 1820 the town had 8,326 inliabitants ; in 1880, 62,882. New Haven, ''The City of Elms," the seat of Yale College, is built on a flat alluvial plain, at the head of a bay which sets in from Long Island Sound. It is a handsome city, of modern appearance, rich in stately elm- trees, and surrounded by pictiiresque hills. The city has a large West India trade, and has about $ 10,000,000 invested in manxifactures, which in 1869 turned out 6,000 hay-cutters, 50,000 scales, 200,000 corsets, 1,200 Eureka organs, 600 Colibri pianos, and about 20 carriages daily. Fish- lines, saws, Baumgarten church-organs, and cars are also made in great numbers, while Sargerit & Co. employ 800 men in vast hardware works. Chapel, State, and Church are the principal streets, the two former in- tersecting near the cavernous city market. There are several handsome churches here, and a very interesting old cemetery (on Grove St., at the head of High)- BOSTON TO NEW YORK. RgiUc S. 7D Among those buried here are Jehmli Aslimun, agent, fortifier, and defender nf Liberia; Ai'thur Tappan, the philantliropist ; Hany Crosswell, D. D., daslung political editor, 1802-14, and rector of Trinity Cliurch, NeAv Haven, 1815-58 ; N. W. Taylor, D. D., a disciple of Edwards and proiessor of didactic theology in Yale, 1823-58 ; Lyman Beeehcr, D. D., "the most widely known and influential preacher in the country, between 1815 and 1851 " ; Timothy Uwight, D. D., grand- son of Jonathan Edwards, a distingriislied tlieologian and poet, and President of Yale, 1795-1817, who rode horseback through New England and N. Y. and pub- lished an account of it in 4 volumes, also a system of theology in 5 volumes ; Den- ison Olmsted, LL. D., professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at Yale, 1825-59, and a jTof'^^^nd .astronomer; C. A. Goodrich, D. D., theologian and lexicographer, professor of rhetoric at Yale, 1817-39; Noah Webster, LL. D., author and publicist, whose " Elementary Spelling-Book " had a sale of 50,000,000 copies, and who prepared (1807 -28) and iiublished a Dictionary of the English language which has since been the standard ; Benjamin iSilliman, |»rofessor of chemistry at Yale, 1802-55, one of the loremost scientists of his time ; Jedediah Morse, D. D., "the father of American geography"; 8. F. B. Morse (born 1791, died 1872), who, in 1844, put in opcratiim the first electric telegraph in the U. S , who was covered v.'ith honors by European sovereigns and societies, and in 1857, was presented with 400,000 francs liv a continental assembly at Paris ; Elbridixe Gerry, Vice-President of the U. S., 1812-16 ; R. S. Skinner, Gov. of Conn., 1844- G, and U. S. Senator, 1847 - 51 ; David Daggett, sometime Cliief Justice, and U. S. Senator, 1813-19 ; S. W. S. Dutton, D. U., and Gov. Henry Dutton ; Prof. Mur- dock and Sidney E. Morse ; James IlilUiouse, U. S. Senator, 1794-1810, and James A. Hillhouse, the poet of Sachem's Wood ; Andrew H. Foote, Rear-admiral U. S. NaA'y, bom in New Haven, 1806, died 1863. He fought the West India and Sumatra pirates, and in 1856 attacked the 4 Banner-Forts at Canton, China, with the "Portsmouth" and "Levant." After a bombardment, at the head of 280 men, he landed and stormed the forts in succession, though they were hea\Tr granite works, mounting 176 cannon, and defended by 5,000 men. In 1862 (Feb. - April) in a short, sharp campaign at the head of tlie iron-clad squadron on the Tennessee and Mississippi Rivers, he assisted in the reduction of P'orts Henry, Donelson, and Island No. 10. He was a veiy religious man, and was accustomed to preach to his sailors every Sunday. Jonathan Knight, professor of surgeiy at Yale, 1838-64; James L. Kingsley, pro essor of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, at Yale, 1805 - 51 ; David Humphreys, the aid-de-camp and friend of Washington, and minister to Portugal and Spain, 1790-1802 ; Theophilus Eaton, Gov. of the New Haven colony, 1638-57 ; Roger Sherman, from 1774 to 1793 a meml)er of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, who "never said a oolish thing in his life" (Jefferson) ; Theodore Winthrop, the knightly soldier (author of " Cecil Dreeme," " Canoe and Saddle," &c.), who was killed at the battle of Great Bethel, June 10, 1861 ; Ezra Stiles, long President of Yale ; and Eli Whitney, the inventor of the cotton-gin. Among the broad streets liuefl Avitli noble elms which extend on the N. and W. of the Green, the most beantiful is Hillhouse Ave., a broad, park-like drive, Hanked by fine mansions, at the head of which is the man- sion and domain, " Sachem's Wood," belonging to the Hillhouses. In tlie W. parL of the city is the Orphan Asylum, Alms House, and County Prison. But the chief interest of New Haven centres in and about tlie Public Green. Here, on Church St. is the City Hall, one of the most elegant municipal buildings in New England, and the Tliird Cong, Church. On Chapel St. is the stately granite building of the Am. Life & Trust Co. The Public Green itself is a great lawn, studded with tine trees, and often used for parades. The North, Centre, and Trinity churches stand in line near the middle of the Green (the first two are Cong., and the last is Episcopal), and preserve a curiously ancient appear- 80 Routes. YALE COLLEGE. ance. Back of the Centre Church is the monument to the regicide, John Dixwell, a member of a prominent Kentish family, a colonel in the Par- liamentary army, and a member of the British State Council, who fled to New Haven at the Restoration. Near him is buried a fellow-judge, Edward Wlialley. Near Temple St. is the ancient and dilapidated classic building of the Old State House, wherein the sessions of the legislature were held on alternate years, until the recent decapitalization of New Haven. College St., with a glorious Gothic arch of ehu-trccs, separates the Green from the grounds of Yale College. In the year 1700 ten olergj'men I'lainied to erect a college in the colony of Conn., and to further that end, contributed as many books as tliey could spare, for its library. In 1701, it was chartered, and its classes recited at Killingwortli luitil 1707, when it removed to Saybrook Poiiit, and in 1717 a final remove (it is liopL'd) was made to New Haven. At an e;irly date the college was named in honor of ElUm Yale (born at New Haven in 1648), Gov. of Madras, and afterwards Gov. of the East India Corapanv, who gave £400 towards its support. The Presidents of Yale : Timothy Dwigiit, Ezra Stiles, Theodore D. Woolsey (1846-71), and others, will compare favoralily with the corresi:ondiiig othcers of Harvard. After the secularization of Harvard University, the Orthodox churchmen rallied on Yale. This college has done a noble work of education, and especially in shaping and strengthening those minds of Conn, which have been so busy and honored througliout the Republic. Said L'e Tocqueville in a Fourth of July dinner at Taris : " Von day I vas in the gallery of the House of Representatives. I held in my hand a map of the Con- federation. Dere vas one leetle yellow spot called Connect-de-cofit. I found by de Constitution he Avas entitled to six of his boys to represent him on dat floor. But wlien I make the acquaintance personelle with the member, I find dat more than tirty (80) of the Representative on dat floor was born in Connect- de-coot. And den ven I vas in de gallery of the House of th.e Senate, I find de Constitution permit (lis State to send two of his boys to represent him in dat legislature. But once more, ven I make de acquaintance personelle of the Senator, I find nine of the Senator was born in Connect-de-Coot. ••And now for my grand sentiment — Connect-de-Coot, the leetle yellow spot dat make de clock-])edler, the schoolmaster, and the Senator ; de first give you time, the second tell you what to do with him, and de third make j'our law and civilization." The line of ancient buildings fronting on College St. includes South C(>lle2,Ji\.ith, Lombardi ; 133, Jephthah, ^wg'wr ; 135, Edwin Booth ; 130, Col. Trumbull, Ball Hughes; 137-8, busts by Po we r.s; 139, statuette oi" Apollo"; 1, head of Apollo ; 2, ^Esculapius ; 3, the River-God of the Cepliissus ; 4, The -ens, after Phidias ; 5, Victory, after Phidias; 6, Kane]ihora ; 7-28, Panatlienaic pro- cession, from the outer frieze of the cella of the Parthenon ; 29-33 Combat of the Greeks and Amazons, from the frieze of the Mausoleum at Caria. In the corridor are works of the same class : 1, cast from Eleusis ; 3, 4, 11, Metojies of the Tlieseum ; 12, 13, Combat with Centaurs. In the third room is tlie funtuis * Jarvet; collection of early Italian pictures (fine catalogue and "Manual of the Stndy of early Clinsti/ui Art," lor saie by tlie.iunitor). i'he pictures from 1 to 10 ai-e Byzautine Italian, of tlie eleveuth and twelfth centuries : 1, an altar-piece, tlic 4* P 82 Route 8. BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Crucifixion, Deposition, and Entombment ; 2, the Nativity ; 3, a triptych. Ma- donna and Child and .Saints ; 4, lU small pictures from the history of Christ, in a triptych; 5, ^ a laige altar-piece, Christ and the Madonna, with Angels; 6, ttt. George killing the Dragon ; 7, an altar-j>iece in 5 sections, Christ in Hades, &c ; 8, The Annunciation ; 9, Miraculous Appearance of !SS. Mercurius and Catherine (13th century) ; 10, Mation of the Virgin ; 36, SS. Cosmo and Damian, Bicci ; 37, the Deposition 1rom the Cross, Veneziano ; 38, The * Triumph of Love (on wood), Gentile da Fabriano ; 39, Madonna and Child, Gentile da Fabriano ; 40, SS. Zenobio, Francis of Assisi, Anthony of Padua, Fra Angelico da Ficsole ; 41, The Madonna adoring the Infant Saviour, PamcaZe; 42, Infancy of S. John the Baptist, Masaccio ; 43, 44, Scenes from the iEneid, painted on wood, Uccelli ; 45, Tournament at Florence, Dcllo Belli ; 46, St. Martin and the Beggar, Dello Belli; 47, St. Jerome in Penance, Castagno ; 48, The Temptation of S. Anthony, Sassetta; 49, Adoration of the Magi, and 50, Coronation of the Virgin, Sano dl Pietro ; 51, S. Catherine of Siena pleading the Cause of the Horentines before Gregory VII., Giovanni di Paolo; 52, Martyrdom of a Bishop ; 53, St. Anthony tormented by Demons ; 54, Hermits exorcising Demons ; 55, Nativity, Square io ne ; 56, Crucifixion, Manfegna; 57, Madonna and Child, Matteo da Siena; 60, Penitence of S. Jerome, Fra Filippo Lij-ipi ; 61, Madonna, Biamante ; 63, An- nunciation, Gozzoli; *67, Adoration of the Magi, Luca Signorelli ; 68, The Princess Vitelli, Francia; 70, The Baptism of Christ, Perugino ; 73, Portrait of a Lady, Ghirlandajo ; 74, Madonna and Child, Botticelli ; 75, S. Peter, Giovanni Bellini ; 77, The Circumcision of Christ, and, 78, Portraits of noble Venetians, Giorgione; 80, St. Sebastian, and 81 , The Dead Christ, Filippino Lippi ; 82, Diana and Acta;on, and 83, the Three Archangels, I^iero di Cosimo ; 84, Crucifixion, Lorenzo di Credi; 86, The Dead Christ held hy the Viri^in, Fra Bartolovico ; 89, Tlie Madonna sup- porting the Dead Christ, Raphael (!iis earliest known work) ; 90, Madoima, Lo S'pagno ; 92, Madornia and Child, Andrea del Sarto (badly injured); 94, Christ bearing the Croas, Sodoma ; 95, Madonna and Saints, So(?o?Ha ; 97, Madonna and iiaints^ Ghirlandajo ; 99, Martyrdom of the Theban Legion, and, 100, Portrait of Cosmo dei Medici, Pontornio ; 104, Portrait of the Princess Vittoria Colonna, Sebastiano del Piombo ; 106, The Death of Lucretia, Vasari ; 107, Portrait of Bianca Capello, Bordone; 109, Tlie Crucifixion, Paolo Veronese; 110, Christ in Glorj', with SS. Feter and Paxil, attributed to Veronese; 111, Venal Love, ^(,"'^s?(«.o Caracci; 112, Joseph and the Infant Jesus, Gnido Ilcni ; 113, Venus, Minerva, and Juno disarming Cupid, Gnido Reni ; 114, Artemisia, Queen of Caria, Porneni- chino; 115, * Madonna holding the Crown of Thorns, vnknoivn; 116, Spanish Noble, Velasqticz; 117, Head of the Dead Christ, Albert Diirer; 118, Portrait of the Emperor Charles V., Holbein; 119, The Procession to Calvary, Brmgliel. The Sheffield Scientific School was founded in 1847, and endowed in 1860 by Mr. J. E. SlielKeld, who gave upwards of $ 500,000 to it during his life, and a still larger sum at his death. It has costly buildings, at the head of College St., with 17 professors, 10 lecturers, and 212 students. The main building is devoted to engineering; the W. Aving to chemistry and metal- lurgy; and the E. wing to the Museum of Practical Sciences. N. Sheffield Hall is near by, and has a large lecture-room, &c. The Divinity School (Congregational) was founded in 1822, and has YALE COLLEGE. Route 8. 82 a. 6 professors, several lecturers, and about 100 students. The E. and W. Divinity Halls are on Elm St., opposite Durfee Hall, and are of brick, five stories high, with class-rooms on the lower floors. The pretty little Marquand ChajJel is attached to E. Divinity Hall, The Lowell-Masou musical library is attached to this institution. Courses of lectures are delivered before the students every year, on the Lyman-Beecher founda- tion. The lecturers include some of the foremost divines of America, and among their number are Henry Ward Beecher, John Hall, W. M. Taylor, and Phillips Brooks. The Law School was founded in 1824, and has 6 professors, 10 lecturers, and 69 students. It occupies the third floor of tlie new Court House. The Medical School was founded in 1810, and has 8 professors and .32 students. Its lecture-halls, museum, and dissect- ing-room are on York St., near Cliapel St. The Peabody Museum of Natural History is opposite Alumni Hall, at the corner of Elm and Higli Sts., and was richly endowed by George Peabody. But one wing has been completed of what is to be an immense and imposing Gothic building. The college collections include one of the best niineralogical cabinets in the world, begun by Silliman, and contain- ing the Perkins, Gibbs, Razamousky, and Count de Bournon collection.s. The proceeds of the annual Yale exploration in the West, American archseology and ethnology, zoology, and other rich cabinets of curiosi- ties are arranged here. The Museum building is constructed of brick and stone, in the most substantial manner, and its halls are adorned with stained-glass windows. The Gymnasium is on Library St., opposite the new Sloane Physical Laboratory (opened in 1883, and well equipped). The boat-house of the Yale, Navy is on Mill River. The Scroll-and-Kej'' Society has a beauti- ful building of black and white stone, at the corner of College and Wall Sts. ; the Delta Kappa Epsilon has a mysterious-looking structure on York St., near Library' St.; the Psi LTpsilon is on High St., near College St.; and the SkuU-and-Bones Society has a windowless edifice, like a mausoleum. Yale College now contains 110 instructors, and about 1,100 students, of whom the academic department has 31 instructors and about 700 students. The Annual Commencement (last Wednesday in June) is a great day in New Haven, the exercises being conducted mainly in the Centre Church and Alumni Hall. Ainong the graduates of Yale were S. F. B. Morse, Eli Whitney, Wm. Cliau- veiiet, James D. Uaiia, Beiijainiu Silliiii.m ; John C. Calhoun, James Kent, Wm. M. Evarts, Jeremiali Mason, T. S. Griuike, Morrison R. Waite, Edwards Pierre- pont ; Joiiatliau Edwards, Natlianiel Enniioiis, Timothy Uwiglit, Samuel Hop- kins, N. W. Taylor, T. D. Woolsey, Leonard Bacon ; Jan"ies Hadley, J. D. Whit- 82 h. Route 8. ENVIRONS OF NEW HAVEN. ney, Niiali Webster, Joseph E. Worcester ; E. C. Stedman, Theodora Wintlirop, C. A. Biisted, Joliii Fierpout, J. Fenimore Cooper, J. G. Percival, N. P. Willis, Donald G. Mitchell, Horace Bushnell, and JSamuel J. Tilden. The CJiurch of the Redeemer (Cong.) is a rambling Gothic 'buihling at the corner of Wall and Orange Sts., diagonally opposite the great struc- ture occn})ied by the High School. St. Mary's Church is a large new Catholic tem[>le, on Hillliouse Ave. At the corner of Chapel and Olive Sts. is the two-towered Episcopal Church of St. Paul. Tlie New Haven Colony Historical Society has its rooms in the elegant City-Hall build- ing. Tiie old railroad-station is now used as a market. The environs of the city are rapidly enlarging, and are being laid out in broad a\enues, lined with villas. The horse-cars out W.-Chapel St. give a good vi;;w of this section. Tlie city has recently been gaining rapidly in commercial iniportance, by the slow withdrawal of shipping from New York to more convenient and less expensive ports. I\Ianufa(during industries have also increased in an extraordinary manner, and the futui-e prospects of New Haven are very llattering. Whitneyville is 2 M. from the city (horse- cars every 20 min.), and was founded by Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton-gin. The route affords fine views of East Rock and West Rock. The new TJnion Depot at New Haven cost $ 250,000, and is a large brick building (with restaurant, etc.) erected on made land fronting on the harbor, with Long-WIiarf lighthouse on the 1., and City Point on the r., and the East-Haven shore across the harbor. Environs of New Haven. Besides the beaches at Branford and Guilford (before spoken of), there is a fine drive dowm the E. side of the harbor, by the old Forts, Hale and Wooster. The Grove (steamer from New Haven 4 times daily) and the Cove Houses are near the lighthouse, 5 M. from the city, the latter (§10 -$15. 00 a week) being on a long, smooth, curving beach of white ENVIRONS OF NEW HAVEN. Ruute S. 83 sand. (Tlie siilnirb of Fairliaven, on this side, is famoiis for its large and delicious oysters.) Fort Wooster, 1^ M. lYom the city, was built in 1814, and is now in ruins ; a noble view is gained from tlie bill on wliieli it stands. About 200 yards N. of this Fort was the cemetery of the Quinnipiac Indians. I5-2 M. from this point is Fort Hale, which was greatly strengthened during the war of 18G1 -G5, but is now dismantled. The East and West Rocks are bold and lofty masses of trap-rock, on the plain near the city, which geologists think were driven up through other strata by some great thi'oe of the central forces. They form the southern limit of the great system of mountains which extends from Hereford, in Canada, forming the valley of the Connecticut River, which many believe once Howed between these cliffs to the Sound. East Eock (carriage-road to the top, horse-cars to the base from the Green) is 1^-2 M. from tlie centre of the city, by way of State St. A small stone hotel is on its summit. An extensive * view is afforded hence, embracing the broad valleys and bright waters of Mill and Quinnipiac Rivers, the rural districts of North Haven and Hamden, the high hills toward Mount Car- mel, the frowning cliffs of West Rock, the city of New Haven, its har- bor, and a long swee]3 of Long Island Sound. *West Rock (horse-cars from Chapel St.) is 2-2| M. N. W. of the Crreen, and rises sharply from the plain to an eleration of over 400 ft. Tlie ascent (difficult for ladies) is over a rugged and rocky path beyond the quarries. The view from the summit is nearly the same as that from the East Rock, except that a great portion of the Quinnipiac valley is hidden, the northern mountains are differently grouped, and the western towns are unfolded to the view. A hard walk of 15-20 min. to the N. over the rugged plateau leads to the Judge's Cave, a small cleft in a group of boulders, where the regicides GoiTe and Whalley were hidden for some time in 1661. A citizen who lived about 1 M. off brought them food, until one night a catamount looked in on them and " blazed his eyes in such a frightful manner as greatly to terrify them." Wintergrecn Fall is near the upper base of the rock, and above it is a dam of rock and earth 3,500 ft. long, which forms a lake of 75 acres for the water sup- ply of the city. Near West Rock is Malthy Park, covering 800 acres, with 3 M. of driveways, and the city water--\7orks. At the foot of the rock is Westville, near which is "Edgev/ood," the rural home of Donald G. Mitchell (Ik Marvel), the author of ''Dream Life," "Reveries of a Bachelor," and otlier charming books. Savin Rock, 4 M. S. W. of New Haven (horse-cars from the Green half-hourly) is the favorite resort of the citizens. The road passes through West Haven, a quiet old village, with a tall church on an elm- shaded green. Savin Rock is a bluff promontory pushing a rocky front against the waves, and stands at the end of a long, sandy beach whicli has 84 Roitte 8. BOSTON TO NEW YORK. a very light sxirf. A pretty view of the Sound is gained from the top of the bluff, near which once stood a fine hotel, which was . burned down. Tlie Sea- View House can now accommodate 75-100 guests. Several busy manufacturing villages are in the vicinity of New Haven. NeAvhallville, where the Winchester rifles are made ; Centre ville, the home of large car, carriage, and saw factories ; Whitneyville ; Westville, where 360,000 gross of match-splints and $50,000 worth of berry-baskets are made yearly, &c. On leaving the new and costly railroad-station near the bay, at New Haven, the Shore-Line train passes on to the rails of tlie New York k, Nev/ Haven R. R., on which the cars of the Springtield route run, and which is also now used by the Air-Line route. Tlie first station is West Haven, 1 M. from Savin Rock. Next comes Milford, (Milford Hotel, $ 2. 00), a pretty village, with wide streets lined with arching elms, and with an enclosed green ^ M. long. The aborigines of Wapowage having been crowded ofT, this district was settled and named, in 1639, by a company from Milford, in England. The occupation seems to have been in accordance with a series of resolutions at an early nueting of the Milford church. "Voted, That the earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof. Voted, That tlie earth is given to the saints. Voted, That we are the saints." The settlement being menaced in the Indo-Dutch War of lGi3-6, it was surrounded by a v/all and palisade 1 M. around ; and the dreaded Mohawks having been repulsed by Connecticut Indians near Miliord, the saints ]iossessed the earth in peace. On New Year's Day, 1777, 200 American soldiers, eajitives from the i)rison-shii)S at New York, were east ashore here from British cartel- ships, and despite the truly saintly ministrations of the Milfordites, 46 of them died in one month. They were buried in the old cemetery (near the station), and a monument 30 it. high raised over them, which states the facts, and the names of the victims, and asks, "Who shall say that Republics are ungrateful?" St. Peter's (Episcopal) Church is a venerable and ivy-clad stone edifice on the green and terraced banks of the tranquil Wepowaug. Two large white churches (of wood) stand on the hill beyond. A large amount of straw-goods is made in the village. Cfiarles Island is in the Sound near Milford, and is the headquarters of the American Steam Yacht Club. Soon after leaving Milford, the line crosses the broad Housatonic River, and stops at Stratford, a quiet village with neither hotel nor factory, and rich in two or three elm-lined, tranquil streets, where one can stroll on dreamy autumn afternoons and feel as if in a second era of the Truce of God. Such streets are found only in these old towns on Long Island Sound. Stratford was settled by Massachusetts men, in 1639, and its pastor was Adam Blackman, whom Cotton Mather (who is fond of play- ing upon words) calls ''a Nazarite purer than snow, and whiter than milk." The society which he organized now meets in a new Swiss Gothic church near the station. Dr. Samuel Johnson, first President of King's (Columbia) College, and " Father of Episcopalianism in Connecticut," is buried near the veneralde Christ Church (founded 1723). The next station is Bridgeport. BRIDGEPORT. Route 8. 85 Brirlgeport. — (Sterling IIousp, Main St.; Atlantic House, opposite station, eaeli !ip3 a day Cai'rkuies, 5()c. for eacli person, or ijp 1. 00 for 3 persons. Post Oj/ice on State, near Main St. Optra lIou.''heat at -Is. per bush., porck at 20s. percwt.,and firewood for the yous of tlie family." People were seated in the cliurch "by diginty, Ad.ge, and a state." In 1707, an Episcopalian mission- ary was sent here from England, who, by 1748, had organized a cllui'ch (the pres- ent St. John's Society. Bridgeport has 40,000 inhabitants, with 31 churches, 5 newspapers, 9 banks, 3 academies, an opera-house, and the county buildings. It is fa- mous for its great factories, among which are the sewing-machine works of Wheeler & Wilson (1,200 hands), Elias Howe Jr. Machine (1,200 hands), and the J. B. Secor Co. ; the Sharps' Ritle Co., the Ornamental Wood Co. (pressed goods), the Frary cutlery factor}"-, the Tomlinson Spring and Axle Co., the Union Metallic Cartridge Co. (1,500 hands), 6 corset companies (2,500 hands), Bridgeport Organ Co. (500 hands), Malleable Iron Co. (500 hands), Bridgeport Brass Co., tanneries, a carpet-factory, soap-works, &c. Fairfield Ave. (horse-cars) runs from the station across Main St., and past the Public Library and the stately St. John's Episcopal Cliurch, to the picturesque Mountain- Grove Cemetery (SO acres), where there are many fine monuments. \ M. beyond are Holland Heights, which over- look Bridgeport, Fairfield, Black Rock, and the Sound. North Ave. (then called the Kiwfs IHglnoay) was the centre of the ancient settle- ment, of which a few gray houses remain. Broad St. is parallel to Main, and has a line of neat churches. St. Augustine'' s Church and Convent are imposing stone buildings, with the Cluny-like Wheeler mansion op- posite, in extensive grounds, and the aristocratic streets of Golden Hill extending beyond. Washington Park is in E. Bridgeport, and contains a grove of forest -trees. St. Paul's Church and the pretty Pembroke Lake are near it ; and antique Stratford and the far-viewing Old-Mill Hill are beyond. On the S. of the city (horse-cars on Main St.) is * Sea-Side Park, which has a trotting-course, a grove of venerable trees, a soldiers' monument adorned with statues, and a magnificent esplanade-road, which follows the curves of the sea-wall over the beach for nearly 1 M., giving broad views over the Sound and on to the Long-Island coast, 20 M. distant. During the Revolutionary War the 4th Conn, encamped here, and the remains of the old fort are still visible. Beyond the Park is the summer-resort of Black Rock, the birthplace of Capt. 8G Routes. FAIRFIELD. Chauncey, a distinfniislierl naval officer in the war of 1812. Fairfield is just be- yond, a pleasant 4 M. drive from Bridgeport. Waldemere is tlio stately and hiyli-towered mansion of P. T. Barnuni, fronting the farlv, sumptuously fur- nished, and with spacious ornamental grounds which are open to the people. Barnuni was born in Conn., 1810, and began his great career as showman in 1835 (with Joice Heth). In 1849, he paid Jenny Lind $160,000 for singing 150 nights in America. In 1865, his great museum at New York Avas destroyed. Charles y. Stratton, or Gen. Tom Thumb, was bom at Bridgeport in 1832. His size and growth were as usual until his seventh month, when he ceased to grow. In 1844 Barnum took him to Europe; and his travels were incessant and his reve- nues large until his death, in 1882. In 1863 he married Miss Lavinia Warren, of Middleboro', Mass., a young lady of about the same stature as himself, — to wit, 28 inches. Steamers leave Bridgeport for New York semi-daily (i? 1) ; also for Port Jeffer- son, L. I., twice daily (fai-e, Sl.OO). Stages for Black Rock, Easton, &c. Railroads. Tlie Naugaruck R. R., from Bridgeport to Winsted (G2 M.), runs N. in the valleys of the Ilousatonic and Naugatuck Rivers (Route 16). Tlie Housatonic R. R. runs from Bridgeport to Pittsfield, Mass., 110 M. (Route IT). The next station is near tranquil old Fairfield (Merwin House, $10 -$12.00 a week ; open in summer only). Fairfield is an ancient village, with a beantiful street lined with villas and careful landscape gardening. On the Green are the Episcopal and Congregational Chnrches, and the Court House, "Built A. D. 1720, destroyed by the British A. D. 1779, rebuilt A. D. 1794, remodelled 1870." July 7, 1770, Tryon with his Hessian Yagers, returning from the pillage of New Haven, landed here, sacked the village, and burned 200 houses. The scene in- spired Col. Humphrey's Elegy beginning, — " Ye smoking ruins, marks of hostile ire, Ye ashes warm which drink the tears that flow, Ye desolated plains, my voice inspire. And give sett music to my song of woe. How pleasant, Fairfield, on th' enraptured sight, Rose thy tall spires, and oj)e'd thy social halls." Another poet of that day was more pointed in his remarks : — •' Tryon achieved the deeds malign, And smiled to see destruction spread ; Tryon, the name for every sin. While Satan, blushing deep, looked on. Hell's blackest fiends the flame surveyed And lutkniy disowned her son." 10 min. walk S. of the Green leads to the beach, the best on the Sound, protected by a bar from S. winds, with a gradually-sloping, sandy shore, and no surf. To the S. is the lighthouse on Penfield Reef, and Black Rock light is to the E., in which direction is a high, grassy bluff on which it is contemplated to build a mammoth hotel. 15 min. walk N. of the Green is Round Hill, commanding a wide vieAv of Bridgeport and the Sound, Some miles N. are Samp Mortar Rock (a precipice 70 ft. high, on whose top is a deep hole where the Indians poimded corn), and Green- field Hill, where President Dwight was once settled, and where he wrote the poem (popiilar 70 years ago) of "Greenfield Hilh" From this point a fine view is gained, embracing, according to tlie poet, "Norwalk's white ascending spires, sky-encireled Easton's churchei, Stratford s turrets, Fairfield giving lustre to tlie day. Prince of the waves, and ocean's favorite child, There Longa's Sound all gloriously expands." Southpo^'t station and village is 2 M. from Fairfield. N. of the railroad BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Routed. 87 and near the station is a cultivated field, which occupies the site of the Sasco Swamp, where, in 1637, the Unquowa (Fairfield) Indians and astrong band of Pequots took refuge. Mason, with troops of Mass. and Conn, surrounded the swamp, and after a parley the Unquowas were allowed to come out (being blameless). The Pequots refused all terms, and, after an obstinate attack, 70 of them broke the English line and escaped. 180 Avere made prisoners and sold to the West Indies as slaves. Soon after these "fair fields " were occupied by a company from Concord, Mass. Tlie next station is Westjx^rt. The village is 1^-2 M. N. of the rail- road, on the widenings of the Saugatuck, and is a lively little place. The Memorial Church of the Holy Trinity is a fine G-othic edifice of sandstone, alongside of which, and in strong contrast, is a heavy Egyptian tomb. Station, S. Norwalk {City Hold; Warinck), near which is the village of NurioalL (iiorse-cars to station). The legend says that this land, in the purchase (1640) from the Indians, was to extend one day's "north walk " from the Sound. In 1653, the town was incorporated, having then 20 families. July 11, 1779, Tryon's Hessians plundered and burnt the village, meeting with such resistance from 50 Continental soldiers and tlie militia that they lost 148 men. The town includes sev- eral villages, with the so-called city of S. Nonocdk (3,000 inh.abitants) and the borough of Norwalk (Adami^ Ilnvse ; Conn. Hotel), which has 6,000 ndiabitants, and is 1-^ M, from the station. Midway between Nor- walk and S. Norwalk is the palace which was built by Le Grand Lock- wood, at a cost of over $1,000,000, and now pertains to Chas. D. Mat- thews, of New York. The Norwalk Lock Co. makes 900,000 locks yearly, in 300 forms ; the Union Knob Works turn out 1,500,000 knobs (of New Jersey clay) yearly ; and there are manufactories of hats and shoes, felt, beaver-cloth, cassimeres, shirts, earthenware, engines, etc. The oysters of Norwalk are famous. Stations, Darien (village i M. S. of the station), Noroton. Noroton is 1^ M. from Darien, and near the Sound. Upon the Boston Post road at Nuroton stands the Episcopal Church, connected with which is a mortuary chapel, erected by Mr. lienj. Fitch in memory of his mother, who is buried in a vault beneath. In the tower is a chime of nine bells, given by Mr. Fitch. Near the Noroton station is situated "The Home," founded by the same gentleman. This 'institution was first established for the edu- cation and maintenance of soldiers' children. It is now, by a change in the charter, a home for disabled soldiers. A fine gallery of modern French pictures is attached to the home, and can be visited. It includes many choice paintings and works of art, collected by Mr. Fitch iu Europe. 