{"1": {"fulltext": "STATE; HISTORY S^rTes\\n.^-3\\nKifcb q\\nHistory\\nOF*\\nGeorgia\\nEvans\\nm:^\\nf UNIVERSITY\\nI COAPAhYc^\\nIII\\n/\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^^..J:^", "height": "3317", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nChapD-iy. Copyright No\\nShelf.\u00c2\u00a3..ai--.\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.\\na", "height": "3254", "width": "2095", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "A\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA\\nFOR USE IN SCHOOLS\\nBY\\nLAWTON B. EVANS\\nUNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY\\nNEW YORK AND NEW ORLEANS\\n1898", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "1993\\n40198\\nCOPYEIOHT, 1898. BY\\nUNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY\\nTWO COPIES RECEIVED.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PEEFACE.\\nThe author has tried to present in this hook the leading\\nfacts of the history of Georgia, and he has spared neither\\ntime nor trouble in endeavoring to obtain them. Leading\\nfacts in the history of the United States are interwoven in\\nthe narrative wherever the closeness of their relation to\\nGeorgia history makes it necessary or desirable.\\nThe book is written for pupils of from twelve to fifteen\\nyears of age. Though not descending to childish narrative,\\nthe author has endeavored to make the story easily under-\\nstood. But it cannot be mastered without study, for with-\\nout study nothing really valuable in education can ever be\\nacquired. The narrative that is merely pleasing is not always\\nthe most serviceable or the most likely to be retained in\\nthe memory.\\nGreat care has been taken and great expense incurred in\\nthe pictorial illustrations of the book. Pictures of many\\nGeorgia men are given for the first time in a history, special\\nattention having been paid to the work of securing good like-\\nnesses of those who as generals led Georgians brigades in the\\nCivil War. The faces of these commanders in the great\\nstruggle are thus presented to the youth of the State, who\\nwill look upon them with gratificatai n and. pride.\\nTo teachers, the author desires ^6 suggest that the book be\\nused as a reader in the seventh and eighth grades and in the\\nhigh schools. After a chapter has been read, the questions at\\nthe end may be of help in the work of review, while the\\nTopics may be found serviceable as supplying subjects for\\nwritten exercises. By using the text at the rate of two\\nchapters a week, the book can be mastered in a year. Should", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "VI r RE FACE.\\nthe teacher desire a very critical stud}% the hook may he used\\nfor a two years course.\\nIn liis eifort to produce a good and serviceahle history, the\\nauthor has had valuable help from Mr. Otis Ashmore, of\\nSavannah, who has aided him much in original research.\\nThe author also acknowledges his indebtedness to Mr. C. L.\\nPatton, of the University Publishing Company, whose work\\nhas largely contributed to make the book a complete, accu-\\nrate, and reliable School Ilistory of Georgia.\\nLawtox B. Evans.\\nAugusta, Ga., June, 1898.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CO]N TEIsrTS.\\nEPOCH I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Before English Colonization.\\nCHAPTER PAGE\\n1. Discovery and Early Explorers, 1\\n2. De Soto. The Margravate of Azilia, 6\\nEPOCH II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Georgia under the Trustees.\\n3. Why and by Whom Georgia was Settled, 13\\n4. Where and When Georgia was Settled, 18\\n5. How the Colony Grew, .23\\n6. Trouble with the Spaniards.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Oglethorpe Invades Florida, 28\\n7. The Spaniards Invade Georgia, 33\\n8. The Administration of President Stephens 39\\n9. The Administration of President Henry Parker, 45\\nEPOCH III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Georgfia under the Royal Governors.\\n10. Administration of Governor Reynolds. The Great Seal, 50\\n11. Governor Henry Ellis. Affairs Preceding the Revolution, 58\\n12. Administration of Governor Wright, 65\\n13. How the People Treated the Demands of the Mother Country, 70\\n14. First Acts of Resistance, 77\\n15. The People Overthrow the Government of the King, 84\\nEPOCH IV.-Georgia an Independent State, 1776-1789.\\n16. The Constitution of 1777.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Permanent State Organization, 90\\n17. The British Overrun Georgia, 96\\n18. The Progress of the War in Georgia, 103\\n19. The Attack Upon Savannah, 109\\n20. Augusta Taken and Retaken, 114\\n21. Georgia is Recognized as Free and Independent, 121\\n22. Georgia in the Confederation, 1783-1789, 127", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "VIU\\nContents.\\nEPOCH V. -Georgia in the Federal Union.\\nCHAPTER PAGE\\n2o. Georgia Enters llie Union of States, 134\\n24. Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin, 139\\n25. Yazoo Fraud. 143\\n26. Constitution of 1798, loO\\n27. The University Founded. Western Territory Ceded, loo\\n28. Land Lottery and Head Rights, IGl\\n29. Internal Improvements, IGo\\n30. The War of 1-812.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Indian Troubles, 170\\n31. The End of the War of 1812, 175\\n32. Progress of the State, 180\\n33. How They Lived in Early Times 187\\n34. Early Customs and Habits, .192\\n35. Crawford, Troup, and Clark, 197\\n36. Administration of Troup, 202\\n37. Treaty of 1825, 207\\n38. Georgia Defies the Federal Government 213\\n39. Administration of Governor Gilmer, 217\\n40. Administration of Governor Lum[)kiu, 223\\n41. Removal of the Cherokees.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Creek War 228\\n42. Higher Education. 238\\n43. Our First Railroads 240\\n44. Administration of Governor McDonald, 243\\n45. Administration of Governor Crawford, 247\\n40. Geoi gia in the Mexican War, 251\\n47. Contest over Slavery in the Territories, 257\\n48. Political Disturbances, 261\\n49. War Threatening, 265\\n50. Georgia Secedes, 270\\nEPOCH VI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Georgia in the Confederate States.\\n51. The Beginning of the War, 275\\n52. Progress of the War, 281\\n53. From Chattanooga to Atlanta 288\\n54. The INIarch to the Sea, 295\\n55. The Federal Army Assumes Control of Georgia, 301\\nEPOCH VII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Reconstruction.\\n56. Georgia Excluded from the Union,\\n57. Under [Military (Jovernors,\\n306\\n310", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "Contents.\\nIX\\nEPOCH VIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Georgia Once More in the Union.\\nCHAPTER\\n58\\n59,\\n60\\nThe Return of Peace,\\nThe Constitution of 1877,\\nProgress of the State,\\n61. Administration of Governor McDaniel,\\n62. Administration of Governor Gordon,\\n63. Administration of Governor Northen,\\n64. Administration of Governor Atkinson,\\nPAGE\\n315\\n320\\n325\\n330\\n333\\n336\\n341\\nAppendix, i to xliv\\nPORTRAITS.\\nAlexander, E. P.\\nAndrew, Bishop James O.\\nAnderson, CD..\\nAnderson, G. T.\\nAnderson, E. H.\\nAtkinson, W. Y.\\nBacon, Augustus O.\\nBaldwin, Abram\\nBarrow, Pope\\nBarto\\\\\\\\ Francis S.\\nBenning, Henry L.\\nBerrien, John M.\\nBleckley, Logan E.\\nBoggs, W. R.\\nBoyuton, Jas. S.\\nBrown, Joseph E.\\nBrown, Wm. M.\\nBryan, Goode\\nBulloch, Archibald\\nBullock, R. B.\\nCapers, F. W.\\nCarswell, R. W.\\nClark, John\\nClarke, Elijah\\nClay, Alex. Stephens\\nClinch, Duncan L.\\nCobb, Howell\\nCobb, T. R. R.\\nColquitt, A. H.\\nColquitt, Walter T.\\nConley, Beiij.\\nCook, Phil\\n238\\n291\\n341\\n342\\n135\\n279\\n215\\n333\\n287\\n84\\nr 311\\n291\\n291\\n197\\n114\\n343\\n257\\n261 and 283\\n283 and 320\\n247\\n316\\n297\\nCrawford, George W 247\\nCrawford, Wm. H 207\\nCrisp, Chas. F 33G\\nGumming, Alfred .289\\nDawson, Wm. C.\\nDeshler, James\\nDe Soto, Hernando\\nDoles, George\\nDubose, Dudley M.\\n245\\nEarly, Peter 175\\nEarly, Mrs. Peter 187\\nElliott, Bishop Stephen .245\\nEvans, Clement A 297\\nFew, William\\n135\\nForsyth, John\\n215\\nGardner, W. Montgomery\\n279\\nGartland, Bishop Francis X\\n259\\nGartrell, Lucius J.\\n297\\nGilmer, George R.\\n217\\nGirardy, V. J. B.\\n297\\nGlascock, Thomas\\n112\\nGordon, John B.\\n287 and 333\\nGrady, Henry W.\\n335\\nGreene, Nathaniel\\n127\\nGwdnnett, Button\\n88\\nHabersham, Jas.\\n_\\nHabersham, Joseph\\n86\\nHall, Lyman\\n88", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nHardee, W. H.\\nHarrison, Geo. P., Jr.\\nHarrison, Geo. P.,Sr.\\nHill, Benj. H.\\nHill, Joshua\\nIrwin, Jared\\nIverson, Alfred\\nIversou, Alfred, Jr.\\nJackson, Henry R.\\nJackson, Gov. Jas.\\nJackson, James.\\nJackson, John K.\\nJenkins, Chas. J.\\nJohnson, Herschel V.\\nJohnson, James\\nJones, Davis R.\\nJones, Noble W.\\nKing, John P.\\nLawton, A. R.\\nLochrane, A. O.\\nLong, Crawford W.\\nLongstreet, James\\nLumpkin, Joseph H.\\nLumpkin, Wilson\\nMcCay, H. K.\\nMcDaniel, Henry D.\\nMcDonald, C. J.\\nMcintosh, Lachlan\\nMcLaws, Lafayette\\nMercer, Hugh W.\\nMercer, Jessie\\nMilledge, John\\nMiller, H. V. M.\\nMitchell, David B.\\nNesbit, E. A.\\nNorthen, Wm. J.\\nNorwood, Thos. M.\\nOglethorpe, Jas. E.\\nOrr, Gustavus J.\\n279\\n289\\n291\\n271\\n311\\n143\\n279\\n150\\n327\\n289\\n306\\n226\\n313\\n249\\n283\\n248\\n291\\n3;30\\n243\\n105\\n279\\n279\\n233\\n161\\n312\\n165\\n248\\n336\\n326\\n12\\n316\\nPhillips, Wm 291\\nPierce, Bishop Geo. F 238\\nPrince, Oliver H 218\\nPulaski, Count C 109\\nSt. John, I. M 301\\nSchley, Wm 228\\nSemmes, Paul J 283\\nSimmons, Thos. J :342\\nSimms, Jas. P.\\n297\\n.340\\n315\\nSmith, Gustavus W 291\\nSmith, Hoke\\nSmith, Jas. M\\nSmith, Wm. D.\\nSorrel, G. M\\nStephens, Alex. H.\\nStovall, M. A\\nTalbot, Matthew 184\\nTatnall, Josiah 253\\nThomas, B. M 289\\nThomas, E. L 287\\nTomochichi 18\\nToombs, Robert 261 and 283\\nTowns, Geo. W 257\\nTreutlen, John A 96\\nTroup, Geo. M 202\\nTwiggs, David E 253\\nWaddel, Moses 180\\nWalker, Freeman 184\\nWalker, W. H. T 279\\nWalsh, Patrick 339\\nWalton, George 88\\nWare, Nicholas 200\\nWarner, Hiram 248\\nWayne, Anthony .121\\nWayne, II. C 291\\nWayne. Jas. Moore 2;il\\nWesley, John 23\\nWheeler, Joseph 289\\nWhitefield, George .30\\nWillis, Edward 287\\nWilson, C. C 289\\nWofford, W.T 287\\nWright, Ambrose R 283\\nWright, G. J 291\\nYoung, P. M. B.\\n297\\nN. B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All the portraits are copyrighted. Any person reproducing any op\\nTHEM IS LIABLE TO PROSECUTION.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nEPOCH I.\\nBefore English Colonization.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nDISCOVERY AND EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nFairest, frnitfulest, and pleasantest of all the world. Ribault.\\nThe boys and girls wlio study tliis book know that the part\\nof the land upon which we live is called Georgia. On the\\nmaps in the Geography they have seen a section with the\\nname Georgia printed across it^ which they have been told\\nis a map of this land. They have only to look around them\\nto see some part of the land itself. We know this land and\\nlove it. We know the mountains and green valleys that lie iu\\nthe northern part we knoAV the red hills and gentle slopes in\\nthe centre we know the wide forest plains in the southern\\npart. It is all Georgia,, from the mountains to the sea. It\\ndoes not even stop at the water s edge, but extends into the\\ngreat Atlantic Ocean three miles beyond the line of white\\nbreakers that roll upon the shore of the islands along our\\ncoast.\\nUpon this land are great cities, busy towns and villages,\\nand fertile fields. Across this land in every direction extend\\nlines of railroad, and through its length and breadth are\\nchurches and school-houses. Within the boundaries of this", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "2\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nland live nearly two million people, skilled in the arts of eivil-\\nization, and united for the protection of their liberty, their\\nlives, and their property in one political body or civil society,\\ncalled the State of Georgia, the Empire State of the South/\\nThis land was not always called Georgia, and it was not\\nalways inhabited by the people that now crowd its cities and\\ntowns and cultivate its fields. About four hundred years ago\\nit not onlv had no such name, ])ut even its existence was not\\nV\\n%^/^^fi\\n:^.-4^^.^i^\\\\\\nknown to the civilized world. As late as two hundred years\\nago it was almost unbroken forest, and the people who inhab-\\nited it were savages, who built no cities, liad no written lan-\\nguage, knew nothing of their own past history, and who led a\\nwandering life in the solitude of the great forests which cov-\\nered this land. The story of how that unbroken wilderness\\nbecame the Georgia of to-dav is of interest to every Georgian.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "Voyages to the new world. 3\\nThis is the story which the students of this book have before\\nthem.\\nThe voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492 proved to the\\n2:)eople of the Old World that land lay beyond the great Atlan-\\ntic^ although Columbus himself believed this land to be India,\\nand called the savages whom he found here, Indians. He\\ndied still believing this. One of his friends, however, Ameri-\\ncus Vespucius, who explored the coast of South America,\\nbecame convinced that it was not India, but in fact a new\\ncontinent. Upon his return Americus wrote a description of\\nthat continent, which he called the ^qw World. The\\nscholars who read his description and were convinced of the\\ntruth of his opinions called this new world the land of\\nAmericus, or America.\\nThe news of the discovery spread rapidly over Europe and\\ncreated excitement among all classes of people. Every civil-\\nized nation fitted out ships and sent them across the Atlantic\\non voyages of discovery. England sent John Cabot and his\\nson Sebastian, who reached Labrador and explored the coasts\\nas far south as Cape Hatteras France sent Verrazano Spain,\\nPortugal, and Holland sent many explorers who followed\\nin the path of Columbus, visiting the West Indies, South\\nAmerica, Mexico, and Central America, and even sailing\\naround the world.\\nAmong those who accompanied Columbus on his second\\nvoyage was Juan Ponce de Leon, a Spanish nobleman. He\\nheard from the natives of the West India Islands of a great\\nland lying to the north which they called Bimini, and in\\nwhich was a wonderful fountain whose waters gave renewed\\nyouth to the old and feeble. De Leon told this to the King\\nof S^^ain, and in 1512, twenty years after the first voyage of\\nColumbus, he received a royal commission to discover and\\nsettle the island of Bimini in the name of the Spanish\\ncrown. Ponce de Leon was delayed until the following 3 ear,\\nbut in March, 1513, he sailed from the island of Porto Rico,", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "4 HISTORY OF Georgia,\\nand steering northward past the Bahama Islands, he came in\\nsight of the mainhmd of North America on Easter Sunday,\\nthe 27th of March, 1513. He named the land Florida in\\nhonor of the day, Pascua Florida heing the Spanish name for\\nEaster Sunday. A few days later lie landed near the present\\nsite of St. Augustine, and took possession of the country in\\nthe name of the King of Spain. He turned southward, and\\npassing through Florida Straits sailed up the western coast to\\na bay south of Tampa Bay. The curve of the coast convinced\\nhim he had discovered another island like Cuba. He then\\nreturned to Spain, and received from the king a new patent to\\nconquer and settle the island of Bimini and the island of\\nFlorida.\\nHe did not conquer the natives, however, nor plant a colony,\\nnor find the Fountain of Youth. Eight years passed before he\\nattempted a settlement, and then he was himself wounded in\\na contest with the savages, and returned with his followers to\\nCuba;, where he died very shortly from his wounds. He had\\nnot entered the territory that is now called Georgia, but his\\nvisit is of interest to us because it gave to our land the name\\nFlorida, the first name which was given it, and the name by\\nwhich it was known in Euro})e for more than a hundred years.\\nIn 1520, seven years after Ponce de Leon gave its first name\\nto this country, an expedition was sent out by Lucas Vasquez\\nde Ayllon, a wealthy Spaniard, from the island of San\\nDomingo. Joining with another ship on the way, the expedi-\\ntion landed on the coast of what is now South Carolina, near\\nthe present site of Port Royal. The Indians were friendly,\\nand a number were induced to come on the ships, where they\\nwere held as prisoners and carried to San Domingo to be sold\\nas slaves. De Ayllon had the prisoners released, and four\\nyears later he sent two ships, under the command of Pedro de\\nQuexos, to the newly discovered land. Pedro de Quexos suc-\\nceeded in regaining the friendship of the natives, and explored\\nthe Atlantic coast for many miles, including the present coast", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "First Map of Our Coast, 5\\nof Georgia. Xo permanent settlement was made, but it is\\nalmost certain that the men attached to this party were the\\nfirst white men who set foot on our soil.\\nAbout the time that the second expedition was sent out by\\nDe Ayllon, the King of Spain sent another expedition, consist-\\ning of a single vessel under the command of Stephen Gomez,\\nwith instructions to sail northward and ascertain if any west-\\nern passage could be found through the continent south of\\nNewfoundland and Labrador. Gomez reached the Labrador\\ncoast, and turning southward he explored the whole Atlantic\\ncoast of the United States. He proved that Florida was not\\nan island, and the land of De Ayllon was not a new continent,\\nbut that both were parts of the same mainland that Ponce de\\nLeon had discovered and named Florida. From his reports\\na map was prepared in 1529, by Ribero, who was employed by\\nthe King of Spain, and this map is the first that shows any\\nknowledge of Georgia s coast line.\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat is the name of that part of the land upon which we live? What\\ncan you say of our love for this land What can you say of the extent\\nof it? What do we find upon the land? How many people live within\\nits boundaries Why are they united What do they make What\\ncan you say of this soil four hundred years ago? Who lived here as late\\nas two hundred years ago? What can you say of Christopher Columbus?\\nWhy was this country called America? Mention some other explorers\\nin the New World. Who came with Columbus on his second voyage?\\nWhat land did he seek to explore and settle? When did he discover\\nthe mainland, and how did he name it? What can you say of his efforts\\nto colonize the land? Why is his visit of interest to us? What expedi-\\ntion was sent over in 1530? Where did they land? What expedition\\nwas sent out four years later, and what did they explore? What expedi-\\ntion was sent out by the King of Spain? What of the exploration\\nof Gomez? What did he prove? What map was prepared in 1529?\\nTOPICS.\\n1. The land of Georgia. 4. Story of De Leon.\\n2. The State of Georgia. 5. Expeditions of De Ayllon.\\n3. Prehistoric condition. 6. Travels of Gomez.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nDE SOTO.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE MARGRAVATE OF AZILIA.\\nNature lias not Messed the world with any tract which can be preferable to it. Para-\\ndise with all her virgin beauties may be modestly supposed at most but equal to its native\\nexcellences/ RoBEUT Montgomery, 1717.\\nOf the many adventurers who\\nvisited and explored all parts of\\nthe New World, probably the only\\none who marched through the for-\\nests of Georgia was Hernando de\\nSoto. De Soto landed in Florida\\nin 1539. He had with him six\\nhundred brave soldiers, two hun-\\ndred horses, a number of fleet grey-\\nhounds and savage blood-hounds,\\nand also a drove of hogs which he\\nintended to use for food.\\nTravelling northward he en-\\ntered the region of Georgia, and\\nwe have records of his marching\\nthrough Irwin or Coifee County.\\nFrom thence he went in a northeasterly direction through\\nLaurens County then crossing the Ogeechee Eiver and Briar\\nCreek he camped on the Savannah River, probably at Silver\\nBluff, a few miles below the present city of Augusta. During\\nthe march his soldiers searched everywhere for gold, breaking\\ninto Avigwams, temples, and even the graves of the Indians.\\nTliey suffered for food. At one village an Indian chief sent\\nthem a present of partridges, corn, and turkeys. He also", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "DE SOTO S MARCH. 7\\ngave them some dogs, and these were killed by the soldiers\\nand eaten with great relish.\\nAVhen De Soto reached the bank of the Savannah River he\\nwas received by a beautiful Indian princess. She came across\\nthe river in her canoe and welcomed him. She took from her\\nown neck a string of j)earls and hung it around the neck of\\nDe Soto in token of friendship. She gave him many shawls\\nand dressed skins for clothing. De Soto was moved by the\\nbeauty and kindness of the princess^ and taking from his fin-\\nger a ring of gold set with a ruby, he placed it on her finger.\\nAt Silver Blulf the Indians brought in a dagger and a\\nrosary, both of Spanish make, which proved that some Span-\\nish party had visited the land before him. Historians agree\\nthat these were left by De Ayllon^s second expedition, which\\nhad explored this coast sixteen years before.\\nDe Soto was hospitably treated by these Indians, but he did\\nnot return their kindness. He took from them basketfuls of\\njiearls, and treated them Avith cruelty. When he left, he took\\nthe beautiful princess a captive, and compelled her to go, on\\nfoot, ahead of his army. He proceeded up the Savannah\\nEiver for some distance. At a point believed to be in the\\npresent county of Habersham, he turned westward and crossed\\nnorthern Georgia to the Indian village Chiaha. This village\\nwas at the junction of the Oostenaula and the Etowah, where\\nthe city of Rome now stands. During the last march before\\nhe turned west, the Indian princess escaped from De Soto,\\ntaking with her a large box of rare pearls.\\nAfter leaving Georgia, July 2, 1540, De Soto continued his\\nmarch until he came to the banks of the Mississippi River\\nin 1541. He crossed the river, and after wandering in the\\nswamps he was seized with fever, and died in May, 1542. His\\nfollowers concealed his death from the Indians, and carrying\\nhis body at night, weighted it with stones and dropped it into\\nthe waters of the great river he had discovered. Only forty of\\nall the six hundred men lived to return to their homes in Spain.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "8 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nEverywhere on his march De Soto found the red men,\\nwhom Cohimbus had named Indians. They were a rough,\\nignorant, warlike race, of brown or red color, with high\\ncheek bones and long, coarse hair. The men, when they were\\nnot at war, spent their time fishing and hunting, while the\\nwomen cultivated i: atches of maize or Indian corn. They\\nlived in small villages of skin-covered huts called wigwams.\\nMARCH OF DE i^OTO\\nscattered about through the woods and on the banks of the\\nstreams, where game and fish were plentiful. The Indians\\nwere not many in number. Probably not more than ten thou-\\nsand were in all Georgia at that time.\\nThe explorations of De Soto confirmed Sjiain s title to the\\nlands that we now call CJeorgia. If he had settled his follow-\\ners on those lands instead of pushing west in search of some\\nmighty empire to conquer, he would have founded here a", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "RIBAULT EXPLORES OUR COAST. 9\\ngreat Spanish-American state with a Spanish-speaking people.\\nThrough his faihire to do so, Spain lost her claim to this soil,\\nand more than twenty years passed before another visit was\\nmade to our shores by colonists with a view to settlement.\\nThe next visit was made by a French company of Hugue-\\nnots sent out by Admiral Coligny, who was himself a Hu-\\nguenot, and who thought to find religious freedom for them\\nin the wilds of America. This expedition was under the\\ncommand of John Ribault, who explored oar entire sea-coast\\nfrom the St. John s River to Port Royal. He gave French\\nnames to all of our rivers. The St. Mary s he called the\\nSeine the Satilla, the Somme the Altamaha, the Loire the\\nNewport, the Charante the Great Ogeechee, the Garonne\\nand the Savannah, the Gironde.\\nHis descriptions of our coast are most glowing. He finally\\nbuilt a fort and planted his colony where Port Royal now\\nstands. The fort was called Fort Charles, but was abandoned\\ntwo years later, and a new fort, called Fort Caroline, was\\nbuilt at the mouth of the River St. John, then called the\\nRiver May.\\nSpain was alarmed by these French settlements, and in\\n1565 sent a large force under Menendez to settle Florida.\\nAfter founding St. Augustine and fortifying it, he surprised\\nand murdered the French at Fort Caroline, and left a Spanish\\ngarrison there. Shortly after, a party of French, in retaliation,\\nrecaptured the fort and murdered the Spanish garrison, but\\ndid not attempt to hold the country. After this, Spain held\\npeaceably, for a hundred years, the lands that are now Georgia,\\nand the Spanish governors at St. Augustine sent mining\\nparties into the Cherokee country to work the gold mines.\\nJuan Paedo built a fort there, and the mining continued\\ntwenty years after Charleston was founded. The ruins of the\\nfort, and mining tools of iron, were found by the early white\\nsettlers of North Georgia after the removal of the Cherokees.\\nEngland s claim to the territory was founded on the explo-", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "10 History of Georgia.\\nrations of the Cabots in 149T and 1498, but for more than one\\nliundred years no attempt was made to enforce tliis claim. In\\n1663 Charles II. granted all the land lying along the Atlantic\\ncoast, between the thirty-sixth and twenty-ninth degrees of\\nnortli latitude, to eight noblemen, called the Lords Proprie-\\ntors of Carolina. All the land in the present State of Georgia\\nwas included in this grant, and from that date was called Caro-\\nlina by the English, though no attempt was made to settle the\\nlands west of the Savannah River.\\nThe permanent English settlements at Charleston and along\\nthe Carolina coast established England s claim to Carolina,\\nwhile the permanent Spanish settlement at St. Augustine had\\nestablished Spain s title to Florida but no agreement could be\\nreached as to the dividing line between Carolina and Florida.\\nThe northern line of Florida Avas not fixed until IT Go, one\\nhundred 3 ears after tlie grant to the Lords Proprietors, when\\nSpain ceded all Florida to England.\\nThe first effort to colonize the territory of Georgia was\\nmade by Sir Robert Montgomery in 1717, who secured from\\nthe Lords Proprietors of Carolina a grant of the land lying\\nbetween the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers. It was to be\\ncalled the Margravate of iVzilia, and was to be a part of Car-\\nolina. Sir Robert was to pay a rental of one penny an acre\\nfor all lands occupied, and to give the Lords Proprietors\\none-fourth of all the gold, silver, and jn-ecious stones found\\nthere.\\nThe most glowing accounts of the wonders and beauties of\\nGeorgia were written. Nowhere in the world could be found\\nsuch beautiful woods and meadows, such rich mines and\\nfields, such a soft climate and fertile soil. But these accounts\\ndid not attract settlers south of the Savannah River, and the\\nred men of the forests remained the only inhabitants of\\nAzilia, until a nobler man, with a loftier aim than Sir\\nRobert, came to make its shores the home of the unfor-\\ntunate.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "QUESTIONS AND TOPICS. 11\\n[When General Oglethorpe came to America and went np the Savan-\\nnah River, he took with liim the journal of Sir Walter Raleigh. From\\nthe latitude and marks of the place he was led to believe that Sir Walter\\nhad been there before him, had landed at Yamacraw and had talked\\nwith the natives. He was told that about half a mile from the bluff\\nthere was a grave of an old chief who on his death-bed said: Bury me\\non the place where I talked with that great, good man from over the\\nsea.\\n[To show the number of pearls taken by De Soto s men from the\\nIndians of Georgia, it is related that one day a foot soldier called to a\\nhorseman who was his friend and offered him a linen bag of pearls\\nweighing six pounds, saying: You may have these if you will. I am\\ntired of carrying them. The horseman refused the offer, telling the\\nsoldier to keep the jewels for himself. But he replied: If you will not\\nhave them, I will not carry them longer. They shall remain here. So\\nsaying, he untied the bag, whirled it around his head, and scattered the\\npearls in every direction among the thickets and grass.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho landed in Florida in 1539? What did he bring with him? What\\nof his march through Georgia? Tell what they searched for. What of\\nthe Indian princess? What did the Indians bring in at Silver Bluff?\\nHow was De Soto treated by the Indians? How did he treat them?\\nWhere did tlie army march after leaving Silver Bluff? What river did\\nhe reach in 1541? Describe his death and burial. How many of his fol-\\nlowers returned to Spain? Describe the Indians wliom De Soto met.\\nWhat if De Soto had settled on this land? Who made the next visit?\\nWhat names did he give to the rivers? How did he describe our coast?\\nOn what was the English claim to the territory of Georgia founded?\\nWhat charter was granted in 1603? What did this territory embrace?\\nWho made the first effort to colonize Georgia? What was it to be\\ncalled? Give a description of it. Did the effort succeed?\\nTOPICS.\\nLet the pupil tell\\n1. The story of De Soto s march. 4. How Georgia was first a part of\\n2. The story of Ribault s travels. Carolina.\\n3. Of the Spanish occupation. 5. About the Margravate of Azilia.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "EPOCH II.\\nGeorgia under the Trustees.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nWHY AXD BY WHOM GEORGIA WAS SETTLED.\\nMany of our poor subjects are, through misfortune and want of employment,\\nreduced to great necessity, insomuch as by their labor they are not able to provide a\\nmaintenance for themselves and families and if they had means to defray their charges\\nof passage and the expenses incident to new settlements, they would be glad to settle in\\nany of our provinces in America, where, by cultivating the lands at present waste and\\ndesolate, they might not only gain a comfortable subsistence for themselves and families,\\nbut also strengthen our colonies and increase trade, navigation, and wealth of these our\\nresL]inii. Krf/acf from Chaiier of Oeorgia.\\nMany years ago it was the\\ncustom in England to impris-\\non people for debt. These\\ndebtors prisons, as they were\\ncalled, were often the scenes\\nof suffering, injustice, and\\ncruelty. The way in whicli\\nthey were managed finally be-\\ncame so bad that it attracted\\npublic attention, and the\\nBritish Parliament appoint-\\ned a committee to investigate\\nand reform the condition of\\nthe prisons of England.\\nThe chairman of this committee was James Edward\\nOglethorpe, a member of Parliament and the author of tlie\\nresolution under wliich the committee was appointed. lie\\nJAMKS KDWAIVU OGLKTUOKrii.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "Why Georgia was Settled,\\n13\\nwas a good and wise man. In his visits to the prisons his\\nheart was touched by the sufferings of the unfortunate\\ndebtors. He saw that these poor men could not possibly\\nearn money to pay their debts while they were shut up in\\nprison. Even if released it was not probable that they Avould\\nsucceed in life better than before. All the land in Eng-\\nland belonged to the rich, and a poor man, although willing\\nto work, had no right to plant this land and raise food for\\nhis family. He thought of the great tracts of land lying\\nidle on the shores of America. On these lands the poor\\ndebtors could build homes, and from this fertile soil they\\ncould support their families. He enlisted several other noble-\\nmen in his plans, and induced them to unite with him in a\\npetition to the king, asking for a grant of land in his\\nMajesty s Province of America, where they could colonize\\nmany of the worthy and honest poor people living in and near\\nthe city of London.\\nThe petition was granted, and the charter for a colony\\nreceived the great seal of England, June 9, 1732.- The terri-\\ntory granted was that pai t of South Carolina west of the", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "14\\nHistory of Georgia,\\nSavannah River. It included all the land between the Savan-\\nnah and Altaniaha Kivers, from the Atlantic coast to the head-\\nwaters of these streams, and thence extended westward to the\\nSouth Seas/ or Pacific Ocean. Tlie name of Georgia was\\ngiven to this province in honor of George II., who was then\\nking of England.\\nThe reasons for locating the colony in this place were to\\n])rotect the frontier of Carolina from the ravages of the\\nIndians, and to take possession of soil that was disputed by\\nthe English and Spanish. Oglethorpe also heard that mul-\\nberry-trees grew along the Savannah River, and that the\\nclimate was suitable for the silkworm. He believed that a\\nfine quality of raw silk could be raised in Georgia by colonists,\\nwho could thus find means of earning a living and save to\\nEngland vast sums of money paid to foreign countries for\\nsilks. So firmly did he believe in this that he resolved to\\nsend to Italy for persons to teach the colonists how to feed\\nthe worms and wind the threads from the cocoons.\\nThe charter created a\\nboard of trustees, called\\nThe Trustees for estaUish-\\ning the colony of Georgia\\nin America^ for a term of\\ntwenty- one years, with the\\npower of buying and sell-\\ning lands, of having a\\nseal, of making laws, and\\nof establishing courts for\\nthe government of the\\nnew colony. They were\\ngiven power to send for-\\neigners and subjects of\\nJKAL OF TUE TUUSTEKS.\\nGreat Britain to Georgia\\nand to grant them lands, not over five hundred acres to each\\nperson, for which no rent should be paid foi- ten years. On", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "By whom Georgia was Settled. 15\\nthe reverse of the seal of the TrnBtees was the motto Xon\\nsibi sed aliis, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\q\\\\\\\\ means, Not for themselves but for\\nothers/ A clear impression of this side cannot be found.\\nThe picture on the preceding page shows the front or obverse\\nside of the seal, and the Latin inscription, Colonia Georgia\\naugeat, meaning, May the Georgia colony flourish.*\\nHaving received the charter, the Trustees met and made\\nrules for the settlement and government of the new province.\\nThey resolved to grant only fifty acres of land, to each man and\\nhis family. Land was granted for life only, and when a man\\ndied his sons inherited it. The condition was also put in the\\ngrant that the land must be cleared, planted, and a house built\\nby a certain time, or the right to it would be lost. It was\\nrequired that a hundred white mulberry trees should be\\nplanted on every ten acres. The Trustees also prohibited the\\nsale of rum and the use of- negro slaves in the colony. The\\nTrustees asked for gifts of money to aid the enterprise. The\\nresponses were liberal. Even Parliament gave \u00c2\u00a310,000 to help\\nthem in their noble purpose.\\nThe Trustees also offered inducements to men of means to\\njoin the colony. To a man of good character who would pay\\nhis own expenses and bring with him ten able-bodied men-\\nservants over twenty-one years of age, the Trustees agreed to\\ngrant five hundred acres of land, which could not be sold,\\nbut descended to his male heirs. A rental of twenty shillings\\na year was to be paid for every hundred acres, but the pay-\\nments were not to commence for ten years. Within the ten\\nyears each person was to clear and cultivate two hundred of\\nthe five hundred acres of land, and to plant two thousand\\nwhite mulberry trees. Persons having land under this grant\\nmust live in Georgia at least three years, and could not leave\\nthe province without permission of the Trustees.\\nIt may seem strange that parties receiving land were not\\npermitted to mortgage or sell it, and that the land descended\\nonly to the male heirs, but it must be remembered that the", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "16 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nobject of the Trustees was to secure a large number of male\\ncitizens who could be relied upon for the defence of the\\ncolony. Every settler was a soldier, and was required to do\\nmilitary service.\\nA great many persons were anxious to join this colon3\\\\\\nMany were rejected. Xo debtor was taken without the consent\\nof the creditor no criminals or wicked persons Avere accepted\\nno man was received who would leave a wife or little children\\ndepending on him for support. The debtor jirisons Avere care-\\nfully examined, and the worthiest of these unhappy people\\nwere taken. Four months Avere devoted to this Avork, and the\\nbest people among the needy j^opulation of England Avere\\nchosen to be the first settlers of Georgia.\\nThe plans for sailing were made Avitli care. November 17,\\n1732, the ship Anne (pronounced an), Avliich bore the com-\\npany Avith Oglethorpe at its head,Aveighed anchor and dropped\\ndoAvn the T hames River. On board were thirty-five families,\\ncontaining one hundred and thirty persons, bound for the\\nNew A\\\\ orid.\\nThe voyage Avas long, taking two months and seven days.\\nPrayers Avere offered every morning and night that no accident\\nor misfortune should overtake them. At length, January 13,\\n1733, their hearts Avere gladdened by the sight of land. They\\nhad reached the harbor of Charleston. The governor of\\nSouth Carolina gave them a hearty Avelcome, and furnished a\\npilot to conduct them to Port Royal harbor. The next morn-\\ning they continued their voyage, and on the 19th landed at\\nBeaufort- town, Avhere they Avere saluted by the artillery.\\n[James Edward Oglethorpe belonged to an ancient family in England.\\nHe was called a gentleman of luiblemished character, brave, generous,\\nand humane. He was born in 1689, and Avhen a young man left college\\nto begin the life of a soldier.\\nOglethorpe soon became an ensign of the English army, then a lieuten-\\nant of the first troop of the Queen s Life Guards. Going abroad, he\\nenlisted under Prince Eugene, and finally became his aide-de-camp.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "Questions and Topics. 17\\nWhen he returned to England he entered upon very wealthy estates, and\\nbegan political life. He was in Parliament for thirty-two years, and was\\nthe friend of the unfortunate and oppressed. Ills scheme to found a\\ncolony for poor debtors in Georgia will ever endear him to the hearts of\\nall true philanthropists. No colony in America can point to a founder\\nin whose character are more unselfish and generous qualities than are\\nfound in James Oglethorpe, the father of Georgia.\\nTo see a gentleman of his rank and fortune visiting a distant and\\nuncultivated land, with no other society but the miserable whom he goes\\nto assist, exposing himself freely to the same hardships to which they are\\nsubjected, in the prime of life, instead of pursuing his pleasures or am-\\nbition on an improved and well-concerted i)lan from wliich his country\\nmust reap the profits, at his own expense and without a view or even a\\npossibility of receiving any private advantages from it, must give every\\none who has approved and contributed to the undertaking the highest\\nsatisfaction must convince the world of the disinterested zeal with which\\nthe settlement is to be made, and entitle him to the truest honor he can\\ngain the perpetual love and applause of mankind.\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat can you say of debtors prisons What did Parliament do\\nWho was on this committee, and what did lie think What petition was\\nmade, and for what When did the charter of Georgia receive the Great\\nSeal What was the first object Describe the territory granted. Why\\nwas the province called Georgia Mention two other reasons for locating\\nthe colony on the Savannah River. What can you say of Oglethorpe s\\nhopes for silk culture What powers were given the Trustees What\\nmotto did the seal contain What were some of the rules made by the\\nTrustees What did the Trustees ask for And what did Parliament\\ngive them Who were rejected and who received as emigrants When\\ndid the emigrants sail How many were on board Who was with\\nthem When and where did they sight land\\nTOPICS.\\nTell ahout\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1. Debtors prisons. 5. The seal of the Trustees.\\n2. Oglethorpe s plans. 6. The rules for the new colony.\\n3. What was granted him. 7. How the colonists were chosen.\\n4. Tlie charter of Georgia. 8. The voyage across the Atlantic.\\n2", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV\\nWHERE AND AVHEX GEORGIA WAS SETTLED.\\nTho eartli is so fertile that it will l)riiig forth anythinj, that can be sown or planted in\\nit, whether fruits, herbs, or trees. There are wild vines which run up to the tops of the\\ntallest trees and the countr}^ is so good that one may ride full gallop twenty or thirty\\nn\\\\\\\\\\\\f;%. Journal of Buroti ton Beck, 173U.\\nLeaving the emi-\\ngrants to rest, after\\ntheir long voyage, in\\nhomes provided by the\\ngood people of South\\nCarolina, Oglethorpe\\ntook a few friends and\\nset out in an Indian\\ncanoe to find a site for\\nhis colony. He wound\\nin and out among the\\nsmall islands at the\\nmouth of the Savannah\\nRiver, and at length\\nrowed up to a high\\nbluff eighteen miles\\nfrom the sea. Here he\\nfound a village of Yam-\\ntrading-house. An old Indian\\nand warrior, Tomochichi, looked on him with some\\ndistrust, and at first would not come near him. Oglethorpe\\nfound jin Indian woman who could si)eak English, and\\nacraw\\nchief\\nTOMOCHICHI AND UlS NEPUEW.\\nIndians and a Carolint\\nthrough her told the Indians that he meant\\n])eace\\nand", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "WHERE AND WHEN GEORGIA WAS SETTLED. 19\\nfriendship. Tomochichi then welcomed him, and promised\\nhis aid and protection to the colony.\\nOglethorpe returned to Beaufort for the colonists, and\\nFebruary 12, 1733, they arrived at Yamacraw Bluff. On\\nlanding they all knelt down to offer thanksgiving and j^rayer\\nto God. They then bronght their goods ashoi-e, pitched fonr\\nlarge tents, and spent their first night in Georgia. Eising\\nearly next morning they began work. Trees were cnt down,\\nclearings made, and cabins built. In a few weeks fields had\\nbeen planted, forts had been built, and everything looked\\nlike a busy, thriving jcolony. The city tlins begun was named\\nSavannah, after the river on Avhich it Avas situated. Ogle-\\nthorpe jiitched a tent for himself under four pine-trees, and\\nlived in it for nearly a year. His goodness and wisdom so\\nwon the hearts and confidence of the colonists that they called\\nhim father.\\nOglethorpe sent word to the chiefs and warriors of the\\nIndian tribes near Savannah that he Avished to make a treaty\\nof peace and friendship with them. The head men of eight\\ntribes came to Savannah, where they were loaded with j)resents.\\nMany useful articles, such as hatchets, hoes, hats, and clothing,\\nwere given to them, but they admired the gold beads and\\ncheap jewelry more than anything else, and were especially\\npleased with gazing at themselves in the lookiug-glasses.\\nAfter feasting and dancing, they made a solemn treaty of\\npeace and good-will, binding themselves not to molest the\\ncolonists in any way whatsoever. Oglethorpe was always kind\\nto the Indians, and one of them said We. love him because\\nhe has given us everything that Ave Avant and he has. He has\\ngiven me the coat off his back and the blanket from under\\nhim.\\nAfter tlie treaty was made, Tomochichi said to Oglethorpe\\nHere is a little present,^ and then gaA^e him a buffalo-skin\\nAvith the head and feathers of an eagle painted on the inside.\\nHe asked him to accept it, saying The eagle means speed.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "20\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nand the buffalo means strength. The English are as swift as\\nthe bird and as strong as the beast. Like the first, they fly\\nfrom the utmost parts of the earth, over the vast seas and like\\nthe second, nothing can withstand them. The feathers of the\\neagle are soft and mean love the buffalo s skin is warm and\\nmeans protection. Therefore, love and protect our little\\nfamilies/^\\nOglethorpe thought it would be wise, however, to build a\\nfort in the heart of the Indian country, eighteen miles from\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^mr^\\nORIGINAL PLAN OF r^AVANNAH.\\nSavannah, on the Great Ogeechee River. He selected a place\\nwhere the Indians in their excursions against Carolina had\\nbeen accustomed to ford the stream, and named the fort\\nArgyle. This was the second settlement of white people in\\nGeorgia. In addition to the soldiers, ten families were sent\\ndown to build dwellings and cultivate the land around the fort.\\nIn a few months emigrant ships began to arrive from\\nEngland and elsewhere. The first of these, commanded by\\nCaptain Yoakley, brought needed supplies of food, clothing,\\nand tools, and was given the prize of a gold cup offered by the", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "Where and When Georgia was Settled. 21\\nTrustees for the first ship unloading at Yamacraw. The next\\none brought over two hundred and fifty emigrants. This was\\nso hirge an addition to the town that in July, 1733, the\\ncolonists met on the bluff to enlarge the limits of Savannah, to\\nlay off lots, to run streets and name them. Some of the\\nstreets in Savannah still bear the names given them on that\\nday. While they were engaged in this work another ship\\ncame up the river and landed forty Israelites, who asked per-\\nmission to join the colony. This was granted.\\nEight months afterward a ship arrived at Savannah, bring-\\ning a band of Salzburgers, who had been cast out of Germany\\non account of their religion. They were warmly welcomed by\\nthe colonists. Finding a ^^lace that suited them, they settled\\non the banks of a small creek flowing into the Savannah River,\\ntwenty-five miles above the city. They named their town\\nEbenezer, which means stone of help. That place is now\\nin Effingham County.\\nFifteen months had now passed since the first landing at\\nYamacraw. During that time Savannah was laid out and\\nimproved Fort Argyle was built Abercorn, Highgate, and\\nHampstead were settled as small villages on the Savannah\\nRiver Ebenezer was founded, and a light-house was built on\\nTybee Island. Farms were started, silk-growing was com-\\nmenced, and although everything Avas in the rough state of a\\nnew colony, on all sides could be seen thrift and happiness.\\n[Toniochichi was the noble and aged chief of the small tribe of Yama-\\ncraw Indians, He belonged to the tribe of the Lower Creeks, but they\\nhad banished him, along with others, for some political cause. He had\\nsettled with them near the mouth of the Savannah River, and by them\\nwas chosen Mico or chief. He was ninety-one years old, but tall, vigor-\\nous, dignified, and manly. He was a true friend to the colonists, and\\naided them in making treaties with other tribes of Indians. Let us not\\nforget that while Oglethorpe deserves every praise as the leader of the\\ncolonists, yet this aged Indian chief made the colony possible by his\\nguarantee of safety and friendship to the colonists, and to him is due the\\nlasting gratitude of their descendants.]", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "22 HISTORY OF GEORCrlA.\\n[During llio years from 1729 to 1732 nearly tliirty thousand German\\nSalzburgers were driven from their homes by the persecutions of Leo-\\npold on account of differences in religious belief. Some of these wander-\\ners engaged the sympathies of the Trustees, who offered homes to them\\niu the colony of Georgia. Forty-two families agreed to come, Baron von\\nReck leading theui. They left Dover December, 1733, and reached\\nCharleston in ]\\\\Iarch, 1734. Oglethorpe happened to be there at fehe\\ntime, and welcomed them. They desired to settle somewhere, at a dis-\\ntance from the sea, in a hilly country where there were springs of water.\\nThey selected a spot forty miles from the ocean, where they could rest\\naud worship God according to the Wciys approved by their own conscience.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat did Oglethorpe now set out to find What did he find at Yama-\\ncraw What can you say of Tomochichi When did the colonists land\\nat Yamacraw What was first done What was done the next day\\nWhat was the city named, and why What did Oglethorpe i)itch for\\nhimself What did the colonists call him What treaty did Oglethorpe\\nmake What did the Indians think of Oglethorpe What did Tomo-\\nchichi give Oglethorpe, and what did he say What fort was built soon\\nafter Where, and why What emigrants arrived soon after After\\nthe arrival of further emigrants, what was done Wlio asked permission\\nto join the colony By whom was Ebenezer settled What was the\\ncondition of Georgia after fifteen months\\nGeorgia was founded\\nTOPICS.\\nAs a relief to delators and worthy poor.\\nWhy? To colonize disputed territory.\\nTo encourage silk-growing.\\nI Oglethorpe.\\nBy wJioiii A The honest poor of England.\\nThe worthy imprisoned debtors.\\nC Savannah.\\nWhere Fort Argyle.\\nEbenezer.\\nWhen February 12, 1733.\\n{Let the pupils, write a composition from the above outline.)", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER Y.\\nnow THE COLOI^Y GREW.\\nSo sweet the air, so moderate the clime,\\nNone sickly livfes, or dies before his time\\nHeaven, sure, lias kept this spot of earth uncurst\\nTo show how all things were created first.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Waller.\\nJOHN WESLEY.\\nAfter an absence of fifteen\\nmonths Oglethorpe resolved to\\nvisit England. He invited Tomo-\\nchichi, his wife and nephew, and\\nseveral chiefs to go with him.\\nWhen they reached England, Ogle-\\nthorpe was welcomed by the Trns-\\ntees and people with every mark\\nof affection and regard. The In-\\ndians excited a great deal of inter-\\nest and were well cared for. They\\nwere given suits of clothing and presents of many kinds, were\\nentertained by the nobility, and were presented to the king.\\nTomochichi gave the king a bunch of eagle feathers, saying\\nThese are the feathers of the eagle, which is the swiftest of\\n])irds, and which flieth all around our nations. These feathers\\nare a sign of peace in our land, and have been carried from\\ntown to town there, and we have brought them over to leave\\nwith you, great King as a sign of everlasting peace. The\\nIndians were much impressed with the riches of the people of\\nEngland, and especially with the strength of their houses.\\nTomochichi said that he coulcl, not understand why people", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "24 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nwho would live so short a time should build houses that would\\nlast so long.\\nAfter a visit of four months the Indians returned to Georgia,\\nbut Oglethorpe stayed in England to attend to some business\\nfor the colony. In January^ 1735, Oglethorpe sent over a\\ncolony of Swiss and Moravian emigrants, who settled near Fort\\nArgyle on the Ogeechee Eiver. He also decided to found a\\ntown for a number of Scotch Highlanders who wanted to come\\nto Georgia. A band of these hardy mountaineers sailed from\\nScotland in January, 1736, and settled on the Altamaha River.\\nThey named their town Xew Inverness and the district Darien.\\nUpon their arrival in Savannah some of the Carolinians had\\ntried to dissuade them from going so far south, saying The\\nSpaniards from the houses in their forts will shoot you upon\\nthe spot chosen for your future home. The brave Scotch\\nreplied Why, then we will beat them out of their forts, and\\nshall have houses ready built to live in.\\nIn 1736 Oglethorpe returned, bringing two hundred and\\ntwenty-five persons and two ship-loads of supplies. One hun-\\ndred and twenty-five settlers were Germans, and were sent to\\nEbenezer. Twenty-five Moravians were added to the settle-\\nment of Fort Argyle on the Ogeechee River. John and Charles\\nWesley came with Oglethorj^e on his return to Georgia for the\\npurpose of preaching the Gospel. Both of them went back to\\nEngland after a short period.\\nA colony was next established in February, 1736, on St.\\nSimon s Island, at the mouth of the Altamaha River. It was\\ncalled Frederica, in honor of Frederick, Prince of Wales. A\\nfort was built there for the defence of the colony on the south.\\nOglethorpe went up to Ebenezer to visit the Salzburgers.\\nThey had moved to a new place called Xew Ebenezer, nearer\\nthe Savannah River, where he found their colony in fine order.\\nThese Germans were a hard-working people who were sure to\\nprosper. He went over to New Inverness to visit the Scotch\\nHighlanders. As a compliment to them he wore a plaid suit.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "Ho^y THE Colony Grew.\\n25\\nThe captain of the settlement wanted Oglethorpe to sleep on\\nthe bed in his tent, bnt Oglethorpe excnsed himself, and though\\nthe weather was cold, lay down\\nin front of the guard fire all\\nnight.\\nWishing to know more of the\\ncoast of Georgia, Oglethorpe\\nand a party of friends, with\\nseveral Indians, explored the\\nislands south of St. Simon^s.\\nThey visited Jekyl Island, and\\nbuilt a fort on its northern side.\\nThe next island an Indian of\\nthe party wished named for\\nthe Duke of Cumberland. A.\\nfort was built here also and\\nturned over to the Highland-\\ners, The next was a beautiful\\nisland, which Oglethorpe named\\nAmelia. The knowledge of the\\ncoasts served Oglethorpe well\\nin troubles with the Spaniards,\\nwhich came on soon afterwards.\\nBy orders of Oglethorpe, a\\nmilitary post was marked out\\nand established far up the Sa-\\nvannah River in 1735. It was\\ncalled Augusta in honor of one\\nof the royal princesses. This\\nwas the beginning of the present\\ncity of Augusta. Roger de Lacey, an agent among the\\nIndians, was the first settler. This place soon grew into\\nimportance as a centre for Indian trade.\\nFour years had now passed. The Trustees had sent to\\nGeorgia over one thousand persons. Fifty-seven thousand\\n3IAP SHOWING THE FORTS ALONG THE\\nATLANTIC COAST.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "26 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nacres of land liud been granted. Five principal towns had\\nbeen built, viz. Savannah, Xew Ebenezer, New Inverness,\\nFrederica, Augusta. Forts had been erected on the islands of\\nthe coasts, and along the Altamaha Eiver. Treaties had been\\nmade with the Indians, and their friendship obtained. So far\\nall was going well with the new colony of Georgia.\\nLet us turn aside from the thriving colony of Georgia, and\\ntake a view of the general condition of the Xew AVorld at this\\ntime. We see a narrow semicircle of scattered European\\nsettlements stretched along the Atlantic Ocean. The vast\\ninterior of America was all a wild, unknown country, in-\\nhabited by tribes of Indians. Over a hundred years before\\nGeorgia was founded, the English made their first permanent\\nsettlement at Jamestown, Virginia the Pilgrims landed at\\nPlymouth Kock and founded Massachusetts ^laryland was\\nalso occupied by the English, as well as Xew Hampshire, Con-\\nnecticut, Khode Island. The Dutch landed on Manhattan\\nIsland and laid the foundations of the State of Xew York.\\nThe Danes and Swedes settled in Kew Jersey and Delaware,\\nand the Quakers, led by William Penn, founded the State of\\nPennsylvania. Explorers from Virginia crossed the border\\nand began the colony of North Carolina, which was followed\\nthirty years later by the settlement of South Carolina. To\\nthese twelve colonies Georgia was joined as the thirteenth,\\nand on that account has been called the last of the Original\\nThirteen.\\n[The voyHy;c of Ogletliorpe witli the Salz])urgers and Moravians was\\nlong and stormy. On one occasion llie sea broke over the vessel\\nfrom stem to stern, burst through tlie windows of the state cabin, and\\ndrenched the inmates. A week later another storm occurred, and one of\\nthe waves came near washing John Wesley overboard. In all these\\nstorms and dangers the Moravians were calm and unterrified. The\\ntempest began on Sunday, just as they had commenced their service.\\nThe sea broke over the ship, split the mainsail, and poured down into the\\nvessel. The English screamed, but the Germans sang on. Were you\\nnot afraid said Weslev to one of them. 1 thank God, no. But", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "QUESTIONS AND TOPICS. %1\\nwere not your women and children afraid Ko, he replied our\\nwomen and children are not afraid to die. Mr. Wesley afterward said\\nthat the example of these Moravians exerted so good an influence over\\nhim as to make him doubt if he were really converted before he met\\nthem.]\\n[Previous to the establishment of Augusta, as early as 1716, there\\nwas near this point a Carolina trading-station called Fort Moore, or\\nSavannah Town. It was named for the tribe of Sawanno or Savannah\\nIndians, living near by. It was on the Carolina side of the river, about\\nfour miles below the present town of Hamburg. Goods were brought by\\nland and water from Charleston. A laced hat was exchanged with\\nthe Indians for eight buckskins a calico petticoat for twelve buckskins\\nand so great was the desire for salt, gunpowder, kettles, rum, looking-\\nglasses, that the traders were allowed to exact of the savages all they\\nwere willing to give in exchange.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat did Oglethorpe now resolve to do Whom did he invite to go\\nwith him How were the Indians treated What did Tomochichi say\\nto the king How long did the Indians stay in England Whom did\\nOglethorpe send over in January, 1735 What can you say of the\\nScotch Highlanders Whom did Oglethorpe bring with him on his\\nreturn Whei e did they settle What two men came over to preach\\nthe Gospel When and wliere was Frederica established What two\\nplaces did Oglethorpe visit What of his explorations along the coasts\\nWhen and where was Augusta established What can you say of the\\ncondition of the colonists after four years had passed What was the\\ncondition of European settlements in America at this time Name the\\ntwelve States founded before Georgia. What is Georgia often called\\nTOPICS.\\nFirst Settlers. Wliere First Settlements. By ivhom\\nEnglish. Savannah.\\nSwiss and Moravians. Fort Argyle.\\nScotch Highlanders. Ebenezer.\\nSalzburgers. Frederica.\\nJews. New InvernesSo\\nAugusta.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nTROUBLE WITH THE SPANIARDS. OGLETHORPE INVADES\\nFLORIDA.\\nOne man tliore is, my Lords, whose natural generosity, contempt of danger, and\\nregard for the public prompted him to obviate the designs of the Spanish and to attack\\nthem in their own territories a man whom by long acquaintance I can confidently\\naffirm to have been equal to his undertaking, and to have learned the art of war by a\\nregular education, who yet miscarried in the design only for want of supplies necessary\\nto a possibility of success. Duke of Argyle (speaking of Oglethorpe).\\nThe Spaniards had not given up their daim to the territory\\nof Georgia. As the English colony grew larger and built\\nforts on the islands and along the rivers, the Spaniards in\\nFlorida became more and more jealous. Finally the king of\\nSpain sent a message to the king of England to allow no\\nmore forts to be built in Georgia and to send no soldiers there.\\nWhen this message was read in the King s Council, the Duke\\nof Argyle said This should be answered, but not in the\\nusual way the reply should be a fleet of battle-ships on the\\ncoast of Spain. Spain threatened to invade and put an\\nend to the colony of Georgia. England then declared war,\\nOctober, 1739.\\nFearing that the French and S2)aiiish would alienate the\\ngood will of the Indians, Oglethor])e decided to go in person\\nto a great meeting of the warriors at Coweta Town, three\\nhundred miles from Savannah. Seven thousand warriors were\\nto be present, and the safety of Georgia depended on their\\nfriendship. The journey was long and dangerous, but\\nOglethorpe did not allow the perils to deter him. With a few\\nchosen friends he set out in July, 1739. Following the river\\nfor twenty-five miles, the party landed and submitted to the", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "ATTACK ON ST. AUGUSTINE. 29\\nguidance of Indian traders. Across deep ravines, through\\ntangled undergrowth and deep swamps where the horses would\\nmire up, the travellers toiled for many weary weeks. Often\\nthey had to build rafts on which to cross the streams. The\\nsmaller ones they swam or waded through. At night Ogle-\\nthorpe would wrap himself in his cloak, lay his head upon his\\nsaddle, and sleep on the ground. If it happened to be wet, he\\nsought shelter under the trees or under tents made of cypress\\nboughs. For over two hundred miles they neither saw a\\nhuman dwelling nor met a living soul. At their journey s\\nend the Indians met them with every expression of love and\\njoy-\\nOglethorpe soon won the hearts of the red men, and he\\nmade firm treaties of peace and friendship with them. As\\none of their beloved men, he drank of their black medicine\\nand smoked the calumet, or pipe of peace. The importance\\nof this treaty, in view of the approaching troubles with the\\nSpaniards, cannot be overestimated.\\nThe Spaniards began the war by landing a party of men on\\nAmelia Island and killing two unarmed men who were en-\\ngaged in carrying wood. After cutting off the heads and man-\\ngling the bodies of the men, they fled to their boats and sailed\\naway. OglethorjDc called out a thousand soldiers and a troop\\nof horse, and with a regiment of Highlanders went in pursuit\\nof the Spaniards. lie followed them up the St. John s Eiver,\\nburned all their boats, and drove them into the city of St.\\nAugustine. He then returned to Frederica.\\nOglethorpe next organized a large force of Indians and\\ncolonists to invade Florida, December, 1739. Going up the\\nSt. John s River, he sent before him a party of Indian scouts,\\nw^ho fell upon a small fort of the Spaniards at daylight and\\nburned it to the ground. Going further, another fort was\\nattacked and captured. This gave Oglethorpe possession of\\nthe St. John s River, and cut off the Spaniards in St. Augus-\\ntine from their Indian allies.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "30\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nOglethorpe made u}-) his mind to attack St. Augustine itself.\\nIn May, 1740, he left jb rederica with nine hundred men and\\neleven hundred Indians, life ca])tured first Fort St. Diego,\\nnine miles from St. Augustine, with fifty-seven men and nine\\ncannon. Fort Moosa, two miles from St. Augustine, was\\nabandoned by the Spaniards when they heard of the ap-\\nproach of Oglethorpe, and the garrison retreated to the city.\\n.1) GATEWAY AT ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA.\\nlie summoned tlie commander at St. Augustine to surrender.\\nThe commander replied I will be glad to shake hands with\\nOglethorpe in the castle.\\nOglethorpe decided to attack the city both by land and sea.\\nAfter making all arrangements and drawing tlie land troops\\nup in order and giving the signal for the attack, it was found\\nthat the sliips could not get close enough to the city to sujiport", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "Attack on St. Augustine. 31\\nthe land forces. Accordingly, the plan of storming the city\\nwas abandoned, and a siege was begun.\\nIn order to prevent any help reaching the city, Oglethorpe\\nordered one of his officers. Colonel Palmer, to take a body of\\nmen ,and scour the country to be always on the march, show-\\ning himself everywhere to pick up stragglers, cut off all sup-\\ni)lies, deceive the enemy as to the strength of his force, and\\nnot rest two nights in the same place. Colonel Palmer dis-\\nobeyed this last order, and stayed three nights at Fort Moosa.\\nThe Spanish heard that he was there, and surprised his men\\nearly one morning, killing over twenty of them, and recap-\\nturing the fort. This opened the way for supplies of food, of\\nwhich the people already stood in need, to reach the city. Ogle-\\nthorpe how resolved to storm the city. For twenty days his\\nbatteries threw shot and shell into the city. At the end of\\nthis time a fleet from Cuba came to the relief of the Spaniards.\\nMoreover, many of his soldiers were sick, the climate was very\\nhot, the Indians were growing restless, and Oglethorpe himself\\nwas not well.\\nThe attack on St. iVugustine was therefore reluctantly aban-\\ndoned, and the English returned to Frederica, Jnly, 1740.\\nOglethorpe had lost only fifty men, while the Spaniards had\\nlost four hundred and fifty men and four forts.\\n[To show the danger to which General Oglethorpe was exposed, the\\nfollowing story is told of his escape from the murderous designs of the\\ndissatisfied soldiers. When Oglethorpe was on Cumberland Island\\nsuperintending the building of forts and earthworks, he was one day\\nstanding at the door of his hut conversing with an officer, Captain\\nMackay. One of the soldiers came up and in a rude and impertinent\\nmanner demanded more rations. Oglethorpe replied We have given\\nyou all we promised, which is enough but if you need more, this rude\\nspeech and disrespectful behavior is not the proper way to get it. The\\nman thereupon became very insolent. Captain Mackay drew his sword,\\nbut the soldier caught it. broke it in half, and threw the hilt at the\\ncaptain s head. Rushing to the barracks, he seized a loaded gun, and\\ncrying out, One and all, with five others ran back toward Oglethorpe.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "32 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nWhen they had approached quite near, one of them fired, the ball pass-\\ning close to Oglethorpe s ear, the powder burning his clothes. Another\\naimed liis piece, but it missed fire. A third drew his sword and thrust it\\nat the general, who. having drawn his own sword, parried the thrust.\\nAt this time an officer rushed up and ran the ruffian through the body.\\nThe others fled, but were caught, tried, and shot for their mutinous con-\\nduct and murderous assault.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nHow did the Spaniards in Florida feel about the colony of Georgia\\nWhat message was sent by Spain to the king of England How was it\\nanswered W^hen was war declared V Tell the story of Oglethorpe s\\ntravels to meet the Indians. Wliat treaty did he make with them How\\ndid the Spaniards begin the war What did Oglethorpe do What did\\nOglethorpe then prepare to do? Of what did he gain possession? How?\\nWhat were the preparations for the capture of St. Augustine What\\nforts were captured Why was not the attack on St. Augustine success-\\nful What did Oglethorpe direct Colonel Palmer to do How was\\nColonel Palmer captured How was the city stormed Why was the\\nsiege abandoned\\nTOPICS.\\nI tU about\\n1. The cause of the Spanish War. 4. The way Oglethorpe continued\\n2. Oglethorpe s visit to the In- the war.\\ndians. 5. The way St. Augustine was\\n3. The way the Spaniards began attacked and relieved.\\nthe war.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nTHE SPANIARDS INVADE GEORGIA.\\nWe are resolsed not to suffer defeat we will rather die like Leonidas and his Spartans,\\nif we can but protect Georgia and Carolina and the rest of the Americans from desola-\\ntion. Oglethokpe.\\nThe Spaniards soon jirepared to carry out their threat to\\nput an end to the colony of Georgia, but nearly two years\\npassed before everything was ready. A great fleet of fifty-six\\nships, with seven thousand men on board, was fitted out at\\nHavana, and set sail for St. Augustine. Oglethorpe heard of\\nit at Frederica, and at once sent a request to South Carolina\\nfor troops. He collected all the guns, powder, and cannon of\\nthe colony, and called together his Indian allies and a regiment\\nof Highland soldiers. Thus prepared, he fortified his camp at\\nFrederica, and Avaited for the coming of the enemy. June,\\n1742, nine of the Spanish ships appeared in Amelia Sound,\\nbut were driven away by the guns of the fort on Cumberland\\nIsland. They next appeared in Cumberland Sound, but\\nOglethorpe, with six boats and a hundred men, again drove\\nthem off.\\nA large fleet of thirty-six vessels, with over five thousand\\nmen, appeared near St. Simon s Island, June 28tli, but made\\nno movement to attack until July 5th. The flood tide then\\nbrought the fleet in beautiful array into the harbor. The\\nSpaniards raised the red flag, and landed their troops on the\\nsouthern end of the island. Here they lolanted a battery of\\neighteen guns.\\nOglethorpe abandoned Fort St. Simon, having spiked all the\\nguns and ruined all the powder. The troops fell back to Fred-\\n3", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "34 History of Georgia.\\nerica, and made ready to meet the attack of the Spaniards. He\\nliad only six hundred and fifty men to oppose the Spanish army.\\nJuly Tth^ a scout announced a party of the enemy within\\ntwo miles of Frederica. Oglethorpe sallied forth to meet them\\nin the woods. Taking them by surprise, he killed or captured\\nnearly all the advance force. Oglethorpe took two j^risoners\\nwith his own hands. Pushing on several miles toward the\\nmain body, he laid an ambush in the woods. Before long\\nthe enemy came in sight, halted within the defile where the\\nambush was, and, stacking their arms, some began to cook\\ntheir meals and others lay down to rest. One of their horses\\nnoticed a uniform in the bushes, and by rearing and pitching,\\ngave the alarm. Oglethorpe then gave the signal of attack.\\nA deadly fire was poured down upon the unprepared enemy.\\nThey fled in all directions, but were met by the bayonet of the\\nsoldier and the scalping-knife of the Indian warrior. So com-\\nplete was their surprise that many fled without their arms.\\nThe ground was strewed with the dead. Next morning an\\nescai^ed prisoner told Oglethorpe that the Spaniards had lost\\ntwo hundred and fifty-nine men. From this victory and the\\ngreat slaughter of the Spanish the 2)lace was afterward called\\nBloody Marsh.\\nThough his forces were small, Oglethorpe noAv resolved to\\nsurprise the Spaniards by night. He advanced to within a\\nmile and a half of their camp, when a Frenchman, who, with-\\nout Oglethorpe s knowledge, had come with the volunteers,\\nfired off his gun and ran into the Spanish camp. The Indians\\npursued the man, but could not overtake him. Oglethorpe\\nthen hastily retreated. He knew this deserter would tell the\\nenemy of the real strength and position of his army, and he\\nthought of a plan to thwart his treason. He sent a letter to\\nhim, written in French, urging him by all means to persuade\\nthe Spaniards to the attack, to speak of the smallness of his\\nforces, and the exposure of his position or, at least, to per-\\nsuade them to remain three days longer on the island, when", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "THE SPANIARDS INVADE GEORGIA.\\n35\\nother troops would arrive, and he could make an attack upon\\nthem.\\nHanding this letter to a Spanish prisoner, he told him to\\ngive it to the deserter who was a spy in the Spanish camp.\\nHe then gave the prisoner his liberty. The letter, of course,\\nwe]it at once to the Spanish headquarters. It there produced\\nsuch alarm among the Spaniards that they hastily went aboard\\nBETHESDA ORPHAN ASYLLM (REBUILT IN 1854), NEAR SAVANNAH.\\ntheir ships and sailed away, forgetting in their hurry part of\\ntheir arms and ammunition. In this way ended the Spanish\\ninvasion of Georgia, July 14, 1742. That a small force of six\\nor seven hundred should have put to flight an army of five\\nthousand soldiers, was a wonderful achievement. A noted\\nminister, Whitefield, said The deliverance of Georgia from", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "36 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nthe Spaniards is such as cannot be paralleled but by some\\ninstance out of the Old Testament.\\nAfter the Spanish war, Oglethorpe was called to England on\\nbusiness. He took with him a quantity of raw silk made in the\\ncolony, which pleased the Trustees very much. With this silk\\na dress was made for the Queen of England, who wore it to one\\nof her receptions, in honor of Oglethorpe and the new colony.\\nOglethorpe never came back to Georgia. War with France\\noccurring in 1754, King George II. made him a brigadier-\\ngeneral. He also became major-general, and one of the com-\\npanies in his command was named the Georgia Eangers. In\\n1765, having i: assed through the grade of lieutenant-general,\\nhe was made commander-in-chief of all his Majesty s forces.\\nBy many it was said that he was offered command of the armies\\nsent to subdue the American colonies in the war of the Revo-\\nlution. This he declined, saying he knew the Americans\\nwell that they never would be subdued by force, but that\\nobedience would be secured by doing them justice. He lived\\nto see Georgia an independent State. In the ninety-seventh\\nyear of his age he died, full of\\nyears and honor.\\nAmong the honored names of\\nthe early history of Georgia we\\nmust not forget that of the\\nyoung English preacher. Rev.\\nGeorge Whitefield. When Jolm\\nAVesley was in Georgia and need-\\ned lielp with his work among\\nthe Indians and the settlers of\\nthe new colony, he wrote to george whitefield.\\nWhitefield: What if thou art\\nthe man, Mr. Whitefield Do you ask me what you shall\\nhave Food to eat and raiment to put on a house to lay\\nyour head in such as your Lord had not, and a crown of\\nglory that fadeth not away. Whitefield came in the next", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "OGLETHORPE LEAVES GEORGIA. 37\\nship, and with him came James Habersham and a troop of\\nsoldiers.\\nWhen he arrived he fonnd that John Wesley had resigned\\nand returned to England. He turned his attention at once to\\nthe erection of an orphan asylum. The Trustees granted him\\nfive hundred acres of land about ten miles from Savannah.\\nUpon that tract, in 1741, the orphan asylum was built and\\nnamed Bethesda, house of mercy. Forty orphans entered\\nat first, and the number increased to one hundred and fifty.\\nWhitefield raised money for the building from many sources,\\npreaching all over England and America. He was very\\neloquent, so much so that Lord Chesterfield said: ^He is the\\ngreatest orator I ever heard, and I cannot conceive of a\\ngreater. The orphan asylum was burned after several years,\\nbut was rebuilt, and is still a lasting monument to the inspi-\\nration and generosity of its founder.\\n[Of George Whitefield s eloquence in raising money for his asyhim,\\nBenjamin Franklin wrote\\nI happened soon after to attend one of his sermons, in the course of\\nwhich I perceived he intended to finish with a collection, and I silently\\nresolved that he should get nothing from me. I had in my pocket a\\nhandful of copper money, three or four silver dollars, and five pistoles of\\ngold. As he proceeded, I began to soften, and concluded to give the\\ncopper. Another stroke of oratory made me ashamed of that and\\ndetermined me to give the silver and he finished so admirably that I\\nemptied my pocket wholly into the collector s dish, gold and all.\\n[Miss Hannah Moore writes I have got a new admirer; it is the\\nfamous General Oglethorpe, perhaps the most remarkable man of his\\ntime. He is much above ninety years old the finest figure of a man\\nyou ever saw. He perfectly realizes all my ideas of Nestor. His litera-\\nture is great, his knowledge of the world extensive, and his faculties as\\nbright as ever. He is quite a preiix chevalier, heroic, romantic, and full\\nof the old gallantry.\\nThe following are Pope s lines on Oglethorpe\\nHail, Oglethorpe with nobler triumphs crowned\\nThan ever were in camps or sieges found", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "38 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nThy great example shall through ages sliine,\\nA fav rite theme with poet and divine\\nPeople unborn thy merits shall proclaim.\\nAnd add new honors to thy deathless name.\\nHis Ijody reposes within Cranham Church, and a memorial ta))let\\nproclaims his excellence; but here the Savannah repeats to the Altamaha\\nthe story of his virtues and his valor, and the Atlantic publishes to the\\nmountains the greatness of his fame, for all Georgia is his living, speak-\\ning monument/*]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWith what preparations did the Sj)anish i)ropose to invade Georgia\\nWhat did Oglethorpe do to meet this armament _ Where did the\\nSpanish first appear Where next What appeared June 28th, near\\nSt. Simon s What happened July 5th Where did the enemy land\\nWhat did Oglethorpe do How many men did he have How were the\\nSpanish first defeated Relate the incident of the ambush at Bloody\\nMarsh. How was the night surprise prevented by a deserter How did\\nOglethorpe thwart his treason To whom did he give the letter What\\neffect did it produce W^hat did Whitefield say of the deliverance of\\nGeorgia After the Spanish war, where did Oglethorpe go What can\\nyou say of his after life What did he say of the Americans in 1765\\nWhat did he live to see When did he die, and how old was he What\\ncan you say of George Whitefield What did he come to Georgia for\\nWhat did the Trustees grant him How did he raise the money What\\ndid he found near Savannah\\nTOPICS.\\nSpanish Inrasion\\n1. Preparations. 5. The effect of it.\\n2. Landing at St. Simon. 6. Oglethorpe s return to England.\\n3. Ambush at Bloody Marsh. 7. Tell about the Bethesda Orphan\\n4. The decov letter. Asvlum.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nTHE ADMIXISTRATION^ OF PRESIDENT STEPHENS. THE LABOR\\nQUESTION. THE BOSOMWORTH CLAIM.\\nI once thought it was unhxwful to keep negro slaves, but I am now induced to think\\nGod maj^ have a higher end in permitting them to be brought to this Christian country,\\nthan merely to support their masters. James Habersham.\\nAbout two years\\nbefore Oglethorpe s de-\\nparture the Trustees\\nhad changed the plan\\nof government and had\\ndivided Georgia into\\ntwo counties, Savannah\\nand Frederica. These\\nwere the first counties\\nin Georgia, and each\\nwas to have a presi-\\ndent with four assist-\\nants. Savannah\\nCounty included all the territory north of Darien. Frederica\\nCounty included Darien and all the territory south. William\\nStephens was appointed president of the county of Savannah.\\nNo appointments were made for Frederica County, because\\nGeneral Oglethorpe lived on St. Simon s Island, and he still\\nretained his authority over the whole colony.\\nWhen Oglethorpe returned to England, in 1743, the j^lan of\\nhaving a president in each county was abandoned, and Colonel\\nStephens was appointed by the Trustees president of Georgia.\\nAs president he had a grand title, a small salary, and little real\\nA SETTLER S CABIN.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "40 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\npower. The Trustees goverued the colon} and he and his\\nassistants merely represented them in enforcing their rules\\nand regulations or in deciding controversies and disputes.\\nDuring the first six years of President Stephens adminis-\\ntration the colony did not prosper. No new settlers were\\nsent over, because contributions to pay their expenses had\\nceased, and great dissatisfaction existed among the colonists.\\nThis dissatisfaction was due to the regulations of the Trustees\\nprohibiting the use of negro slaves, prohibiting the sale of\\nrum, and restricting the right of a colonist to mortgage or\\nsell his lands. In order to understand the feelings of the\\npeople, it must be remembered that just across the Savannah\\nRiver was the colony of South Carolina, and further north on\\nthe Atlantic coast were eleven other English colonies where\\nnone of these restrictions existed. In Massachusetts, Rhode\\nIsland, Connecticut, and every other English colony, the\\npeople owned slaves, could purchase rum, and could dispose\\nof their land as they pleased. These facts made the regula-\\ntions of the Trustees appear all the more unreasonable to the\\nGeorgia colonists, and many abandoned their lands and\\ncrossed over into South Carolina, where they could enjoy the\\ncoveted privileges.\\nAlthough the Trustees prohibited the use of negro slaves in\\nGeorgia, they permitted and encouraged the employment of\\nwhite servants. These white servants were brought over\\nunder contracts, called indentures or articles, by which they\\nbound themselves to work for their employers for several years,\\nusually four. At the end of that time each received a portion\\nof land for himself. These servants, because of the cont,racts\\nwhich they signed, were called articled or indented\\nservants. Their labor was very unsatisfactory. Many of\\nthem were idle and would not Avork others could not stand\\nthe heat and the malaria of the swamps. Many ran away to\\nCarolina and to the other colonies, where they could procure\\nland for themselves on easy terms.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "President Stephens s Administration. 41\\nAs early as June, 1 735, a petition was sent to the Trustees\\nasking that the use of negro slaves be permitted, but the\\nrequest Avas promptly refused. In December, 1738, another\\npetition was sent to the Trustees for permission to use slaves\\nwith proper limitations, but counter-petitions were presented\\nby the Salzburgers at Ebenezer and by the Highlanders of\\nDarien, stating that they were content with the present laws\\nand wished no change. This permission was also refused.\\nThe Trustees would not allow the colonists even to hire\\nnegroes owned in South Carolina. Those who desired slaves,\\nhowever, continued their petitions, and even sent Thomas\\nStephens, a son of President Stephens, to England, to secure\\na repeal of the regulation. Rev. George Whitefield, who had\\nat first opposed slave labor, became convinced that it was\\nnecessary for the existence of the colony, and that it was\\nreally a Christian act to bring these Africans to America and\\nconvert and civilize them. His whole influence was exerted\\nin favor of the petitions being granted. The Trustees con-\\ntinued firm in their refusal.\\nAfter nearly fifteen years, however, the Trustees became\\nconvinced that they must yield. Even the Rev. Mr. Bolzius,\\npastor of the Salzburgers at Ebenezer, wrote to the Trustees\\nin 1748: Things being now in such a melancholy state, I\\nmust humbly beseech your Honors not to regard any more our\\nor our friends petitions against negroes. They therBfore\\ndecided to petition his Majesty for a repeal of the objection-\\nable act, under certain conditions. A letter was written to\\nPresident Stephens and his assistants, submitting to them a\\ncopy of these conditions. A convention of the colonists was\\ncalled to consider the matter, and Major Horton, of Fred-\\nerica, presided over its deliberations. The suggestions of the\\nTrustees were approved, and a petition Avas signed by tAventy-\\nseven persons of the highest standing in the province,\\nrequesting that slavery be alloAved at once under the proposed\\nconditions.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "42 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nThese conditions briefly were that the colonists should ein-\\njoloy one white man-servant for every four male slaves that\\nthey should teach slaves no trade that would interfere with\\nwhite citizens that inhuman treatment should be prevented\\nand that moral and religious instruction should be given\\nthem. A condition added by the convention was that a pen\\nalty of ten j^ounds should Ijc paid by every master who forced\\nor permitted a slave to work on the Lord s Day, and that if\\nhe failed to compel his slave to attend church at some time\\non Sunday he should be fined five pounds for each oft ence.\\nUpon these conditions the petition was granted, and slaves were\\nby law admitted into Georgia on the 26tli of October, 1749.\\nThe regulation against the sale of rum and other distilled\\nliquors was soon repealed and finally, on the 25th of May,\\n1750, the regulations concerning the holding of land were\\nmodified so that the owner had the power to mortgage or sell\\nat his pleasure. Thus the Trustees were finally compelled,\\nby circumstances, to abandon three of their most important\\nregulations for the colony of Georgia.\\nIn 1740 the colony Avas for a time in constant dread of\\nan attack from the Indians, and the story of the cause of the\\ntrouble is full of interest. Rev. Thonuis Bosom worth, one of\\nthe ministei S sent out to the colony, had nuirried Mary Mus-\\ngrove, the Creek woman who had acted as interpreter for Ogle-\\nthorpe when he first met the Indians at Vamacraw. Before\\nher marriage to l^osomworth she had been very friendly to\\nthe whites, and had been employed as interpreter. After her\\nmarriage to him, he persuaded her to present a bill against\\nthe colony for five thousand pounds for her services, and for\\ndamages to the property of her first husband. He also\\ninduced^ her to claim to be an Indian princess and empress\\nof the Creek Indians. She demanded a tract of land oppo-\\nsite Savannah, and three islands on the coast, St. C^itherine s,\\nOssabaw, and Sapelo, which had been reserved by the Indians\\nioY bathing and fishing.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "President ^Stephens s Ad^iinistration. 43\\nPresident Stephens avouIcI not recognize her as a princess,\\nand refused to pay her chiims or to surrender the hind and\\nishmds. She then appealed to the Indians, and having col-\\nlected a large band, marched at their head to Savannah and\\ndemanded her rights. By her side was the Rev. Thomas Bos-\\nomworth, clothed in his white robes as a priest of the Church\\nof England. Immediately following her came the kings and\\nchiefs of the lower Creeks in war-paint and feathers, and after\\nthem a large band of warriors, all fully armed.\\nThe people were very much alarmed at the presence of this\\nlarge body of savages, and a bloody battle was expected every\\nmoment. President Stephens called out the soldiers, and\\nwhen the Indians arrived, he boldly demanded that they\\nshould give up their arms before they came into the town..\\nTo this the Indians agreed. Shortly after they entered the\\ntown, Mary and her husband were separated from them and\\nlocked up. President Stephens then addressed the Indians in\\na quiet, friendly way, showing them that Mary was no prin-\\ncess, and that the islands and land which she claimed as hers\\nwere the property of the Creek Nation. In this way the Indi-\\nans Avere satisfied, and declared their friendship for the whites.\\nPresents were then distributed, and they departed in peace.\\nBosomworth and his wife went to England to prosecute\\ntheir claim before the Trustees and the King. His case was\\ncarried into the courts, and was a source of trouble for many\\nyears. Finally, however, Mary was awarded, nearly two thou-\\nsand pounds in full payment of the damages to her property\\nand for her services to the colony, and St. Catherine s Island\\nwas given to her. There they both died, and are buried side\\nby side on the seashore, where their graves may be seen to-day.\\nTheir demands are known as the Bosomworth Claim.\\n[William Stephens was the son of a baronet who was lieutenant-gov-\\nernor of the Isle of Wight, at which place he was born in 1G71. He was\\nremarkable for his gentle manners even when a boy. He studied law and\\nwas a member of Parliament. He was highly respected by his neighbors", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "44 HISTORY OF OFOnGIA.\\nand was often called on to settle their disputes. Wlien about forty years\\nof age he came to South Carolina to survey a i)iece of land. Here he\\nmet General Ogletliorpe, who was so pleased with him that he asked the\\nTrustees to appoint him tlieir secretary in Georgia. Accordingly he\\ncame to Savannah and took general charge of their affairs. When Ogle-\\nthorpe left he became president of the colony, though he was over seventy\\nyears of age at the time.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat were the first two counties When were they formed Why\\nWhat appointments were made for them What followed Oglethorpe s\\nreturn to England What of the first six years of Stephens s adminis-\\ntration What caused dissatisfaction What of the white servants\\nWhat petitions were presented What convention was held On what\\nconditions were slaves admitted What other regulations were aban-\\ndoned Who was Tliomas Bosomworth Who was his wife What\\ndid she claim What did President Stephens answer What followed\\nhis refusal What finallv l:)ecame of the Bosomworths\\nTOPICS.\\nLet the pupil tell\\n1. How Stephens became presi- 3. How slavery was admitted.\\ndent. 4. The story of the Bosomworth\\n2. Causes of dissatisfaction. Claim.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nTHE ADMIXISTRATIOIS OF PRESIDENT HEKRY PARKER.\\nMy present thoughts are that the colony never had a better appearance of thriving\\nthan now. There have been more vessels loaded here within these ten mouths than\\nhave beeu since the colony was settled. James Habersham.\\nThe year 1750 marks\\nthe beginning of an era\\nof growth and prosperit}^\\nfor Georgia. New set-\\ntlers came into the colony,\\nand lands were cleared\\nand cultivated. A flour-\\nishing export trade began\\nto grow up with England,\\nand the articles exported\\nwere chiefly pitch, tar, staves,\\nrice, and deer-skins. The Trus-\\ntees still insisted upon the culti-\\nvation of mulberry-trees and the\\nproduction of silk, but this in-\\ndustry did not flourish. The\\nSalzburgers at Ebenezer produced\\none-half of the silk of the colony.\\nMany farmers were engaged in the cultivation of indigo,\\nand European grape-vines were brought over and planted.\\nThe population of the colony at this time had increased to\\none thousand five hundred.\\nThe Trustees saw that as the population of Georgia in-\\ncreased it would become more and more difficult to find out\\nSILKWORM, COCOON, AND MOTH.\\n(Half natural size.)", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "46 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nwhat changes in the rules and reguhitions were necessary for\\nthe welfare of the colony. Therefore, in 1750 they ado2: ted\\nresolutions creating a Provincial Assembly, comjwsed of dele-\\ngates elected by the people, which should consider the interests\\nof the colony and recommend to the Trustees such measures\\nas those interests demanded. This assembly was to meet in\\nSavannah once every year, and not to remain in session longer\\nthan one month. Every town, village, or district in the\\nprovince containing a population of ten families was to send\\none deputy, and any settlement containing thirty families\\ncould appoint two deputies. Savannah had four deputies,\\nAugusta and Ebenezer two each, and Frederica two, provided\\nthirty families were living there. There were some very curi-\\nous qualifications for future membershi^i in this assembly.\\nNo man could serve as a deputy in the second assembly who\\nhad not one hundred mulberry-trees planted and fenced in\\nupon every fifty acres of land that he owned and after 1753\\nno one could be a delegate Avho had not in his family at least\\none female instructed in the art of reeling silk, and who did\\nnot annually produce fifteen pounds of silk for every fifty\\nacres of land owned by him.\\nAVrits of election were issued in 1750, and sixteen delegates\\nwere elected. On the 15th of January, 1751, the first General\\nAssembly ever held in Georgia met at Savannah and elected\\nFrancis Harris speaker. This assembly had no power to\\nmake laws, but could only recommend to the Trustees such\\nmeasures as were deemed of advantage to the colony. The\\nsession lasted twenty-two days, and a number of recommenda-\\ntions were made, all of which received ])roper consideration\\nfrom the Trustees.\\nHenry Parker, who had served as vice-president of the\\ncolony for the past eight years, was appointed president by\\nthe Trustees on the- 8th of April, 1751, to succeed Colonel\\nAVilliam Stephens, who had resigned his office on account of\\nhis age and infirmities. Colonel Stephens, during his service", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "President Parkers An^TimsTRATiojs 47\\nas president, had won the love and confidence of the whole\\npeople, and the Trustees, as an evidence of their appreciation,\\nvoted him a pension for the remainder of his life. James\\nHabersham was appointed secretary of the colony.\\nOne of the recommendations of the first assembly was that\\nthe militia be organized, and President Parker, immediately\\nafter his appointment, proceeded to carry ont this recommen-\\ndation. General Oglethorpe s regiment had been disbanded,\\nand the colony was left almost without protection against the\\nIndians, whose friendship was uncertain. The militia are\\nnot regular soldiers, but citizens who are organized and\\ndrilled in the use of arms, so as to be ready when called npon\\nto defend their homes and property. Those citizens who\\nowned as much as three hundred acres of land were ordered\\nto appear at Savannah at a certain time, on horseback, to be\\norganized as cavalry, and all who owned less land were to be\\norganized as infantry. The first general muster or gathering\\nof the militia was held in Savannah in June, 1751, when\\nabout two hundred and twenty men, infantry and cavalry,\\nparaded under the command of Captain Noble Jones. The\\nrecords of the day say they behaved well and made a\\npretty appearance.\\nIn 1752 a most important addition was made to the colony\\nof Georgia. A body of Congregationalists from Dorchester,\\nS. C, secured from the anthorities in Georgia the grant of\\na large body of land lying on the Medway Eiver, half-way\\nbetween the Ogeechee and Altamaha, in what is now Liberty\\nCounty and in December of that year Benjamin Baker and\\nSamuel Bacon arrived with their families and servants to take\\npossession. Others soon joined them, and in a few years\\nthirty-five families of these South Carolina rice planters set-\\ntled on the lands. Their Puritan ancestors had settled at\\nDorchester in Massachusetts over one-hnndred years before\\nthis time, and fifty years before the removal to Georgia their\\nfathers had moved to Sonth Carolina, on the Ashley River,", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "48 History of Georgia.\\neighteen miles above Charleston, where they founded a set-\\ntlement called Dorchester, after the home they had left.\\nThe good reports of the lands in Georgia induced them to\\nleave South Carolina for a new home. They were industrious,\\nprudent, intelligent people, fearing God and hating tyranny.\\nThey were not wanderers, but men of wealth who brought\\ntheir property with them and immediately became one of the\\nstrongest communities in Georgia. They were Congregation-\\nalists, and their minister came Avith them. The Midway\\nChurch, which they erected a few years later, still stands,\\nnot far from the town of Dorchester. Many of the most dis-\\ntinguished citizens of Georgia have been descendants of these\\nsettlers at Midway.\\nThe charter of Georgia had been granted to the Trustees\\nfor twenty-one years, and the end of the time was close at\\nhand. The Trustees were weary of their charge and refused\\nto have the charter renewed. They sent a memorial to the\\nLords of the Council proposing to surrender the control of the\\nProvince of Georgia, and to deed back to his Majesty the\\nlands which had been conveyed to them in trust for the bene-\\nfit of settlers in the province. The King accepted their ^yo-\\nposal, and the last meeting of the Trustees was held on the-\\n23d of June, 1752. Every bill had been paid, every claim\\nagainst them had been adjusted, and all the formalities\\ninvolved in surrendering their trust had been complied with.\\nThe deed of surrender was read and approved, and the seal of\\nthe corporation was attached. Then the seal was defaced,\\nthe Trustees ceased to exist, and the colony of Georgia, which\\nhad been their generous and unselfish care for so many years,\\npassed under the direct control of the King of England and\\nunder the special charge of the Lords Commissioners for\\nTrade and Plantations.\\nThe Trustees were seventy-two in number, many of them\\nnoblemen of rank and men of distinction. Only six of the\\noriginal number survived when they surrendered their char-", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "President Parkers Administration. -19\\nter. During tlie twenty-one years they had received no pay\\nfor tlieir services, but with the jiurest and most unselfish\\nmotives had given tlieir time, their energies, and their money\\nto building up in America a colony for the j^oor and worthy\\nof England. Upon the surrender of their charter, their con-\\nnection with the colony ceased, and a new epoch in Georgia\\nhistory is reached.\\n[Henry Parker, the second president of the colony of Georgia, held the\\noflfice of bailiff in Savannah as early as 1734. He acted as magistrate, and\\nwhen on the bench wore a purple gown edged with fur. He made a set-\\ntlement on the Isle of Hope, near Savannah. In 1741, when Georgia was\\ndivided into two counties, he was made one of the assistants of William\\nStephens. When Stephens retired on account of bad health and age,\\nParker became his successor and continued in the discharge of the duties\\nof executive until his death.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat was the condition of the colony during President Parker s\\nadministration? What trade had grown up? What was the population\\nof the colony at this time? What ditRculties did the Trustees foresee?\\nWhat was the Provincial Assembly? How composed? How did it differ\\nfrom our legislature? Mention some of the qualifications for member-\\nship. When and where did the first assembly meet? Why did Presi-\\ndent Stephens resign his office? What new settlers came to the colony\\nin 1752? What of their character? What about the expiration of the\\ncharter? Did the Trustees wish it renewed? To whom did they surren-\\nder control of the colony? W^hat can you say of the Trustees and their\\nservice i\\nTOPICS.\\nLet the pupil tell about\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1. The first assembly. 3. The colonial militia.\\n2. President Henry Parker. 4. The Midway settlement.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "EPOCH III.\\nGeorgia under the Royal Governors, 1754-1776.\\nCIIAPTEK X.\\nADMINISTRATIOX OF GOVERNOR REYNOLDS. THE GREAT\\nSEAL.\\nGeorgia continued, under the king s government, to be one of the most free and\\nhappy countries in the world. Justice was regularly and impartially administered\\noppression was unknown the taxes levied on the subject were trifling and every man\\nthat had industry became opulent. Stokes Eeriew of Georrjia, 1783.\\nUpon assuming control of Georgia^ the king ordered that\\nthe regulations of the Trustees should remain in force and that\\nthe officers then serving should continue in office until the\\ncouncil could agree upon a new form of government. Two\\nyears and five months passed before any change was made,\\n^leanwhiie President Henry Parker continued in charge of the\\ncolony until his death, when Patrick (rraham, of Augusta,\\nbecame president. It was a period of great anxiety to the\\ncolonists, who were in doubt as to the future and in continual\\ndread of attacks from the Indians.\\nThere were at that time three forms of government among\\nthe English colonies in America. Pennsylvania, Delaware,\\nand Maryland were under proprietors, and were governed as\\nGeorgia had been under the Trustees. Rhode Island and\\nConnecticut had charters that is, written documents from\\nthe king, in which he gave them the privilege of electiQg their\\nown governors and managing their own affairs, so long as they\\nsubmitted to his supreme authority. The other colonies\\nwere called royal provinces, and each had a provincial govern-", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "TEE GREAT SEAL. 51\\nment, consisting of a governor and council appointed by the\\nking to represent liim^ and a lower legislative house elected\\nby the people.\\nAfter long deliberation the Lords of the Council finally\\nrecommended that Georgia should be raised to the dignity of\\na royal province. This was approved by the king, and in\\n1754 he appointed Captain John Reynolds of the Royal Navy\\nthe first governor of the Province of Georgia.\\nAs a royal province, Georgia was entitled to a great seal.\\nTherefore, on the 21st of June, 1751, the king ordered the\\ndies for the seal to be made of silver and engraved with the\\ndesign selected as the coat of arms of the new province.\\nThese old seals were very curious affairs. They were of wax,\\nas large as a saucer and half an inch thick. When an offi-\\ncial document was written and signed, holes were punched in\\nthe top of the pages and a piece of tape or ribbon was passed\\nthrough these holes and tied, so as to fasten the sheets to-\\ngether. The ends of the tape were then placed between two\\nround plates of Avax softened by warming, and these pieces of\\nwax were placed between the dies. Pressure was then applied\\nto the upper die, usually by a screw, so as to unite the two\\nplates of wax. After the pressure was removed the dies were\\ntaken off, and a single piece of wax was found, bearing on either\\nside in relief the figures that had been engraved on the dies.\\nSuch a piece of wax, thus stamped, was the great seal of the\\nProvince of Georgia, and was attached to official documents\\nas a proof that they were genuine. The illustrations on the\\naccompanying pages represent one of these seals. They also\\nshow a jiortion of the document, with the holes and the tape\\nby which the seal is attached.\\nThe front of this seal, called the obverse, shows a female\\nfigure, representing the young Province of Georgia, kneeling\\nbefore the king in token of her submission, and presenting\\nhim with a skein of silk, while the motto beneath, Hinc\\nlaudem sperate coloni meaning, Hence hope for praise,", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "52 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\ncoloiii^s notifies the colonists that the king still expected\\nthem to supply him with silk. The Latin words around the\\ncircumference mean, The seal of our Province of Georgia in\\nAmerica/ On the other side of the seal, called the reverse, is\\nthe coat of arms of George II.\\nGovernor Reynolds arrived in Georgia October 29, 1754.\\nAs he landed at the bluff, the people croAvded around and\\nwelcomed him with joy. At night bonfires were lighted\\nand the houses Mere illuminated to show the delight of the\\npeople upon the arrival of the new governor. He took the\\noath of office and began his duties at once. His official title\\nwas Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of his Majesty s\\nProvince of Georgia, and Vice- Admiral of the same. He was\\naddressed as Your Excellency.\\nNo officer in Georgia ever had such a magnificent title or\\nfilled so many offices as Governor Eeynolds and the other\\nroyal governors. As captain-general he had entire control\\nof the militia as vice-admiral he commanded the naval\\nforces as governor he had the power of calling together,\\nadjourning, and dissolving the General Assembly at will, and\\nof vetoing (that is, refusing his consent to) any bill that was\\npassed by the Assembly. He had charge of the great seal and\\nwas chancellor of the province. He presided in the Court of\\nErrors, hearing bills from the lower courts, and as ordinary\\nhe had charge of the probate of wills and the administration\\nof estates.\\nThe General Assembly consisted of two parts. The smaller\\nbody, called the Upper House of Assembly, was made up of\\nt velve members who were appointed by the king. It was\\nalso the Governor s Council. The larger body was called the\\nCommons House of Assembly, and was made uj) of representa-\\ntives elected by the people of the several districts of the prov-\\nince to represent them and their wants. Before any bill could\\nbecome a law it must be passed by both of these houses and be\\napproved l)y the governor. The Commons House of Assembly,", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "GRBAT SEAL OP THE\\nPROVINCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (OBVERSE).", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "iBKAT SEAL OK TllK\\nPROVINCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (KEVKRSE).", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "GOVERNOR REYNOLDS S ADMINISTRATION. 55\\nas the representatives of the people, claimed the exclusive\\nright of proposing bills for levying taxes and appropriating\\nmoney.\\nGovernor Eeynolds found the province in a depressed con-\\ndition, in spite of the bright pictures that had been painted of\\nits prosj^erity. His first letter to the Board of Trade said\\nThe toAvn of Savannah is well situated and contains about\\none hundred and fifty houses, all wooden ones, very small, and\\nmostly old. The biggest was used for the meeting of the\\npresident and assistants, and wherein I sat in Council for a few\\ndays but one end fell down whilst we were all there, and\\nobliged us to move to a kind of shed behind the Court-house.^\\nThe first legislature of Georgia met in Savannah January\\n7, 1755. Twelve acts were passed and Avere approved by the\\ngovernor. Among them was an act for printing, issuing, and\\ncirculating seven thousand pounds sterling in paper bills of\\ncredit, which should be legal tender (that is, lawful money) in\\nthe province. These paper bills of credit were simply paper\\nmoney, and were loaned at interest on good security at six per\\ncent, in order to supply the people with currency.\\nGovernor Reynolds made a visit to the southern part of the\\nprovince. lie visited Frederica, but found that once lovely\\ncity almost in ruins. He journeyed up the Ogeechee River\\nand found a beautiful site for a town. He laid off a town, and\\nnamed it Hardwicke, after the earl of that name. He pro-\\nposed to have the capital of the province located here, as it was\\na more central and beautiful location than Savannah, but the\\nLords Commissioners did not furnish the money needed to\\nerect public buildings. Governor Reynolds devoted much of\\nhis time to improving the forts and defences of the colony.\\nHe went up to Augusta to make a treaty with the Indians.\\nAfter waiting ten days, during which the Indians did not\\narrive, he was compelled to return to Savannah. He left\\npresents in charge of his secretary, who delivered them to the\\nIndians and received their assurances of friendship.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "56 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nThe business wliicli called Governor Eeynolds back to\\nSavannah was the arrival of two ships with fonr hundred\\nAcadians on board. These Acadians were French Catholics\\nfrom Nova Scotia, then called x\\\\cadie. Their homes and\\ntheir churches were burned, and the poor Acadians were\\ndriven on board British ships and distributed among the\\nBritish provinces along the Atlantic coast. The reason for\\ndoing this was that the Acadians were opposed to British\\nrule. Xothing more cruel and inhuman was ever done by any\\ngovernment. Under the laws of Georgia no Catholic could be\\nadmitted to the province, and as these Acadians were Catho-\\nlics the governor was in doubt what to do. The feeling of\\nhumanity prevailed over his respect for the law% and the Aca-\\ndians were cared for during the coming winter. Most of them\\nleft Georgia as soon as possible.\\nAlthough Governor Reynolds s administration had begun so\\npleasantly, it did not prove satisfactory. He became involved\\nin disputes with his Council and with the General Assembly,\\nand much bitter feeling resulted. The people complained\\nto the Lords Commissioners of the Board of Trade and Plan-\\ntations, and that body, being satisfied that something was\\nwrong, on August 3, 1756, summoned Governor Reynolds to\\nappear before them. He remained in the province until a\\nlieutenant-governor could be a})pointed and sent out to Savan-\\nnah to relieve him.\\n[John Reynolds was born in England in 1700. He entered the na\\\\ vat\\nan early age, and had l)een advanced to the rank of cai)tain when lie was\\nappointed by the king as the first governor of Georgia. Upon resigning\\nhis position he set sail for England to answer the charges made against\\nhira. The vessel in which he embarked was captured by a French priva-\\nteer, and Reynolds was robbed of his journal, papers, and everything of\\nvalue belonging to him. After he arrived in London it was nearly a year\\nbefore he was tried by the Board of Trade. His answers were not satis-\\nfactory, however. He then resumed his rank and position in the navy,\\nand before his death he rose to the rank of Rear-Adniiral of the Royal\\nBlue. He died in 1770.]", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "Questions and Topics. 57\\n[The initials on the cii cumference of the coat of arms of George II.\\nstand for the following Latin words: Oeorgius II., Dei Gratia JIagnce\\nBritannicB, Francice et Hibernim Bex, Fidei Defensor, Brunsvici et\\nLimehurgi Dux, Sacri Eomani Imperii ArcTii-Thesaurarius et Elector,\\nmeaning, George II., by the Grace of God King of Great Britain,\\nFrance, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Duke of Brunswick and\\nLuneburg, High-Treasurer and Elector of the Ploly Roman Empire.\\nThe lion and the unicorn with the crown of Great Britain are the coat of\\narms of the kingdom, and the quarterings on the shield represent the\\ndifferent titles of George IL]\\n[The first officers appointed for the Province of Georgia were as fol-\\nlows William Clifton, Attorney-General James Habersham, Secretary\\nand Register of the Records Alexander Kellet, Provost Marshal Wil-\\nliam Russell, Naval Officer Henry Yonge and William DeBrahm, Joint\\nSurveyors of Land; Sir Patrick Houstoun, Bart., Register of Grants.\\nThe members of the first Council were Patrick Graham, Sir Patrick\\nHoustoun, James Habersham, Alexander Kellet, William Clifton, Noble\\nJones, Pickering Robinson, Francis Harris, Jonathan Bryan, William\\nRussell, and, subsequently, Clement Martin.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nAfter the king assumed control of Georgia, what did he order De-\\nscribe the three forms of government among the English colonies in\\nAmerica. Whjit important change was now made in the government\\nof Georgia? Who was the first royal governor? Describe the great seal\\nof the Province. The motto. When did Governor Reynolds land?\\nWhat were some of his titles and powers? Describe the General Assem-\\nbly. How did Governor Reynolds find the colony? What did he say in\\nhis first letter What was one of the acts of the first legislature\\nWhat steps did the governor take to find out the condition of the col-\\nony? Who were the Acadians? Was Governor Reynolds s administra-\\ntion satisfactory to the people?\\nTOPICS.\\nTell about\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1. The government of Georgia. 5. Meeting of first legislature.\\n2. The seal of Georgia. 6. Reynolds s tour. Hardwicke.\\n3. Powers of the governor. 7. The Acadians.\\n4. The General Assembly. 8. Reynolds removed.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XL\\nGOVERNOR HEKRY ELLIS. AFFAIRS PRECEDING THE\\nREVOLUTIOX.\\nI can ^vith unfeigned sincerity declare that I enter upon this station with the most dis-\\ninterested views, \\\\\\\\ithout prejudice to any man or body of men, or retrospect to past\\ntransactions or disputes, but animated with the warmest zeal for whatever concerns your\\nhappiness or the public utility, sincerely inclined to concur with you in every just and\\nnecessary measure, and fully resolved that if, unfortunately, my wishes and endeavors\\nprove fruitless, to be the first to solicit my recall. Henry Ellis.\\nHexry Ellis, who had been appointed by the king lienten-\\nant-goA^ernor of Georgia, was still a young man about thirty-\\nsix years of age. He had been a daring and skilful sailor in\\nthe Pacific Ocean and had received high honors in England.\\nHe landed in Georgia February 16, 1757, and waited upon\\nGovernor Reynolds at once. He was then taken to the coun-\\ncil chamber, where he Avas installed as lieutenant-governor and\\nacting-governor of Georgia during the absence of Governor\\nReynolds, who sailed for England the same day. The peoj^le\\nwelcomed him Avith bonfires and public parades. In the\\nevening the houses were illuminated, and everybody rejoiced\\nin the hope of a new season of prosperity. The lieutenant-\\ngovernor was especially pleased with the address of a band of\\nyoung soldiers who, to the number of thirty-two, had enrolled\\nthemselves under the command of their schoolmaster and\\nparaded before his house.\\nThe first care of Lieutenant-Governor Ellis Avas to provide\\nfor the defence of the colony. He obtained a shi]) of Avar and\\nfive hundred stands of arms to protect the coast. He tried by\\njustice and mild measures to heal the discontent that Rey-\\nnolds had created. He looked into every department of the", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "Governor Henry Ellis. 59\\ngovernment, and recommended a chief justice for the prov-\\nince. He visited the southern section, and favored the removal\\nof the capital from Savannah to Hardwicke. He held a\\nconference with the Creek Indians at Savannah, and by his\\ntact secured their friendship and promises of peace. This\\nwas very important, as France and England were at war, and\\nFrench agents had been sent among the Creeks to induce\\nthem to attack the English in Georgia.\\nWhen the legislature, or General Assembly, met, June, 1757,\\nthe governor made an opening address full of good wishes\\nfor the welfare of the colony. Among the bills passed by this\\nlegislature was one offering the Province of Georgia as a home\\nfor debtors who could not pay what they owed. Here they\\ncould find work and lands, and gradually save enough to pay\\ntheir debts.\\nThe raj)id growth of the settlements on the Medway River\\nimpressed the people of that district with the necessity of\\nhaving a port of entry of their own from which their crops\\ncould be shipped and where supplies for their plantations could\\nbe bought. On the 20th of June, 1758, Thomas Carr con-\\nveyed to five trustees three hundred acres of a grant which he\\nhad received a year before from the king, to be laid out by them\\nas a town called Sunbury. The trustees were men of promi-\\nnence, and two of them, John Stevens and John Elliott, were\\ninfluential members of the Midway Church. The site selected\\nfor the town was twelve miles from the ocean, on a beautiful\\nbluff on the Medway Eiver, covered with magnificent live-oaks\\nand magnolias. A more beautiful spot could not be found in\\nGeorgia. The town was laid off into streets, wharves were\\nbuilt, and it soon became a place of great importance in the\\ncolony, second only to Savannah. Its principal trade was\\nwith the West Indies and the northern colonies.\\nIn 1758 Georgia was divided into eight parishes Christ\\nChurch Parish, including Savannah St. Matthew s Parish,\\nincluding Ebenezer St. Paul s Parish, including Augusta", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "60\\nHistohy of Georgia.\\nSt. George s Parish, including Halifax St. Philijo s, including\\nGreat Ogeechee St. John s, including ^lidway and Sunbury\\nMAP OF PAKI^UE?;, 17G5 TO TUE KJEVOLUTION.\\nSt. Andrew s, including Darien and St. James including\\nFrederica. These divisions were made in order to better\\nregulate the government of the colony. The law provided for", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "Governor henry Ellis. 61\\nthe holding of public worship in each of these parishes. In\\n1765 four new parishes were added to the number then in\\nGeorgia. They Avere St. Patrick s^ 8t. David s, St. Thomas\\nand St. Mary s, and were all between the Altamaha and the\\nSt. Mary s rivers. These parishes were really counties.\\nIn 1758 Governor Reynolds, who had gone to England for\\ntrial, was removed, and Lieutenant-Governor Ellis was com-\\nmissioned Governor-in- Chief of the Province of Georgia/\\nan honor he fully deserved. During the same year the colony\\nsent over to England twenty-five thousand pounds of indigo\\nand fifty-five hogsheads of rice. Georgia was steadily grow-\\ning in population, commerce, and importance.\\nThe wisdom of Governor Ellis in making fast friends of the\\nCreek Indians was apparent in 1759, when the Carolinas and\\nVirginia became involved in Avar with the Cherokees, a most\\npoAverful tribe. Their lands covered all North Alabama and\\nNorth Georgia and much of South Carolina and extended north\\nto the Ohio RiA er. Their Avarriors had assisted the English\\nattack on Fort Du Quesne, Avhere Pittsburg now stands. After\\nthe capture of this fort, the Cherokee Avarriors returned home\\nthrough Virginia and carried off some horses that they found\\npasturing in the Avoods. They Avere folloAved by a party of\\nVirginia frontiersmen, and tAvelve of their number Avere killed\\nand the others captured. This injustice aroused the young\\nAvarriors of the Avhole Cherokee Nation, and, instigated by\\nFrench agents, they began attacks on the Carolina frontiers.\\nOn the Little Tennessee River, in the valley beyond the moun-\\ntains, was Fort Loudoun, and in South Carolina, near the\\ntoAvn of KeoAvee, was Fort Prince George, both in the Chero-\\nkee country. Fort Loudoun was surrounded by the Cherokees\\nand the garrison cut off from all supplies.\\nGovernor Lyttleton, of South Carolina, called out the mili-\\ntia and prepared to march against the Cherokees. Thirty-two\\nchiefs, hearing of this, Avent to Charleston to make peace but\\nthe governor refused to listen to them, and forced them to", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "62 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nmarch with hiB army to Fort Prince George. He put guards\\nover them on the march, and confined them when he reached\\nthe fort. Tliis nnjnst treatment was a great ontrage. Find-\\ning his army not strong enougli to attack the Cherokees, the\\ngovernor now conchided to make peace with them, so that he\\nmight return with credit to Charleston. He sent for Atta-\\nkullakulla, a wdse old Cherokee chief, who was a friend of\\nthe English, and with his assistance peace was arranged.\\nTw^enty-two Indians were to be held in the fort as hostages\\nfor the surrender of the twenty-two Indians wdio had been mur-\\ndering the wdiites, and the governor returned to Charleston.\\nGovernor Lyttleton s treatment of the chiefs had aroused a\\nspirit of revenge, and before he reached Charleston they had\\nkilled fourteen men and besieged the fort. Unable to cap-\\nture it, they decoyed Captain Covtmore and two lieutenants\\nout from the fort and murdered them. In retaliation, the\\nsoldiers in the fort attempted to put the hostages in irons.\\nOne of them resisted and stabbed a soldier, whereupon they\\nwere all murdered. This act again aroused all the Cherokee\\nwarriors, and they at once began to murder the settlers along\\nthe frontier of South Carolina. Small-pox had broken out in\\nSouth Carolina, and the militia could not be called out. Gen-\\neral Amherst sent Colonel Montgomery from ^ew York with\\na force of regulars and seven troops of Rangers from Xorth\\nCarolina and Virginia. He at once attacked the Cherokees\\nin South Carolina, burned several of their towns, killing men,\\nwomen, and children, and drove them to the mountains.\\nHere he attempted to follow them, but he was drawn into an\\nambuscade and narrowly escaped defeat. He saw that he\\ncould do nothing against them in the mountains w^ith his\\nsmall force, so he returned to Charleston and thence to Xew\\nYork.\\nOn August 7, 1760, the garrison at Fort Loudoun, cut off\\nfrom supplies and being on the point of starvation, was forced\\nto surrender. The Cherokees promised that the garrison", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "GOVERNOR Henry Ellis. 63\\nshould be conducted in safety to Fort Prince George, but tlie\\nfirst night of the journey the sokliers were attacked and many\\nof them were killed. The others were carried back to Fort\\nLoudoun as prisoners. The British Government now recog-\\nnized that the Cherokee war was a very serious matter, and\\nprompt steps were taken to end it.\\nMeanwhile Governor Ellis was preparing to leave Georgia.\\nThe climate did not agree with him, and he had applied, a\\nyear before, for permission to return to England. This had\\nbeen granted, but he was forced to wait for the arrival of the\\nlieutenant-governor, James Wright, who had been appointed\\nto relieve him.\\n[Governor Henry Ellis was born about the year 1720, and was distin-\\nguished at an early age for his study of the natural sciences and by his\\ninterest in geographical discoveries. When he was twenty-six years of\\nage he was entrusted with an expedition to find a new route to the Pacific\\nOcean, and w^as offered \u00c2\u00a320,000 if he succeeded. With two ships he set\\nsail and entered the Straits of Hudson. For over a year he tried to find\\nhis way through, braving the dangers of new seas and a severe winter.\\nHe returned to England in 1747, and was at once made a Fellow of the\\nRoyal Society. He was soon after appointed lieutenant-governor of\\nGeorgia. He was spoken of as an active, sensible, and honest nian. l\\n[Governor James Wright was descended from an ancient and honorable\\nfamily. His father had settled in Charleston, where he married, and\\nafterward became Chief Justice of South Carolina. James Wright was\\nborn in Charleston, but educated in England. Upon his return to Caro-\\nlina he began the practice of law, and was appointed attorney-general of\\nthe Province when only twenty-five years of age. When he entered upon\\nhis duties as governor of Georgia he was about forty-six years of age, in\\nthe prime of his life, a firm and loyal adherent to the Crown, and ever\\ntrue to the trust imposed upon him in the trying times of the Revolution\\nsoon to follow.]\\n[The way in which the Indians were received at Savannah when Gov-\\nernor Ellis made his treaty with them in 1757 is shown by the following\\naccount:\\nThe Indians were escorted by Captain Milledge with his troop of", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "64 History of Georgia.\\nRangers, and approached the town. They were met in an open savanna\\nabout a mije distant by Captain Bryan, with the principal inhabitants of\\nthe town, on horseback, who welcomed them in the name of his Honor\\nthe governor, and regaled them in a tent pitched for that purpose.\\nThe Indians were conducted to the council, and were introduced to\\nhis Honf)r the governor, who, holding out his hand, addressed them in\\nthe following manner: My friends and brothers Behold my hands and\\narms Our common enemies, the French, have told you they are red to\\nthe elbows. View them Do they speak the truth? Let your own eyes\\nwitness. You see they are white, and could you see my heart you would\\nfind it as pure, but very warm and true to you, my friends. The French\\ntell you whoever shakes my hands will be immediately struck by disease\\nand die. If you believe this lying, foolish talk, don t touch me. If you\\ndo not, I am ready to embrace you. Whereupon they all approached and\\nshook hands, declaring the French had deceived them in this manner.\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho was appointed lieutenant-governor of Georgia? How was he\\nreceived by the people? What was the first care of Governor Ellis?\\nWhat did he try to do? What did he favor? What bill was passed by\\nthe legislature of 1757? Describe the founding of Sunbury. Name and\\nlocate the first eight parishes. What four were added in 1765 What\\ncan you say of the exports of Georgia in 1758 W^hat trouble arose with\\nthe Indians in 1759 What was the cause of the outbreak What did\\nthe Governor of South Carolina do What was the eifeet of his treat-\\nment of the Indians Give further details of the trouble. What\\noccurred at Fort Loudoun? Why did Governor Ellis resign Who\\nsucceeded him\\nTOPICS.\\nHenry Ellis\\n1. Landing and welcome. 4. The parishes.\\n2. First cares. 5. Cherokee war.\\n3. Sunbury. 6. Returns to England.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WRIGHT.\\nWith an increasing population and expanding commerce, and presided over by a chief\\nmagistrate eager for the promotion of its best interests, the province day by day rose in\\nimportance and was fast realizing the expectations which its illustrious founder had con-\\nceived for it. Jones s History of Georgia.\\nHon. James Wright, the newly appointed lieutenant-\\ngovernor, arrived in Georgia October 11, 1760. Two days\\nlater Governor Ellis sent his last message to the Assembly,\\nand on the 2d of November he sailed for England amid the\\nregrets of the people of the whole province.\\nLieutenant-Governor AY right was an American by birth,\\nalthough educated in England. He was born in Charleston,\\nand had been attorney-general of the province of South Caro-\\nlina for twenty-one years. He was the third and last gov-\\nernor of Georgia under the British crown.\\nHe at once sent a message to the Assembly, calling atten-\\ntion to the necessity of completing the defences of the colony.\\nFort Loudon had just been captured, and the people of\\nGeorgia were in constant dread of an attack from the Chero-\\nkee Indians. Savannah was completely enclosed with pali-\\nsades and forts, so as to afford an asylum to the planters\\nliving in the vicinity, and the other forts of the province were\\nput in good condition.\\nLieutenant-Governor Wright determined not to remove the\\ncapital from Savannah to Hardwicke. This decision was\\nof great importance to Savannah and to the whole province.\\nThe people, feeling sure that Savannah would be the perma-\\nnent seat of government, invested capital in business there,", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "66 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nand substantial brick buildings began to take tlie place of the\\ntemporary wooden structures that composed the town.\\nFebruary, ITOl, was a memorable month in Georgia. A\\nship arrived bringing news of the death, in October, 1760, of\\nthe old king, George II., for whom the province was named,\\nand of the crowning of his successor, George III. The Assem-\\nbly was dissolved, and funeral services held in memory of the\\nold king. The following day George III. was proclaimed\\nking.