88 Route 8. BOSTON TO NEW YOEK. 3 M. beyond Noroton, the train stops at Stamford, {Stamford House, Union House), wliicli was founded in 1G41, and thereafter sometimes harried by the Dutch from New York. In 183S it was a (bill hamlet of 700 inhabitants ; but soon after the Empire City looked with favor upon it, and during the last 25 years its hills have been occupied by the villas and parks of New York gentlemen. Hence fine churches have been built, broad avenues are laid out, and the place now has over 12,000 inhabitants. St. Andrew's (Epis. ) Church is a little gem of Gothic archi- tecture, guarding a wide sweep of graves. Tlie Univ. Cliurch, near by, is a handsome stone building, wliile tlia Catholics are raising a large cluiich, BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Route 8. 89 on the road from the station. A fine new Town Hall, of brick and Ohio stone, 150 ft. front and with a tower 100 ft. high, rises in the centre of the village (^ M. from the station). Near it is a small, triangular park with a fountain. A pleasant drive is that on the New Haven road, passing many fine villas, among whicli is Quintard's stone chateau. 1000-1500 New-Yorkers come liere during the summer, many of whom stop at Shiji- pan Point (I5-2 M. from the station), wliere is the large Ocean House, from whose beach a pretty still-water view is afi"orded. Tlie Hamilton House (Mr. S. T. Cozzens) is a favorite summer-resort on Noroton Hill. Col. Abraham Davenport, "a man of stern integrity and generous benevo- lence," was born at ytamford in 1715, and was for 25 years in tlie IState legisla- ture. On the memorable Dark Day, May 19th, 1780. great fear fell on the legisla- ture, then in session ; and in antitdpatioa of the approach of the Day of universal Judgment, an adjournraeut was moved. The brave old man arose, and tlius spoice, calming the fears of the legislators, and continuing the session: "lam agaiii.it an adjournment. The Day of Judgment is either approaching, or it is not. If it is not, there is no cause for an ailjournment. If it is, I choose to be found doing my duty. I wish, therefore, that candles may be brought." This scene has been made the theme of a fine poem by Whittier. Col. Davenport's sous, James and John, were ofBccrs in the Revolution, and afterwards members of Congress (1796 -99; 1799-1817). His great-grandson was living in Stamford in 1884. Steamers leave Stai7iford for New York daily. A Railroad runs from this point to New Canaan, a quiet country town 8 M. to the N. Stations, Cos Cob (village N. of the railroad, on the Mianus River), and Greenwich. Greenwich was settled in 1610, and in 1650 was appointed by the Anglo-Dutch frontier commission h\ session at Hartford as the W. limit of Conn. Somewhere in this early age, a desperate battle lasting all day was fought on Strickland's Plain, between the Dutch and Indians. The village stands on rolling hills, ^ M. N. of the station. 15 min. walk to the E. is a stately Cong. Church, built of gray rubble, with deep transepts, a wide and picturesque- ly irregular front, a high pointed roof, and a fine stone spire in open- work. Tills fine edifice is on a high hill, and may be seen for leagues along the Sound, resembling some pilgrimage church on the Seine or Danube. Near this is the exquisite Christ Church (Epis. )iii a shel- tered grove on the ridge, built of gray stone trimmed with Caen stone. Tlie * Lenox House (150 guests; $1 a day) is a first-class summer-resort and winter-hotel on Putnam Hill, ^ M. from the station. A few rods beyond (to the E.), on the r. of the road, is an old cemetery, wheri stood the church in 1779, near which Gen. Putnam, with 00 militia-men, fougi; j an advancing force of dragoons until the last moment possible. Then, since t ) go down by the curving road (the present road is modern and more direct) v/oui I exi)ose him to a close Are from many of the enemy, he galloped 11 is horse dov>M the steps built in the steep hillside for the church-goers. The British cavalry sent a volley after him (one shot piercing his hat), but dared not follow, althougii two or three dragoons of Lafayette's escort to the place (in 1821) performed tiio feat safely. Putnam l-^st 2 cannon here, but his men mostly escaped to the adja- cent swamps, and the next day Old Put attacked Tryon's rear-guard with a force from ytamford, and captured 38 men. S. E. of the Greenwich station is Indian Harbor, on a point near which 90 Routed. BOSTON TO NEW BEDFORD. \ M. from the R. R., is the elegant ^Morton House (250 guests; $4 a day), formerly the Americus-Cliib House, with gas, running water, a band of music, and rich lawns. Fine water-view from the hotel. Soon after leaving Greenwich, the train crosses the Byram River, and leaves Yankee-land, which is said to stretch, "from Quoddy Head" (in Maine) " to Byram River." Stations, Port Chester, in Westchester County, New York (De Soto House), a busy village with 5 churches. Rye (with a tine beach 2 M. S. E. of the station), Mamaroneek, "the place of rolling stones," where Smallwood's Maryland battalion defeated Rogers's Tory Rangers in 1776, and New Rochelle. This village was set- tled by Huguenot refugees in 1691, after the fall of La Rochelle, and the French language was long used here. The State of New York granted a tract of land here to Thomas Paine. Thomas Paine, was born in England, 1737, and came to America in 1774. Early in 1776 he published a tract, "Common-Sense," advocating republican indepen- dence, and in Dec. "The Crisis "was published, beginning with the words, "These are the times that try men's souls." This was read at the head of every Conti- nental regiment, and aroused the drooping spirits of the army and people. Af- ter filling several otfiees in the U. S., he went to France in 1791, and was elected to the National Convention. After a stormy life in Europe, during which he attacked Burke in the " Rights of Man," and advocated atheism in the " Age of Reason" (17'.>5), he came to New Rochelle in 1S02, and settled on an estate given him by New York, where he died in 180'.). In 1819 Wm. Cobbett removed his re- mains to England, and in 1839 the State erected a monument to Paine on his old farm. After Neio Rochelle, the train passes Pelhamville, and at Mount Ver- non turns to the S. W., and runs on the rails of the Harlem R. R., through several suburban villages without stopping, then crosses tlie Harlem River, and stops at the station, 42d Street, corner of 4th Avenue. New York, see Route 51. 9. Boston to New Bedford. Via Old Colony Railro'id, in Ih hr. 54 7n. Boston to Taunton, then to Weir Junction and Myrick's (crossing other lilies of the same railroad at these places); then Rowland's and E. Free- toirn (1^ M. from K. Freetown village, at the head of one of the great Lakc- ville ponds) ; then over the level farming plains of Freetown to Acushnet, W. of the quiet hamlet of the same name (also reached, from New Bed- ford, by stage; running 5 M. farther to Long Plain in Rochester); then to New Bedford. New Bedford (Parker House; Bancroft Hoiise), the Acushnet of tlie Indians, was settled in 1661, by Quakers, on lands owned later by Russell. This being the family name of the Dukes of Bedford, the settlement was named in compliment to them. In the Revolution the place became a perfect nest of privateers, until a British force under Earl Grey attacked it (in the autumn of 1778), and destroyed its slii]'i)ing, wharves, and BOSTON TO NEW BEDFORD. Route 9. 91 stores. In colonial times, a few vessels were sent out after whales. Tho Revolutionary AVar briefly interrupted this career of prosperity, but be^ tween 1790 and 1857 tlie whalers from this port penetrated every sea. In 1857, there were 329 whaling-vessels, with 10,000 sailors, and an invested capital of $12,000,000. The business began to decline after the Californian gold-fever; scores of the old ships were filled with stone, carried to the South, and sunk in the channels before the rebellious cities on the coast; and in the last hours of the Secession War the Confederate cruiser " She- nandoah " destroyed a large part of the Pacitic whaling fleet. In 1871, 33 whalers were caught in the ice in the Arctic Ocean and abandoned. The whaling business (though declining) is still carried on here to a greater extent than from all other parts of the world combined. New Bedford has 28,D00 inliabitants. Its extensive water-works cost $1,200,000. Tlie Wamsutta Mills have 2.300 workmen and 202,000 spindles, and use 22,000 bales of cotton yearly; the Potomska Mills, 1,300 hands and 106,000 spindles; the Grinnell and Acushnet Mills, 62,500 spindles each; the Oneko Woollen Mill employs 175; the glass-works, 300; the Gosnold Iron Works, 100 ; the Morse Twist-Drill Works, 200 ; the carriage factories, 150 ; and 300 are engaged in art-productions. The new Grace Church has a fine chime of bells. New Bedford fronts on the wideriings of the Acushnet River, near its mouth, and is built on the side of a ridge slojiing to the water's edge. It " has a cosmopolitan air always blowing over its strata," from the number of foreign mariners who are found here, and one of its quarters is called Fayal, from the large population of Portuguese there residing. The upper part of the city is pleasant, and County St. is lined with stately old residences of the marine aristocracy, whence Lady Emma Stuart Wortley called this " a city of palaces." Tliese " palaces " are all on the model of the "architectural boulders" so common in the decadent fishing-ports along the coast. The City Hall is a fine granite building, and the Custom House is built of the same material. Several of the churches are notable for their neatness and grace, especially the spacious Unitarian Church. The City Library is a large and rapidly increasing collection of books, kept in finely arranged rooms, and free to the public. The wealthy old families of the aristocracy of New Bedford are famous for their hospi- tality and culture, and but few of the citizens go abroad to seek summer recreation. The favorite drive is around Clark's Point, which extends into Buzzard's Bay, and is bordered by a broad, smooth road, constructed at great expense by the city to give its people the benefits of the sea-breezes in summer. This avenue (5 M. aroimd) affords a brilliant scene in sxiltry summer afternoons. Opposite the city, and joined to it by a bridge (horse -railway) is Fairhaven (so named from its pretty location), a village formerly devoted to the whale trade. In 1778, while New Bedford was burning, a large British force crossed to Fair- 1)2 Route 9. ELIZABETH ISLANDS. haven, intent on its destruction. But Major Fearing of the militia, fearing not, attacked and repulsed them and saved the village. W. of New Bedford are the large but thinly settled towns of Dartmouth and Westport, on long inlets from the sea, on a branch of th(^ 0. 0. K. R. These towns (the Apouiganset and Aeoaksct of the Indians) are nurseries of sailors, and have but an inferior soil, wliieli produces fair ero^is when nifinured by menhaden fish. In one year (1843) six seines off Dartmouth shore and below Padan-Aram, caught 18,100 barrels of these fish, which sold for oOc. a barrel. Railroad from Fairhaven to Tremont, on the 0. (1. T?. R., Rpe Route 6. Steamers leave daily during the summer, for Martha's Vineyard. Upon leaving the wharf, a line view is obtained of Fairliaven on the E., and of the hmg wharves and i)Oiiulous slojies of New Bedford on the W. Palmer's Island with its light- house and Fort Phanix, is soon passed, and then the long, projecting Clark's Point, with a sti'ong fortress now in process of constniction. The s'eamer now passes straight to the S. E. across Buzzards Bay, a noble estuary 30 M. long by 10 M. wide, with thinly poj)ulated shores. Tlie Norsemen (11th century) called this Bay, Straum Fiord ; the origin of its present name is not apparent. Far to the S. are seen the Round Hills,"on the Dartmouth coast, and Cuttyhunk, the outermost of the Elizabeth Islands. Cutiyhunk was colonized by c:apt. Gosnold, in May, 1C02, with a company sent out by the Earl of fcouthamjiton. He named the Island " Eliznbeth," in honor, probably, of the maiden Queen. The island is 2h M. long, and at that time a'tiounded in game. Gosnold and his people erected a fort and cabins on an islet in a jjond near the centre of Cutty- jiunk, and here inaugurated the first settlement of New England. But tlie Indians were hostile and numerous, and tlie colonists' supplies soon gave out ; so within a few weeks the plan, was abandoned, and the peoide returned to England. The island is now occupied by a merry club of Nev.--\'ressed Coluiubia." Naushon is owiumI by John M. Forbes, of Milton, and is said to l)e "stocked with all tlie varieties of Englisii and Scotch ga!iie-)>irds, and most of their pme animals, including also several liundred Amerii-au deer. I'lairic I'ov, 1," etc. Kettle and Tar)iaulin CoVes a.i-e well-known harbors, r'-sp(^cti\'cly on the N. and S. shores of Naushon. Near the N. E. end of tlie island are t!ie islets of Wcjiecket, Uiica- tena, Nonamesset, and the Ram Islands. Hftwcen Nausiiou and tlie Falmouth sliore is tlie strait called Wodds Holl, a dKH'T.lt and intri'-ntf^ ]iassage between Bu/.zards Bay and the Vii!?\vard Sonnd. The steamer sto])s at tl;e village of Woods Boll, where there are several summer boarding-houses. (See Route 7.) After le-iving this jMiint. and passing Nobstpie Light on the 1., the steamer crosses Vinevard Sound, and stous at the wharf at MartJia's Vineyard (Route 7). Says an English tourist: " What scenes can be more rcfre.shing and exalting th;in an exii.ansive view of the miudity wa\es, dotted here and there with sucii beautifvd islands as those hi the Vineyard Sound? Vtliile a^iuatic birds skim the waves, ami the gulls are scre.-uuing.' dipping, and darting over a siioal of blue-fidi, or menhaden, vessels outward and homeward bound ai'e always passing, for it In- (dudes in its range of view the packets and sailing-craft between New York and Boston. We have here the foreground and persi>ective worthy of the pencil of Claude Lorraine, while the background is granite shores of Massa' husetts." . Noisouitt {Xonquitt House), 6 M. S. E. of New Bedford, is a charming and qui.t su'inmiT n-.-ort, on an upkind on the W. slioie of Uuzzards buy, wUa tiue beaches and many cottagesr Steamer d.aiy to New iicdford. PROVIDENCE TO WORCESTER. Route '10. 93 10. Providence to Worcester. Via Prov. and Worcester R. R., 43 M., Fare §1.20. Tlie railroad follows the line of the Boston and Providence R. R. as far as Pawtucket, and then turns iip the valley of the Blackstone River. Sta- tions, Pa\vtucket, Valley Falls, and Lonsdale. At the latter place the track passes through a deep cut in Study Hill, to which William Blackstone, the first settler of Boston, retired after the Puritan immigration. He lived here in the wilderness from 1G34 until his death, in'1675, surrounded by his books, and deeply respected by the Indians. The busy little river which flows by the hill was named in his honor. After passing the stations of Berkley, Ashton, Albion, and Manville, the train stops at Woonsoeket {Momunent House, Wonnsockct Hotel), a thriving manufac- turing town. Within a radiixs of 3 M. from the centre of the town are SOjOOO inhabitants. In the tov/n itself, 4,200 persons are engaged in cotton -factories 2,400 in woollen-factories, and 700 in other manufactoiies. In 1869, the production of these busy hands was reported as 43,000,000 yards of cotton cloth, 3,300,000 yards of woollens and cassimeres5 100,000 grain-bags, . 30 tons cotton- warp, 1,000 tons of soap. The celebrated Harris cloths are made here. The Social Mills have 43,000 spindlas and 500 liands. The town has erected a neat monument "in memory of her brave sons who, during the great Rebellion, gave their lives that the Republic might live." The Harris Institiite is a popular institution given by Mr. Harris to the people, containing a large hall, and a library of 7,000 volumes. Woonsoeket Hill, the highest land in the State, com- mands a fine view of the populous and busy valley. Kailroads. — A branch road runs from Woonsoeket to Ashland, Mass. The Woon.sot^ket Division of the New Yoriv & New England R. R. terminates here, while the main line of that road crosses the Worcester route at Waterford. Bevond Woonsoeket the line enters Massachusetts. Blackstone {Lhv- coin House) and Millville (Clarendon Hotel; stage to Slatersville, 2 INI.) are in a manufacturing town of 5,000 inhabitants, in the BLackstone val- ley. Uxbridge {^Hotel Windsor, new and luxurious) is a textile-manu- facturing village of 3,000 inhabitants, with 5 churcbes and a bank, (iood views from the hotel, along the valley; and picturesque hill-scenery on all sides. 4-5 M. W., in Sutton, is Purgatory, a wild and precipitous chasin, i iM. long, 4 M. from Whitinsville. Xear Uxbridge, in 1G7<), Major Tal- cott attacked and killed tbe Queen of Narrngansett in her fortress. Whitins is Ih M. from Whitinsville (Whitinsville Hotel) and its cotton- machiner}'' works. Northbridge is 2 M. from Nurthbridcje Centre. Front Fdrnumsville (Farnumsville Hotel) dailv stages run to Uj>ton (Warren House) hill farms (4 M.), and Milford {'Sh M.); also to Grafton. Beyond Sandersville the train readies Milibury {St. Charles Hotel), a prosi)erous factory-village, whence dailv stages run to W. Millburv (3 M.), Sutton (3; M.), and'W. Sutton (OJ M.); and a branch runs N. to 'the Alliany R. R. { lir. beyond Millburj', the train reaches Worcester (see Route 21). 94 Route 11. PliOVIDENCE TO HARTFORD. 11. Providence to Hartford and Ifewburgh. Via New York and New England R. R. To Hartford, 90 M. ; fere, !$3.30. To Waterbury, 12"2i m. j tare, ^4.15. To Newburgh-ou-Hudsou, 2Ul M. After leaving Providence the train passes tlie stations, Cranston, Oak Lawn, Natick, Riverpoint, Quidnick, Anthony, Washington, Nipmuck, Summit, and Greene. These are mostly manufacturing villages in the extensive town of Coventry, and several of them are occupied h\ large cotton and woollen factories. Shortly after leaving Greene the train enters the State of Connecticut, and passes the stations, Oneco, Sterling, Moosup, and Plainfield. The latter station is in the Indian district of Quinnibaug, which was bought by Gov. Winthrop in 1659, and settled by Massachusetts people. From the great quantities of corn which it produced, it w^as called in the colonial era the " Egypt of E. Connecticut." At Plainfield the Norwich and Worcester R. R. crosses the line. After passing the stations, Canterbury, Jewett City, Lovetts, Baltic, W^aldo's, and S. Windham, the line crosses the New London Northern Division of the Vermont Central R. R. at Willimantic {Drainard Iloiixe), This is a large manufacturing village, on the ii\er of the same name, which falls 100 ft. in 1 M. Extensive thread, silk, and cotton mills are located on the water-power thus afforded, occupying large factories built of stone found in this vicinity. The Air Line R. R. between Boston and New York passes through Willimantic, which is becoming a great railroad centre. The only legend connected with Windham (in which town Wil- limantic is situated) is of a long battle betv/een tw.o hordes of immigrat- ing frogs, in which several hundred of the combatants were killed. This event has been duly attested and described by a local poet in a Batrachy- omachian ejjic of 30 stanzas. The train now passes Andover, Bolton (near which is Bolton Notch, a romantic pass into the valley of the Connecti- cut), and Vernon. At Vernon a branch track (5 LI.) runs to Rockville, a prosperous manufacturing village on the w^ater-power afforded by the Hockannon River. Beyond Vernon is Manchester, which makes yearly 2,000,000 yards of gingham, 90,000 pairs of socks, 450 tons of book-paper, besides government and bank-note paper for several nations. From thence a branch railroad ('2h M.) runs to S. Manchester, the seat of the silk-works of the Cheney Brothers. After Manchester comes Burnside, where paper-making was a brisk business in 1776, and Avhere there are now 3 paper-mills, whose yearly production is 3U0 tons of writing- paper, 400 tons of manilla paper, and 500 tons of book-paper, vhe ■. next station is E. Hartford, with a wide, level street lined with elms,N^p4 2 M. long. This district was the home of the Podimk Indians, whose AND WATERUURY. Route 11. 95 cMef, Totanimo, could bring 200 bowmen into the field. The train now crosses the broad Connecticut River and enters the city of Hartford (see Route 21). Connections are made here with the New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield R. R. (Route 21, for New York or Boston) ; also with the Conn. Western (Route 20) and the Conn. Valley (Route 14) Railroads. From Hartford the line runs by Newington to New Britain {Strickland House, Humphrey House), a wealthy and working towar. Tlie water-supply is from a large reservoir some 200 ft. above the village. In the centre of the town is a spacious square, adorned with trees and fountains, and near its end is the elegant and imposing S. Cong. Church. In the same vicinity is the State Normal School. The products of the industry of New Britain are varied and extensive. The Russel and Erwin Co. employs 500 men in 5 acres of works, and sends out millioiis of dollars' Avorth of locks, which are used in all parts of the world. Hardware, lace, hose, merino goods, gold jewelry, and knives are made here in large quantities. Elihu Burritt, the "learned blacksmith," was born at New Britain in ISll. At the ai^e of 16, he was apprenticed to a blacksmith, and followed that trade for many years. Desiring to read the Bi')le iu its original languages, he mastered the Greek and Hebrew by evening studies, and acquired sucli a i)liilological ta?te, that he afterwards became familiar witli all the principal ancient and modern languages. He became an earnest advocate of universal j)eace, temperance, and tlie abolition of slavery, and published a paper and several books in defence of these movements. After making several visit j to Europe, he became U. S- Con- sid at Birmingham. At Plainville, the next station, the New Haven and Northampton R. R. (Route 15) crosses this route. Many carriages are made in this village. At Forcstville, Bristol, and Terryville stations are many large clock-fac- tories, where every variety of clocks are made. After passing several flag stations, the train stops at Waterbury (Earle House; Scuvill), a prosperous city of 22,000 inhabitants, on a narrow plateau at the junction of the Mad and Naugatuck Rivers. The principal streets di- verge from Centre Square, a small but well-kept green, on which front two Cong, churches, the new and elegant building of the City Hall, and St. John's Episcopal Church. The latter is called the finest church in the State, and is built of granite and Ohio stone in the pointed Gothic style. The sharply pointed ceiUng is highly ornamented, and the spire (200 ft. higli) uplifts a massive stone cross. The Silas Bronson Library, the gift of a New York gentlemen, contains 13,000 volumes and is free to the citizens. St. Margaret's School (Episcopal diocesan) is on the hill near the square. Tlie manufacturing interests of the city employ a capital of neaily $ 8,000,000. $ 2,000,000 are invested in the brass-works, besides which there are 5 button-factories, 2 clock-factories, and works which turn out great quantities of wire, steel traps, hooks and eyes, hoop-skirts, and kero- sene fixtures. The American Pin Co., the Benedict and Buruham Mfg. Co., 96 Route 12. KOIIWICIL and the Waterburv Brass Co., have their works here. Silver-i)lated ware is made, also tlie best quality of steel rolls. G M. N. E. (tri-weekly stage) is the ancient hill-town of Wolcott, Alcolt's "New Connecticut." There is a pleasant drive, much of the way on the quiet and embowered river-road, to tile Riverside Cemetery (l.^ M.), a pm;ill but picturesque rural ground among the forest-covered hills S. of the Naugatuck River. At W'aterbury the line crosses the Naugatu.ck 11. R. (see page 111), and runs S. W. and W. to llawleyville, on the Ilousatouic R. It. (,see page 11-i); Danbury (see page lltj); Brewster's (on the Harlem K II. and N. Y. City and Northern R. R.); Hope- well Junction (on the Newburgh, Dutche.ss, and Conn. R. R.) ; Fishkill, Matteawan, and b'ishkill-on-lludsou. At the latter point passengers are lerried across the liud- sou to Newburgh. 12. New London to Vermont. Via the New London Northern Division of the Central Vermont Railroad, New London to Brattleboro', r.il M. Fare, •> 3.(30. The train leaves the Shore Line Station at New London. Beautiful views of the broad and expansive Thames on the E. ; so a seat should be secured on the r. side of the car. Near Mohegan is the old Mohegan i-eser- vation, wdiere 821 Indians of that tribe were numbered in 177-i. After passing Waterford, Montville, Massapeag, Mohegan, and Thamesville, the train crosses the Yantic River, and enters Norwich ( Waurefjan Ilmise, i$ 2.50 - $ 3.00, corner Main and Union Sts. ; Union-Square ; MetmpoHtan ; American House; Chelsea House). Norwich is a city of 22,000 inhab., with its streets terraced on a steep acclivity facing to the S. over the lake-like Thames, of which a local writer claims that "not Richmond Hill itself, or Greenwich observatory, looks on a Thames more fair." The situation of the city is indeed beautiful, being on high ground be- tween the Yantic and Shetncket Rivers, which here unite to form the Thames. The business part of Norwich is in a semicircle of which Main St., from Franklin Square to Central Wharf Bridge, is the chord, and beyond this the residence-streets rise in terraced lines. The banks, stores, ancl hotels are mostly in the district between Main St. and the rivers. The city and county buildings are neat aud substantial, and there are two or three fine churches. Washington St. and Broadway are noble avenues lined with large and secluded old mansions. The former street runs near the Yantic, passing the ivy-clad Christ Church (Epis.), and ends at Williams Park, or the Parade, near which is the mansion of the Revolutionary General Wil- liams, and the imposing building of the Free Academy. The latter is a mixed school, of high grade and of a wide reputation. Turning to the 1. from the Parade, Williams St. (opposite the Academy) leads to a pretty rural cemetery on the hills over the river. In this vicinity were the Yantic Falls, whose praises have been soimded by Mrs. Sigourney and others, both in prose and verse. A deep cutting in the hard rook, and curiously piled and water- worn boulders, are all that remain of "the NEW LONDON TO VEUMONT. Routs IS. 97 beetling cliifs, the compressed channel, the confused mass of granite, and the roaring, foaming river," by which a former generation's "lone enthu- siasts wandered and dreamed." The river has been dammed and diverted into an ai'tiiicial channel, through which it affords a heavy water-power to a large chister of factories below. Fine wood-carving machinery, rub- ber goods, corks, iron pipes, files, blankets and carpets, Hax and twine, paper, envelopes, and cotton goods are manufactured in Norwich and its tributary villages. On Sachem St., near the site of the Falls, is a little cemetery in a cluster of pine-trees. This spot was chosen centuries ago as a sepulchral ground for the "blood royal of Mohegan," and has been carefully reserved by the tribe ever since. Many of the Grand Sachems are buried here, from those earlier chiefs of whom earthly history has no record down to Mazeen, the last of the line, who was buried in 1826 in the presence of 25-30 of the feeble remnant of tlae tribe. In the centre of the ancient monuments stands a massive obelisk erected to the memory of Uncas. (Its foimdation-stone was laid by President Jackson.) Uneas was a chief of the Pequot tribe, who revolted in 1634 against the Sachem Sassacus, and joined the Mohegans. He was chosen Sachem of tlie latter tribe, and by sagacious alliances with the Enghsh cohniists, lie steadily increased tlie power of his people, wlio had jireviously lield a subordinate position among the aboriginal clans. He led his warriors by the side of the colonial train-bands in the campaign of 1637, wliich annihihited his most dreaded foe, the Pequot ti'ibe ; and in 1643, he fouglit the jiowerful Narragansetts until the Anglo-Mohegau forces, under his direction, had defeated and iinmbled that tribe. He repelled an invasion of the Western Indians, aided by a strong Mohawk contingent, in 1648, and kept up an incessant war upon his Indian neighbors until he became "the most powerful and prosperous prince in New England." In 1640 he ceded to the colony of Conn, all his land except a tract on the W. shore of the Thames em- bracing three or lour townships, and sold (for £, 70) the present site of Norwich, which was occupied in 1660 by a nomadic church from Saybi'ook. He frequently visited the colonial capitals, Boston and Hartford, and ever remained friendly to tlie settlers, holding his people to peaceful ways while every other tribe of New England (except the Christian Indians) joined King Philip's league against the colonies. After reigning as Sachem of the Mohegans for nearly 50 years, he died in 1683, a consistent Pagan to the last. He was crafty, cruel, and rapacious in his policy ; but as the head of a savage people, he was sagacious and far-sighted, and as a military leader he was skilfid and fearless. It is difficult to tell what would have been the course of New England history, or what final and over- wlielining disasters might have blotted out tiiose feeble colonies along the coast, luul not the two great southern tribes been ruined by the attacks (somedmes aided by a few dozen English nmsketeers) of the Mohegans under their Sachem, Uncas. Beyond the village of Greenville is Sacliem's Plain (1.V-2M. from Norwich. Horse-cars most of the way). Here was fougiit a battle between Mi- antonomoli and 900 Narragansetts, and Uncas with 500 Mohegans. Miantonomoh was the nephew of Canouicus, and in 1636 succeeded to the gov- ernment of the Narragansetts. He was ever a firnr friend to the colonists, grant- ing them a large portion of the present State of Rhode Island, and leaving his quarrels with Uncas to their arbitration. In 1642 he went to Boston to meet certain men who had accused him of planning hostilities against the colonies. He awaited his accusers in th3 presence of the Governor and council of Massa- chusetts, but no charges were preferred against him, and he left Boston after re- ceiving high honors from Gov. Winthro]), who admired his chara(!ter. In the following year, stung to madness by insults offered by Uncas, he led 900 Narra- gansett warriors in an attack on Mohegan. Uncas and 500 men met him on Sachem's Plain, and in accordance with a plan preconcerted by the Mohegan 5 ^ 98 Rovic 12. NEW LONDON TO VERMONT. chiefs, invited him to a parley. While this parley was going on, and the Narra- gansetts were off their guard, the Mohegans made a fierce and sudden attack and scattered them in al! directions. The pursuit was continued for many niile.s, and hunilreds of the invaders fell, but Miantonomoh was captured and led prisoner to Hartford. After remaining here in close confinement, he was surrendered to Un- cas, by whom, "by the advice and consent of the Enghsh magistrates and elders," he was executed. The royal Narragansett was carried by Uncas and his warriors from Hartford to Norwicli, and was put to death on the battle-field of Sacliem's Plain, at a place now marlved by a stone monument inscribed " Miantonomoli, 1643." He was a brave, magnanimous, and humane Sachem, incapable of dissim- ulation or treachery, and therefore he became their victim. For many years his people came hither in the season of flowers and adorned his grave, eacli of them leaving a stone u]ion it. Tlie lofty cairn thus formed re- mained till a farmer (of the English " Hodge " tyjie) carried av/ay the stones to make a foundation for a new barn. In 18-11, the i^resent granite monument was erecfted. Nanunteno, the son of Miantonomoh, and his successor in the government, ever cherished a just hatred of the colonists, and joined King Pliilip's league with enthusiasm. Having been made prisoner, in 1676, he was offered pardon in case he would treat with the English. On declining to make tenns, he was threatened with instant death, whereupon he answered, " I like it well ; I shall die before my heart is soft, or I have spoken anything unworthy of myself" ; "acting herein," says Cotton Mather, "as if, by a Pythagorean metempsychosis, some old Roman ghost had possessed the body of this Western Pagan, like Attilius Regulus." He was instantly shot. About 5 M. S. of Norwich is the old fortress of Uncas, on the highest hill in Mohegan, and in the vicinity live the few half-breeds who are all that remain of the tribe of Uncas. President Dwight's remark about the Pequots at Grotou will apply equally well to the Mohegans or to the Narragansetts in Charlestown, R. I., "the former proud, heroic spirit of tlie Pequot is shrunk into the tameness and tor]ior of reasoning lirutism." Steamers leave Norwich every morning, in summer, for New London and Watch Hill, Block Island, and Fisher's Island. After leaving Norwicli the line passes the stations Norv/ich Town, Yan- tic, Franklin, and Lebanon. The village of Lebanon, situated in a rich farming district, was very lively during the War for Independence. Jon- athan Trumbull, Governor of Conn. 1769 - 83, resided here, and here was the War Office of the State, which furnished more men and money in the Revolutionary War than any other State save Massachusetts. Gov. Trumbull was Washington's right-hand man during the northern cam- paigns, and when any perplexing qiiestion or pressing demand arose, the noble Virginian would often say, " Let us see what Brother Jonathan says." The name " Brother Jonathan " has passed into universal use as a humorous designation of the U. S., corresponding to the "John Bull " which is applied to England. At the gubernatorial mansion in Lebanon, Trumbull received Washington, Lafayette, Rochambeau, Jefferson, Franklin, and other distinguished men. Five French regiments were can- toned in the town and reviewed by the commander-in-chief, while De Lauzun's Legion (500 horsemen) Avintered here. Tlie Trund:)ull mansion juid War Office are still standing, and in the little cemetery E. of the vil- lage is the family vaidt. The most prominent of the Trumliulls are Jonathan, Gov. of Conn. 1760-83 ; Jonathan, his sou, M. C. in 1789-05, U. S. Senator in 1705-6, and Governor in 1793-1809; Joseph, another son, ccunaissary-gencral of the Continental Army; T>ni:\V LONDON TO VERMONT. Route 12. 