\\nMeanwhile, Governor Ellis had reached England, and had\\ninduced the king to relieve him from serving any longer as\\ngovernor of Georgia. On the 20th of March, 1761, Lieuten-\\nant-Governor James AVright was appointed Captain-Gen-\\neral, Governor, and Commander-in-Chief of the Province of\\nGeorgia,^^ although his commission did not reach him until\\nthe 28th of January of the next year, nearly ten months after\\nhis appointment. This news was received with great rejoic-\\ning by the people.\\nEarly in 1761, Lieutenant-Colonel James Grant reached\\nCharleston with a force of Highlanders to cooperate with the\\nSouth Carolina militia in conquering the C herokees. With\\nabout two thousand six hundred men he marched to Fort\\nPrince George in May, where he was met by Attakullakulla,\\nwho begged him to advance no farther. The old chief be-\\nlieved that he could persuade the Cherokees te sue for peace;\\nbut Colonel Grant declined to wait, and moved at once into\\nthe Cherokee country. A bloody fight occurred four days\\nlater on the spot where Colonel ^Montgomery had been drawn\\ninto an ambuscade the year before. The Cherokees fought\\nbravely for three hours, but were finally compelled to retreat.\\nColonel Grant pressed on to the Indian town of Etchoe, which\\nhe burned. Advancing into the heart of the Cherokee coun-\\ntry, he burned fourteen other towns and left the entire region\\ndesolate. He then returned to Fort Prince George. The\\npower of the Cherokees was thoroughly crushed, and peace", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "Governor Wrights Administration. 67\\nwas soon made. During the two years in which they had\\nbeen at war with Virginia and the Carolinas, the Oherokees\\nhad not attacked any settler in the province of Georgia.\\nIn Europe events were taking place which deeply affected\\nthe future of Georgia. France, Austria, and Eussia were en-\\ngaged in a war with Prussia and England, but had gained no\\nadvantage on the continent of Europe. But England had\\nconquered Canada, had made large gains in India and Africa,\\nand had seriously crippled the French navy, so that in 1761\\nthe resources of France were exhausted.\\nNow it happened that France, Spain, Sicily, and Parma were\\ngoverned by princes of the house of Bourbon, and the king of\\nFrance persuaded his kinsmen to form an alliance, known in\\nhistory as the Family Compact. Spain, then a great naval\\npower, secretly agreed to aid France in the war against Eng-\\nland. In 1762 England learned of this secret compact, and\\npromptly declared war against Spain. The contest was short.\\nWithin a few months England had almost destroyed the\\nSpanish navy and captured Havana. Spain^s commerce and\\nher rich colonial possessions were at the mercy of England,\\nand a treaty was agreed upon.\\nThis treaty, known in history as the Peace of Paris, was\\nproclaimed February 10, 1763. Its provisions affecting Geor-\\ngia were that England gained Florida, which was ceded by\\nSpain, and the valley of the Mississippi east of the river,\\nwhich was ceded by France.\\nIt will be remembered that up to this time the northern\\nboundary line of Florida had never been settled. Now that\\nall the land had come into possession of England, King\\nGeorge III., by royal proclamation, on the 10th of October,\\n1763, fixed this boundary line at the St. Mary s River and a\\nstraight line to be run from the head waters of that river\\nto the beginning of the Appalachicola River. The territory\\nsouth of this line and east of the Appalachicola River became\\nthe province of East Florida, The territory between the", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "68 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nAppalachicola River and the Mississipi3i was organized into a\\nnew province, called West Florida, with its northern boundary\\nline on the thirty-first parallel of latitude. By the same proc-\\nlamation the king added to the 2)rovince of Georgia all the\\nlands lying between the Altamaha Kiver and the northern line\\nof Florida. Thus it happened that Georgia jjrofited by the\\nTreaty of Paris. The addition to her territory made her one\\nof the largest provinces in America, and the organization of\\nFlorida as an English province removed the Spaniards, who\\nhad always been troublesome and dangerous neighbors. A\\nnew commission was issued to Governor Wright early the next\\nyear, giving the exact boundaries of the province he was to\\ngovern. This commission, years afterward, was an impor-\\ntant document in settling the boundaries of the United\\nStates.\\nIn the same proclamation the king had set aside, for the use\\nof the Indian tribes, the lands between the Mississippi River\\nand the head waters of the streams flowing into the Atlantic,\\nand had forbidden whites, for the present, to settle on\\nthese lands. In order to establish friendly relations between\\nthe whites and the Indians, the kino- ordered the o^overnors\\nof Virginia, Xorth Carolina, South Garolina, and Georgia,\\nwithin whose boundaries the Indian lands lay. to hold a\\njoint conference with the chiefs of the tribes. Augusta Avas\\nselected as the most convenient and suitable location, aud the\\ncongress was opened at the King s Fort in that town on the\\n5th of November, 1763. Seven hundred Indians Avere in\\nattendance among them were the leading chiefs of each tribe.\\nAs the conference was held in Georgia, Governor AV right was\\nmade president, and after five days of negotiation, a solemn\\ntreaty of perpetual peace and friendship was agreed upon and\\nsigned by all the parties.\\n[Although Enghind had graiited to the cokmies along the Atlantic\\ncoast charters which extended their boundaries westward to the South\\nSea or from sea to sea, as a matter of fact, these colonies had never", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "GOVERNOR WRIGHTS ADMINISTRATION. 69\\nextended west of the Alleghany Mountains. According to the law of\\nnations, France had a clear title to this territory which she now ceded\\nto England.]\\n[The fighting, which really began in 1754 on the western borders of\\nVirginia, had not caused a declaration of war between France and Eng-\\nland, although both countries had been irritated about it. Two years\\nlater France formed an alliance with the Empress Maria Theresa of\\nAustria and the Empress Elizabeth of Russia against Frederick the\\nGreat of Prussia. England, through her interest in Hanover, came to\\nthe assistance of Frederick, who had not then won his title the Great,\\nand declared war on France in 1756. This war is known in history as\\nthe Seven Years War, and was fought in Europe, in India, in\\nAmerica, and on the ocean. The fighting done in America is called in\\nAmerican history the French and Indian War, though it was really\\na part of the great Seven Years War, and is so called by European\\nhistorians. Spain did not take part in the war until 1761. The results\\nof this war were most disastrous for France. Prussia became one of\\nthe great powers of Europe France lost the better part of her colonial\\npossessions, and England from this time was mistress of the seas.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhen did the lieutenant-governor arrive? What of Governor Ellis?\\nWho was Lieutenant-Governor Wright? To what did he turn his atten-\\ntion? What of his decision as to the capital? What of the death of\\nGeorge II.? When did Lieutenant-Governor Wright become governor?\\nHis inauguration? Give the conclusion of the Cherokee War. What\\nwas taking place in Europe? Describe the Family Compact. What\\nwas the result of this compact? By the terms of the Treaty of Paris\\nwhat changes occurred in America? Who fixed the northern boundary\\nline of Florida? What two new provinces were organized? What\\naddition was made to the province of Georgia? Why are the Seven\\nYears War and the Family Compact of interest to Georgians?\\nWhat of Governor Wright s new commission? What conference was\\nordered by the king? Tell all about the conference.\\nTOPICS.\\nLet the pupil fell about\\n1. James Wright. 4. Treaty of Paris.\\n2. Cherokee War. 5. The king s proclamation.\\n3. European affairs. 6. Augusta conference.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII.\\nHOW THE PEOPLE TREATED THE DEMANDS OF THE MOTHER\\nCOUXTRY.\\nIt was certain, beyond a doubt, that this province has made, must and will make a\\nrapid progress, and in a few years will make as considerable a figure as most on the\\ncontinent/ Z^^^^r of Governor Wright.\\nExglaxd s exj)enses in the\\nSeven Years War had donbled\\nher national debt, and now that\\ntlie war was over^ Parliament found\\nthat a neAv tax must be levied\\nevery year to pay the interest on\\nthe new debt. Taxes in England\\nwere already very high, and so the\\nprime minister proposed that part\\nof this new tax be levied on the\\nAmerican colonies, because, he\\nclaimed, a i^art of the debt had\\nbeen for their defence. The\\ncolonies denied both the justice of the tax and the right of\\nParliament to levy it. It was not just, because they had\\nalready borne their j^art of the expense when they furnished\\nand equipped soldiers who fought and won the campaigns in\\nAmerica. It was not right or constitutional, because the Bill\\nof Rights which the English people had forced their kings\\nto sign guaranteed that English citizens should not be taxed\\nexcept by the votes of their representatives. Although these\\ncolonists lived in America, they were still Englishmen, entitled\\nto all the rights of English citizens and Parliament, in which", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "The Stamp Act. 71\\nthey were not represented, had no right to tax them. In\\nGeorgia and in the other provinces Parliament had recog-\\nnized this principle by j^ermitting the lower honse of the\\nGeneral Assembly, elected by the people, to exercise the sole\\nright of levying taxes in the province.\\nThe protests of America were not regarded, and in March,\\n1765, Parliament passed the f anions Stamp Act. The tax\\nwhich was levied by this act was to be collected by the sale of\\nstamjied pa2)er. Pamphlets conld not be sold nnless printed\\nn2:)on stamped paj^er, and legal docnments, such as notes,\\nbonds, contracts, and even marriage licenses, were null and\\nvoid unless written uj^on stamped paper. The price of the\\nstamp was added to the cost of the paper, and each person that\\nbought a sheet of this paper would in this way pay the tax.\\nWhen the news of the passage of the Stamp Act reached\\nGeorgia the people were filled with indignation. The ring-\\ning words of Patrick Henry in the General Assembly of Vir-\\nginia expressed the conviction of every freeman in Georgia.\\nAVhen the call came from Massachusetts for a congress of all\\nthe colonies to protest against the tax, the people of Georgia\\nwere ready to respond. Governor Wright^s personal influ-\\nence prevented, the election of delegates, but a letter was sent\\npromising the cooperation of Georgia. William Knox, agent\\nfor Georgia in England, was dismissed because he advised the\\npeople to submit to the stamp tax. The people formed them-\\nselves into associations called Sons of Liberty (nicknamed\\nLiberty Boys), and pledged themselves not to use stamped\\npaper or to permit it to be used or distributed in the province.\\nOn the 2 6 til of October, Governor Wright ordered a general\\nmuster of the militia of the i^i ovince to celebrate the fifth\\nanniversary of the king s accession to the throne. A large\\ncrowd gathered in Savannah, but instead of taking part in the\\ncelebration, they paraded the streets with noise and excite-\\nment, threatening the govei nor and denouncing the Stamp\\nAct. They made effigies of certain persons who had favored", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "72 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nsubmission to the Stamp Act^ and bnrned them with jeers and\\ninsults.\\nAlthough the Stamp Act was to take effect November 1st,\\n1765, it was the 5th of December before his Majesty s ship\\n8peedwell arrived at Savannah with the stamped papers on\\nboard. The papers were taken out and placed in the king s\\nstorehouse, in charge of the commissary, guarded by forty men.\\nOn the 3d of January, Mr. Agnus, the distributor, arrived, was\\nsecretly landed in a scout-boat, with an officer and a party of\\nmen to protect him, and was taken safely to the governor s\\nhouse, where he took the oath of office. He remained in the\\ngovernor s house about two weeks without daring to go out,\\nand was then sent to the country for safety. There was good\\nreason for this. The whole colony was aroused. Governor\\nWright received threatening letters. James Habersham,\\nPresident of the Council, was waylaid at night and forced to\\nseek protection in the governor s guarded mansion.\\nFinally, toward the end of January, a body of six hundred\\narmed men arranged to assemble in Savannah, and either to\\nforce the governor to agree not to carry out the law, or else to\\ndestroy the stamps in his possession. The governor heard of\\nthis, and sent the stamps to Fort George, on Cocks2)ur Island,\\nwhere they were still guarded by soldiers. The general excite-\\nment continued. On the 2d of February, the Speedwell re-\\nturned to Savannah, and the governor, a few days later, trans-\\nferred the stamps from the fort to the ship. That night a\\nriotous procession was formed, and burned an effigy of the\\ngovernor holding in its hand one of his offensive circulars.\\nThe only stamps used in Georgia Avere employed in clearing\\nsixty or seventy vessels which had collected in Savannah and\\nwere afraid to sail without them, because any ship found upon\\nthe high seas without clearance papers dul} stamped might\\nbe seized by any other British ship, or by the ships of any otliei\\nnation. The citizens consented to the use of these stamps in\\nthis instance alone.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "SPIRIT OF INDEPENDENCE IN GEORGIA. 73\\nFebruary 22, 1766, the Stamp Act was repealed, and peace\\nand order once more prevailed in the colonies. When the\\nnews reached Georgia, Governor Wright convened the General\\nAssembly, and congratulated them that the Province of Geor-\\ngia would have to pay no compensation for any injuries or\\ndamages to public or private property, and that the Assembly\\nitself had no votes or resolutions to reconsider.\\nIn the following January an incident occurred which showed\\nthe spirit of independence pervading the people and their\\nrepresentatives in the Commons House of Assembly. The\\ngovernor made a requisition on the Assembly for supplies for\\nthe British soldiers stationed in Georgia, and sent a copy of\\nthe ^Mutiny Act under which the supplies were authorized.\\nThe upper house cheerfully agreed, but the lower house,\\nafter a long delay, replied that a compliance with the requi-\\nsition would be a violation of the trust reposed in them by\\ntheir constituents, and would furnish a precedent which they\\ndid not feel themselves justified in establishing. The gov-\\nernor was very indignant, but was afraid to dissolve the\\nAssembly, because it contained several members who were dis-\\nposed to support the government, .while if a new Assembly\\nwere elected, he feared that it would be composed wholly of\\nthe ^^Sons of Liberty.\\nAnother dispute between the governor and the Assembly\\nwas with reference to the election of an agent to represent\\nGeorgia in England. The lower house refused to elect the\\nman proposed by the governor, and he refused to approve the\\nman elected by the house. Consequently, Georgia had no\\n-agent until 1768, when Dr. Benjamin Franklin was elected.\\nHis salary was fixed at \u00c2\u00a3100 a year, and he continued to rep-\\nresent Georgia until the outbreak of the Revolution.\\nAlthough Parliament had repealed the Stamp Act, it had\\nnot abandoned its claim to the right to tax the colonies, and\\nso a bill was framed levying a tax upon paints, paper, glass,\\nand all articles of British manufacture/ On the 11th of Jan-", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "74 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nnary, 1768, the Massachusetts House of Representatives sent\\na circular to the Provincial Assemblies of America, advising a\\nunion against the oppressive acts of Parliament. The Assem-\\nbly of Georgia was not in session, but Mr. Wyley, Avho had\\nbeen S2:)eaker of the lower house, sent a sympathetic response.\\nWhen the Assembly met, the lower house elected Dr. Koble\\nAVimberly Jones speaker, and transacted the regular business\\nof the session. After the necessary laws had been passed,\\nMr. AVyley laid l^efore the house the letter from Massachu-\\nsetts and a similar letter from the speaker of the Commons\\nHouse of Assembly of Virginia. The house ordered these\\nletters entered ujion the journal, and immediately j^assed\\nstrong resolutions indorsing the position taken by the other\\nprovinces. Governor Wright sent an indignant message to\\nthe Assembly, and, by virtue of his authority as governor,\\ndissolved it.\\nIn November, 1769, the merchants of Savannah met and\\nsolemnly agreed not to import any of the articles subj^ect to\\nthe tax, and shortly afterward a mass meeting of the people\\nadopted very strong resolutions, agreeing not to buy any of\\nthese articles, and ^neither to buy nor to give mourning,\\nbecause all mourning goods were manufactured in England.\\nJonathan Bryan, who presided, was at this time a member of\\nthe Council, and the king, upon receiving these resolutions, at\\nonce ordered that Mr. Bryan should be suspended from the\\nCouncil and be removed from any office that he might hold in\\nGeorgia.\\nThe contest between the governor and the Assembly con-\\ntinued, the Council being generally in sympathy with the\\ngovernor and willing to do as he wished but the Commons\\nHouse of Assembly, coming direct from the people and repre-\\nsenting the popular sentiment in the province, showed in all\\nthings a spirit of independence. In 1770, Dr. Noble W.\\nJones was again elected speaker of the house, but Governor\\nAVriirbt refused to sanction the choice and ordered the house", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "Stamps\u00e2\u0080\u0094 jAiiEs Habersham. 75\\nto elect another speaker. Instead of doing so, tlie house\\npassed resolutions complimentary to Dr. Jones and refused to\\nelect any other speaker, declaring that the governor had no\\nright to reject a speaker unanimously elected by the house.\\nThe only thing the governor could do was to dissolve the\\nAssembly, and this he did. Noble W. Jones has been styled\\none of the morning stars of liberty in Georgia.\\n[At the head of the chapter is the picture of one of the stamps which\\nEngland attempted to make the American people use. The original was\\ncut from a piece of parchment and is in the New York Historical Society\\nlibrary. The values of the stamps varied from a few pence up to several\\npounds, according to the tax levied on the different articles. The stamp\\nin the picture is for two shillings and sixpence, which was the amount of\\nthe tax on a deed. The sale of stamps is a very common and a very satis-\\nfactory way of collecting a tax. Our internal revenue tax on cigars and\\ntobacco is collected to-day by the sale of stamps, and every box of cigars\\nor tobacco has one and sometimes two stamps upon it. Each person who\\nbuys a cigar or a piece of tobacco pays a part of this tax. The stamps\\nrequired by the Stamp Act were very different, however, from our\\ninternal revenue stamps, and were not sold separately, but were stamped\\nupon the paper in England, and the paper thus stamped was sent over to\\nbe sold to the colonists.]\\n[James Habersham was born in England in 1712. He was a friend of\\nGeorge Whitefield, and came to Georgia with him in the interest of the\\norphan asylum. Soon after his arrival Habersham opened a school for\\ndestitute and orphan children. When Whitefield left for England, the\\ncare of the orphan asylum devolved upon Habersham, under whose\\nmanagement the institution flourished. In 1744 he resigned his position\\nand entered into business with Francis Harris. Harris Habersham\\nwas the first commercial house in Georgia. His house opened trade with\\nBoston, New York, and Philadelphia, and later on began to trade directly\\nwith London. In 1750 Habersham was appointed by the Trustees com-\\nmissioner to advance the culture of silk in the colony. His letters on\\nthis subject show an intimate knowledge of the agricultural and commer-\\ncial interests of the colony. In 1754 he was appointed by the king\\nsecretary of the province and one of the Council. In 1767 he was presi-\\ndent of the upper house of the General Assembly. When Governor", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "76 History of Georgia.\\nWright applied for leave of absence, he recommended James Habersham\\nfor his successor, as being a gentleman of property and no Liberty\\nBoy. He died at New Brunswick, N. J., in 1775, where he had gone\\non account of his illness.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhy did Parliament propose to tax America Why was this not just?\\nWhy was it not right or constitutional How did Parliament act De-\\nscribe the Stamp Act. How was the Stamp Act received in Georgia\\nWho were the Liberty Boys How did Georgia celebrate the anniversary\\nof the king s coronation When did the stamped papers reach Georgia\\nWhat was done with them? When did the distributor arrive What\\nhappened to him What was the feeling in Georgia What finally\\nbecame of the stamps Were any of them used in Georgia How was\\nthe trouble about the Stamp Act settled What did Governor Wright do\\nwhen he heard the news What incident showed the spirit among the\\npeople What other dispute occurred between the governor and the\\nlower house of Assembly What new act was passed by Parliament\\nWhat was done with the letter of the Massachusetts Assembly How did\\nthe people of Georgia regard the new tax What of Jonathan Bryan\\nWhat of the contest between the governor and the lower house of Assem-\\nbly Why was there no meeting of the Assembly in 1770\\nTOPICS.\\n^Yliat brought on the Revolution\\n1. Taxation without representa- 4. How the Stamp Act was treated.\\ntion. 5. How the Mutiny Act was\\n2. Stamp Act. treated in Georgia.\\n3. Disturbance at Savannah. 6. Trade with England stopped.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV.\\nFIRST ACTS OF RESISTANCE.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Resolved, no man dissenting, That liis Majesty s subjects in America owe the same\\nallegiance, and are entitled to the same rights, privileges, and immunities with their fellow\\nsubjects in Great Bv iisan. Resolution of Georgia Patriots.\\nGovernor Wright obtained a leave\\nof absence and sailed for England in\\nJuly, 1771. Hon. James Habersham,\\nPresident of the Council, had been ap-\\npointed by the king to discharge the\\nduties of governor during Governor\\nWright s absence. His title was Presi-\\ndent. He was one of the people and\\nsympathized with them, but as an officer\\nof the Crown he was loyal to his trust,\\nand felt bound by his oath to carry out\\nthe king s wishes.\\nOne of the orders of the king was that Dr. Noble W. Jones\\nshould not be chosen speaker of the Commons House of\\nAssembly. The Assembly elected him twice, and each time\\nActing-Governor Habersham refused to sanction the choice.\\nThe third time, Dr. Jones declined to serve, and the Assembly\\nelected Archibald Bulloch. All this was put in the journal\\nof the house, and when the acting-governor directed the As-\\nsembly to leave it out of the minutes, they refused. For this\\nhe dissolved the Assembly.\\nGovernor Wright returned to Savannah, February, 1773.\\nHe had been absent from Georgia for nineteen months. He\\nAvas made a baron while in England, and treated with much\\nJAMES HABERSHAM.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "78 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nrespect. His position as royal governor of Georgia at this\\ntime was a A^ery trying one, but lie acted throughont with\\njustice and loyalty, and did his duty, as he understood it,\\nto the king.\\nAs soon as he returned lie went to Augusta and met tlie\\nchiefs of several tribes of Indians. He obtained from them\\nthe territory of the present counties of ^Mlkes, Taliaferro,\\nGreene, Elbert, Oglethorpe, Lincoln about 2,100,000 acres in\\nall. This was in payment of a debt of ^200.000 which the\\nIndians owed the traders. In this way, by frequent treaties\\nthe lands were being gained from the Indians and opened for\\nthe whites to settle upon. Xo lands were taken by force,\\nhowever the land was always bought and i)ayment was made\\nas promised.\\nThe British Parliament repealed the tax on all articles\\nexcept tea. They kept a tax on this in order to show their\\nright to tax the colonies. But the American jDcople resolved\\nnot to use tea. The tea ships were sent back from Xew York\\nand Philadelphia. In Charleston the tea Avas landed, but\\nwas allowed to rot in damp cellars. At Boston a company of\\nmen dressed like Indians went on board the tea ships and\\nthrew the chests into the sea. The British Parliament then\\npassed the Boston Port Bill, March, 1774.\\nThis act was designed to close the port of Boston, thus\\nkeeping any ships from coming in or going out. The charter\\nof ^lassachusetts was taken away, and a law was made requir-\\ning persons charged with committing crimes in America to\\nbe carried to England for trial. These measures made the\\npeople more and more discontented. Those Avho sided with\\nthe colonies and were in favor of liberty were called Whigs,\\nwhile those who favored the king were called Tories.\\nTory soon became a term of bitter reproach.\\nAugust 10, 1774, a band of patriots met in Savannah,\\npassed resolutions of sympathy for the people of Boston, and\\ndeclared the acts of the mother country unjust. These reso-", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "First acts of Resistance. 79\\nliitions declare that the Americans deserved the same rights\\nas subjects living in Great Britain that they had a right to\\npetition the throne for a redress of their wrongs that the\\nclosing of the port of Boston was an act of tyranny that the\\nwithdrawal of the charter of Massachusetts was an invasion of\\nAmerican rights that Parliament had no right to tax the\\ncolonies without their consent that it was unjust to transjjort\\ncriminals to England for trial and that Georgia Avould unite\\nwith the other colonies to resist these measures of oppression\\nby the British Government. A subscription was started for\\nthe Boston sufferers^ and six hundred barrels of rice were\\ngiven and sent to that place. Among the patriots at this\\nmeeting was Jonathan Bryan, again a member of the King s\\nCouncil in Georgia. When Governor Wright called his Coun-\\ncil together, a motion was made ^^to expel Mr. Bryan from\\nhis seat in the Council. I will save you the trouble/ said\\nBryan, and at once handed his resignation to the governor\\nand walked out.\\nIn order that Georgia should not fall behind other provinces\\nin resenting the action of Parliament, it was decided to hold a\\nProvincial Congress in Savannah, in January, 1775, com^^osed\\nof delegates from all the parishes of Georgia. Governor Wright\\ndid all he could to prevent this meeting and thwart its designs.\\nWhen the congress met, only live out of the twelve parishes\\nwere represented. One of the objects of the meeting was to\\nelect delegates to a general Continental Congress of representa-\\ntives from all the provinces, to meet in Philadelphia in May.\\nThe Georgia Provincial Congress elected three delegates, Noble\\nW. Jones, Archibald Bulloch, and John Houstoun. These\\ndelegates did not attend the Continental Congress, however,\\nbecause they were not appointed by a majority of the parishes,\\nand hence there might be a question as to their right to repre-\\nsent the sentiment of the province. They wrote a letter to the\\nContinental Congress, in which they said There are still\\nmen in Georgia who, when an occasion shall require, will be", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "80 HISTORY OF GEORGIA,\\nready to evince a steady, religions, and manly attachment to\\nthe liberties of America.\\nThe parish of St. John was represented in the Provincial\\nCongress, but was not satisfied with the action of that body.\\nIts representatives desired the Province of Georgia to take as\\nbold and active a stand for liberty as any province in Amer-\\nica. The parish was a wealthy and influential one, and re-\\nsolved to send its own delegates to the Continental Congress.\\nDr. Lyman Hall was chosen, and took his seat in the Conti-\\nnental Congress as a delegate from the parish of St. John in\\nthe colony of Georgia, subject to such regulations as the Con-\\ngress should determine relative to voting.\\nFor the patriotic and independent spirit of its people and\\nthis prompt and courageous movement, the legislature in after\\nyears conferred the name of Liberty Count i/ on the consolidated\\nparishes of St. John, St. Andrew, and St. James. Governor\\nWright said that the head of the rebellion was in St. John s\\nParish.\\nThe sentiment of the people of Georgia was divided. There\\nwere those who were anxious to act at once, throw off the yoke\\nof Great Britain, and proclaim the liberty of the American\\ncolonies. .There were others who were conservative in their\\nviews, and who hesitated to involve the province of Georgia in\\nAvar. They still loved the mother country and believed that\\nthe disputes between the Parliament and the colonies would be\\nsettled in a friendly manner. This feeling was rather credit-\\nable to Georgia than otherwise, for, of all of the colonies, she\\nhad least cause to complain and take up arms against the\\nmother country.\\nThe British General Gage was sent to Boston with a fleet\\nand army to subdue the x\\\\merican colonies. By April, 1775,\\nthree thousand British troops had collected in Boston. Soon\\nafter, the battle of Lexington occurred, in which the British\\nwere defeated. To learn how these regular British soldiers\\nwere routed by the American farmers with their shot-guns", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "Powder Magazine seized. 81\\nand old rifles, you will have to read the history of the United\\nStates, where not only this bat all the other battles of the Rev-\\nolutionary war are described. The tidings of the battle of Lex-\\nington removed all hesitation, and, excepting a few members\\nof the Kings s Council, united all the people of Georgia in the\\ndetermination to resist the British rule. Georgia cast in her\\nlot with her sister colonies. News of these events made great\\nexcitement in Savannah. On the night of May 11, 1775, a\\nparty of six men, led by Josej^h Habersham, broke open the\\ndoor of the poAvder magazine and took out all the ammunition.\\nA part was sent to South Carolina, and the rest concealed in\\nthe cellars and garrets of the people s houses. Finally, some\\nof it was sent to Boston, and was said to have been used at the\\nbattle of Bunker Hill.\\nThe king s birthday was to be celebrated June 5, 1775.\\nOn the night of the 2d, a party collected together, spiked the\\nbattery guns, and threw them off the bluff into the river.\\nThe royalists hoisted them up again, drilled new holes, and\\nwent through the ceremony, hooted and jeered at by the\\npeo2)le. A liberty pole was afterward put up by the colonists,\\nand a flag placed at the top. About five hundred people\\nparaded through the town with noise and defiance.\\nJune 22d, a Council of Safety, of fourteen members, was\\nelected by the people of Savannah. They had the entire con-\\ntrol of the affairs of the parish. William Ewen was chosen\\npresident. When they began the discharge of their duties\\nthey were, of course, opposed by the royalists, who followed\\nGovernor Wright and his orders. A young man named Hop-\\nkins made sport of their meeting. For this he was taken out\\nto the public square, tarred and feathered, and paraded through\\nthe town amid the jeers of the people. He was carried to the\\nliberty pole, and was threatened with hanging unless he drank\\na toast to the success of the American arms, which he hastened\\nto do. He was then set free.\\nThe population of Georgia at this time was 17,000 whites\\n6", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "82 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nand 15,000 blacks. The militia numbered 3,000 men. There\\nwere 40,000 Indians living in the interior to the west and\\nsouth of the Georgia colony, witli 10,000 warriors. It was\\nfortunate that their friendship and peace were secured during\\nthe trying times of the War of the Revolution, which was fast\\napproaching.\\n[Ill a report of the condition of Georgia in 1773, by Governor Wright,\\nwe are told that the territory of Georgia at this time embraced 6,695,429\\nacres. About 120,000 acres were improved and cultivated by 1,400\\nplantations. The trade of the province is principally with Great\\nBritain, from whence we are supplied with linens and woollens of all\\nsorts ironware of all sorts hats, shoes, stockings, and all sorts of\\napparel tea, paper, paints, and a great variety of other articles. To\\nGreat Britain we export deer-skins, rice, indigo, naval stores, and sundry\\nother articles. We are supplied with rum and sugar from the West In-\\ndies and also with rum, flour, and biscuit and other provisions from the\\nnorthern colonies. To the West Indies we send rice, corn, peas, lum-\\nber, shingles, cattle, horses and live-stock also barrelled beef and\\npork. J\\n[Among the many traders interested in the cession of lands in 1773\\nwas George Galphin, one of the influential and enterprising citizens of\\nthe early history of Georgia. His home and depot of supplies was at\\nSilver Bluff, on the Savannah River, a few miles below Augusta, on the\\nCarolina side. His friendship and business relations, however, were\\nnearly all with Georgians and Georgia Indians. His trade extended to\\nCharleston, Savannah, St. Augustine. Pensacola, and Mobile.\\nThe claim of George Galphin for debts due him by the Indians was\\nnot paid by Governor Wright, because Galphin sympathized with the\\ncolonists. War came on, the claim was transferred to the United States,\\nand it was not until 1848 that the Galphin Claim was settled by the\\nGeneral Government, and paid to the heirs of the Indian trader of Silver\\nBluff.]\\n[William Ewen was a native of England, and came to Georgia in 1734\\nas an apprentice to the Trustees. His habits were correct, and his indus-\\ntry made him popular. He took an active interest in the complaints\\nagainst tlie treatment of Georgia by the Trustees, and was brought into\\nfrequent collision with the president of the colony.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "Questions and Topics. 83\\nfor liberty began, he was among the first to take up arms in defence of\\nthe rights of the colony. In January, 1775, he was appointed member of\\nthe Council of Safety, and shortly afterward became president of that\\nbody. He lived to see Georgia an independent State, his country free\\nfrom the yoke of Great Britain.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho acted as governor during Governor Wright s absence W^hen\\ndid Governor W^right return to Georgia What can you say of him at\\nthis time What treaty was made at Augusta What territory was gained\\nby the treaty What was the Boston Port Bill What other measures\\nmade the colonists discontented What resolutions of I esistance were\\npassed by the patriots of Savannah How did they show their sympathy\\nwith the people of Boston What can you say of Jonathan Bryan\\nWhat can you say of Liberty Boys, Whigs, Tories What mes-\\nsage did the delegates from the Provincial Congress send to the general\\nor Continental Congress What about General Gage and the battle of\\nLexington What did Joseph Habersham and his party do How was\\nthe king s birthday celebrated What was the Council of Safety Who\\nwas president What can you tell of Hopkins What was the popula-\\ntion of Georgia at this time What can you say of the Indians\\nTOPICS.\\nTell about\\n1. Habersham s administration. 5. Resolutions at Savannah.\\n2. Governor Wright s return. 6. Magazine broken open.\\n3. England s further acts. 7. Disturbance on king s birthday.\\n4. How the colonists resisted. 8. Council of Safety.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XV.\\nTHE PEOPLE OVERTHROW THE GOYERXMEXT OF THE KING.\\nBelieve us, great Sir, America is not divided all men (Crown officers not excepted)\\nspeak of these acts and measures with disapprobation, and if there has been some differ-\\nence of opinion as to the mode of relief, the rigorous experiments which your Ministry\\nthought fit to try on the Americans have been the most effectual means to convince\\nthese of the iniquitous designs of your Ministry and to unite them all as in a common\\ncsi\\\\ise. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Frovincial C07igress^s Address to the King.\\nARCHIBALD BULLOCU.\\nGovernor Wright was alarmed\\nat the way things looked in Georgia.\\nHe wrote a letter to the British\\ngeneral. Gage, asking for help.\\nThis letter was opened in South\\nCarolina, the papers taken out, and\\nanother letter placed in the envel-\\nope, stating that Georgia was quiet\\nand needed no help. Thus the\\nroyal government in Georgia had\\nno aid from the British troops.\\nThe reason was not found out until years after, when Governor\\nWright, meeting General Gage in London, asked him why he\\nhad not sent soldiers to his relief.\\nGovernor Wright had good reason to be alarmed. Meetings\\nwere being held all over the province and delegates elected to\\nanother Provincial Congress, which a Council of Safety had\\ncalled to meet at Savannah on the 4th of July, 1775. On\\nthat day every parish was represented and by its leading men.\\nThey came by authority of the people and in defiance of the\\nauthority of the king. Colonel C. C. Jones calls this congress\\nGeorgia s first secession convention.\\nThe delegates met in", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "The Council of Safety. 85\\nthe long room at Tondee s Tavern, and organized by electing\\nArchibald Bulloch president of the congress, and George Wal-\\nton secretary. Two days later resolutions were unanimously\\nadopted, endorsing all that the Continental Congress had done,\\nadopting the Bill of Rights published by thaf congress, forbid-\\nding all trade with England or with any province that did not\\nagree to these resolutions, and binding themselves and their\\nconstituents, by the ties of virtue, honor, and love, of our\\ncountry, to adhere to this association,^^ until the objectionable\\nacts of Parliament were repealed. A Council of Safety for the\\nprovince was created, with power to act for the people when\\nthe Provincial Congress was not in session, and five delegates\\nwere elected to attend the Continental Congress then in session\\nin Philadelphia. An address to the people of the province\\nwas prepared, setting forth what had been done in their\\nname also an address to the governor and, as a last resort,\\na petition to the king, urging him to listen to the appeals\\nof America.\\nWhile the Provincial Congress was in session, news came\\nthat a British ship would arrive shortly with fourteen thousand\\npounds of powder. The people made up their minds to capture\\nthis prize if they could. Commodore Bowen and Major Joseph\\nHabersham, with a number of volunteers, went quietly down\\nthe river on a schooner armed and commissioned by the Pro-\\nvincial Congress. They boarded the ship as soon as it appeared\\noff Tybee Island, and captured it. This was the first naval\\ncapture of the Revolution, and their schooner was the first\\nwar vessel commissioned by an American congress. Nine\\nthousand pounds of powder were kept by Georgia, and five\\nthousand sent to General George Washington, to help him\\nto drive the British from Boston.\\nRoyal power was now at an end in Georgia. The militia\\ncompanies met and expelled all royalists from their ranks.\\nThe Council of Safety elected by the Provincial Congress\\ntook charge of the affairs of the province. A battalion of", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "JOSEPH HABERSHAM.\\n86 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nsoldiers was raised for defence against the British vessels and\\ntroojDS.\\nThe Council of Safety ordered the arrest of Governor Wright\\nand his assistants in Januar}^ 1776. Major Joseph Habersham\\nundertook to do this aided by a few friends only. lie Avent\\nto the house of the governor^ and, boldly\\nentering, passed by the sentinel and\\nfound the governor surrounded by his\\ncouncil. Walking up to the governor,\\nhe put his hand on his shoulder and\\nsaid Sir James, you are my prisoner.\\nThinking his captor was well supported,\\nthe governor surrendered, and the mem-\\nbers of his council fled. A guard was\\nplaced over the house, but the governor\\nescaped after three weeks, by stepping\\nout of the back part of his house at night and before his\\nabsence was discovered he was safe on board a British ship\\nthat was lying at the mouth of the river.\\nAnother Provincial Congress met in Savannah on the\\n22d of January, 1776, and Archibald Bulloch was elected\\npresident. Five delegates were elected to represent Georgia\\nin the next Continental Congress at Philadelphia, and a com-\\nmittee was appointed to buy arms and ammunition for the\\nprovince. To pay for these, bills of credit were issued, and it\\nwas made a penal offence in Georgia to refuse to receive them\\nor to depreciate their value. The most important work of\\nthis congress was the adoption of certain rules and regulations\\nunder which they organized a government. The first govern-\\nment organized by the people of Georgia was very simple.\\nAll the legislative power was in the hands of the Provincial\\nCongress courts were organized in the name of the people\\nfor the trial of cases, and the chief executive power was vested\\nin a president. Acting under this temporary constitution,\\ntlie Congress elected Archibald Bulloch president and com-", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "THE COUNCIL OF SAFETY. 87\\nmander-in-chief of Georgia, John Glenn chief -justice, Will-\\niam Stephens attorney-general, and James Jackson clerk of\\nthe court. Thus Archibald Bulloch, the distinguished\\npatriot, who had been president of both Provincial Congresses,\\nhad the honor of being elected the first president of the first\\nrepublican government organized on Georgia soil.\\nA number of vessels loaded with rice lay at the landing oppo-\\nsite Savannah, but, under the regulations of Congress, were\\nnot permitted to sail. Fearing these vessels would slip away.\\nCaptain Rice was detailed to disable them. British ships of\\nwar lay at the mouth of the river, and one night troops from\\nthese ships seized several of the vessels lying opposite Savan-\\nnah. Captain Rice boarded one of the vessels the next morn-\\ning and was captured by the British. When the people heard\\nof this they were much excited. Colonel Mcintosh, with three\\nhundred men and several cannon, marched down to Yamacraw\\nBluff opposite the vessels and sent two officers to demand the\\nrelease of Captain Rice. But these officers were also seized\\nand held prisoners. Colonel Mcintosh, through a speaking\\ntrumpet, demanded the return of his men. This was refused,\\nand a number of shots were exchanged, but the British re-\\nmained in possession of the vessels.\\nThe Council of Safety ordered the vessels in the harbor to\\nbe set on fire in order to drive away the British troops. The\\nship Inveriiess was set on fire and cut loose. It drifted against\\nthe brig Nelly, which also took fire. These two burning ships\\ndrifted among the vessels which had been seized by the British.\\nSeveral of these vessels caught fire and men and officers jumped\\noverboard, some being drowned and others captured. Two ships\\nescaped to the mouth of the river, carrying the Georgia officers\\nwith them. The Council arrested the royal chief -justice\\nand other royalists and held them as hostages for the return\\nof Rice and the other officers. After a long delay the officers\\nwere exchanged. South Carolina sent four hundred and fifty\\nsoldiers under Colonel Bull to help Georgia during this time.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "88\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nAugust 10, 1776,,\\nGEORGE WALTON.\\nto the top of the\\nbase of Avhich tlie\\nread by President\\ncrowds of people,\\nselves hoarse with\\ngreat procession\\ntlie batteries and\\nlutes, a banquet\\nroyal government\\nmuffled (drum and\\nnight speeches wer\\nfires lighted in the\\nnews of tlie Declaration of Independence\\nreached Georgia. It had been signed\\nat Philadelphia, July 4th, by the dele-\\ngates of the thirteen colonies. George\\nAValton, Button Gwinnett, and Lyman\\nHall signed on behalf of Georgia. It\\ntook a long time for ncAvs to travel in\\nthose days. It had to be carried by\\nmen on horseback or in stages which\\ncould not go more than thirty or\\nforty miles a day. AMien the news\\ndid reach Georgia it was received with\\ngreat joy. A liberty flag was run up\\nliberty pole, at the\\nDeclaration av a s\\nBulloch to great\\nwho shouted them-\\nexcitement. A\\nparaded the streets,\\nthe ships fired sa-\\nwas given, and the\\nwas buried with\\ntrailing arms. At\\nBUTTON GWINNETT.\\ne made and\\nstreets.\\nbon-\\n[lu July, 1775, Archibald Bulloch, .John\\nHoustoun, Rev. Dr. Zubly, Dr. Lyman Hall,\\nand Dr. Xoble Wimberly Jones were elected\\ndelegates to the Continental Congress at\\nPhiladelphia. Dr. Lyman Hall and Dr.\\nNoble Wimberly Jones were detained at\\nhome, but the other delegates took their\\nseats on the 13th of September. Dr. Zubly\\nhad been a leader in opposition to the acts\\nof Parliament, but his plan was for the\\nprovinces to force a repeal of these acts and a recognition of their consti-\\nLYMAN HALL", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "Questions and topics. so\\ntutional rights, after which they shoukl renew their allegiance to the king.\\nHe found, however, on reaching Philadelphia, that the delegates were\\ndetermined upon establishing a republic, and that his colleagues, Messrs.\\nBulloch and Houstoun, were heartily supporting this plan. His heart\\nfailed him, and he wrote to Governor Wright, telling him what was pro-\\nposed. He was suspected, watched, and one of his letters seized. When\\nChase of Maryland alluded to this fact, Dr. Zubly abandoned his seat\\nand returned to Georgia. He w^as banished from Savannah, but\\nreturned after that city was captured by the British, and died there in\\n1781.]\\n[In January, 1776, Archibald Bulloch, John Houstoun, Dr. Lyman Hall,\\nButton Gwinnett, and George Walton were the delegates to the Conti-\\nnental Congress. Bulloch, being President of Georgia, could not leave\\nthe State, and John Houstoun was detained at home. They thus lost the\\nhonor of being among the signers of the Declaration of Independence\\nwith the other Georgia delegates.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat of Governor Wright s letter to General Gage Why was Gov-\\nernor Wright alarmed What occurred on the 4th of July By\\nwhose authority Who w^as elected president How was Congress\\norganized What was done What was the first. naval capture of the\\nRevolution What of the militia companies Describe the arrest of\\nGovernor Wright. When did the next Provincial Congress of Georgia\\nmeet What was done How did they pay for supplies What was\\nthe most important work of the Congress What sort of government\\ndid they organize Who were the first officers of the Republic of\\nGeorgia What of the vessels lying opposite Savannah What news\\ncame in August, 1776 Who were the signers of the Declaration of\\nIndependence for the State of Georgia How was the news received\\nTOPICS.\\nTell about\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1. Governor Wright s letter. 5. The second Provincial Congress.\\n2. The first Provincial Congress. 6. The Republic of Georgia.\\n8. The first naval capture. 7. Burning the merchant vessels.\\n4. The arrest of Governor 8. The Declaration of Independ-\\nWright. ence.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "EPOCH IV.\\nGeorgia an Independent State, 1776-1789.\\nCHAPTER XA L\\nTHE COXSTITUTIOX OF 1777 PERMAXEXT STATE\\nORGAXIZATIOX.\\nWe therefore, the representatives of the people, from whom all power originates and\\nfor whose benefit all government is intended, by virtue of the power delegated to us, do\\nordain and declare, and it is herebj ordained and declared, that the following rules and\\nregidations be adopted for the future government of this State. Extract frotn the ^first\\nConstitution of the State of Georgia.\\nIx order to under-\\nstand the impor-\\ntance of the s t e p\\ntaken by our fore-\\nfathers in tlie year\\n1776^ a little knowl-\\nedge of Civil Gov-\\nernment is neces-\\nsary. A Colouf/ is a\\nbody of people\\nplanted by some\\ngovernment on for-\\neign soil. Av i t h no\\np o w e r to govern\\nthemselves. A Pror-\\nince is a district in\\nwhich the people\\nhave a government provided for them by the power to which\\nFIRST GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OP GEORGIA.\\n(Obverse.)", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "The Constitution of 1777. 91\\nthey are subject, and they enjoy certain rights and privileges.\\nA State is the whole body of people united for the purpose\\nof government, and not in any way subject to any outside\\npower. In some cases the people are united by a written\\nagreement called a Constitution, but in others they are united\\nsimply by mutual consent. They must own the land upon\\nwhich they live, and the other nations of the world must admit\\ntheir right to establish a government. England, France, and\\nSpain are states.\\nWhen Oglethor2:)e brought the lirst English settlers to this\\nsoil he established The Colony of Georgia. When King\\nGeorge II., in the year 1754, gave these settlers an established\\nform of government in which they had certain rights, but\\nwere still subjects of the king, the colony became Tlte Prov-\\nince of Georgia. When the people rebelled against the au-\\nthority of the king and arrested and imprisoned the governor\\nwho represented him, they organized a government for them-\\nselves. The people thus united became The State of Georgia.\\nThe form of government which they selected for the State\\nmade it a republic.\\nThe government first established for the new State of\\nGeorgia, April 15, 1776, was temporary, because the people\\nwere not strong enough to defend their government alone,\\nand they waited to know that they would have the sup^^ort of\\nthe other twelve States in the fight with England, which was\\nsure to come. The Declaration of Independence assured\\nthem of this support, and as soon as the news reached Georgia\\na convention was called to adopt a written constitution and to\\nestablish a permanent government for the young republic.\\nThis convention met at Savannah in October, 1776.\\nThe convention adopted a seal for the State, to take the\\nplace of the old provincial seal Avhich had been used by the\\nBritish governors and which was emblematic of their subjec-\\ntion to the king. The accompanying cuts show the two sides\\nof the seal of 1777, with the devices and mottoes.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "92\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nThe first constitution consisted of sixty-three articles, and\\nprovided for a governor, a legishiture, and a judiciary.\\nMembers of the legishiture were to be elected in December of\\neach year, and to meet in January following. The first duty\\nof the legislature was to elect a governor, who should serve for\\none year, whose title should be Honorable, and an executive\\ncouncil, consisting of two of the members of the legislature\\nfrom each county that had as many as ten representatives.\\nThe remaining representatives constituted the House of As-\\nsembly, which had the sole power of making laws. The\\nspeaker of the Assembly wore his hat when presiding.\\nThe Executive Council took the place of our Senate, but\\ndid not have the same power. Laws proposed in the House of\\nAssembly were referred to the Executive Council, which could\\nnot make amendments, but could propose them to the Assem-\\nbly. A committee\\nof the Council com-\\ning into the House\\nof Assembly to pro-\\np s e any amend-\\nment had the privi-\\nlege of sitting with\\ntheir hats on.\\nNo clergyman\\ncould be a member\\nof the legislature.\\nEvery person who\\nfailed to vote in an\\nelection, excei3t for\\na good reason, could\\nbe fined five pounds.\\nSchools were to be\\nestablished in each\\ncount y and sup-\\nState. Free toleration of\\nFIKST GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF GEOUGIA\\n{Reverse.)\\nported ;it the general expense of tli", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "First eight Counties.\\n93\\nall religions should be guaranteed^ provided they did not\\nthreaten the peace and safety of the State.\\nThe twelve parishes were abolished, and the State was\\ndivided into eight counties. The names of the first eight\\ncounties are Wilkes, Richmond, Burke, Effingham, Chatham,\\nGlynn, Camden, and Liberty.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "94 History of Georgia.\\nThe first seven of these were named for English sttatesmen\\nwho had been the champions of the rights of tlie American\\ncolonies. The last one was so named on acconnt of the devo-\\ntion of the citizens of St. John s parish to the cause of liberty.\\nIt will be remembered that this parish alone sent a representa-\\ntive, Lyman Hall, to the meeting of the Continental Congress,\\nand that two of its citizens, Lyman Hall and Button Gwinnett,\\nhad been signers of the Declaration of Independence.\\nThe convention remained in session four months. It was\\nthe 5th of February, 1777, when the first permanent constitu-\\ntion of the State of Georgia was adopted. Archibald Bulloch\\nwas to continue as president until the legislature should elect\\nthe first governor.\\nBefore the end of February President Bulloch died, and on\\nthe -Jrth of ^larch Button Gwinnett (see sketch, j). 101) was\\nelected by the Council of Safety president and commander-\\nin-chief, to serve until a governor could be elected under the\\nnew constitution. Gwinnett at once issued a proclamation\\nordering a sjoecial election for members of a legislature, Avhicli\\nhe called to meet in Savannah the first Tuesday in May.\\nLachlan ^[clntosh had recently been made a brigadier-gen-\\neral and placed in command of the Georgia forces.\\nGwinnett had also been a candidate for the position of\\nbrigadier- general. When Mcintosh was chosen Gwinnett was\\nmuch disaj^pointed. When Gwinnett became president and\\ncommander-in-chief, he resolved to ignore and humiliate his\\nrival by heading in ^^erson an expedition against the British in\\nFlorida, who had invaded Georgia, captured Fort Mcintosh,\\nand committed other depredations. He did not allow ^Fcln-\\ntosh to accompany even his own brigade. But the expedition\\nwas badly planned, and fidled in every particular.\\nAYhile these things were going on, the special election for\\nmembers of the legislature had been held, and the first legis-\\nlature of the State of Georgia met in Savannah on the eighth\\nday of May, 1777. (Jwinuett Avas a candidate for the position", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "Death of Gwinnett.\\n95\\nof governor, but Jolm Adam Treutlen was elected by a large\\nmajority.\\ndefeat of\\ngratified\\nat the\\nGeneral Mclntosii was mucl\\nGwinnett, and\\ndid not hesitate to say so.\\nThis provoked Gwinnett,\\nwho sent him a challenge\\nto fight a duel. They\\nmet at sunrise within\\nthe limits of the present\\ncity of Savannah. They\\nexchanged shots at the dis-\\ntance of twelve paces\\nboth were Avounded in the\\nthigh. Gwinnett died\\ntwelve days after the duel.\\nMcintosh recovered, and\\nwas transferred by the advice of his friends to the Continental\\narmy, in the western districts of Virginia and Pennsylvania.\\nHOUSE WHERE THE FIRST LEGISLATURE MET.\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat is a colony A province A state When was Georgia a\\ncolony When a province When a state What form of govern-\\nment was chosen Why was the first government temporary Why\\nwas the convention called When did it meet Describe the Great\\nSeal. How was the government divided How was the governor to be\\nelected Who constituted the Executive Council What was the\\nHouse of Assembly Mention some provisions of the constitution.\\nName the first eight counties. Who succeeded President Bulloch\\nExplain the quarrel between Gwinnett and Mcintosh. Who was the\\nfirst governor of Georgia What was the result of Gwinnett s defeat\\nTOPICS.\\nTell about\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1. How the State was established. 4. The first eight counties.\\n2. Provisions of the constitution. 5. The first governor.\\n3. The Great Seal of State. 6. The Gwinnett-Mcintosh duel.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVII.\\nTHE BRITISH OVER-RUX GEOROIA.\\nAt this period Georgia occupied a very critical situation. Of all the colonies, none\\nwas so ill prepared to dispute the claims of the mother country. On the south, she was\\nexposed to the attacks of the British from Florida on the east, her coast was at the\\nmercy of the foe on the north and west, countless tribes of savages were ready to make\\ninroads upon her population. White s Hist. Coll. of Georgia.\\nJoHX Adam Treutlex, the\\nfirst governoi of the State of\\nGeorgia, was at once inaugurated.\\nThe Council of Safety Avas dis-\\nsolved, and an Executive Council\\nwas elected under the constitution.\\nDuring the months that followed,\\nthe ])eople were busy fortifying the\\ntowns, collecting provisions, and\\npreparing to stand the shock of\\nwar. Colonel Samuel Elbert suc-\\nceeded Mcintosh in command of\\nthe Georgia troops. Tories and Indians in East Florida made\\nfrequent raids into southern Georgia, murdering citizens, burn-\\ning houses, and stealing cattle. These marauders were under\\nthe command of the notorious Colonel McGirth.\\nWhen the legislature met on January 17, 1778, John\\nHoustoun was elected governor. Governor Treutlen being\\nineligible under the constitution for reelection. Governor\\nHoustoun, like Gwinnett, was very anxious to drive the\\nBritish from East Florida.\\nMajor-General Robert Howe, commander of the American\\narmy in the Southern States, had his headquarters at Savan-\\nJOHN A. TREUTLEN.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "THE BRITISH OVER-RUN GEORGIA. 97\\nnail. He was won over to Governor Houstoun s plans, and\\norganized an expedition to capture East Florida. He marched\\nthe Georgia brigade to the St. Mary s River, and waited for\\nother troops to arrive by sea. Hearing that a force of British\\nwere within fourteen miles of his camp. General Howe resolved\\nto attack them without waiting for the other forces. The\\nattack failed, however, and nothing came of the expedition.\\nWhile these events had been ha^jpening in Georgia, the AYar\\nfor Independence was being fought in the North. At first the\\nking s armies had triumphed. They captured New York City\\nand Philadelphia, and for a while held the entire State of New\\nJersey, with parts of New York and Connecticut. But the\\ntide had turned. One of the king s armies, under General\\nBurgoyne, had surrendered at Saratoga, and France, encour-\\naged by this success, had recognized the States as independent,\\nand promised to send soldiers and ships of war to assist them\\nin resisting the king. AVashington forced the British to\\nabandon Philadelphia, and gradually all the lost territory was\\nregained, so that, as the year 1778 drew to a close, nothing was\\nleft to the king except New York City and Newport.\\nUnder these circumstances, the British general. Sir Henry\\nClinton, determined to conquer Georgia and South Carolina.\\nHe sent Colonel Campbell from New York to Savannah with\\na fleet of ten vessels and thirty-five hundred men, and at the\\nsame time he ordered General Augustin Prevost {Pre-vo), com-\\nmander of the British forces in Florida, to invade Georgia\\nfrom the south.\\nGeneral Prevost organized two expeditions. One, under\\nLieutenant-Colonel Fuser, went by sea, and the other, under\\nLieutenant-Colonel Mark Prevost, marched overland. They\\nwere to meet at Sunbury. McGirth, with three hundred\\nTories and Indians, accompanied Lieutenant-Colonel Prevost.\\nOn the 19tli of November the invaders entered Georgia and\\nproceeded toward Sunbury. Colonel John Baker hastily col-\\nlected some militia to oppose them, but was compelled to re-\\n7", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "98 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\ntreat. On the 24tli a fight occurred near the Midway chnrch.\\nin which the Georgia militia were outnumbered and driven\\nback. General James Screven, who was severely wounded,,\\nwas taken prisoner by the British, and was killed by them\\nafter he had surrendered. Finding that Colonel Fuser had\\nnot reached Snnbury, Colonel Prevost burned the Midway\\nchurch and returned to Florida, plundering and burning all\\nthe dwelling-houses within reach.\\nColonel Fuser, having been delayed by head winds, reached\\nSunbury late in November, and summoned Colonel John\\nMcintosh, in command of Fort Morris, to surrender. To this\\nsummons Colonel Mcintosh made the bold reply Come and\\ntake it. Fuser, hearing of Prevost s return to Florida, raised\\nthe siege and retired to Frederica. The legislature of Georgia\\npresented to Colonel Mcintosh a sword, with the words Come\\nand take it engraved upon it.\\nOn the 27th of December, 1778, the fleet from Xew York\\nunder Colonel Campbell entered the Savannah Eiver and\\nanchored below the city. The news was brought to General\\nHowe, and he at once set to work to defend Savannah.\\nThe British landed a few miles south of Savannah, where\\nthey waited to learn Howe s position and strength. The\\nAmericans had chosen a strong position between a wooded\\nswamp and the Savannah Eiver. Their front was protected\\nby a stream, the bridge over which had been burned, and by\\na ditch filled with water from the marsh. Here they awaited\\nthe attack confidently, although they had less than seven hun-\\ndred men to oppose nearly three thousand British regulars.\\nThe British commander thought the American position was\\ntoo strong to be attacked in front, and he determined to find\\na way through the swamp by which he could pass around their\\nlines and attack them in the rear. By chance, he met an old\\nnegro man who knew the roads and pointed out a 2^ath lead-\\ning through the swamp directly to the rear of General Howe s\\narmy. This path had been left unguarded. Colonel Camp-", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "THE BRITISH OVER-RUN GEORGIA.\\n99\\nbell posted his artillery and drew up part of his force in line\\nof battle before the American lines^ as if about to make an\\nattack, but secretly sent his light infantry through the swamp\\nby the path, with the old negro as a guide.\\nWhile the Americans were engaged with the enemy in front,\\nthe regiments that had been sent through the swamp sud-\\ndenly appeared on their flank and in the rear. At the same\\nmoment the British artillery opened fire and a charge was\\nordered all along the line. Surrounded and outnumbered,\\nthe Americans fought gallantly, but resistance was in vain,\\nand they were driven\\nL from the field. The\\nBritish pursued them\\ninto Savannah.\\nSome were taken\\nprisoners, some were\\nwounded, and many\\nAvere run throng h\\nwith the bayonet in\\nthe streets of Savan-\\nnah by the British\\nsoldiers. General\\nHowe, with the rem-\\nnant of his army, re-\\ntreated up the Savan-\\nnah Eiver, and two\\ndays later crossed\\ninto South Carolina,\\nwhere he was relieved of his command, being superseded by\\nGeneral Benjamin Lincoln.