99 Joseph, .crrandson of " Brother Jonathan," 5 years M. C. , and 2 years Gov. of Conn. ; Ljnnan Trunibull (born near Lebanon in 1813), the einhient jurist and U. feJ. Sena- tor from Illinois, 1855-72 ; and Col. John Trumbull (some time of the 1st Conn., and afterwards aide to Washington), who studied painting under West, in Lon- don, and executed many large historical pictures, depicting scenes of the Revolu- tionary era. Four of his worlcs are in tlie rotunda of the National Capitol, and a good collection of Ifts i)aintings is in t!ie Atlien;euin at Hartford. The ^Vi't Gal- lery of Yale College has a large number of his minor worlcs, 57 in all. The line now leaves the Yantic Valley, runs along the horder of the Shetncket, and, passing S. Windham, stops at Willimantic (see Eoute 11). At this point the New York and New England tracks cross the New London Northern Railroad. Running N. from Willimantic, the line follows the Willimantic River, through the county of Tolland. Stations, S. Coventry, Eagleville (with large sheeting manufactories), and Mansfield, with four companies engaged in making sewing-silk, a j)rofitable industry which was inaugurated here in the last ceutiiry. Stations, Merrow, S. Willington, and Tolland, about 4 M. W. of which is a sequestered village containing the modest county buildmgs. Stafford is celebrated for its mineral springs, the ]:)rincipal one being among the best of chalybeate springs. It contains considerable iron in solution, with carbonic acid and natron, and is a pleasant water to the taste. It is held to be very efficacious in all cutaneous affections. Tlie other spring, which is charged with hydrogen gas and sulphur, has become choked up, and has long been disused. The Indians were in the habit of using these waters with beneficial effect, and the whites began to visit the springs about 110 years ago. The Stafford Springs House is a large and inexpensive hotel near the chalybeate spring, on the 1. of the track. The train now runs N. for 10 M. across the sparsely populated to-wn of Stafford, and at State Line it enters the State of Massachusetts. The to-\vn of Monson is next crossed (11 M.). Much manufacturing is done here aloag a branch of the Chicopee River, and a fine granite quarry is to be seen near the central station, from which great quantities of stone have been sent to Albany for the new State House. The extensive buildings of the State Primary School are in tliis town, on a farm of 260 acres, and there are over 400 pupils. The scenery here is picturesque, and culmi- nates in tlie bold heights of Peaked and Moon Mts. The village (Mon- son House) is pleasantly situated on high ground, and has a bank, an academy (150 pu})ils), 3 churches, a hat-factory, and several woollen- mills. The town has 3,400 inhabitants. At Palmer tlie line crosses the Chicopee River and the Boston k Al- bany R. R. Stages run S. E. to Parksville, 5 M. ; Brinifield, 9 ; E. Brinifield, 12 ; Fiskdale, 14^ ; Sturbridge, IG^ ; and Southbridge, 20. Brimjield is a hilly farming town with 1,201 inhabitants and a soldiers' monument (Brinifield House; see page 130). Stages run to Wales (Wales Hotel), 4i M. S., near the far-viewing Mt. Hitchcock, a grazing town, with 1,000 inhabitants. Holland (Holland Hotel) is a farming town, 4| M. S. 100 Route 12. NEW LONDON TO VERMONT. Stations, Three Rivers; BarretVs Junction, M'here the Springfield, Athol & Northeastern R. R. is crossed; and Belchertown {Belcher House), a hill-town devoted to farming, with 2,315 inhabitants, a public library, a high-school, and 3 churches. It lias several hold eminences and handsome ponds. The settlement took place in 1731, and was named Cold Spring, after a large fountain within its borders. After running across Belchertown (13 M. ) the train passes S. Amherst and stops at Amherst {Amherst House, $2.50 a day, ^ M. from the station), o pretty village situated in a romantic district, and distinguished fo: its college. Its society is of tliat culturetl and refined order which iy usually found in American academic towns, and its jestlietic taste is seen in the fine architecture of its cliurches (notably Grace Church and the 1st Congregational). The buildings of Amherst College (founded in 1821) are located on a hill on the edge of the village to the S. On the street W. of the buildings are the President's House, the Library, and College Hall. The curious octagonal structure with a bright blue dome, which stands in advance of the line of college halls, is devoted to the dis- play of rare collections. Part of it is occupied by the Lawrence Observ- atory, and on the upper story are the great * cabinets of minerals and meteorites prepared and collected by Prof. C. U. Shepard, a disciple of Silliman, Avho has been for the last 45 years one of the leading physicists of America. These collections "are only surpassed by those of the Brit- ish Mu.seum and the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna." They rej^resent an immense value, some single pieces having cost thoiisands of dollars. The largest ruby in the woi'ld is shown here, being 2 ft. high by 1 ft. in diam- eter. It was found in N. Carolina. A sapphire, in the cabinet, weiglis 30 lbs., and many other rare and costly specimens are here preserved. On the lower floor is Wood's Cabinet of geology and paleontology, em bracing over 20,000 specimens. The Nineveh Gallery opens out of Wood'i Cabinet, and contains many Oriental and Indian relics, togetlier with a collection of rare coins and medals. Along the walls of tliis room are arranged a succession of large * Assyrian sculptures from the palace of Sardanapalus, at Nineveh. E. of this building is the line of the older col- lege-halls, N. College, the old Chapel, and S. College. These are in the early Novanglian architecture, and closely resemble the older halls of Harvard. At the S. end of this line is the Appleton Cabinet, whose up- per story, surrounded by barbarous frescos, contains several collections embracing 5,900 species of animals and 8,000 species of shells, prepared by Prof. Adams, of Amherst, the conchologist. An Herbarium (in the old cha})el) contains 4-5,000 kinds of plants ; and the Gilbert Museum of Indian Relics is on the ground-floor of Appleton. The new Pratt Gymnasium is N. of the campus. The library has received a large fire- proof annex. IMost of the Shepard collections (above mentioned) were destroyed by fire in 1882. » NSW LONDON TO VERMONT. Route 12. 101 On the lower floor is a hall 110 ft. long by 45 ft. wide, wherein are kept 9,000 specimens of ancient tracks in stone. This wonderful * collection is by far the largest in the world, and well illustrates the science of ich- nology which iirst arose at Andierst. The tracks of birds, beasts, and reptUes, which have been dead perhaps a myriad of years, and tlie marks of the pattering of raiu-storms which fell through the silent air of pre- historic ages, are here preserved on the sandstone of the Connecticut valley. E.lwaril Hitchcock, D. D., the founder of ichnological science, was born at Deorlield Mass in 179:^. He was connected with Amherst CoUege, either as professor or president, from 1825 to 1865, and planned and executed the geological survev of Mass.. "the first survey of an entire State under the authority of gov- ernment in the world." He published 20-25 volumes, mostly on geological sub- jects, of which the "Elementary Geology" and the "Religion oi Geology passed througli manv editions in America and England. "Ihe Ichnology ot New England," published by the State in 1858, illustrated and explained the branch of science which he founded. Amherst College is under the auspices of the Congregational Church, and has about 350 students, with libraries of 50,000 volumes. Morning stages run from Amherst to Hadley and Northampton ; afternoon stages to Shutesbury, near the Mount Mineral Springs. E. of the verdant lawn and overlooking the valley is the new and elegant * Memorial Chapel, whose exterior is a beautiful model of Gothic architecture. It is cruciform in shape with finely finished rose-windows in the transept, and colonettes of polished Scotch granite at various points on the outside. The graceful spire is built (as well as the Chapel walls) of stone, and within the tower is a marble tablet, containing the names of the alumni and past students of Amlierst who fell in the War for the Union. From the E. side of the chapel is obtained a pleasing view of the rich valley E. of Amherst. The Barret Gymnasium is near the E. College, and the N. side of the prospective quadrangle is occupied by two fine stone buildings; the Walker Hall, a tasteful and ornate structure sur- mounted by a spired observatory, and fronted by an elegant portico, formed by five Gothic arches supported on coupled columns ; and the Williston Hall, a snltstantial brick building. Before leaving the College Hill, the College Tower should be ascended for the sake of the * view, which is one of the most beauliful in New England, extending over parts of the rich Conn, valley and over the rugged and picturesque towns of eastern Hampshire. The Art Gallery is in Williston Hall, and has a rich collection of casts, ilhistrative of every school and jjcriod of sculp- ture. On the opposite side of Amherst, and about 1 M. from tlie Green, is the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Its handsome buildings are on the edge of a rich plain, from which fine views are obtained of the mountains on the W. and S. On the experimental farm of 400 acres is the Durfee Plant-House, where many rare and valuable plants are preserved. The ''Aggies " (as the students here are called by the other New England collegians) are drilled to a high state of discipline (infantry 102 Route 12. NORTIIFIELD. and liglit artillery) by military instructors; and of such a nature is the field-work, that this has become the best agricultural school in America. Excursions are made from Amherst to Mt. Norwottuck (4 1\I.), North- ampton (7 M. ), iMounts Holyoke, Tom, and Sugar-Loaf . Mt. Toby (1,000 ft. high) is ascended by a carriage-road, and has a hotel and observatory on top, Aviiere pure air and quiet are found. The views from the tower are broad and beautiful. R. R. station, Mt. Toby or IMuntague. Beyond Amherst are the stations N. AmhersI, Jft. Tooy, and Leverett. The latter is situated in the midst of very picturesque scenery. The line now passes through Montague, with the Hunting Hills on the E. Stations, Muntivjue and Miller's Fall.-!, Avhere the Vt. and Mass. R. R. (Route 25) and IMilicr's River are'<;rossed. Stations, NorthJIdd Farms and then Northfieid {Norihfeld llotd), a charming village with broad streets, on a plateau above the intervales along the Conn. River. This peaceful agri- cultural town was settled in 1GG3, on the Indian lands called Squawkeague. During King Philip's War frequent and fierce attacks Avere made upon it by the Indians, and troops conveying supplies were ambushed and cut to pieces. "When Major Treat, with his "flying army" of Conn, soldiers, reached the place, its people evacuated it, and passed, under his escort, to a ])lace of safety. It was reoccupied in 1685, but Indian attacks soon compelled the decimated settlers to leave, and it lay desolate until 1712, when the erection of Fort Dummer afforded sure defence. I) wight L. Moody, the evangelist, was born and lives here ; and near liis house stands the girls' seminary which he founded, 1 INI. N. of the village, and with a noble view. 5 M. distant, in Gill, is Moody's Mt. Hermon School for Boys, with 300 acres of land and half a dozen buildings. The main street of Northfield, 2 jNI. long, between t!ie river and the mountains, is 200 ft. Avide, lined with ancient houses and quadruple rows of grand ehn-trees. Many summer-boarders sojourn here. The broad intervales and the quiet Connecticut River are crossed between Northiield and ^5'. Wrnon. At S. Vernon a connection is made with the Ashuelot Railroad, which passes the stations, Hinsdale, Asliuelot, AVinchester, Westford, and Swuuzey (all in New Hampshire), and at Keene connects with tlie Cheshire Railroad. Hinsdale was settled by Mass. i)eople in 1683, and was the site of Hinsdale's and Bridgnian's Forts. Throngliout the early border-wars it was the scene of numerous atbieivs and skirmislies, but was boldly held as the outpost of colonial civilization. Hins- dale is now a prosperous town, through which the Ashuelot River flows to the Connecticut. From Mine Mt., a few years ago, volcanic signs were seen, and a lava-lilce substance was thrown out. An ancient Indian fort is situated on a hiU near the river, and isohited from the plateau by a deep, broad trench. Winchester was granted by, and settled from, Mass. in 1733, under the name of Arlingtun, and was totally destroyed by an Indian attack in 1745. Swanzey is a large and thinly populated town, settled under the same circumstances, and destroyed at the same time as Wimdiester. At S. Vernou the Conn. River Railroad from Springfield terminates. From S. Vernon the New London Northern track runs N. about 9 M. through the town of Vernon (seats on the r. side of the car command a view of the fertile intervales of the Connecticut, and of the river itself). This is one of the oldest towns of Vermont, and scores of its early set- BRATTLEBORO'. Route 12. 103 tiers were killed by the hostile Indians. The next station is Brattlehcro', 120 M. from New London. Hotels. — * Brooks House, the best in Vermont, acconnnoflating 175-200 guestis, y 3 -3.50 a day. Brattltboro^ House ; American House. In 1724 the Legislature of Mass. liad a fort built near the river and about 1 M. S. of the present village. This fort, called Fort Dummer, was garrisoned by troops of the colony and friendly Indians, and served as a shield "for the river- towns. Though often atta('ked, it was never lost. The first settlement in tlio State was located here under the protection of the fort, and but two or three small villages were established in the S. part until the conquest of Canada, after whirli, IVoin 17(50 to 1768, l;38 townsliips were granted in Vermont. In 1703, tlio village near Fort Dummer was named Brattleborough, in honor of Col. Brattle, a distinguished Bostoniau, who was one of its proprietors. Brattleboro' is a large village, well and compactly built, at the junction of Whetstone Brook (whicli affords a considerable water-power) with the Connecticut. The location of the village is beautiful, being on an uneven plateau above the great river, and surrounded by lofty hills. Main St., the principal thoroughfare, is near and parallel to the river, and 100 ft. above it. The Brook, with its numerous factories, is near the station, in the S. of the village. A beautiful view of Brattleboro' and its mountain- ampitheatre is enjoyed from Cemetery Hill, an eminence just S. of the town. The opposite side of the river is filled by the dark and frowning masses of Mine and Wantastiquet Mts. At the N. end of the village is a pretty park, on the edge of the plateau, whence a charming vievv^ of the mountains is gained, while the placid river is seen gliding between its broad and fertile intervales. Below the park, in the valley, is the Ver- mont Asylum for the Insane, a well-conducted institution, connected with which is a farm of 600 acres, which is carried on by tlie inmates of the Asylum. From various points (back of St. JMichael's Church, &c.) on the riverward side of the plateau, pretty views of tlie river and Wantastiquet Mt. are obtained. Tiie Estey Coltage-Ort/an Works are the lai'gest in the world, occupying 9 sliops, with a capacity of 20,000 organs a year. The monument to James Fisk, Jr., is in the cemetery, and is much visited. It was executed by Mead, at a cost of -i^ 25,000, and bears emblematic female statues representing Navigation, the Drama, Railroads, and Connnerce. Daniel Webster was a freciuent visitor to Brattlebf^o', and at present it is the home of Holbrook, the VVar-Sovernor of Vermont, and Gen. J. W. Phelps, a vet- eran of tlie Mexican and Secession Wars, who first enlisted and disciplined ne- groes in the armies of the Union. Among those born here were Wilbur Fisk. the Methodist divine, who twice refused a bishoiiric, and was President of Mid- dletown University, 1830-39; R. M. Hunt, the architect; W. M. Hunt, the painter of genre pictures ; and Larkin G. Mead, tlie sculptor, who, while yet a mere lad, worked one long winter night on a snow-figure at the head of Main St. ; and on the next morning (Ncm' Year's) the citizens were startled to see there a statue of the " Recording Angel" modelled in purest snow. In W. Brattleboro' (Glen House, Vermont House) is the Glenwood Seminary, in a romantic site (stages three times daily). A bridge crosses the river here, and a road runs into hilly Hinsdale, N. of which is the i>icturesque town of Chesterfield (N. H.), from whose level uplands mucli corn and hay is obtained by unwearied labor. Spotford Lake, in Chesterfiehl (7-8 M. from Brattleboro'), is a beautiful sheet of water 8 M. around, said by Howells to possess natural charms equal to those of the Italian lakes. 104 Route 13. NORWICH TO NASHUA. The Brattleboro' and TVhitehall K. R. runs N. W. to Londonderry , 36 M., in 2,^-4 lirs., passing 11^. Dummcrslon (small inn): Wllliamsrille (iuu ; daily stages to JJover); Newfane ( Windliam-Co. House), the shire-town ; Townshend (West-River House; daily stages to Grafton, 9 M.); ]V. Totcnshend (daily stages to Windham and Chester); Wardfihoro (two inns); Jamaica (Jaimiica House; tri-weekly stages to Manchester, 18 M.); Winhall ; and S. Londonderry (Pen- hody House). 3 M. N. is Lnndonderry (Sanborn's; Lowell-Lake House), whence daily stages run to N. ^V'indham and Chester, and triweekly stages to Laudgrove, Peru, and Manchester (151 M.). Daily stages run from Brattleboro' W. to W. Brnttlehoro\2 M. : Marlboro\ 10 M. : W. Marlboro', 14 M. ; Wilmlnriton (Vermont House), 20 M. ; Searsburgh, 26 M.- Woodford, 35 M. : and Bennington, 42 M. Also, S. W. to Shelburne Falls (Mass.) via Halifax (cascades on North River, and Dun's Den, 25 ft. long, 5 ft. wide and high, in solid rock) in 27 M. ; to Shelburne Falls (45 M.) via \\'hitingham,in which are the Sadawga Springs, with a hotel, near Sadawga Lake, in whose vicinity, in a poor log- hut, the heiesiarch Brighaui Young was born in ISOl. From Brattleboro' the Central Vermont Railroad runs N. to Montreal, Quebec, and upper Vermont (Route 20). 13. Norwich to Nashua. Via Norwich and Worcester Division, New York and New England Railroad, and Worcester and Nashua Railroad. Distance, 108 M. ; fare, $3.55. Norwich to Putnam, see Route 19. Station, Thompson (good hotel), a pretty village 1 M. from the station, much resorted to in summer, and abounding in neat villas. Stations, Grosvenordale, N. Grosvenordale, Wilsondale, after which the train crosses to Webster, in Mass. {Joslin House, Sheldon House). lu this vicinity is a great, island-studded pond, which enjoys two names, — Chabonakongkomon and Chargoggagoggman- choggagogg. About this lake were the Elysiau Fields of the Nipmuck Indians and the reputed home of the Great Spirit. The town has 5,050 inhabitants and 7 churches, and makes shoes and textile goods. Both at Webster and N. Webster are large manufactories. Station, Ox- ford, a pretty village, on the Indian lands called Maucharge. 2 M. S. E. of the station is Fort Hill, bearing the remains of a bastioned fort built by a community of French Huguenots who settled here in 1683. 13 years later, an Indian irruption so alarmed them that they abandoned the place, and lived in Boston for many years. Oxford Centre has large shoe manufactories, and several cotton and woollen mills are in the town. A monument stands on the site of the Huguenot fort in Oxford (Oxford House). Stations, N. Oxford, Auburn, S. Worcester, and Worcester. Trains connect at Webster for Southbridge and E. Thompson ; at Worcester, for Boston, Albany, Providence, Gardner, Fitchburg, &c. The Mass, Central R. R. crosses at Oakdale. The train runs on high terraces through W. Boylston, a picturesque town which was settled in 1720, and has 2,902 inhabitants, and 5 churches, with several factories at Oakdale {Oakdale House). Boylston is a diver- sified fanning town, 3-4 M. E. From Sterling Junction the Worcester and Fitchburg R. R. diverges to Fitchburg (14 INI). Sterling {Central Hotel) has 3 churches, large dairies, and high lulls. PEPPERELL. Route 13. 105 Beyond the Waushaccum Ponds (1.) and Clinton Ponds tlie train crosses the GUI Colon}- R. R. (N. Div.) at Clinton {Clinton House), a prosperous village of 8,000 inhabitants, with 2 papers, 5 churches, a library, a bank, and a Memorial Hall which cost $90,000. It has manufactories of fine Brussels and Wilton carpets, quilts, wire-netting, ginghams, ] laids, combs, and cotton goods, S. Lancaster station is near the State Indus- trial School for Girls ; and Lancaster (* Lancaster House) is a beautiful old village on the highlands near Ballard Hill, with broad and elm-lined streets, 2 churches, a bank, a public library (8,000 vols.), ''^nd a Memo- rial Hall to commemorate its dead soldiers. This town was settled in 1653, and in 1676 was attacked by Kinor riiilip and 1,500 Indians, who besieged and burnt the pastoi-'s housn, killing 22 and captur- iiij; 20 jieojile. Several other attacks followed, and in 1704 the town was swept bj' 500 French and Indians. Beyond Still River is Harvard {Harvard Hotel), a picturesque high- land farming village (stages to village, 2 M.), much visited in summer, and near the far-viewing Prospect Hill, and the island-studded, fish- a1)0unding, Bare-Hill Pond. To the N. are the deep and sequestered Hell and Robbins Ponds. A Shaker community is in the N. E. part of the town. Ayer Junction (see Route 2,5). The next station is Groton Centre, a pretty village in a country of hills and lakes. It was attacked in 1676, by the Saehem Monoco at the liead of 400 Indians, and 40 houses and the chui-ch were burnt, thou^li the ])eople repulsed all attacks from their refuge in 4 garrisondiouses. This sanie sarheni boasted to the be- sieired tliat he was marching on Concord and Boston, to destroy those towns. Within a year he was indeed in Boston, but as a captive, led through the streets with a rope around his neck, and afterwai-ds hung on tlie Common. Hon. G. S. Boutwell, Gov. of Mass., 1851 - 3, and Se(;retary of the U. S. Treasury, 1869- 73, was for many years a merchant in this town. Groton is the seat of Lawrence Academy. Station, Pepperell (Prescott House ; the village is across the Nashua River, W. of the station), a town named after Sir Wm. Pepperell, the first New England baronet, by its fii-st pastor, who was a chaplain in his Louisburg expedition. S. W. of the village is the curious hill called "The Throne," while to the N. are the picttu'esque Hills of Missitisset. This is a quiet village with an old church, whose bell, according to an old New England custom, tolls out the number of the letters in the name, and of years in the age, of each villager when he or she dies. Pepperell has 2,500 inhabitants, 4 churches, 180 farms, an imposing town- hall, and large paper-mills. Daily stages run 7 M. N. W. to Brookline, N. H. The old Prescott mansion is on a broad domain 2|- M. from the vil- lage. This was founded by Col. Wm. Prescott, who led the Middlesex minute- men to Cambridge, and commanded the Americans at the battle of Bunker Hill, where the Pepperell Co. lost 16 men. He left the reiioubt within push of bay- onet of the British, warding olf their thrusts by his flashing sword. His sou, Judge Wm., succeeded to the estate, and from him it was inherited by his son, Wm. Hickling Pi-escott, who here wrote a great part of his noble historical woi'ks. His son now owns the estate. Soon after leaving Pepperell the Line enters the State of New Hamp- 5* 106 Route U. MIDDLETOWX. sliire. Station, Hollis, 3 M. S. E. of the village of tliat name (stages to all trains) which gave 250 men to the Continental Armies. Soon after the tram enters the city of Nashua (.see Route 26). 14. Saybrook to Hartford and Springfield. To the city of H.Trtford in 47 M. Fare, !? 1.05. Tliis route follows the W. Lanlc of the Conn. River, and a seat on the r. side of the car atl'ords pleasing views of the river and the villages on its shores. For Saybrook Point see Route 8. After leaving Sa\'brook and crossing the Shore Line R. R. (Route 8), at the Junction, the line runs N. W. through the old limits of Saybrook, with tlie river close at hand. The soil of this town is enriched by piling thereon great quantities of white- fish, which are caught off its sliore.s, and sold for a triHing sum per thou- sand. Stations, Essex, Deep River, S. Chester, Chester (rich farming country, with an Episcoiml academy dating from 1792), Goodspeed's (vil- lage across the river), Arnold's (near which the village of E. Haddam is seen on the E. bank), and Haddam. Near Arnold's, the mouth of Sal- mon River is seen on the E. bank, and 30 Mile, or Lord's Island divides the Connecticut some distance above. The ancient territory of the " fierce and warlike " Wongung Lidians embraced Haddam and E. Had- dam. They parted with their birthright for 30 coats, and the land was settled byi^eople from Hartford. Quarries of some imi^ortance have been worked here, and the annual catch of shad is considerable. Stations, Walkley Hill, Higgauum (a thriving river-landing and ferry), Maromas, and Middletown. Middletown {* McDoywugh House, 150 guests), " the Forest City," is a beautiful academic city, Ijuilt on gromid gently rising from the river at the bottom of a great bend. Its maritime interests are along the wharves which run out from Water St. ; the seat of trade and of the hotels is on Main St. ; while High St. is above all, and is lined with fine houses and carefully kept gardens. The Custom House and Court House (of Middle- sex Co. ) are plain stone buildings, and there are several handsome churches in the city. The manufactures include pumps, Avebbmg, and tape ($ 600,000 a year), rules and chisels, sewing-machines, and several companies make britannia and silver-plated ware. The safe and convenient harbor (10 ft. of water at the wharves) renders this the last port on the river for heavy vessels. The campus of Wesleyan TJniversity fronts on High St. (which, with its double lines of stately trees, Charles Dickens called the finest rural street he had ever seen). The University appertains to the ^Methodist sect, and sustains a high reputation. The Eclectic Hall and the Greek-letter chap- ter-houses (especially the Alplux Delta Phi) are worthy of notice. Besides the old buildings in the usual Novunglian style, there are three fine new SAYBROOK TO HARTFORD. Route I4. 107 edifices of Portland sandstone. Ricli Hall contains the library of about 35,000 voliunes. Judd Hall (the gift of Orange Judd, tlie agriculturalist) is a finely finislied building, containing admirable natural-history collec- tions. Some of tliese cabinets are unexcelled in America, having been collected and arranged by scientists who have spent years in special studies. Casts of skeletons and parts of colossal animals whose species liave long been extinct are arranged here. The Memorial Chapel is a fme work of arcliitecture. Its lower room is used for daily college prayers, while above is tlie church proper, with memorial windows Avliich cost % 700 each. That on the left is in honor of tlie ]iast students v/ho died as soldiers of the Union, and bears the Insci'iiitions, " The beauty of Lsracl i.j slain upon her hi^Ii places"; "It is sweet and litting to die for one's fatherland," in the Latin of Horace; "The earth is a grave of heroes," in the Greek o.' Homer. Under the s^anbolic figure of a pelican are the names of the slain. The Wesleyan Guard (Co. G., 4th Conn. Reg.) went from the University, On the r. opposite is a win- dow bearing portraits of four presidents of the University : Wilbur Fisk, D. D. (1330-39) ; Stephen Olin, D. D., author of "Travels in the East," &c. (1842-51) ; Nathan Bangs, D. D., an itinerant minister, lSOl-20, agent and editor of the Book Concern, 1820-36, and afterwards President of the University ; and A. W. Smith, LL. D., a jn-ominent mathematician. The University has 19 in- structors and 209 students. The * vieAv from the tower of the old chapel is delightful, embracing the bay-like river and its riparian hills, the city below, and the busy quar- ries at Portland, the long and imposing buildings of the Insane Asylum on a liill in the S., the Industrial School, and tlie rolling hills to the W. On this hill was the far-viewing fortress of Elattabesick, the aboriginal chief Sowheag, and around its base the Massachusetts immigrants settled in 1653. Erissot de Warville, a French tourist (in 17SS), asserted that " from the hill over Middletown is one of the finest and richest prospects in America." The villas and gardens of High St. extend on each side of the campus, and not far from it is the Indian Hill Cemetery, with a hand- some sepulcliral chapel at the entrance, and faie views from its hills over leagues of farm-studded valleys. Here is buiied Gen. J. K. F. Mans- field, Avho stormed Monterey, v.^as highly distinguislied at Buena Vista, fortified Washington City (ISGl), and was mortally wounded while leading his corps at Antietam. In this vicinity is the Industrial School for Girls, a model institution with fine buildings surroundeil by broad lands, wliere the inmates are given three hours daily for study, and do their own work . On a high hill 1^ M. S. E. of the city are the vast and imposing build- ings of the State General Hospital for tlie Insane. The main building is of Portland stone, and has a length of 7G3 ft. with accommodations for 4.50 patients. It stands on spacious grounds which cover 230 acres of the hill, and commands a fine view of the city and the widenings of the river. Farther down the river are points often visited by geologists. Feldspar is found here in sucli quantities as to make it an item of trade, as it is used in mak- ing porcelain. The lead mines so actively woriced during the Revolution have long been abandoned. 108 Route 15. MIDDLETOWN. On Main St. near the McDonongli House is the Berkeley Divinity School, an Episcopal institution under the presidency of Bishop Williams. It was founded in 1850, has graduated 193 men, and has six ])ro- fessors and 25 students. The Chapel of St. Luke is a small hut beautiful Gothic structure, built of stone and adorned Avitli rich stained windows. The stiidents attend service in goAvns, and their singing is fine. Near by and on Main St. is the elegant Church of the Holy Trinity (Episcopal) built of Portland stone, with a graceful timber roof. The N. and S. Congrega- tional churches are fine buildings^ and I\Iain St. has three banks, built in the style of bank-architecture peculiar to New England, — with one high, solid story, of stone or brick. The quaint little Parthenon which is used for a Court House is on the same street. Near tlie N. end of Jlain St. (with its large Roman Catholic churcli) is the pier of the Portland ferry. The quarries of red sandstone at Portland are of continental fame, and are situated near the pier at the other end of the ferry, whence also is gained a fine view of Middletown and the graceful Air Line Railroad bridge. The first quarry approached is the deepest, and from the sharp edge of the hill one can look down into a vast chasm from which has been taken the material for Inui- dreds of fine buildings, and for fronts of long blocks in nearly every Atlantic city. The second quarry is the largest and oldest ; and beyond this is a third. These works employ 800 men, great numbers of draught-animals, and 40 vessels. The stone is easy to work, of a durable character, and of a rich shade of brown. The New Haven, Middletown, and Willimantic R. R. , runs from the former city to Middletown, and here crosses the Connecticut River on a fine iron bridge. A branch track leaves the New Haven and Springfield Railroad at Berlin, and runs 10 M. S. E. to Middletown. The steamers between Hartford and New York stop at this point, generally late in the afternoon, and then proceed down the river, from whose mouth Middle- town is 34 M. distant. After leaving Middletown the Conn. Valley Railroad runs N. about 15 M. passing through the towns of Cromwell, Ptocky Hill, and Wethersfield, and enters the city of Hartford. Beyond Hartfoixl tlie Conn. Central R. R. runs through the town E. of the Conn. Riv^er, to Springfield, in li hours. This is now the Springfield Division, N. Y. & N. E. R. R. 15. New Haven to Northampton. Via N. H. and N. R. R., in 84 M. Tills line is olten called the Canal R. R., since it follows the line of the old Farmington Canal for a considerable distance. It runs tlirough a quiet agricul- tural country, and terminates near the W. centre of Jlassachusetts, on the line of the (projected) IVIass. Central R. R. Shortly after its completion in 1S49 it was leased by the New York and New Haven R. R. for 20 years, and on the expiration of that time it reverted to the original proprietors. The line passes West Rock soon after leaving New Haven, and enters the valley of Mill River, which it follows for nearly 20 M. The town of Hamden, which is soon entered, is in a valley between the W. Rock Mts. and the E. Rock Mts., two ranges which run N. nearly jDarallel until they iinite in Southington, and then advance into Massachusetts. Mt. Carmcl (near the station of the same name) is a lofty spur from the E. Rock NEW HAVEN TO NORTHAMPTON. Route 15. 109 Range, and is composed of gi"eenstone, Hcamden is a quiet country town, on fertile lands. The stations, Cheshire and Hitchcock's, are in the town of Cheshire, a picturesque farming district, in one of whose villages is situated the Episcopal Academy of Conn, (military), which dates from 1801. Plantsville and Southington are in a town by the latter name, formerly noted for extensive tin-ware manufactories, but now depending on iron-works. Station, Plainville, with the Farmington Canal on the r. and the Blue Hills on the 1. At this point the New York and New England Eailroad crosses the present route. Station, Farmington. The village is seen about \ M. aAvay in a beautiful situation near the broad, rich meadows of the Farmington River. A broad and shaded street 2 M. long composes the village. This fair and fertile valley was the Tunxis of the Indians, who dwelt here in great numbers. Many of their cemeteries and fishing-places have been found. Tlie land was bought from them by immigrants from Boston and Roxbury, who settled here in 1640. It was the pastor of this village who preached to tlie troops marching to Boston in 1775, from the text, "Play the man for your country, and for the cities of your God ; and the Lord do that which seemeth him good." From Farmington a branch track runs to New Hartford (14 M.), by tlie stations Unionville, Biu-liny-ton, CoUinsville, and Pine Meadow. At CoUinsville (l^alley House, good) tlie Farmington River is dammed, and affords a gi'eat power which is used by extensive works for the manufacture of axes and edged tools. The business was founded by Mr. Collins, and now employs 6 - 700 men, who, with their families, make up a populous village. 15,000 steel ploughs are sent out yearly to all parts of the world, and 200, r»00 Brazilian hoes have been made here in OFiC year. Vast numbers of ^Mexican machetes are turned out, and more axes than at any other factory in America. Here, also, were made the pikes for John Brown's raid on Virginia. At CoUinsville the Conn. Western R. R. forms a junction with the branch. Beyond Farmington is Avon, a pretty village, where Silliman found " remnants of primeval New England customs." On the E., Talcott Mt. is plainly seen, with a lofty tower on its top. (See Environs of Hartford. ) Stations, Weatogue and Simsbury, in the town of Simsbury, which was settled in 1670 on the Indian lands of Massacoe. During King Philip's War the colonists buried their goods and fled, but the town was destroyed by tlie Indians and left so long neglected that the wilderness reclaimed it, and the returning settlers never found their buried treasures. On a hill W. of tlie track is the principal village, ambushed in trees. Just before reaching Granby, the next station, the Farmington River, which has followed the track for 15 M., turns sharply to the S. E. through a pass in the mountain, and flows down into the Connecticut. Station, Granby (three small hotels in the town), in a rugged farming town. Here was located Newgate Prison (State of Conn. ), — a grim pile on the top of Copper Hill, where the prisoners were confined in the cavernous shafts and pas- sages of a copper-mine, — abandoned in 17G0. Some of the convicts lived 110 Route 15. NEW HAVEN TO NORTHAMPTON. 60 ft below the earth's surface, amid unceasing darkness. Tlie nioutli cf the main shaft was covered by a massive stone building, and the prisoners were-uardedby20 soldiers. This subterranean labyrinth served for a State Prison from 1775 to 1827. The State says that the average mor- tality durin- that period was less than that in the other American prisons, but harsh stories went abroad about the gloomy caverns of Newgate. Soon after leaving Granby the line enters Massachusetts, and runs along Con-amuck Pond to Soutlmick (Union Hotel), an elevated farnung vil- la£re° On the W is the picturesque mountain-town of Granville (Gran- ville House), devoted to farming and dairies (stages from Wes^hel.l, 9 M ) The line now descends to the lowlands, passes through West- field village, and crosses the Albany R. R. (Route 25) and the Westlicld River. A branch line runs thence 10 M. N. E. to Holyoke. Southampton is under the shadow of high hills. After leaving the latter Tdace thelono- ri(ke of Mt. Tom looms upon the r., while Pomeroy s Mt. is farther^wa; on tlie 1. Easthampton is now reach-.l ( J/a,m.m jj^^^s ) This is tjie seat of Williston Senunary, which has been endowed with .$250,000 by Hon. Samuel Williston, who has also eiven .^125,000 to Amherst College, large sums to Mt. Holyoke Seminary, and has 3 times rebuilt the Payson Church in Easthampton. He began business by making buttons at home with his wife's aid, after which he perfected machinery, and erected a factory. The trains runs N. by the great bend of the Connecticut, with Mt. Hol- yoke visible on the r., and passes through Northampton and Florence isee page 159). It then goes N. W. by Leeds (sewing-silk factories) and naydenviUe (brass-works), to Williamsburg {Hampshire House). n d ''O M to Hiu^dnle on t-'C Albany K. R. Daily stages also / M. ^^. to Lne^- ?.5; fcbm'^Tav^ nmuntain-town, famous for its rare nnnerals : S M ti. irS^Soi! i grazing town ; 20 M. to Ferrt, a decadent and highly p.c- turesouo mountain-town, 4 M. from Hinsdale. _ <•+, ^i,,,i w iiUm ruUen Bryant, born at Cummington ui 1794, is one of the lead- ILitfiild, Whatcly, S, Dferfi.Ul. ni.a Couwa, Junction, where it connects »itl. the iloosac-Tiluaul route (jw^e 17S <(). BRIDGEPORT TO WJNSTED. Route 16. l\\ 16. Bridgeport to Winsted. Via Naugatuck R. R. in 62 M. Fare, $1.85. 4 M. from Bridgeport the train crosses the broad Honsatonic River. At Naugatuck Junction tlie rails of the Shore Line Raih-oad are left, and the line turns to the N. E. and follows the Honsatonic as far as Derby. The village of Birmingham (Basset House) is picturesquely located on a high headland at the junction of the Honsatonic and Naugatuck Rivers. Commerce was formerly carried on on a large scale from this point, its vessels running to the West Indies, but manufactures have now taken possession of Derby. Great numbers of pins, tacks, brads, corsets, crin- ohne, stockings, and melodeons (Sterling's) are made here. The great Honsatonic Dam is about f M. from the village and aflFonls an immense water-power. It cost §500,000, and was three years in building, being constructed of solid masonry in tlie form of an arch, with the convex sur- face turned toward the pressure of the stream. The dam is 600 ft. long, and has 23 ft. fall, and the heavy roaring of the plunging waters can be heard miles away at night. Gen. David Humphreys was born at Derby in 1752. He was Washincrton's aide and long resided at Mount Vernon, after which he was minister to iw4l and Spam, and connnander of the Conn, militia uiiu-,di ana PortThttf iTH^'^? ^%l 'r\"-''- -^^ ^entered the na^T, and m 1800 captured fo/o ' • *??^-..-^^ distinguished liunself in the Tripolitan War ami in 1812, comraamhng the "Constitution," he escaped from aBrit sh squadron nmt w, ^ w ^, °f ^ Guernere." and caj^tured lier after a short, .sharp action Gen Wm. Hull born here, 175:J, was condemneyasoldie,V monument ^e^-ath the ^^ ^^^^ is a list of nearly 60 n,e„ "f. LttchfieU, ^ ho ^'^^^^^^^ i,ake, con- Union. 2-3 M. from the ""»8«'.°'\ f'%f .r^'',' h,„„t of many lish, taining 900 .acres, the largest ake m the State, teh-^ >,^^^_.„ and scarcely yet invaded i,y the <_»<=*»"-. "l'^' ^'^^^'gt. ^^, th„l.) is of so many of the ^e- ^"f-d la cs^ I^- N^h S ^(^^^^^.^^ ^^^^ Prospect Hill, from which a fascmating "«* ■' o,,cl stretch a^vay in wild!mess of high hills which -^^^ "l^'^^: J 1 1 nous shores, the W. Bant.am Lake is seen, ^''ff """«„?. ''",i„„s of Litchfield ahont a mile distant, and the gre.a elms a"'^;'^ — ";°,, ^e road nthe^ainahove^. trBeeirm^il'^hicrh.as heen moved t^'S:X h"; 0- the end of N. «'• ^'^^ ^'gf y^ : J V^ . L.BneVs (private, as>.nm for tlieius-ane On f «t ';t.s''or), and cott Mansion, built about 1/00, by uov. v BPJDGEPOET TO WINSTED. Route IG. 113 where was bom Oliver Wolcott, an officer of the Continental Army, Secre- tary of the U S. Treasury (1795-1800), Gov. of Conn. (1818-27). His grand-neice, Miss Alice Wolcott, now dwells there. The leaden statue of George III., which stood on the Bowling Green in New York City, was brought to this house, and melted into bullets by the Governor's daughters. Many other solemn old colonial mansions are along the roads, and French roofs have not yet invaded this dignified seclusion. This air of antiquity, together with the balmy, cool, and salubrious breezes which dwell among these hills, have given Litchfield a ]iigh place among tlie restful and un"^ fashionable of the summer-resorts. Lake Warramaugr, near New Preston, is reached by semi-daily stages ^4-"^ \.lo. i P ^'^ 'V. '"T'''^^ ^""^ '"'"^'^ ''"^^"S green wooded hills, " a modifiedkimi of Aiuoiig tlie pleasant drives in the vicinity is that to Bantam Lake with its nnibrageous gruves(2-3 M.) ; to Mount Tom, and to the village of Morris with a quamt old country inn, unchanged since the colonial days (5-G M ) Smi Alt Sie Com' Rf^'r ^' "^' """^^^ ^'''- "^^^ ""' «^«"> ^^'^^ °''the E. the^hills heboid " seft'ed'hf Ir^f ^%f'^ ''S"'' "•'^''"y °^ ^«""- i^ I'lS' for about £300, and was sh uWreurnhi Jp+r '^^ '^''' surrounded by a palisade, lest the Indians sm ukl retu u 111 foice to their ancient and favorite hunting-grounds of Bantam T «w ^^hnnl f ^^l'I""p I^^eve (who married Aaron Burr's sister) establisl ed a toiled Mm nnTi 'rif "' ^^f ' J«™^« ««^^1''. ^^'^Se of tlie Supreme Court of C.i n! ibnolin 4,' remained 40 years. This was then the most renowned law Semh a V b thp'Tt;'''^ ''^ lawyers were educated here. The llrst Young SS man " ,1 ,pn Ph f '' '''''' established at Litchfield. The to^m has produced D D " ' the f ther of T!^! ^^'I^om are Beecher and Bushnell. Lyman Beecher. ht^reisio 28 ofhf.l ^-u'"! ■^^^'^ any other man in America," was pastor IR j«vlr w { ^ "'"l^' ''^"strious children, the most famous is af T.fn 7 Ward Beecher, born at Litchfield in 1S13. He was educated ?Lf l^^v?sTe?t?ecftn^T'"r'"^' ^^ Y^i'^h hi^father was president Som S to Ph^iouti Chn S T^ Tf ' '""'"l/" "'"^ ^'''"^^' y^^^^ ^'"^ became pastor of the dur Krwh;; w>^''/",^'"°''^y"- This position he has held ever since dmuig wh ch time he has won a world-wide fame for his oratorical nowers be- sides building up a powerful church with active auxil arv Sanehes H^-r;H^n The Peari of Orr's Island," and many ^.harming stories of N^w EnglaiKl life ' Aft^er leaving Litchfield the train stops at Wolcottville (founded by Gov. Wolcott m 1802), the seat of large woollen-mills, brass-works and manufac ones of plated goods. In this town, John Brown, of Ossawa- toinie, tlie invader of Virginia, was born in 1800. Station, Burrville, after which the train reaches Winsted (Clarke House, $2; Beardsley House), a long, narrow vil- lage between steep hills on tlie line of Mad River. Iron and steel works abound here; pins, scythes, hoes, clocks, and other articles are also made. Long Lake, 3^ M. long, and Littk Fond, he high on the plateau- H 114 Roidel7. KENT. and Mad River falls 2U0 ft. in 2 M. Winsted has 3 banks, 3 Bewsparors, and 5 churches. It is the home of Rose Terry Cooke,>vho (article My town, in "Harper s Magazine," Vol. 55) highly praises its landscape beauty. At Winsted the Nau.atnck R. R. forms a Junction with the Conn. Western R. R. running from Hartford to MiUerton ou the Harlem R. R. (Routt /U). 17. Bridgeport to the Berkshire Hills. Via the Housatonic R R. in 110 M. (to Pittsfield). Fare, $3.30. Shortlv after leaving Bridgeport (on Route 8) the line enters the ^'alley of the Pequanock, which it follows for 15 M. through a tluuly settled c Jntrv abounding in low hills. Stations, Stepney, Botsford, and Newt wn, ^Dl^s Hoi.l; GranJ-Cenfral HoUl)^ situated on a high hill il the midst of Newtown, the Patatuck of the abor.gnics. It ?s h^; according to Beecher, that "the hills first begm ^o ^how xn.m^ tainous symptoms." At Hawleymlle the Shepaug R- R- con es m frl Litclild (see Route 16), and at i^rooAy.^.W /..^^^o. a short ra.^ road runs S. W. to Danbury (see Route 18). Station, Brookheld, beyond which the track approaches and crosses the Housatonic River, and stops at Ne.o Milford (New Milford House). This is a fine village near the Tnnction of the Housatonic and Aspetuck Rivers, with a Made verdant iommon, and well-shaded streets. A silver-mine was worked here m 1790, and much marble and slate has been quarried m the hills. At pies- ent, factories for making buttons, boots, hats and 1.vme «- -in the place which is furthermore one of the centres of the tobacco rade in the valley Stations, Merwinsville, and Kent (restaurant m the s ation ; Elmore House). This sweet valley was the home of the Scaghticoke Man' and here the Moravians founded a mission. The cause winch more han any other forced the Christian tribes of New England t. lose The" identity'by miscegenation operated in ^^^^^^^^^f^^^^ of this tribe joined the Continental Army, and but few of them ev.r le Lned. So several negroes and a few poor whites joined the con-uin^e' and from the combination arose the present representatives of the tnbe, who pough and plant, wear trousers, go to church, and otherwise are r^^h Lulns as Massasoit never dreamed of. /-^^^^ V^TlT^h Yale College, has spent much time with this fragment of the Scaghti- lots 0:L lofty 'plain near Kent (ascended by ^ ^^^^^^^ road) are the Spectacle Ponds, -Uvo 1^^- ^.^^^^^^^.^^^^^^^^ ^^^ connected by a short strait. From the round hill above the N. Pond the fittingness of the name is clear. S. NOEWALK TO DANBURY. Route 18. 115 • iToo ^ ^ ^^^ "''''^ ^'''^ stations are in Cornwall, which toivn was sold m 1738 for $ 1,500 (46 square M. ), and settled in the same year. It is in a double sense the roughest township in the county. S. Cornwall is sit- uated m a deep valley, and here a Foreign Mission School was founded in 1«10. In 1820 there were 19 Indians and 6 Paeinc-Islanders studyin- at the school, and here, in 1818, died Obookiah, the gifted Hawaiian. ° Co™if*;'!f r-/r f™"\Connvall Bridge to Litchfield and Sharon, and from W Loiuwall to Goslien and tlie villages of Cornwall Groshen IS a lofty town, in whiL^h are 5 ponds, and Ivv Mt rthe hi-hpof hi +ii« _ The train now runs along the narrow valley of the Housatonic with the ridg^e of Sharon on the W. Just beyond that ridge, .tnd extending thence to the N. Y. hne, is a rich and fertile valley. Station, Falls VUlage (Dudley House ; and a snug country inn in the glen over the river). The Great Falls of the Housatonic are near the v-illage and form a fine sight, the river plunging over rocky ledges for 60 It., with a tremendous roaring. A near scrutiny of the Falls is unad- visable, as its vicinity is crowded with squalid Irish shanties, while tlie K X. repair-shops are situated above them on the site of the Ames foundries which produced some of the heaviest iron fortress-cannon dui- caHv ^f Tr ^' i' ".'f • ^^''' ^^"^^^"^^ ^^^^^^ --^^ - -thusiast - cally of these Falls (about 1800) they were surrounded by the fitting adjuncts of a great primeval forest. 2-3 M. N. VV. of the village is afforfr'" ' t^r t""' '™""'' '^ ^^^"^^ ^^^ ^ '^^' wood-road, and affords a view of the broad valley of the Housatonic. At the foot of Prospect IS a remarkable group of rocks, the darkest, deepest nook of wh ch IS called the Wolfs Den. W. of the village L the far-viewinl Gallo^vs 111, where, according to the tradition, the corpse of a negro ^Z Daily stages to Salisbury and Lime Rock. Station, Canaan (two theS. ''^''^^^"'^^^^^^' ^it^^ «- great, ridgy mass of Canaan Mt. on (Ashley FaUs), the liife enters the C,^^^^^^^^ '^^- /* "^<^ "^xt station setts. For the rema nin" -. M nf t ^ ^ / Berkslure and State of Massa-hu- (Route 23). remaining oo M. ot tuis railroad hue see the "Berkshire Hills" 18. S. Horwalk to Danbury. . Jl' mf"'"^ "f '';""''' ""■ ''• '^ '' ^- ^^"'^^ ^Oc. stations, A^or- ^oall, innnej^cuk, Kent, Wilton, Canno^.s, Georgetown, Ri^efield. lU R^UIS. S. NORWALK TO DANBURY. •„ i- 1 M from tlie station, on a brancli track, and is The latter vdla e - 3 ^ j™m t ^^^ ^_^^^.^_^^ ^^^^^^^^^ LT("DiS'S^'),'^;ave "al^von ta,ne as authors. Station .-.^wh^eP^^^^^^^^ In 1783 - 86, he was one of the author ot ^ ^^^.^^^^^ " David and Jonathan. Joel and Timothy,^ Over the ocean set up the hynm ot the crossing Bet,, (innetion o, the Si.epang R- «■), tUe train en- - Ban.W »° ' j' ^^ ^^^^t .ii of the town is Main St. is li M. long, and fro,n Deer H a ^^ ^^^ .^ ^ ^^.^^^^ gained. I^^'f K»o^'^?<"fii,. Powerful water-works supply the with good boating and nsnni„. borough. . „„,»ter\' of 100 acres, containing a monu- ^^Ho^s -- riS - ^^;:^,>:r ::; sS: r:S«eS «|: --Air ir X, . . soldiers .n the Be- at the -tua^ ^f ry,^,l,urv who are buried elsewhere, cession War) of Dan bury, wnu , , , „„ No sound shall awake them " ?S^e^ K fougM tJ^eir last battle. To glory again.' BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Route 19. 117 19. Boston to Uew York. Norwich Line. By the New York ami New Eugland R R. (from foot of Summer St.) to Norwich and New London, and thence b}' steamboat. After crossing the S. Boston flats the line runs through populous Dor- cliester, Hyde Park, and Dedham (page 62), with fine views of the Blue Hills. It then crosses bright Norwood, the busy town of Walpole (in- tersecting the Old Colony R. R., N. Div), and rural Norfolk. Franklin {Central Iloust) is a pretty village with a pa{)er, 5 churches, a bank, high-school, and public library. It is the seat of the new and richly endov^^ed Dean Academy, whose building cost S 150,000. This town contains over 200 farms, and manufactures of straw hats, boots, -«^^«»:^J7 "i^^^f J^J,^^ The Narragansett tribe took action on the matter, '-^1^^'"^ 'ofif/fnr.^ri the into the Nipniuck country, only to receive a severe defeat at the foids ot the ^f\t''\\^"of Daysville is Pomfret, which was settled by R«^l^"^y /Mass > people on the rich lands of Mashamoquet, in the year 16b7. In Pomtiet is tbe Wolf Den, where the intrepid Putnam descended hi the darlmess, alone, and killed a great wolf which had been the terror of the town -R^^^t S of Pomfret and 4. M. W. of Danielsonville is the pretty village of Brook- lyn (Putnam House). This is the county-seat of A\ mdham Co and has a re- fined and cultivated society, while its broad streets are I'V^xl ^'"i st |« > ^^J and fine mansions. The Unitarian Church, on the Green, is the oil> chnich ot that sect in the State, and the building is more than a century old. BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Route 19. 119 ^f^^'i-n'^^n ''*""'"?^.?f™t?* ^'^''^'™' ^^^'^- '^ 1^18' '^f'ttled within the present limits of Brooklyn in 1739. From 1755 to 17G2, he fought in tlie French wars a,, TJ.q at the capture of Crown Point, Montreal, and IlavanL He thL ret""^^^/ Brooklyn and remained there until one day, when ],e was pIoiudiim"on irfarm l^t^in't'l^f"' "'" battle of Lexington came down the coun?"v '^^.e pi Zw^^^ Si scene of IS ^\f\'l^^^'^'^ «l-f^»S on .his fleetest horse and rode towa?d r^t\ scene ot battle. He raised a regiment in Windham County was made a maj.-geii. in the Continental Army ; and was one of the lpidpr/«t +i-,l f i f Breed's Hill. He commanded at New Ymk, at grinceton and \n the Hudson Highlands, until he was forced to retire from active service on acemnt of his a^e t^iy f o/wie'-iihay''" ''"^'^' ^"'^ '^^ ^"'^"""^^ ^'^ obscured^ bS iJ. a ceS Danielsonville is the seat of extensive factories on the water-power ' furnished by the Quinehaug River. Cotton cloth and shoe-making are the prmcipal industries. KilSv Ti ?"^-^i '^'"^..^^ BrookljTi, and other lines run to Willimantie S KilLngly, and Providence (the latter route crosses the State of R. j ^''^^^^^C' ^• Stations, Wauregau (village W. of the station). Quinebaug Pond (3 M long) IS a pretty lake, where the '' Narragansetts' fishing-ljcdit " rises in the form of a pillar of fire, at midnight, once in every seven years Such IS the old legen.l, and dwellers in the country-side claim to have seen this fiery colunni blazing over the centre of the pond. The large Wauregan Mills (cotton sheetings) are situated in this village Stations, Central Village (with several factories), Plainfield Junction (where the hue crosses the Providence Division, N. Y. & N E R R ^ '^^ OuSi' ^"^l^^^^-^-^"^- ^^ ^h^ two latter places are large ^L The Qiunebaug River is crossed at Jewett City, and soon after the train passes through a rock-tunnel 300 ft. long. At Norwich the cars run on he New London Northern Line, and reach the steamboat wharf at New London late m the evening. After going on board tl,°e .steamboat, passenger., „.,nally retire, and sleep wbjle she moves through the quiet waters of Long Island Sound! Ari.,in^ tbi .i, f T"""!' "/"' ""* " "'"•■'"'«' °f "■■« <='«^t<=™ <""■!■■<«»= ani om ,f r- *■ ^"^ '""'"' '""" "** P'- ^' North River, and fom the next p.er runs the ferry to Jersey City, which enters here theSoXndtr °"'^ """■""■^ '" """^^'■^'^'^ and Washington, 120 Routed. HAKTFOED TO SALISBUEY. Boston to WoonsocUt. J *n o^TT «+ntir.Ti Distance to Woonsocket, 37^- M. Trains leave the Boston and Albany Station, l^istanc Fare, $1.10. ^ , , „ ii>,miv track and l-asses the stations BrooU- ll'elinesoondivergesfromtheAlbanytrack am 1 entered a 1iv,V Reservoir and Chestnut Hdl (see Route 2) ^ewion ^^^^ .^^^^ lameSpicturesque town, abounding "J ^j^ ' "^^^ ^is feSity and after a formal S cSme to the Indian village ^;f N^'^^™^^^^^^^^^^^ them the tenets deception by the aged chief f ^J,*,^,%^fSe accei ' his teachings, formed a diurch of Christianity. A large part of te tube ace en^_ ^^^^ Newton Centre, on and adopted the laws and eu^to s 2,iif,ino- to a Theological Institution of the a far-viewing hiU, are tl^e ;uddmg^^^ deputation, ^and has grown rapidly Baptist denomination. This ^t ho<^ « m ^ ^« i .^^.^ ^^,i.ee years. ^ ., . ^ since its foundation m 18-25. The course oistu ^ Falls is a sitions, Newton Highlands, Upper F^^ ;, HUdana ^^^^^ ^.^i^v ^h^^rles manufacturing village where the track "^,«f ^^^J J^w passes through the towns River Station the river is again 7^|^*^,V,K^ham twice crossing the sinuous valley of Dover, Medtield. Midway and Bellmgu^i"^ Jj"^^ "fierce attack by a Bwarin of of the Charles. Medheld retains the "^e™"'f \\ , „ .. 50 houses were burnt, ?uSansed by King Philip, who '7«f^,f;S;Vbu? finally the people got an 20 of the villagers killed and many "i^'^-^ rV^*:'"J^^^ "" John Wilson, Jr., a graduate ohl cannon into positi^on ^^^^^£^A schoolmaster of the ^^ lage nfthe first Ilarvard class, was pastoi, pnjsRu, Dover. Medheld, K ?rou lS.'l to 1691. Ji- ^t-^!«"^!»5rN E i^^ghlm, Bellinghain, E. Blavkstone SSJ^iSt^sS-lSuS' Al^S^iock^a connection is made with the Providence and Worcester Railroad. 20 Hartford to Salisbury and MiUerton. Vi. the Connecticut Western R. K Distance, 6. M. to Salisbury ; GO M. to t,ehigMnnswlnciy.ouM..^^^^^^ and Sin..ury Bloonifield, Scotland, TanttMlle ^^^^^=« J .^^^ ^^^^ New Haven (,.e Bout. 15, At tUs po.n^ . -"t ^s sLton Bvoo., an. New and Nortliampton E. «■ (l'""'"^,"'^,,^, .,,,,,,;,, importance, tei.igahalt- Harttovd. Thelattertown^vastonnerb nnua V ^ ^ ^^^ ■^^,■V^^^^''-f^^^^^^'l^f"Z'Z^L":^ii i^ engaged in the England to Albany and W. New York, iv i ^^^^ n Jmfactnre of eotton and steel i-'>^\^l'^^^[^2\^i Honse, $ 10 - 12 W. Winsted, Norfolk. Tins .s a Pf* yj^^f^^« ^" PJ 49 t„,f,ited their 1719 after inspection ot the tracL, *j7 ± the iovm m 1/42, alter msp aairy Inisiness at one time claims and the moneys paid on them. ^ ^^ f 3 .^^ ^^^^ SALISBURY. Route m. 121 most prominent elevation in the vicinity is tlie massive Haystack ML (footpath to the summit), fi-om which a very extensive prospect is enjoyed, stretcliing from Mt. Everett in Mass. to the Mts. of New York. About 5 M, from the village are Camel's Falls, which are attractive after heavy rains. The line now follows the valley of the Blackberry River to its junction with the Housatouic, crossing at Canaan Station the Housatonic Railroad (Route 17) and River. After passing the stations, Twin Lakes, Chapinville, Salisbury, Lakeville, Ore Hill, and State Line, all in the io\m of Salisbury, the line enters the State of New York, and at Millerton connects with the Harlem, the Dutcliess and Columbia, and the Pough- keepsie and Eastern Railroads. Salisbury. " O, this silence in the air, this silence on the mountains, this silence on the lakes On either side, to the E. and to the W., ever- varying mountain- forms frame the horizon. There is a constant succession ol' hills swelling into mountains, and of mountains flowing down into hills. The hues of green in trees, in grasses, and in various harvests arc endlessly contrasted. At Salisbury you come under the shadow of the Taconic Range. Here you may well spend a week, for the sake of the rides and the objects of curiosity. 