\\nSavannah fell into the hands of the British, who plundered\\nthe houses of the patriots. Many of the leading citizens,\\nincluding the aged Jonathan Bryan, were arrested and con-\\nfined on prison ships. Colonel Campbell pressed on to Eben-\\nezer, which he captured, and this place became a British out-\\nSALZBURGER CHURCH.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "100 History of Georgia.\\npost for the rest of the war. The fine brick church of the\\nSalzburgers, built in 1T67, was used by the British troopers,\\nfirst as a hospital, and then as a stable for their horses. This\\nchurch is standing to-day.\\nGeneral Augustin Prevost, marching overland from Florida\\nwith several thousand soldiers, reached Sunbury on the 9th of\\nJanuary, and captured Fort ^lorris, with its garrison of two\\nhundred and twelve officers and men and all the stores of war.\\nHe then proceeded to Savannah, where he took command of\\nthe British forces in Georgia. Colonel Campbell, with a\\nthousand men, was sent out from Savannah to capture\\nAugusta, the only post in Georgia held by the Americans.\\nColonels Brown and McGirth commanded the advanced\\nguard, and were defeated in Burke County by a band of\\nGeorgians under Colonels John Twiggs and Benjamin and\\nAVilliam Few. Two days later they were again defeated, but\\nColonel Campbell coming to their assistance, the Georgians\\nwere forced to retreat, and Augusta was captured without a\\nstruggle. Colonel Brown, notorious for his cruelty, was left\\nin command, and Colonel Campbell nuirehed into Wilkes\\nCounty. Many families fled to South Carolina. Georgia\\nwas thus completely occupied by the armies of the king.\\nParties of royalists and Tories went through the country,\\nburning houses, stealing property, and terrifying tlie people.\\nA noted Tory named Boyd led a large band of these ^\\\\\\\\u\\\\-\\nderers into AVilkes County. Colonel Pickens, of South Caro-\\nlina, and Colonel John Dooly, of Georgia, with a small force,\\nhad crossed the Savannah River and had defeated the British\\nforces at Carres Fort, which they were besieging. They\\nabandoned the siege and started in pursuit of Boyd, and were\\nreenforced by one hundred dragoons under Colonel Clark.\\nOn the night of the 13th of February they cami)ed at Clark s\\nCreek, and early the next morning they surprised l^oyd in his\\ncamp at Kettle Creek, where his men had turned out tlieir\\nhorses and were preparing breakfast. A bloody fight fol-", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "The British Over-run Georgia. loi\\nlowed, in which Boyd was killed and his band captured or\\nscattered. The Americans captnred six hundred horses and\\na large quantity of arms and clothing. This victory at this\\ntime gave renewed courage to the patriots of Georgia^, and is\\nknown as the battle of Kettle Creek.\\nInstances of adventure and hair-breadth escapes were fre-\\nquent at this time. Desiring to know more about the defences\\nof Augusta, Colonel Samuel Elbert sent a young lieutenant,\\nnamed Hawkins, to get the information. Near an outpost\\nHawkins came suddenly ujoon three Tories. To avoid them\\nAvas impossible, so he advanced and boldly inquired Who\\nare you and where are you going They replied that they\\nwere on their way to join the British commander McGirth.\\nHawkins had on a British uniform, and so he said: 1 am\\nMcGirth but I take you to be rebels, and shall turn you over\\nto my camp, near by. They protested their innocence, and\\nupon the order of Hawkins placed their guns on the ground.\\nNo sooner had they done this than he levelled two pistols at\\nthem and shouted Hold up your hands They were\\ngreatly astonished, but obeyed the order, and were marched\\nin front of Hawkins back to the American camp.\\n[Button Gwinnett was born in England, and came to Georgia in 1772.\\nIn 177G he represented Georgia in the Continental Congress, and his\\nname is affixed to the Declaration of Independence. He was a member\\nof the convention of 1777 to frame a constitution for Georgia. On the\\ndeath of Archibald Bulloch he became President of Georgia.]\\n[Of the birth and education of John Adam Treutlen but little is\\nknown. He was a member of the Provincial Congress of 1775, from the\\nparish of St. Andrew. Having been driven out of Georgia by British\\nand Tories, he moved to South Carolina, where he established himself,\\nwith his family, in a block-house. Here he met a most tragic death.\\nAttacked by British and Tories, who deceived him by declaring that all\\nthey wanted was food, he unbarred his doors, when he was immediately\\ntaken out and drawn and quartered in the presence of his family. His\\ngrave is unmarked, and Georgia so far has failed to respect his memory\\nby naming any county in his honor.]", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "102 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\n[John Ploustoun was among the earliest and most zealous patriots\\nin the colony. He was appointed in 1775 to represent Georgia in the\\nContinental Congress, and also in 1776. His name would have been\\nsigned to the Declaration of Independence, but he returned to counter-\\nact the evil influence of Dr. Zubly, who was opposed to the measure. In\\n1777 he was elected a member of the Executive Council, and, in 1778,\\nbecame Governor of Georgia. He died at White Bluff, near Savan-\\nnah, July 20, 179G.]\\nQUESTIONS\\nWhat occurred during the administration of Governor Treutlen\\nWho succeeded him as governor What expedition did he plan\\nWho commanded it The result What war was going on in the\\nNorth Give some of the events that had occurred. What did General\\nClinton now propose What two expeditions did General Prevost\\norganize V Who opposed the invaders With what success What\\nof General Mcintosh s defence of Fort Morris What fleet appeared\\nbefore Savannah V Describe the attack on the city. Why were the\\nenemy successful How did the British treat the inhabitants of Savan-\\nnah What place was Colonel Campbell sent to capture How much\\nof Georgia was held by the British at this time Describe the battle\\nof Kettle Creek. What of Hawkins s adventure\\nTOPICS.\\nTell about\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1. Governor Treutlen s adminis- 5. General Prevost s expedi-\\ntration. tion.\\n2. Governor lloustoun s adminis- 6. Capture of Augusta.\\ntration. 7. Battle of Kettle Creek.\\n3. Expeditions against Savannah. 8. Lieutenant Hawkins s adven-\\n4. Ca{)ture of Savannah. ture.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVIII.\\nTHE PROGRESS OF THE WAR IN GEORGIA.\\nGovernor Wright, at Savannah, supported l)^ the king s army, was striving to re-create\\nthe royal government while at Augusta the members of the Sui)reme Executive Council,\\ninvested with unlimited powers, yet sadly deficient in all material appliances, were\\nendeavoring to perpetuate the sovereignty of a republican State, just born into the sister-\\nhood of nations, and to arm, feed, and clothe a patriot band, few in numbers yet brave\\nof heart, fighting for home and property and liberty. Chakles C. Jones, Jr.\\nDuring the months of January and February, 1779, while\\nthe British were in possession of Georgia, the southern divi-\\nsion of the Continental army rested quietly at Purysburg on\\nthe Savannah River, in South Carolina, about forty miles\\nabove Savannah. At this point General Lincoln could protect\\nthe Carolinas from invasion while he was drilling and equip-\\nping the raw recruits sent in from the Carolinas. By the end\\nof February he had collected about five thousand men in his\\ncamp, and he had at his command three or four thousand\\nmore at different points in South Carolina along the Savan-\\nnah River. Colonel Campbell, in command of the British\\nforces at Augusta, became very much alarmed at the situation.\\nThe defeat of Boyd at Kettle Creek had broken up the Tories,\\nand Colonels Clark, Pickens, and Dooly were moving against\\nAugusta from the north. A few thousand men thrown across\\nthe Savannah River would completely cut him off from the\\nmain body of the British army. In the latter part of Feb-\\nruary he hurriedly abandoned Augusta, not even taking time\\nto destroy the militaiy stores which he could not carry with\\nhim, and took a position at Hudson s Ferry, on the Savannah\\nRiver, thirteen miles below the mouth of Brier Creek.\\nAlthough his army was badly armed and badly equipped,", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "104 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nG-eueral Lincoln felt that he was strong enough to make an\\neffort to drive the British from Georgia, and on the 1st of\\nMarch sent General Ashe, with twenty-three hundred men,\\nacross the Savannah Eiver, to occupy a strong position and\\nhold it until the entire American army could be concentrated\\nthere. General Ashe chose a position which he regarded as\\nparticularly strong, on the north side of Brier Creek. Feeling\\nvery confident of the strength of his position, he sent out\\nvarious scouting parties, retaining only about eight hundred\\nmen in camp. Part of these Avere militia, armed with shot-\\nguns and rifles.\\nColonel Campbell, hearing of General Lincoln s plans, de-\\ntermined to prevent the concentration by attacking and defeat-\\ning General Ashe before the other generals could join him.\\nThe British commander, Avith nine hundred regulars, crossed\\nBrier Creek some distance above General Ashe s position, and\\nAvas not discovered until he arrived Avithin a mile of the\\nAmerican camp. The long roll Avas sounded and the line of\\nbattle Avas hastily formed, but the j^oorly armed and raw\\nrecruits Avere no match for the British regulars. The Ameri-\\ncan centre and right Aving gave Avay at the first attack, and\\nthe men took refuge in the SAvamps of the Savannah Kiver.\\nSome SAvam to the South Carolina shore, but many Avere\\ndroAvned in the attempt. The left Aving, consisting of one\\nhundred and fifty Georgia militia and sixty Continentals,\\nunder General Samuel Elbert and Colonel John Mcintosh,\\nmade a gallant fight. Notwithstanding the overAvhelming\\nforce against them. General Elbert continued the conflict\\nuntil nearly every man in his command Avas either killed,\\nAvounded, or captured. He himself Avas taken prisoner.\\nGeneral Ashe escaped Avith such of his command as could\\nfolloAV him through the SAvamps, leaving three hundred and\\nforty men dead or prisoners, and nearly all his arms and camp\\nequipments in the hands of the British. The large number\\nof slain Avas due to the order of a British otficer Avho cried out", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "The Progress of the War in Georgia. io5\\nto his men Every man of yon that takes a prisoner shall\\nlose his ration of rum/ The enemy lost only sixteen men.\\nThis disaster was keenly felt by General Lincoln, who\\nwas compelled to abandon his campaign for the relief of\\nGeorgia.\\nIn April following, General Lincoln decided to occupy\\nAugusta in order to prevent supplies being sent in to the\\nBritish army at Savannah and leaving General Moultrie at\\nPurysburg with twelve hundred men to protect Carolina, he\\nset out for Augusta wdth about two thousand men. As soon as\\nGeneral Prevost heard of this\\nhe put his army in motion,\\ncrossed the river at Purys-\\nburg and marched toward\\nCharleston. General Lincoln\\nhastened to protect Charles-\\nton, and General Prevost re-\\ntreated to Savannah. A\\nmonth later. General Lachlan\\nMcintosh, who had distin-\\nguished himself under General\\nWashington, was sent back to\\nGeorgia to take command of\\nthe forces in the State. He was second to General Lincoln,\\nwho remained in South Carolina with the main body of the\\narmy.\\nWhen Savannah fell Governor Houstoun and the Council\\nwithdrew to Augusta and summoned the General Assembly to\\nmeet them in January to elect a Governor. But ten days\\nlater Colonel Campbell s troops occupied Augusta, and the\\nState officers sought refuge in the Carolinas. Consequently\\nthere was no meeting of the Assembly. The State was with-\\nout a regular governor and council. After Augusta was\\nabandoned by the British, the legislature met there, but did\\nnot have a quorum. The few members present elected a new\\nGENERAL LACHLAN McINTOSH.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "100 History of Georgia.\\nexecutive council. John Wereat was elected President of the\\nCouncil and acted as Governor.\\nFrance had sent a great fleet under Count d Estaing to assist\\ntlie States in their struggle for independence. This fleet re-\\nmained for a while at Sandy Hook, intercejitino; British ships,\\nand sailed to the West Indies to j^i otect French interests.\\nIn August, 1779, General Lincoln, with the assistance of tlie\\nl^ rench minister and Governor Rutledge of South Carolina,\\npersuaded Count d Estaing to bring his fleet to assist in recap-\\nturing Savannah. The French fleet consisted of twenty-two\\nships of the line, ten frigates, and one cutter. They reached\\nthe coast of Georgia the 1st of September.\\n(ieneral Prevost, in Savannah, hearing that the French fleet\\nliad come, sent orders for all outposts to fall back into the\\ncity, and for all boats to retire up the river. lie began\\nto fortify the city thoroughly, working the soldiers, sailors,\\nand a large body of negroes night and day. The cannon\\nwere taken from the ships of war and mounted around the\\ncity, and a messenger was sent to Colonel ]Maitland at Port\\nRoyal to come at once to Savannah.\\nAmong the outposts ordered into Savannah by Prevost was\\na large body of British under Captain French at Sunbury.\\nThey tried to bring flve vessels, manned by forty sailors and a\\nbody of over a hundred soldiers, up by the coast inlets and\\ncanals to Savannah before the Americans could cut them oif.\\nBut head winds delayed them, and they landed about fifteen\\nmiles from Savannah, hoping to march up into the city with-\\nout being found out. The Americans heard of their presence,\\nand Colonel John White, of the Georgia line, resolved to cap-\\nture them if he could. When he told how he intended to do\\nit, the officers laughed at him. He took only six men to help\\nhim, and quietly went by night to the neighborhood of the\\nBritish cam}). Here he and his companions built a number\\nof ciini}) fires such as would be used by a large force of men.\\nThey moved around the fires, showing themselves as much as", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "THE PROGRESS OP THE WAR IN GEORGIA. 107\\npossible. Mounting horses, they galloped up and down the line\\nof the camp fires, issuing orders in loud tones, as if command-\\ning several hundred men. They appeared first at one end of\\nthe camp and then at the other in rapid succession. These\\nmovements deceived the British completely, who thought\\nthemselves surrounded by a large body of Americans.\\nAt last Colonel White dashed into the British camp and\\nrode up to the officer in command. Surrender at once, sir,\\nsaid he. I am in command of the American soldiers you\\nsee yonder. They are restless for the attack, and I cannot\\nrestrain them any longer. If they fall upon your men they\\nwill cut your whole force to pieces. At this time a man\\ndashed up on horseback and demanded of Colonel White,\\nWhere shall I place the artillery, sir V Keep them back,\\nsir, keep them back. The British will surrender,^ replied\\nAVhite in excited tones. Go and send me six guides to\\nSunbury. The British officer thanked Colonel White for\\nrestraining his men, and readily surrendered. The six guides\\narrived and took charge of the prisoners, nearly one hundred\\nand fifty in all. Colonel AVhite went back, as he said, to hold\\nhis cavalry in check and prevent them rushing on the prison-\\ners. The five vessels were burned, the guns and ammunition\\nstored in a hiding-place, and the 2)risoners brought safely to the\\nAmerican lines at Sunbury.\\nD Estaing moved up the river, capturing several vessels\\nnear Tybee. September 12th, he sailed up Vernon River and\\nlanded his troops at Beaulieu, the old home of President Wil-\\nliam Stephens. He then marched toward Savannah, and\\ncamped three miles from the city.\\n[John Wereat was an early and decided advocate of American lib-\\nerty. He was a member of the first Provincial Congress in 1775, a\\nspeaker of the Provincial Congress of 1776. In 1782 the people west\\nof Augusta suffered a great deal from lack of food. Wereat employed\\nhis negroes and boats for a considerable time in carrying rice to relieve\\ntheir wants. He died in Bryan County in 1798.]", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "108 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\n[Lachlan Mcintosh was born in Scotland, 1725. His father had come\\nto Georgia in 1786 with a company of Highlanders, and settled at Darien.\\nLachlan studied mathematics under Oglethorpe himself. He became a\\ndistinguished soldier, of w^hora Washington said: I esteem him an offi-\\ncer of great merit and worth. He died in Savannah in 1806.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat of General Lincoln Why was Augusta abandoned by the British\\nWhat were General Lincoln s plans? What of General Ashe? What did\\nColonel Campbell do? Describe the. battle of Brier Creek. Why did\\nGeneral Lincoln abandon Georgia? What general took command in\\nGeorgia? What had become of the State officers? What of the French\\nfleet? What did General Prevost do Describe Col. John White s cap-\\nture. What did D Estaing do?\\nTOPICS.\\nTdJ ahoiff\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1. Augusta s being abandoned. 4. The State government.\\n2. General Lincoln s plans. 5. The French fleet.\\n3. The battle of Ashe Creek. 6. Colonel WhiteVs exploit.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIX.\\nTHE ATTACK UPON SAYANXAH.\\nWhile I regret the misfortune, I feel very sensible pleasure in contemplating the gal-\\nlant behavior of the officers and men of the French and American army and it adds not\\na little to my consolation to learn that instead of the mutual reproaches which too often\\nfollow the failure of enterprises depending upon the cooperation of troops of different\\nnations, their confldeuce in and esteem for each otlier are increased. George Washing-\\nton to General Lincoln.\\nCOUNT C. PULASKI.\\nOn the loth of September, 1779,\\nCount d Estaing sent a letter to Gen-\\neral Prevost, demanding the ^^surren-\\nder of Savannah to the arms of the\\nKing of France/^ The British defences\\nwere still incomplete the cannon were\\nnot mounted, and it would have been\\nimpossible for them to offer a successful\\nresistance if an assault had been made.\\nGeneral Prevost needed time to com-\\nplete these defences, and so he proposed\\na truce for twenty-four hours, and\\npromised to give his answer at the end of that time. Count\\nd Estaing consented, and most unfortunately for the American\\ncause. During the night the fortifications were finished, and\\nthe British garrison was reenforced by the arrival of eight hun-\\ndred soldiers under Colonel Maitland from Port Royal. At\\nthe end of the twenty-four hours General Prevost replied that\\nhe would hold the city until driven out of it.\\nOn the 16th the American army under General Lincoln\\nmarched down from Ebenezer and took a position on the north\\nside of the city. The American cavalry were west of the city.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "110 History of Georgia.\\nand tlie French forces were camped south and southwest. Xow\\na re uhir siege was begun. Short sallies, skirniishevS, and firing\\nof cannon occurred almost daily. The bombardment made no\\nimpression on the forts around the city, but the people of Savan-\\nnah suffered a great deal. A letter written by an eye-witness\\ndescribing the scene says The poor women and children have\\nsuffered beyond description. A number of them in Savannah\\nhave already been put to death by our bombs and cannon. A\\ndeserter has this moment come out, who gives an account that\\nmany of them were killed in their beds, and, amongst others,\\na poor woman with an infant in her arms was destroyed by a\\ncannon-ball. They have all got into cellars, but even those do\\nnot escape the fury of our bombs.*\\nWhen the siege had continued about three weeks, Count\\nd Estaing grew impatient. ^lany of his soldiers and sailors\\nwere sick, and the coming of autumn with its storms threat-\\nened his fleet. lie therefore resolved to storm the works and\\ncapture the city, and General Lincoln unfortunately gave his\\nconsent. At three o clock on the morning of October 9th,\\ntwenty-five hundred men were set in motion for the enemy s\\nworks. The assault was to have been made before the day\\ndawned, but the troops were delayed by the darkness, and\\nit was daylight when they reached the edge of the woods\\nbefore the enemy s lines. The battle was begun by an attack\\non the left, intended to draw the attention of the British from\\nthe right, the real point to be attacked; but the British were\\nnot deceived by this, as a deserter had informed them of\\nthe plans, and they had posted their best soldiers where the\\nassault was to be made. As soon as the cannon began firing\\non the left, the French troops mm ed forward. Count d Es-\\ntaing was at the head of the column, and led his soldiers up\\nthe ])reast works to the very mouth of the cannon. His troops\\nfell thickly about him, and he was wounded in the shoulder.\\nThe bravest men could not stand the deadly fire, and the col-\\numn was driven back. Count d Estaing rallied his troops,", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "The attack upon Sayaxnah. hi\\nre-formed his lines, and charged again^ only to be again driven\\nback. In the third charge he was again wounded, and was\\nborne from the field.\\nAt the same time an American column, led by Colonel\\nLaurens, advanced toward Spring Ilill redoubt, the strongest\\nof all the forts. They were received with a galling fire from\\nthe guns of the fort. Many were cut down, but their comrades\\npressed on. They reached the ditch and passed it. They\\nclimbed the parapet, and planted on its top the flag^of South\\nCarolina, a flag that had been presented to the regiment by\\nMrs. Elliott, of Charleston. A storm of shot drove back\\nthe brave men, and cut down the stafi: of the flag. Sergeant\\nWilliam Jasper saw that it would fall into the hands of the\\nBritish, and leaped again on the wall, seized the fallen flag,\\nand carried it back to the regiment. At that moment he re-\\nceived a mortal wound. He was borne from the field, and on\\nhis death-bed said, I have got my furlough and, pointing\\nto his sword, continued That sword w^as presented to me\\nby General Rutledge for my services in defence of Fort Moul-\\ntrie. Give it to my father, and tell him that I have worn it\\nwith honor. If he should weep, say to him his son died in the\\nhope of a better life. Tell Mrs. Elliott that I lost my life sup-\\nporting the colors which she presented to our regiment.\\nBetween the French and American armies. Count Pulaski,\\nmounted on a beautiful black horse, rode at the head of the\\ncavalry. The i: lan was for him to hold his command in\\nreserve nntil the works were carried by one of the assaulting\\ncolumns. In the midst of the conflict, Pulaski thought\\nhe saw an opening in the enemy^s works, and resolved to\\ncharge through with his legion and a detachment of Georgia\\ncavalry. Piding in advance, Pulaski shouted to his men to\\nfollow, and they rode at full speed after him. As they\\nreached the gap between two batteries, a cross-fire poured a\\nshower of shot into their ranks. Pulaski fell, wounded in the\\nbreast and in the thio-h. In the retreat he was left where he", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "112\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nfell, but Captain Thomas Glascock, a young Georgian of\\nPulaski^s legion, returned with a few men through a storm\\nof shot and shell and rescued his wounded leader. Pulaski\\nwas placed on an American A^essel, and was attended by the\\nFrench surgeons, but he died a few days later on the way\\nto Charleston, and his body was dropped into the ocean.\\nThe repulse was complete. The French and American\\nsoldiers had done all that brave men could. The British\\nforts could not be carried, and a\\nthousand dead and wounded lay\\nupon the field of battle. Two of the\\nheroes of the Eevolution, Count\\nPulaski and Sergeant Jas2:\u00c2\u00bber, had\\nsacrificed their lives for the liberty of\\nGeorgia. In after years the legisla-\\nture named a county in honor of\\neach, and the people of Savannah\\nhave erected in their public squares\\nmonuments to the men who gave\\ntheir lives to redeem that city.\\nThe next day a truce was agreed upon, and the dead were\\nburied. Count d Estaing took his broken army on board his\\nships and sailed away. General Lincoln retreated to Eben-\\nezer, and thence to Charleston. For the time, Georgia was\\nagain completely in the hands of the British.\\n[About this time there lived in Liberty County a famous partisan by\\nthe name of Robert Sallette, of whose exploits the following accounts\\nliave been written: He appears to liave been a sort of roving character,\\ndoing things in his own way. The Tories stood very much in dread of\\nhim, and well they might* foi never had they a more formidable foe.\\nOn one occasion a Tory who possessed considerable property offered a\\nreward of one hundred guineas to any person who would bring him\\nSallette s head. This w\\\\is made known to our hero, who provided liim-\\nself with a bag, in which he placed a pumpkin, and proceeded to the\\nhouse of the Tory, and told h-im that, having understood he had offered\\none hundred guineas for Sallette s head, he had it with him, and that he\\nGENERAL THOMAS GLASCOCK.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "The attack upon savannah. 113\\nwas ready to deliver it provided the money was first counted out for him.\\nThe Tory, believing that the bag contained Sallette s head, laid down the\\nmoney, upon which Sallette pulled off his hat, and placing his hand upon\\nhis head, said Here is Sallette s head. This answer so frightened the\\nTory that he immediately took to his heels, but a well-directed shot from\\nSallette brought him to the grouiul.\\n[Thomas Glascock, a son of William Glascock, Speaker of the House\\nof Representatives, was born at Augusta, Ga. He served as captain\\nin Pulaski s Legion. He subsequently became colonel in the war with\\nthe Creek Indians, and later was made brigadier-general. He was\\ntwice elected to Congress, He died at Decatur in 1841.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat letter did D Estaing send to General Prevost What reply did\\nPrevost make? Why? W^hat occurred during the truce? What did the\\nAmerican and French army then do Describe the sufferings of the\\ncitizens during the bombardment. What did D Estaing resolve to do,\\nand why Describe the first attack. Tell of D Estaing s bravery, and\\nhow he was wounded. What of the American column What of\\nSergeant Jasper? Tell how he was wounded. What did he say on his\\ndeath-bed Describe the conduct and death of Pulaski. What was the\\nresult of the attack on Savannah How are Pulaski and Jasper hon-\\nored? What did D Estaing and Lincoln do?\\nTOPICS.\\nThe Repulse at Savannah\\n1. Summoned to surrender, 5. D Estaing wounded.\\n2. Prevost s strategy. 6, Death of Jasper.\\n3. Bombardment. 7. Death of Pulaski.\\n4. The charge at daybreak. 8. The repulse.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XX.\\nAUGUSTA TAKEX AXD RETAKEX.\\nThe condition of the republicans in Georgia was indeed deplorable. Driven from\\nSavannah and tiie seaboard, compelled to evacuate Augusta, hemmed in by hostile Indians\\non the frontier, and confined mostlj to a few scattered settlements in and around Wilkes\\nCounty, they lived in daily peril, had almost daily skirmishes with regular Tories or\\nIndians, were harassed with alarms, were surprised by ambuscades, were pierced with\\nwant, and had one long, bitter struggle for simple existence, with scarce a ray of hope to\\nlight up the future. Stevens History of Georgia.\\nAfter the repulse of the Ameri-\\ncans, Sir James Wright, wlio liad\\nreturned in July previous and re-\\nsumed his office of governor of the\\nprovince, issued a proclamation prom-\\nising protection to all (leorgians who\\nwould submit to British rule. He\\ncalled a Provincial Assembly, which\\nconvened at Savannah in May fol-\\nlowing, and passed an act declaring\\nall officers of the State of Georgia\\nto be traitors and all their prop-\\nerty forfeited to the crown.\\nAt Augusta, John Wereat, president of the Council, was\\nacting as governor. On the 4th of ISTovember, 1779, he\\nIssued a proclamation calling for the regular election, on the\\nfirst Tuesday in December, of members of a General Assembly,\\nto meet in Augusta in January following, and authorizing the\\ncitizens of the southern counties which were held by the Brit-\\nish to cast their votes for delegates wherever it might be most\\nconvenient for them to do so. A few days after the proclama-\\nGENEKAL ELI.JAH CLARKE.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "AUGUSTA TAKEN AND RETAKEN. 115\\ntion was issued^ George Walton denounced as illegal the elec-\\ntion of AVereat and the Council in August preceding. He\\npersuaded a number of refugees from the southern counties,\\nwli o had been members of the previous assemblies, to organize\\nat Augusta a body called a General Assembly. This assembly,\\nalthough unconstitutional, elected George Walton governor.\\nThus, at the time of sore trial the re2:)ublic was divided into\\nfactions, and for over a month had two acting governors,\\nneither of whom was legally elected. The General Assembly\\nelected in December, 1779, met in Augusta on the 4th of\\nJanuary, 1780, and elected Eichard Howley governor. The\\ndefenceless condition of Augusta made it so unsafe that the\\nassembly designated Heard s Fort, where Wasliington, in\\nWilkes County, now stands, as a place of meeting if it became\\nnecessary to leave Augusta. A month later Heard s Fort\\nbecame the temporary capital of the State of Georgia. Gov-\\nernor Howley left the State to take his seat in the Continental\\nCongress, and George Wells, the president of the Council,\\nacted as governor during his absence. Upon the death of\\nPresident AYells on the 18th of February, Stephen Heard, of\\nAVilkes County, was elected president of the Council, and\\nacted as governor for some time.\\nCharleston fell in ^lay, and Augusta was at once occupied\\nby a British force under Colonels Brown and Grierson, two\\nTory officers. Brown was living in Augusta when the people\\nrebelled against the king, and had given such offence to the\\ncitizens that he had been tarred and feathered and carried\\nthrough the streets in a cart by an angry mob. He made his\\nescape from Georgia, vowing vengeance against all patriots.\\nBeing now intrusted with the command of the British forces\\nat Augusta, he had an opportunity for revenge. He seized\\nall the property of the republicans, and then issued an order\\nbanishing them and their families beyond the limits of Geor-\\ngia. All who remained Avere compelled to take the oath of\\nallegiance to the king, and Colonel John Doolv, one of the", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "116 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nleading patriots, was murdered in his liome, in the ^^I esence of\\nhis wife and children.\\nThe 2^ itriots of Georgia and Carolina had not entirely lost\\nheart. Colonel Elijah Clarke, who had been with the Conti-\\nnental army in Xorth Carolina, returned home and set about\\ncollecting troops to retake Augusta. Five hundred men were\\ngotten together, and on the 14th of September marched to\\nAugusta. An attack was made on the Indian camp at Hawk s\\nGully, and Brown and Grierson, the British officers, came to\\ntheir support. Being hotly pressed, the British took refuge\\nin a strong building called Seymour s White House. Tliis\\nthey defended. Colonel Clarke laid siege to the house for\\nfour days. Brown was wounded, and many of his men were\\nkilled. The British were on the point of starvation, and were\\nnearly famished for water. They were iibout to surrender\\nwhen reenforcements from Ninety-Six arrived, and the Amer-\\nicans Avere forced to retreat, leaving thirty wounded soldiers\\nin the hands of the British.\\nThe cruelty of Brown was again shown in his treatment of\\nthese wounded prisoners. He caused thirteen of them to be\\nhanged just outside of his sick-room, on a staircase, where he\\ncould see them swing off. The others he gave up to the\\nIndians to be tortured to death.\\nIn May, 1781, Colonel Henry Lee, who Avas cidled Light-\\nHorse Harry,^^ and was the father of General Robert E. Lee,\\narrived near Augusta with a body of troops. He came for the\\npur])ose of making another effort to take Augusta from the\\nBritish. He was joined by General Pickens, of South Caro-\\nlina, and Colonel Elijah Clarke, with a body of Georgia troops.\\nClarke had found out that a large supply of Indian presents\\nand firearms were placed in Fort Galphiii, at Silver Bluff, on\\nBeech Island, twelve miles below Augusta. He told Pickens\\nand Lee of this, and they undertook to reduce this stockade\\nfort before Brown could find out and defeat their intention.\\nThe attack was nnidc with such spirit that the fort soon gave", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "Augusta taken and Retaken. in\\nnpj with one hundred and twentj-six prisoners, besides arms,\\nammunition, blankets, and salt enough to supply the whole\\narmy. This fort had been named for George Galphin, an\\nIndian trader, whose home had been upon the bluff. (See\\nNote, Chapter XI Y.)\\nAugusta was defended by Forts Grierson and Cornwallis, the\\nformer being on the site where the upper market stood, and\\nthe latter on the site of 8t. Paul s Church, with a large open\\nplain between them. The British commanders. Brown and\\nGrierson, had taken refuge in these forts. General Pickens\\nformed his troops between the forts, and placed his batteries\\nto i^lay upon both. Just before the attack Grierson aban-\\ndoned Fort Grierson, and tried to join Brown in Fort Corn-\\nwallis. The Americans were prepared for this move, and\\nopened a deadly fire on the retreating garrison. Very few\\nescaped many were killed, and many captured. Colonel\\nGrierson was taken prisoner, and shot by one of the Georgians\\non account of his cruelties to the people.\\nThe Americans surrounded Fort Cornwallis, and began their\\nplans to reduce it. The ground was so level and open that\\nthe fort could not be carried by storm. Colonel Lee pro-\\nposed to erect a wooden tower, to fill it with brick and dirt,\\nto mount cannon on the top of it, and thus to command the\\ninside of the fort. The tower was built behind an old house,\\nbut Brown discovered the work and made several bloody\\nsallies from the fort in order to destroy it. The tower was\\nfinished, cannon were placed upon it, and fire was opened\\nupon the fort. Brown saw that further resistance was use-\\nless. He surrendered June 5, 1781, with all his arms and\\nammunition. The trooj^s marched out, and were carried to\\nSavannah. Brown was protected from the enraged people by\\na ^special escort. Augusta was again in the hands of the\\nAmericans. Major James Jackson was in command, while\\nPickens and Lee led their soldiers back into South Carolina.\\nTo illustrate the heroism of the women at the time, the fol-", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "AUGUSTA Taken and retaken 119\\nlowing anecdote is told of Xancy Hart, who lived on the fron-\\ntier. She was tall, strong, fiery tempered, cross-eyed, and\\ncordially hated the Tories. A party of these gave her a call\\nand ordered a hreakfast. Nancy soon had the smoking\\nviands spread hefore them, and with apparent hospitality\\nnrged them to eat. They stacked their arms in one corner of\\nher cabin, and sat down to the meal with jesting and mirth.\\nQuick as thought the dauntless woman sprang to the guns,\\njerked one up, cocked it, and with an oath swore she would\\nshoot the first Tory that dared move. All were terror-\\nstricken, for each thought from her cross-eyes that he was the\\none she was looking at. Go, said she to one of her chil-\\ndren, and tell the Whigs that I have taken six base Tories/\\nOne of the men made a motion to advance upon her, and,\\ntrue to her threat, she fired, and he fell dead upon the floor.\\nSeizing another musket, she brought it to bear upon the\\nothers, in readiness to fire. By this time her husband and\\nseveral Whigs had arrived, and, at Nancy s suggestion, who\\nswore shooting was too good for them, the Tories were taken\\nout and hanged. The place where her cabin stood is pointed\\nout to-day in Hart County, a county named in her honor by\\nthe men of Georgia.\\n[General Elijah Clarke was born in North Carohna about 1785. He\\ncame to Georgia in 1774 and settled in Wilkes County. When the war\\nbroke out Clarke took the field, and the only regiment raised in upper\\nGeorgia was commanded by him. His famous Wilkes riflemen inspired\\nthe Whigs with hope and struck terror to the Tories and Indians. When\\nGeorgia and South Carolina were abandoned to the British, and the\\nforces of the United States were withdrawn, Clarke alone kept the field,\\nand his name spread terror through the whole line of British posts.\\nClarke was a man of fine presence, and of striking, bold, and resolute\\nforce. The State of Georgia, by act of the legislature, gave him a plan-\\ntation in acknowledgment of his services. General Clarke died in his\\nhome in Wilkes County, December 15, 1779.]\\n[George Walton was born in Virginia in 1740, and received no other\\neducation save that he acquired by his own elf orts. He was apprenticed to", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "120 HISTORY OF (iEORGIA.\\na carpenter, but such was liis zeal for knowledge that he studied at night\\nby a light-wood fire, his master not allowing him a candle. He moved to\\nGeorgia and began to practise law. He was elected to Congress six\\ntimes, and his name is signed to the Declaration of Independence. At\\nthe capture of Savannah he was taken prisoner, but was exchanged in\\n1779. a few months before he was elected governor. After the war he\\nbecame judge of the Superior Court, and died in Augusta in 1804.]\\n[Richard Uowlcy was a lawyer by profession. He represented Liberty\\nCounty in the legislature, and was elected governor in January, 1780.\\nWhen the State was overrun by the British, a council of ofl cers was held\\nnear Augusta, in which they determined to retreat to Xorth Carolina,\\nand they narrowly escaped capture on the way. ]McCall says The\\nvalue of paper money was at that time so depreciated that the governor\\ndealt it out by the quire for a night s lodging for his party, and if the\\nfare was anything extraordinary, the landlord received two quires.\\n[Stephen Heard was born in Ireland, and with his father moved to\\nVirginia during the period of the French war. Later on, when many\\nfamilies were moving from Virginia, Heard came to Georgia, and settled\\nin Wilkes County. When the war broke out he joined Elijah Clarke and\\nhis riflemen, and served nobly at Kettle Creek and other battles. Dur-\\ning a portion of the time when Georgia was overrun by the British he\\nwas president of the Executive Council. After the war he was one of the\\nmost influential citizens of Wilkes County.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat of Sir James Wright and the Provincial Assembly? What of\\nJohn Wereat? How did Georgia have two acting governors? Who was\\nelected governor in 1780? What of Heard s Fort? Who occupied\\nAugusta in May? Whatof Brown Describe Clarke s attack on Augusta.\\nHow did Brown show his cruelty? What of Col. Henry Lee? What\\nhappened at Fort Galphin? Describe the capture of Augusta. Tell the\\nstory of Nancy Hart.\\nTOPICS.\\nTell about\\n1. The British in Georgia. 4. Elijah Clark s attack.\\n2. The State government. 5. Capture of Fort Cornwallis.\\n3. Brown in Augusta. 6. Story of Nancy Hart.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXI.\\nGEORGIA TS RECOGNIZED A8 FREE AND INDEPENDENT.\\nThe duty we have done in Georgia was more difficult than that imposed upon the\\nchildren of Israel. They had only to make bricks without straw, but we liave had pro-\\nvision, forage, and almost every other apparatus of war to procure without money boats,\\nbridges, etc., to build without materials except those taken from tlie stump and what\\nwas more diflacult than all, to make Whigs out of Tories. Letter of General Wayne.\\nThe capture of Augusta restored\\nall the northern counties to the\\nAmericans^ and the Continental\\narmy in the State was strong enough\\nto j^rotect them from the advances\\nof the British. The citizens who\\nhad been driven from their homes\\nduring the past two years now re-\\nturned, and in August, 1781, the\\nGeneral Assembly met at Augusta\\nand elected Dr. Kathan Brown son\\ngovernor.\\nThe British still held the city of\\nSavannah, Avhere Governor AVright\\nwas claiming to act as governor, but Ebenezer, on the Savan-\\nnah River, and the posts on the Great Ogeechee Ferry and at\\nSunbury were the only outposts held by them. The Conti-\\nnental troops in Georgia were commanded by General Twiggs\\nand Major James Jackson. Major Jackson attempted to take\\nthe Ogeechee post, but was forced to retreat. However, he\\ncompelled the British to abandon Ebenezer and retire to\\nAvithin a few miles of Savannah.\\nOn the 19tli of October, 1T81, General Cornwallis, coni-\\nGENEBAL ANTHONY WAYNE.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "122 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nmander of the British forces at Yorktowu, Va., surrendered\\nhis entire army to General Washington. The news of this\\nvictory filled the patriots with joy, and the Tories lost heart.\\nIt was evident to every one that the States would win their\\nindependence. The British only occupied a few jilaces in\\nAmerica^, and the English people were not willing to equip\\nnew troops to continue the war.\\nIn January, 1782, the General Assembly met at Augusta\\nand elected John Martin governor. Although the people\\nwere rejoicing in the certainty of victory, much distress pre-\\nvailed in Georgia. Food was scarce and sickness was general.\\nPi-ices for all the necessaries of life were very high. Salt sold\\nat two dollars a quart, and a pair of shoes for twenty-five or\\nthirty dollars. As the farmers had turned soldiers, or had\\nbeen driven from their homes, few crops had been raised, and\\na famine threatened the whole country.\\nThe soldiers who were fighting the battle of liberty were\\nonly half-clothed and many of them barefooted. One hun-\\ndred and fifty Virginia troops had marched three hundred\\nmiles barefoot over mountains and hills to join the Georgia\\narmy. When they arrived they Avere in great distress for\\nshoes, and other clothing, but the people of Georgia were\\npowerless to help them. It was difficult to furnish them even\\nwith food.\\nIn January, 178 General Anthony ayne, known in his-\\ntory as Mad Anthony, was sent to Georgia by the Conti-\\nnental Congress to take command of the Continental troops.\\nlie brought with him a body of dragoons and a detachment of\\nartillery, and was joined soon after his arrival by three hun-\\ndred mounted men from South Carolina. The presence of\\nGeneral Wavne s army greatly strengthened the State. Gov-\\nernor Martin at once issued proclamations, inviting all citi-\\nzens who had submitted to the British rule to unite them-\\nselves with the State of Georgia, and calling upon the soldiers\\nto desert the kinsf. Manv former citizens who had been com-", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "GEORGIA FREE AND INDEPENDENT, 1^3\\npelled to accept the protection of the British government, and\\nsome who had joined the British army, took advantage of this\\noffer and came into General Wayne s camji.\\nThe British were very mnch alarmed when they heard of\\nG-eneral Wayne s arrival, and prepared to defend Savannah.\\nThe garrison there amounted to only a little over a thousand\\nmen, and these were scantily supplied with food and arms.\\nThe American army hemmed them in on all sides, and cut off\\nsupplies from every direction except by sea. The notorious\\nColonel Brown, who had collected a body of Indians near\\nOgeechee Ferry, was pursued by General AVayne. Wayne\\npushed through a thick swamp, reached the Indian camp in\\nthe dead of niglit, and drove Brown and his party into the\\nwoods. All the arms and horses of the party were captured,\\ntogether with thirty 2: risoners. This was the last battle of the\\nRevolution in Georgia.\\nIn Ma3^ 1782, orders came from the king to Governor\\nWright to surrender Savannah and to return to England.\\nGovernor Wright opened correspondence with General AVayne,\\nand all the details were arranged between them. The king\\nhad sent ships to take away the British soldiers and the\\nTories who had taken refuge in Savannah. By the 21st of\\nJuly everything was ready for the departure of the British,\\nand the American army was drawn up in dress parade to\\noccupy the city. Major James Jackson had been selected by\\nGeneral Wayne to receive the city. This honor was conferred\\non him because of his bravery, and the prominent part he had\\ntaken in driving the British from Georgia. Governor Wright\\nformally delivered the keys of Savannah to Major Jackson,\\nand he marched into the city at the head of his troops. The\\nfirst capital of Georgia, which had been held by the British\\nfor three and a half years, was again in the hands of the\\nState.\\nGovernor Martin and the other State officers came at once\\nto Savannah. The legislature was called together and much", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "124 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nimportant business was transacted. The home of one of the\\nroyalists, which had been confiscated, was presented to Major\\nJames Jackson in recognition of his distinguished services.\\nTwo phmtations Avere bought by the legishiture, and one of\\nthese was presented to General Greene and the other to Gen-\\neral Wayne, both of whom became citizens of Georgia.\\nThe long war was over. Peace and liberty had come. A\\npreliminary treaty of peace was signed at Versailles on the\\n30tli of November, 1782, in Avhich England recognized the\\nindependence of Georgia and the other States in America, and\\nsettled their boundaries. All the other states in Europe had\\nalready recognized the independence of the American States.\\nThe final treaty of j^eace was not signed until Se]:)tember 3,\\n1783. This treaty made the Mississi2:)pi Kiver the western\\nboundary of Georgia, and the thirty-first parallel of latitude\\nthe southern boundary between the Mississippi Elver and the\\nChattahoochee. The same day England sis^ned a treaty of\\npeace with France and one with Spain, the two European states\\nthat had come to our assistance in our struggle for indepen-\\ndence. All three treaties took effect at the same time. In the\\ntreaty with Spain, England ceded back to that nation East\\nand AVest Florida. The northern boundary line of West\\nFlorida had originally been the thirty-first parallel of latitude\\nbut a few years before the Eevolution, the province had been\\nextended northward to the mouth of the Yazoo River, and a\\nline extending from that point east to the Ghattahoochee had\\nbeen made the northern boundary. The people of Georgia\\nand the other States knew nothing of this change. But the\\nSpanish troops under General Galvez, (xovernor of Louisiana,\\nhad captured the Floridas during the war and occupied the\\ncountry along the Mississi2)i)i as far as the present site of\\nVicksburg, where they had a fort. If the student will draw\\nthis line on the map it will be seen that the territory between\\nthe mouth of the Yazoo River and the thirty-first parallel of\\nhititude was in this way ceded to the United States as a part", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "QUESTIONS. 125\\nof the State of Georgia, and also to Spain. Both Georgia\\nand Spain claimed this territory, and a few years later a great\\ndeal of trouble grew out of the conflicting claims. The people\\nof Georgia never admitted that the change of the northern\\nboundary line of West Florida had been legally made.\\n[Anthony Wayne was born in Pennsylvania in 1746. He was a farmer\\nand land surveyor. In 1775 he entered the Continental army as colonel,\\nand distinguished himself throughout the Revolutionary War. After\\nthe war he became a citizen of Georgia, and lived upon the plantation\\nwhich the legislature presented to him. He was a delegate from his\\ncounty to the State Convention in 1787 to frame a constitution. He was\\none of the representatives from Georgia in the Second Congress of the\\nUnited States, serving from October, 1791, to March, 1792. Major\\nJames Jackson contested his seat, and it was declared vacant. A new\\nelection was ordered, but he refused to be a candidate, and John Milledge\\nwas elected. Shortly after, he reentered the military service of the\\nUnited States, being commissioned Major-General and Commander-in-\\nChief of the armies sent against the Indians in the Northwest Territory.\\nHe died in December, 1796, and was buried in his native county of\\nChester, Pennsylvania.]\\n[Nathan Brownson was a physician of Liberty County. He was an\\nearly supporter of the rights of his country, and was connected with the\\nGeorgia Brigade as surgeon. He was quiet and dignified, and full of\\ngood sense. He died on his farm in Liberty County, 1796.]\\n[John Martin was an active defender of the rights and liberties of his\\ncountry. He was a member of the first Provincial Congress, fie\\nentered the army as a captain, and afterwards rose to the rank of lieu-\\ntenant-colonel. He represented Chatham County in the legislature. It\\nwas during his term of office that provisions were very scarce in Georgia.\\nThe legislature had to purchase supplies for the governor and council.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat was the result of the capture of Augusta When and where\\ndid the General Assembly meet Who was elected governor What\\nplaces were still held by the British Who was acting as governor at\\nSavannah What event, important to the whole country, occurred in", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "126 History of Georgia.\\nOctober What was the general effect of this surrender Who was\\nelected governor in 1782 What was the condition of affairs in Georgia\\nat this time V Why were food and clothing so scarce What general\\nwas now placed in command oC the Continental troops in Geoi-gia\\nWhat forces did he bring with liim? Wliat proclamations did Governor\\n.^lartin issue What of the capture of Colonel Brown What orders\\ncame from the king Describe the surrender of Savannah to the\\npatriots. When was the treaty of peace signed? Whnt disputes about\\nboundaries afterwards arose out of this treaty? What officers were\\nrewarded by the legislature for their services\\nTOPICS.\\n1. The war in Georgia. 4. General Wayne s advance.\\n2. British posts. o. Surrender of Savannah.\\n3. Want and sufferhig. 0. Treaty of peace.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXII.\\nGEORGIA IX THE C0:N^FEDERATI0X, 1783-1^\\nIt affords me the most agreeable sensations to contemplate tlie happy change in the\\naffairs of this country and it is among the first of my wishes that you may long, long\\nenjoy the blessings of freedom and independence. Gen. Nathanael Greene.\\nThe British had all left Georgia.\\nThe ill effects of the war were still\\nfelt, but the people cheerfully went\\nto work to build up the State they\\nhad established and defended.\\nIn 1783, Lyman Hall was elected\\ngovernor. One of the first things\\nto eno ao e the attention of the legis-\\nlatare was the confiscation that\\nis, taking possession of the lands,\\nNATHANAEL GREENE. houscs, stock, uegrocs, and other\\nproperty belonging to those persons\\nwho had given help to Enghmd during the war. Their property\\nwas sold for the benefit of the State. The property of Sir\\nJames Wright, valued at $160,000, was confiscated. This was\\ndone because the king had confiscated all the proj^erty of the\\npatriots in Georgia, while his troops held the State. The\\ngreat Land Act of 1783 was passed by this legislature.\\nNow that the State was at peace within and without its\\nborders, the attention of the people was turned to the sub-\\nject of education. The Constitution of 1777 declared that\\nSchools shall be erected in each county and supported at the\\ngeneral expense. In July, 1783, the legislature established\\nRichmond Academy at Augusta, and endowed it with a tract", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "128\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nof land. This academy was the first and is now the oldest\\nchartered school in Georgia, and the present building stands\\nupon the orginal survey of two thousand acres set apart as its\\nendowment. The legislature also authorized the establish-\\nment of free schools in other counties. Chatham Academy\\nwas established five years later.\\nIn November, 1783, commissioners for the State met the\\nRICHMONU ACADEMY, AUGUSTA, GA. CHARTEUED 17S1\\nchiefs of the Creeks at Augusta and made a treaty with them\\nby which the State received another cession of land to the\\nnorth and west of Wilkes County.\\nIn 1784, John Houstoun was elected governor. The new\\nterritory was at once laid out by the legislature into the coun-\\nties of Franklin and Washington. To reward the brave patri-\\nots of the Eevolution who had risked everything and lost much\\nfor their country, a tract of land was given to each one for a\\nhome, to be located in these new counties. The Land Court", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "Land Acts. 129\\nwas opened in Augusta^ and warrants were given to over four\\nthousand persons, all of whom had served the State in some\\nway during the war. A warrant generally contained a grant\\nof Hvvo hundred and fifty acres of good land, which was to\\nbe exempt from taxation for ten years. These warrants\\nwere called Head-riglit Land Warrants. In addition to these,\\neach head of a family had the right to locate a tract of land\\nby paying a small fee. Grants were made to soldiers from\\nother States who had served Georgia during the war. In this\\nway many Virginians came to the State and settled on Broad\\nRiver, where they were known for many years as the Virginia\\ncolony. They furnished some of the most prominent men of\\nthe State, and many of their descendants are now living in\\nWilkes, Columbia, Elbert, Lincoln, and other counties.\\nSpecial grants of land were made to other persons on account\\nof their services to Georgia. Twenty thousand acres were\\ngranted to Count D Estaing for his bravery at Savannah and\\nhis devotion to the cause of liberty. This gift greatly affected\\nthe noble count, who was then ill from a dangerous wound.\\nHe wrote a letter of grateful acceptance, in which he said:\\nThe mark of its satisfaction which the State of Georgia\\nwas pleased to give me, after I had been wounded, was\\nthe most healing balm that could have been applied to my\\npains.\\nBesides distributing bounties to the soldiers, the Act of 1784\\nhad still another great purpose. It contained provisions for\\ngranting forty thousand acres of land as an endowment of a\\ncollege or seminary of learning. This land Avas to be laid\\nout of the new counties of Franklin and Washington and was\\nthe original endowment of the university. The purpose Avas\\nto sell this land and use the money to build and equip the uni-\\nversity which the legislature first intended to locate at the\\nState capital. We shall learn more about this later on.\\nSavannah as the seat of State government was unsatisfactory\\nto the people. In those days, when travelling was done by\\n9", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "130\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nstage or on horseback and generally over bad roads, the set-\\ntlers in the back country or on the newly ceded lands found it\\ndifficult to go so far. In 1783 the Council resolved that the\\nexecutive department, consisting of the governor and his\\nCouncil, should meet in Augusta for three months, during\\nJune, July, and August. The legislature met there at the\\nsame time. For the next two years the legislature met in\\nSavannah, but it adjourned in 1785 to meet in Augusta in\\nCHATHAM ACADEMY, SAVANNAH, GA. CHARTERED, 1788.\\n1786. The legislature of 1786, at Augusta, resolved to find\\nanother location for the State capital, and appointed commis-\\nsioners to choose a suitable site, witliin twenty miles of Gal-\\nphin s old town, on the Savannah River, and to name the\\nplace Louisville. The government lionse and lot in Savannah\\nwere to be sold, and the money applied to purchasing the land\\nand erecting tlie public buildings in Louisville. Until the", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "Treaty of Beaufort, 131\\nnew capital was ready for occupation, it was decided that the\\n23lace of meeting of the legislature, the residence of the gov-\\nernor and the other officers of the State House, should be at\\nAugusta. In this way Augusta became the seat of govern-\\nment in 1786, and continued so for ten years.\\nThere was a dispute of long standing between Georgia and\\nSouth Carolina regarding boundary lines. South Carolina\\nclaimed that the northern line of Georgia should be run from\\nthe mouth of the Tugaloo River, since the River Savannah\\nloses its name at the mouth of the Tugaloo. Georgia\\nclaimed that the northern line should be run from the head-\\nwaters of the Keowee River.\\nSouth Carolina also claimed all the lands lying west of a\\nline drawn from the headwaters of the St. Mary s River to the\\nheadwaters of the Altamaha River. South Carolina appealed\\nto the Continental Congress in 1785, and a court was selected\\nto hear both sides. Georgia was notified to appear and answer\\nthe comjjlaint of South Carolina. Before this court could\\nmeet, however, the two States agreed to settle the dispute\\nbetween tliemselves in a friendly way, and appointed commis-\\nsioners, who met at Beaufort, in South Carolina, in 1789 and\\nmade a treaty known as the Treaty of Beaufort. The com-\\nmissioners agreed that South Carolina had no just claims to\\nany lands west of the Savannah River. This disposed of the\\nclaim of South Carolina for lands in the southern part of the\\nState. They also agreed that the Tugaloo and not the\\nKeowee was the main stream of the Savannah River, and\\nthat the northern line of Georgia was to be run due west from\\nthe most northerly branch of the Tugaloo River.\\nWhen the line was run it was found that a strip of territory\\ntwelve miles wide and extending to the Mississippi River was\\nthe property of South Carolina. South Carolina ceded this to\\nthe United States, by whom it was held until 1802.\\nA sad incident of the year 1786 was the death of Gen. Na-\\nthanael Greene. At the close of the war he had come to", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "132 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nGeorgia to live, at a beautiful home fourteen miles above\\nSavannah, called \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Mulberry Grove, an estate granted him\\nby the legislature. While at work on his farm he was over-\\ncome by the heat of the sun, and died in a few days. His\\nbody was brought down the river on a barge and met by a\\nlarge procession of peoj^le. He was buried with military hon-\\nors and mourned for by the whole nation. A few months\\nbefore his death the legislature had ordered the county of\\nWashington to be divided and a new county organized, named\\nGreene, and a town laid out named Green esboro.ugh.\\nIn 1785 Samuel Elbert had been elected governor. He was\\nsucceeded in 1786 by Edward Telfair. In 1787 George Mat-\\nthews was elected to this office. During his term Georgia\\ntook a very important step, which changed its relations to the\\nother States. Of this we shall study in the next chapter.\\n[Lyman Hall was l)orii in C oinieeticut, in 17 31, and was a graduate\\nof Yale College. He studied medicine, moved to South Carolina, and\\nthence to St. John s Parish, or the County of Liberty, in Georgia. He\\nrepresented Georgia in the Continental Congress, and was a signer of the\\nDeclaration of Independence. He moved to Burke County, where he died\\nill the sixty-sovcntli year of his age.]\\n[Saiiiuel Elbert was born in South Carolina in 1740. He was left an\\norphan at an early age, and came to Savannah looking for work. He\\nwas a member of the Council of Safety, and when the war broke out took\\nthe field as an officer of high rank and was engaged in a numlier of bat-\\ntles in Georgia and elsewhere, and was made major-general by the legis-\\nlature. He died in Savannah in 1788.]\\n[Edward JV lf;tir was l)()rii in Scotland in 1735. When twenty-three\\nyears old he came to Virginia as an agent of a mercantile house. He\\nafterwards moved to North Carolina, and thence to Georgia, where he.\\nengaged in business in Savannah. He was a member of the brave band\\nwho, led by Joseph Habersham, broke open the powder magazine in\\nSavannah. He was a member of the Continental Congress until 1788.\\nHe died in Savannah, September. 1807.]\\n[(Jeorgc Matthews was born in Virginia. At the beginning of the\\nRevolution he joined the army of Washington. In a skirmish he was", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "Questions and Topics. 133\\ntaken prisoner, and confined on board a prison-ship in the harbor of New\\nYork. After his exchange he joined the army of General Greene. In\\n1785 he purchased a tract of land called the Goose Pond, on Broad River,\\nin Georgia. He died in Augusta, in 1812, and was buried in St, Paul s\\nchurchyard.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat engaged the attention of the legislature of 1783 What did\\nthe Constitution of 1777 declare regarding schools What of Richmond\\nAcademy Chatham Academy What cession was made in 1783\\nWhat two new counties were formed What about rewarding the\\npatriots What court was opened What did each warrant generally\\ngrant What about the grant to D Estaing What was another pur-\\npose of the Land Act What complaint was made regarding the loca-\\ntion of the capital What was decided on in 1786 How long did the\\nlegislature meet in Augusta What dispute had arisen with South\\nCarolina Describe the Treaty of Beaufort. What of the twelve-mile\\nstrip Relate the incident of the death of General Greene. Name the\\ngovernors from 1783 to 1787.\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Confiscation. 5. Changing the capital.\\n2. Education. 6. Treaty of Beaufort.\\n3. Rewarding the patriots. 7. Death of General Greene.\\n4. Endowing a university.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "EPOCH V.\\nGeorgia in tine Federal Union,\\nCHAPTER XXIII.\\nGEORGIA ENTERS THE UXIOX OF STATES.\\nGeorgia was the fourth State to ratify this great instrument which gave shape and\\npermanence to a government for which the Americans had been strii^ling against\\noppression for twenty-five years. Stevens^ History of Georgia.\\nAVhex Georgia and tlie twelve other States first called them-\\nselves the United States of America, in 1776, they had niiited\\nonly in the Declaration of Independence and in fighting for\\nliberty. The first written agreement which bonnd them\\ntogether was the Articles of Confederation. These Articles\\nwere agreed npon in 1778, and at once ratified by Georgia;\\nbut they did not take effect nntil the last State signed them in\\n1781, when the war was nearly over. The United States as a\\nConfederation had no President, no conrts, and no congress\\nlike onrs of to-day. There was only a congress nsnally known\\nas the Continental Congress, to which each State sent dele-\\ngates, bnt this body had no powers of government over the\\nStates.