4 M. to tlie E. are the Falls of the Housatonic, called Canaan Falls, very beautiful, and worthy of nuieh longer study tlian they usually get. Pi-ospect Hill, not far from Falls Vil- lage, affords altogether the most beautiful view of any of the many peaks with which this neighborhood abounds." (This, and the other quotations under Salis- bury, are from Beeeher's Star Papers). Hotels. — Maplo Shade ; Rocktj-Dell House, at Lime Rock ; Wononsko and Lakeville, at Lakeville. The road to Falls Village leads for 2 M, doAvn a nan-ow valley rich in grain, and then to the E. over bold spurs of Wolonanchu Mt. with Pros- pect Mt. on the 1. , and rapidly changing views of the Housatonic Valley. Or, without crossing Wolonanchu, the road down the valley may be fol- lowed to the hamlet of Lime Rock and the borders of the Mts. of Sharon. A favorite excursion is to the Bald Peak on Mt. Rig-a. From Salisbury to the Mountain Pond on Riga it is 4 M. of easy ascent, most of the way along the edge of a ravine filled with resounding, but invisible, cascades. A road leads along the plateau to the base of Bald Peak, whence the as- cent must be made by a rude path. The view from the summit is very extensive, embracing on the W. the Oblong, Buck, and Catskill Mts. in N. Y., on the S. the wilderness of high hills which form Sharon, on the E. Canaan Mt., Rarack Matiif, and the lakes of Salisbury, and on the K Race, Alander, and Everett Mts. in Mass. From the little cluster of houses near the pond on Mt. Riga, one can return to Salisbury, via Lake- ville, by a road over the brow of the hill, or by a slightly longer road (8 M.) leading down the side of a water-course with pretty views of the lakes, to Ore Hill (4 M.), the centre of the iron-raining industries of the town. There are 5 iron-mines in Salisbury, employing 240 men, and sup- plying metal to the forges, anchor- works, and foundries which abound on 6 122 Route 20. SALISBURY. T A ;i ici«i the miners of Salisbury the streams of N. W, Conn. In Apn 18«1' *_^; ™\„j„ eannon-Uall. sent 100 tons „t u-on to t,«, govennne. t, o b mad ^^^^ _^^^^ ^,^ From Ore Hill (wWeh « wi lun 1, «■ °t the !*<> j,^^ „,i„,,. „ear the railway track a^a P-- .^^ ^U a"' Wononseapanurc, pleasant As the road passes the lakes vvono.ii i^^,.,,. above their quiet views are obtained and a^^-J^XiaUis -to stately old man- waters. Between the road and he 1^">» '^^ ^j^^t ^„a the sion of the Holley family, ^'"l ,'^y \''" ''^n divtae Ion" Pre ident of birthplace of Horace HoUe, ^^^; ^f^'^l^^Zl NY. lawyer and Transylvania University, and ° O. L PoH^^y * ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ .^^ jonrnalist. On "^ °^, ^; ^e i„Lile, where, by ski.fnl treat- buildings of the State Hospital lor l j„.„,„ped into action, use- „ent, thethonght-germsuistr^Unn,^^^^^^^^^^ P^^^^^^ ^^^^^^,,^ ^^^ ful instruction is imparted, and many elevated, and sent forth '^ ^^^^^ :^'i^JZI a hill wMch pital accommodates about 50 patients an i ^^^^^ commands fine views of the al.e and of M'»," ^^- m,. Beecher charming lakes, a ride of IJ f-;'™S,n„f„trbe taken to Brace suggests that after '-""^ ^a f -^. ^ - J° .^^ ."f^,,, ,,, ..^ water, ^:si:;^s,r -r;, ;:T^ airxl M.. and wHoHy .ong t,. moan- 'trils. .alls are i*o. . M^^^ ^tS^S^tS Copake station on the ll-^™ \f,; J'",Vd was much visited before the which has been well painted by fLenseii, destruction of the hotel by fire. , ■ j^ is ti,e antithesis of 4M. N. of Salisb,iryis«"SagesRavine, Ineh 1^ ^^_ Bash-Bish. Sage. Eavine, not withont ^an^-' ^^ ^ J.^.ty! is yet tractions in its beauty ; B^'^''"''';'''/" ''"";,.,„. ™gged, full of rocks, „ost remarkable for grandeur »" jj ' \;„,,Jred to beauty and cascades, grand -»t-'f ' ^l^^f^r hen A «-' -1 ""'^- ' softness by various and abundant ""f^"^' "' / New York to see would willingly make the jom-ney """^J-^^^X^^^^^tiful falls may be either of them. J^-' '''l™^ ,"' ! ite n^rd^Vrton-s Falls." The seen alter heavy rains which ha e ^e- "ame* ^^_^^ way to the ravine l^ads a ™g the under mou ^^^_^^ ^^^^^^.^^^^ before reaching a blacksinith's *» f *^ ^„"^" °„,, ;„ alongside, by tak- there is a small hut on the 1., and tlie ficld-ioaa tur * Iwn bars. It is best to ^^XZ^^t^Z^:;^^. The take the first path to *";,-« "'"f^rUpper Falls (well rep- principal falls are knovv as to Lo.,Tvvm, ^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ nir f The^vX v h^nkr-5.i 'h. i^ >- -- -•-^^' ^'--- ''' SALISBURY. Rotde20. 123 })eaTity, Avill he worth all the pains you may take to climb through it. One requires a good foot, a strong hand, and a clear head, and then there is but little danger," though the path is soon lost in a perfect chaos of rocks. Heavy gloves and boots are necessary, and the ascent is not rec- ommended for ladies, although several have accomplished it. An obscure moantain road leads to the vicinity of the upper end of the ravine, but the descent is harder than the ascent. From Salisbury, by Sage's Ravine, N. into Massachusetts, runs the under-mountain road, along the foot of the Taconic Range, to Sheffield and the Berkshire Hills. From the ravine to Salisbury, visitors sometimes return by way of the Twin Lakes, a longer but pleasanter route. Tlie * Twin Lakes are gained from Salisbury by a road passing along the low spurs of Rarack MatifF Mt., with the isolated mass of Lion's Head on the W. Tlie beautiful lakes of Washining and Washiiiee are soon reached, and the liigh hills in the vicinity (Tom's Mt., Boar Mt.) are seen mirrored in them. Near the S. shore of Washinee a road diverges to the 1. through the thick pines, to a remarkable cave. Tlais was but lately discovered by a hunting dog chasing a small animal into it, and the hunters, imeasy at his long absence, tore away the debris from the hole and entered. At a hut near the cave, v/here the keys are kept, visitors can get appropriate clothing, lights, and refreshments. The main cavern has been explored for about 700 ft., and its course trends steadily down- ward. The curious forms assumed by stalagmites are well shown here. In one place a stone lady is seen, facing the wall ; in another, vast num- bers of stalactitic candles depend from the roof; and numerous other marvels are found by imaginative visitors. The village and station of Chapinsville is situated near the lakes. Mr. Beecher speaks of tlie lake rides as "extremely beautiful. But they should always be afternoon rides ; for these discreet lakes do not choose to give out their full charms except at about an hour before sunset." Rides are taken from Salisbury through the romantic hills of Cornwall and Sharon, and even as far as Great Barrington (N.), and Litchfield (S. E.). Salisbury was first settled by the Dutch in 1720, who lived in peare Avitli the Indian tribe who held the valley and of whom no relic remains save the quaint nanic.5 which they gave to lakes and Mts. This was the farthest advance of the timi.l Hollanders on that Alpine land (the present Mass., Conn, and Vt ) which was portrayed on theirmaps by a blank white space(as Greenland is on onrraaps> niscribed with the cool word " Winterberg." The word " Housatonic " has given rise to more controversy among antiquarians and philologists than almost any other Indian word, and one good authority removes it from an aVjoriginal derivation audrlaims that it is a euphonic change of "Westenhok" (Western corner or noo.c), I he name given to the Dutch settlement here as being in a western nook of the rugged hills which stretch away E. toward tlie Conn. River. But in 1740 the restless Anglo-American wave of advance reached this point. There are no Dutch or Indians there now. 124 Route 21. BOSTON TO NEW YOEK. 21. Boston to New York. The great Express route, A'ia Springfield and Hartford. There are three through express trains daily in 6-8 hours. Distance, 236 M. ; fare, $0.00. This is the most popular and pleasant of the railway routes to New York, passing through the large cities of Worcester, Springfield, and Hartford, and following the rich valley of the Connecticut for a great distance. Elegant parlor and sleeping cars are attached to all through trains. By leaving Boston at 9 in the morning, one can pass over this route by daylight ; while by leaving at 10.30, P. M., one sleeps all night (.$1.50 for a berth in the sleepmg-car) and reaches New York at G.25 o'clock in the morning. The train leaves the terminal depot in Boston (comer of South and Kneeland Streets), and passes out over the Back Bay lands. Charles River is approached on the r., and a fine view is given of the compact and more ancient parts of Boston, crowned Ly the State House dome. Beyond the city, and apparently at the end of the lake-like widenings of the river, the populous heiglits of Cliarlestown are seen, wliile Cambridge lifts her spires on the nearer western shores. The line crosses the town of Brook- line, studded with pretty suburban villages, and stops at Brighton (Cattle Fair Hotel), celebrated for its great cattle-market. The stock-trains on this railroad bring immense numbers of cattle, sheep, and swine from the West, Avhich are here made into beef, mutton, and pork, for the daily needs of Boston. The sheds, yards, and pens cover many acres, and the business has been increasing for scores of years. As far back as 1S37, the yearly sales were ,$2,500,000. N. of the station is seen the tower on Mt. Auburn, and the U. S. Arsenal at Watertowni, on the other bank of the Charles. Newton is next entered, a wealthy suburban city (valuation, % 18,000,000), with a population of 20,000. Newton Corner is near the ancient Nonantum Hill, whei'e the Apostle Eliot first preached to the Indians (probably the jiresent Mt. Ida, from which a pleasant view is obtained). This village has a public library in an elegant and costly stone building, and three or four churches. From this point to Waltham it is 3-4 M., to the Watertown Arsenal and Mt. Auburn, 2-3 M., and to the Baptist Theological Seminary at Newton Centre, 2-3 M. S. The line now passes Newtonville {\\ M, N. of Grove Hill Cemetery), W. Newton (2 M. S. of the Watch Factory at Waltham), and Auburndale (the seat of the Laselle Female Seminary). These villages are all in Ne^vton, From Pdverside Station, a branch track runs S. to the manu- factories at Newton Upper Falls. Stations, Grantville (a factory and residence village), and Welleslev, a picturesque suburban village, near Lake Walian, the * Hottl Wclledt-y (^unnner-board), and the famous Welleslev College (which is seen on the 1.). Naticfi: ( Wilson House ; Everett) is a slioemaking town of 10,000 in- habitants, near the Charles River. A branch-line runs N. W. 4 M. to Saxonville, the seat of blanket and worsted-yarn mills, on the Sudl)ury River, near Nob-cot Hill. S. Nailclc (Bailey's Hotel), 2 M. by stage from Wellesley, is a lovely village near the Began Hill, on the Charles River, with 3 ciiurches, Eliot's oak, and an Indian cemetery. BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Route 21. 125 In 1651 the Christian tribe of Nonantum, which had embraced the faith after the preaching of Eliot, removed to Natick, where they formed a government based on the ISth chapter of Exodus, witli rulers of hundreds, of fifties, and of tens. Their village consisted of three streets lined Avith gardens and huts, a building for a church and school, a large, circular fort, and a bridge over the river. Tlie Bible was translated into tlieii language by Eliot, and published at Cam- bridge in 1663 (second edition in 1685), whose title-page read as follows : "Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up Bidlum God Naneeswe Nukkone Testament Kah Work "Wusku Testament." But despite the tender care of the colony, the Indian church and tribe suffered the usual fate of inferior races in the presence of Anglo-Americans, and died out from the opei'ation of internal causes. Just N. of Natick, across the track, and visible from the train soon after leaving the station, is Cochitaate Lake, fi-om wliich the water supply of Boston is carried to that city by a long and sinuous aqueduct. S. Framingliani {S. Framingham Hotel) has three straw-hat factories and the villas of several Bostonians; and is near the great Methodist camp-meeting ground, the Sunday-school assembly ("The Chautauqua of New England"), and the fort and camp-ground annually occupied by the brigades of Mass. militia. The ancient elm-shaded village of Fra- mingham {Framinfjham Hotel) is 2^-3 M. N., with its fine memorial hall and library' and 2 churches. On Bear Hill is the State Normal School. A railway runs hence S. W. 12 M. across the shocmaking hill-town oi HoUislon (Ilollis House), to Milfor«l {Mansion House), a handsome shoe-manufacturing village, ou higli ground. The town lias 11,000 inhabitants, and produces much milk, fruit, and market-produce. Semi-daily stages run li M. S. W. to IFopedale, a hamlet of 600 inhabitants, in a lovely valley, with tlie cotton-machinery works of George Draper & Sous. Semi-daily stages run 3 M S. ^V . from Miiford to Meiidon {Addins House ; JMendon Hotel), a picturesque hill-town devoted to farming, near the pretty Nipmuck Pond. II. K. from Miiford to Boston in li hr., see page 117 ; also to Ashland, 12 M. N. The Lowell Division runs from S. Framingham to Lowell, 28 M. N. Stations, Framingham and Sudbury. Sudbury was settled in 1638, and in 1676 was the scene of a bloody contest, when 70 men, marching to relievo Marlboro', wei'e ambushed here by Indians. 26 of the colonists were killed on the held, and the rtimainder were captured, and many of them were put to death by ter- rible tortures. A monument to their memory was erected on the field, by President Wadsworth, of Harvard College, whose father was captain of the defeated party. In Suilbiiry was a famous old tavern in the colonial days, which, during the mnrcli of the western counties' militia on Boston, was a busy place. This is the " Wayside Inn " of Longfellow's poems, the purer, fairer Canterbury Tales of American literature ; — " As ancient is this hostelry As any in the land may he, Built m the old Colonial day, When men lived in a grander way, With ampler hospitality. A region of repose it seems, A place of'slumher and of dreams, Remote among the wooded hills." The characters represented auKmg the story-tellers "around the fireside at tiieir ease" were as follows : Tlie Landlord, "grave in his aspect and attire," waa yquire Lyman Howe, of Sudbury. The " Student of old books and ways. With tales of Flores and Blanehefleur Sir Ferumbras, Sir Eglaniour," v/as young Henry Wales. The yoimg iSicilian, 12G Route ^21. BOSTON TO NEW \ORK. " In sight of Etna bred and bom," was Luigi Monti, American oonsul at Palermo. The "Theologian, from the school of Cambridge on the Charles," was Prof. Treadwell, of Harvard. The Poet was T. W. Parsons, of Boston, translator of Dante's "Inferno," and anthop of many short poems. The " blue-eyed Norseman," who bore the Stradivarius violin, " a miracle of the lutist's art," and sang the Saga of King Olaf, was Ole Bull. Tlie inn still stands, 2 M. W. of Sudbury proper. lieyond Sudbury is Concord Junction, where the Fitchburg Railroad crosses the present route. Station, Acton (see page 410), whence in;irched a company of minute-men, who were among the flrst engaged at the battle of Concord. Tlieir captain was killed at the tight by the bridge. The line crosses the towns of Car- lisle and Chelmsford, and stops at Lowell. Another division of this railroad runs from S. Fraraingham to Fitchburg. Sta- tion, Framingham Centre, built around a level Green, in a large farming town. The great tide of travel between Boston and the West formerly passed through this village, which then had a famous inn. The town hall, old church, and Academy (founded 1792) front on the Green. The line now passes across the farming town of Southboro', and enters fair and fertile Marlboro'. This was the site of the Christian Indian village of Okomniakamesitt, and was colonized by Sudbury people in 1655. Its first pastor (1666- 1701) " uniformly refused baptism to children born on the Sabbath." At Marlboro' the present route connects with a branch of the Fitchburg Railroad. Northboro' is the next town, and is devoted to farming and cattle-raising. The vilhige churchyard contains the grave of the Rabbi Judah Monis, who renounced Judaism in favor of Christianity in 1722, and became teacher of Hebrew at Harvard College, wliere he remained till his death in 1761. The train crosses the Assabet River E. of the station, and then passes on through the town of Berlin to Clinton (Clinton House), a busy village at the junction of the Worcester and Nashua Railroad. At Pratt's Junction the Fitch- burg and Worcester Railroad is crossed, and tl:e train runs across Leominster, with occasional views of Wachusett Mountain on the W. The central village of Leominster is finely situated. Soon after leaving this station the train reaches Fitchburg. From S. Framingliam the main line follows the Sudbury River, which it often approaches and once or twice crosses. Stations, Ashland (Cen- tral House), Cordaville, South ville, and Westboro' (Westboro' Hotel). This is the seat of the State Reform School and a large Avater-cure estab- lishment. 3|- M. S. E. of the station are the Hopkinton Springs (small hotel) near the large and handsome Whitehall Pond, abounding in fish. Tliere are three springs, all different, and carbonate of lime and iron are the chief ingredients. This was formerly a fashionable resort, and is on the old Indian domain of Maguncook. Station, Grafto7i (the Indian Hassanamesit), Avith 3 small hotels, on a reservation of 4 M. square, given by the colony to a tribe of Christian Indians, Shrewsbury is a town just N. of the track, where Avas born Artemas Ward, major of the 8th Mass. Reg. at the siege of Louisbourg (1758), and commander of the army besieging Boston until the arrival of Washington. Levi Pease Avas born -here, Avho started the first line of mail stages between Boston and Ncav York (1784), previous to Avhich a fortnightly mail Avas borne betAveen the tAvo places, in saddle-bags. Beyond MiUbury (near NeAV-England Village, and with a branch to Millbury Village, 3 M.), the line runs N. by Lake Quinsigamond, a deep and narrow loch, 4 M. long, Avith 12 islands, boat-liouses, A-jllas, restau- rants, sunmier-cottages, &c. Its hotels arc the Island House and the WORCESTEE. Route 21. 127 Hotel Eyrie. Dummy cars and omnibuses run hitlier several times daily from Worcester; and small steamboats run hourly to the Eyrie, King's Toint (small hotel), the Narrows, Quinsigamond Park, and Ilolden's Grove. Worcester. Hotels. —Bay-State Ilou^e, S3 50, corner of Mahi and Exohancre Sts. : Linnoln House, S3.50, Elm St.; Waldo House, Waldo St.; Exchange Hotel; Wave r ley ; Elmwood. OQ Webster Square ; Continental ; United States. Horse-car.s on iMaiu St., from Welister Square to Adams Square, on Lincoln St. ; and on Front St. to the Union Railroad Station. //arAs, 50 cts. eacli passenger within the mile circle. Herdics run regularly on Main, Front, and Pleasant Sts., &c. Stages to Quinsigamond, S. Worcester, Oakham, Shrewsbury (5 M.), and Marl- boro', Leicester (6 M.I, and Spencer, Paxton (8 M), Ooldbi-ook, .and Barre. Kailr:>a«ls, to Providence (Route 10), Norwich, Nashua (Route 13), Albany (Route 22), Barre, Gardner, Fitchburg, Boston, and Lake Quinsigamond. Worcester, the second city in wealth and population in the Common- wealth, and the capital of Worcester County, is situated among a group oC hills on the Blackstone River. Its manufacturing interests have ris(>n rapidly to a commanding position, being favored by the central location of the city, and the large railroad system converging there. The popula- tion is over 65.000. There are 46 churches, and 5 societies of Irish, 3 of Germans, 2 of French-Canadians, and others of English and Swedes. Worcester claims the name of an academic city, in virtue of its numer- ous fine schools. Its Classical and English High School employs 4 mas- ters and 5 assistants, and has a noble building, which is snrmounted by a graceful tower terminating in a spire. This tower is a copy of one of tlie best European campaniles, but is unfortiuiately too slender in com- parison with the heavy mass of the building. Near Main 8t. on the S. is the celebrated Oread Srminarij (now closed), in picturesque stone buildings located on a hill and surrounded by trees. The castle-like structure, with embattled towers, on a commanding hill S. E. of the city was built for a Medical School, but is now used as an academy under the care of the Baptist Church. The Roman Catliolic College of the Holy Cross occupies an extensive range of imposing buildings on Packachoag Hill, 2 M. S. of the city, and is well attended by the youth of that church from all parts of New England. A State Normal School occupies a hill E. of Lincoln Scpiare, and across the valley to the W. are the buildings of the Free Institute of Industrial Science, with lectures, laboratories, machine-shops, and all appliances for learning young men to be practical architects, carpenters, engineers, chemists, civil engineers, &;c. " The ultimate end of this institution is the elevation of the mechanic by giv- ing him thorough and complete scientific Icnowledge on which he may base his future work." The school is richly endowed, and is free to young men of this county (others pay $ 100 a year). Boynton Hall (named ill honor of the founder of the school) is a graceful and ornate stone build- ing. l-?j- M. N. of W^ircester is the Hig/iland Military/ School, widely kjiov.ji for the string'nit thoroughness of its discipline. 128 noate^l. WORCESTER. The State Lunatic Asylum, on Millstone Hill, overlooking Lake Quin- sigamond, cost $ 1,;J50, 000, and is an imposing pile of granite buildings, €11 echelon^ with a high tower. It accommodates 700 patients. The State Asylum for the Chronic Insane holds 400 more. Hope Cemetery and Rural Cemetery are attractive burial-grounds. The Plymouth Church (Pearl St.) and St. PauTs Catholic Church are stately granite buildings. There is a chime often Troy bells in I'lymouth-Church tower. All-Saiuts (Epis.), on Jrving .St., is the fianilsouiest church in tiic city, a perfect geui in brownstone. George IJancroft was horn iu a house now standing on Salisbury St. The Cdy Jlospltal , ou a liill to the \V. of the city, is an iuipo.-ing brick building. Main St. is about 2 M. long, and contains the principal business houses and hotels. It is a wide, pleasant street, well lined with trees, and adorned with some fine commercial buildings. Near its lower end the Jesuit Col- lege is seen across a broad valley. The Common contains the Old South Church, the City Hall, and the Soldiers' and Bigelow Monuments, while four other churches are seen on its sides. Passing N. on Main St. many tine business blocks are seen, with St. Paul's Catholic Church, Trinitj' M. E. Church, the towers of the High School, and numerous tall spires on the hills to the 1. On the r. is Mechanics' Hall, a fine audience-chamber seating 2,500, with a brown-stone front in rich Corinthian architecture. On side-streets diverging to the 1. in this vicinity are the Post-Cfiice, * Episcnpal Church, the Agric. Hall, b^lm Park, and the Free Library (Elm St.). The latter contains 00,000 volumes, being especially rich in mechan- ics and medical Avorks, while its reading-room (open from 9 A. M. until 9 P. 31.) has 24^} different magazines and papers, in 4 languages. On Foster St. are the rooms of the Natural History Society with valuable cabinets (open Wednesday afternoons), and the library (8,000 vols.) and collections of the Society of ArUiquity. On INIairi St. beyond Mechanics' Hall and the Bay State House, is the old Exchange Hotel, a famous inn of the colonial days, where Washington and Lafayette have stojiped. Just beyond is Lincoln Square, where, on a high terrace, are seen the First Unitarian Church, the granite Court House with its classic front, and the neat building of the * American Antiquarian Society. In the latter structure is preserved a valuable library of 80,000 volumes, with ancient portraits of Samuel, Increase, and Cotton ]\Iather and other Puritan divines ; Governors Wiiithrop, Endicott, and other founders of the State. Mr.ny busts adorn the walls, and there are large easts of Michael Angclo's JVIoses, and Christ (houglit in Rome by Hon. Stejihen Salisbury). In glass cases about tl;e hall are several literary curiosities, ancient black-letter MSS on vellum (15th century) ; an elegant Persian MS. richly illuminated (date, 14S0) ; 3 British tax- stamps of 1763 ; MS.- sermons of microscopic fineness written by old Puritan pastors : Latin hooks printed at Rome and Venice in 1475-0; Cranmer's Bible (1538) ; Ptolemy's Gengiaphy ; missals on vellum ; ami a superb * Koran in Arabic, brilliantly illuminated. Two cases of Indian relics are near the entrance to the hall. This collection is open, 9-12, and '2-5 o'clock daily, except Saturday ami Sunday. From the hill behind the building, the Free Industrial School and the Normal School may be seen. On the Common, near the Old South Church, is a pretty English Golluc WORCESTER. Route 21. 120 monument, nnilt of granite and Tuscan marble, over the remains of • Timothy Bigelow, Colonel of the 15tli Mass. Continental Regiment. At the N. E. corner is the * Soldiers' Monument, wliich was designed by Randolph Rogers, and consists of a tall Corintliian column, surmounted by a statue of Victory, standing on a globe, with a drawn sword in her "uplifted hand. Aroimd the column are colossal bronze statues (cast at Munich) representing soldiers of the American infantry, cavalry, artil- lery, and marine service. The Union Railroad Station is an imposing granite building, 514 ft. long and '256 ft. wide, witli a graceful stone clock-tower 200 ft. high. It contains a restaurant, waiting-roonus, news-stand, etc. From this station start the trains of tlie Boston & Albany, Norwich & Worcester, Provi- dence & Worcester, Worcester & Nashua, and Boston, Barre k Gardner Railroads. In 1669 a legislative committee located a settlement for 30 families at Worces- ter (Saxon, Weqera, Ceaster, War-Castle), as a lialf-way halting-place between the valley-towns and tlie coast. The citadel of this colony was near tlie present corner of Main aiid Columbia Streets. The Indians soon forced tlie evacuation of the settlement, and it lay desolate from 1702 to 1713, when it was reoccupied, and stern defensive laws were passed. A fortress-like church was built (on the Common), and each man was ordered to carry to Sunday services his nuisket and 6 rounds of ammunition. In 1720 some Scotch Presbyterian immigrants built a churcli of their own, wliich was assaulted and torn dov/n by the Puritan colonists as a cradle of heresy. In 1755 numerous exiled Aeadians were sent here, and soon after tlie " Massachusetts Spy " newspaper (still published there) began to fan tlie flames of revolution. April 19, 1775, a breathless messenger bore into town, the news of the battle of Lexington. His white horse, flecked with blood and foam, fell dead on Main St., but he rode westv.'ard on another, while the minute- men move? 4 a day)'; Hotel Warwick, just N. of station (S^ 2 -.'? 2 50 a d.sy) ; Cooley's Hotel {.i? 2 a day)." Ileadinjj-rooms. — City Library, State St. (with museum) ; Y. M. C. A., Main St. Amusements at the Oiiera House, Main St. ; Roller Skating-riuk, Bridge St. Railroads. — The Boston and Albany, to Boston 98 M., to Albany 104 M. ; the New York, New Haven, and Hartford, to Hartford 26 M., New Haven 62 M., New York 136 M. ; the Conn River, to Greenfield 36 M.. and to the North ; the Athol Branch, to Athol in 48,\ M. ; N. Y. & N. E. R. R., to Hartford 31 M. These lines meet at the large central station. Horse-car.s nm on Main St., and to the Armory and Water-Shops. Al.so, to Brightwood and Mill River (South End). Springfield was settled by a company under Wihiam Pyuchon, in 1636, whose compact bei^au as follows : "Article I. Wee intend, by God's grace, as soon a.s wee can, with all convenient sx)eede, to procure some godly and faithful! minister, with wlKjnie wee propose to.joyne in church covenint to walk in all the ways of Christ, .\rticle II. Wee intend that our town shall be composed of fourty family's, or if wee think meete after to change our purpose ; yet not to exceed the number of fifty family's, rich anil poore." The town would have been abandoned at one time but for the oi'ders of the Legislature, forbidding the evacuation of Mass. settlements, whereupon the people ei'ected a strong palisade. Great suffering was experienced during the first winter, for the freezing of the river prevented vessels ascending with supplies. Several persons started for Boston, and were frozen on the way. Pynclion, the magistrate of Springfield, wrote an anti-Calvin- istic theological book hi 1650, which was condemned by the Legislature and burnt on Boston Common. He was deposed from his otfice, was forced, amid a storm of clerical wrath, to retract, and soon returned to England to escape ])ersecntion. In 107 J, while the train-bands of Si)ringlield were guarding Lladley, tlie Indians laid a plot to destroy the place. Their plan was exposed by a friendly Indian at Windsor, whence a rider was despatched, who reached Springfield at" dead of night, and aroused the people. Just as they had gained the shelter of three gar- rison-honses, 6)0 Indians entered the streets and burnt every other house in town. They successfully disputed the passage of the river against Major Treat's com- mand, and only retired at the approach of Mijor Pynchon and 200 men from Had- ley, le.aviiig behind them a sad scene of ruin and destruction. During the Revo- lution works for repairing muskets were established here, and also a caniton- foundry, at whicli were cast the guns of several of the batteries which were en- gaged in the battles near Saratoga. Jan. 25, 1787, 1,200 of Shays' rebels attacked the Arsenal, wliich was defended by 1,100 militia men. A few cannon-shot dis- persed the assailants. During the present century Springfield has grown rapidly, by reason of the establishment here of the U. S. Armory and numerous other manufactures, and by the convergence, at this point, of important railway systems. Springfield is a handsome city of over 35,000 inhahitauts, situated on the E. bank of the Connecticut River. Its principal thoroughfare is IMain St., a wide and level street, 3 M. long, adorned with many fine commer- cial buildings. The principal object of interest in the city is the * United States Armory, which is established on a park of 72 acres on Armory Ilill (E. of the station, and best reached byway of State St.). The buildings surround a great quadrangle called Armory Square, and 400 men are constantly engaged making and repairing Springfield rifles and carbines, and experimental arms. The work is paid for by the piece, and the day of labor is 8 hrs. During the War of the Rebellion the works were run night and day for four years, and at one time over 3,000 men were employed. Nearls' 800,000 guns were made daring that time, at an expense of $ 12,000,000. The Arsenal is a large building on the W. of the quadrangle, in which 175,000 stand of arms are stored, rivalling in their symmetrical arrangement the similar collection in the Tower of London. 132 Route 21. BOSTON TO NEW YOKK. " This is the Arsenal. From floo'- to ceilin?, I>ike a huge organ, rise tl\e burnished arms ; But from their silent pipes no anthem pealing Startles the villages with strange alarms. Ah! whnt a snnnd will rise — how wild and dreary^ When tlio dentli-ansrel totiehes those swift keys! W'hat lond I-iment nnd disinil Miserere Will mingle with their awful symi honies !" J.OXGFELLOW. From tlie tower of the Arsenal is gained a fine view of the city and its environs. Passes for a survey of the shops, &c., may be obtained at the Armory office. 