\\nAfter peace Avas made with England it soon became evident\\nthat the Articles of Confederation were not eqnal to the\\nneeds of the conntry. George AVashington said: We are\\nthirteen independent sovereignties, eternally counteracting\\neacli other. A closer union of these separate States was\\nneeded. For this purpose a general convention of delegates", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "Georgia Enteb.^ the Union.\\n135\\nABKAM BALDWIN.\\nfrom each State met in Philadelphia, and in September, 1787,\\nagreed upon a Constitution of the United States which was to\\nbe submitted to each State for its adoption or rejection. This\\nConstitution proposed to unite the thirteen States into one\\nfederal republic and to establish a government for the Union.\\nA great English statesman, William E.\\nGladstone, has said of it: The Ameri-\\ncan Constitution is the most wonderful\\nwork ever struck off at a given time by\\nthe brain and purpose of man. The\\nConstitution was signed by Abram Bald-\\nwin and AVilliam Few, from Georgia.\\nIt was now necessary for each State\\nto decide for itself whetber it would\\naccept this Constitution of the United\\nStates and thus enter the Union, or\\nreject it and stay out of the Union.\\nFor this purpose the legislature of Creorgia called a convention\\nto meet in Augusta to consider the Constitution, and to adopt\\nor reject any part or the whole\\nthereof.\\nThe leading men of the State\\nw^ere elected as delegates to this con-\\nvention. John Wereat was chosen\\nPresident. After due considera-\\ntion the Constitution was adopted\\nwithout any change, January 2.\\n1788. and Georgia thus agreed to\\nenter the Union of the States.\\nGeorgia was the fourth State to\\nratify the Constitution. When\\nthe last name was signed to the\\nresolution of agreement, a body of soldiers, stationed near the\\nhouse where the convention was in session, llred a salute of\\nthirteen guns in honor of the event.\\nWILLIAM FEW.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "136 History of Georgia.\\nThe first election under the Constitntion was held in Jan-\\nuary, 1789. and the 4th of March following was fixed as the\\ndate when the old confederation should be dissolved and the\\nnew government of the United States be organized. The\\nfirst Congress was to meet in ew York city, then the seat of\\ngovernment of the United States, but when the 4tli of ]\\\\[arch\\ncame only a few members Avere present, and it was late in\\nApril before a majority of the newly elected senators and rep-\\nresentatives from the different States arrived. James Gunn\\nand William Few were the first two United States senators\\nfrom Georgia, and Abram Baldwin, James Jackson, and\\nGeorge Matthews were the Representatives from Georgia in\\nthis first Congress. On the 30th of April, George Washington\\nwas inaugurated first President of the United States. During\\nhis second administration, Jose})h Habersham, of Georgia, was\\nappointed postmaster-general of the United States.\\nThe adoption of the Constitution of the United States\\nmade it necessary to revise the Constitution of Georgia. A\\nconveiition for that purpose met in Augusta in Xovember,\\n1788, and after twenty days of deliberation a new State Con-\\nstitution was agreed upon. This new Constitution was printed\\nand distributed over the State, and made subject to another\\nconvention which met in Augusta in January, 1789. This\\nconvention met and proposed certain changes, and called a\\nthird convention to meet the following May. This last con-\\nvention adopted the Constitution for the State, known as the\\nConstitution of 1789. It was agreed to by the governor, and\\na salute of eleven guns was fired in honor of the eleven States\\nwhich had thus far ratified the Constitution of the United States.\\nThe Constitution of 1789 was an improvement on the Con-\\nstitution of 1777, and showed that the people had made prog-\\nress in the matter of self-government. The Executive Coun-\\ncil was abolished and a Senate was established, with powers\\nsimilar to those of the Senate of to-day. The governor was\\nto serve two vears instead of one.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "Washington Visits Georgia. 137\\nIn 1788 George Handley was elected governor^ and served\\nwhile the Constitution was undergoing revision. He was suc-\\nceeded in January, 1789, by George Walton. The new Con-\\nstitution went into effect in October, 1789. Edward Telfair\\nwas elected the first governor under the new Constitution.\\nScarcely had the new governor been inaugurated, when the\\nState was called on to join the nation in a day of thanksgiving\\nand prayer. November 26, 1789, the people of Georgia ob-\\nserved their first Thanlvsgiving day, with grateful hearts to the\\nAlmighty for many and signal favors, especially by affording\\nthem an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of govern-\\nment for their safety and happiness.\\nDecember, 1790, the State was divided into three Congres-\\nsional districts. The counties of Camden, Glynn, Liberty,\\nChatham, and Effingham composed the lower district; Burke,\\nKichmond and Washington, the middle district AVilkes,\\nFranklin, and Greene, the upper district. James Jackson\\nwas elected to represent the lower district; Abram Baldwin, the\\nmiddle district; George Matthews, the uj)per district.\\nGeorge Washington, the first President of the United States,\\nmade a visit to Georgia in May, 1791. AVhen he reached\\nSavannah he was met by a large gathering of people from all\\nover the State. An escort of horse travelled witli him through\\nthe country up to Augusta, where the governor and the peo-\\nple Avarmly welcomed him. At Augusta he visited the Rich-\\nmond Academy and listened to an exhibition of declamation\\nby the students. He Avas so pleased with the speakers and\\nthe performance of the young orators that he secured a list of\\ntheir names, and on his return home sent each of them a book.\\nWashington remained in Georgia one week, and on the day of\\nhis leaving was escorted to the bridge over the Savannah River\\nby the governor and his officers.\\n[The names of the delegates who represented Georgia at different times\\nin the Continental Congress, dnring the Confederation, are as follows\\nAbram Baldwin, Nathan Brownson, Archibald Bulloch, Joseph Clay,", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "138 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nWilliam Few, William Gibbons, Button Gwinnett, John Habersham,\\nLyman Hall. John Houstoun, William Houstonn. Richard Howley, Noble\\nWimberly Jones, Edward Langworthy, William Pierce, Edward Telfair,\\nGeorge Walton, Joseph Wood, John J. Zubly.]\\n[George Handley was born in England, in 1752, and came to Savannah\\nat the beginning of the Revolution. He was engaged in the main battles\\nof Georgia and South Carolina. At the close of the war he moved to\\nAugusta. He held various other offices until his death in 1793.]\\n[William Few was l)orn in Maryland in 1748. He was descended\\nfrom William Ffew, who came to this country with William Penn.\\nAfter studying law, he began practice in Augusta. He was in the Con-\\ntinental Congress, and in the convention that framed the Federal Consti-\\ntution. He died in New York in 1828.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat was now the condition of the thirteen American colonies What\\nof the Articles of Confederation What did George Washington say?\\nWhat was needed When, where, and by whom was the Constitution\\nof the United States agreed upon What has Gladstone said of it\\nWho signed on behalf of Georgia Describe the way Georgia entered\\nthe Union When did the government of the United States begin\\nWho were the Senators from Georgia The Representatives? Wlio was\\npostmaster-general from Georgia? What can you say of the Constitution\\nof 1789 Who was the first Governor under this Constitution Men-\\ntion other Governors at this time. Describe the first Thanksgiving day.\\nWhat al)out the Congressional districts? Describe the visit of Washing-\\nton to Georgia.\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Constitution of the United States. 3. The Constitution of 1789.\\n2. How adopted by Georgia. 4. Other events of 1789-1791.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIV.\\nELI WHITNEY AXD THE COTTON GIN.\\nWhat Peter the Great did to make Russia dominant, Eli Whitney s invention of the\\nCotton Gin has more tlian equalled in its relation to the power and progress of the United\\nStates. Macaxtlay.\\nCotton was not known to the people of Georgia, except as\\na garden plant, nntil after the Revolntionary war, at which\\ntime it w^as said that there was a plantation of thirty acres of\\nffreen seed cotton nnder culture near Savannah. In 1784\\neight bags of cotton were shipped to England, and seized\\non the ground that so much cotton could not be produced in\\nthe United States. In 1786 sea-island cotton was first raised\\non the coast of Georgia, and two years later its exportation was\\ncommenced by Alexander Bissell, of St. Simon s Island. The\\nseeds were obtained from the Bahamas. It was not difficult to\\nseparate the lint from the seed of the sea-island cotton, but\\nthis valuable staple grows only on the islands and along the\\ncoasts.\\nThe cotton which grows everywhere else in Georgia is called\\nthe short-staple cotton, and the lint adheres very firmly to the\\nseed. There was a machine for cleaning the long-staple cotton,\\nbut the upland cotton had to be picked from the seed by\\nhand. A negro could not clean more than a pound of upland\\ncotton in one day. A man and his family could hardly pick\\nout more than eight or ten pounds. If a large crop was planted\\nthere were not hands enough to separate the seed from the lint.\\nThis kept the farmers from planting upland cotton. It was\\nnot a profitable crop. They raised corn, wheat, oats, live stock,\\nand other things. In the year 1 791 only three hundred and", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "140\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nlunety-nine bales of cotton were exported from all the United\\nstates.\\nAbout this time a young man named Eli Whitney was living\\nin Georgia at the home of Mrs. Xathanael Greene^, fourteen\\nmiles above Savannah. He was born in Massachusetts, and\\nhaving just graduated at Yale College, had come South toward\\nthe end of 1792 to teach school and practise law. ^frs. Greene\\nhad invited him to make her house his home. While there he\\nhad made several things that gave her confidence in his power\\nof invention. One day some visitors at the house of Mrs.\\nGreene were regretting that it was such a hard matter to clean\\nthe upland cotton, and said that it was a pity that there was\\nnot a machine for this purpose. Mrs. Greene said, Ask\\nMr. W^hitney to make a machine for you. He can make any-\\nthing. Some raw cotton and cotton seed were given to\\nWhitney, wlio had never seen any up to that time. He at once\\nset to work to see\\nwhat he could do.\\nHe labored for\\nseveral months un-\\nd e r m u ch d i ffi-\\nculty. He had to\\nmake his own wire\\nand tools. Mrs.\\nGreene and another\\nfriend were the\\nonly persons per-\\nmitted to see the\\nmachine, but others\\nheard of it, and were so anxious to know how it would work\\nthat before it was quite finished the shop was broken open and\\nhis model machine carried off. The result of this was that\\nWhitney s idea became known, and before he could make\\nanother machine and get it patented there were others in\\noperation based u])on his invention.\\nWHITNEY COTTON GIN.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin. 141\\nWhitney made another machine which was a complete suc-\\ncess. The accompanying cut is a picture of the original cotton\\ngin which he invented and patented. He built a factory to\\nmake his machines, near Augusta, and about two miles south\\nof the city the dam is still to be seen which held the water to\\nrun his works. These machines were at first called cotton\\nengines, but this name was soon contracted into cotton\\ngins.\\nA few years later he went to Connecticut and began to man-\\nufacture his cotton gins on a large scale. So valuable was the\\ngin that the legislature of South Carolina granted him 150,000\\nfor the use of his invention. North Carolina also gave him\\na royalty on the use of his gins for five years. Farmers now\\nbegan to plant cotton in the uplands. By using the cotton\\ngin a 23lanter could clean for market a thousand pounds of\\ncotton a day instead of five or six as before by hand. This\\nmade a rapid increase in tlie amount of cotton raised. Eight\\nyears after this invention seven thousand bales of cotton were\\nexported from Georgia alone, and the number has increased\\nsteadily ever since.\\nAVhitney was a great benefactor to the cotton States. His\\ninvention made the raising of cotton the great industry of the\\npeople of the South and the chief source of their wealth.\\nLands that had been regarded of little value were now sought\\nfor and planted in cotton. N^ew towns grew up all over the\\nState.\\nAnother event of the same year excited as much interest at\\nthe time as the invention of the cotton gin. A citizen of\\nSouth Carolina named Chisholm brought suit against the State\\nof Georgia in the Supreme Court of the United States. The\\nofficers of Georgia refused to recognize the summons or to\\npermit lawyers to appear for the State. They held that each\\nState was a sovereign. Now a sovereign, being supreme, can-\\nnot be sued by a citizen. Therefore, they declared, the clause\\nof the Constitution which authorized the suit Avas void from", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "142 HISTORY OP GF.ORGIA.\\nthe very Jiature of tilings. The court decided in favor of\\nChishohn, but Governor Telfair threatened to imprison an}^\\nmarshal who attem})ted to execute the decree. The other\\nStates all agreed that each State was a sovereign, but there\\nwas a difference of opinion as to the authority of the court\\nunder the Constitution. To settle this question forever, the\\neleventh amendment to the Constitution was proposed and\\nadopted. This amendment recognized the sovereignty of each\\nState by declaring distinctly that the Constitution should not\\nbe construed to give citizens power to sue a State. Its adop-\\ntion was due to Georgia s firm stand in the historic case\\nChisholm versus the State of Georgia. The Chisholm suit\\nwas then abandoned.\\n[The Mexicans and Peruvians appear to have understood tlie manu-\\nfacture of cotton cloth long before Columbus discovered America.\\nColumbus found the plant growing wild in the West Indies, and Cortes\\ngathered it in abundance to quilt the jackets of his soldiers as a protec-\\ntion against the arms and darts of the ^lexicans. In the United States\\ncotton seeds were first planted as an experiment in 1021. In liie prov-\\nince of Carolina the growth of the cotton })lant is noticed in IGtiG.J\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat about the planting of cotton up to this time? What of short-\\nstaple cotton? What of sea-island cotton? Flow was lint separated\\nfrom the seed? How much cotton was exported from the United States\\nill r7!)l? What of Eli Whitney? Tell the story of the invention of the\\ncotton gin. What was the effect of the invention? How was Eli Whit-\\nney a benefactor to the cotton States?\\nTOPICS.\\nLef the pupil fell\\n1. Why cotton planting was un- 4. The difficulty of his labors,\\nprofitable. 5. The success of liis machine.\\n2. Who Eli Whitney was. G. Tlie eleventh amendment to\\n6. How Whitney hajipened to in- the Constitution.\\nvent the gin.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXV.\\nYAZOO FRAUD.\\nThe last legislature, not confining itself to the powers with which that body was\\nconytitiitionally invested, did usurp a power to pass the obnoxious act, contrary to\\nconstitutional authority and repugnant to the democratical form of government of the\\nState. Hescmding Act.\\nIn Xovember, 1793, George\\nMatthews was cliosen a sec-\\nond time governor of Georgia.\\nWhile he was governor an event\\noccnrred known as the Yazoo\\nFraud, which for many yeai s was\\nthe cause of great excitement and\\nbitterness.\\nThe territory of the State of\\nGeorgia at this time embraced\\nnearly all the present States\\nof Alabama and Mississippi.\\nGeorgia s claim to that part of\\nthis territory called British West Florida, was disputed by\\nSpain, and also by the general government. We need not\\nconsider these disputes here. It is enough to know that\\nGeorgia did possess large tracts of land west of the Chatta-\\nhoochee River.\\nIn 1789, four stock companies were formed for the pur-\\npose of purchasing from the legislature of Georgia a 23art of\\nthis western land. They were called Yazoo companies, from\\nthe Yazoo River, which ran through the territory proposed to\\nbe purchased.\\nJAKED IRWIN.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "144 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nThe legislature with undue haste passed an act selling to\\nthese companies large tracts of land for a very small price.\\nThe companies, however, did not comply with all the provi-\\nsions t)f the law, and the sale was never completed. Thus\\nthe first attempt to buy the western lands was a failure.\\nIn 1794 new companies were formed and the legislature was\\nagain approached on the subject. These new companies pro-\\n])osed to buy a much larger tract of hind.\\nGovernor ^Matthews Avas not in favor of selling the lands.\\nA committee of agents from the com2:)anies called to see him\\nand argued the case with him. Still he opposed the sale, and\\nwlien the bill was passed, promptly vetoed it.\\nThis checked the success of the companies for a while, but\\ntlie objections of the governor were at length overcome, and\\nhe stated his willingness to sign the bill if certain changes\\nwere made. Accordingly, a new bill was introduced, under a\\nnew title, but in reality for the same purpose. The bill was\\npassed by the legislature and signed by the governor, and\\nbecame the law of the land.\\nThe four companies under this grant were The Georgia\\nCompan3% The Georgia-Mississippi Company, The\\nTennessee Company, and The Upper Mississippi Com-\\npany. Thirty-five million acres were sold for a half million\\nof dollars, which was about one and a half cents an acre.\\nThus we see that the legislature sold a tract of land nearly\\nas large as the present State of Georgia for a very paltry sum\\nof money. This was the famous Yazoo Act, and was passed\\nin Augusta in January, 1795. The accompanying map, which\\nis a copy of an old map made at the time, shows the location\\nof the grants.\\nThe people of the State, who all along had opposed the sale\\nof these western lands, were very indignant that the legisla-\\nture had sold so much land at so small a price. The legisla-\\nture and the governor were accused of having been bribed to\\npass the act, and the people demanded its repeal. It was", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "Yazoo Fraud.\\n145\\nsaid that the governor s secretary was violently opposed to the\\npassage of this act, and dipped the pens in oil, so that when\\nGovernor Matthews went to sign the act tlie pens would make\\nMAP OF THE GRANTS\\nOF THE\\nGEORGIA WESTERN TERRITORY\\nReproduced from Dr. Morse s American Qazetteer, 1797.\\nno mark. It took only a few moments, however, to get other\\nquills and make new pens for that purpose.\\nOne of the senators from Georgia at this time was the\\nyoung and brave James Jackson. He had been elected in\\n1793 to succeed William Few. When he heard of the attempt\\n10", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "146\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nto procure the Yazoo lands he strongly opposed it. Jackson had\\nbeen urged to take shares in one of these companies, and was\\ntold that he might have any number of acres he pleased, to\\nhalf a million, without paying a cent, provided he would put\\nhis name to the application. But he refused, and told the\\nmen th^t he, not they, had fought for Georgia and the right\\nto that territory; that he fought for the people, and it Avas\\ntheir right, and the right of future generations; and if they\\ndid succeed he should hold the sale void, and would resign his\\nseat in the Seriate, come home and head his fellow-citizens,\\nand either lose his life or have the act annulled. Now that\\nthe sale had been made, he resigned his seat as senator and\\nreturned to Georgia to defeat what he called a conspiracy of\\nthe darkest character and of deliberate villany. lie was\\nelected to the legislature of 179G to represent Ghatham\\nGouuty.\\nIn the meantime a Gonstitutional Gonvention had met at\\nLouisville in Jefferson Gounty in\\nMay, 1T95. This convention was\\n2:)resided over by Noble AVimberley\\nJones. The State House and public\\noffices, which had been in process of\\nerection for several years, were now\\ncomjjleted, and the seat of govern-\\nment was permanently located at\\nLouisville. The governor and the\\nState House officers moved from\\nAugusta, their temporary home, and\\nthe meetings of the legislature were\\nheld from this time in the new capi-\\nThe time of meeting of the legislature was\\nchanged from the first Monday in November to the second\\nTuesday in January of each year.\\nIn January, 179G, the legislature assembled in Louisville\\namidst jreat excitement. Governor ^latthews sent them a\\nNOBLE W. JONES.\\ntol building.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "Yazoo Fraud.\\n147\\nmessage on the situation. He advised tliem to repeal the\\nYazoo Act if it could be done legally. On the second day of\\nthe session, Jared Irwin was elected governor. About the\\nsame time Josiah Tatnall was elected to the United States\\nSenate, to succeed George Walton, who had been a])pointed\\nBURNING THE YAZOO ACT.\\n(Copyrighted.)\\nby Governor Matthews upon the resignation of James Jack-\\nson. The legislature at once took up the Yazoo Act. A\\ncommittee of investigation pronounced it not binding on the\\nState on account of the fraud used to obtain it. James Jack-\\nson introduced a bill known as the Rescinding Act. This", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "148 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nwas at once passed by both houses and signed by Governor\\nIrwin, February 13, 1796. This declared that the sale of the\\nYazoo lands was not binding on the State, and that the money\\npaid into the treasury should be given back to the Yazoo com-\\npanies and the grants be considered void.\\nIt was resolved to burn the j^apers of tlie Yazoo Act, and to\\npurge the records of everything relating to it. February 15,\\n1796, wood was piled in front of the State House, and ignited\\nby a burning-glass, in order that fire drawn from the heavens\\nmight consume the offensive papers. The Senate and House\\nof Representatives marched out in solemn procession. When\\nthey reached the fire they formed a circle around it and vever-\\nently removed their hats. Tlie committee appointed to obtain\\nthe papers and records handed them to the president of the\\nSenate. He passed them to the speaker of the House. They\\n\\\\vere then given to the clerk, and finally to the messenger.\\nThe messenger approached the fire and uttered these words:\\nGod save the State! and long preserve her rights! and may\\nevery attempt to injure them j^erish as these corrupt acts now\\ndo! He then threw the papers into the fire and they were\\nburned to ashes. The members returned to tlie Capitol and\\nwork was resumed.\\nThe Yazoo companies refused to accept the proposed return\\nof their money. They claimed the right to keep the land\\nthey had bought from the State, and carried their claims into\\nthe courts, and even before the Congress of the United States.\\nAfter Georgia ceded to the general government in 1802 its\\nterritory Avest of the Chattahoochee Kiver, the claim of the\\nYazoo companies became a claim against the United States.\\nThe Supreme Court decided that the title of the companies to\\nthe laiuls which they had bought was valid, and the general\\ngovernment was forced to purchase the right to these lands\\nfrom the Yazoo companies for large sums of money.\\nWhile Georgia owned this western land the legislature liad\\norganized tlie district around Natchez into a county called", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "Questions and Topics. 149\\nBourbon. Justices of the Peace were appointed, among whom\\nwas Thomas Marston Green, who in after years performed the\\nmarriage ceremony of General Andrew Jackson and Mrs. Ra-\\nchel Robards, on Georgia soil. Owing to the fact that Spain\\nheld this territory, the act was repealed after three years.\\n[Jared Irwin was a faithful soldier in the Revolutionary war, and\\nserved in various campaigns against the Indians. He lived in Burke\\nCounty in early life, but afterwards moved to Washington County. He\\nwas a brigadier-general of militia. He was a member of the various\\nconventions for revising the Constitution of Georgia. He was president\\nof the State Senate at different times from 1790 to 1818. He died in\\nWashington County at the age of sixty-eight years.]\\n[The details of the appearance of the old State House were furnished\\nby Mr. William Fleming, of Jefferson County. The man with the burn-\\ning-glass in his hand is James Jackson next to him stands Thomas\\nGlascock then John Milledge. The man on the right is William Few,\\nwhile Jared Irwin stands behind the messenger. David B. Mitchell\\nstands behind Jackson, and Peter Early behind Few. Benjamin Talia-\\nferro, David Meriwether, and David Emanuel were also present on this\\noccasion.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho became governor in 1793 What of Georgia territory at this\\ntime What of the Yazoo companies in 1789 Why named Yazoo\\nWhat was the result of the first attempt to buy the western lands What\\nwere formed in 1794 What was the action of Matthews Name the\\nfour companies. What was the size of the territory and the amount paid\\nfor it How was the Yazoo sale considered by the people What of\\nJames Jackson What of the Constitutional Convention of 1795\\nWhat city became the permanent seat of government Who was elected\\ngovernor in 1796 What act was passed by the legislature Describe\\nthe fate of the Yazoo papers. What finally became of the claim of the\\nYazoo companies\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Western territory. 4. Rescinding of Act.\\n2. First Yazoo companies, 5. Burning the papers,\\n3. Yazoo Act, 6. Final settlement.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXYL\\nCONSTITUTION- OF 1798.\\nThe experience of sixty j-ears has demonstrated the wisdom of the Constitution of\\n98. It has undergone but few changes, and these were rendered necessary by the changes\\nin the condition of the country. Joseph Henry Ltmpkix.\\nJanuaky, 171)8, James Jackson was\\nelected governor. Ilia i-ecent course in\\nregard to the Yazoo Act bad made liim\\nthe idol of the peoi)le. His administra-\\ntion was marked for the adoption of the\\ngreat C onstitntion of 1708.\\nAs we liave already seen, the lirst Con-\\nstitution of Georgia was ad(jpted Feb-\\nruary 5, 1777, soon after the people\\nhad formed a State government. After\\nGOV. JAMES jArKsox. (icorgia entei ed the I nion, this Consti-\\ntution was revised, and in October, 1789,\\nanother Constitution went into effect. This Constitution was\\nfurther considered by a convention which met at Louisville in\\nMay, 1795. On account of the disturbed state of affairs but\\nfew changes were made. Another convention Avas ordered to\\nbe held in 1798. This hist convention fiiudly adopted the\\nConstitution that lasted the State for over half a century.\\nA convention of fifty-six delegates from twenty-one counties\\nmet in Louisville, the capital. May, 1798, for the purpose\\nof taking into consideration the further alterations necessary\\nto be made in the (Constitution. Among some of the promi-\\nnent men of tlie convention were Governor James Jackson,\\nJared Irwin, Jesse Mercer, Robert Watkins, Benjamin Talia-\\nferro, Thomas (Jlascock, and Peter J. Carnes.\\nJared Irwin, the late governor, was elected president of", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "Constitution of nos. 151\\nthe convention. The session lasted three weeks, and every\\narticle Avas carefully considered before it was adopted. Tiie\\nConstitution was then drawn up on parchment, signed by\\nthe members, the Great Seal of the State was attached, and it\\nwas deposited in the office of the secretary of state. When\\nthe signal was given that the last name was signed to this\\ngreat instrument, a salute of sixteen guns was fired by an\\nartillery company stationed near by.\\nThe Constitution declared that the legislative, executive,\\nand judiciary departments of the government should be kept\\nseparate and distinct. The legislative power was vested in a\\nSenate, consisting of one member from each of the twenty-four\\ncounties, and in a House of Kepresentatives, composed of\\nsixty-two members. These two branches made up the legisla-\\nture or General Assembly, which was to meet once a year.\\nThe executive power w^as vested in a governor, who was to\\nbe elected every two years by the legislature. He was the\\ncommander-in-chief of the army, navy, and militia of the\\nState, had power to grant pardons, fill vacant offices, and his\\nconsent was required to all acts of the legislature. There was\\nalso a secretary of state, a treasurer, and a surveyor-general.\\nThe judicial powers, of the State were vested in superior\\nand inferior courts. Each court was required to sit in each\\ncounty twice a year.\\nThe boundary lines of the State were defined, and the eiforts\\nof the preceding legislature to dispose of large tracts of the\\nwestern territory were declared constitutionally void. The\\nfreedom of the press and trial by jury were to remain invio-\\nlate; the writ of habeas corpus was not to be suspended; free\\nexercise of religion was guaranteed, and the importation of\\nslaves after October, 1798, was forbidden.\\nIn compliance with the direction of the constitutional con-\\nvention, a new great Seal of the State was adopted by the\\nlegislature of 1799. The seal consisted of a round disk about\\ntwo inches in diameter. On one side (the obverse) were three", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "153\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\npillars siipportiug an arch with the word Constitution\\nengraved on it. This represented the three departments of\\nthe government upholding the Constitution of the State.\\nEngraved on a wreath around one pillar was the word Wis-\\ndom, meaning that the legislature should be wise in making\\nthe laws; on an-\\nother, the word\\nJustice, that the\\ncourts should be\\njust in their deci-\\nsions; on another,\\nModeration,\\nthat the executive\\nshould administer\\nthe laws without\\nseverity. Xear the\\nleft-hand pillar was\\na man with a drawn\\nsword, representing\\nthe military defence\\nof the State. The\\ninscription on this\\nside was State of\\nGeorgia, 1799.\\nOn the other side\\n(the reverse) was a\\nview of the seashore with a ship bearing a flag of the United\\nStates and riding at anchor near a wharf witli hogsheads of\\ntobacco and bales of cotton on board. This represented the\\nexports of the State. At a little distance Avas a boat from the\\ninterior, landing hogsheads, boxes, etc. This represented the\\ntrade from the interior. In the background was a man in the\\nact of ploughing, and a flock of sheep shaded by a flourishing\\ntree. This represented agriculture and grazing. Around all\\nw^as the motto, Agriculture and Commerce. 1799.\\nGEORGIA STATE SEAL,\\n{Obverse.)", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "Constitution of nos.\\n153\\nThis seal was placed in the office of the secretary of state to\\nbe attached to all official papers of the State government, and\\nis the seal used at the present day.\\nIt is of interest to know that it was the first intention to\\nengrave the words, Wisdom, Justice, and Moderation on\\nthe bases of the three pillars, but the artist found it impossi-\\nble to make the let-\\nters large enough\\nto be read. It was\\nthen changed to the\\npresent design.\\nTo improve the\\njudiciary system,\\nthe State was di-\\nvided into three su-\\nperior court dis-\\ntricts, viz. the\\nEastern Circuit, the\\nMiddle Circuit, and\\nthe Western Cir-\\ncuit. There were\\neight counties in\\neach circuit. David\\nB. Mitchell, George\\nWalton, and Thom-\\nas P. Carnes Avere\\nelected judges of the\\nsuperior courts of the three circuits. The three judges v/ere\\nrequired to alternate in the circuits, so that no two successive\\nterms of court in a county should be held by the same judge.\\nThe courts were held twice a year in each county, and each\\ncourt had a clerk and a sheriff. There was no supreme court\\nas yet, but the judges of the superior courts met once a year at\\nthe seat of government to decide difficult points of law and\\nconstitutional questions.\\nGEORGIA STATE SEAL, 1799.\\n(.Reverse.)", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "154 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nSince this chapter marks the close of the century, let us take\\na view of the condition of the State. The population had\\nincreased to about 163,000, having gained nearly 80,000 in\\nten years. The population of Savannah, the chief town, was\\nover 5,000. The exports were valued at 11,750,000. These\\nwere principally rice, indigo, corn, cotton, sago, naval stores,\\nleather, deer skins, myrtle, snake root, live stock, and lumber.\\nThe chief imports were West India produce, dry goods, wines,\\nteas, beef, butter, cheese, potatoes, cider.\\n[James Jackson was born in Enghuul, in 1757, and came to Savannah\\nwhen he was but fifteen years of age. He began the study of hiw,\\nbut laid aside his studies to engage in the disputes with Great Britain.\\nAfter the fall of Savannah in 1778, in company with John Milledge\\nhe went to South Carolina to join the forces of General Moultrie. As\\nthey were marching through the country, barefoot and ragged, they were\\nseized as spies by some American soldiers, and came near being lianged\\nbefore the mistake was discovered. At the battle of C owpens, Jackson\\ndistinguished himself for bravery, and soon afterwards was made a lieu-\\ntenant-colonel. He was present at the siege of Augusta, and added\\nmuch to the success of the American arms. In 1782, when the Britisji\\nevacuated Savannah, General Wayne appointed Colonel Jackson to re-\\nceive the surrender of the town. When only thirty-one years of age he\\nwas elected governor of Georgia, but refused to serve. He held nearly\\nevery high office in the gift of his State, and died in 1806 when acting\\nas United States Senator.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWiio liecame governor in 1798 What about the various constitu-\\ntions up to this time? What convention met in 1798 When? Where?\\njNIention some prominent members. Who was president Describe the\\nlegislative power. The executive power. The judicial power. Men-\\ntion some other provisions of the Constitution. When was the great\\nseal adopted Describe the obverse side. The reverse. Describe the\\nSuperior Court district. What about the judge Give a statistical\\nreview of the State at this lime.\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Constitution of 1798. Improving the judiciary.\\n2. Great Seal of State (1799). 4. Statistical review.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXV II.\\nTHE U:N IVERSITY founded. WESTERN TERRITORY CEDED.\\nWe must say that Georgia merits peculiar honor in being among the first States to\\nmake provision for a State University, and in passing most wholesome laws for securing\\nto her sons the blessings of a liberal education on her own soil. Stevens History of\\nGeorgia.\\nJames Jackson had been elected to tlie United States Sen-\\nate to succeed James Gunn, and resigned his position as gov-\\nernor. By the provisions of the Constitution, David Emanuel,\\nwho was president of the senate, became governor in March,\\n1801, and held that office until the legislature could meet.\\nWhen the legislature met in November following, Josiah Tat-\\nnall was elected governor. The father of Governor Tatnall,\\nbeing a royalist, had been among those banished by the State\\nin 1782, and his property had been confiscated. After the\\nlegislature had elected his son governor, their good will was\\nshown by an act which recalled the banished father and re-\\nstored him to full rights as a citizen. AVhen the act was car-\\nried to the governor s office he signed it as follows: With\\nliv^ely expression of gratitude I affix my signature to this act.\\nWe have already seen in another chapter that the legislature\\nliad set apart a large tract of land as an endowment for a uni-\\nversity. In 1785 an act was passed for the more full and\\ncomplete establishment of a public seat of learning in this\\nState. This act provided for a Board of Visitors and for a\\nBoard of Trustees. These two bodies united composed The\\nSenatus Academicus of the University of Georgia, whose\\nobject was to consult and advise, not only upon the affairs\\nof the university, but also to remedy the defects and advance", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "150 JJJSTOliV OF GEOIUIIA.\\nthe interests of literature through tlie State iu geuenil. In\\n1786 the trustees were autliorized to hiy out tlie town of\\nGreeneshorougli on hinds htdonging to the university, and sell\\nlots therein, and with the money thus raised to promote the\\ninterests of learning and science. The money secured\\nfrom the sale of these town lots in after years was used to pay\\nin part for the buildings of the university at Athens.\\nThe legislature had broad and liberal ideas of what consti-\\ntuted a university. They intended it to embrace all the\\nschools and academies in the State, and an institution of learn-\\ning of the highest order located at the capital. The Senatus\\nAcademicus had power to visit and examine all the schools in\\nGeorgia supported by public money, and appoint all the\\nteachers. The legislature intended that every county should\\nhave free schools and an academy, and that all should be\\nunited uiuler the supervision and direction of the Seiuitus\\nAcademicus, aiul be a part of the university.\\nFourteen years later, the legislature repealed the act locating\\nthe seat of the university at the State capital, and gave the\\nSenatus Academicus the power to select any suitable i)lace,\\nprovided it should be in one of. the seven counties of Jackson,\\nFranklin, Hancock, Greene, Oglethorpe, Wilkes, or Warren.\\nIn 1800 the board elected Josiah ^Meigs president, and in\\n1801 selected a tract of laiul in Jackson County as the site of\\nthe college. This tract contained six hundred and thirty-three\\nacres, and was bought by John Milledge, who presented it to\\nthe trustees. Upon this land college buildings Avere erected,\\nand a town laid out and named Athens. Town lots were sold\\nto raise money for the university.\\nThe college was opened in 1802, and in 1805 was named\\nFranklin College. This was intended as a central college for\\nthe State and a i)art of the university plan, and is still in\\noperation as the literary department of the university. Presi-\\ndent Meigs began the work of the university before the build-\\nings were com])leted and while then were only two houses in", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "Old Colli^eHrKrHiJ 1801. Ni-W Collfcjt ijfcrto 1822\\niRiiiiiiifemK.\u00c2\u00abiFiii).,i7p iiiii.i jii (ii .JM", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "158 History of Georgia.\\nAthens. Recitations were often heard and lectures delivered\\nunder the shade of the trees, and for years President Meigs\\nhad almost the entire instruction of the college, aided only by\\na tutor or by some of the students. There was no library or\\napparatus, and the i^resident alone taught as many as sixty\\nyoung men.\\nIn the spring of 1804 the first commencement was held in\\nthe open air under a large oak tree. There were ten gradu-\\nates. President Meigs, in a letter to John Milledge in 1805,\\nwrote: Your institution has taken a strong root and will\\nflourish; and I feel some degree of pride in reflecting that\\na century hence, when this nascent village shall embosom a\\nthousand of the Georgia youths, it will now and then be said\\nthat you gave this land and I was on the forlorn hope.\\nAn agreement was made in the year 1802, between the State\\nof Georgia and the United States, by which Georgia ceded to\\nthe general government all that portion of her territory lying\\nwest of the present boundary line. It was an immense tract\\nof valuable land, embracing almost the entire extent of the\\npresent States of Alabama and Mississippi. The ceded lands\\namounted to about eighty millions of acres.\\nThe conditions of this grant were as follows:\\n1. Out of the proceeds of the sale of these lands, the\\nUnited States shall give to Georgia ^1,250,000.\\n2. All persons who are settled within this territory shall\\nbe confirmed in their titles by the United States government.\\n3. The ceded lands shall be a public fund to be distributed\\nby the United States in the usual way of disposing of public\\nlands.\\n4. The United States at their own exj^ense shall extinguish,\\nfor the use of Georgia, as soon as the same can be peaceably\\ndone on reasonable terms, the Indian titles to the county of\\nTallassee, to the lands occupied by the Creeks, and to those\\nbetween the forks of the Oconee and Ocmulgee rivers, for\\nwhich several objects the President of the United States shall", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "Western Territory Ceded. 159\\norder a treaty to be held at ouce with the Indians. In like\\nmanner the United States shall extinguish the Indian titles\\nto all the other lands within the State of Georgia.\\n5. The territory thus ceded shall form a State as soon as it\\nshall contain sixty thousand inhabitants, and as such be ad-\\nmitted into the Union.\\nIn the same year the United States ceded to Georgia that\\npart of the twelve-mile strip which lay north of the State.\\nThis made the thirty-fifth parallel the northern boundary.\\nThese articles were agreed to by the legislature of Georgia\\nJune 16, 1802. This made the present western and northern\\nboundaries of the State of Georgia, which have remained un-\\nchanged ever since. Soon after this all the money which had\\nbeen paid into the treasury of Georgia by the Yazoo com-\\npanies was turned over to the United States, and the dispute\\nwith these companies, so far as Georgia was concerned, was\\nended.\\nBy these articles of agreement, it was directed that a treaty\\nbe held at once with the Creek Indians for the purpose of ex-\\ntinguishing their claim to the lands of Georgia, and making\\nlimits for their homes and hunting grounds. In June,\\n1802, three commissioners, for the United States, met the\\nCreeks at Fort Wilkinson, on the Oconee River, just below\\nthe site of the present city of Milledgeville. Forty chiefs\\nand warriors were present, who were the head men of the\\nCreek nation. The Indians signed a treaty ceding to the\\nUnited States a large body of land west of the Oconee River,\\nand also a strip of land extending from the Altamaha to the\\nSt. Mary s River.\\n[The exact boundaries of the two cessions of land referred to in this\\nchapter, and of all other cessions, can be seen by reference to the map\\nshowing the cession of lands by the Indians.]\\n[David Emanuel had come to Georgia in 1770, and settled in Burke\\nCounty. He had taken arms in defence of tlie State, and during the\\nwar of the Revolution had been active and brave. On one occasion he", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "IGO HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nand two of his friends were captured by a party of British, and carried\\nto McBean Creek, in Burke County, to be shot. A large fire being kin-\\ndled, Emanuel and his two friends were stripped of their clothes, placed\\nnear the fire, and three soldiers were ordered to shoot them. At the\\ndischarge of the guns the two friends fell dead, but Emanuel, being\\nunhurt, leaped over the fire and made good his escape.]\\n[Josiali Tatnall was born near Savannah. At an early age he was put\\non board a man-of-war, bound for India, to prevent his return to Georgia.\\nHe managed to find his way back to America, and landed near Savannah,\\nwhen he was only eighteen years old. He travelled on foot up the river,\\nand joined the army of General Wayne. The war was near an end, how-\\never, and he was not called into active service. Afterwards, he occupied\\nmany military positions, and was actively engaged against the Indians,\\nHe died in the West Indies in 1804, but his body was brought back to\\nSavannah at his dying request, and placed in the burial ground at Bona-\\nventure, near Savannah.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nHow did Emanuel become governor in 1801 Who was elected in No-\\nvember following What graceful act was passed by the legislature\\nWhat was the Senatus Academicus of the university How was money\\nto be raised for the buildings What about the views of the legislature\\nWhat was done fourteen years after When was the present site chosen\\nWhat of the gift of John Milledge Who was the first president of the\\nuniversity Describe the beginning the first commencement the\\nletter of Meigs in 1805. What agreement was made in 1802 What were\\nthe conditions What treaty was held in 1802\\nTOPICS.\\nFounding the university Cession of 1802\\n1. Original university plan. 1. Territory granted.\\n2. Choosing a site. 2. Conditions of grant.\\n3. The first vears. 3. Treat v with Indians.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEH XXVIII.\\nLAND LOTTERY AND HEAD RIGHTS.\\nJOHN MILLEDGE.\\nMen and the soil constitute the strength and wealth of nations and the faster you\\nplant the men the sooner you can draw on both/ George M. Troup.\\nThe legislature of 1802 elected\\nJohn Milledge, the revolutionary\\npatriot and the generous friend of\\neducation, to be governor of Geor-\\nSfia. In 1804 he was reelected for\\nanother term.\\nThe land obtained by the treaty\\nwith the Creeks at Fort Wilkinson\\nwas divided into the counties of\\nWayne, Wilkinson, and Baldwin.\\nThese were surveyed at the public\\nexpense and divided into lots of\\nvarious sizes.\\nThese lots were distributed among the people by a plan\\ncalled the land lottery. The system of the lottery was as fol-\\nlows: tickets, numbered to correspond with the numbers of\\nthe lots, were put in boxes along with many blank tickets.\\nThe persons entitled to draw were: all free white males\\ntwenty-one years of age or older; every married man, with\\nchildren, under age; widows with children, and all families-\\nof orphan minors. Lists of these persons were made out in\\neach county, and sent to the governor, who caused the draw-\\ning to be held under the care of five managers. Many per-\\nsons drew blanks. Others were fortunate, and plots and grants\\nof their lots were given to them signed by the governor and\\nhaving the great Seal of tlie State attached.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "162 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nTwelve months after receiving his grant each person had to\\npay into the treasury the sum of four dollars for every hun-\\ndred acres of land in his lot. These lots varied in size, some\\nbeing two hundred and two and one-half acres, others four\\nhundred acres. Those who failed to pay the required sum\\nlost their titles to the land.\\nThe act which provided for this distribution of the public\\nlands is known as the Land Lottery Act of 1803. Under this\\nact and in the manner above described all lands west of the\\nOconee Eiver Avere distributed as they were acquired from the\\nIndians. All the lands that lie east of the Oconee were dis-\\ntributed by an older and different plan, known as the Head-\\nright System. The Oconee River is the dividing line between\\nthe Head-right titles and the Land Lottery titles. The object\\nof both systems Avas to induce the people to move into the new\\ncounties and cultivate the lands.\\nThe old Head-right Avarrants differed in many features from\\nthe Lottery. By the Head-right System each master or\\nhead of a family Avas alloAved in his own head right to select\\nand survey a body of unoccupied land to suit himself. Then\\nafter paying the expense of the survey and a small price for\\nall land over two hundred acres, he secured a title called a\\nHead-right Land Warrant. This Avarrant of survey Avas his\\ntitle to the land described in it, provided that no one had\\nalready settled on the same tract. But the plan Avas not a\\ngood one. Only the rich lands Avere surveyed. Poor sections\\nwere neglected. Warrants for the same tract of land Avere\\nsometimes issued to two different persons, Avliich caused strife\\nand confusion. This plan Avas abandoned for the better\\nscheme of the Land Lottery.\\nNow that the western lands had been ceded to the United\\nStates and the general government had agreed to extinguish the\\nIndian title to all lands in the limits of Georgia, it Avas decided\\nto remove the capital from Louisville to the centre of the\\nState. Therefore, at the same session of the legislature, 1803,", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "LAND LOTTERY AND HEAD RIGHTS. 163\\na resolution was passed selecting a suitable spot at the head of\\nnavigation of the Oconee Eiver, as a site for the new capital,\\nwhich was named Milledgeville, in honor of John Milledge,\\nthen governor of the State.\\nAnother Indian treaty for a cession of land was made with\\nthe United States in 1805. Henry Dearborn, Secretary of\\nWar, met six chiefs at Washington city, and bargained with\\nthem for the purchase of the remaining lands, between the\\nOcmulgee and Oconee rivers, as far as the present northwest\\nboundary line of Morgan and Jasper counties. The treaty\\nalso provided that the United States might build forts, facto-\\nries, and trading-houses among the Indians. A horse-path\\nwas to be kept open through the Creek country, and travellers\\nwere to be allowed to pass through in safety. In considera-\\ntion of all this the United States gave the Indians a large sum\\nof, money.\\nIn March, 1806, Jackson died in Washington city, lamented\\nby all the people of Georgia. He was buried four miles from\\nWashington city, but afterwards his body was placed in the\\nburying-ground of Congress. On his tomb are these words:\\nTo the memory of General James Jackson, of Georgia, who deserved\\nand enjoyed the confidence of a grateful country a soldier of the\\nRevolution.\\nHonorable and noble in all his actions, he was devoted to\\nGeorgia. A little while before his death he said: If after\\ndeath my heart can be opened, there Avill be found written on\\nit the word Georgia.\\nGovernor Milledge was elected United States Senator by the\\nlegislature at an extra session in June, 1806, and in September\\nfollowing tendered his resignation as governor. In this way,\\nJared Irwin, President of the Senate, again became governor,\\nand when the legislature met in November he was elected to\\nthat office for a full term.\\nOn March 4th of the next year, Abraham Baldwin, who had", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "164 History of Georgia.\\nbeen elected to succeed Josiali Tattnall in the United States\\nSenate in 1799, died in Washington city, and George Jones\\nwas appointed to fill the vacancy. When the legislature met,\\nWilliam 11, Crawford, from Oglethorpe County, a leading\\nlawyer and a member of the Lower House of Congress, was\\nelected to succeed him.\\n[The ancestors of John Milledge came to Georgia with Oglethorpe.\\nHe was born in Savannah in 1757, and received the best education that\\nthe colony could afford. He was one of the brave men who took Governor\\nWright prisoner in his own house. When Savannah was captured by\\nthe British, lie with his friend, James Jackson, retreated into South Caro-\\nlina on foot. They were mistaken for spies by a party of Americans\\nand came near being hanged. He was present at the attempt to retake\\nSavannah from the British. He was also active in Smith Carolina and\\nin the attacks upon Augusta, and always showed much bravery. He\\nresisted with all his influence the Yazoo fraud, and was prominent\\namong those who brought about the Rescinding Act. He died in 1818\\nat his home on the Sand Hills, near Augusta.]\\n[Abraham Baldwin was born in Connecticut in 1754. He was graduated\\nat Yale College, and after the Revolutionary War moved to Savannah.\\nHe began the practice of the law. He was a member of the Legislature,\\na delegate to the Continental Congress, and a member of the United\\nStates Constitutional Convention. He was a member of Congress for\\nten years, and afterwards a United States Senator for seven years. He\\nwas president pro tempore of the Senate from 1801 to the time of his\\ndeath, March, 1807.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho was elected governor in 1802 What new counties were formed\\nDescribe the land lottery. What river is the dividing line between land-\\nlottery and head-right titles Describe the head-right system. What\\nsite was selected for a new capital For whom was it named What\\nlands were gained by the treaty of 1805 Tell about the death of Jack-\\nson. Who succeeded him as senator Who became governor in 1806\\nWhen did Abraham Baldwin die Who succeeded him\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Land lottery. 3. Treaty of 1805.\\n2. Head rights. 4. Death of Jackson and Baldwin.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIX.\\nINTERN^AL IMPROVEMENTS.\\nInstead of decaying cities and a vacillating trade she will witness the proud and\\nanimating spectacle of maritime towns restored and flourishing, new ones rising up\u00e2\u0080\u0094 her\\ntrade steadily increasing\u00e2\u0080\u0094 her lands augmented in value and improved in cultivation\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nthe face of the country beautified and adorned, and all this within the compass of her\\nown resources, provided the ordinary economy be employed to husband, cherish, and\\nimprove them. George M. Tkoup.\\nThe location of the boundary line\\nbetween North Carolina and Georgia\\nwas a source of trouble for several\\nyears. In 1806 a surveyor was sent by\\nthe legislature to locate the thirty-\\nfifth degree of north latitude and to\\nrun a line between the two States.\\nNorth Carolina sent a surveyor for the\\nsame purpose, but these surveyors\\ncould not agree in their observations,\\nand nothing was done. In 1807 an-\\nother effort was made by two expert surveyors and the sur-\\nveyor-general, who were provided with the best instruments.\\nNorth Carolina would not take part in this survey. The\\nboundary was unsettled until several years later, wlien the\\nUnited States appointed commissioners under whose direction\\nthe line was run.\\nThe legislature held its session in the new capitol building\\nat Milledgeville for the first time in 1807. The contract for\\nthe building was made two years before, and the work was now\\nnearly done. The house was built of brick, on a high hill in\\nthe centre of a large park. It was a large building, and at that\\nDAVID B. MITCHELL.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "166\\nHISTORY OF Georgia.\\ntime was thought very elegant. It had ample rooms for the\\nlegislature, and offices for all the departments of government.\\nHere the great men of the State assembled, and in legislatures\\nand conventions shaped the policy of Georgia for over half a\\ncentury.\\nMilledgeville was still a small town when the legislature first\\nmet there. Not a hundred lots had been sold, and only a few\\nOLD CAPITOL AT MILLEDGEVILLE.\\nof these paid for. The town grew and prospered. A few\\nyears later a grand mansion was built by the people, in which\\nthe governors lived during their terms of office. Many wealthy\\ncitizens made ^lilledgeville their home, and as the capital city\\nof Georgia it soon became famous as a centre of refinement\\nand culture.\\nDavid B. ^Eitchell was elected by the legislature iu !N ovem-\\nber, 1809, to succeed Jared Irwin as governor. At the same\\nsession Charles Tait, of Elbert County, was elected United", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "Internal Improyements. 167\\nStates Senator in j)lace of John Milledge^ who had resigned.\\nGovernor Mitchell s message to the legislature was full of sug-\\ngestions for improving the public roads and clearing the rivers.\\nIn those days people did not travel by steamboats and railroad\\ntrains. The usual mode of going from place to place was by\\nstage-coaches which held about ten or fifteen persons, and Avere\\ndrawn by horses, travelling twenty or thirty miles a day. It\\ntook nearly two months to go from Georgia to New York. It\\nwas important to have good roads for these coaches. The\\nfarmers hauled their produce to market sometimes hundreds\\nof miles, or floated it down the rivers on rafts. An act was\\npassed to cle^r the Savannah River and to forbid placing any\\nobstruction in its stream. Shortly afterwards measures were\\ntaken to open Broad, Oconee, and Ogeechee rivers so that these\\nstreams might be navigable for small boats and rafts.\\nThe idea of running boats by steam had occurred to Will-\\niam Longstreet, of Augusta, Ga., as early as 1788. It was\\nseveral years, however, before he could get money to build his\\nboat and to provide an engine. Longstreet s boat, like other\\ngreat inventions, was made sport of; indeed it must have\\nbeen a queer-looking craft. His idea was to have the boat\\npropelled by a series of poles so arranged on a shaft that as\\nthe shaft turned on its axis the poles would strike the bottom\\nof the river, and push the boat along. This was certainly\\nvery clumsy; but a boat of this kind was made and j^ut on\\nthe Savannah River in 1806, and moved by steam power.\\nRobert Fulton s boat, the Clermont, made its trial trip on\\nthe Hudson River in August of 1807. He made use of pad-\\ndle-wheels to strike the water instead of poles to strike the\\nriver bottom. Paddle-wheels were a great improvement, and\\nRobert Fulton is called the inventor of the steamboat. To\\nhim belongs the idea of paddle-wheels, while to William\\nLongstreet belongs the honor of having first made a boat run\\nby steam power.\\nIn 1810 the Agricultural Society of Georgia was incor-", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "168 History of Georgia.\\nporated by the legislature. The object of this society was to\\ncollect information about farming and to suggest better\\nmethods to the farmers of the State.\\nFew factories of any kind then existed. The peoj^le had\\nturned their attention mainly to farming, to the lumber\\ntrade, and to raising cattle. In the year 1810 a factory was\\nbuilt by the Wilkes Manufacturing Company, with a caj^ital\\nof $10,000. About the same time another was built on Little\\nEiver, in Morgan County; but neither prospered and both were\\nabandoned.\\nThe first bank in Georgia was chartered in 1810. It was\\nthe Bank of Augusta. Tlie Planter s Bank was chartered\\na few days later. Mount Zion Academy and Powellton Acad-\\nemy Avere started in 1811, and were famous schools in their\\nday. Other academies and schools appeared in all tlie settle-\\nments. In 1812 many academies all over the State were char-\\ntered, and each had some aid from the legislature.\\nThe population of the State by the census of 1810, white\\nand colored, had reached about 250,000. The exj^orts\\namounted to $2,500,000, having increased nearly a million\\ndollars in ten years. Savannah was still the largest city,\\nwith a population of about 5,000. It was the main harbor,\\nalthough much shipping was done by Brunswick, Darien,\\nand St. Mary s. Augusta was still a small town Avith a good\\ntrade.\\nBy the apportionment based on this census Georgia Avas\\nentitled to six representatives in Congress.\\n[David B. Mitchell was born in Scotland in 1766. His uncle died in\\nGeorgia, leaving him some property, and he came to Savannah in 1783\\nto take possession of it.. lie studied hiw, and was the clerk of a com-\\nmittee appointed to revise the code of criminal laws of the State. In\\n1795 he was elected Solicitor-General of Georgia. He was a member of\\nthe Legislature which passed the Yazoo Act, and A oted against it. In\\n1805 he was elected Major-General of the First Division of Georgia\\nMilitia. After serving twice as governor, he was appointed State Agent\\nto the Creek Indians. He died in Baldwin County.]", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "Questions and Topics. 169\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat dispute arose about the boundary line How was it settled\\nWhere did the Legislature meet in 1807 Describe the new capitol\\nbuilding. What was the condition of the town of Milledgeville For\\nwhom was the county named? Who succeeded Jared Irwin as governor?\\nWhat suggestions did his message contain What was done in response\\nto the suggestions What about travelling in those days Who first\\nthought of a boat propelled by steam Describe Longstreet s boat.\\nWhat society was incorporated by the Legislature in 1810 What was\\nits object What can you say about factories What factories were\\nbuilt in 1810 What banks were chartered in 1810 What academies\\nwere started in 1811 What about the population at this time\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Boundary lines. 4. Longstreet s steamboat.\\n2. Change of capital. 5. Progress in manufacturing, etc.\\n3. Internal improvements. 6. Statistics.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXX.\\nTHE WAR OF 1812. INDIAN TROUBLES.\\nThe citizens of Georgia will ever be found in readiness to assert the rights and sup-\\nport the dignity of the country, whenever called upon by the general government.\\nBesolutions of Georgia jmtHots.\\nFor a number of 3^ears all Europe had beeu involved in war.\\nAs early as 1806 Xapoleon Bonaparte had declared all the ports\\nof the continent of Europe closed against England. England\\nretaliated the next year by orders which forbade any vessel\\nentering the ports of France or her allies. By these edicts\\nAmerican vessels trading with either of these powers were\\nliable to be captured by the other. The English warships\\nsearched American vessels and seized An^erican sailors whom\\nthey claimed* as British subjects and forced to serve in the\\nBritish navy. In this state of affairs the United States closed\\ntheir ports and forbade any vessel leaving them.\\nThis was known as the Embargo of 1807 and was a\\ngreat hardship to Georgia, whose main source of wealth was\\nthe cotton which was shipped to Europe. Nevertheless the\\nlegislature sent an address to the President, expressing its ap-\\nproval of the act, and declaring that if the war should come\\nthe people of Georgia will, in proportion to their number\\nand resources, give zealous aid to the government of their\\nchoice.\\nEngland tried to force a cotton trade with Georgia and\\nSouth Carolina and sent war vessels to open the port of Savan-\\nnah. In January, 1809, one of the vessels, the war brig\\nSandtvich, anchored off Tybee Island, at the mouth of the\\nSavannah River. Two of the British officers came up to the", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "The War of me. 171\\ncity to purchase cotton. The people refuged to sell and\\nordered the officers away. They went back to their vessels\\nand put out to sea, but before doing so fired several shots at\\na pilot boat lying in the harbor. They threatened to return\\nand destroy the town. This act made the peojDle indignant,\\nand resolutions were passed and sent to the President of the\\nUnited States, stating that all hopes of a peaceful termina-\\ntion of the difficulty had been lost, and the duty of the\\nUnited States was to maintain their sovereign rights against\\nthe despots of Europe. The people of Georgia were in favor\\nof war, and their senators and representatives in Congress were\\nleaders in advocating a resort to arms.