1 M. S. E. are the Water-Shops. State St. and the vicinity of Winchester Park, Maple St., and Crescent Hill furnish pleasant drives among elegant villas, and afford extensive views of the charming valley. On Maple St. is the main entrance to the beautiful Sprinijfitld 6'e/»ei;ery/, covering 40 acres; and by Holland's " Bay Path," the present Bay St., is reached tiie new Oak-Grove Cemetery of 90 acres, finely laid out. On Court Square is a heroic bronze statue of Miles Morgan, one of the early Puritan settlers of S[>ringtield. On State St., between Main St. and the Armory grounds, are several tine buildings. The *Cllurch of the Unity (on the r.) is one of the noblest ecclesiastical structures in the State, and, with its cloistei-ed jxirtico, broad windows, and lofty detai-hed tower and s})ire, it forms a strikingly beauti- ful object. Its archnecture is Gothic, and its nuderial is brown stone. Just above the church is the uuiipie and graceful builduig of the High School, and opposite the church is the *City Library, witli its handsome building. A library of 50,000 volumes is contained in a richlj- ornamented and well-arranged hall, while on the tloor below is a Museum (open Wednesday and Saturday, 2-5 P. M.) containing 000 stuffed birds, J20 stuffed quadrupeds, and several thousand specimens of fossils, lish, reptiles. and minerals. There are also cabinets of Indian antiquities, and many interesting historical relics. Just above the Library is the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Michael. Court Square is near the centre of the city, and has on one side the City Kail, containing a hall which can contain 3,000 persons. S. of Court Square is the * Court House of Hampden County, a massive new structure of granite, costing ^200,000. It has a tall tower, balconies, and other features drawn from Italian municipal palaces. The 1st Congregational Church (society founded 1G37) fionts on this square. In 1-M from the City Hall, passing N. W. on the busy and attractive Main St., one reaches Round Hill and the Memorial Church, built of granite in Gothic architecture. Hampden Park, near by, on the banks of the river, has line race-tracks, and is used for fairs. * Christ Church (Epis.) is a beautiful stone building in Norman-Gothic architecture, on ("hestr.ut St., W. of the City Library. The city contains 30 churches, 4 daily and 8 weekly pajjcrs, 9 banks and 4 savings-banks, and 9 Masonic societies. Its valuation in 1883 was $ o5,000,879, and dur- WINDSOR. Runic 21. 133 1112^ the same 3-ear its merchants liad $20,000,000 worth of wholesale trade from the valley-towns. Sprinp;field has .? S 000.000 investc.l in manufacturins:, employing 7.000 hands. Among the principal works aie tlio^^e of i^mitli and Wesson, where 600 men are employed in makini; iiistols. This roiiipany has made 150,000 revolvers for the Russian government. At Brijrhtwood (N of the city) is the Wasou Car Manufac- tory, whose buildings required 2,i)()0,0U0 bricks in their construction. These woiks employ 400 men, and turn out 100 passenger and 900-1,000 freight cars yearly, besides many tliousandcar-wheeis. The\ have niaile most of the cars for the Pacific Railroad and the New .iersey Centrrd, and also a superb car for the Egyptian Khe- dive. Among the other ip.dustries are (he Ames M'fg Co. (silver and bronzes), the Powers Paper Co., the Morgan Envelope Co., large paper-collarworks, the Milton Bradley Co 's games, whi])S, cigars, cloths, tools, buttons, jewelry, bricks, &c. Three-fourths of the fine paper made in the United States is turned out here and at llolyoke. Station, Longmeadow (the Indian Mas.sacsic), settled in 1614 on the long meadows by the Connecticut. It is a pretty village on a gentle swell near tlie intervales, and produces hay, grain, tobacco, and freestone. The State of Conn, is now entered, and the train stojis at Thompson- ville (Globe Hotel), the seat of the largest carpet-works in the country. Since 1828 this industry has been growing, until now it iises up 900 tons of inii^orted wool each year, and turns out 1,800,000 yards of ingrain and Venetian carpets, from 141 looms. 3-4 M. E. of this village is the large community of the Enfield Shakers. The village of Enfield (settled by Salem men, in 16S1) is a short distance S. of Thompsonville. Station, Wareliouse Point, where the line crosses the Conn. River by the * Iron Truss Bridge, a noble piece of engineering, built i;i Manchester, England, and set uf) here in 186G. The road-bed of 13 ft. wide is sus- taiiU'd 47 ft. above the water by wrought-iron trusses, held up l)y 17 granite piers. The bridge is 1,525 ft. long and cost % 265,000. . At Hazardvllle, a few miles N. E., are the powder- w^orks of Col. Hazard. These are the largest iu En.^i ind or A;n'jri-;a, and t.'ie former country boaght y I,2.j0,00J worth of Hazard's powder during the Crimean YV^ar, while vast amounts were made for the United IStates during the Secession War. Station, Windsor Locks (Charter Oak House), with iron and paper mills on the water-power afforded by a canal built before the era of rail- roads to enable vessels to pass the Enfield Falls and gain the Upper Conn. Tourists were formerlv thus carried from Springfield to New Haven. Branch R. R. 5 j\I. to SiiJJicld, a lovely old rural hamlet. The line crosses the Farmington River by a tine seven-arched bridge of red sandstone. Station, "Windsor (Alford House), settled in 1633-6 by men of Dor- chester, on the rich intervales of Mtittaneag. Ill addition to harassments from the ten Indian tribes with their 2,000 bo^vmen Wiio lived about Mattaneag, the Utile colony was early attacked by 70 Holland troops, sent by Gov. Van Twiller. The Dutch exi)edicion retired before the firm and fearless Puritans, and the Indians soon sold out. Rev. John Warliam, the pastor-chief, Vv'ho led this nomadic Don^estrian Cliurch iu its 14 days' march through tlie wilderness, waathe first of the New Euglaiul clergy who used notes in preaching. In lGi4 a road was built to Northampton, freight by sea to or from 134 Route 21. BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Boston costing at this time 33 per cent ad valorem. Matthew Grant came from Enyiand to Dorchester in l'J3(). and thence went to Windsor. The family lived hei'e for over a century, initii Noah Grant was killed in the battle of Lake George (1755). This officer was the great-grandfatlier of President Grant. Roger Wol- cott and his son Oliver, governors of Conn. 1751 -4, and 171)0-7, were born here. Oliver Ellsworth, U. S. Senator, 1789-95, and afterwards Chief Justice of the U. S., was horn here in 1745. Another native of Windsor was Gen. Phelps, who, with his associates, bought of Mass. and Conn. 5,500,000 acres of the Western wilderness, at a nominal price. These tracts were laid olf in townships and ranges, and sold to settlers. They now comprise the counties of Ontario and bteuben (New York), and the Western Reserve of Ohio. There is a long, "broad Green near the station, near which are the Wol- cott and Moore mansions, and the new Episcopal Clmrch, and just over the river, is the old Cong. Clmrch and the Green which was the cradle of Windsor, and is still called the Palisado. Tliis town grows much tobacco, of which 5,830,000 pounds were raised in the county in 1870. Hartford. Hotels. — * Allj'n House, a fine bro\vnstone building near the station, ac- commodating 300 guests. .^4.00 a day; ^ City Hotel, onMain tit., ii?3.00a day; the Unit<'d states and tlie American Hotels, on the old State House Square. Kailruacls. — The present route to Springtield and Boston (124 M.), New Haven and New York (109 JI.) ; the Hartford, Providence, and Pishkill, to ProNi- dence on the E. (90 M.) and Waterbury on the W. (32 M.) ; the Conn. Valley R. R. to Saybrook Point (44 jSI.) ; tlie Conn. Western, to Salisbury and .Millertim (09 M.). Steamers. — Daily to the river-landings and Sag Harbor (Long Island) in tlie morning ; daily, in tlie afiernoou, for the lower landings ; daily for the river- landings and New York City. Stages to Farmington, Broad Brook (14 M.), Wethersfleld, Rocky Hill, Crom- well, Marlboro (20 M.) ; to Bloomfield and Simsbury, N. Canton, and W. Hartlaud (30 M.). Horse-Cars rim along Main St. from Spring Grove Cemetery to Wethersfleld (7 JNI.), al.-,i) iinui tlie New Yi;>rk steamboat pier, at the font nf State St., tlivougli State and Asylum Sts. 2 M., passing the R. R. Station and the Deaf and Dumb Asylnm. f'arriages cost 50c. a course in the city, 75c. for 2 persons, and $1.00 for 3 porsuiis. Diiuble fares between 12 and at night. By tlie hour, §2.00. Amusements and lectures freiiuently at Roberts' Opera House (an elegant auditorium), 395 Main St., or at Aliyn Hall, on Asylum St. near the Allyn House. Connecticut was first explored by the Dutch, one of Avhose sturdy mariners, Adrian Block, ascended the Conn. River as far as the Enhcld Falls in the 10-tou yacht, "(Jnrest" (1(;14). In 1633 the Dutch built a 2-gun fort, called the " llir.se of Ciood Hope," on the present site of Hartford, anottsylvania, May 9, 1S()4) ; and of Gen. Nathaniel Lyon (commander of the U. S. Army in Missouri, killed at tlie battle of Wilson's Creek, Aug. 10, 1801). Adjoining this room is the hall contain- ing a large reference library, endowed with .';^ 1U0,(:00 by David Watkiuson, who died in 1857. It now contains 26,000 volumes. The ]irincipal manufactories of Hartford are the Colt Rifle and Pistol Factory, which has .'^1,0:)0,000 capital, and employs 800 hands. Since Col. Colt's death it li.is been run by a company, of which Gen. Franklin is President. Its immense buildings are in the S. E. part of the city, near the river, Irom whose inundations they .lie; guarded by a dike (50 ft. broad at the top, ami 8,7**0 ft. long), which cost t";S(i,0li0. " The Church of the Good Shepherd is nearby. The Sharps' liille M.m- ufutory (now at Bridgeport) was here for many years, making arms for the Uiiited States, Great Britain, Germany, China, Japan, Mexico, Peru, and Chili. HARTFORD. Route 21. 139 Among tlip otiier companies now in operation are the Kellop^i: & Bulkelev Litlio- Kraphuiy Co., the Pratt & Whitney Macliine Co., the Warihbiiru Car-Wh"oel fac- tory, the Weed Kewmy-Machine Co., rheuix Inni Foundry, l'liiiii.t(;n EnveL.i.e Co.. Batterson's marble-works, etc. Hartlbrd i.s also an 'imiioi'taut market 1 u- ■wool and tobacco. The great snbscription-book pnblishini;-houses of Ilartfoi-d print many ti'ou- sands ot books yearly. The chief of tlit-se are the Amcriean i'ubiishin-' Co. T!ie city has 17 banks, 9 Masonic lodges, 3 lodges of Odd Fellows, .3 of f^uiights of Pythias, 1 Grand -Army Post, 9] temperance societies, and 7 Qlits military companies, one of which, the Putnam Phalanx, is widely famed. Its members dress in antique uniforms, and tlie corps (12.5 men) is said to represent .^11,000,000. Tlie city has more wealth in propor- tion to its population than any other American city, and its society is of a high and cultivated order. By following Main St. to the S. beyond St. Peter's Church, Armsmear is soon readied (on the 1.). This is the residence of the Colt family, with spacious grounds adorned with groves, lakes, marble statuary, green- houses, and a deer-pai'k. Near the mansion is a beautiful *copy (in brojize) of tlie Amazon and Tiger, at the Museum v.\ Eerlin. About 3 M. Ivyoud is ancient Wethersfield, settled by men of Watertown, Mass., in IGjj. At 1336, the first Conn, legislature convened here declared war against the Pequots. The old Webb mansion, near the Cong. Church, was Washington's head-ciuarters, and here frequeiit and protracted councils of the French and American officers prepared the plans which ended at York town. The towi has long been noted for its great crops of onions. Since 1826, the State Prison has been established here. About 3 M. S. W. of the city is Cedar Hill Cemetery, on a bare and lofty hill commanding views of the Queen City and the valley of the Conn. The * Beach Memorial is a beautiful work of Italian art. A high base, surrounded by elegant bas-reliefs, supports a vase, which is shelter"(xL by a tabernacle in red, yellow, and white marbles, supported by colmnns of Scotch granite. The Clark Monument is surmounted by a colossal bronze Angel of the Resurrection (cast in Munich). Tlie Russell J\Ionu- ment is crowned by a life-size and life-like seated statue. The monimient to Col. Samuel Colt (who invented the revolving pistol) consists of a lofty EgjTptian colunm of Scotch granite, surmounted by a bronze angel, wldle on the pedestal is the family coat-of-arms (a colt rampant, witlwa broken spear in his mouth). The new * State Capitol stands on the hill S. of the W. division of Bnslmell Park, and is visible from the railroad station and from the track on the S. It occupies tlie foinier site of Trinity College, which was pur- chased by the city in lb72 (subject to 5 years' occupation), for .^ 600,000, and presented to the State. The building was designed by Ui)jolin, and cost about §2,r.UO,000. It is of white 139 a. Route 9A. HARTFORD. marl)le, in secular Gotliic architecture, 300 ft. long, with its fronts broken by frequent angles, columns, arches, galleries, and abundant commemora- tive sculpture. Resting on the brow of the hill it commands a superb view, and again in turn is thus visible from almost all points of the city. The Hnll of Representatives is in the centre of the S. front, and is lighted on three sides. The arcades are upheld by polished granite columns ; and the tympuni are filled -with sculy»tures whose subjects were chosen from the history of Conn. The dome is 250 ft. high, curving from a dodecago- nal base at whose angles are statues representing the 12 original States, with a statue of Connectic^it, holding her Charter, on the top. Trinity College was founded in 1824 as Washington College, and re- ceived its present name in 1845. Its new site is on Rocky Hill, about 1^ M. from the Hartford stalion, by avenues leading through a delightful part of the city ; and commands a superb view over the Connecticut and Perk-River Valleys, with many handets on the peaceful plains and liold mountain-ranges beyond. The buildings (now being slowly erected) are of brownstone, in early French Gothic architecture, designed by William Burges of London. They are to form three great quadrangles, harmonious in design, and will be the best edifices in America for educational pur- poses. The length of the front is 1,300 ft., the lengthwise buildings being used as doi'mitories and lecture-rooms, the N. transverse block the Thea- tre and Observatory, the S. lilock the professors' residences, and the trans- verse blocks N. and S. of the " Great Quad" the Library and Museum, Chapel and Dining-Hall. The grounds cover 80 acres, and are being laid out by F. Law Olmsted, with the statue of Bishop Brownell on the broad terrace in front of the buildings. Trinity has about 100 students. Its old Seabury, Brownell, and Jarvis Halls are being demolished to give place to the new Capitol. The Asylum-Hill Cong. Church has a spire 225 ft. high. St. Patrick's Cathedral has been rebuilt, and is on Church St., the Bishop's residence and convent being on Farmington Ave. Cheney Bros., the silk manufac- turers, have a new and imposing brownstone building on Main St. HARTFOr.D TO SPRINGFIELD. Route 21. 130 h. Talcott Mt. is about M. W. The estate. "Monte Video " o" tlie old faniilv oc vvado-.voi-t., IS on its suiniait, and the pretty Gothic villa is near a "deep, col.i '■ii...allme la:e. on the brow of the nit. From a neiohboriiii; tower "you have Xxtf^'^'"^^ view ot the surrounding country, and iirfco the adjoining States of luxss. and iN. l. ; the wliole surrounded by an inipuriiled outline of nits TJie Loim. IS seen sweeping onward like a king, through its fair domain, amid the spires of numerous towns and villages, while, by tlie aid of a glass, the sails of tlie vessels m the pert of Hartford, and the movements in the" streets, are dis- tmctly visiule." (Mrs. «inouRNEY.) "The peculiarities of the beautiful and grand scenery of Jlonte Video make it quite witliout a parallel iu America, and probably with few in the world." (Prof. Silliman.) Rockiillill (7 M. S.) presents a remarkable .juiKition of trap-rock and sandstone ^roni this point is enjoyed a rich view over the river A'allev, embracing Wethers- held and Its intervales, Glastenburyand the LymeMts., N. Hartford, and 40 M lo tne ^., the Mts. of Tom and Holyoke. The ride to Rocky Hill, by the river-road IS a tavu-ite one witli the Hartford citizens. Oilier excursions are to Tumble-Down Brook (8 M. W.), to E. and W Hartford to Glastenbury, and over Newington Mt. S. Winihor {'oU. lN!.)was a depot for luisoners during the Revolution, and its numerous lines o elms were planted by Jiritish and Hessian captives, under the direction of Lafayette. Here was borii Jotui Fitch, inventor and builder of the first steamboat in America He ran a steamer-hne on the Delaware River from 17S(i to l7i>0, the boat making 8 M an Jiour. Fulton's steamers, the " Clermont " and the " Car of Neptune,"\vere'put on the Hudson m 1S07. 50 years ago more gin was made in E. Windsor than iu any other town m America. Hartford to Springfield. Springfield Division of the N. Y. & N. E R. R. The running time between Hartford and Springfield is about \;, hrs. The distance is 81 M. The line cro-^ses the Connecticut Kiver on the bridge of the New York and New Eiighind Railro il, and .soon reaches E. Hniiford, a pros- perous rural village near the Hockaiium River. Its long and elm-lined street is famous for antique dignity and beaut3\ Several factories are located in tliis vicinity. The train runs N., near the broad and fertile in- tervales of the Connecticut, prolitic in rye and grain, where the ferocious Fodunk Indians anciently dwelt. The line soon diverges from the river, and crosses long and level plains, with but little of interest visible. Af- ter crossing the Fodunk River, the hills of Vernon and Ellington appear on the r., and the hamlet of ,S^. Windsor is soon readied. Station, East- Windsor Hill, where the Conn. Theological Institution Avas long located. Near this place is the Scantic River. Beyond Osborn station is Broad Brook, the seat of the Broad-Brook Manufacturing Co., wliich producss cassimeres and other Avoollen goods. A short distance W. is Warehouse Point, opposite Windsor Locks and near the great hrilge of the N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. This locality formerly possessed the largest gin-distilleries in the United States. The riverward inter- vales nov-r produce valuable crops of tobacco. The train now enters En- field, wliich belonged to Massachusetts until 1752, and w\as settled in 1081 by immigrants from Salem in that Province. Beyond Melrose tlie 140 RcniUn. MEPJDEN. line veaclips K-izardrMU, which is famous for its great gmipowdor-works. Here tlie Scantic River is crossed, and the next stop is at Shaker Station, Avhere tlie Shakers have built a handsome station building. Two families of Shakers maintain large and admirably kept farms just to the E., still cherishing their weird, theological ideas, living in celibacy, and showhig the most systematic and profitable agriculture in New England. The line now crosses the Massachusetts line, and reaches E. Lnng- mendov), near valuaV)le quarries of freestone. Soon afterwards it passes the Water-Shops and the Armory, and enters Springfield on the rails of t le Springfield, Athol k Northeastern R. R. Hartford to New Haven. After leaving Hartford, the line runs S., leaving the river, past Newing- ton to Berlin, whence branch tracks diverge to Middletown, 10 M. on the S. E., and New Britain, 2h M. on the N. (see Route 11). Berlin village (S. E. of the station) was for scores of years the home of the peripatetic tin-pedlers who traversed the country Ix'tween Slobile and Quebec. The manufacture of tin-ware originated here about 1775, and is still carried on The heroic Major Hart was born here, who, at Gen. St. Clair's defeat on the Miami River (1791), led a battalion of the 2.1 U. S. Infantry (the rear-guard) on a fearful charge, in whidi he and nine tenths of his men were'' killed. At E. Berlin are the works of the American Corrugated Iron Co. Percival, the poet, was born here in 1795. Station, Meriden (Meriden House), a busy little city midway between Hartford and New Haven. Near the Town Hall (E. of the track) are sev- eral churches, and some neat villas cro^vn the heights beyond. The spacious and imposing building of the State Reform School is passed by the train just before reaching the station. The highway to the N. passes Ut. Lamentation, and then runs through a narrow pass in the Blue Mts. called the Cat Hole, 1 M. long. Ice is found near this deep glen through- out the year. West Peak, 3 M. from the city, commands a view extend- ing from Hartford to New Haven, and over Long Island Sound. The Meriden Britannia Co. has 6 large buildings, one of which is .527x40 ft 1,000 hands are employed, 420 tons of nickel white metal and «{ ^^ ^^e used yearly, and $2,500,000 worth of wares are sent out every year to all paits ot the wnrlfl f'has Parker makes 4,000 tons of tin-ware annnallv ; the Men.len Cnt- SJ Co (the firsUn America) employs 400 hands. The Parker Shot Gun Co., the MiHeable Iron ci , the Meriden Fliut Glass Co., the Wilcox Organ Co. arc located here Here a^soa^e made the Uall railway .iguals and the Bradley & Hubbard '^of the great land route from Boston to New Haven Belcher b"ilta fortified tavern here in 16(50. Levi S. Ives, Epi.eopal Bishop ot North Carohna (1831-52 , who was received into the Roman Catholic Church at the city of Rome in 18o2, was a native of Meriden. BOSTON TO ALBANY, &c. RuliU22. 14-1 After Yalesrille conios "Walliagford {Ingraliam House). Davenport preached a sermon at the founding- of this town (in 1G69) from the text, '• My bc-loved hath a vineyard hi a very fruitful hill." On that fruitful hill the village is built, with a neat town hall, a costly Episcopal churcli, and a fine modern school-house, besides several neat villas. Manuiactures of German-silver ware, Albata plate, &c., are carried oa on ilie plain. The Hanging Hills form a lofty and picturesque scene to the W. of the village. W. of the station (f M.) is a branch of the Oneida Comnamity, containing about 50 persons, on an estate of 2-300 acres. They believe in the power of the New Testament doctrines to render men morally perfect, and all their property is held in common. The object of this mission colony (which receives a^ibsidies from. Oneida) is to projiagate the Oneida tenets in New England. The line follows the Quinnipiac Valley to N. Haven. There is here a Gothic church (Episcopal) facing the Green, near which is the house where Dr. Truml)ull the historian lived for 50 years, and wrote 4,000 sermons and several books. North Haven makes several million bricks yearly, Tlie train soon passes East Rock (on the r. ), crosses Mill lliver, and enters New Haven. New Haven to New York, see Route 8. 22. Boston to Albany, Saratoga, and the West. Via tlie Boston and Albany Raih-oad, Rensselaer and Saratoga R. R., and New York Central R. R. Boston to Albany, 202 M. Fare, §4.60. Boston to Saratoga, 2-iO M. This is the favorite route running W. from Boston, and will long hold this posi- tion, since the prnicipal inland cities of Massachusetts are on its line. Wiien its constrLK'tion was first talked of, the " Boston Courier " derided the scheme, saybig that it eould 1)e built only at an " expense little less tlian the market value of the whole territory of Massachusetts, and which, if practicable, every ])erson of com- mon-sense Icnows would be as useless as a railroad fi'om Boston to the moon." Yet the work went on, the road was completed to Worcester in lSo5, to Spring- field in 1839, and to Albany in 1842. Tiic. admirable appointments and organiza- tion of this route, and its immunity from accidents, have given it a wide reputa- tion and an extensive patronge. The station in Boston is on the corner of Kneeland and South Sts. After emerging from the city, the line crosses the Pro\-idence Railroad (Route 8) on the Back Bay lands, and passes the junction of the Woon- socket Railroad (2 M. out). A fine panoramic view is gained by a back- ward glance from the wiridow\s on the r. of the car, embracing the ancient academic city of Cambridge, with the heights of Somerviile and Cluuies- town, while much of Boston is visible to tlie rear. For the itinerary between Boston and Springfield, see Route 21. The line crosses the Connecticut River on a long bridge just alter leav- ing Springfield, and follows the valley of the Agawam River past W. 142 Route 23. THE BERKSHIRE HILLS. Spriiigfield Station (a maiiufactiiriiig village; Agawam Hotel) to West- field (Wilhiiarth House, Westtield House). The Indian domain of Woro- noco was settled by the English in 1660, and called Streamfield, from the abundance of its waters, but later, the Legislature named it Westfield, as the most westerly of the settlements. Late in King Philip's War, the colonial council ordered that this, and all the other valley towns, should be evacuated, and that their inhabitants shoiild concentrate at Springfield and Hadley. An angry refusal was returned, and the towns negotiated for union with Conn, until the obnoxious edict was repealed. Westfield built a fort and stood her groimd. At present it is a biisy village, where 32 firms make 2,500,000 whips a year, and 8-12,000,000 cigars are an- nually made. IhQ State Normal School located here has 160-200 stu- dents, and is of high reputation. Several chiirches front on the Green, which is adorned by a monument by which " Westfield honors the memory of her sons who have fallen in defence of Liberty, Union, and Independence, 1S61 to 1865." The pedestal bears the arms of the State and of the Union, and a list of the slain, and is surmounted by a bi'onze soldier, of heroic size. The village is situated in a beautiful valley by the Westfield River, ^ M. S. of the station. The New Haven and Nortli- ampton Railroad crosses the line at this point. The line noAv runs up the valley of the Westfield River, passing Pochassic Hill and Mt. Tekoa on the r., and stops at Russell (Riissell House), in a mountainous toAvn. Station, Huntington and Chester, after which the line passes into Berkshire County (see Route 23). Beyond the borders of Berkshire and of Massaclnasetts the line enters New York State, and connects at Chatham with the Hudson and Boston R. R. and the Harlem R. R. From Chatham, it runs N. W., through Kinderhook and Schodack, to Greenbush, and thence crossing the Hudson on a noble bridge, enters the city of Albany. Connections are here made with tlie New York Central R. R. for the "West, and with other routes for New York, Saratoga Springs, &c. Also with the Hudson River boats. From Albany to Utica, 95 M. ; to Rome, 109 M. : to Syracuse, 147 M. ; to Rochester, 25iiily arising in every town and in every village, with the beautiful rites of Decoration Day, hallowing the memory of heroes, are like tlie spring of liberty, flowing CA'erj'where in the land." The monument consists of a massive pedestal on which is a bronze statue of a lithe young soldier in fatigue uniform, .standing at rest, with his left hand holding a flag-staff, and the I'ight hand liigh up in the folds of the flog. This " Color-Bearer " was designed by Launt Thompson, and cast from the metal of 5 cannon given hy Congress for the imrp/ose. The })edestal contains the names of 5 officers and 90 'men who died in the field, out of 1,250 who enlisted at Pittsfield. " A voice from lips whereon the coal from Freedom's shrine hnth been. Thrilled, as Init yesterday, the hearts of Berkshire's Mountain men ; The echoes of that solemn voice are sadly lint'cring still In all our sunny valleys, on every wind-swept hill. And sandy Barnstable rose up, wet with the salt sea sprav ; And Bristol sent her answcrin'j shout down Narragar.sett Bay ; Alonf,' the broad Connccticnt old Ilnmpden felt the thrill. And the cheer of Hampshire s woodmen swept down from Ilolyoke Hill. No ularr-hiint in oiir hnrdrrs — no pirate on our sfrati/l ! No fetters in. the Hai/ Slate — no slave upon our land ! " ■WniTTIER. The monument stands in the Park, a green in the midst of the city, which is called the heart of Berkshire. Here, in the centre of an elliptical line of trees, stood the Old Elm, ■with its 90 ft. of smooth shaft, and concentric rings representing 34:0 years of gro"wiih. After being twice thunder-smitten, the Old Elm became un- THE BERKSHIRE HILLS. Route £3. 145 safe, ani v:as taken down in 1S64-, amid the mourning of tlie county. On one side of the Park is the Congregational Church (of stone), where Dr. John Todd (a powerful and proiilic writer) preached, 1842-70. Next to it is St. Stephen's Episcopal Church. At the end of the Park is the elegant wliite marble * Court House, which, together with the Jail (iii another street), cost $ 400,000. Near the Court House, and fronting the Park, is the building of the Berkshire Athenaeum, contahiing a fine li'Draiy and collections of local curiosities. On tlte corner of North and \Vest Sts., near the Park, is the noble building of the Berkshire Life Insurance Co. On the main street are some fine busi;iess buildings, and beyond tlie American House is the small but handsome Cathedral of St. Joseph. The French residents have, also, a Catholic Church for their hundred families, and thei'e is also a German Lutheran Cliurch. Beyond St. Josepii's is the MapleAvood Institute (for young ladies), " whose grace- ful chapel, gymnasium, and half ivy-covered dwellings gieam white tlirough groves and avenues of famed attractiveness." During the vacation, this building is used as a summer boarding-house ($10-15 a week). On East St. is the noble oKl Ajipleton mansion, once the liome of Longfellow's wife, and ihe place of "The Old Clock on the Stairs." Longfellow spent many summers here. At I'ittslield Lord Coleridge said: ''England has nothing more pleasingly picturesque than Berkshire." The Baptists have a handsome church ou Ni-rlh St.; and the Methodist Church is attractive. There are many beautiful villas on Wendell Avenue, Jubilee Hill, &c. The town is situated on a plateau 1,000-1,200 ft. above the sea, and surrounded by lofty hills, the Taconics on the ^V''. and the Hoosacs on the E. Beautiful villas abound in the subiu-'oan streets, and extensive manu- factures of cotton and woollen cloths, knit goods, and boots, furnish employ- ment for the foreign population. The town is supplied with water f;-om Lake Ashley, a little romantic locli which lies upon the summit of Wash- ington Mt. (1,800 ft. high), 7 M. to the S. E. Pittstield has large manu- factures, beautiful alluvial environs, 9 churches, 3 papers, and 4 banks. Lake Onota (083 acres) is about 2 M. W. of Pittstield. From the hill where Ashley's Fort stood, a fine view is enjoyed, but the best prospect is from a long point running from the N. shore, to which locality belongs the legend of '• The White Deer of Onota." Pontoosuc Lake, "the haunt of the winter deer" (575 acres), is 2^ M. N. of Pittstield, on the road to Williamstown (22 M.). Berry Pond is to the N. W. in Hancock. "Berry Pond does not derive its name from tlie str.iwberries, blackberries, and raspberries, which by their abun- dance ia the vichiity would JTistify the appellation, but from an obscure, stoat- hearted man who once dwelt upon its border, and wrunjc subsistence for a fan:e family of girls out of the unrein of its rocky cliafice. Nothing can exceed the beauty of this pond. Its margin is sometimes a beach of silvery sand, strewn with blocks of snov.'y quartz and delicate, fibrous mica ; again grassy and green to the water's edge; and yet 9gaiu fringed \s-itli long eyelashes of birch and hazel- trees, that dreamilv gaze at their re.lection in the mirror." (Taconic.) South Mountain is S. of Pittstield. From its S. summit Greyloek 7 14:6 Route 23. THE BERKSHIRE HILLS. is seen in tlie N., Mount Oceola and Perry's Peak in the W., the Lenox Mt. in the S., and the Mts. of Washington in the E. The city is close at liand in the N. with Lake Onota at its side. Nearer is Melville Lake, or Lilly Bowl, near Lilly Ope, so named from an old Meg Merrilies of a hermitess named Lilly, who once lived in the valley. In the mts. N. W. of Pittslield, and distant several miles, are some romantic points. Below Mt. Honv/ee is the Promised Land, a name given with grim Kew England humor to a tract of kind for Avhich grants were long promised f^nd longer delayed. On its W. summit is a i)retty lakelet whence Lulu Ope (or valley) may be descended to Lula Cascade, " a foam-white colunm which finds its base in a circular pool of black and glossy surface, overhung by a gray old boulder, and l)y masses of tangled foliage." S. of the Promised Land is the Ope of Promise, the nearest (though arduous) path to Berry Pond. Then comes Arbutus Hill .'ind Ope, which are covered with arbutus in May, and beyond them is Old Tower llill. S. of the Lebanon road (which nins through Lilly Ope) is Doll Mt., where the Shakers formerly worshipped, and which they called Mt. Zion. Silver Lake is in the E. environs, and Sylvan I^ake is 2-3 M.E. of the city. The larger lakes here- abouts are ])rolific in pickerel, but the trout have been nearly exterminated. O. Wendell Holmes long resided at a villa 2 M. from the city, on a small farm remaining from 24,000 acres purchased by his grandfather in 1735. Near him lived Herman Melville, the rover, and author of sea-novels. " AVliite Jacket," "Moljy Dick," and other works were written here, where he resided 1850 -CO. Daily stages run from l'irt.reaching he settled at Stockbridge. Here he wrote the remarkable treatise on " The Freedom of the Will," in whose close and subtle iirgument he maintained "tliat philosophic necessity was compatible with freedom of the will, rightly defined, and with human responsiV)ility. Tall and slender in person, he had a high, broad, bold forehead, piercing and luminous eyes, and a countenance indicative of sincerity and benevolence." The great re- ligious awakening which convulsed the frozen churches of New England liefoi'e the miildle of the last century was largely caused by his marvellous sermons, un- evadable in their directness, incontrovertible in their logic, and terrific in their lurid earnestness. Probably no preacher since Chrysostom has had such power of striking convulsive terror into an audience ; and this he did siinitly by his Words and by his intense earnestness, and without any of the graces or artifices of oratory. While President of New Jersey College, Edwards died (1758), leaving "The Freedom of the Will," "The Religious Alfections," and "The History of Re- demption," as his great monuments. Tliese, and his other writings, including many sermons, fill 10 octavo volumes. "Tlu'se Ihree, Augustine, Calvin, and Jonathan Edwards." *Lake Malikeenac (Stockbridge Bowl) is 3-4 M. N. of the viUage by admirable roads. This is a beautiful, calm laka, surrounded by liilLs, and THE BEEKSHIRE HILLS. Route 23. 151 vvitli the village and spire of Curtisville peering above the trees on the B. The best way is to go up by the road on the heights, leaving Mahkeenac on the 1. and passing around its N. end, return on a road W. of the Lake through Curtisville. 5 niin. walk from tlie latter village is a beautiful little tarn called Lake Averick, or 3lGvntain Mirror. Hawthorne lived in a little red farmliouse near Mahkeenac for a year and a half (1850 - 51), but remembered the many-sounding sea on whose shores he was bom and had lived, and says but little about this mountain-water. But he found rare pleasure in watching the mountains themselves. " In its autumn lines, IMonument Mt. looks like a headless sphinx wrapped in a rich Per- sian shawl" ; "tliis A^alley in which I dwell seems like a vast basin filled with sunshine as with wdne; and the changes of the seasons on Monu- ment and Bald Mts., and the black-purple dome of Taconic, with the winter siinset which has a softness and delicacy wdiicli iniitart themselves to a wdiite marble v/orld." * Monument Mt. is 3-4 I\I. from Stockbridge. The Great Barrington road is followed to the top of the ridge, then a wood-road diverges to the r. When | M. from the N. sunmiit a path is taken which conducts to Pulpit Rock, the Profile (beyond the N. summit), cVc. On the E. side is a white quartz cliff of vast depth, detached from which is the Pulpit. From the summit a noble *view is gained, embracing the Housatonic Valley for many leagues, with its fair villages and mountain-walls, while tlie Green Mt. and Greylock tow^er in the N. and the Catskills may be seen in the W., if the day is clear. " To the north a path Conducts j'oii up the narrow battlements. Steip is the western side, shiiggy nnd wild, With many trees and pinnacles of flint. And manv a haughty crag. But to the east Sheer to the vale l-o down the bare old elifia, Huge pillars that in middle Heaven uprear Their weather-beaten capitals - here dark "With the thick moss of centuries, and there Of chalky whiteness, where the thunderbolt Hath smitten them.'' — Bryant. The Mt. derives its. name from a cairn which was made of stones, to which each passing Indian added a stoue. The legend states that it was raised over a beautiful nuiiden who passionately loved her cousin, and being forbidden by the Indian laws to marry him, she threw herself from a lofty cliff and was daslied iu pieres. Icy Glen is about 1\ M. from Stockbridge, by the road crossing the R. R. just to the 1. of the station, — and leaving the road near some houses at the rat. loot, go \\\) into a romantic glen, with seats arranged about it. From this point a wihl chaos of rocks, caverns, and trees ex'ends through a long ravine, wliere ice is found ill July. This is the N. end of Bear Mt., on whose top an obserA'atory has been raised, commanding a neat view. It is gained by crossing the river on a wire foot-bridge near the Main yt., and taking a pleasant forest-path up tlie slojie. Excursions are made from Stockbridge to Lee, Lenox, Great Barrington, and Mt. Everett, also to the romantic and flesolate town of Monterey (11 M. S. E.). " If you wish to be filled and satisfied with the serenest delight, ride to the summit of this encircling hill-ridge" (above Stockbridge) iu a summer's afternoon, while the sun is but an hour high. The Housatonic winds, in great circuits, all through the valley, carrying willows aud alders with it wherever it goes. The 152 Route 23. THE BERKSHIRE HILLS. horizon on eA^ery side is piled and terraced with mountains. Abnipt and isolated moTiutaius bolt up here and there over the whole stretch of plain, covered with evergreens." (Beecher.) Great Barrington is S. of Stockbriilge, 8 M. by R. R., Ih M. by liigli- way. The Collins House is necar the village, and is for summer-guests ($ 10-20 a week). The new town-hall is a handsome building, in front of which is a beautiful bronze statue of Victory (cast in Paris), for the Sol- diers' Monument. Berkshire Hotel, a roomy old stone buihling, -S 10-14 a week; Miller's Plotel. This " is one of those places wliich one never en- ters without W'ishing never to leave. It rests beneath the branches of great numbers of the stateliest elms." (Beecher.) Fine macadamized roads are built around the place, on which excursions are made to Monu- ment Mt (4 M.), Monterey (8 M.), and Sheffield (6-7 M.). In the vi- cinity is a curious rock formation called Purgatory, while a path leads to the top of E. Mt. in 2 M. The Berkshire Soda Sjmngs (small hotel) are about 3 M. to the S. E. Several line villas are in the outskirts of the vil- lage, and the Cong, and Epis. churches are handsome buildings. Daily stages run 10 M. S. E. to New 3IarIbf)ro' (summer-board in S. BerJr.ihire Insflfnte), where there is a stalactite cave. On the way, 5 - 6 M. out, is Lake Liitl, a beautiful sheet of water, with groves, steamboat, &c. W. of New Marlboro' is Sandisheld, with beyniour and Hanging Mts. and Spec- tacle Ponds. Here was born Col. John Brown (1744), a brave partisan officer in the Revolutionary War, whose fearless and fanatical Puritan grandson. John Brown, invaded the powerful State of Vii-ginia at the head of 20 men (Oct. 16, 1859), intending to become the liberator of the slaves of the South. The Virginian militia gathered quickly, attacked him at Harper's Ferry, killed most of liis men (including his two sons), and captured the woimded leader. He was hung, ac- cording to the sentence of the law, in November, "and met death with serene composure. " A daily stage runs from Great Barrington to N. and S. Egremont. The Mt. Everett House, in S. Egremont, is a small and secluded summer-hotel, situated about 5 M. troni the lofty Mt. Everett, and. in a thinly settled town abounding with lakes. The ascent of Mt. Everett is "' along a vast, unculti- vated slope, to the height of nearly 2,0'0 ft., when you reach the broad valley where the few inhabitants reside, in the centre of a vast pile of mts." The town has but 256 inhabitants. Dr. Hitchcock thus describes the * view from Mt. Everett: " You feel yourself to be standing above everything around you, and possess the proud consciousness of literally looking down upon all terrestrial scenes. Before you on the E. the valley through which the Housatonic meanders stretches far N. in Mass., and S. into Conn. ; sprinkled over with copse and glebe, with small sheets of water and beautiful villages. To the S. E. a large sheet of water a]ipears, of surpassing beauty. In the S. W. the gigantic ALander, Riga, and other nits, nuu-e remote, seem to bear the blue heavens on their heads in calm majesty ; while stretching across the far distant W. the Catskills hang like the curtains of the sky. O what a glorious display of mts. all around you ! This is certainly the grandest prospect in Mass., though others are more beautiful." Daily stages run from Great Barrington to S. Egremont (4^ M ) .and N. Eirrcmnnt (7.^ >I ); also, froiu llills.lale, on the Iladeni U 11. (9A M). * View from White's Hill. Mt. Wa.shh!;;t«n (Xonney's, and other boarding-housesl. reached from Co- pake, on the Harlem R. II , is on a lofty plateau between AlaHder and Cedar Jl^s., on the \V. , and Race Mt. and Mt. Everett, on the E. Rare views from Sunset llill, the Bush Lot, &c. Near the hamlet is Sky Farm, the home of the poets, Dora and Elaine Goodale. Mt. Wasliington town was an appanage of the great Livingston Manor, of New York, and first settled by tlie Dutch. It was the first town named for the great Virginian, its name having been given by the State Legislature in 1776. THE BERKSHIRE HILLS. Route 23. 153 In EgTemont 0(^curred the last engagement in Shays* rebellion, when the insur- gents, after i/lmi.ieriug titockbridge, were attacked here by the Gre:it Earriugton militia, and 40 -fy.* were killed and wounded. Basli-Bi^li Falls (^see aalisLuuy, Conn.) are about 10 M. from the Mt. Everett JloLise, by a r.i;iit lainning down througli Mt. Washington, and around Cedar Mt. The views of Mt. Everett, Elk, Alander, and Cedar Mts. are line. 6 M. S. of Great Barriugton is Sheffield (Miller Hotel, small), " lull of rural simplicity and beauty, riclily decorated with lovely valley and majestic mountain scenery," It is a quiet village, Avith a broad, shady street, in a rich intervale of the Housatonic, and is chiefly noted for its marl/le, of which Girard College (Philadelphia), with its huge columns, v,\is built. Picturesque roads rmi S. into Salisbury, and N. W. into Egremont. Bishop .Janes, of the Methodist Church ; D, D. Barnard, 8 years M. C. and Minister to Prussia, 1849-53 ; F. A. P. Barnard, President of Columbia College since 13o4 ; H. D. and T. Sedgwiek, lawyers, the latter of whom was derided for introducing a bill in the Legi.siature, prrijecting a railroad from Boston to Albany (1827); Chester Dewey, D. D., clergyman and botanist; Orviile Dewey, D. D., the Unitarian divine ; and Judge Daniel Dewey, — were natives of Sheffield. Northern Berkshire is approached from Pittsfield by the Pittsfield and N. Adams Branch E,. R. There is also a romantic road leading through the western valleys and remote from the R. R., passing Pontoosuc Lake, and then through the glens between the Saddle-Back Range and that line of mts. wdiich stretch from Old Tower Hill to the tall peak of Berlin Mt. This road passes through the villages of Lanesboro, New Ashford, and S. Williamstown. Tiie railroad crosses Laneshom (station, Berksiiire, near i^oiitoos.ic Lake), a t(Avn Avliich has beds of snow-whiie granular quartz, used here in the 111 xirafacture of superior cylinder-glass. Variegated marble also aljouuls here, with iron and lime.stone. Savage Mt. and Constitution Hill are })ic- tnv'.'sque and far-viewing heights. H. W. Shaw was born here in ISIS, and has since 1863 attained a high reputation as a humorist, under the nanre of "Josh Billings." The line here enters the valley of the Hoosac River, which it follows to N. Adams. Cheshire is the next town, in a fertile alluvial valley surrounded by lofty hills. This town is famous lor its dairies, and in 1 802 its people sent as a New Year's gift to President Jefferson a mammoth cheese weighing 1,450 pounds. Before reaching Chesliire Harbor the great Saddle-Back Range begins, on the W., about 2 M. from the track. A road leades from Cheshire Harbor E. into Savoy, a wild mt. town, with one small village called Savoy Hollov/ (Green Mt. House), 7 M. from Adams (SHI inhabitants). Adams (the birth])lace of Susan B. Anthony) is next reached. From Adams is the shortest and easiest of the routes to the top of the ma- jestic Greylock Mt. which towers over the valley. This is the highest mt. in Mass. and commands a * view "immense, and of amazing grandeur." 7* 154 Route 23. THE BERKSHIRE HILLS. The road runs W. and tlien N,, crossing a spur of the mt., from wliich pretty views of the valley of the Hoosac and its villages are gained. De- scending- now over a very rough road, the Notch (sometimes called the Bellows Pipe, from the gusts which draw through it) is entered. The mt. just crossed is called Mt. Hawks. At Walden's house the Notch road is left, and Mt. Williams is rounded on its N. side, then the clearing between Mts. Williams and Prospect is passed ; the long W. slope of a ridge is ascended, and alter a southerly walk the summit is attained. A straighter and simpler, though less picturesque, way is right up the S. slope from S. Adams. The summit of Greylock is partially cleared, and overlooks the valley of the Hoosac oil the N. with its villages, and the peaks of the Green Mts. beyond. N. ofE. and S. of E., nearly GO M. away, are Mts. Monadnock and Wachusett ; due S. E., nearly 40 M. distant, are Mts. I'oni and Holyoke. Southward are the many peaks of the Berkshire Hills, hounded by Mt. Everett, with Tittsfield and its lakes, and other villages and towns. S. W. are the Catskills, and it is thought that the Mts. in the N. W. are those which environ Lake George. Saddle Mt. and Saddle BaU are clo.se to Greylock, and respectively N. and S. The paths to the summit of Greylock are difficult and easily lost, and the excursion will require a long day. N. Adams {* Wilson Rouse,, expensive and first-class, with 100 rooms, built by Wilson, the sewing-macliiue inventor; Ballou Iluust) is a pros- perous manufacturing village, on the Hoosac River. It has 20 cotton and woollen mills, and various other industries, employing 2,200 hands, and turning out $4-5,000,000 worth of goods a year. Some neat villas and a fine high-school house have been built, also a soldiers' monument and several churches (population, 12,000). Adams, on the S., has 0,000 in- habitants, and large mills for making paper and cotton and woollen goods. About 1 M. from the village (to the E.) is the Xatural Bridge, on Hudson's Brook, where the waters have worn a passage through the solid rock 30 rods long and 15 ft. wide, leaving an arch of stained marble above it at a heigh.t of 30-00 ft. This cavernous passage was a favorite resort of Hawthorne, who spent the summer of 1S3S at N. Adams, and often bathed in the waters of the brook. " The cave makes a fresh impression upon me every time I visit it, — so deep, so irregular, so gloomy, so stern ; part of its walls the pure white of the marble, others covered with a gray decomposition and with spots of moss, and with brake growing where there is a handful of earth. I stand and look uito its deptlis at various points, and hear the roar of the stream re-echoing up. It is lil-e a heart that has been rent asunder by a torrent of passion, Avhich has raged and foamed, and left its ineffaceable traces ; though now there is but a little rill of feeling at the bottom." The Cascade in Nolch Brook is about U M. from the hf elms. There are 260 students and 10 instructors. Two large public libraries are near by. On the beautiful and far-viewing Hound Hill, W. of the city, among noble groves and lawns, stand the buildings long occupied by the celebrated classical school, the Massachusetts Eton, founded ia 1S23 by George Bancroft, the historian, and J. G. Coggswell, the author. Tue views thence are very extensive and pleising. On the same hill is the Clarke Itisfitutionfor Mutes (endowed with ^ 3U0,00U), •which teaches the system of articulation in place of the sign alphabet. It accom- modates 80-90 persons. 1 M. S. VV. of the city is the * State Lunatic Asylum, with imposing buildings which accommodate 300 patients. These buildings are 512 ft. long, and have 4 acres of floors. Northampton became a city iu 1833. It has about 13,000 inhabitants, and a valuation of S 8,000,000. Its manufactures amount to S 3,000,000 a year, employ- ing 1,600 persons. JFloi-eiice is 2.\ M. W. of the city, and is the seat of several factories, the chief of which is the Nuuotuck Shk Co , employing 500 hands. Goshen {Ilujhland House ; Lyman's) is a summer-frequented hill-town, 6 M. by daily .stage from Williamsburg. Mt. Nonotuck, the E. peak of the Mt. Tom range, is ascended from Mt.-Tom station by a road and path, and has the Eyrie House (25 cts. entrance) on ifs far- viewing summit. A stfeam-ferry crosses the Connecticut from Mt. Tom to Mt. Holyoke. *Mt. Holyoke, '=the ^em of Mass. mts.," is 2 M. S. E of North- ampton, A c;irriai,^e-road winds up from the ferry to the mountain rail- Avay, up Avhich passengers are drawn in small cars b}' a stationary engine ($1 up and down ; 50 cts. to walk). Upon the summit a small hotel was built in 1821, whose site is now occupied by the Prospect House. 3-4,000 persons ascend the mt. every season. The carriage road is 3 M. long, and the railway, in its GOO ft. of incline, rises 305 ft. perpendicular. Between the building of the railway in 1854 and its remodelling in 186G, 125,000 persons ascended on it. The summit is 1,120 ft. above the sea, and 8-iO ft. ai)ove the river, and is part of a greenstone ridge running from West IJock at New Haven to Belchertown. The invincil)le trnp-ro -k of the mount resisted the glaciers during their long grinding attacks, but the great lake which, according to Indian tradition, filled the basin to the N., at last broke awav between Nonotuck and Holyoke, and became a river. "West- ern Mass. is underlaid with gneiss, but the Conn, valley has a belt of coarse, new red sandstone 10-10 M. wide, of the Permian and Triassic sj'stems. From this peak is " the ri'-hest * * view in New England, if not in the U. S." It has often been called, by distinguished visitors, the finest view in America. NEW YORK TO QUEBEC. Route 24. IGl On the S. are seen numerous villages in the valley, Springfield, the graceful sinuosities of the broad river, the distant spires of Hartford (40 M.), the Blue and tlie Lyme Mts., and East and West Rocks at New Haven (70 M.). S. W., beyond Mt. Tom, are glimpses of the valley of Westlield River, and on the W. Pom- eroy's Mt. and the high hills of Hampshire and Central Berkshire are seen. N. W are 8,000 acres of garden-like meadows, with Northampton directly over them, and above the village, 42 M. away, is Greylock. " in dim and misty grandeur." F.irther to the r. the hills of Franklin County are seen, dominated by Mts. Toby and Sugar Loaf, while in the far N. the blue peaks of the Green Mis. overlook all. The great lacustrine basin of the Conn., 20 M. by 15, is nearer, in the N., with fair Hadley on its " plaided meadows," in a bend of the river, and Hatlield just across the river and intervales, under the shadow of Mt. Warner (to the r.). M. N. E. is Amherst with its colleges, and beyond, "far in the N. E., rises in insulated grindeur the cloud-capped Monadnock" (.^0 M.). In the E. Mt. Wachusett (35 M. away) rises above tlie crowd of hills which fill the E. raid S. E. 3S towns are seeii from this lofty peak, with parts of 4 States. There are good views from other peaks of the Holyoke Range (which is 9 M. long), and at its W. euut .H20 soldjcvs. Daily st.Tjes run 2 M. S. E. to Sunderland, a quiet riverside hamlet near the foot of Mt. Toby, to whose summit a road lias been made, with a tower (63 ft. high) and hnsiiiee on tn]). The view thence is one of the noblest in New England. " It is hard to tell which mt. view is fine.«t, from Ilolyoke, Tom, Sugar Loaf, or Toby. If you add tlie wuuderlul view from the Springfield Armory tuw(a-, and thiit from Taleott Mt., 3 ou have au array of mt. views uu.>^uri)ass(id between the Atlantic Ocean and the lloeky Mts." Daily stages also run W. 6 M. to Con- way {L'onwaij House), a prosperous farming-town ; and Aslifield (Aihjitld House), the mountain-home of Geo. Wm. Curtis and Chas. Eliot Isortoa. 164 Routed. BELLOWS FALLS. Deerfieldhas 3,500 inhabitants, a soldiers' monument, 4 libraries, and G churches. Tobacco, hay, and grain grow on the ricli meadows; and cutlery and brooms are made. Among its natives were llichard llildreth, the liistorian ; Edward Hitchcock, the geologist : Bishop John AVilliams ; Gen. Kufus Saxton ; and George Fuller, the arfist. B W Champney, the celebrated artist, has his home at Beerfield ; and Elbridge Kingsley lives at Hatlield. Memorial Hall is the old Deerfield Academy, built in the last century, remodelled, and occupied by a fine museum of Kevolutionary and colonial relics, Indian weapons and other curiosities, spinning-wheels, ancient furniture and utensils, the great door chopped into by an Indian tomahawk in 1704, and a cannon brought iiere (probably) by Gov. Belcher, in 1735. Old Deerfield is the pleasautest part of the town. Here are the summer boarding- houses of Mrs. John Stebbias and Mrs. Christopher Stebbins. Just beyoud Deerfield the railroad crosses the Deerfield River. Station, Greenfield (see Route 25). From this place the line runs N. E. to Bcrnardston, a small village under the shadow of West Mt. This cold and lofty toivn was granted in 1736 to the veterans of the Falls Fight. A few min. after passing Bernardston the train comes in sight of the Conn. Eiver, and reaches the station-house at 8. Vernon, the terminus of the Conn, River Line. The train now passes 07i the rails of the Central Vermont R. R. Sta- tions, S. Vernon, Vernon, and Erattleboro, see Route 12. Beyond Brattleboro are the stations, Dummerston, Putney, E. Putney, and West- minster, which pertain to small hill-villages. In Putney are long slrata of roofing-slate; and the rare mineral called fluor spar (of a rich emerald green) is found in tlie E. of the town. In 1755 a strong timber fort was built on the Great Meadows in Putney, which protected the settlement until the conquest of Canada rendered it unnecessary. All the inhabitants lived in the fort in small houses. At "Westminster occurred a sharp skirmish in the course of " the contest be- tween Puritan and Patroon " (as the struggle of Vermont against the royal edict wliich gave her to New York has been termed). Tlie royal New York judges were to hold court here, but the citizens captured the Court-House, March 13, 1775, and were only dislodged by an attack at midnight. The oldest church in Vermont is in this village (1 M. S. of the station). It was built in 1770, and has been secularized. Across the river from Westminster is the old frontier town of "Waljiole (see Route 26). Station, Bellows Falls (* Island House). This was a favorite Indian resort because of the great niimbers of salmon and shad near the rapids. 8 rods S. of the old bridge, on the W. baidc, Schoolcraft found Indian hieroglyphs on the rocks, which he thinks are the records of some ancient battle. The village was named for Col. Bellows, the founder of Walp.ole, and great-grandfather of Dr. H. W. Bellows. The river falls 42 ft. within ^ M. near the village, and forms white and impetuous rapids, dashing betAveen and among the rocks which strew the river-bed. In low water the current is compressed into a channel of 16 ft. in width, between two large rocks. A canal \ M. long has been built around the NEW YOEK TO QUEBEC. Route 24. 1G5 falls, and on the water-power thus aiforded, several factories are located. Opposite tlie falls is Mt. Kilhurn, a wooded eminence which gives a pretty view of the river and village. The old name of this hill was Fall Mt., but President Hitclicock and a large delegation of stiidents from Amherst and Middlebury Colleges met here in 1856, and named it Mt. Kilhurn, in honor of a brave frontiersman. The Fall Mt. House is situated at the foot of tills eminence. Pleasant excursions are made by the suuuner visitors here, to Warren's Pond, in Alstead, N. H. ; to tlie Abenaquis Mineral Hj^rln'jn ; and to West'ininstcr. From 13'illows Frills the Chesliire R. R. nun IS. E. to Fitchhurg and Boston (114 M.\ aud the Central Vt. R. R. Roes fo Burlinfjton (143 M. See p.ige 181). Daily stages to Alsteail (3 M ), Marlow (13 M.), Acworth, Leinpster, Grafton, &c. The train crosses the Conn. Eiver into the State of New Hampshire, and runs through the long river-town of Charlcstown, with 3 pleasant villages and 3 inns. This town was settled under the authority and by the people of Massachusetts, in 1740, and was numeil Number Four. A garrisoned fort was located here, and between 1746 and 17G0 tlie enemy committed many depredations in the vicinity. The fort was formally besieged in August, 1746, and after a suecessful defence, the garrison and colonists abandoned the place. In 1747, Capt. IStevens reoccupied it with 30 men, under orders from the Mass. government. He was soon attacked by Delieline, a skillul partisan, with 400 French and Indians, who besieged the Fort for three days, exhausting every appliance of craft and tactics. Debeline threatened to massacre tlie garrison unless they surrendered, but they seut back a defiant answer, and a long and desperate attack followed. The heroic handful of pro- vincials multiplied themselves and repelled the attacks on every side, until the enemy withdrew and reti-eated to Canada. Capt. iStevens was highly honored by the people, and Commodore Sir Cliarles Knowles, whose ship then lay at Boston, seut him an elegant sword. When the tract was resettled, it was called Charles- town, in honor of Sir Charles. During the later French wars tliis Avas the prin- cipal station t)u the mditary road betv/een the New England coast and Ticonderoga and Montreal. The remains of the Fort were plainly perceptible in 1810. Charlestown village is situated between two broad, rich meadows, and has some neat buildings, on a long, wide, well-shaded street. " Its se- cluded loveliness is calculated to awaken the admiration of the traveller." Across the river is the town of Springfield {Sprintjjield House), on the Black River, which falls 110 ft. in 600 ft., with one sheer fall of 60 ft. Stages 4 times daily (8 M.). Station, Claremcmt Junction, soon after leaving which the line crosses Sxujar River by a bridge 600 ft. long and 105 ft. above the water. The rich intervales of the Conn, are now crossed, with Ascutney Mt. on the 1., and the train passes over the river on a bridge whose predecessor was carried away by ice in 1866. Station, I Fi^icZi-or (Windsor House), a pretty village on highl.inds over the river and near the foot of Ascutney. It i.s a flourishing town, with some manufactures and a large country trade. It has 4 churches, a bank, 2 weekly papers, a line Government building used for U. S. Courts and Post Office, and the Vermont State Prison (which usually has 70 - 90 prisoners). At Y/indsor, during a fearful 1G6 Route 24. NEW YORK TO QUEBEC. thunder-storm J and with the appalling news of the fall of Fort Ticonde- roga ringing in their ears, the deputies of the Vermont townis adopted the co-istitution of the State, July 2, 1777. Ascutiiey Mt. lies S. W. of the village. A road has been constructed to the suniiuit (5 M.), and a small house has beeji built there tor a shelter. Horses and guides from the Windsor House. A tine view is obtained trom this isolated pealc, which is :i,:J:iO It. above the sea. In the W. and X. Yv'. are Shrewsbury ai.id Killington Peaks, near Rutland, while the Green Mt. chain runs off to the N. in a long line of rounded sunnnits. The hill towns of Windsor Co. are seen in the N., and the Conn. River and valley close at hand in the E. stretch away to tlic N. and S. through a ]jleasant farming country. Croydon, Sunapee, and Kearsarge Mts. are seen in the E., the latter being dimly outlined on the horizon. The In- diiin name Ascutney means " Three LJrotlicrs," and is supjiosed to refer to three eingular valleys which run down the W. slope of the Mt. There are marks of volcanic action here, and the early settlers often saw a lurid light hanging over the sunnnit on whiter nights. Daily stages rmi to Cornish and Plamfield, N. H. ; also to W. Windsor, Reading (12 M.), and Proctorsville (22 M.). Salmon P. Chase was born at Cornish iu 1S08. His uncle, Dudley Clia.se, was U S. Senator, 1S13-17, and 1825-31 ; and iiis uncle, IMiil.inder Cha.sc, was Prot.- Epis. Bishop of Ohio, P">ly - 31, and of lilinois in lS3.')-52. (These three, together with their brothers, Haruch and lleber Chase, were born at Cornish, and graduated fmui Dirtmouth College.) He -settled iu Ohio about 183'J iu the practice of law, be- came a leader iu the anti-slaverj' niovement, and was U. S. Senator, 184l>-55, and Governor of Ohio, 1855-59. In 18G1 he liecame Secretary of the U 8. Treasury, and rendered great service to the Union by his skilful financial poiicy during the Ilebellion. He resigned iu 1864, and was made Chief Justice of the United States. Mr. Chase died in 1873. Wm. M. Evarts's estate of Runnymede is near Windsor. Stations beyond Windsor, Ilariland, N. Hariland, and White River Junction (see Route 29). Just after leaving the Junction, the train crosses White River, and passes to Noinvich, where a large military school called the Norwich University was established from 1834 to 1866, when its buildings v/ere burnt and the school was removed to Northfield. The village ( Union House) is about 1 M. W. of the station. Stages from Norwich station run to Hanover, about £- M. S. E., across the Connecticut River. Han- over (Dartmouth House) is the seat of Dartmouth College, which ranks among the first of American educational institutions. This college was founded here in 1770 by Rev. Eleazer W^heelock, as a school for missionaries to the Indians, and for Cliristian Indians, and had at first 2-i students, domiciled in huts built of green logs, situated in the midst of a vast wilderness. 