\\nIn June, 1812, the United States declaj-ed war against Eng-\\nland. Governor Mitchell, in November following, sent a mes-\\nsage to the legislature, advising them to prepare for the defence\\nof Georgia s long stretch of exposed coast and frontier. To\\ndo this the citizens must have arms and be taught the use of\\nthem, as well as the duties of the camp. The legislature\\nappropriated $30,000 to be used in arming the soldiers, build-\\ning forts, and fitting out vessels to |)rotect the coast. The\\nguns which were in the old arsenal at Louisville were sent to\\nMilledgeville and divided among the military companies. A\\nsupply of swords and pistols was given to the cavalry. Gov-\\nernor Mitchell called for ten thousand soldiers to be placed\\nalong the coast. He bought five hundred stand of arms for\\nthe militia troops in the exposed counties next to Florida.\\nThe island of Amelia on the Florida coast became the\\nliome of smugglers who, under Spanish protection, tried to\\nevade the laws of the United States, and lawless characters\\nfrom East Florida crossed into Georgia and were burning\\nhouses, stealing goods, and carrying off live stock. At the\\nsame time a revolution against the Spanish government had\\nbeen started in East Florida.\\nGeorgia complained to the United States and asked for\\nhelp. The President ordered United States troops to join the", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "172 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nGeorgia troops under the command of Governor Mitchell, and\\nput a stop to these outrages. He was instructed to persuade\\nthe revolutiouists of East Florida to annex that province to the\\nUnited States.\\nWhen he reached St. Mary s he wrote to the governor of\\nEast Florida that the Indians must return the stolen property,\\nthe smugglers must leave Amelia Island, and all the outrages\\nmust stop. Tlie Spanish governor refused to agree to this\\nand attempted to drive off the American troops. A battle\\nwas fought, hut the Americans held their ground. ]\\\\rean-\\nwhile the revolution in East Florida had failed, and nothing\\nresulted from the attempt to annex that province.\\nAs soon as war was declared, Tecumseh, the famous Shaw-\\nnee chief, visited the southern Indians. He urged them to\\ntake advantjige of the conditions and by united efforts to drive\\nthe whites back to the coast. Ilis eloquence aroused the war-\\nriors and alarmed the people.\\nGovernor Mitchell built block-house forts in the frontier\\ncounties, where the people were in a high state of excitement.\\nThese forts were built ten miles apart. Each fort was one\\nhundred feet square, containing two block-houses, and was\\nenclosed by a stockade eight feet high. Three forts were\\nerected in Twiggs County, three in Telfair, and four in\\nPulaski.\\nThe dreaded attack came very soon. August 30, 1813, a\\nbody of Creek Indians, seven hundred and twenty-five in num-\\nber, surprised Fort Mims on the Alabama River at 12 o clock\\nin the day. Before the soldiers had time to close the fort and\\nman their guns, the Indians were upon them, and massacred\\nthree hundred men, women, and childen in the most savage\\nmanner.\\nThis was a signal for a general uprising of the hostile\\nCreeks and Seminoles. The Seminoles attacked the settle-\\nments along the Florida frontier. The Georgia troops imme-\\ndiately went after these robbers, and pursued them into the", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "Questions and Topics. 173\\nswamps. For seven days the Georgians remained in tlie heart\\nof the Seminole country,, surrounded by savage foes, sleeping on\\nthe ground, and enduring hunger and great hardship. The\\nIndians were found and were punished for their misdeeds.\\nThe legislature of Georgia passed a resolution of thanks to\\nthese soldiers for their bravery.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2To punish the hostile Creeks of Alabama, the general gov-\\nernment ordered out the militia of Georgia and Tennessee.\\nThree thousand six hundred Georgia troops collected at Fort\\nHawkins, on the Ocmulgee Kiver, the site of the present city\\nof Macon. This fort had been built by the United States in\\n1806, and named for Colonel Benjamin Hawkins. It was the\\nstrongest in Georgia, and now became the headquarters of the\\ntroops. General John Floyd was placed in command.\\n[General John Floyd was born in South Carolina in 1769. In 1791 or\\n1792 his father moved to Georgia, near the mouth of St. Ilia River in\\nCamden County. lie applied himself to mechanics and boat-building\\nand soon became a wealthy man. He represented Camden County in the\\nlegislature, received a commission as major-general on the State militia.\\nHe was also a member of Congress. He was a gallant soldier, and a\\npatriotic citizen. He died in 1824.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat trouble had arisen between the United States and England\\nWhat was the embargo of 1807 How did this affect Georgia Describe\\nthe outrage at Savannah. When was war declared What did Governor\\nMitchell advise What preparations were made for the war Describe\\nthe expedition against Florida. What was Governor Mitchell instructed\\nto do With what result What about the block-house forts The\\nmassacre at Fort Mims. Describe the expedition against the Seminoles.\\nWhat preparations were made to punish the Creeks Where were the\\ntroops assembled Who was in command\\nTOPICS.\\n1. The cause of the war. 4. Preparations for war.\\n2. Patriotism of Georgia. 5. Expedition against Florida.\\n3. Outrage at Savannah. 6. Punishing the Indians.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXI.\\nTHE END OF THE WAR OF 1812.\\nI hope no such disruption will ever come, but if it should I have no wish that Georgia\\nshould survive the general wreck. Peter Early.\\nGOVERNOR PETER EARLY.\\nIk 1813, the second term of\\nDavid B. Mitchell having ex-\\npired, Peter Early was elected\\ngovernor. Governor Early was\\nstrong in will, prompt in action,\\nand began vigorous measures for\\ncarrying on the war. An officer\\nof the United States asked him for\\na loan of 180,000, and pledged the\\nfaith of the general government\\nfor its payment. Tlie request was\\ngranted and a warrant drawn upon\\nthe treasury of the State for that\\namount. Some one suggested to Governor Early that the\\nUnion might dissolve during the war and the money be lost.\\nTo this he gave the noble reply which heads this chapter.\\nThe legislature appropriated $20,000 for General Floyd, with\\nwhich he bought guns, powder, and rations for the soldiers at\\nFort Hawkins, and made ready to march against the Creeks.\\nHe built a line of block-house forts from the Ocmulgee to the\\nAlabama River, to protect the northern part of the State. On\\nthe west bank of the Chattahoochee River he built Fort\\nMitchell and put a strong garrison in it. He then marched\\nrapidly by night to Autossee, one of the largest towns of the\\nCreek nation, near Tallassee, on the left bank of the Talla-", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "176 History of Georgia.\\npoosa River, in the heart of the Creek country. The cele-\\nbrated Creek chief, William ^Mcintosh, a friend of the whites,\\nand four hundred warriors were with him. The Cowetas and\\na number of other Creek tribes living in Western Georgia had\\nrefused to join in the war against the whites and remained\\ntheir firm friends and allies.\\nJust before day-break, November 29, 1813, an assault was\\nuiade at the same time upon both Autossee and Tallassee. By\\nnine o clock the battle was won, two hundred warriors and the\\nkings of both towns were killed, and the houses were in flames.\\nThe pipe of the king of Tallassee, which had been smoked\\nat a treaty forty years before, was captured and sent to the\\ngovernor, who hung it in his office in Milledgeville. During\\nthe battle General Floyd was shot in the knee. He did not\\nstop to have his wound dressed, but remained in command of\\nhis troops the entire time. After the battle General Floyd\\nreturned to Fort Mitchell, having marched one hundred and\\ntwenty miles in seven days with only five days [Provisions.\\nHe again advanced, January, 1814, from Fort Mitchell\\nagainst the Creeks. He had heard that the upper Creeks had\\ncollected in large numbers at Hotle Crawle, a town of some\\nimportance. He sent a force of fifteen hundred men to attack\\nthis place, and they dispersed the Indians after a battle, known\\nas the battle of Challibbee. A few days after the battle the\\nterm of service of many of the troops expired, and they re-\\nturned to their homes. General Floyd was ordered to march\\nwith a brigade to Savannah to protect that place. Here he\\nremained in command until the end of the war,\\nGeneral Andrew Jackson still carried on the war against the\\nIndians. His crowning victory was at Horse Shoe Bend on\\nthe Tallapoosa River. Here the hostile Creeks were com-\\npletely crushed, and were obliged to sue for peace. A treaty\\nwas made at Fort Jackson, August 0, 1814. Nearly all\\nthe land between the Chattahoochee and Altamaha rivers,\\nowned by the Creeks, was ceded to tlie general government.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "The End of the War. of is is. 177\\nbesides large tracts west of tlie Chattahoochee. Out of this\\nterritory twenty counties in southern Georgia have since been\\nformed.\\nOne of these counties was named in honor of Colonel Daniel\\nAppling, who was born in Columbia County. At Sandy Creek,\\nN ew York, he performed a great feat of bravery, and the leg-\\nislature of Georgia presented him with a handsome sword\\nsuitable to an officer of his rank. But he died before the\\nsword readied him. In honor of his bravery the sword was\\nhung in the office of the governor.\\nAfter the treaty with the Iiidians, General Jackson marched\\nto Mobile. Here he learned that the British ships had en-\\ntered the harbor of Pensacola, had lauded an army and were\\narousing the Indians. Governor Early learned that British\\nships were also at Appalachicola and w^ere inciting the Indians\\nand runaway negroes to overrun Georgia. The command of\\nthe frontier was given to General David Blackshear, General\\nFloyd being unable to take command on account of his\\nwounds.\\nIn October the general government called on Georgia for\\n2,500 militia, to join General Jackson at Mobile. These\\ntroops were ordered to meet at Fort Hawkins and were placed\\nunder command of Major-Gen. John Mcintosh and Brig.-\\nGen. David Blackshear. In November news was received that\\nthe Seminoles had arisen along the Flint Eiver, and General\\nBlackshear was sent Avith a body of troops to subdue them.\\nGeneral Mcintosh started for Mobile with the remainder of\\nthe militia, instructing General Blackshear to join him there.\\nWhen Blackshear reached the Flint Eiver he found that the\\nSeminoles had already been subdued, and learned that the\\nBritish ships had sailed toward Kew Orleans, and that Jack-\\nson had marched overland to that place. In January, 1815,\\na large British fleet appeared off the lower coast of Georgia.\\nGeneral Blackshear was ordered to retrace his steps and join\\nGeneral Floyd at Savannah. The road he built on that\\n12", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "178 History of Georgia.\\nmarch was called Blackshear s Road/ and as such is known\\nto the present day. General Floyd sent him word that the\\nBritish were two thousand strong on land, had pillaged the\\ntown of St. Mary s, and had withdrawn to Cumberland Island.\\nJanuary 26, 1815, news was received of the brilliant victory\\nof General Jackson over the British at Xew Orleans. The\\nnews was carried by Indian runners from Mobile to Fort\\nHawkins. General Blackshear received the news on February\\n4, and sent a courier to General Floyd at Savannah, with a\\nletter stating nineteen guns were fired at Fort Hawkins on\\nMonday last in celebration of the victory.\\nIn February news reached Georgia that a treaty of peace had\\nbeen signed at Ghent in Belgium, on Christmas Eve, between\\nthe United States and England. This put an end to the\\nthreatened invasion of Georgia. The terms of peace did not\\nsuit all the States. Georgia was much opposed to the treaty.\\nEesolutions were passed, asking the President of the United\\nStates to continue the war rather than consent to the treaty.\\nThe treaty, however, was ratified, and peace was declared\\nbetween the two nations.\\nDuring the war William H. Crawford had been appointed\\nminister to France, and resigned his position as United States\\nSenator. William B. Bulloch, of Savannah, was appointed to\\nfill the position until the legislature met in 1813, when Dr. W.\\nAV. Bibb was elected.\\n[Peter Early was born in Virginia in 1773, and when a young man\\ncame to Georgia to practise law in Wilkes County, In 1802 he was\\nelected to Congress, and was a leading member of that body. In 1807\\nhe was appointed judge of the Superior Court in the Ocmulgee circuit.\\nHe died August, 1817.]\\n[General Blackshear was born in North Carolina in 1764. He came to\\nGeorgia in 1700, and settled in Laurens County near the Oconee River.\\nHe was often engaged in battles with the Indians and was a brave soldier.\\nIn 1815 a vote of thanks was given General Blackshear for his services.\\nHe died at his home in Tjaurens County at the ripe age of seventy-three.]", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "Questions and topics. 179\\nOne among the most remarkable feats ever recorded in the annals of\\nwar took place on the St. Mary s River in the year 1815. Twenty-three\\nbarges, piled with British soldiers, ascended St. Mary s River for the\\npurpose of burning Major Clarke s mills as a retaliation for breaking his\\nparole. The St. Mary s is a very crooked river, from sixty to one hun-\\ndred yards wide. The enemy intended to land at a place called Camp\\nPinckney, and march to Clarke s Mills, on Spanish Creek, three miles\\ndistant. Whilst the barges were ascending they were attacked by a party\\nof twenty-eight men under the command of Captain William Cone. As\\nsoon as they were attacked they fired their cannon, but the palmetto on\\nboth sides of the river served as a screen for Cone s men, so that the shot\\nfrom the enemy proved harmless. In this manner the barges were\\nharassed for several miles. Cone s men took advantage of every turn\\nof the river to fire upon them, and every shot brought down a man.\\nFinding themselves exposed to so deadly a fire, the barges retraced their\\ncourse toward St. Mary s. Upon their arrival at the latter place they\\nreported one hundred and eighty men killed and as many wounded.\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho became governor in 1813 How did Early show his patriotism\\nWhat did General Floyd do What forts did he build Where did he\\nmarch Who went with him Tell about the battles of Autossee and\\nTallassee. Describe the battle of Challibbee. Where were the Creeks\\ncrushed and by whom What about the treaty at Fort Jackson For\\nwhom and why was Appling County named Who was placed in com-\\nmand of the frontier What was he told to do What other troops\\nwere raised in Georgia and for what purpose Describe Blackshear s\\nmovements. Tell about the news of the victory at New Orleans. What\\nabout the treaty of peace\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Early s patriotism. 4. Movements of Mcintosh.\\n2. Floyd s victories over the 5. Movements of Blackshear.\\nCreeks. 6. End of the war.\\n3. Treaty at Fort Jackson,", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXII.\\nPROGRESS OF THE STATE.\\nKEV. MOSES WABDELL.\\nIn every situation in which I have been phiccd, my highest object and only aim have\\nbeen to promote the interests and prosperity of our beloved country. William Rabun.\\nDavid B. Mitchell was elected\\ngovernor a third time iu 1815. He at\\nonce began the work of repairing the\\nlosses of war. Tlie legislature appro-\\npriated money to aid schools, to build\\nv ^^_ libraries, hospitals, and jioor-houses.\\n^J^K^^m^K^ An act was passed requiring the owners\\nof old and infirm slaves to support\\nthem in comfort. As early as 1803 an\\nappropriation was made to build a peni-\\ntentiary in Milledgeville. The build-\\nings were now ready, and the legislature passed the Peniten-\\ntiary Act.\\nThe laws prescribing punisliment for crimes were revised in\\n1816 to suit the penitentiary system. One of the sections for-\\nbade any traders to bring negro slaves to the State to sell,\\nunder penalty of a fine of one thousand dollars and five years\\nin the jienitentiary. But this did not prohibit residents of\\nthe State from importing slaves for their own use. Other\\nsouthern States had similar laws.\\nThe same legislature elected George 31. Troup to succeed\\nBibb as United States Senator. Troup had served with dis-\\ntinction in the lower house of Congress, and during the war had\\nbeen chairman of the committee on military aifairs. Bibb was\\nappointed governor of the Territory of Alabama, and when", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "Progress of the state. 181\\nthat territory was admitted as a State he was chosen its first\\ngovernor.\\nBenjamin Hawkins, the friend of the Indians, died in 1816.\\nHe was very old, but had faithfnlly done the duties of his\\noffice. He had a large farm and a beautiful home in the Indian\\ncountry, where he was glad to entertain his friends. Under\\nhis care the southern Indians had improved very much in civ-\\nilization. Many of them had houses and farms and assumed\\nthe dress and habits of the white people. There were some\\nschools and churches among them. Benjamin Hawkins was\\nburied at the old agency on the Flint Eiver, now in Crawford\\nCounty, among the Indian friends he had loved so well.\\nGovernor Mitchell was appointed by President Monroe to\\nsucceed Colonel Hawkins as southern agent for Indian affairs.\\nHe resigned his office as governor November 4, 1817. Under\\nthe Constitution he was succeeded by William Eabun, the\\npresident of the Senate, who was soon after duly elected\\ngovernor.\\nIn 1817 a war with the Seminoles broke out. The In-\\ndians had stolen several hundred cattle in Camden County.\\nA. party appeared near Clarke s Mills on the St. Mary s Eiver,\\nbrutally murdered a woman and two children, burnt their\\ndwelling and fled. In addition to this, the Seminole Indians\\nhad harbored several murderers and refused to give them\\nup. Major-General Gaines, under the orders of General\\nAndrew Jackson, marched United States troops to the Flint\\nEiver and sent a friendly message to the Indian chief on the\\nopposite side. This message was not heeded. Accordingly a\\nbody of troops was sent across the river. The Indians fired\\nupon them and the fire was returned. The Indians then fled,\\nleaving four of their warriors slain.\\nIn Xovember, General Gaines ordered Colonel Arbuckle, with\\nthree hundred Georgia militia, to pursue the Indians. The\\nIndians placed themselves in a swamp and fired upon the\\nGeorgians as they passed by, but no one was hurt. Another", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "182\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nambush of one thousand savages was formed near the Appa-\\nlachicola. A passing boat was attacked and nearly every man\\nwas slain or taken prisoner. On one occasion the Indians\\npenetrated as far as Fort Scott, and murdered several persons.\\nIt was expected that they would try to reduce Fort Gaines and\\nFORT GAINES (1816).\\nFort Scott. But General Andrew Jackson, with a body of\\none thousand troops, arrived early in 1818 at Fort Scott, drove\\nback the Indians, and took j^rompt measures to reduce St.\\nMark s at Pensacola, which post soon surrendered.\\nIn 1817 the Cherokee Indians ceded to the United States\\nall the lands they owned in Georgia east of the Chattahoochee\\nRiver. These lands were in the northeastern part of the", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "Progress of the state.\\n183\\nState and were organized into the counties of Hall and\\nHabersham. In 1818 the Creeks ceded a large body of land\\nbetween the Appalachee and the Chattahoochee rivers, out\\nof which Gwinnett and Walton counties were made. At the\\nsame time they ceded a tract of land lying south of the\\nOcmulgee River. The next year the Cherokees ceded to\\nTHE SAVANNAH.\\nthe United States the land lying between the Chattahoochee\\nand the Chestatee rivers in the extreme northeastern part of\\nGeorgia. Out of this territory Rabun County was formed.\\nIn 1818 Governor Rabun appointed commissioners for Geor-\\ngia to meet other commissioners from Tennessee to run the\\nboundary line between these two States. The surveyors met\\nat a place on Nickajack Creek near the north Georgia line,\\nand after several weeks of work ran the line to the satisfaction\\nof all parties. During the same year Wilson Lumpkin, of\\nGeorgia, ran the southern boundary line between Georgia and\\nFlorida.\\nThe university had languished until the enrolment had\\ngone down to seven students. In 1819 the trustees elected\\nMoses Waddell, president. He was a famous teacher and had", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "184\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nMATTHEW TALBOT.\\nnumbered tiinong his pupils William H. Crawford, John C.\\nCalhoun, and other great men of the country. By his energy\\nand liigh character as educator the enrolment of the university\\nsoon went to over one hundred stu-\\ndents. The prosperity of that insti-\\ntution dates from his adminis-\\ntration.\\nThe first steamship to cross the\\nAtlantic Ocean was built by William\\nScarborough, a wealthy merchant\\nand planter of Savannah. It used\\npitch-i)ine for fuel, and had an iron\\nwheel on each side, which could\\nclose up like a fan and could be un-\\nshipped at will. Instead of wheel-\\nhouses, heavy canvas was used to cover the wheels. The vessel\\nwas built at Elizabeth town, X. J., and was named Savan-\\nnali.^^ The trial trip was from Charleston to Savannah, and\\non board was President Monroe, who was there visiting the\\nSouth, and who, during his stay in Savannah, was the guest of\\nAVilliam Scarborough. The vessel sailed from Savannah in\\n1819 and visited Liverpool, Copen-\\nhagen, Norway, and went as far as\\nSt. Petersburg. It was the wonder\\nof Europe. Even the royalty came\\non board to examine it. The smoke\\nfrom the engine stack made the\\npeople first think the vessel was on\\nfire, anil more than one offer of aid\\nwas made to extinguish the flames.\\nEarly in 1819 Spain ceded East\\nand West Florida to the United\\nStates for five million dollars. The\\nconsent of Spain to the cession was secured by John Forsyth,\\nof Georgia, who had been apjiointed minister to Spain by\\nKUKEMAN WALKER.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "PROGRESS OF THE STATE. 185\\nPresident Monroe. Forsjtli was United States Senator from\\nGeorgia at that time, having succeeded George M. Troup,\\nwho had resigned in 1818. Upon the resignation of Forsyth,\\nFreeman alker, of Augusta, was elected. The same legishi-\\nture elected John Elliott senator to succeed Charles Tait.\\nGovernor Rabun died October, 1819, while in discharge of\\nhis duties as governor. Matthew Talbot, of Wilkes County,\\nthe president of the Senate, at once became governor, and\\nserved until the legislature could meet.\\nBy the census of 1820 the population of Georgia was three\\nhundred and forty thousand, and the State gained one repre-\\nsentative in Congress. Savannah now had eight thousand in-\\nhabitants and her trade was rapidly growing.\\n[Benjaniin Hawkins was born in Xorlli Carohna in 17o4. He was\\neducated at Princeton College, and became so versed in the P^rench lan-\\nguage that General Washington employed him as an interpreter during\\nhis intercourse with the French officers. lie was with Washington at the\\nbattle of Monmouth, and upon several other occasions. He was a mem-\\nber of Congress and United States Senator from North Carolina until he\\nwas appointed Agent of Indian Affairs in the South.]\\n[William Rabun was born in North Carolina in 1771. He came to\\nGeorgia in 178.J with his father, and after living in Wilkes County for a\\nyear, moved to Hancock County. His education was limited, but he read\\nmuch, and was very popular with his fellow-citizens. For many years\\nhe represented Hancock County in the legislature, and was president of\\nthe Senate, when he was called by the resignation of Governor Mitchell\\nto the chair of governor. He died while governor, Octol)er 24, 1819.]\\n[Matthew Talbot by birlh was a Virginian. He settled in Wilkes\\nCounty in 1785, and afterwards moved to Oglethorpe. His honesty and\\nfirmness made him one amongst the most popular men in Georgia.\\nWhilst a citizen of Wilkes he was often elected a member of the legis-\\nlature. When he moved to Oglethorpe he was appointed a delegate to\\nthe Constitutional Convention of 1798. In 1808 he was elected to the\\nSenate, and was president of that body from 1818 to 1823. He died in\\nWilkes County, September 17. 1827, aged sixty years, leaving behind\\nhim the character of an honest and patriotic citizen.]", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "186 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\n[William Wyatt Bibb was Ijoni in Virginia in 1780. He studied medi-\\ncine, and, moving to Georgia, settled first in Elbert and then in Wilkes\\nCounty. At the age of twenty-five lie was elected to Congress and came\\nwithin a few votes of being elected Speaker of the House of Representa-\\ntives. He was in the Senate from 1813 to 1816. He was appointed gov-\\nernor of the Territory of Alabama in 1816, and when that Territory was\\nadmitted as a State was elected its first governor. He was killed at the\\nage of forty years by a fall from his horse. Bibb County, in Georgia, is\\nnamed in his honor.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho was elected governor in 1815 Mention some acts of the legis-\\nlature passed at this time. What are the laws for crimes Who suc-\\nceeded Bibb as senator What can you say of Trou4i What of Bibb\\nWhat about the death of Hawkins? Who succeeded him? What war\\nbroke out in 1817 What did Gaines do How was the war ended\\nWhat did the Cherokees cede in 1817 The Creeks in 1818 The Cher-\\nokees in 1819 What boundary line was run in 1818 What can you\\nsay of the university Describe the steamship Savannah. What about\\nthe cession of Florida in 1819 Mention the new senators at this time.\\nWhat of the death of Rabun Wlio succeeded him Give the statistics\\nof 1820.\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Legislation in 1816. 5. Cessions of territory.\\n2. Troup and Bibb. 6. The university.\\n3. Death of Hawkins. 7. ^tQ A\\\\w6\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\^ Sarannah.\\n4. Seminole war. 8. Death of Rabun.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXIIL\\nHOW THEY LIVED IN EARLY TIMES.\\nWhere is a land on wliicli a deeper bine\\nDivinely bends than that I prondlj^ view,\\nWhere broader rivers sweep to join the main,\\nAll brijilitly winding throntjh their rich domain,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nWhere pronder mountains look o er softi r vales,\\nOr greener forests wave to freslier gales V Robkkt T ITj\\nEighty years ago there were no large cities in Georgia. Most\\nof the people lived on farms, or in small towns,\\nier people lived on large\\nplantations. Their\\nhouses, nsnally white,\\nwere spacious and ele-\\ngant, with green win-\\ndow-blinds, and in the\\nfront, wide porticoes\\nwith handsome col-\\numns. They were gen-\\nerally surrounded by\\ngroves of oak and other\\ntrees, and were so situ-\\nated as to overlook the\\nplantations.\\nNot only in Georgia,\\nbut all over the South,\\nthe residences of the\\nplanters were abodes of\\nculture and luxury.\\nThe sons and daughters\\nThe wealth-\\nMKS. GOVERNOR EARLY.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "188 If IS TORY OF Georgia.\\nwere educated in the best schools of the country, and music,\\npainting, art, and literature made the home life refined. The\\nmen wore ruffled shirts of the finest linen, and coats of rich\\nvelvet. Their wives and daughters dressed in imported silks\\nand satins. The accompanying picture, reproduced from a\\n])ortrait of the wife of Governor Early, shows the evening\\ndress of ladies of the period.\\nThe family of the planter lived in profusion and plenty.\\nThey were attended by a number of servants, and drove to\\nchurch or to town in the family carriage. Tlieir hospitality\\nwas unbounded. Several neighboring families would often\\ngather jit one house and spend a week or jnore in a social party.\\nAnd hospitality was shown not only to friends, but strangers.\\nKo traveller in distress was ever refused a meal or a night s\\nlodging, and the respectable traveller, poor or rich, was always\\nwelcome as a guest as long as he i)leased to stay.\\nBut all the peojile of Georgia were not rich plantei S. A\\ngreat many of our best men Avere plain ^leople. Their houses\\nwere simple buildings, situated generally near the high roads\\nor on the banks of rivers. These people did all their own\\nwork. .riieir clothes were made of cloth nninufactured by\\nthemselves. The women carded the cotton or wool Avith hand-\\ncarders into small rolls. These rolls tliey s])un on spinning-\\nwheels into thread, which they dyed whatever colors they\\ndesired, and they wove the thread into cloth on home-made\\nlooms. Such looms and spinning-wheels are yet to be found\\nin many country houses of Georgia, especially in the northern\\ndistricts. Here the good old custom of household industry in\\nthe production of home-spun is still kept up by the wives and\\ndaughters of thriving and respectable farmers.\\nThe houses of the frontier settlers usually had but one\\nroom, the floor of which was made of puncheons, that is, split\\nlogs with the faces smoothed by an ax or hatchet. There\\nwere no lamps, and candles were not often used. Blazing\\npine knots in the fire-place generally served for both light and", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "How They Lived in Early Times.\\n189\\nheat. The boys of the family, after working all day in the\\nfields, would at night lie down in front of the pine-knot fires\\nand learn to read and write. Many of these boys became in\\nafter years distinguished men in the history of the State.\\nThe cooking in early times was done in large, open fire-\\nplaces. In the fire-place was a crane for holding kettles or\\nSPINNING AND WEAVING.\\npots over the fire. Corn bread was baked in the hot ashes\\nhence called ash cakes and potatoes were often cooked in\\nthe same way. Bread of other kinds was baked in ovens,\\nwhich were also used for baking meat. Turkeys were roasted\\non a spit hung before the fire.\\nThe negroes belonging to the plantations lived in small\\nhouses, generally built in a row, and called the negro quar-\\nters, or the quarters. Being well treated, they Avere free\\nfrom care, and were, therefore, happy, and devoted to their\\nmasters. KHqy the dav s labor they had their simple sports,", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "190 History of Georgia\\nsuch as dancing, playing the banjo, and j^ossum hunting.\\nThey were fond of singing, even at their work. And at night,\\naround the fire in the quarters, or at their meeting houses,\\nthey would sing their melodies in rich, musical voices. The\\nwhite children considered it a great privilege to play around\\nthe quarters and listen to the stories of Brer Rabbit\\nand Brer Fox related by the old negroes.\\nThere were no railroads in those times, and travelling long\\ndistances was generally done by means of coaches called stage\\ncoaches. The drivers had horns made of tin, which they\\nsounded as they came near a town or village, or occasionally\\nas they went along the highway, to give notice of their ap-\\nproach. The mails were carried by these stages.\\nAt convenient stations along the roads there were hotels,\\nwhich in those days were called inns, where the horses were\\nchanged and the travellers could get their meals or rest for\\nthe night. NoAvaclays we can go from one end of Georgia to\\nthe other in a day, or can take a sleeping-car in Atlanta after\\nsupper and be in Savannah to breakfast but in those times\\nthe journey would make nearly a week of uncomfortable\\nriding.\\nThe absence of railroads compelled the people to bring all\\ngoods and merchandise into the State in wagons, and to carry\\ntheir crops in the same way to Savannah, Augusta, or Charles-\\nton, which were the great markets in those days. ^lany had\\nto drive more than a hundred miles to reach one of these\\ntowns, and they used great canvas-covered wagons, in which\\nthey carried i)ro visions, coffee-pots, and skillets for cooking,\\nand blankets to wrap themselves up in at night. Neighbors\\nwho had to make such a journey would start at the same time\\nand travel together, so that long wagon trains were constantly\\npassing the public roads. When night came the wagons\\nstopped by the side of the road near a spring or a small\\nstream, ami a camp fire was built. Supper was cooked, and\\nthe travellers lay down in the large wagons and slept till", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "Georgia Crackers. 191\\nmorning. The driver of each wagon carried a whip, which he\\noften popped and cracked as he drove along. With the handle\\nin both hands, he would pop his large whip from side to side\\nuntil it sounded like the rapid firing of a pistol. From this\\npractice the name Georgia Cracker is said to have origi-\\nnated, the cracker being a man from the country, who, in\\ndriving to market, cracked his whip as he went along.\\n[Other explanations of the origin of Georgia Crackers arc as follows\\nFrom the Century Dictionary One of an inferior class of white hill\\ndwellers in some of the Southern United States, especially in Georgia and\\nFlorida. The name is said to have been applied because cracked corn is\\ntheir chief article of diet it is as old in Georgia and Florida as the time\\nof the Revolution.\\nRicliard Malcolm Johnston says, that among the followers of Gen.\\nFrancis Marion in his guerrilla warfare, during the war of the Revolution,\\nwere some Georgians, who were especially expert in the use of the rifle,\\nthe crack of which got to be much dreaded by the British, who gave\\nthese riflemen the name of Georgia Crackers. After the war the name\\nchanged from a military to a social significance.\\nA theory of Charles H. Smith (Bill Arp) is that the hardy and indus-\\ntrious Scotchmen who settled in Georgia, and who came in conflict with\\nthe rough and uncultured settlers from other sections, called them\\ncrackers, which is a Scotch term, and means boasters, idlers,\\nwho talk much and work little. Cracked and crack-brained may have\\nthe same origin.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nDescribe the homes of the planters in the early times. How did the\\nmen dress The women What about the hospitality Describe\\nthe homes of the plain people. How were clothes made Tell about the\\nhouses of the frontier settlers. What about cooking Where did the\\nnegroes live What were some of their sports What about travelling\\nHow did people get to market What is the origin of Georgia Cracker\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Home life of the planters, 4. The frontier settlers.\\n2. Home-made cloth. 5. Negroes and their sports.\\n3. Cooking. 6. Going to market.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXIV.\\nEARLY CUSTOMS AXD HA BITS.\\nCcoriiia, sir, is my hoim-, as it was that of liitn fnnn whom I derived my beiii r\u00e2\u0080\u0094 asit\\nis, and will bo, tho iiomi- oi my childron. Humanly spoakiiiLT, it is tlie boundary of my\\nliojKs and of my wislios ami wiu-ilu r for weal or woo, 1 am content to sliaro tho lot of\\nhor pooplo. .loiiN M. Hkkuien.\\nIx the northern part of the State, and beyond the bor-\\ndei s. a great deid of tobacco was raised. The tobacco, wlien\\ncured, was pressed into huge and securely-bonnd hogsheads.\\nAround the lieads of these hogsheads were pinned wooden fel-\\nloes, which nuule awheel at each end, and in the centre of each\\nhead a large pin was inserted to serve as an axle. A hick-\\nory pole was split at one end to form shafts, which were\\nfastened to the axle. ^[ules or oxen were hitched to the\\nl)ole, and as they moved they drew the hogsheads along.\\nMan} of these teams would go together for company, and the\\ndrivers were called tobacco rollers. A road kiunvn as the\\nt( btu co road begins in the upper ])ortion of the State and\\nwiiuls in and out until it rca.ches the Savannah l\\\\iver below\\nthe shoals, in Kichmond County. A peculiarity of this road\\nis that it is nowhere crossed by water, this having been neces-\\nsary to save the tobacco from injury by wetting. AVhen the\\nriver was reached, the hogsheads were placed on flatboats and\\nfloated to Savannah.\\nThere were but few newspapers in those times, and the\\npeople learned about political nnitters at large i)ublic meetings.\\nThese meetings were addressed by the leading men of the day,\\nwho generally spoke from a i)latform built under the shade of\\na tree. Sometimes several thousand citizens from a half dozen\\ncounties would gather at some central place to hear i)olitical", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "Early Customs and Habits.\\n193\\nspeeches. In this way the people were instructed on public\\niift iiirs, and powers of orator} and capacity for statesmanship\\nwere developed, that made Georgia and other Southern States\\nfamous in the history of the country.\\nIt was the custom at these political meotings to cook and\\neat a whole pig or kid or calf, the carcass of the animal beiug\\nroasted on poles stretched over a fire made in a hole dug in the\\ngrouiul. This was called a \u00e2\u0080\u00a2barbecue, and\\nbarbecue became famous throuo-hout the countrv.\\nthe Georgia\\n^mi\\nIf L-^5V^\\n^-m^^.^^T::\\nON TTTK TORACrO ROAD.\\nAnother great occasion of public gatherings was muster\\nthiy, when citizens liable to military service met to be drilled\\nin the manual of aruis and in marcliing and counter-marching.\\nThe Federal Govcrnuient had but a small standing army at\\nthat time, and depended upon the States to furnish soldiers in\\ncase of war. These State troops were called militia. The\\nmen were organized into companies, battalions, regiments, and\\nbrigades, and there were captains, majors, colonels, brigadier-\\ngenerals and major-generals. These officers wore bright uni-\\nforms and were j^ersous of influence and importance. Governor\\n13", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "194\\nHistory of Georgia.\\nMitchell was a major-general; so also were David Meriwether,\\nHugh Haralson, John Clark, John Floyd, and other men\\nprominent in the history of the State. On muster days the\\npeople came out in large numbers to view the parade.\\nAmong the social customs of early times in Georgia Avas\\nrT^\\nCORN SHXTCKING.\\nhouse raising. lien a settler wanted to l)uild a log cabin\\nin the woods, he cut down enough logs for the purpose and\\ninvited the neighbors to come and help him raise them to their\\npr()])er places and sot them up in the frame of the house. The\\nneighbors cheerfully did this, for they were always ready to\\nlend a helping hand to one another.\\nAnother custom was known as log rolling. When a\\npiece of forest ground was to be cleared, the trees were belted", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "Early Customs and habits. 195\\nto Illlike them die. In this istiitc they were blown down by the\\nwinter winds, and the first work in the spring was to cut them\\ninto logs of convenient size for rolling. The farmer invited\\nthe aid of his neighbors, and they helped him roll the logs into\\npiles for burning. Upon these occasions feats of strength and\\nactivity Avere a part of the programme. The youth who\\ncould pull his man down at the end of the hand stick, throw\\nhim in a wrestle, or outstrip him in a foot race, was regarded\\nas the best man in the settlement. He was greeted with a\\ncheer by the old ladies, a slap on the shoulder by the men,\\nand with the shy yet encouraging glances of the girls. He had\\nhis choice of partners in the dance, and rode home with the\\nprettiest girl, generally on the same horse. AVhile the men\\nwere log rolling the women of the neighborhood joined in\\nquilting. After sewing all morning, they had a good coun-\\ntry dinner together, and spent the afternoon in conversation.\\nAfter the harvest of corn was gathered in the fall of the\\nyear, some farmer would invite the neighbors to a corn\\nshucking, that is, taking the shucks off the ears of corn.\\nGenerally the corn was put in two piles, and sides were chosen\\nby the young men present. At a given signal each side would\\nbegin to vigorously husk the ears of corn in the pile. The\\nside that finished first won the prize.\\nAll these gatherings ended in what was called a frolic,\\nthat is, game^ of some kind, or dancing in which young and\\nold Joined. The music was rendered by some old negro\\nfiddler. Sometimes the dances were held in the morning, and\\nif at night, rarely later than nine or ten o clock. Such social\\nmeetings promoted the spirit of friendship, encouraged manly\\nvirtues, and contributed to tlie happy liome life that character-\\nized the early settlements of the State.\\nOne of the chief amusements of the wealthier class was fox\\nhunting. Some of the rich planters kept packs of hounds,\\nand they and their neighbors would often meet at daylight on\\nhorseback. After the fox had been scented the hounds would", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "196 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nstart on his track in full cry, the hnuters riding after in hot\\nhaste. Over ditches and fences, across fields and roads, through\\nwoods and meadows, the horses and dogs would go for many a\\nmile until the fox was caught. Frequently women went on\\ntliose chases, and they were as fearless riders as the men. The\\nrider who was in at the death was entitled to the trophy,\\nwhich was the long bushy tail of the fox.\\n[Some features of the early times in Georgia can be gatlicred from\\nGeorgia Scenes, by Judge A. B. Longstreet DukesV)orougli Tales,\\nby Richard M. Johnston Major Jones Courtship. by W. ]\\\\I. Thomp-\\nson Memories of Fifty YeaCrs, by William Sparks The Georgians.\\nby George R. Gilmer.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nDescribe the tobacco road. Tell about the political meetings. What\\nwas the barbecue What was done on muster day What was the\\nhouse raising What was log rolling Describe the sports upon that\\noccasion. What else was done on log-rolling day Describe a corn\\nshucking. Tlow did these social gatherings end Tell about the fox\\nhunting.\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Tobacco road. o. Log rolling.\\n2. Political meetings. 6. Corn shucking.\\n3. Muster day. 7. Dancing.\\n4. House raising. 8. Fox hunting.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXV.\\nCRAWFORD, TROUP, AND CLARK.\\nOf all the old States, Georgia is the only one whose political organization is incom-\\nplete her civil policy is deranged her military force cannot be reduced to systematic\\norder and subordination the extent of her natural resources cannot be counted the\\ngreat work of internal improvement is suspended, and all because Georgia is not in pos-\\nsession of her vacant territory, George M. Troup.\\nGOVERNOR JOHN CLARK.\\nUp to this time and for several\\nyears later there Avas but one polit-\\nical party in Georgia, and that was\\nthe Democratic-Repnblican party\\nof which Thomas Jefferson was the\\nfounder. Tlie party in Georgia\\nhad, however, divided into two local\\nfactions on a purely personal issue.\\nOne of these was led by William H.\\nCrawford, who was secretary of the\\ntreasury in the cabinet of Monroe.\\nThe leader of the other party was General John Clark. They\\nwere prominent men and had great influence in the political\\naffairs of the State.\\nAVilliam H. Crawford was a lawyer and statesman of high\\nability and national reputation. He was one of the greatest\\nmen Georgia ever had in its history. While in the Senate he\\nenjoyed the confidence and friendship of Jefferson, Madison,\\nand Monroe. He was elected president of that body after the\\ndeath of George Clinton of New York.\\nWhen Crawford, as American Minister to France, was pre-\\nsented to Na2 )oleon, the latter was so struck by his firm step,\\nlofty bearing, tall, manly figure, and the radiance of his clear", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "198 History of Georgia.\\nblue eyes, that he invohuitarily bowed twice. This was a rare\\nif not unprecedented occurrence. Napoleon afterwards con-\\nfessed that Crawford Avas the only man he ever saw, before\\nwhom he felt inclined to bow.\\nAVhen Crawford was a member of tlie legislature in 180G,\\nClark preferred charges against Judge Charles Tait. Craw-\\nford voted to acquit Judge Tait of the charges, and this is\\nsaid to have provoked the enmity of Clark. A duel was\\nfought between them in Avhich Crawford was wounded in the\\nwrist. They remained bitter enemies for life, and the per-\\nsonal feelings between them made a party issue in Georgia.\\nGovernor Rabun had belonged to the Crawford party and had\\ndefeated Clark for governor in 1817. George M. Troup was an\\nardent admirer and supporter of Crawford, and he was made\\nleader of the party on Crawford s retirement from political\\nlife through ill health. This party then became known as\\nthe Troup party, and the followers of General Clark were\\ncalled the Clark party. The members of the latter were also\\ncalled Clarkites, while the supporters of the other leader got\\nthe name of Troupers, and these two names continued in\\n2^opular use for many years.\\nThe death of IJabun in 1810 brought on a hot contest\\nbetween Troup and Clark as to which sliould be elected to\\nthe office of governor. When the legislature met in Xovem-\\nber the balloting began in great excitement, as no one knew\\nthe exact strength of either party. Clark was elected by a\\nmajority of thirteen votes.\\nWhile Clark was governor, trouble began with the Federal\\nGovernment regarding the removal of the Indians. The\\nUnited States recognized the Indian tribes as owners of the\\nlands on which they lived, and so the lands were never taken\\nfrom them by force, but were always bought. AVhen the\\nIndians sokl land their title was said to be extinguished.\\nIt will be remembered that in 1802 the United States agreed\\nto extinguish for the use of Georgia the Indian titles to all", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "Crawford, Troup, and Clark.\\n199\\nlands lying within the limits of the State, us soon as this\\ncould be done peaceably and on reasonable terms. Eighteen\\nyears had passed and the Indians still had some of the best\\nlands in Georgia. The delay made the people impatient be-\\ncause they were anxious that the State should get possession", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "300\\nHistory of Georgia.\\nof all its territory. Up to this time the Creeks had ceded\\nnearly ten millions of acres, but still held about the same num-\\nber. The Cherokees had ceded nearly one million acres, but\\nstill held nearly six millions. These unceded lands lay west\\nof the Ocmulgee River and north of the Chattahoochee.\\nThe legislature, in December, 1819, sent a memorial and pro-\\ntest to the general government urging that the Indians be\\nremoved to lands west of the Mississippi Iliver. The United\\nStates made a treaty Avitli the Creeks at Indian Springs in\\nJanuary, 1831. By this treaty a ti act of land was ceded or\\nsold Ijy the Indians, and it was agreed\\nthat the United States might apply\\ntwo hundred and fifty thousand dol-\\nlars of the i^urchase money to com-\\npensating citizens of Georgia for cattle\\nand other property taken from them\\nby the Indians.\\nThe territory gained included the\\nremaining land between the Flint\\nand Ocmulgee Rivers as far nortli as\\nthe Chattahoochee. It was divided\\nby the legislature of 1821 into tlie\\ncounties of Dooly, Fayette, Henry,\\nIloustoun, and ]\\\\Ionroe. Governor Clark advised the legis-\\nlature to distribute this land by the lottery system, which was\\nmore likelv to do equal justice to the poor and rich and to\\ninsure a speedy population of the country.\\nDuring the time that Clark was governor there was no truce\\nbetween his friends and the Troup party. The contest be-\\ntween them in the next campaign engaged the attention of\\nthe entire State. There was universal excitement over it.\\nEverybody asked everyone he met: Are you for Troup or\\nClark AVhen the legislature assembled in 1821, the absorb-\\ning question was. Who should be elected governor? The\\nmembers were nearly evenly divided, but Clark was reelected\\n/^y\\nNICHOLAS WABE.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "QUESTIONS AND TOPICS. 201\\namid great excitement by a majority of two. The vote was,\\nTroup 72, Clark 74. This second defeat of Troup was a bitter\\ndisappointment to his friends, but they kept up the fight.\\nThe year 1820 is memorable as the period of two great ca-\\nlamities in Savannah. In the early part of the year the city\\nwas nearly destroyed by a fire which consumed over four hun-\\ndred buildings. The loss was estimated at four million dollars.\\nIn the fall of the year a malignant yellow fever broke out, and\\nalmost de^iopulated the city.\\nNicholas Ware, a prominent lawyer of Augusta, was elected\\nUnited States Senator in 1821, to succeed Freeman AValker.\\n[John Clark was the son of General Elijah Chirk of Revolutionary fame.\\nHe came to Georgia with his father when still a young boy. He went to\\nschool for a short while only. He preferred to join his father in his\\nwarfare against the tories. Though but a boy he did good soldier duty at\\nKettle Creek and in the siege of Augusta. He rose rapidly in popular\\nfavor and was made brigadier and afterwards major-general. His ani-\\nmosity to Crawford was personal as well as political. He became involved\\nin a quarrel with him and sent a challenge to fight a duel. On the day of\\nmeeting, Crawford was excited and allowed his disengaged arm to hang\\nexposed to fire. The ball from Clark s pistol struck his wrist. They\\nbecame avowed enemies, and for many years the politics of the State were\\nagitated by these rival factions.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat was the only political party in Georgia up to this time How\\nhad the party divided, and who were the leaders What was the char-\\nacter of Crawford What caused the enmity of Clark What names\\ndid the parties take Who was elected governor in 1819 What\\ntrouble began while Clark was governor What treaty was made in\\n1821 What counties were formed out of the territory gained What\\nwas the result of the political contest in 1831 Describe two calami-\\nties which occurred that year.\\nTOPICS.\\n1. William H. Crawford. 3. Treaty at Indian Springs.\\n2. Troup party and Clark party. 4. Clark reelected governor.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXVI.\\nADMIXISTRATIOX OF TliOUP.\\nFellow citizens, lot us cease our strife. Let our divisions be at an end. The march\\nof Science is so steady, the progress of its illumination is so irresistible in this great and\\ngrowing country, that the generations to come may look back upon our foibles with pity.\\nLet us discard our selfishness therefore, let our motto be God and our country.\\nGeokge M. Tkoup.\\nGOVERNOR OEORCiE M. TROIT\\nIn 1823 Troup was again in the field\\nfor governor. John Chirk had served\\ntwo terms and was- no longer a candi-\\ndate, but Matthew Talbot, one of the\\nleaders of the Clark party, was nomi-\\nnated to oppose Troup. The contest\\nwas warm, party lines Avere closely\\ndraAvn, and party spirit was very in-\\ntense. AVhen the legislature met in\\nNovember, 1 823, their first duty was to\\nchoose the governor. The result was\\nthe election of Troup by a majority of four votes Troup 85,\\nTalbot 81.\\nTroup was the last governor of Cieorgia elected by the legis-\\nlature, and, as .we shall see farther on, was the first governor\\nelected by the people. He was a man of ordinary height, with\\nlight complexion, blue eyes, and curly, saiuly hair. His car-\\nriage was erect, his step slow and measured. He had the air\\nof a soldier. He was very brave, and where principle was\\ninvolved was a stranger to compromise. He once had a dis-\\npute with a neighbor about a piece of land that adjoined his\\nfarm, and he wrote to the overseer If I have not right on\\nmy side, I will surrender, but not compromise. In the mat-", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "Indians Refuse to Sell. 203\\nter of dress he was indifferent, and showed an odd taste by\\nwearing a bhie coat with metal buttons, a bnff vest, and a fur\\ncap.\\nA hirge tract of valuable land west of the Flint River was\\nstill held by the Creek Indians. To obtain this the United\\nStates tried to make another treaty with the Creeks in 1823,\\nbut they had already ceded so much of their land that Big\\nWarrior, the head of the nation, and the Alabama Creeks\\nbecame alarmed, thinking that the design of the whites was to\\nget possession of all their territory. A great council of the\\nCreek nation had been held in Alabama the previous year, at\\nwhich they determined to hold no more treaties with the whites\\nfor the purpose of selling lands. They said, We shall not\\nsell to them even one foot of ground.\\nThe negotiations with the Creeks had aroused the fears of\\nthe Cherokees. Their leading chiefs, including Elijah Hicks\\nand Major Ridge, went to Washington city and addressed a\\nletter to the President of the United States, saying that the\\nCherokee nation had come to the .unalterable conclusion not\\nto cede any more of their lands. They claimed that they had\\ntheir own printed constitution and laws, and said they Avere an\\nindependent and separate State and wanted protection from\\nthe government.\\nThe United States Government then sent commissioners to\\nCalhountown, who invited the Cherokees to come and listen\\nto their proposal. They brought a large quantity of provi-\\nsions, which they offered to give to the Indians. The Chero-\\nkees, however, refused to come. Some few did at last attend,\\nbut in obedience to the orders of the council of their nation,\\nthey would not touch food offered by the commissioners nor\\ncome inside their tents, though it was cold and raining.\\nThe commissioners visited Hicks, the principal chief, and\\nbegged him to make a treaty with them. He heard them\\nthrough and asked: Will you give us two dollars an acre for\\nour land? The commissioners said they would not, and he", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "204 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nreplied: Very well; we know its value tiud can keep it. As\\nfor the claims your people have against us, we can pay them\\nwithout selling our land. The claims referred to were for\\njiroperty of citizens of Georgia which had heen carried off by\\nthe Indians. Hicks spoke the voice of his nation, and it was\\nplain that the Indians did not intend to sell any more land.\\nIn 1824, President Monroe sent a message to Congress in\\nwhich he said The Indian titles are not affected in the slight-\\nest circumstance by the compact [of 1802] with Georgia, and\\nthere is no obligation on the United States to remove the Indians\\nby force. This message provoked a letter from Governor\\nTroup to the secretary of war,, protesting against the way in\\nwhich the Georgia claims were treated. In his letter the\\ngovernor asked Is it discovered at last that Georgia has no\\nclaim either upon the United States or upon the Indians under\\nthe compact of 1802 Is all that a dream, a vision, a phan-\\ntasm, with which the deluded people of Georgia have been\\nplaguing themselves for twenty years?\\nAfter much discussion .Congress appointed a committee to\\nlook into the matter, and the committee reported that the\\nUnited States Avere bound by their obligations to Georgia to\\ntake at once the necessary steps to remove the Indians beyond\\nthe limits of the State. When the Cherokees heard of this\\nthey declared that they had resolved never to yield any more of\\ntheir lands. The situation was becoming serious.\\nAn act was passed in 1824 which changed the Constitution\\nso as to have the governor elected directly by the people. Tlie\\nact prescribed that tlie election should be held in the several\\ncounties on a certain day, and the returns sent, in sealed\\nenvelope, to the general assembly, to be opened in a joint ses-\\nsion of both In-anches. The candidate having the majority of\\nthe whole number of votes should be declared elected. If\\nno candidate should have such majority, then from the two\\nhaving the highest number of votes, the general assembly itself\\nshould elect a sj:overnor.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "Administration of Troup. 205\\nThe first election of governor by the people took 2 hice in\\nO ctober, 1825. Troup was again a candidate. lie stood upon\\nthe platform of his Indian policy. The rallying cry of his\\nparty became Troup and the Treaty. His opponent was\\nhis old enemy, General Clark. All the old ]:)arty strife that\\nhad slumbered for several years broke out anew. Every argu-\\nment was used to affect the election; bitter hatreds sprang up\\neven in families and among friends. All other questions were\\nforgotten in the issue of this contest. The past records of\\nboth candidates and even of their fathers were brought into\\nthe campaign. The day of election came in October. There\\nwere sixty counties, and in each was a scene of wild conten-\\ntion. The election returns were sent to Milledgeville and\\ncounted by the legislature which met in November. Troup\\nwas reelected by a majority of G82. It was found, however,\\nthat a majority of the members of the legislature were of the\\nClark party, and so Clark would have been elected governor\\nhad the old system remained.\\nAn interesting event of this time was the visit to Georgia of\\nthe famous Lafayette, who in his old age desired to again\\nbehold the scenes of his many triumphs during the war of the\\nRevolution. Acting under a joint resolution of both branches\\nof the legislature. Governor Trouj) welcomed him on his ar-\\nrival in Savannah, March 19, 1825. As the great friend of\\nAmerica stepped ashore from tlie vessel in which he had\\nsailed, he was cordially greeted as the guest of the State. lie\\nremained a few days in Savannah, feasted, and treated with\\nthe highest respect. From Savannah he went to Augusta,\\nand thence to Milledgeville, where he was entertained at the\\nExecutive mansion.\\n[Governor George M. Troup was one of the most remarkable men Geor-\\ngia ever produced. He was born at Mcintosh Bluff on tlie Tombigby\\nRiver, in what was then the territory of Georgia (now Alabama), in Sep-\\ntember, 1780. He was educated at Long Island, and upon graduating\\nstudied law in Savannah. In 1800, before he was twenty-one years of", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "206 HisTour OF Georgia.\\nage, he was invited to represent Chatham County in the legisLatiire.\\nThis he declined on account of his minority. One year later lie was\\nelected a representative of that county, and he soon attained a high [)osi-\\ntion in the legislature. In 1806 he was sent to Congress, and remained\\na member until 1815. He supported the administrations of Jefferson and\\nMadison, and was a confidential friend of both. In 181G he was elected\\nUnited States Senator, and held the office two years. He served a sec-\\nond term in the Senate from 1829 to 1831, and was nominated for Presi-\\ndent of the United States by the States Rights Convention of Alabama,\\nlie died at his home in Laurens County in April, 185G.]\\n[Among the other noted men of the period was Judge John M. Dooly.\\nHe was born about the year 1772 in Lincoln County. In 1802 he was\\nappointed Solicitor General of the Western Circuit, of which he became\\njudge in 1816. In 1822 he was elected judge of the Northern Circuit,\\nlie was an able and fearless judge, but his reputation was acquired\\nmainly by the brilliant wit which made him famous. He was a supporter\\nof the Clark party and made much sport of Troup, whose mouth, he\\nsaid, was formed by nature to pronounce the word Yazoo. He once\\nhad a quarrel with Judge Tait, who had a wooden leg. A challenge\\nensued, but he refused to fight unless Tait would agree that he should\\nplace one of his (Dooly s) legs in a bee gum, to make their bodies equal.\\nTait refused, and threatened to publish him in the newspapers as a\\ncoward, to which Dooly replied that he would rather fill a dozen news-\\npapers than one coffin. He died May, 1827.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho was elected governor in 1823 What did the Federal Govern-\\nment try to do with respect to the Indians in 1823 What did the\\nIndians say How did the Cherokees act towards the United States\\ncommissioners What did Hicks say What did President Monroe say\\non the subject to Congress in 1824 What did Governor Troup say\\nabout this What did Congress then do What act was passed in\\n1824 When did the first election for governor by the people take\\nplace Describe the election. Describe the visit of Lafayette.\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Troup elected governor. 4. President Monroe s message.\\n2. Troubles with the Indians. 5. Governor elected by tiie people.\\n3. Commissioners at Calliountown. 0. The visit of Lafjivette.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXVII.\\nTIIEATY OF 1825.\\nIf she has forborne from motives of humanity she may deserve praise, but ouglit not\\nto suffer loss. Geouge M. Troup.\\nIn the Slimmer of 1824, for the first\\nand only time, a Georgia statesman\\nwas before the people as a candidate\\nfor the high office of President of the\\nUnited States. William H. Crawford,\\nas secretary of the treasury under\\nMonroe, had acquired great iufluence\\nin Georgia and great prestige in all the\\nStates. He was looked upon generally\\nas Monroe s probable successor. In\\n1822 he was nominated by a caucus of\\nDemocratic-Republican members of\\nCongress as the candidate of the party for President. Up to\\nthat time there had never been any national conventions for\\nnominating candidates, the nominations being made by a\\ncaucus of the members of the party in Congress. Three other\\ncandidates entered the field, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson,\\nand John Quincy Adams. They were all of the same party as\\nMr. Crawford, but their friends had refused to go into the\\ncaucus. Before the election Crawford was stricken with pa-\\nralysis, which unfortunate circumstance was probably the cause\\nof his defeat. None of the candidates got a majority of the\\nelectoral votes, and so the House of Representatives was re-\\nquired to elect a President. Adams was elected, and was\\nWILLIAM H. CRAWFORD.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "208 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\ninaiigunitetl in March, 18:35. Crawford, on account of liis\\nlioaltli, retired from pn])lic life.\\nBecause of the unfriendly attitude of the Indians, negotia-\\ntions with them for two years were of no avail. A council\\nof all the Creeks, held at Broken Arrow, in Alabama, in\\nDecember, 1824, refused to listen to any proposition from the\\ngovernment. President Monroe decided, however, to make\\nanother effort, and he summoned a meeting of the Creek\\nchiefs at Indian Springs in February, 1825. The hostile\\nAlabama Creeks did not attend. The Georgia Creeks, called\\nLower Creeks, led by William Mcintosh, did attend, and they\\nresolved to ignore the others and to negotiate with the general\\ngovernment for a cession of land. They proposed to cede\\nonly the lands belonging to the Lower Creeks in Georgia, and\\nthey held, therefore, that the absence of the Alabama Creeks\\nwas no hindrance to negotiation. After a friendly talk, a\\ntreaty was concluded and signed by nearly all the chiefs\\npresent.\\nBy this treaty the Creeks ceded to the United States ^^all\\nthe lands within the boundaries of the present State of Georgia\\nas defined by the compact of 1802. For the cession they\\nwere to obtain lands of like quality, acre for acre, westward\\nof the Mississij^pi, and tliQ time of their removal was not to\\nextend beyond the first of September of the next ytnir.\\nThis treaty was signed by the United States commissioners, by\\nWilliam Mcintosh, and the chiefs of the Lower Creeks.\\nWlien the terms of the treaty became known to the hostile\\nCreeks, great excitement arose among them. They declared\\nthat, as a law had been made in the council against further\\ncession of land, the treaty at Indian Springs was void. ^Ic-\\nIntosli and his party were threatened Avith death, and many of\\nthe nation rose in arms against the signers of the treaty.\\nAs soon as it was ratified by the Senate of the United\\nStates, Governor Trouji, believing that there would be no\\nserious trouble, issued a proclamation announcing the treaty at", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "Murder of Mcintosh. 209\\nIndian Springs, and soon afterward lie sent a letter to Mcintosh\\nas the head chief of the Cowetaus, asking j)ermission to survey\\nthe ceded territory. Mcintosh summoned his chiefs, and\\nthrough them permission was given to have the lands sur-\\nveyed. They then, with a large number of friendly Indians,\\nbegan to make preparations to depart for lands Avest of the\\nMississi2)pi.\\nBut the unfriendly Indians were determined on the death\\nof the brave Mcintosh. A general council of the Creeks con-\\ndemned him to death, and a j^arty consisting of one hundred\\nand seventy men undertook to carry out the sentence. They\\nproceeded in the most cautious manner to the residence of\\nMcintosh upon the banks of the Chattahoochee River in what\\nis now Carroll County. Arriving on the spot, they concealed\\nthemselves until the hour of three in the morning of May 1,\\n1825. Procuring a quantity of pitch pine, they tied it in\\nIjundles, placed it upon the backs of three stout warriors, and\\nthen quietly approaching the dwelling, entered an out-house\\nin the yard. Here they found an old peddler with Chilly Mc-\\nintosh, the son of the general. The latter sprang to his feet,\\nleaped through the window, and made his escape to the woods.\\nShots were fired after him, but with no effect. The principal\\nbody of Indians then surrounded the main dwelling in {lie\\ndark, and guarded every way of escape. The pine was now\\nkindled, and torches were applied to various parts of the house.\\nThe lurid light showed to the brave Mcintosh by whom he was\\nattacked and the impossibility of escape. lie was the only\\noccupant of the burning house except an Indian friend, who\\nwas shot as he tried to fly from the place. Retreating to the\\nsecond stoiy, Mcintosh used four guns which he had in the\\nhouse, and kept his enemies at bay. But the flames drove\\nhim down, and coming into an exposed position, he was\\ninstantly shot. He fell, pierced with bullets, and was then\\ndragged by the Indians down the steps and out into the yard.\\nLying on the ground, he raised himself on one elbow-and defied\\n14", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "President adaiUs Interferes. 211\\nhis enemies. At that moment one of them phmged 11 knife np\\nto the hilt into his heart, and, heaving a deep sigh, the noble\\ngeneral expired. The j^arty then plundered the burning-\\nhouse, killed the stock, and laid the premises in ruins. Thus\\nterribly did the brave Mcintosh pay penalty for his treaty with\\nthe government.\\nThe alarm and excitement among the whites and Indians\\nover this bloody deed were very great. Governor Troup\\nissued orders to the Georgia militia to be in readiness to\\nmarch at a moment s notice into the Creek country. lie\\nadvised the friendly Indians to remain ([uiet until he could\\ntake measures for their protection. The Indians in great\\nnumbers abandoned their homes and flocked to the white\\nsettlements for safety.\\nThe session of the legislature called in 1825 ordered the\\nceded territory to be surveyed. When President Adams was\\ninformed of this he directed the governor to stop the surveys\\non account of the hostile attitude of some of the chiefs. Gov-\\nernor Troup refused, saying: Georgia owns the soil, and has\\nthe right to survey it. The President threatened to arrest\\nthe surveyors, but Governor Troup ordered them to go on Avith\\nthe work. The President then proposed to refer the treaty\\nto Congress for reconsideration, and the survey was stopped.\\nIn 1824 Senator Nicholas Ware died, and Thomas W. Cobb\\nwas elected to succeed him. In 1825 John M. Berrien was\\nelected senator to succeed John Elliott.\\n[WilUam 11. Crawford was born in Amherst County, Virginia, Febru-\\nary 24, 1772. In 1779 his father moved to South Carolina, and in 1783\\nhe removed to Cohimbia County. Crawford was a boy during the Revo-\\nhition, and he was raised in the midst of the hard experiences of those\\ntrying times. After the death of liis father he began teaching school to\\nsu[\u00c2\u00bbport liis mother. He was botli a student and an assistant of Dr.\\n]\\\\roscs Waddell. Uc next moved to Augusta and taught in tlio Rich-\\nmond Academy. In 1799 he moved to Lexington and Ijogan tlie praotice\\nof law, and his talent soon raised him to the head of his })rofession in the\\nState. He died in 1834 at the age of sixty-two years.]", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "212 History of Georgia.\\n[General Mcintosh, chief of the Creek nation, was born at Cusseta.\\nII is father was Captain William Mclntosii, a British officer, and undo\\nof Governor George M. Troup, so that Troup and Mcintosh were first\\ncousins. His mother was a Creek woman. Of his early life little is\\nknown. He was intelligent and brave, tall, well made, and of graceful\\nmanners. General Floyd and General Jackson spoke highly of his\\nl)ravcry. He distinguished himself in the battle of the Horseshoe. He\\nalso acted bravely in the Florida campaign. He was the most reasonable\\nand intelligent of the Creek chiefs with whom the State had to deal at\\nthis time. His violent death was a grief to the good people of the State,\\nboth w^hitcs and Indians.]\\n[Thonuis W. Cobb was born in Columbia County, Georgia, in 1784,\\nand began to practise law at Greensboro. He served in the lower house\\nof Congress from December, 1817, until he was elected United States\\nSenator. He resigned in 1828, and was elected judge of the Superioi\\nCourt. He died at Greensboro in 1830.]\\n[Nicholas Ware was born in Riclimond County, and resided at Augusta,\\nlie was prominent as a lawyer, and was elected United States Senator on\\nthe death of Freeman Walker, and reelected in 1821. He died in New\\nYork city, 1824. Ware County was named from him.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat Georgian statesman was candidate for the presidency of the\\nUnited States By whom was he opposed What happened to Craw-\\nford before the election What was the result What Indian treaty\\nwas held in 1825 What was ceded By whom was the treaty signed V\\nWhat was the effect on the hostile Creeks What did Governor Troup\\ndo Describe the death of Mcintosh. What did the legislature of\\n1825 order Tell about the controversy between Troup and the Presi-\\ndent of the United States. What new Senators were elected about this\\ntime\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Crawford for President. 4. Alarm among Indians.\\n2. Treaty of 1825. 5. Controversy between Troup and\\n3. Death of Mcintosh. Adams.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXVIII.\\nGEOIKUA DEFIES THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.\\nYou will distinctly understand, therefore, that I feel it to be my duty to resist to the\\nutmost every military attack wliich the government of the United States shall think proper\\nto make on the territory, the people or the sovereignty of Georgia. Tiioui Letter to\\nthe President of the United States.\\nThe Federal government, wishing to pacify the Indians,\\nmade a treaty with thirteen Creek chiefs at Washington city\\nin January, 1826. This treaty ceded to the United States\\nall the Creek lands east of the Chattahoochee. A large tract,\\namounting to about three hundred thousand acres northwest\\nof the Chattahoochee, which had been ceded at Indian Springs\\nby the former treaty, was reconveyed to the Creeks, so that\\nthey Avould still continue to hold and occupy a large area of\\nvaluable lands in Georgia.\\nThe Georgia delegation in Congress protested against the\\nnew treaty. They claimed that the treaty at Indian S2)rings\\nwas valid, and that the United States had no right to make\\nanother. Notwithstanding tliis 2)rotest, the treaty was ratified\\nby the Senate. Governor Troup wrote a letter to the Georgia\\nrepresentatives declaring that the United States were unau-\\nthorized in their action, and that he did not recognize their\\npower in the premises. In his subsequent dealings with\\nthe Creeks the governor paid no resjiect to this treaty, but acted\\nas if it had never been made.\\nIt had been agreed that the Creeks should keep 2: ossession of\\nthe ceded lands until January 1, 1827. Governor Troup, not\\nrecognizing the treaty, and wishing to divide the territory into\\ntlistricts, ordered surveyors to survey the ceded tract. But", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "214 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nthe Indians resisted the survey, took away the compasses of\\nthe surveyors, Jind ordered them off the hinds. The Creeks\\nthen a]:)pealed to the Federal government. The secretary of\\nwar wrote to Governor Troup that the President of the United\\nStates felt himself constrained by tlie plighted faith of the\\nnation to state to you that he considers an entry on the ceded\\nlands as a violation of the treaty. He desired Georgia to\\ndesist from further survey until authorized. The governor\\nreplied, refusing to desist.\\nAfter repeated complaints from the Indians, the secretary\\nof war informed Governor Troup that the surveyors must\\nkeep off the Indian lands, and that if lie refused to stop them,\\nmilitary force would be employed.\\nThis threat was promptly met by Governor Troup in the\\nfollowing w^ords: From the first decisive act of hostility, you\\nwill be considered and treated as a public enemy, and with the\\nless repugnance, because you, to whom we might constitution-\\nally have appealed for our defence against invasion, are your-\\nselves the invaders, and what is more, the unblushing allies\\nof savages whose cause you have adopted. Major-generals\\ncomnumding the sixtli and seventh divisions of Georgia militia\\nwere ordered to hold their commands in readiness to repel any\\ninvasion of the territory of the State.\\nThus Georgia defied the threat of the United States. The\\ncrisis was reached, but happily strife was avoided. As soon as\\nit w^as seen that military force w^ould be resisted by the people\\nof Georgia, wiser counsels prevailed at Washington. Congress\\nrecommended immediate measures to acquire from the Indians\\nall the lands held by them within the limits of Georgia.\\nThe consent of the Creek chiefs being obtained, a meeting\\nwas called at the Creek agency, where (N ovember 15, 1827)\\nthe chiefs and head men ceded to the United States all the\\nremaining lands they owned Avithin the chartered limits of\\nGeorgia. In consideration of this they were jiaid about twenty-\\neight thousand dollars. Thus eiuled the difficulty with the", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "New Counties.\\n215\\nJOHN FORSYTH.\\nCreek Indians in Georgia, and shortly afterwards the tribes\\nwho had occupied lands in this State moved to their new home\\nwest of the Mississippi Eiver. Throughout the whole contro-\\nversy Governor Troup had pursued\\na firm and consistent course which\\nwon general praise. He had in-\\nsisted upon the rights of his State\\nand secured them.\\nThe lottery system was adopted\\nto distribute the lands gained by\\nthe treaties, and the new counties\\nof Muscogee, Troup, Coweta, Lee,\\nand Carroll were organized.\\nJohn Forsyth, of Augusta, was\\nthe candidate of the Troup party\\nin the election for governor in 1827. Troup, having served\\ntwo terms, wished to retire from public life, and would\\nnot allow the use of his name.\\nThe Clark party proposed Dun-\\ncan G. Campbell, of Wilkes\\nCounty, who was brother-in-law\\nof Clark, and prominent in con-\\nnection Avith the Indian treaties.\\nHe declined to be a candidate,\\nand Matthew Talbot was put\\nforward, but he died before\\nthe election. Forsyth was then\\nelected.\\nBefore the election for Presi-\\ndent of the United States in\\n1828, the Democratic-Republican\\nparty had divided into two sections. One of these, keeping\\nthe old name, supported Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, for\\nPresident. The other, led by Henry Clay and Daniel Web-\\nster, took the name of National Republican, and supported\\nJOHN Mcpherson berrien.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "216 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nJohn Quincy Adams for reelection. Adams was not popular\\nin Georgia on account of liis policy in regard to the removal\\nof the Indians, and so the electoral vote of the State was cast\\nfor Jackson, who was elected. Jackson ajipointed John\\nMcPherson Berrien, of Savannah, attorney-general of the\\nUnited States.\\n[John McPherson Berrien was born in New Jersey 1781. lie was\\ngraduated at Princeton, and was admitted to the bar of Georgia when\\neighteen. He was solicitor of the eastern district of Georgia in 1809,\\nand judge of tlie same district from 1810 to 1821. He was in the United\\nStates Senate from 1825 to 1829, and again from 1840 to 1852. In 1829\\nhe presented to the Senate a Protest against the tariff from the\\nlegislature of Georgia, aud he supported it in a speech so eloquent that\\nhe was called the American Cicero. He was attorney-general of the\\nUnited States from 1829 to 1831. In 1844 he was a delegate in the con-\\nvention that nominated Henry Clay for President. He died in 1856.]\\n[John Forsyth was born in Virginia, and came to Georgia with his\\nfather at four years of age. He was graduated at Princeton College in\\n1799. He studied law in Augusta, and began to practice in 1802. In\\n1818 he became a senator of the United States, and was sent as minister\\nto the court of Spain to negotiate the treaty by which the United States\\nacquired the territory of Florida. He died in Washington city in 1841.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat treaty was made in 1826 What lands were ceded by the In-\\ndians, and what lands were given back to them What did Governor\\nTroup think of this last treaty? What troubles now arose? What did\\nGovernor Troup do What did the Indians do What did the secretary\\nof war write to Governor Troup What was his answer How was the\\ndispute settled What counties were formed out of the new lands\\nWhat of the contest for governor in 1827 What of the presidential\\nelection in 1828 What party division took place at this time\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Treaty of 1826. 4. Treaty of 1827.\\n2. Troubles that arose. 5. New counties formed.\\n3. Troup s defiance. 6. Forsyth elected governor.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXIX.\\nADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR GILMER.\\nBlessed with peace, health and abundance with immense resources in possession\\nand greater in expectancy what is there we can rationally desire to effect that we may\\nnot hope to accomplish \u00e2\u0080\u0094John Forstth.\\nIn October, 1829, the usual election\\nfor governor took place. There being\\nno nominating conventions in those\\ndays, candidates were selected by a\\ncaucus of the leaders of each party.\\nThe leaders of the Troup party, who\\nhad controlled the State for several\\nyears, divided in this election, one\\nsection nominating George R. Gilmer,\\nof Oglethorpe County, and the other\\nnominating Joel Crawford, of Early\\n^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2one to live in Florida, having been\\nappointed keeper of the public forests of that territory by\\nPresident Jackson in 1829. The Clark party supported Gil-\\nmer, who won by a large majority.\\nAfter the inauguration of Gilmer, the legislature elected\\nJohn Forsyth to fill the vacancy in the United States Senate,\\ncaused by the promotion of Berrien to the cabinet of Presi-\\ndent Jackson. Forsyth. became an ardent supporter of Jack-\\nson, and leader of the administration party. He was one of\\nthe most eloquent men the State ever produced, and the best\\notfhand debater of his time. The same legislature elected\\nGeorge M. Troup to the United States Senate. The previous\\nGEORGE K. GILMER.\\nCounty. Clark had", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "218\\nHistory of Georgia.\\nyear Thomas AV. Cobb resigned his seat in the Senate, and\\nOliver II. Prince, of Macon, succeeded him.\\nMeanwhile the Indians were giving trouble in Xortli\\nGeorgia. The Creeks had all left the State, but the Chero-\\nkees still occupied lands beyond the Chattahoochee and Ches-\\ntatee, in the northern part of the State, which even to this\\nday is often spoken of as Cherokee Georgia. It is said\\nthat the tract once belonged to the Creek Indians, and that\\nthe rivers and mountains all have Creek names. About fifteen\\nor twenty 3^ears before this time the Creeks challenged the\\nCherokees to a game of Indian ball, and bet all these lands on\\nthe result. The Creeks lost the game\\nand the lands.\\nMany crimes were committed by\\nthe Indians on these lands, and the\\noffenders could not be punished, be-\\ning outside the jurisdiction of the\\nauthorities of Georgia. To remedy\\nthis the legislature of 1829 passed an\\nact extending the laws of the State\\nover the Cherokee country, on the\\nground that it was part of Georgia,\\nand should be made subject to its\\nlaws. Power Avas given to the courts\\nof the counties lying next to the Cherokees to try all persons,\\nwhether Indians or white, charged with committing crimes in\\nthat territory.\\nThe Cherokees objected to this. They contended that they\\nwere an independent nation. They had their own laws, and\\nthey claimed the right, under treaties with the United States,\\nto deal Avitli their own criminals. They also employed law-\\nyers to defend their claim. One of their attorneys, William\\nAVirt, wrote to Governor Gilmer, proposing to submit the\\nmatter to the Supreme Court of the United States. Gilmer\\nrefused, saying that the proposition was disrespectful to the\\nOLIVER II. PRINCE.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "The Gold Fever. 219\\nGovernment of the State/ and that ^the powers conferred\\nby the Constitution on the Supreme Court forbid its adjudg-\\ning in such a case.\\nAn occasion soon arose for enforcing the new laAv. George\\nTassels, a Cherokee, having killed another Indian within that\\npart of the Clierokee territory subject to the courts of Hall\\nCounty, was arrested by the sheriff of that county. He was\\ntried in the Superior Court of the county and sentenced to be\\nhanged. But his lawyers appealed to the Supreme Court of\\nthe United States, and Governor Gilmer was summoned by\\nChief Justice Marshall of the Supreme Court to appear and\\nansAver for the State of Georgia.\\nThe governor sent to the legislature, which was in session\\nat the time (1830), a message stating the facts, and saying\\nthat orders received from the Supreme Court for the pur-\\npose of interfering with the decisions of the courts of this\\nState, in the exercise of their constitutional jurisdiction, will\\nbe resisted with whatever force the laws have placed at my\\ncommand. The legislature upheld the governor, and em-\\npowered him to order the authorities of Hall County to carry\\nout the sentence on Tassels, who was accordingly hanged.\\nMeanwhile the case had been brought up for hearing before\\nthe Supreme Court. But the court refused to interfere.\\nThis ended the opposition of the Indians, and the laws of the\\nState were enforced in Cherokee Georgia.\\nAnother reason for extending the laws over Cherokee\\nGeorgia was that it had become necessary to protect the inter-\\nests of the State in gold mines that had been discovered in\\nthat section. Gold was found first in Habersham County in\\n1828. A gold fever broke out and spread among the people.\\nMany whites crossed the Chattahoochee and Chestatee rivers\\nand began mining. This was against the law forbidding tres-\\npass on the Indian lands. The Indians themselves also began\\ndigging for the precious metal. As was to be expected, quar-\\nrels and strife arose among the white miners, and between", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "no History of Georgia.\\nthem and the Indians. They would gather around the camp\\nfires at night and gamble, drink, and fight.\\nGovernor Gilmer, after the passing of the law extending the\\njurisdiction of the State over the Indian lands, issued a proc-\\nlamation, notifying the fact, but notwithstanding this, the\\ntrouble became so great that in 1830 he called the legislature\\ntogether to consider the matter. Stringent laws were then\\nmade forbidding trespass on the Indian lands. The miners,\\nhowever, defied the officers of the law, and the gold digging\\ncontinued. So it was found necessary to resort to force, and\\nMajor Wager, an officer of the United States army, marched\\ninto the Cherokee country with a company of soldiers from\\nCharleston and Augusta, and destroyed the camps, provisions,\\nand tools of the gold diggers. They arrested many of the\\ndiggers themselves, escorted them to the nearest ferry, and had\\nthem sent across the Chattahoochee River. They also pre-\\nvented the Indians from mining for gokl.\\nFor a number of years gold mining in the northern portion\\nof Georgia was profitable, until the more valuable mines in\\nCalifornia were discovered. A United States branch mint for\\nthe coining of gold was established in Dahlonega. This place,\\nnow in Lumpkin County, was once a little Indian village\\nnamed* Tauloneca, which means yelloiv moneij. Gold used to\\nbe often found in the court-house square, particularly after a\\nshower of rain; and the little boys would frequently pick up\\npieces of gold weighing a pennyweight.\\nIn spite of the law forbidding white people to settle on the\\nCherokee lands without permission, a number of persons,\\namong them several missionaries, had taken up their abode\\nin the tribe, and refused to leave. These missionaries were\\nopposed to the removal of the Cherokees west of the !Missis-\\nsippi, and they held a meeting in the Indian country and\\npassed resolutions calling on the people of the United States\\nto aid the Cherokees in resisting the laws of Georgia.\\nThe legislature then made a law that all white persons found", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "Missionaries Arrested,\\n^21\\nin the Cherokee land after a certain time, without permission\\nand without having taken an oath of allegiance to the State of\\nGeorgia, should be punished by imprisonment and hard labor\\nfor not less than four years. This did not deter the mission-\\naries, who still remained on the forbidden territory. Twelve\\nof them were, therefore, arrested, tried in the Hall County\\nSupreme Court in September, 1831, and convicted of illegally\\n^Jf-,^^-^t^ f\\nOLD MINT AT DAHXONEGA.\\nresiding on the Indian lands. They were all sentenced to the\\npenitentiary, but, on arriving at the door of the prison, they\\nwere offered pardon if they would promise to obey the laws of\\nthe State. Ten of them consented to do this and were liber-\\nated. The other two Samuel A. Worcester and Elizur But-\\nler refused to accept the terms, and so they were put in the\\npenitentiary, where they were detained until they apologized\\nto the governor and promised to obey the laws.\\nThe population of the State, as shown by the census of", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "222 History of Georgia.\\n1830, was over half a million. Of these a little less than half\\nwere slaves. Under the new census Georgia wa^ entitled to\\nnine representatives in Congress.\\nNearly a quarter of a million bales of cotton were shipped\\nannually from Savannah. The annual exports amounted to\\nfour millions of dollars; the imports to four hundred thou-\\nsand. Thus the State sold ten times as much as it bought.\\nIn 1830 the legislature chartered the Medical College of\\nGeorgia, situated at Augusta. It is now part of the State\\nUniversity.\\n[George R. Gilmer was born in 1790 in Wilkes (now Oglethorpe)\\nCounty. He was educated at the academy of Dr. Moses Waddell. During\\nthe war of 1812 he did good service in defending the frontier of Georgia\\nagainst the attacks of the Indians. After the war he began to practice\\nlaw, and was sent to the legislature. In 1820 and 1824 he was elected\\nto Congress. He was twice governor of Georgia, and during his last\\nterra in 1837 and 1838 the Indians were finally removed from the State.]\\n[Oliver H. Prince was born in Connecticut in 1782. He moved to\\nWashington, Wilkes County, when he was fourteen years of age. Later\\nhe was appointed by the legislature to lay off the county of Bibb and the\\ncity of Macon. In 1822 he made Bibb County his home. He was presi-\\ndent of the first railroad convention in Georgia, and became deeply\\ninterested in the railway system. He was lost at sea in 1837.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho was elected governor in 1829 What trouble arose with the\\nCherokee Indians Wliat did the legislature do Tell about the case\\nof Tassels. Describe tlie gold fever of 1828. What laws were passed by\\nthe legislature Where was a mint established Tell about the mis-\\nsionaries. What was the population of Georgia in 1880\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Division of the party. 4. Tassels case.\\n2. Trouble with Cherokees, 5. The gold fever.\\n3. Gilmer elected governor, 6, The missionaries.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XL.\\nADMINISTRATIOK OF GOVERNOR LUMPKIN.\\nHe who would destroy the State sovereignty by consolidation, or the federal system\\nby nullification, is a traitor to liberty and deserves the universal execration of mankind.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Wilson Lumpkin.\\nGOVERNOR WILSON LUMPKIN.\\nAt the election for governor in\\nthe fall of 1831, Governor Gilmer\\nwas the candidate of the Tronp\\nparty. Wilson Lnmpkin of Athens\\nwas the candidate of the Clark\\nparty, and was elected.\\nWhen the legislature met, Gov-\\nernor Lumpkin advised that the\\nIndian lands of North Georgia be\\nsurveyed immediately. The legis-\\nlature ordered the survey to be\\nmade, and the counties of Chero-\\nkee, Cobb, Floyd, Gilmer, Murray, Paulding, and Union\\nwere laid out, although the Indians were still in possession of\\nthe land.\\nThe great question before the country at this time was the\\ntariff. In 1828 aud in 1832 Congress passed tariff acts which\\nimposed heavy taxes on certain articles imported from foreign\\ncountries, making them dearer than goods of the same kind\\nmanufactured in America. This enabled the American\\nmanufacturers to raise their prices, foreign competition being\\neither cut olf or greatly restricted by the tax or tariff. It was\\ncalled a protective tariff, because it was intended to protect\\nhome manufacturers.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "234 HISTORY OF GEORGIA,\\nThe Southern States were much opposed to the tariff. It\\nconferred no benefit on them, for the manufacturers were all\\nin the North, and, on account of the tax, the Southern people\\nwere obliged to pay higiier j^rices for manufactured articles.\\nTo oppose the tariff, meetings were held everywhere through-\\nout the South. The people declared they would dress in their\\nown homespun rather than buy Xorthern goods, and raise\\ntheir own hogs and horses rather than buy from the AVest. In\\nthe Congress of 1828 many representatives from Georgia and\\nSouth Carolina ajopeared dressed in homespun, which was\\nwoven on looms of their own States. The legislature of\\nGeorgia, in December, 1831, passed a resolution declaring the\\ntariff inexpedient, oppressive, unequal, and destructive to\\nthe great leading interests of the South.\\nThe tariff was the issue in the presidential election in 1832,\\nwhich resulted in the reelection of Andrew Jackson, the\\nDemocratic-Republican candidate. He was opposed by Henry\\nClay of Kentucky, the candidate of the anti-administration\\n2 )arty, calling itself in this election the National Eepublican\\nparty. Georgia cast its vote for Jackson, both the Clark\\nand Troup parties supporting him, as he was opposed to the\\ntariff.\\nJohn M. Berrien, who had resigned from the cabinet of\\nPresident Jackson, was strongly opposed to the tariff measures.\\nA number of prominent men, happening to be in Athens at\\nthe commencement of Franklin College in 1832, met and\\npassed a resolution recommending the holding of an anti-tariff\\nconvention in Milledgeville in November of the same year.\\nIn response to this call, the people of sixty-one counties of\\nGeorgia sent one hundred and thirty-four delegates to the con-\\nvention, which met November 12, 1832. George R. Gilmer\\nwas made chairman. John M. Berrien was leader of the party\\nopposed to the tariff. Senator John Forsyth, of Augusta,\\nleader of the Jackson party in the United States Senate, and\\na delegate to the convention from Richmond County, resolved", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "Anti-Tariff Convention, 235\\nto defeat the object of the gathering. On the second day he\\nraised a side issue by proposing the ap^iointment of a commit-\\ntee to examine the authority of the persons assembled as\\ndelegates to represent the people of their respective counties.\\nHe held that they had no such authority. This originated a\\ndiscussion between Berrien and Forsyth, and the great powers\\nof both were exhibited in a debate lasting three days. The\\nresolution was rejected, and Forsyth, with fifty other delegates,\\nwithdrew from the meeting, leaving but a minority of the\\ncounties represented. The remaining members adopted a\\nreport of a committee in which the tariff acts were declared to\\nbe unconstitutional and void, and in which it Avas 2:)roposed to\\nsubmit the resolutions of the convention to the judgment of\\nthe people at the polls.\\nBut the State legislature of Georgia, although opposed to\\nthe tariif acts, strongly disapproved of the proceedings of the\\nanti-tariff convention. It advised the people not to give\\ntheir votes on the resolutions of the convention as therein pro-\\nposed, and it condemned the doctrine of nullification as\\nneither a peaceful nor a constitutional remedy, but, on the\\ncontrary, as tending to civil commotion and disunion.\\nThe doctrine of nullification w^as that any act of Congress,\\nif unconstitutional, might be declared by any State to be null\\nand void within its boundaries. This doctrine was asserted\\nby South Carolina, and a convention of the people of that\\nState declared the tariff acts null and void within their bor-\\nders and threatened to withdraw from the Union. President\\nJackson issued a proclamation against nullification, and Con-\\ngress passed an act known as the Force Bill, giving him power\\nto send troops to South Carolina to force the peoi:)le to pay\\nthe duties. The situation was very serious. Congress, how-\\never, passed Mr. Clay s famous Compromise Bill, which re-\\nduced the tariff so that it was satisfactory to the South, and\\nSouth Carolina rescinded the nullification ordinance.\\nThe tariff question had not divided the Democratic-Eepub-\\n15", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "236\\nHistory of Georgia.\\nlican party of Georgia. Nullification as a remedy had found\\nonly a few supporters, but Jackson s proclamation and the\\npassage of the Force Bill created a political revolution in the\\nState. President Adams had threatened to send soldiers to\\nGeorgia, and Governor Troup had boldly defied him. Now\\nthe same threat was made against a sister State, and the old\\nTroup leaders refused any longer to support President Jackson\\nor his party. Berrien, Gilmer, William 11. Crawford, Dawson,\\nClayton, and a number of other Troup leaders, called a con-\\nvention which met at Milledgeville, November 13, 1833, and\\norganized the State-Rights Party of Georgia. Its\\nplatform was the first ever issued by\\na party in Georgia.\\nAs the Troup wing of the Demo-\\ncratic-Republican party had taken a\\nnew name, the supporters of the\\nPresident, including the Clark party\\nand Senator Forsyth, an original\\nTroup man, remained as the Demo-\\ncratic-Republican or Democratic party\\nof Georgia. Later on they called\\nthemselves the Union ^oarty. Thus\\nthe Troup and Clark parties took\\nnew names, and the old terms Troupers and Clarkites\\nbegan to disappear.\\nBefore the organization of the State-Rights party (1833)\\nWilson Lumpkin was reelected governor, defeating Joel Craw-\\nford, the last candidate of the Troup party.\\nIn 1833 George M. Troup permanently Avithdrew from pub-\\nlic life, resigning his seat in the United States Senate and\\nretiring to his home in Laurens County. He was succeeded\\nin the Senate by John P. King, of Augusta.\\nIn 1831 John Forsyth, the able champion of the adminis-\\ntration party, was appointed secretary of state by Presi-\\ndent Jackson, an office which he held for seven years.\\nJOHN P. KING.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "GEORGIA S Centennial. 227\\nHe was succeeded in the United States Senate by Alfred\\nCuthbert.\\nThe centennial of the first settlement of Georgia was cele-\\nbrated on February 13, 1833, by meetings, speeches, and\\nmilitary parades in many parts of the State.\\n[Wilson Lumpkin was born in Virginia in 1783. When he was one\\nyear old his father moved to Georgia, and settled in what is now Ogle-\\nthorpe County. After a common school education, Wilson, at fourteen\\nyears of age, began to copy and write letters and papers in the office of\\nhis father, who was clerk of the Superior Court of Oglethorpe County.\\nHe employed his leisure time in reading law, and when twenty-one years\\nof age he was elected to the State legislature. Later he was elected to\\nCongress and to the Senate of the United States,]\\n[John Pendleton King was born in Kentucky, 1799. In 1815 he came\\nto Georgia, and began to practise law in 1819. He resided in Augusta,\\nwhere he acquired a large estate. He was president of the Georgia Kail-\\nroad for many years, and under his management the road was completed.\\nHe died in Augusta in 1888.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho was elected governor in 1831 What did the legislature do in\\nregard to the Indian lands What question now attracted the attention\\nof the country What was the effect of the tariff Who were opposed\\nto it Who was elected President of the United States in 1832 Tell\\nabout the Anti-tariff Convention. Who led the party opposed to the\\ntariff What did the convention do What did the State legislature\\ndo with regard to the proceedings of the convention Tell about the\\ndoctrine of nullification and the Force Bill. What party changes fol-\\nlowed Who was elected governor in 1833\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Lumpkin elected governor. 3. Nullification doctrine.\\n2. The tariff. 4. Party changes.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLI.\\nREMOVAL OF THE CHEKOKEES. CREEK WAR.\\nI believe it to be our highest political duty to ret?iin the organization of the govern-\\nment in the form which our forefathers gave it limiting the United States to legisla-\\ntion upon general subjects specified in the Constitution, and preserving unimpaired the\\nrights of the States and the people. George R. Gilmer.\\nWilliam Schley, candidate\\nof the Union party, was elected\\ngovernor in 1835, defeating\\nCharles Dougherty, the candi-\\ndate of the State-Rights party.\\nThe Cherokees had been giv-\\ning trouble ever since the survey\\nof their lands began. In 1834\\na band of them broke open and\\nrobbed a smoke-house belong-\\ning to a white man who lived on\\nthe border. Eli Ilicks, a friend-\\nly Indian chief, who favored\\nthe removal of the Indians to lands west of the Mississippi\\nRiver, went with only two followers in pursuit of the robbers.\\nWhen he found their camp, he walked in among them and\\nbegan to upbraid them for their conduct. One of them fired\\nat him, and he died two days afterwards. Several other chiefs\\nwho were willing to move west were also shot by Indians.\\nThe white families along the border were, therefore, in great\\nterror, and troops were stationed there to preserve the peace.\\nThe United States government soon saw the necessity of\\ntaking some active steps to remove those troublesoDie people.\\ngovernor WILLIAM .^^CHLET.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "Removal of the Cherokee s. 229\\nIn December^ 1835, a treaty was made with them at New\\nEchota, a place in Gordon County, not far from the town of\\nCalhoun. The j)rincipal articles of this treaty were as fol-\\nlows The Cherokee nation gave up their claim to all lands\\neast of the Mississippi River for the sum of five million dol-\\nlars and a tract of seven million acres west of the Mississippi\\nEiver. This laud was never to be included in any other\\nStates. The United States agreed to protect the Cherokees\\nfrom civil strife and foreign enemies, to convey them to their\\nnew homes, and maintain them for one year after their arrival.\\nBefore this treaty was carried out, the tribes of Creeks who\\nlived in Alabama determined to join the Seminoles in the\\nwar which was going on in Florida. Numbers of them com-\\nmitted terrible murders along the Chattahoochee River in\\n1836. The appearance of these painted savages caused great\\nalarm in the border settlements, and the white j^eople forsook\\ntheir homes and fled to Columbus, Milledgeville, and Augusta.\\nThe Indians pursued the refugees and killed many of them.\\nGovernor Schley took the field in person against the\\nIndians, making his headquarters at Columbus. Volunteer\\ncompanies of soldiers were formed in all parts of the State.\\nEfforts were made to capture all the Indians who tried to join\\nthe Seminoles. General Winfield Scott came to Columbus,\\norganized the troops, and started for the Creek nation. After\\nseveral skirmishes, many of the Creeks surrendered to General\\nScott and asked for peace.\\nIt was designed to remove the remainder as soon as they\\ncould be forced to surrender. But many defied the authority\\nof the State, and continued the war. In the night of May 15,\\n1836, a party of them, about three hundred in number, made\\nan attack upon Roanoke, a small village on the Chattahoochee\\nRiver, in Stewart County. The citizens were taken by sur-\\nprise, many of them having retired to rest. The first warning\\nwas the firing of the guns and the yells of the savages. The\\nmen of the village rushed to arms and tried to oppose the", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "230 History of Georgia.\\nIndians, but they were forced to retreat, the number of the\\nenemy was so large. Xine whites and three blacks were\\nkilled, and the rest escaped. The Indians burned the town to\\nashes. The same party of Indians attacked and burned the\\nboat Georgian while lying at anchor near Roanoke. Xot a\\nsoul escaped except the engineer. They also attacked the\\nboat Hiiperion Avhile ascending the river. Several of the crew\\nwere killed, and the remainder fled, leaving the vessel to the\\nIndians.\\nThese Indians were soon after attacked by a party of white\\nmen under Captain Garmany and Major Jernigan. The battle\\nAvas one of the most serious of the war. Captain Garmany\\nkilled three Indians with his own hands, but he himself was\\nwounded in the thigh by another. The Indian drew a knife\\nand rushed upon the brave captain, who had fallen to the\\nground. Drawing his pistol, the captain waited until his as-\\nsailant was close at hand, and firing, he killed the savage just\\nin time to prevent the knife from piercing his breast. The\\nsavages, who greatly outnumbered the whites, forced them to\\nretreat, after many of the latter had been slain. Then the\\nIndians marched down the banks of the Chattahoochee, burned\\nseveral houses, and plundered the country on their way.\\nThey then tried to join the Seminoles in Florida. They\\nmarched into Baker County, murdered several families, and\\nafterwards, to the number of three hundred, hid themselves\\non an island in the centre of a swamp. The militia of that\\ncounty waited for reinforcements. When they came, the whole\\nbody, numbering five hundred, was put under command of\\nColonel A. A. Beall, who determined to drive the enemy from\\nthe swamp, where they had lain more than a week. Two\\nhundred men were placed on the outskirts to prevent an\\nescape. The remainder entered the swamp, wading waist-deej)\\nthrough the water and mud, and reached the Indian camp.\\nHere a battle was fought which lasted more than half an hour,\\nand the Indians were driven from the island, leaving behind", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "Creek Outrages. 231\\nmany dead warriors, together with their horses and plunder.\\nOnly fourteen of the Georgia troops were wounded, and but\\none killed. This defeat prevented the junction of the Creeks\\nAvith the Seminoles in Florida.\\nA fight took place July, 1836, at Echowanotchaway swamp\\nbetween Major Jernigan s command and the Indians, in which\\nthe latter were again defeated. Another party of Indians, on\\ntheir w^ay to Florida, w^ere attacked in Thomas County by\\nCaptain Sharpe, and twenty-two of them were killed and the\\nrest ^\\\\\\\\i to flight. These defeats compelled the principal\\nchiefs to abandon the war and sue for\\npeace. Many of them came to the\\nforts and surrendered.\\nIn 1837 Governor Schley was nomi-\\nnated by the Union party for reelec-\\ntion as governor, but he was defeated\\nby George R. Gilmer, the candidate\\nand leader of the State- Rights party.\\nGilmer was governor at the time the\\nIndians were finally removed from the\\nState.\\nBy the treaty (of December, 1835)\\nthe State of Georgia was to take possession of the Cherokee\\nlands on the 24th of May, 1838. Some days before this date\\nthe military were called out, and General Scott put in com-\\nmand. The Indians were gathered together, and in Septem-\\nber fourteen thousand started for the lands assigned them on\\nthe west of the Mississippi.\\nWhile some of the events just related were engaging atten-\\ntion in Georgia, there was another presidential election\\nthat of 1836 Martin Van Buren of New York being the suc-\\ncessful candidate. The State-Rights party carried Georgia,\\nand its vote was cast for Hugh L. White, of Tennessee.\\nIn 1837 John P. King resigned his seat as United States\\nSenator, and Avas succeeded by ex- Governor Wilson Lumpkin.\\nJAMES MOORE WAYNE.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "232 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nAn important appointment made by Andrew Jackson be-\\nfore the close of his term as President was tliat of Judge\\nJames M. Wayne, of Savannah, as associate justice of the\\nUnited States Supreme Court. This was in January, 1835.\\nJudge Wayne held the office until his death in 1867.\\n[James Moore Wayne was born in Savannah in 1790. He graduated\\nat Princeton, was admitted to the bar in 1810, and began to practise law\\nin Savannah. He was in Congress in 1827-1835, and was an ardent sup-\\nporter of President Andrew Jackson. He died in Washington city in\\n1867.]\\n[William Schley was born in Maryland in 1786. Tic was educated in\\nthe schools of Louisville and Augusta, Ga. He ])egan practising law in\\n1812. In 1825 he was elected judge of the Superior Court of the Middle\\nDistrict, wliich office he held until 1828. In 1830 he was sent to the\\nlegislature, and in 1832 to Congress. His first message to the legislature\\nstrongly advocated the building of the Western and Atlantic Railroad.\\nTo this work he devoted all the time he could spare, and had the honor\\nof signing the act authorizing the road to be built. After his term ex-\\npired he retired to his home in Richmond County, where he died at a\\nripe old age.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho was elected governor in 1835 Tell about Eli Hicks what he\\ndid and what happened to him. What action did the United States\\ngovernment take? What were the chief articles of the treaty What\\naction did Governor Schley take against the Indians Tell about the\\nattack on Roanoke and on the two ships. What officers soon after\\nattacked tiie Indians What was the result What did the Indians do\\nin Baker County Describe the attack on the Indian camp in the\\nswamp. Where and by whom were the Indians next defeated Who\\nwas elected governor of Georgia in 1837 Tell about the departure of\\nthe Indians.\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Schley elected governor. 4. Captain Garmany s exploit.\\n2. Eli Hicks. 5. The battle at the swamp.\\n3. Treaty with Cherokees, 6. Final departure of Indians.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLII.\\nHIGHER EDUCATI0:N\\nA disregard of moral instruction will have an inevitable tendencj^ to promote luxury\\nand vice, and ultimately endanger, if it does not entirely overthrow, our present happy\\ngovernment. David B. Mitchell.\\nWe have told in another chapter abont the rise and prog-\\nress of the State University. There were also many high\\nschools throughout the State, and primary schools in every\\nvillage. In January, 1833, the Bap-\\ntists opened a school known as Mercer\\nInstitute at a place where the little vil-\\nlage of Penfield, in Oglethorpe County,\\nnow stands. The beginnings of this\\nschool were very modest, for the build-\\nings consisted of only two double cabins\\nwith a garret to each, and these served\\nfor dwelling, dining-rooms, and study\\nfor both teachers and pupils. The\\nschool Parted Avith only thirty-nine\\nstudents. The next year there were eighty, and another teacher\\nwas engaged. During the second and third years more build-\\nings and. better rooms were added. In 1838 the name was\\nchanged to Mercer University. The school had been named\\nMercer after Rev. Jesse Mercer, the leading Baptist minister\\nof the State, and one of the ardent supporters of the institution.\\nIn 1838, also, a town was laid out around the university, and it\\nwas named Penfield, after Joseph Penfield, of Savannah, who\\nhad given twenty-five hundred dollars to aid the school in the\\nbeginning. Mercer University continued to improve and grow\\nREV. JESSE MERCER.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "Higher Education.\\n235\\nin number of students and popularity. In 1871 the school\\nwas moved to Macon, and it remains as one of the noblest\\ninstitutions of our State.\\nIn 1838 the Presbyterians established a college at Midway\\nin Baldwin County. It was to be named Oglethorpe Univer-\\nsity. In 1842 the number of students was one hundred and\\ntwenty-five. The studies were suspended toward the close of\\nthe Civil War from lack of funds. After the war several\\nOGLETHORPE UNIVERSITY.\\nefforts were made to revive the institution, but they were not\\nvery successful, and in 1872 the university was closed.\\nIn December, 1836, the legislature granted a charter to\\nEmory College, founded by the Methodists, and named after\\nBishop Emory. The college was located, and in December,\\n1837, Rev. Ignatius A. Few was chosen president. The town\\nof Oxford soon grew up around the institution. The Eev.\\nMr. Few was succeeded by Rev. A. B. Longstreet, who was\\npresident for ten years. He was followed by Rev. George F.\\nPierce, who was afterwards made bishop. The first class", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "Higher Education.\\n237\\ngraduated in 1841. From that time until the present, except\\nfour years, during and just after the war, the school has con-\\ntinued in operation, graduating nearly a thousand young men,\\nsome of Avhom became famous in the history of the country.\\nAttention was also given to the question of higher education\\nWESLETAN COLLEGE.\\nof girls. As far back as 1825 Duncan Gr. Campbell proposed a\\nbill in the legislature for the education of young Avomen, and\\nthough the bill was not passed, he is regarded as the founder\\nof the scheme of a female college. In 1835 the people of\\nMacon began to think of building a school for girls. A meet-\\ning of the citizens was held in 1835, and a sum of money was\\nraised, and a site chosen on a high hill overlooking the city.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "238\\nHistory of Georgia.\\nGEORGE F. PIERCE.\\nThe money and site were given to tiie Methodist Conference,\\nand a school was bailt, which was named the Georgia Female\\nCollege. It was opened in Jannary,\\n1839, George F. Pierce being presi-\\ndent. The first class graduated in\\n18-iO, and since that time nearly fif-\\nteen hundred young women have\\nreceived diplomas at the institution.\\nIn 1843 the name was changed to\\nWesleyan Female College. It is the\\nfirst college in the world chartered\\nto confer degrees upon women.\\nOne of the notable men of the\\nperiod was Rev. James Osgood An-\\ndrew, of Oxford, the first Methodist bishop from Georgia.\\nHe was elected bishop by the General Conference of the Meth-\\nodist Church in Philadelphia in 1832.\\nAt that time there was only one\\nMethodist Church organization for\\nall the United States, but now there\\nare two organizations the Northern\\nMethodist Church and the Southern.\\nThe division came about in this way.\\nThe General Conference which met\\nin New York in 184-4 regarded it as\\na grave matter that Bishop Andrew\\nwas the owner of a few slaves, and\\nit passed a resolution deposing him\\nfrom his office unless he would sever his connection with\\nwhat they called the great evil. This gave offence to\\nthe ^lethodist Church in slave-holding States, and in 1845 they\\nformed a separate organization called the Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch, South.\\nBISHOP ANDREW.\\n[Jesse Mercer was born in North Carolina in 1769. He became a Bap-\\ntist preacher before he was twenty years of age. So eager was lie for knowl-", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "Questions and Topics. 239\\nedge that he went to school two years after he married. In 1798 he was\\na member of the convention for revising the Constitution. He was once\\nurged to permit his name to be presented as candidate for governor, but\\nhe declined. He died in 1841, and was buried at Penfield, near the first\\nsite of Mercer University.]\\n[Ignatius Alplionso Few, LL.D., was borij in Warren County, Geor-\\ngia, on the 11th of April, 1790. He practised law till the beginning of\\nthe War of 1812, when he entered the army and rose to the rank of colonel.\\nAt the close of the war he went to Augusta. It is said that he was\\ninclined to infidelity or agnosticism. At his home, however, preachers\\nof all denominations always met a cordial welcome. By his association\\nwith them his faith in Christianity became fixed, and he joined the\\nMethodist Church and entered the ministry. He died in Athens, Ga.,\\nin 1845.]\\n[James Osgood Andrew was born near Washington, Wilkes County,\\n1794. His father was probably the first itinerant minister, and his mother\\none of the first converts in the Methodist Church in Georgia. Bishop\\nAndrew had but meagre opportunities of attending school, so he was\\nto a great degree self-educated. He entered the ministry when he was\\nnineteen years of age.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho founded Mercer Institute After whom was it named What\\ndid it become later Tell about the town of Penfield. Who founded the\\nOglethorpe University Was it successful Who founded Emory Col-\\nlege Who was its first president Who first introduced a bill for the\\nhigher education of females How and when was the Georgia Female\\nCollege founded What is it now called What distinction belongs to\\nit as to conferring degrees on women Tell about the division of the\\nMethodist Church organization.\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Mercer University. 3. Georgia Female College.\\n2. Emory College. 4. Methodist Church organization.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLIII.\\nOUR FIRST RAILROADS.\\nSuch a State, the cherished abode of a free, enlightened, and enterprising people, is\\ncalled to the consideration of the high duties which, in the providence of God, are de-\\nvolved upon her. J. M. Berrien.\\nThe first passenger railroad train in tlie United States was\\nrun in 1830 between Washington city and Baltimore. Every-\\nbody then began to think of railroads. The public mind,\\nhowever, was not fully made uji as to which mode of travel-\\nling was best, whether by railroad, by turnpikes, or by canals.\\nThe press of Augusta and Macon advised the people to be\\ncareful about trying steam cars and railroads. They advocated\\ngood highways, but they were not certain that railroads were\\nsafe or useful. At a convention at Eatonton to discuss the\\nsubject of transportation, it was decided not to recommend\\nany particular plan nntil the matter had been more fully in-\\nvestigated. However, as time went by, every one began to see\\nthe advantage of steam cars over stage coaches, and public\\nopinion in Georgia soon strongly favored a railroad system\\nfor the State. The general idea was to connect Savannah and\\nMacon by a railroad to connect Augusta with the towns of\\nAthens, Madison, and Eatonton; and to build a line from the\\njunction of these to the Tennessee River.\\nThe Georgia Railroad received its charter in 1833, and the\\nroad was begun from Augusta, with the plan of extension to\\nsome point in the interior of the State. At first the road\\nwas to run to Union Point, with branches to Athens, Madison,\\nand Eatonton. In 1837 a portion of the road was finished,\\nand cars began to run and carry passengers and freight. By\\nthe end of 1839 sevent3^-seven miles had been constructed, and", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "Our first Railroads. 241\\nthe road was in operation to Greensboro. By 1840 eighty-\\neight miles were finished, and the next year the road was\\nextended to Madison, and the Athens branch was completed.\\nMeanwhile the construction of other roads was in progress.\\nIn 1834 a survey had been made between Savannah and Macon,\\nand in 1836 the charter of the Central road was granted. By\\nthis time the people had fully realized the great importance\\nand benefit of the railroad system, and when news was re-\\nceived in Macon that the charter had been granted, the city was\\nilluminated, bonfires were lighted, the church bells were rung,\\ncannon were fired, and public speeches were made. The build-\\ning of the road from Savannali was at once begun, and, as it\\nEARLY AjyiERICAN RAILROAD TRAIN.\\nadvanced, the stage routes to Macon were made shorter. At\\nlast, in 1843, the first passenger car arrived at the temporary\\ndepot, two and a half miles from Macon. The road was one\\nhundred and ninety miles long, and, at the time it was com-\\npleted, it was the longest railroad in the world built and\\nowned by one company. The master spirit of the undertak-\\ning was AVilliam W. Gordon of Savannah, the first president.\\nAnother road was in process of building at this time. It\\nwas from Macon to Forsyth, and was first called the Monroe\\nRailroad. It was chartered in 1833, and work was commenced\\nin 1835. The track was completed from Macon to Forsyth\\nin December, 1838, and the first passenger train run over the\\nroad, carrying a large number of citizens of Macon. When\\nthe train arrived at Forsyth it was greeted with cheers,\\nspeeches were made, and the visitors entertained at a banquet.\\nIt had at first been intended to carry the road only to For-\\n16", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "242 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nsyth, but in 1836 the charter was amended so that the road\\nmight be extended to some point on the Chattahoochee River,\\nto be subsequently decided uj^on. The road was afterwards\\ncalled the Macon and Western Railroad, and it has since be-\\ncome a part of the Central Railroad system.\\nAMiile these roads were being built from Savannah,\\nAugusta, and Macon, work was begun on the road with which\\nthey were to connect, and which would extend through the\\nCherokee country to the Tennessee River. This road was\\nchartered in 183G, and was built at the expense of the State.\\nFor this reason it is often called the State Road, though its\\nproper name is the Western and Atlantic Railroad. An elevated\\nlocation, seven miles south of the Chattahoochee River, was\\nselected as the point where the new road should begiu and\\nthe two roads from the south should end. In 18-45 the Georgia\\nRailroad was completed to this point, which the engineers first\\ncalled Terminus. The State authorities named it Marthas-\\nville, for a daughter of Governor Lumpkin. This name was\\nsubsequently changed by the State Legislature to Atlanta, and\\nthe city which grew up there became the centre of the rail-\\nroad system of the State.\\nIn 1840 there were six hundred and thirty-six miles of\\nrailroad graded in Georgia, which was more than was in any\\nother State, or country of the world, at that time.\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat was the first passenger railway train in America Tell about\\nthe convention at Eatonton. What road was first chartered Tell\\nabout the Central road. What other road was being constructed at the\\nsame time Where is the State road Why is it so called What\\nwas made the centre of the State system\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Railroads. 3. State road.\\n2. General system in Georgia. 4. Atlanta.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLIV.\\nADMINISTRATION OF McDONALD.\\nThe public faith must be maintained and to pause to discuss the question of pref-\\nerence between taxation and dishonor, would be to cast a reflection upon the character\\nof the people whose servants we are. Charles J. McDonald.\\nAt the close of the year 1839\\nGeorgia Avas in undisturbed possession\\nof all its territory. The Indians had\\nleft, and the northern and south-\\nwestern parts of the State were open\\nto settlers, who could now plant their\\nfarms and build their homes and live\\nin peace. The administration of\\nCharles J. McDonald as governor be-\\ngan with this period. He was elected\\nin 1839 as the candidate of the Union\\nparty. His opponent was Charles\\nDougherty, the candidate of the State-Rights party. When\\nMcDonald was urged, duriug the campaign, to help to secure\\nhis own election by making certain promises and trades,\\nlie replied, I have never bargained for any office, and if I do\\nnot get this office without conditions, I shall never reach it.\\nHe meant that he would make no promise to give an office or\\nother reward to any person for supporting him, but that, if\\nelected, he would do his duty according to the laws.\\nThe first subject which demanded the attention of the new\\ngovernor was the condition of money affairs in the State.\\nThere was a general complaiiit of hard times money was\\nscarce; credit had been abused; speculation had been wild\\nGOVERNOR C. J. McDONALD.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "244 History of Georgia.\\nand unsuccessful; and tbe people were burdened with debt.\\nCotton dropped to four or five cents a j)ound^ while articles\\nthat the planters had to buy rose in price.\\nTo add to the distress, the Georgia banks all stopped specie\\npayments that is, they would not pay out gold or silver, but\\nonly paper money. The legislature of 1839 passed a law\\nforbidding banks in suspension to bring suits on notes, bonds,\\nor other evidences of debt held by them, and a bill was passed\\nin 1840 requiring the banks to resume specie payments or give\\nup their charters.\\nThe presidential election of 1840 came on in the midst of\\nthe financial gloom which hung over the country. Martin\\nVan Buren was nominated by the Democratic party for reelec-\\ntion. The National Rej)ublican party, of which Henry Clay\\nand Daniel Webster were the leaders, was now known as the\\nWhig party, and it nominated William Henry Harrison of\\nOhio as its candidate. In Georgia the Democratic party,\\nmade up chiefly of the old Clark party, supported Van\\nBuren, under the leadership of Forsyth, ^IcDonald, and\\nLumj^kin. The State-Rights party of Georgia, which, under\\nBerrien, Gilmer, and Dawson, had carried the State, four\\nyears before, for Hugh L. White for President, against\\nAndrew Jackson, supported Harrison and became known as\\nthe Whig party, although some of its leaders, as Governor\\nGilmer, never admitted being AYhigs.\\nHarrison was popular as a soldier of distinguished record.\\nAVhile not engaged in public affairs, he lived ujion his farm, in\\nhis log cabin, cultivated his orchard, and made hard cider\\nhence the campaign was known as the hard cider campaign.\\nIn August, 1840, a great Harrison convention met in Macon.\\nIt was the largest public meeting which up to that time had\\never been in the State. There were not then many miles of\\nrailroad leading to Macon, and people came long distances on\\nhorseback and in carriages and Avagons. Some made log\\ncabins, mounted them on wheels, and drove fifty to eighty", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "Administration of McDonald.\\n245\\nWILLIAM C. DAWSON.\\nmiles, living in them while on the way. The number that\\ncrowded into the town was estimated at fifteen thousand, and\\nmany speeches were made and resolutions passed endorsing\\nHarrison for President. At the elec-\\ntion Harrison carried the State by\\neight thousand majority. He also\\nobtained a majority of the other\\nStates, and was elected, but he died\\none month after his inauguration.\\nHe was succeeded by John Tyler of\\nVirginia, who had been elected Vice-\\nPresident.\\nIn 1841 Governor McDonald was\\nreelected, defeating William 0. Daw-\\nson, the Whig candidate. Dawson\\nwas an able man, and a member of Congress at that time.\\nThe governor, in his message to the legislature, intimated that\\nhe had borrowed over two and a quarter millions of dollars for\\n_^ the State, and he urged them to\\nj^^ pass a bill levying a tax to pay\\n^jf-^ 1^ this debt as well as to meet cur-\\nrent expenses. The legislature\\nrefused, and were about to adjourn\\nwithout making any provision for\\nthe financial needs of the State.\\nGovernor McDonald then ordered\\nthe State treasurer not to pay any\\nsalaries, but to retain the money\\nin the treasury to defray the ex-\\npenses of the government and to\\nprotect the Florida frontier of the State against the Indians,\\nwho at this time had begun making raids into the southern\\ncounties. The legislators themselves could, therefore, get no\\npay, and they were very indignant. They denounced the\\ngovernor as a tyrant, and characterized his order to the treas-\\nBISHOP ELLIOTT.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "246 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nurer as a high-handed measure. The governor s friends ad-\\nvised him to withdraw the order, but he refused. So the\\nlegislature was obliged to pass the bill recommended by him,\\nand thus money was obtained for the wants of the State.