44,000 acres of land were granted to it by the State, which also raised a building 150 by 50 ft. for its use, while money was sent to its aid by English l)atro]is. The project of educating the Indians was rendered subordinate after a careful trial, several Masters of Arts having returned to savage life. The College (named for the Earl of Dartmouth, President of its board of trustees) had 150 students iu the year 1790. Iu 1871 it had 27 instructors and 3S2 students. Between 1771 and 18G7 it graduated 3,550 men. 3 of whom have been U. S. Cabinet Ministers ; 15 have been U. S. Senators, and 61 Representatives ; 31 Judges of the U. S. and State Supreme Courts ; 15 Governors ; 4 Ambassadors ; 25 Presidents of Colleges ; 104 Professors ; and 800 Clergymen. The degree of LL. D. has been conferred on 24 alumni, and that of D. D.on 106. "Not to enlarge, with few exceptions, her (Dartinoutli's) influence in religion has been cmpliatically conservative, and her sympathies in a national point of view eminently jiatriotick. She has been the nursery of sound divines, devoted missionaries, profound jurists, skilful iihysieians, brilliant statesmen, accomplished scholars, classical and learned writers. Such are the worthies she has given to the Union, and on these rest her claims to a nation's gratitude." (Chapman.) NEW YORK TO QUEBEC. Route 24. 1G7 Among the most distinguished alumni of Dartmouth were John Wheelock, its second President, 1779-1815; Asa Burton; President Porter, of Andover Semi- nary ; Heniaa Allen ; Gen. llipley, the hero of Niagara and Chippewa ; Alvan Hyde, D. D., LL. D. ; Amos Kendall ; iSenator Levi Woodbury; Daniel Poor, the Ceylon missionary ; Judge Joel Parker ; J. B. Felt, the annalist ; B. Greenleaf, the arithmetician; T. C. Upham, D. D., the metaphysician; Alpheus Crosby, the pliilologist ; Nathan Lord, D. D., tlie 0th President ; and Asa D. Smith, D. D., the 7th President of Dartmouth ; J. H. Noyes, the founder of the Oneida Community ; C E. Potter, the autlior ; John Lord, the historical essayist ; R. B. Kimb;dl, the author ; Gen. Sliepley ; G. P. Marsh, the pliilologist and diplo- matist ; Bisliops Chase aud Dorr ; George Ticknor, tlic historian of Spanisli literature ; Senator Rufus Choate, the lawyer and orator ; Salmon P. Chase, the statesman antl jurist ; and Daniel Webster. Tlie famous Dartmouth College case was opened early in th.e present century by the State of N. H. attempting to infringe on the vested riglits of the College. After much litigation, the case was decided by tlie State Supreme Court against the College. It was then carried by api)eal to the Supreme Court of the United States, wliere, after long arguments by tlie leading lawyers of America, — Daniel Webster defending Dartmouth, — the State judgment was reversed, and the College was restored to its ancient privileges and independence. The college fronts on a fine campus, in Hanover village, and on an up- land plain. Dartmouth Hall is the long central building, and in line with it are Wentworth and Thornton Halls. In front is Reed Hall, with the college library of GO, 000 volumes. These buildings are old and plain, con- trasting with Culver Hall, a handsome new structure E. of tlie line, with a natural-history collection and the State museum of minerals. Bissell Hall is the gvninasium. N. W. is the Chandler Scientific School; while the Medical College and the observatory are in the vicinity. The beautiful College I'ark covers 34 acres. The scenery about this quiet academic vil- lage is fine, embracing tall hills to the E. and S., Mt. Ascutney in the S. \V., and picturesque upland ])lains along the Conn. River. S. C. Bartlett,, LL. D., the present President, was an alumnus of Dartmouth, as were also Thaddeus Stevens aud Gen. Sylvauus Thayer, " the Father of West Point." After leaving Norwich, the train crosses the Onipompanoosuc River, and stops at PomjMnoosuc, whence large quantities of copperas are shipped away, to be made into sulphuric acid. The mines are at Copperas Hill, 10 M. N. W., and the copperas is separated from other elements by a long and difficult process, and precipitated in green crystals. Nearly 400 tons a year are converted into vitriol in chemical Avorks near Boston, while a great quantity of the copperas is used as a mordant in dye- factories. Distant views of Moosilauke and Bald Mts. are obtained as the train approaches Thetford (two small inns). Thetford village is 1 M. W. of the station, and on the E. is the large farming town of Lijine, N. H., to which stages run 4 times daily. Daily stages run N. W^ to W. Fairlee (9 M.) and Vershire (15 M.) with its ex- tensive copper-mines, also to Chrhra, the shire-towu. Versliire had 1,054 inhabi- tants in 1S60, o:'whom 113 meu joined tlie Union army. Nearly 11 per cent of her population was at the front. Station JV. Thetford, whence much copper ore from Corinth is sent to 168 Route U. NEW YOKK TO QUELEC. Baltimore (by water from Portsmouth) and smelted. Station, Fairlee and Orford, the former being a liilly town abounding in lakes, one of which is nearly 3 IM. long. Pickerel are found in these waters. Just across the river from Fairlee is the N. H. town of Orford (stage to Ehn House), with a beautifully located village v/hich has become a favorite summer-home for lovers of tranquillity and rural life. Mt. Cuba and Mt. Sunday are near the centre of the town, and there are several large ponds. Mt. Cuba, on the W., is 2,927 ft. high, and has a chain of 5 lakes on its E. side. Cube Falls and the perpendicular cliffs of gray granite on Saw- yer's Mt. are worthy of notice. Station, Bradford (Trotter House), a prosperous manufacturing village on Wait's Pdver. In the N, W. is Wright's Mt., where one Wright, who claimed to be a prophet, had a hermitage in a dismal rocky cleft, now called the Devil's Den. The town has a scientific association, an academy, a weekly newspaper, and a savings-bank. Stages run to Corinth, Topsham (13 M. N. W.), E. Orange (17 M.), and W. Top- sham ; aud to the N. II. farming town of Piermont, beyond the Conn. River. Stations, S. Neirbury and Newbury (small summer boarding-houses of Doe, Farnham, and Bailey). This beautiful village stands on a terrace above the rich Ox Bow intervales, where a great bend of llie river nearly insulates a tract of fertile alluvial meadow-land. Mt. PulnsJci is near Newbury, and coinnmmls a noble view, embraeitig the fruitful and carpet-like Ox Bow meadows, the vilhige of Haverhill, and the winding river, with Moosilauke in the S. E., and the Pemigewasset and Franconia Mts. in the E. ^ M, from the Hotel are the Newbury Sidjjhur Springs (l)ath-houses, &c. ), in a little glen near the verge of tlie intervale, and a charming twilight walk is that along the borders of these level meadows, with the sombre mountains beyond. This town was founded about 1764 by Gen. Bailey, of Newbiuy, Mass. During the Revolution a detachment of British soldiers came here to take Bailey, but a friend went over to the held wliere he was ploughing and droi^ped in the t'virrow a note saying, "The Pliilistiues be upon thee, Samson ! " On returning down the long furrow Baik'y saw the note, took the hint, and fled to securer regions. The meadows of Coos about Newbury were the home of a large tribe of Indians, who tilled the adjacent lands, caught salmon and trout in the rivers, and chased v/ild game through the mountains. These pleasant lands were abandoned m terror after Lovewell's battle in Pequawket. The beautiful scenery along the Passumpsic line changes to grandeur as the train runs N. Station, Wells River {Coosuck Uouse), where the Boston, Concord, and Montreal and White Mts. R. R. touches this line on its W. angle (20 M. to Littleton. See Route 30). The MontpeUer fC Wells-River E. R. runs thence N. W. 38 M. through a rugged and tliinly settled country to Mnntpelier, the caj)ital of the State. Stages now run to Jlycjate, 5 M. N. W. (Blue Mountain House), a Presbyterian town settled in 1774 hy a colony of farmers from tlie Scottish shires of Renfrew and Lanark. Blue Mt. is a high granite ridge in the N. W. The road fol- NEW YORK TO QUEBEC. Route U. IGO lows up Wells River to Groton (small inn). In the N. W. part of Groton is Long Pond, 4 M. long and 1 M. wide, which afibrds good facilities for boating and fishing. This pond is 1,100 ft. above tlie sea, and near it is the pretty Little Pond, 1 M. by J M. Beyond Wells River, the train stops at Mclndoe's Falls, with large lumber-mills, Siwdi Barnet , a Scotch Presbyterian town, settled in 1775. Stages run to Peacham. Soon after leaving Bamet, the line passes near tlie month of the Passitnqjsic River, M^here Rogers' Rangers, returning from tlieir raid on the St. Francis Indians, failed to find an expected depot of provisions. Many of the famishing men died there, while others made a cannibal feast on the flesh of a slain Indian. In his disastrous retreat from St. Francis to Charlestown, Rogers lost nearly half of his command, and it is said that 36 of his men died in 18 hours here on tlie Passumpsic meadows. Just beyond Barnet (famed for its butter) begin the 15-Mile Falls on the Conn, River. Stations, Norrisville and Passumpsic, with falls on the Passumpsic River, which here rolls between black, rocky banks. Station, St. Johnsbury {St. Johnsbary House, on the hill ; Avenue House, near the station), a busy town of nearly 6,000 inhabitants, with many neat villas and large manufactories. It was settled in 1786, and named in honor of St. John de Crevecceur, French Consul at New York, and a bene- factor ©f Vermont. The Court House of Caledonia County is a fine building, on the hill, directly in front of which is a * Soldiers' Monument, consisting of a statue of America (by Mead), on a pedestal inscribed with the names of 6 officers and 74 men from tliis town, who died in the Seces- sion War. Near the monument is the AtheTiceum, with 9,000 volumes in a good library building. There is also a reading-room with papers and magazines, and an art-gallery, containing 75 fine paintings, among which is Bierstadt's " Domes of the Yosemite." The St. Johnsbury Academy is a well-attended scliool, with handsome buildings ; and the villas of the Fairbankses are large and stately. The village has 8 chui'clies, 2 banks, and 2 weekly newspapers. There are manufactures of mowing and thresliing machines and other things, but the reason of being for St. Johnsbury is the extensive scale factory of E. & T. Fairbanks & Co. Tlie v/orks of this company are in a glen on Sleeper's River, and occupy 10 acres of ground. 5 - 600 men are employed and .300 varieties of scales are made, from the most delicate letter-scales to those huge macliines which weigh loaded cars and canal-boats (500 tons capacity). In 1830, during the excite- ment about hemp culture, the Fairbanks brothers established a hemp-dressing factory, and Tliaddeus invented the ])latform scale. It was patented in America and England, and up to 1801 the company sold 96,658 portable scales, 8,872 hay and traeli scales, and 94,712 counter and even balances. Since 1861 the sales have been much greater, proportionally, and in 1869 the yearly sales were stated as 50,000 small scales, and several hundred hay and platform scales. 125 men are engaged in the Fairbanks' service in other towns and cities ; wliile tlie v/orks con- sume 18 tons of iron daily, in tlirce cupola furnaces. The scales which have been made in large (juaiitities for Oriental States are curious, being marked with Cliinese and Turkish numerals, according to their peculiar systems of weiglits. The St. Johnsbury and Lake Champlain R. 11. here cro-sses the Passumpsic R. R. 170 Route-U. WILLOUGHBY LAKE. The train runs N. by 67. Johnsbnry Ctntre. to Lijndon (Lyndon Ilouse; daily stages to S. Wbeelock, 5^ M. N. VV.) and Lyndonville {Union House; daily stages to Wheeloek, 5 M. N. W., and Sheffield, 7 M.), the headquarters of the rassiimpsic K. R. In this rich and fertile town are the Great Falls of the Passunip*ic. Station, W. Burke, before reaching which a fine view is afforded of the bold Burke Mt. Carriages may be taken hence for the celebrated * Willoughby Lake, 6 M. N. The road affords a continual view of the two .singular mountains between which the lake is situated. The Willoughby- Lake House charges $5-12 a week (bowling, livery, boats, steamboat, iishing; no hay -fever). This lake is one of the most remarkable on the continent, being situated between two immense mountains, whose bases meet far below its waters. The lake is 6 M. long, and in places 2 M. wide, while its depth is very great, and not yet known, a line of 100 fathoms having run out without finding bottom. The scenery here is wonderfully varied and sensational. A carriage road along the E. shore, or a boat on the quiet waters, gives opportunity to see the beaiities of the lake and the grandeur of its sur- rounding v/alls. The mountain on the W. shore is called Mt. Her, and is somev.diat more than 1,500 ft. above the water. The E. shore mountain is called Mt. Willoughby, Pisgah, or Annanance, in different hooks and maps. As Mi\ Eastman remarks, Annanance seems more appropriate, since that was the name of a brave chief of the St. Francis Indians who once lived here. A vast precipice of granite, 2 M. long and 600 ft. sheer down, runs along the side of Mount Annanance, while the long slope below is rocky and steep. The peak is 2,633 ft. above the lake, and 3,800 ft, above the sea. From the hotel to the summit of Annanance it is a very difficult walk of about 2 M. A vast view over the Conn. valley is obtained from this point, extending to the Franconia and White Mts. on the S. E., and it is said that the hotels on Mt. Wash- ington may be seen with a strong glass. On the N. W. are Owl's Head (in Canada) and Jay Peak, from which the stately line of the Green Mts. runs S., with the peaks of Mansfield, Camel's Hump, and Killint;- ton (near Rutland) all visible. From the verge of the cliffs on the W. Mt. Hot is seen close at hand. Geologists think that the chasm between these mountains was caused by the rush of a northern cnri^eut during the drift period, which eat away the decomposed limestone between the two granite peaks. Very rare plants and flowers are found on Mt. Anna- nance, esi)ecially at the " Flower Garden," at the foot of the cliffs, 600 ft. above the Devil's Den, on the lakeside road. The Silver Cascade and tlie Point of Rocks are found farther out on the same road. Trout NEW YORK TO QUEBEC. Route U. 171 and mnscalonge abound in the cool crystal waters of the lake. ExcTirsions are made from the liotel to Burke Mt. (10 M. S.), Barton (11 M. W.), Plunket Falls (12 M.), and Newark ) 6 M. S. E.)^ famed for its production of sugar from vast forests of sugar-maj)les. Near the flag station at S. Barton the summit is passed, and the water- shed of the St. LaAvrence is entered. Jay Peak is seen in the N. W. Sta- tion, Barton (Crystal Lake House), a manufacturing village in a town named for its first proprietor, Gen, Barton. Crystal Lake (by which the track passes) is a pretty sheet of water containing about 2 square miles. About li M. distant on the E. is the Flume, where a Ijrook flows through a natural passage in the granite rock, 140 ft. long, 10 ft. wide, and 20 - 30 ft. deep. The granite walls are smooth aud perpendicular. In 1810, the people determmed to deepen Barton River by turning Long Pond (the source of the LamoilltO into it. They had barely completed a cha'.niel from Long Pond to the pond-reservoir of the Barton River, when its Avaters burst through with tremendous force, and swept down to Lake Memphremagog, wreck- ing evcrytliing in their path, and causing immense damage. The bed of Long Pond is now dry, and is called Runaway Pond. Barton to Willoughby Lake, 6 M. Fine trout-ponds near village. Daily stages to Glover, Albany, aud Craftsbury. Station, Barton Landing (Valley House), which was much resorted to bv smugglers in 1812-15. Stages run 4 M. W. to Jrasburgh (Irasbiirgh House, large and good), a beautiful rural village, and the shire-town of Orleans County. Stations, Coventry and Newport (*]Memphreniagog House, $3.00 a day, $10-17 a -week, 300 guests, a large, flrst -class hotel on the lake shore; Bellevue House; many families take summer-boarders). Lake Memphremagog. The village of Newport is at the upper (S.) end of this lake, and is 365 M. from New York, 230 M. from Boston, and 164 M. from Quebec. It is built upon Pickerel Point, and from the edge of the village rises Prospect Hill, whence fine lake views are gained, and' the Mts. Owl's Head, Elephantis, Orford, Jay Peak, and Annanance are seen. Other excursions from Newport are to Clyde River Falls (2 M.), Mt. Morrill (2 M.), Bear Mt. (7 M.), and Bolton Springs (in Canada, 1-t M.). Steamers leave every morning from the quay near the great hotel, for Magog, returning in the evening. The original Indian name of this Inke w-as Memphremagog, or Memi)lowbowque (names possibly used by different tribes), which is said to mean Beautibd Water. Some see in it a resemblance to Loch Lomond, others to Lake George, while still others call it the Geneva of Canada. The lake is 30 M. long ;i.nd 2-4 M. wide, ai'd two-thirds of it lies in Canada. The waters are cold and (dear, abounding in tr.tut and muscalonge, the shores are romantically uneven and rock-bound, and t;dl, wooded mountains nse on either hand. The voyage to Mago;^, at the N. end of the lake, nsnallv takes 3-4 hours, nearly 50 M. being traversed. By leaving Magog on the afternoon boat (about 4.30 P. M.), a fine sunset on the mountains may be seen. Tlie steamer passes out by Indian Point, on the E., and a distant view of Stanstead village is soon obtained, between the evergreen-covered islets kno-svn as the Twin Sisters (on the E. ). Soon after Province Island 172 Routed. NEW YORK TO QUEBEC. is passed, and the steamer crosses into Canada. The boundary is marked by clearings in the forests on either side. Next, on the E., is tlie small, cedar-covered Tea Table Island, and beyond it the Canadian village of CedcLTville. Bear Mt. looms up on the W. shore, and the scattered farms of the town of Potton, while Fitch's Bay stretches far in shore to the N. E. The round summit of Owl's Head is now approached on the W. Magoon's Point (on the E.) is near a large cavern, where the treasures of a cathedral are said to have been hidden. The legend is probably de- rived from the fact that Rogers' Rangers retreated down the E. shore of Lake Memphremagog, after sacking and destroying the church and village of the St. Francis Indians. Besides the rich plate of the church, they secured two golden candlesticks, and a silver image weighing 10 pounds. The candlesticks were hidden near the lake (no mention is made of the disposal of the other articles), and were found in 1816. The steamer stops at the Movntain Hoksp, 12 M. from Newport, in a sequestered posi- tion at the foot of Owl's Head, and near the best fishing-groimds on the lake. The mountain is ascended by a foot-path (in 2 hours) which passes through forests and fields, and by numerous curious roek-formations. Tlie summit is 2,743 ft. above tlie lake, and commands a broad view, including the greater part of the lake and its islands. On the S. is Newport village and jiart oif the Clyde valley, with tiie nearer summits of Bear Mt. and Hawk Mt., also Jay Peak and l)art of the Missisquoi valley. In the W. are the tall foot-hills of the Green Mts., while Bronie Lake is seen in the N. W., and far beyond it the city of Montreal is visible on a clear day. Nearer, in the same direction, are the Hog's Back and Ele])hantis Mts. Orford Mt. looms at the head of the lalce on the N., and in the N. W. are the pretty lakes of Little Magog and Massawippi. In the E. are several villages in Staiistead and Derby. Mt. Annanance is seen in the S. E. over Wil- loughby Lake, and, far beyond, the dim blue peaks of tlie White Mts. rise on the lioi-izon-line. The contrast between the rugged country towards Lake Cliamplain and the vast plains to the N., traversed by the glittering rivers St. Lawrence and S^. Francis, is very great, and an element of rare beauty is added by the exten- Fivf- view over the lake below. The path is, by wheel-measurement, l.^ M. and 30 rods long. ^ M. from the Mountain House is Round Island, which resembles Dome Island, on Lake George, or Ellen's Isle, on Loch Katrine. Farther E. is Minnow Island, near which trout aljound. Skinner's Iskmd is also E. of the hotel, and has on its N. W. side a cavern in the rock, 30 ft. long, 10 ft. wide (at the entrance), and 12-14 ft. high. The legend is that a celebrated smuggler named Skinner (in 1812) always eluded the closest pursuit of the customs officers, by disappearing near this point. One night, after a long chase, the officers foimd his boat on this island, and turned it adrift on the lake. Some years afterward a fisherman, lying under the lee of the island to escajie a squall, discovered the cave, hidden under heavy foliage. " And what do you think the fisherman found? >'oithor a coldon nor a .■silver prize. But a skull with sockets where once were eyes ; NEW YORK TO QUEBEC. Route 24. 173 Also some bones of arms and thighs. And ii vertebral column of giant size ; How they got there, he could n't devise. For he 'd only been used to commonplace gravei. And knew naught of " organic remains " in caves ; ~ On matters like tliose his wits were dull, So he dropped the subject as well as the skull. 'T is needless to say In this later day, 'T was the smugglers bones iu the cave that lay : All I' ve to add is — the bones in a grave "Were placed, and the cavern was called ' Skinner's Cave.' " N. of this point is Long Island, with palisades on its N. W. side, and an immense rcjcking-stone called Balance Rock on the S. shore. Near J/o(5- son's Island, still farther N., is the mansion of a wealthy Montreal gentle- man. On the W. shore, 1 M. above the hotel, are cliifs 700 It. high, and as the steamer goes N. the sharper outlines of Owl's Head become prom- inent. Mt. Elcphantis, or Sugar Loaf, is above Owl's Head on the W. shore, and is thought to resemble an elephant's head and back. Far up on the W. slope of Elephantis is a beaiitiful moimtain tarn, 2 M. long by \ M. wide, and abounding in trout. The steamer touches at Georgeville (Camperdown House), a pretty village on the E. shore, where many Canadians pass the summer. The lake is now crossed (3 M.) to Knoiol- ton's Landing (16 M. from Newport), at the moitth of Sergeant's Bay. This crossing has long been the main route to Montreal from the Eastern Townships (Stanstead County), as stages run from Knowlton's to tlie rail- road station at Waterloo (20 M. ). Tlie steamer crosses the mouth of the Bay, passes the rocky Gibraltar Point on the 1., and leaves the more mountainous part of the lake, heading towards Orford Mt., which is seen in the N. A comparatively narrow strait is passed, and then the lake widens into a broad expanse, at the end of which is the village of Magog" (Parks House), a small Canadian settlement, with tine trout-hshing in the rapids of Magog River. The latter stream Hows tli rough Little Magog Lake, and empties the Memphremagog waters into the St. Francis River, a noble tributary of the St. Lawrence. 5 M. from Magog (carriage-road to the summit) is Orford Mt., the highest peak in the Eastern Townships. Its view embraces Memphremagog and its mts. on the S., Sheiford Mt. on the W., much of the valley of the St. Francis on the N. E., and the waters of 18 lakes. A vast pine forest covers much of the country to the N. and W., and Orford Lake, at the base of the mt., has a weirdly dark and solitary appearance. Railroads run from Magog to Sherbrooke and Waterloo. The Montreal and Boston Air Line. A new and pleasant route between Boston and Montreal has been formed from the Boston. Lowell, and Nashua R. R. and the B. C. & M. R. R. (see pai,'es 188 - 199) to Wells River; the Fas,pi River for 16 M. to its confluence with the St. Francis, at Lcnnoxville (two inns). This is the seat of Bishops' College, an institute of high reputation, under the care of the Episcopal Churcli, with preparatory schools attached, and a staff of able professors. This college has been called " tlie Eton and the Oxford of Young Canada." Productive copper and lead mines are worked in the vicinity of Lcnnoxville. Station, Sherbrooke {Shei-hrooke House; Magog House), a manufactur- ing village prettily sitiiated at the confluence of the Magog and St. Fran- cis Rivers. There are long rapids in the St. Francis near the village, and other fine scenery in the vicinity. Sherbrooke is the metropolis of the Eastern Townships, and is the most important station between Montreal and Portland. It contains the Stanstead County buildings, which are well situated on a commanding site. At Sherbrooke the traveller changes cars, and proceeds by the Grand Tnuik Railway to Quebec (121 M.), or to Montreal (101 M.). See Route 40. WALTIIAM. Route 25. 175 25. Boston to the Hoosac Tunnel and Troy. Via Fitchburg, Vt., and Mass., and Troy and Greenfield Railroads, through the Hoosac Tunnel to Nortii Adams, 143 M., wbere coniiection is made with the Troy and Boston, and Boston, Hoosae Tunnel and W'estera Railroads, for Troy, Albany, and Saratoga, making the shortest route from Boston, The train leaves the fine castellated granite station of the Fitchburg Railroad on Causeway St., near tiie Warren Bridge to Charles- town, and soon crosses the tracks of the Boston and Maine, Eastern, and Boston and Lowell Railroads, on their long trestles over Charles River, Cliarlestown Heights on the r. and the loiig hills of populous Boston on the 1. are in sight for a few minutes, then the train runs past the stations, Union Square, Somerville, Cambridge, Belmont, and Waverley. Near the latter station is the finest grove of oaks m New England (see Flagg's "Woods and By-ways"). Waltham {Central House ; Prospect House) comes next, and is an active town of about 12,000 inhabitants. Here, in 1814, was erected the first large cotton-mill in America, and extensive mills are still in operation here. The American Watch Company's works are the largest in the world en- gaged in making watches ; upwards of 1,500,000 of these timekeepers have been sold in America, their re^iutation being very high. Every part of these popular and justly-celebrated watches is made by machine-work, "while the works of Swiss watches are formed by hand. Tlie extensive buildings of this company are on the banks of the Charles River, At Waltliam, tlie track of the Watertown Branch rejoins the main line, after passing several petty stations between Waltham and its divergent point at Brick- yard Junction. Watertoiun is the most important of these points, while Mount Aiibiirn and Fresh Pond are also frequently visited by this route. N. P. Banks was boru at Waltham in 1816. His parents were factory-hands, and he himself was for some time a " bobbin boy." Ai)plying himself to study, journalism, law, and politics, he rose rapidly, and was Member of C(mgress in 1S5.3 - 72 and 1865 - 7, Governor of Mass. 1858-61. During the Secession War he was a Maj.-Geu., and was defeated by Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, after which his army was only saved by its superior fleetness. While command- ing in Louisiana he took Opelousas and Alexandria, inflicting severe losses on the enemy, and then, after a long siege, the Mississippi River fortress of Port Hudson was surrendered to his army. In 1864 he advanced far up the Red River, but after several sharp, sudden attacks by the Confederate General Dick Taylor, he was forced to make a rapid and disastrous retreat with his miwieldy expeditionary force. In the Presidential contest of 1872, he joined the Liberal party, and conse- quently failed to secure a re-election to Congress in that year. After leaving Waltham, Prospect Hill is seen on the r,, from whose sum- mit (480 ft. high) a fine view is obtained of Boston and its westei-n suburbs. The line soon passes into the valley of Stony Brook, and beyond the station of that name, stops at Weston, 1 ]\L N. from the bright upland village of Weston. Lincoln is 1^ M. S. W. of the village in the centre of the town of Lincoln, near which are two large ponds well stocked with 176 Route 25. BOSTON TO THE HOOSAC TUNNEL. fish. The train soon gains the W. border of the forest-surrouucled Walden Pond, on whose banks lived Thoreau (see page 28). At Concord Junction the new. State Prison is seen, on the right, and then the train passes the stations, S. Acton, W. Acton, and Littleton (the Indian Nashoba). From S. Acton a branch road runs to Marlboro' (13 M. ), crossing tlie Pompascitticutt district of the Indians, and stopping at Maynard, Rockbottom, and Hudson. Beyond Littleton is Ayer Junction {Adams House; American), a flourishing village and railroad centre. The Stony Brook Railroad runs to Lowell (13 M.) down the valley of the Stony Brook, passing through the towns of Groton, Westford, and Chelmsford. 'Westford has a quiet village situated on far-viewing heights. ThePeterboro and Shirley Branch runs to Grtenville or Mason Village (N. H.), passing through the towns of Groton, Townsend, and Mason. Towusend Harbor is a village on the Scpumicook River, and Centre & W. Townsend are small villages of no importance. Mason Village was set off under the name of Greenville in July, 1872, amid general .jubilations and a salute of 40 guns. It is a manufactur- ing place, situated on the Souhegan River, which has here a fall of 80 ft. in a distance of 80 rods. The Worcester aud Nashua Railroad crosses the present route at Ayer Junction. After leaving Ayer Junction, the Fitchburg Railroad crosses the towns of Shirley, Lunenburg, and Leominster, with occasional views of Wachusett to the 1. as the train approaches Fitchburg. Fitcllburg ( .1 merican House ; Rollstone) is a small city (incorporated 1S7"2) of about 13,000 inhabit- ants. It was known in the colonial days as Turkey Hills, from the great number of wild turkeys found here. It is a busy, plain, wide-awake place, wliich has quadrupled its population within 28 years by its encourage- mc]it of manufactures and by its being a centre of railroads. The city is built along the Nashua River, wliich affords a fine water-power. Many .small factories are ranged along this stream, which is the life of Fitchburg. 600 men are engaged in the manufacture of machinery and agricultural tools; 300 men are in the chair-making business ; 3 paper-mills with 250 Lands, turn out $1,000,000 worth of goods yearly; while two or three cotton-mills are well worked and busy. The views from Rollstone Hill (the seat of large quarries) and Pearl Hill are of interest. In memory of her soldiers who fell in the Secession War, the city has erected a fine monument from designs by Milmore. It repre- sents the Goddess of Liberty, a soldier, and a sailor, all of heroic size, and cast in bronze at Chicopee, in this State. These statues stand on a high, inscribed pedestal. In 1793, Fitchburg maintained a semi-weekly stage to Boston. At present it has 7 trains a day running over 50 M. of track to Boston, by the Fitchburg Rail- road, aud 4 trains daily to Boston byway of S. Framiiigham (58 M.). The Cheshire R. R. runs hence N. W. to Keene and Bellows Falls (see Route 26) : the Vt. aud Mass. runs W. to Hoosac Tunnel ; and the Worcester and Fitchburg R. R. rims S. to Worcestei'. BOSTON TO THE H003AC TUNXEL. Route 26. 177 Beyond Fitch"burg and W. Fitchbnrg the line soon reaches Wacliusett, whence stages run 6 ^I. S. to Mt. Wachusett (see page 412;. Westminster is 3 M. by stage from Westminster Centre (Westminster House), a lofty hamlet near Me =sting- House Pond, with a library and two churches. Mt. Wachusett is 5 M. S. E. ; and there are broad views from Prospect Hill. Tliis toAvn has 1,712 inhabitants, and 225 farms. It was granted to" the Narragansett veterans, and settled in 1737, under guard of ten forts. At Aslibtirnl\am the Cheshire R. R. diverges to the N. W. : and a sliort branch runs 3 M. N. E. to Ashhuriiliam {Central Hotel), a iiretty liighland luunlet near Nankeau- Pond nud Jirovvn Hill, with -J churches and several factories. 5-6 M. N. is Mt. 'Watatic (1,S47 ft. high), vhich gives an immense view, including Wachusett, Muuadiiocn, the V/hite Mts., and hundreds of lal