\\nIn 1841 Georgia was made a diocese of the Protestant Epis-\\ncopal Church, and the Rev. Stephen Elliott was elected first\\nbishop. He was a man of great abilit}^ and under his fostering\\ncare his church prospered.\\nTlie census of the State at the end of 1840 showed a popu-\\nlation of six hundred and ninety-one thousand three hundred\\nand ninety-two, of whom two hundred and eighty thousand\\nnine hundred and forty-four were slaves. Savannah had a\\npopulation of twelve thousand, Augusta eight thousand,\\nMacon three thousand five hundred, Columbus four thousand.\\n[Charles J. McDonald was a native of South Carolina. His parents came\\nto Georgia in his infancy and settled in Hancock County. He graduated\\nat Columbia College, South Carolina. In 1818 he began the practice of\\nlaw. In 1822 he was elected solicitor-general of the first circuit, and\\njudge of the same circuit in 1825.]\\n[William C. Dawson was born in Greene County in 1798. He grad-\\nuated at Franklin College in 1816. He began the practice of law in\\nGreensboro. He was a member of Congress from 1836 to 1842. In 1847\\nhe was elected United States Senator for Georgia for a term of six years,\\ncommencing 1849. Because of his elegant manners he was called the\\nfirst gentleman of Georgia. He died in 1856.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho was elected governor in 1839 What first demanded his atten-\\ntion Tell about the banks and the action of the legislature. Who was\\nelected governor in 1842? Wliat did the new governor advise the legislature\\nto do What did he do when the legislature refused What followed\\nTOPICS.\\n1. McDonald elected governor. 3. McDonald s reelection.\\n2. The banks and specie payments. 4. Census of 1840.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLV.\\nAimiNISTRATION^ OF GOVERNOR CRAWFORD. \u00e2\u0080\u0094SUPREM K\\nCOURT ORGANIZED. ANAESTHESIA.\\nThe first thing to be regarded in a republic is tlie virtue of tlie people the second,\\ntheir intelligence. Both are essential to the maintenance of our free institutions the\\nfirst inspires them with a disposition to do right, the second arms them with power to\\nresist wrong. Charles J. McDonald.\\nGEORCiE W. CRAWFORD.\\nwith directions to\\nClay for President of the United\\nStates and John M. Berrien for\\nVice-President. The Democrats\\nnominated Mark A. Cooper for gov-\\nernor, but at the election he was de-\\nfeated by Crawford. The legislature\\nof the same year elected Walter T.\\nColquitt to succeed Alfred Cuthbert\\nin the United States Senate.\\nGovernor Crawford s administra-\\ntion devoted its attention mainly to\\nThe first convention of the Whig\\nparty met at Milledgeville on June 19,\\n1843. John M. Berrien, leader of the\\nWhigs ill Georgia, was made president.\\nHe had been elected to the United\\nStates Senate in 1840, to succeed Wil-\\nson Lumpkin. The convention nomi-\\nnated George W. Crawford as their can-\\ndidate for governor. They also sent ten\\ndelegates to the Whig convention which\\nwas to meet in Baltimore in May, 1844,\\nvote for Henry\\nWALTER T. COLQUITT.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "248\\nHISTORY OF Georgia.\\nthe financial affairs of the State. His message to the legis-\\nlature of 1844 showed that the condition of tiie banks was\\nimproving, and that the taxes raised were sufticient to pay\\nthe debts of the State as well as the expenses of the govern-\\nment. The committee appointed by the legislature to investi-\\ngate the affairs of the treasury and the public debt reported\\nthat the gov- _^ ernor was rapid-\\nly reducing the debt and paying\\nthe interest on tlie unpaid bonds.\\nOne of the iMf, ^b important\\nmeasures of this ,v^H w Ife period Avas the es-\\nEUGENIUS A. NESBIT. HIRAM WARNER.\\nFIRST SUPREME COURT (^F GEORGIA.\\ntablishment of a supreme court. In 1841 Governor Charles\\nJ. McDonald had recommended it, saying: The decisions of\\nthe circuit judge are final and irreversible excei^t at his will.\\nHis power in cases involving the life, property, and liberty of\\nthe citizen is absolute and appalling, and but that we have\\nbeen so long accustomed to its exercise by a single individual,\\nit would not be tolerated for a day. In 1845 the legislature\\ncompleted the organization of the new court, electing Joseph\\nHenry Jjumpkin chief justice, and Hiram AVarner and Euge-\\nnius A. Nesbit associate justices. This court has jiower to\\nconfirm or reverse the decisions of the circuit judges.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "Anesthesia. 249\\nBefore 1842, whenever it was necessary to perform a surgi-\\ncal operation, it could not be done without great pain to the\\npatient. Consequently there were comparatively few surgi-\\ncal operations prior to that year. Now there are hnndreds\\ndaily, with most beneficial results, and without any suffering\\nto the patient. This is due to a\\nGeorgia man Dr. Crawford Ware\\nLong, who practised medicine the\\ngreater part of his life in Athens,\\nGa.\\nDr. Long was born in the town\\nof Danielsville, Ga., in 1817. He\\ngraduated in medicine at the Uni-\\nversity of Pennsylvania in 1839.\\nAfter one year s study in New\\nYork city, he settled in Jefferson,\\nGa., eighteen miles from Athens.\\nWhile at college in Pennsylvania he had learned of the exhilarat-\\ning effects caused by smelling the vapor of sulphuric ether. In\\nJefferson the young men of the village would frequently gather\\nin the back room of a store adjoining the doctor s office to smell\\nether. When partly under its influence, these young men\\nwould begin wrestling, boxing, turning somersaults, fighting,\\nand making laughable speeches. During these frolics severe\\nbruises, cuts, and sprains were often received by the inhalers,\\nDr. Long himself among the number. Soon the doctor\\nnoticed that the injuries seemed to give not the least pain\\nuntil the persons had recovered from the influence of the\\nether. From this he inferred that with the aid of ether\\na surgical operation might be performed without pain, and\\nso the great discovery was made. Dr. Long soon put his\\ndiscovery to a practical test. One of his young friends, Mr.\\nJames M. Venable, had two small tumors on his neck. Know-\\ning that in his own case ether had deadened the pain of inju-\\nries received in the frolics, the young man consented that", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "350 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nDr. Long should remove the tumors if he would allow him to\\nsmell ether. This was done, and on March 30, 18-42, the\\nfirst operation ever made with ether was performed, with the\\nresult that one of the tumors was removed without pain. On\\nJune G, 1842, the other was removed in the same painless\\nmanner. On July 3, 1842, Dr. Long amputated the toe of a\\nnegro boy, and on September 9, 1843, he removed a tumor\\nfrom the head of Mary Vincent, without pain to the patients.\\nThe State of Georgia esteemed this discovery so valuable,\\nand the discoverer so worthy of honor, that it had a portrait\\nof Dr. Long painted and hung in the Capitol at Atlanta.\\n[George W. Crawford was born in Columbia County, Georgia, in\\nDecember, 1798. He graduated at Princeton in 1820, and studied law\\nunder Richard Henry Wilde. In 1822 he began to practise as a hiwver\\nin Augusta. In 1827 he was elected attorney-general, and held that\\noffice until 1831. In 1843 he was elected to Congress, of which he was\\na member until elected governor.]\\n[Joseph Henry Lumpkin was born in Ogletliorpe County in December,\\n1799. At an early age he entered the University of Georgia, but left it\\nto finish his jeducation at Princeton. He was graduated there with\\nhigh honor. He devoted his time mostly to the law, and from an early\\nage showed great ability. His health being impaired, he went to Europe\\nfor relaxation. During his absence he was ciiosen chief justice of the\\nSupreme Court. No abler judge ever sat on the bench.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat convention met at Milledgeville in 1843? Who was elected gov-\\nernor in 1843 W^hat court was established in 1845 Who were its first\\njudges What discovery in surgical science was made in 1842 Who\\nwas the discoverer Tell how he came to know about the effects of sul-\\nphuric ether. What was the first operation to test the new method\\nTOPICS.\\n1. The Milledgeville convention. 3. The first Supreme Court.\\n2. Crawford elected governor. 4. Dr. Long s discovery.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLYI.\\nGEORGIA IX THE MEXICAA^ WAR.\\nWhere Liberty dwells there is our country. FIdcj Emhlem.\\nWhile Texas was still part of Mexico, it was settled by\\npeople from the United States, and when Santa Anna, the\\n^Mexican president, refused to grant them a State constitu-\\ntion, they revolted, and set up a government of their own.\\nVolunteer companies were organized in the United States to\\naid Texas in its revolt. A comj)any of soldiers went from\\nGeorgia under command of Colonel William Ward of Macon,\\nand joined the regiment of Colonel Fannin of North Caro-\\nlina, which was stationed at Fort Goliad in Texas.^\\nWhen Colonel Ward was about to leave Georgia, a lady\\nof Knoxville, Crawford County, presented to his com|)any a\\nflag of plain white silk, bearing a lone blue star of five points.\\nOn one side of the flag was the inscription Liberty or Death\\non the other side was a motto in Latin, the translation of\\nwhich is printed at the head of this chapter. The flag was\\nused by Colonel W^ard, and his men called it The Flag of\\nthe Lone Star. It is said that it was afterwards adopted as\\nthe flag of the republic of Texas.\\nW^ard and his command were sent to assist Colonel King\\nin rescuing women and children at a mission church thirty\\nmiles from Fort Goliad. At the mission they were attacked by\\na large force of Mexicans, which they defeated, the Mexicans\\nlosing two hundred men, while Ward had only three wounded.\\nW^ard then set out for ictoria.\\nMeanwhile another large body of Mexicans attacked Fannin\\nat Fort Goliad, and he was ordered by General Houston to", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "252 History of Georgia.\\nretreat to Victoria. Believing the Mexicans too cowardly to\\nattack him, he set ont for Mctoria. On the march he was\\nintercepted and snrrounded by the Mexican army. He re-\\npelled the attack, bat on the second day the Mexicans brought\\nnp their artillery, and Fannin, seeing resistance hopeless, sur-\\nrendered \\\\\\\\\\\\)0\\\\\\\\ the written condition that he and his men\\nshould be sent to the United States. Tliey were first taken\\nback to Fort Goliad.\\nWhen Ward reached Victoria he found himself surrounded\\nby Mexicans, and he also surrendered, and was brougiit to Fort\\nGoliad, where Fannin s men were confined. Next morning\\nthey were marched out of the fort, expecting to be sent to\\nXew Orleans, but every man was shot down in cold blood.\\nWard and Fannin among the rest. Such was the fate of\\nthe Georgia battalion.\\nWhen General Houston defeated Santa Anna and the\\n^[exicans iti April, 183G, a treaty of 2)eace was made by which\\nTexas became free and independent. The president of the\\nrepublic of Texas from 1838 to 1841 was ^lirabeau Lamar,\\na Georgian. In 1837 the new republic asked for admission\\ninto the Union of the United States, and for several years\\nthe annexation of Texas was a national question. James\\nK. Polk was elected President of the United States by the\\nDemocrats in 1844 on the platform of favoring its admis-\\nsion. Henry Clay, the AVhig candidate, opposed annexation,\\nand Georgia, at the time a Whig State, was carried by the\\nDemocrats for Polk. But on March 1, 1845, three days before\\nPolk s inauguration, Texa\u00c2\u00ab was admitted by resolution of\\nCongress. Trooj^s were at once sent to protect its frontier\\nfrom the Mexicans, and soon afterwards ]\\\\rexico declared war\\nagainst the United States.\\nGeorge AV. Crawford was reelected governor in 184 after\\na warm campaign, defeating A. II. McAllister.\\nIn May, 184G, the War Department called on Georgia for a\\nregiment of infantry to serve in ^lexico. A prompt response", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "GEORGIA IN THE MEXICAN WaR.\\n253\\nCOMMODORE JOBIAH TATTNAIX.\\nwas given. In June ten companies from various parts of the\\nState met at Columbus and formed a regiment. Henry E.\\nJackson of Savannah was chosen colonel. This regiment\\nwent at once to Mexico, Avhere it stayed for twelve months.\\nBut it had no encounter witli the\\nenemy, and the only service it ren-\\ndered was by details of soldiers, for\\nguarding money trains and provision\\nwagons. The regiment was sent to\\ncamp at a very unhealthy place, so\\nthat many of the men died.\\nOther companies were formed\\nthroughout the State, Avhile many\\nbrave recruits went alone to join the\\nregular United States army, and did\\nvaliant service. Numbers lost their\\nlives in the bloody battles of the war, among whom was Colo-\\nnel James Mcintosh, a hero of the War of 1812. He had\\ngone into the army of the United States, had fought in the\\nprincipal battles of the war,\\nand was wounded at Palo Alto.\\nAfter other brilliant victories\\nhis command reached the very\\nwalls of the City of Mexico,\\nwhere he fell at the head of his\\ntroops. Commodore Josiah\\nTattnall of Georgia pla3^ed an\\nimportant part in all the naval\\noperations. He commanded a\\nfleet known as the Mosquito\\nDivision.\\nGENERAL DAVID E. TWIGGS. Among othcr Gcorglans who\\ndistinguished themselves in\\nMexico were General W. H. T. Walker, Lieutenant William\\nThe legislature\\nM. Gardiner, and General David E. Twiggs.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": ";i )-l HISTOUY OF UKOUiilA.\\nof (leorgia presented to each of tliese officers, and also to Com-\\nmodore Tattnall, an elegant sword in recognition of tlie\\nbravery with which they had npheld tlie honor of the State.\\nThe Mexican AVar was brought to an end by a succession of\\nbrilliant victories by the Vnited States generals. General\\nScott captured the City of Mexico September. 18-47, and\\nGeneral Taylor defeated Santa Anna, gaining possession of all\\nthe northern province of Mexico. A treaty of peace was con-\\ncluded February 2, 1848, by which the United States acquired\\nthe territory including California, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada,\\nand Texas, Mexico receiving fifteen million dollars from the\\nUnited States.\\nGeneral Zachary Taylor of Jjouisiana, who was called Old\\nRough and Keady by his soldiers, had been a hero in the\\nMexican War. He was nominated by the Whigs for President\\nof the United States in 1848 and was elected. Georgia s vote\\nwas cast in his favor. He appointed George W. Crawford sec-\\nretary of war. Walter T. Colquitt resigned his seat in the\\nUnited States Senate in 1848, and Herschel Johnson suc-\\nceeded him.\\n[In 1845 the legislature provided for the cstabhshment of a school for\\ndeaf and dumb. In time handsome buildings were erected at Cave\\nSprings, in Floyd County, where the school is located.]\\n[Commodore Josiah Tattnall, son of Governor Josiah Tattnall, was\\nborn near Savannah in 1795. He served in the War of 1812 with dis-\\ntinction. When war was declared with Mexico he was appointed to the\\ncommand of a fleet to defend the landing of General Wintield Scott s\\narmy. He resigned the service of the United States and joined the Con-\\nfederate States navy, and was assigned to the command of the naval\\ndefence of the Georgia and Carolina coasts. lie died in Savannah, 1871.]\\n[David E. Twiggs was born in Richmond County in 1790. He served\\nthroughout the War of 1812, holding various offices. He was in the\\njNIexican War under General Taylor at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma.\\nHe was made brigadier-general, brevetted major-general for gallantry at", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "256 History of Georgia.\\nMonterey, and Congress presented to him a sword. In 1848 he became\\nmilitary governor of Vera Cruz. He was appointed brigadier-general\\nin the service of the Confederacy, but resigned in 18C1. He died in\\nSeptember, 1863.]\\n[]\\\\Iirabeau B. Lamar was born in Louisville, Ga., 1798. He was a\\nfarmer and merchant until 1828, when he founded a State-Riglits jour-\\nnal known as the Columbus Independent. In 1885 he went to Texas\\nand joined the Revolutionary party. He became a major-general of the\\nrepublic and secretary of war. In 18oG lie was vice-president, and from\\n1838 to 1841 was president of the republic. He served during the Mexi-\\ncan War with distinction. He died, 1859, in Texas.]\\n[Ilcnry It. Jackson, nephew of Governor James Jackson, was born\\nin Athens, Ga., 1820, and graduated at Yale College in 1839. He\\nbegan to practise law in 1840, was United States district attorney in\\n1843, and a colonel of a Georgia regimeht in the Mexican War. He was\\nminister to Austria in 1854, and after his return to Savannah was\\nappointed associate counsel in the prosecution of the persons engaged\\nin importing slaves on the Wanderer. He was appointed major-\\ngeneral to command the Georgia forces during the war between the\\nStates (18G1-1865), and the Confederate Government commissioned him\\nbrigadier-general. During Cleveland s administration he was minister\\nto Mexico.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho commanded the Georgia trooj s that went to aid the revolt of\\nTexas Describe the fight at the mission church. Tell about the mas-\\nsacre of Fannin s men. What Georgian was president of the republic of\\nTexas Who was elected governor in 1845 What call was made on\\nGeorgia by the War Department in 1846 How did Georgia respond\\nWho commanded the regiment What other help did Georgia give\\nin the Mexican War Tell about the service of Colonel Mcintosh.\\nWhat Georgian gave important service in the navy How did the war\\nend? What Georgian was made secretary of war in 1848\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Texas revolt. 3. ^lexican War.\\n2. ^Massacre of Fannin s men. 4. Crawford secretary of war.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLVII.\\nGOVERNOR GEORGE W. TOWNS.\\nCONTEST OYER SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES.\\nThe slaveholder can no longer look to the Constitution as the charter of liis rights.\\n-Governor Towns in 1850.\\nGeorge W. Towns, of the city of\\nMacon, was elected governor in 1847.\\nHe was tlie Democratic candidate.\\nThe nominee of the Whig party was\\nGeneral Duncan L. Clinch, who had\\nserved with distinction in the United\\nStates army in 1812, and had defeated\\nthe Seminoles in Florida in 1835.\\nGovernor Towns was reelected in\\n1849, defeating E. Y. Hill, a Whig.\\nAs a result of the Mexican War\\nthe United States\\nacquired New Mexico and Cali-\\nfornia, which extended the Fed-\\neral domain to the Pacific Ocean.\\nThe discovery of gold in Cali-\\nfornia in 1848 led to the rapid\\nincrease of its population, and in\\n1849 the i^eople of the Territory\\napplied for its admission to the\\nUnion as a State, with a clause in\\nits constitution prohibiting slavery.\\nTo this the representatives of the\\nSouthern States objected, claiming\\nthat this constitution was illegal, and proposing to apply to that\\nTerritory the principles of the Missouri Compromise, because half\\n17\\ngeneral DUNCAN L. CLINCH.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "258 History of Georgia.\\nof the Territory lay south of the parallel 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 In 1820 Con-\\ngress had passed the Missouri Compromise, by which slavery was\\npermitted in all territory south of that line. They, moreover,\\ndemanded the passing of a fugitive-slave law to give them the\\nprotection guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States.\\nCongress refused to pass such a law. The Southern leaders in\\nCongress then notified the Southern States that their civil\\nrights were threatened, and they advised that a convention of\\nthe 25eople be called in each State to consider the situation.\\nAccordingly, the Georgia legislature, at once, called a conven-\\ntion of the people of Georgia, to meet at Milled geville in De-\\ncember, 1850, and other Southern States took the same course.\\nA long and bitter controversy in Congress followed, which\\nended by the passing, in separate bills, of the measures of the\\nfamous Omnibus Bill, introduced by Henry Clay, of Ken-\\ntucky. This bill provided that California should be admitted\\nwithout slavery; that Xew Mexico and Utah should be organ-\\nized as Territories and left to settle the question of slavery for\\nthemselves, and that a law should be passed for the arrest and\\nreturn of escaped slaves. Both sides accepted the bills, and\\nthey were passed, and peace was restored for the time.\\nThese compromise bills, known as the compromise meas-\\nures of 1850, received the approval of the Georgia Congress-\\nmen, leading Whigs and Democrats supporting them as the\\nbest that could be done, the desire of all being to save the\\nUnion at every sacrifice except the right guaranteed by\\nthe Constitution of protection to their property. It was\\na Georgia statesman, Howell Cobb, who, as Speaker of\\nthe House of Representatives of Congress, presided over its\\nstormy sessions in 1849 and 1850, with a fairness and firm-\\nness that won the praise of both sides.\\nThe convention of the people, which had been called before\\nthe passage of the compromise measures, assembled at Mill-\\nedgeville, December 10, 1850. As the people generally\\naccepted the compromise measures, the majority of the dele-", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "The Georgia Platform.\\n259\\ngates favored tlie Union party. A committee was appointed\\nto draw up a report for the convention. This famous report\\nwas written by Charles J. Jenkins, and was known as the\\nGeorgia Platform. It declared Georgia attached to the\\nUnion it regretted the agitation on the slavery question,\\nand insisted on the right of the States to settle the matter\\nfor themselves it avowed the willingness of the State of\\nGeorgia to abide by the compromise measures of Henry Clay;\\nit declared the State of Georgia ought to and ivill resist any\\naction of Congress that wonld disturb the safety and violate\\nthe rights and lionor of the slave-holding States. The\\nmeaning of all this Avas that Georgia would stay in the Union\\nas long as it could with honor and safety to itself, for the\\npeople loved the Union and did not want it broken.\\nNovember 10, 1850, the Roman\\nCatholic Church made the State of\\nGeorgia a separate diocese and\\ncalled it the Diocese of Savannah.\\nThe first bishop was the Right Rev-\\nerend Francis X. Gartland, D.D.\\nlie died of yellow fever while car-\\ning for the sick during the epi-\\ndemic of 1854 in Savannah.\\nAccording to the census of 1850,\\nthe population of the State was\\nnine hundred and six thousand\\none hundred and eighty-five, of\\nwhich three hundred and eighty-four thousand six hundred\\nand thirteen were slaves.\\nThe annual production of cotton was four hundred and\\nninety-nine thousand bales, of wheat one million bushels, of\\noats four million bushels, and of corn thirty million bushels.\\nThe total crops were valued at forty-seven million dollars.\\nExports had increased to nine million dollars, and imports to\\nseven hundred thousand dollars. These statistics, compared\\nBISHOP GARTLANU.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "200 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nwith those of 1840, show a great growtli in the material wealth\\nof the State.\\n[George W. Towns was born in Wilkes County in 1801. His parents\\nwere from Virginia, A fall from his horse produced a liemorrhage from\\nthe lungs, the recurrence of which at times threatened his life, lie moved\\nto Ahihama, and began to practise law in that State in 1824, but returned\\nto Georgia in 182G, and represented Talbot County in the legislature for\\nseveral years. In 1831 and 1836 he was elected member of Congress. In\\n1839 lie resumed the practice of law and continued it until 1846, when he\\nwas again elected to Congress. He died in Macon in 1854.]\\n[Duncan L. Clinch was born in North Carolina in April, 1788. He\\nserved throughout the war of 1812. In 1835, having attained the raniv\\nof brigadier-general, he was placed in command of the United States\\nforces then operating against the Seminole Indians in Florida. He\\nclosed this war by a decisive victory over the Indians under their great\\nchief Osceola at the battle of Withlacoochee. Soon afterwards he retired\\nfrom the army and devoted himself to his large planting interests in\\nCamden County, Georgia. He died in Macon, Ga., November 27, 1849.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho was elected governor in 1847 and again in 1849 What did the\\nUnited States acquire by the Mexican War What did California\\napply for Who objected, and why What did the Georgia legislature\\ndo What was the Omnibus Bill Did the Georgia Congressmen ap-\\nprove of it What was done at the Milledgeville convention What\\nwas the population in 1850\\nTOPICS.\\n1. George W. Towns. 3. The Omnibus Bill.\\n2. Disputes over California. 4. The Georgia Platform.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLVIII.\\nPOLITICAL DISTURBANCES.\\nGOVERNOR HOWELL COBB.\\nOur greatest clanger is that the Union will survive the Constitution. Robert\\nToombs.\\nAt the election for governor in\\n1851 the Union party, which in-\\nchuled the Whigs and the Union\\nDemocrats, nominated Howell Cobb,\\na Union Democrat, who was elected.\\nHe was then in the prime of\\nhis intellectual power. His elec-\\ntion showed how strong was the\\ndevotion of the State to the\\nUnion, his opponent being the can-\\ndidate of the Southern Rights\\nDemocrats, ex-Covernor Charles J. McDonald.\\nAt the presidential election in 1852, many voters in Georgia\\ngave a complimentary vote in favor\\nof the venerable ex-Governor George\\nM. Troup, but the vote of the State\\nwas cast for Pierce, who was elected.\\nThe Whig candidate. General Scott,\\nfailed to endorse the fugitive-slave\\nlaw, and many Georgia Whigs re-\\nfused to vote for him. This election\\nbroke the AVhig power in the State,\\nand the party never carried it again.\\nJohn M. Berrien, desiring to retire\\nfrom public life, resigned his seat in robert toombs.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "202 History of Georgia,\\nthe United States Senate iti 1852. The governor appointed\\nRobert M. Charlton for the unexpired term, and in 1853\\nEobert Toombs, one of the most brilliant men in the State,\\nwho had been a leading Whig, was elected to the office. He\\nbecame very prominent by his oratory in the Senate in\\ndefence of the constitutional rights of the Southern people.\\nAt this time, however, he did not advocate secession.\\nIn 1853 Ilerschel Y. Johnson, candidate of the Democratic\\nl^arty, was elected governor, aud he\\nwas reelected in 1855.\\nIt was soon found that the com-\\npromise measures had not settled tlie\\ncontests between the Xorth and the\\nSouth. The Xorthern and the West-\\nern States passed laws called personal\\nliberty laws which nullified the fugi-\\ntive-slave law of Congress and the\\nprovision of the Constitution. The\\nKNoi 1. A. JOHNSON. Democrats contended that the Xorth\\nhad violated the Missouri Conij^romise, and in 185-1 Congress\\npassed the famous Kansas-Xebraska Bill, introduced by\\nStephen A. Donglas, of Illinois. This bill gave the settlers of\\nKansas, which lies north of 3G\u00c2\u00b0 30 the right to decide\\nwhether they should liave slavery or not. Immediately each\\nparty began to send settlers into the Territory in order to have\\na majority in favor of its views when a State Constitution\\nshould be voted on. Settlers sent out for such a purpose could\\nnot be expected to live together in peace, and soon a regular\\nwar was waged between them.\\nThese struggles caused great excitement, and in 1850 the\\nRepublican jiarty nominated (Jeneral John C. Fremont for\\nPresident. This party in 1831, taking the name of the Liberty\\n])arty, had started an agitation for the abolition of slavery.\\nThey nominated a candidate for President in 1810, and he\\nreceived seven thousand votes. Four years later the same can-", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "Kansas Troubles.\\n263\\ndidate received sixty-two thousand votes. In 1848 the Lihevty\\n2)arty took the name of the Free Soil party, and nominated\\nex-President Van Buren as their candidate. They did not\\nfavor abolition, but merely opposed any further extension of\\nslavery. With the support of Northern Whigs their candidate\\nreceived three hundred thousand votes. At the election of\\n1852 their vote Avas not so great, those Whigs who had before\\nsupported them being now satisfied by the compromise measures\\nof 1850.\\nBut the Kansas-Nebraska Bill revived bitter feeling among\\ntlie anti-slavery men in the North, and in 1856 many Whigs\\nsupported tlie candidate of the Free Soil partv, which now\\nbecame known as the Republican party. Other AVhigs joined\\nthe American, or Know Nothing, party, whose leading\\nprinciple was opposition to foreigners being made citizens until\\nafter a long term of residence. In Georgia, in 1855, most of\\nthe Whigs went into this party, including Benjamin II. Hill.\\nThe candidate of the Democratic party at the presidential\\nelection of 1856 was James Bu-\\nchanan of Pennsylvania, who was\\nelected. In the campaign the exten-\\nsion of slavery in the Territories was\\nthe only question discussed. Presi-\\ndent Buchanan appointed Howell\\nCobb his secretary of the treasury.\\nIn 1855 the legislature elected\\nAlfred Iverson, a Southern Rights\\nDemocrat, to succeed William C.\\nDawson in the United States Senate.\\nALFUED IVERSON.\\n[Howell Cobb was born in Jefferson County, Georgia, in 1815. At\\nnineteen he was graduated at the University of Georgia. In 1886 he\\nwas admitted to the bar and at once gave evidence of a high order of\\ntalents and attainments. In 1837 he was elected solicitor-general of the\\nwestern circuit. In 1842 he was elected to Congress, and became one of\\nthe leading men in that body. In 1850 he was elected Speaker of the", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "264 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nHouse of Representatives. After liis term of governor expired he\\nreentered Congress, and ijecarae secretary of the treasury under Presi-\\ndent Buchanan. He resigned at the beginning of the war, and threw\\nall his energies into the movement for secession. He became a major-\\ngeneral in the service of the Confederate States. He died in New York,\\nOctober, 18G8.]\\n[Herschel Y. Johnson was born in Burke County in 1812. He gradu-\\nated at the university in 1834, studied law and practised in Augusta\\nuntil 1839. In 1840 he entered politics as a Democrat, and moved to\\nMilledgeville to live. He liecame a United States Senator in 1848. In\\n1849 lie was elected judge of the Ocmulgee district, which office he held\\nuntil chosen governor. In 1860 he was nominated for Yice-President on\\nthe ticket with Stephen A. Douglas. He opposed the secession of\\nGeorgia, but when the fact was accomplished threw in his lot with his\\nState and was chosen to the Confederate Senate. After the war he was\\nmade a Senator of the United States from Georgia, but was not allowed\\nto take his seat. He died in Jefferson County in 1880.]\\n[Alfred Ivcrson was born in Burke County, Georgia, in 1798. He\\ngraduated at Princeton College in 1830 studied law and commenced\\npractice at Columbus. He was a judge of the State Supreme Court. He\\nwas elected a representative in Congress, and served as United States\\nSenator froin 1855 to 1801. He died at Macon, 1874.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho was elected governor iu 1851 Who was elected governor in\\n1853 and 1855 Tell about the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and the Free Soil\\nparty. What Georgian was appointed to office by President Buchanan\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Cobb elected governor. 3. Kansas-Nebraska Bill.\\n3. Johnson elected governor. 4. Free Soil party.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLIX.\\nWAR THREATENING.\\nThe Union under the Constitution knows no section, but docs know all the States.\\nBenjamin H. Hill.\\nThe convention of the Demo-\\ncratic party in Georgia in 1857 for\\nt^^^^ nominating a candidate for gov-\\nyi ernor balloted for three days with-\\n,_^ P out agreeing. At the end of the\\nthird day a committee was ap-\\n2:)ointed to select a candidate. This\\ncommittee decided not to recom-\\nmend any of the names that had\\nbeen before the convention, but\\nchose a new man Joseph E. Brown\\nand he was nominated. The\\npeople of Georgia did not know\\nmuch of him at that time. When Toombs, who was travel-\\nling in Texas with a party of friends, heard of the action of\\nthe convention, he asked, Who is Joe Brown? But\\neverybody was soon to find out, for he was destined to manage\\nthe affairs of Georgia throughout the stormiest period of its\\nhistory. The American, or Know Nothing, party nominated\\nBenjamin H. Hill, but Brown was elected.\\nAt the election in 1859 Governor Brown was reelected.\\nOnly a few days afterwards John Brown entered .Virginia,\\nand tried to arm the slaves. This aroused intense feeling in\\nGeorgia and all over the South. All local issues were now\\nforgotten, and the only question discussed among the Southern\\nGOVERNOR JOSEPH B. BROWN.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "266 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\npeople was how to end forever the trouhles over the protection\\nof their property.\\nAmid intense excitement the National Democratic Conven-\\ntion met at Charleston in April, 18G0, to nominate candidates\\nfor President and Vice-President, and adopt a platform for the\\nparty. The Supreme Court of the United States had decided\\n(in the Dred Scott case) that under the Constitution slaves were\\nproperty, that they could be taken into any of the Territories\\nunder the control of the government, and that it Avas the duty\\nof Congress to protect the owners in their property in all. the\\nTerritories. A bitter fight arose in the convention over a\\nresolution declaring it to be the duty of Congress to protect\\nj)roperty in the Territories, and the majority, made up of\\nNorthern delegates, voted down this resolution. AVhen the\\nmajority of their own 2: arty voted against giving their property\\nthe protection to which the Supreme. Court had decided they\\nwere entitled, the delegates from six Southern States with-\\ndrew. The Georgia delegation retired to consult. They were\\nunanimous in believing the resolution to be right, but were\\ndivided as to the policy of insisting upon it. Twenty-six\\nof the delegates, headed by Judge Benning, withdrew. Ten\\nremained, and the majority of the convention, without\\nmaking any nomination, adjourned to meet in Baltimore in\\nJune. The seceding delegates called a convention to meet in\\nRichmond at the same time.\\nAfter the Georgia delegates returned home, a second\\nState convention of the Democrats was called, at Avhicli\\na large majority sustained those delegates Avho had with-\\ndrawn from the Charleston convention. A minority, led\\nby Ilerschel V. Johnson and Judge ITiram Warner, then\\norganized a second convention and elected delegates to Balti-\\nmore.\\nAVhen the convention reassembled in Baltimore, the majoi*-\\nity refused to adopt the resolution voted down at Charleston,\\nand the delegates from all the Southern States, together with", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "The Constitutional Union Party. 267\\na majority of the delegates from six Northern States, with-\\ndrew and joined the Richmond convention.\\nThe Baltimore convention nominated Stephen A. Douglas\\nfor President, and adopted a plank which declared that the\\nsettlers or squatters in a Territory should determine wdiether\\nslavery should be permitted. Ilerschel V. Johnson, of Georgia,\\nwas afterward placed on the ticket for A ice-President.\\nThe Richmond convention adopted the resolution which\\nhad been voted down at Charleston, and nominated John C.\\nBreckenridge, of Kentucky, for President, and Joseph Lane,\\nof Oregon, for Vice-President.\\nThe Republican party nominated Abraham Lincoln, of Illi-\\nnois, for President, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, for Vice-\\nPresident. Their platform opposed the extension of slavery\\nin the Territories. It did not advocate the abolition of slavery\\nin the States, and it even denounced John Brown s raid.\\nThe Whigs of Georgia, under Ben Hill, organized a Con-\\nstitutional Union party and adopted a platform sustaining the\\nDred Scott decision and favoring constitutional union.\\nThe leaders of the party in the United States held a national\\nconvention and adopted the name of the Georgia party, but\\ndid not adopt its platform. Without making any platform,\\nthey nominated Bell, of Tennessee, for President, and Everett,\\nof Massachusetts, for Vice-President.\\nThe difference between the parties was mainly on the ques-\\ntion of the extension of slavery in the Territories. No party\\nadvocated the direct abolition of slavery in the States.\\nThe result was that Lincoln and Hamlin were elected by\\na majority of electoral votes, although they failed to ,get a\\nmajority of the popular vote. There was no election by the\\npeople in Georgia. As the united vote for Bell and Douglas\\nwas greater than the vote cast for Breckenridge, the election\\nwas thrown into the legislature, which elected the Brecken-\\nridge-Lane delegates, and the vote of Georgia was cast for\\nthose candidates. The State-Rights leaders claimed that the", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "268 History of Georgia.\\nresult of this election showed tliat ii sectional majority of\\nStates in the United States had voted against the protection\\nto property which the Constitution guaranteed, because a\\nmajority of those States had voted against the platform which\\ncontained this resolution. They held that, in view of this\\nfact, the only thing left for the Southern States was to with-\\ndraw from the Union.\\nSouth Carolina passed an ordinance of secession on De-\\ncember 20, 1860, withdrawing from the Union, declaring that\\nthe Northern States had violated the Constitution, and that\\nthe principles of the Republican party Avould destroy the\\nrights of the States.\\nThis act of South Carolina. caused great excitement all over\\nthe South. The event was celebrated in Georgia by large\\ngatherings, speeches, and torch-light processions. In Atlanta\\nguns were fired at sunrise and from noon to sunset. There\\nwere many, however, avIio looked upon the act of South Caro-\\nlina with grave fears and with sad hearts.\\nWhen the legislature of Georgia met in 1860, Governor\\nBrown intimated that seventy thousand dollars had been spent\\nfor arms, and advised an appropriation of one million dollars\\nto defend the State against invasion. The legislature created\\nthe office of adjutant-general. Ten thousand troops were\\ncalled for, and one thousand rifles and carbines ordered to be\\npurchased.\\nThe census of 1860 showed that the population was one\\nmillion and fifty-seven thousand two hundred and eighty-six,\\nof which nearly half were slaves. The real estate and personal\\nproperty were valued at over six hundred millions, while\\nnearly two million dollars were invested in manufactures.\\n[Joseph E. Brown was born in South Carolina. In his youth he worked\\nliard on his father s farm, attending country schools some part of each\\nyear. When lie was nineteen the family moved to Georii^ia, and settled\\nin Union County, at a place called Gaddistown. Young Brown used to\\ndrive two oxen to Dahlonega, selling wood, vegetables, and other things", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 2G9\\nto aid ill supporting the family. He went to Soiitli Carolina to school,\\nand his father gave him a suit of home-made clothes, and the two oxen\\nto pay for his board. He borrowed the money to pay for his tuition.\\nWhen he returned to Georgia he was twenty-two. He taught school\\nuntil he paid back the money he had borrowed. He studied law, was\\nadmitted to the bar, and rose to be a judge. He was only thirty-six\\nyears of age when he was nominated for governor. It is said that at the\\ntime he was nominated he was in his field binding wheat. He died in\\nAtlanta, November 30, 1894, in the seventy-third year of his age.]\\n[Robert Toombs was born in Wilkes County in 1810. He studied at\\nthe University of Georgia, and was graduated at Union College in 1828.\\nHe attended law lectures at the University of Virginia, and before he\\nwas twenty-one years of age was admitted by special act of the legisla-\\nture to practise law. He settled in his native county and won reputation\\nfor brilliancy and eloquence that few lawyers ever enjoyed. He was a\\ncaptain in the Creek War of 1836, under General Winfleld Scott. In\\n1842-1843 he took an active part in politics as the leader of the State-\\nRights Whigs. He was sent to Congress as a Whig, and his speeches\\nplaced him at once among the most prominent and powerful debaters in\\nthat body. After serving eight years in the lower house, he took his seat\\nin the Senate in 1853, and contributed much to the discussions that led\\nfinally to the secession of the Southern States. He was secretary of\\nstate in the Confederate cabinet, and brigadier-general of infantry in\\nthe Confederate army. After the war he spent some time in Europe,\\nand on his return he resumed the practice of law. He died December\\n15, 1885.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho was elected governor in 1857 Tell about the National Demo-\\ncratic convention of 1860. What did the seceders do What did\\nSouth Carolina do after the presidential election of 1860 How was the\\nintelligence of the action of South Carolina received in Georgia What\\ndid the governor intimate to the legislature of 1860, and what did he\\nadvise\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Brown elected governor. 3. Secession of South Carolina.\\n2. National conventions of 1860. 4. Governor Brown s message.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER L.\\nGEORGIA SECEDES.\\nWe have appealed time and time again for tlicse constitutional rights. You have\\nrefused them. We appeal again. Restore us those rights as we had them, as your court\\nadjudges them to be, just as our people have said they are redress these flagrant wrongs,\\nseen of all men, and it will restore fraternity, and peace, and unity to all of us. Refuse\\nthem, and what We shall then ask you, Let us depart in p ;ace. Robeut Toombs.\\nThe leading men of Georgia agreed that if Mr. Lincoln\\nwere elected on the i:)latform which denied them protection\\nfor their jDroperty in tlie Territories, the people of Georgia\\nshould decide what the State would do. Accordingly, as soon\\nas the result was known, the legislature called a State con-\\nvention of delegates to he elected hy the people and instructed\\nto act for them.\\nThe canvass for the election of delegates was very exciting.\\nIn nearly every county meetings were\\nheld, and, in a majority of these, reso-\\nlutions passed in favor of secession.\\nt inrt ii- ^|L^ many able men Avere opposed to\\nthis course. Among them Avere Iler-\\nT it i,^ schel Y. Johnson, Alexander II.\\nStephens, and Benjamin H. Hill.\\nHowell Cobb was in favor of secession,\\nand he gave up his office of secretary\\nof the treasury in the cabinet of Presi-\\ndent Buchanan. Thomas R. R. Cobb,\\nAvho, until now, had kept out of\\npolitics, but who, as a citizen of jiub-\\nlic spirit, was loved and respected by everybody, spoke to the\\npeo})le with elo(pience in favor of separation. Ex-Governor\\nALEXANDEIi H. STEPHENS.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "Seizure of Fort Pulaski. 271\\nWilson Lumpkin, in his old age, wrote a letter urging secession.\\nKobert Toombs continued his fiery speeches in the Senate of\\nthe United States, and younger jioliticians entered heartily\\ninto the struggle.\\nAt a great gathering in Atlanta, while Francis S. Bartow\\nwas addressing the people, a telegram was handed to him\\ninforming him that Fort Moultrie in Charleston harbor had\\nbeen burned by Federal troops, that the garrison had gone\\nover to Fort Sumter, and that Charleston had ordered out two\\nregiments of soldiers. Bartow read the despatch to the crowd,\\nwho became almost wild with excite-\\nment. Then he exclaimed You\\nhear the thunder of cannon and the\\nclash of sabres from South Carolina.\\nIs this gallant, noble State to be left\\nalone Loud cries of No Never\\nNever! came from every part of the\\nvast assemblage.\\nGovernor Brown now determined to\\nseize Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of the\\nSavannah River, before the Federal\\nauthorities had time to strengthen it.\\nProceeding to Savannah, he ordered the First Regiment of\\nGeorgia A^olunteers, under Colonel A. R. Lawton, to seize\\nthe fort, which was to be held until the convention of the\\nState should decide whether Georgia would remain in the\\nUnion or separate from it. The seizure was made on the morn-\\ning of January 3, 1861. The fort was rapidly put in order so\\nas to protect the river in case of invasion. This was done while\\nGeorgia was still in the Union.\\nMeanwhile Mississippi, Florida, and Alabama also with-\\ndrew from the Union. The eyes of the country w^ere then\\nturned toward Georgia. If Georgia seceded, there was no\\nlonger any hope of winning back those States. The conven-\\ntion met January IG, 1861. The president was George AV.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "272 HISTORY OF Georgia.\\nCrawford, wlio had been governor in 1843. Among the dele-\\ngates were the ablest men in the State. Some were for seces-\\nsion and some were against it. A resolution was introduced\\nby Eugenius A. Nesbit in favor of secession. This brought\\nthe issue before the convention, and the battle of giant minds\\nbegan. The speeches were eloquent. Judge E. A. Nesbit,\\nT, E. R. Cobb, Robert Toombs, and Francis Bartow advocated\\nsecession. Ilerschel V. Johnson, Alexander Stephens, and\\nBenjamin Hill opposed it, and urged cooperation by the fifteen\\nSouthern States in securing constitutional guarantees for the\\nprotection of their property in the Union. Cobb replied,\\nWe can make better terms out of the Union than in it.\\nAfter three days a final test vote was taken, and stood one\\nhundred and sixty-four for secession to one hundred and\\nthirty-three for cooperation. At two o clock on January 19,\\n18G1, an ordinance of secession, written by Judge Nesbit, was\\nadopted by a vote of two hundred and eight to eighty-nine.\\nAfter the vote was taken the president of the convention\\narose and, by virtue of his authority, declared that the State\\nof Georgia was now a free and independent republic. The\\nannouncement was greeted by a dignified applause from the\\nmembers of the convention, but when the people outside heard\\nthe result they rent the air with cheers. Cannon were fired,\\nbells rung, and bonfires lighted.\\nThe members of the convention met some days afterwards\\nand signed their names to the ordinance in presence of the\\ngovernor. Then the great seal of the State was attached, and\\nGeorgia formally declared herself a free and independent\\nrepublic. The flag of the Union was taken down from the\\ncapitol building and the State flag of Georgia raised in its\\nplace. The news Avas telegraphed over the State. Meetings\\nwere held and fiery speeches made. The towns and cities\\nAvere illuminated, bonfires were kindled, and torch-light pro-\\ncessions paraded the streets. Com]-)anies of soldiers were rap-\\nidly formed everywhere. The farmer left his field, the mer-", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "The Arsenal at Augusta. 273\\nchant his store, the lawyer his office, to talk ahout the crisis\\nand prepare for war if the United States government shonld\\nsend an army to conquer them and to force them hack into\\nthe Union. Now that the State had seceded, tliere was no\\nlonger any division of sentiment. Those who had opposed\\nsecession, such men as Stephens and Hill, felt that their\\nloyalty was to their State, and, as true patriots, followed its\\nfortunes for better or for worse.\\nGovernor Brown next decided to seize the Federal arsenal\\nat Augusta, over which tlie United States flag still floated.\\nThe garrison was at the time commanded by Captain Arnold\\nElzey, who had eighty soldiers. Governor Brown went to\\nAugusta and sent an order to that officer to surrender his post\\nto the State authorities. Captain Elzey refused, and he tele-\\ngraphed to headquarters in Washington city for instructions.\\nSecretary Holt replied that he must hold his joost until forced\\nby violence or starvation to surrender. Eight hundred\\ntroops had assembled in Augusta for the purpose of seizing\\nthe arsenal. Captain Elzey asked for an interview with Gov-\\nernor Brown, who, with his staff, rode to the arsenal, and\\nterms of surrender were agreed upon. The United States\\nflag was lowered and saluted with thirty-three guns, and the\\nGeorgia flag, which consisted of a white field, with a single\\nred star in the centre, was raised over the arsenal. Captain\\nElzey surrendered because resistance was useless.\\nAs soon as the news of the secession of Georgia reached\\nWashington city, all the State s representatives in Congress\\nwithdrew, except Joshua Hill, who resigned.\\n[Benjamin Harvey Hill was born in Jasper County in 1832. He began\\nto practise law in La Grange. In 1851 he was elected to the legislature,\\nand was at once recognized as a leader of the Whig party. In 1856 he\\nwas nominated elector on the American, or Know Nothing, ticket, and by\\nhis speeches in support of Millard Filmore won a reputation as an orator\\nof great power. In 1860 he was on the Bell and Everett electoral ticket.\\nHe was a member of the secession convention of Georgia in 1861, and\\nmade a speech against secession. He was a member of the Confederate\\n18", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "274 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nSenate during the entire war and was imprisoned in Fort Lafayette after\\nthe surrender. In 1873 he was elected to Congress, and in 1877 to the\\nUnited States Senate. He died August 16, 1882.]\\n[Alexander Hamilton Stephens was born in Georgia on February 11,\\n1813. He went to the schools neav his home at Crawfordville, and\\nstudied so hard that in a few years he was ready for college. He was\\ntoo poor to pay for his tuition, and borrowed the money to carry him\\nthrough the university. He began to study law, and soon became noted\\nfor his great ability. In person he was of small size, and was often\\ncalled little Aleck. lie was one of the great men of Georgia; brave,\\nbrilliant, and a devoted lover of tlie rights of the Southern States. Like\\nmany other true Georgians, he was not in favor of leaving the Union at\\nthe time, but when the State decided to withdraw he gave the Confed-\\neracy hearty support. He died in 1883, while governor of the State.]\\n[Following are opinions of some leading statesmen on the right of\\nSouthern States to secede\\nIf the Northern States refuse wilfully and deliberately to carry into\\neffect that part of the Constitution which respects the restoration of fugi-\\ntive slaves, and Congress provide no remedy, the South would no longer\\nbe bound to observe the compact. A bargain cannot be broken on one\\nside and still bind the other side. Daniel Webster.\\nIf the Cotton States shall decide that they can do better out of the\\nUnion, we insist on letting them go in peace. The right to secede may\\nbe a revolutionary one, but it exists nevertheless. Horace Greeley.\\nIf a State should withdraw and resume her powers, I know of no\\nremedy to prevent it. Chief Justice Chase.\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat did Governor Brown advise in his message of 1860 Name\\nsome public men of Georgia who were against secession. Tell what hap-\\npened at a great meeting in Atlanta. Tell about the convention of 1861.\\nWho wrote the secession ordinance How was the news of the result\\nreceived by the people Tell about the seizure of the arsenal at Augusta.\\nWhat did Georgia s representatives in Congress do when they heard of\\nthe secession ordinance\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Secession feeling in Georgia. 4. Seizure of Augusta arsenal.\\n2. Seizure of Fort Pulaski. 5. Withdrawal from Congress of\\n3. Convention of 1861. Georgia s representatives.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "EPOCH VI.\\nGeorgia in the Confederate States.\\nCIIAPTEK LI.\\nTHE beginni:n (i of the war.\\nI am afraiil of nothing on eaitli, or above the earth, or under the earth, except to do\\n\\\\vronj:j. The path of duty I shall ever endeavor to travel, fearing no evil and dreading\\nno consequences. Alexandeu II. Stephens.\\nA CONVENTION of the seced-\\ning States was held in Mont-\\ngomery, Ala., in February,\\n18G1. Howell Cobb was made\\npresident of the convention.\\nIt was resolved to form a con-\\nfederacy, to be called the Con-\\nfederate States of America.\\nA constitution Avas adopted,\\nmodelled upon that of the\\nUnited States, and submitted\\nto the States for ratification.\\nJefferson Davis of Mississippi\\nwas chosen President, and Alex-\\nander II. Stephens of Georgia\\nVice-president. Robert 1 oombs\\nwas made secretary of state in\\nthe first cabinet. It was hoped\\nthat this new government which\\nthe people had organized might\\nexist in peace. The Confederate", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "276 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\ngovernment appointed three commissioners, called peace com-\\nmissioners, of whom Martin J. Crawford of Georgia was one.\\nThese commissioners went to Washington city, bnt the Presi-\\ndent refused to see or receive them except as private citizens.\\nThe convention of Georgia met again in Savannah, March,\\n1861, and at the meeting the Constitution of the Confederate\\nStates was adopted, and a new State Constitution framed to\\naccord with it. Georgia thus for a second time gave up its\\nright to be an independent republic, and entered into com-\\npact with sister States for the purpose of government and\\nprotection. Military measures were adopted to strengthen\\nthe State and prepare it to meet any attack that might be\\nmade upon it by the United States. The governor organized\\ntwo regiments so as to be ready for any call for soldiers, and\\nfor the defence of the coast he ordered a number of cannon of\\nlong range and large calibre, and procured several gunboats.\\nHe also took possession of the United States mint at Dahlonega\\nwith twenty thousand dollars in gold coin. A^olunteer com-\\npanies were formed in nearly every county, and the men were\\ndrilled with their old shotguns and rifles.\\nActing under a settled principle of international law, the\\nseceded States had by this time taken and garrisoned all the\\nforts and arsenals within their limits except Fort Sumter in\\nSouth Carolina and Fort Pickens in Florida. Men were\\nneeded to guard against attack from these forts, and President\\nDavis asked Governor Brown for a regiment of soldiers to go\\nto Fort Pickens in Florida. So ardent was the feeling that\\nover two bunded and fifty companies offered their services.\\nExciting events now followed in rapid succession. In\\nApril, 1861, Fort Sumter, at Charleston, S. C, was sur-\\nrendered to the Southern army after a heavy bombardment.\\nTwo days afterwards President Lincoln called for seventy-five\\nthousand volunteers. Virginia, Tennessee, Xortli Carolina,\\nand Arkansas refused to furnish troops to coerce the seceding\\nStates, and now left the Union and joined the Confederate", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "Death of General Bartow. 277\\nStates. This made eleven in all. Norfolk, Va., was thought\\nto be ill danger, and President Davis telegraphed to Governor\\nBrown for troops. The governor sent a message to the\\nvolunteer companies in Macon, Griffin, and Columbus, asking\\nif they would like to go, and in twenty-four hours a battalion\\nstarted for Norfolk. It is said they were the first to arrive.\\nIn May the Confederate capital was moved from Mont-\\ngomery to Richmond, Ya., and volunteers were called to\\ndefend Virginia against invasion. Every demand that came\\nto Georgia for soldiers was promptly and eagerly responded to.\\nA Savannah company wrote a letter pleading to be sent to\\nVirginia, where there is a j^rospect of a fight. The first\\nbattle of Manassas was fought July 21, 1861, in which the\\nFederal army under McDowell was defeated. General Fran-\\ncis S. Bartow of Savannah commanded a brigade of Georgia\\nregiments in this battle. When about to set out for Virginia\\nwith his troops, he said, ^o to illustrate Georgia, and\\nhe did. At Manassas the colors of the Georgia contingent\\nbeing in danger of falling from the grasp of the wounded\\nbearer, Bartow seized them, and, leading a gallant charge,\\nfell in the thickest of the fight.\\nPreparations for war were going on all over the South, but\\nnowhere with more activity than in Georgia. Troops were\\norganized into companies, drilled, and held in readiness.\\nFort Pulaski was equipped at an expense of eighty thousand\\ndoDars, and three war steamers were bought. Two brigades of\\nState troops were organized under Brigadier-Generals George\\nP. Harrison, Sr., and F. W. Capers. By running the\\nblockade the State had secured thirteen thousand Enfield\\nrifles and five hundred sabres, but these were not enough.\\nGovernor Brown urged the people to send their rifles and\\nshotguns for temporary use by the State troops. In addition\\nto the State troops, the Confederate government placed A. R.\\nLawton, wlio had been appointed brigadier-general, in com-\\nmand of Confederate troops, and Commodore Josiah Tatt-", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "278 History of Georgia.\\nnail in command of the naval forces for the defence of\\nGeorgia.\\nEobert Toombs left the cabinet of Mr. Davis and joined\\nthe army as a brigadier-general. Howell Cobb, Henry R.\\nJackson, W. H. T.Walker, Hugh AV. Mercer, James Longstreet,\\nAmbrose E. Wright, Lafayette McLaws, D. R. Jones, and Wil-\\nliam Montgomery Gardner were also appointed brigadier-\\ngenerals. David E. Twiggs and W. J. Hardee, both Georgians,\\nhad been commissioned major-generals, but General Tvvig*gs\\nwas forced by ill health to resign. General Henry K. Jackson\\nwon a brilliant victory in West Virginia in October.\\nIn the midst of these exciting events the time came around\\nin the fall of 1861 for an election for governor. The friends\\nof Governor Brown urged him to run for the third term, and\\nhe agreed to do so. His opponent was Judge Eugenius A.\\nNesbit. Brown was reelected. His message to the legisla-\\nture of 18G1 showed that Georgia had sent nearly fifty regi-\\nments into the field, and had supplied the equipments for\\nthirty of them. An appropriation of five million dollars was\\nmade to equip State troops and defend the coast. Benjamin\\nH. Hill and Robert Toombs were elected as Confederate State\\nSenators. Toombs preferred to stay in the army, and Governor\\nBrown appointed Dr. John W. Lewis to fill the vacancy.\\nUp to this time the great seal of the State was that which\\nhad been adopted in 1799. The secession convention of 1861\\ndirected that there should be a new one, and the legislature of\\n1861 appointed a committee to make the change. The new seal\\nwas a slight modification of the seal of 1799. In the sunburst\\nunder the arch was 1861, and underneath was 1776.\\nToward the close of the year the Federal warships had\\nnearly blockaded the coasts of Georgia. Trading vessels could\\nnot bring in sup])lies of food and clothing, and the i)eople\\nwere cut oif from the use of Northern and European goods.\\nEverybody therefore had to look to home enterprise. Old\\ncards and looms were got out, and cotton was made into cloth", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "Geor,giaGeNe:f(aLs\\nCoMMissioNco By\\nThc CoA/r\u00c2\u00a3DE rate States\\n/86/.\\nMaj.Gen.DavisR.Jone\\nBrig.Gen.W.MontgomeryGardner\\nBrig.Gen.HughW.Merc\u00c2\u00a3:r.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "280 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nfor family use and for the army. Coffee and tea became rare.\\nSince there was no market now for cotton, the farmers began\\nto raise grain and meat for their own use and for feeding the\\ntroops. Salt becoming scarce, the stock on hand was soon\\nexhausted. The salt fields of Virginia were used, then sea-\\nwater was evaporated, and finally the 2:)eople had to dig up the\\nfloors of their old smoke-houses, where salt meat had been\\nkept, and boil the dirt to get what salt it contained. This\\nsalt famine continued during the four years of the war.\\n[General Williaiu Joseph Hardee was born in Savannah in 1818. He\\nwas graduated at the United States ^Military Academy in I808, and after-\\nwards at St. Maur, France. While tliere he was attached to the cavalry\\ndepartment of the French army. He served with General Taylor in the\\nwar with Mexico. Afterwards he was commander of cadets at West\\nPoint, and wrote Hardee s Tactics, or the United States Kifie and Light\\nInfantry Tactics.\\n[Alexander R. Lawton was born in Beaufort, S. C. in 1818. He\\nwas graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1839. After\\nserving in the army a short while, he studied law, and began to practise\\nlaw in Savannah. In 1861 he became brigadier-general in the Confed-\\nerate army. He was wounded at Antietam, and after his recovery served\\nas quartermaster-general. In 1885 he was appointed United States min-\\nister to Russia, and afterwards to Austria.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nTell about the convention in Montgomery in 1861 What meeting\\ntook place in Savannah in March, 1861? What did the convention do\\nHow many Georgia companies offered their services for the war What\\nGeorgia general commanded a brigade at the first battle of Manassas\\nTell about his heroic action in defence of the colors. Name other\\nGeorgians who held military command at this time. Who was elected\\ngovernor in 1861 What did the governor s message to the legislature\\nshow with regard to military affairs Describe the results to Georgia of\\nthe blockade of the coast.\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Georgia convention. 3. Reelection of Brown.\\n2. Georgia s war action. 4. Blockade of the coast.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEK LII.\\nPROGRESS OF THE AVAR.\\nSavannah shall never be surrendered, but defended street by street and house by\\nhouse, until, if taken, the victors spoils shall be alone a heap of ashes. Resolution of\\nGe7}eral Assembly.\\nEarly in 1862 active 02)erations were begun by the Federal\\nfleet along our seacoast. Henry E. Jackson resigned from the\\nConfederate army and was appointed major-general to com-\\nmand the State troops on the coast. Hugh W. Mercer was\\nin command of the regular Confederate troops at Savan-\\nnah, while General Lawton was still in command of the\\ndepartment.\\nIn February a number of Federal war-vessels appeared on\\nthe coast, forced their way up the Savannah liiver, and erected\\nbatteries on Tybee Island, in order to attack Fort Pulaski.\\nOn the 10th of April -the Federal commander sent word to\\nColonel Charles Olmstead, the officer in command of the fort,\\nto surrender. He replied I am here to defend the fort, not\\nto surrender it. The batteries then began to fire. On the\\nsecond day the flag was cut down by a cannon-ball and fell\\ninside the fort. Two of the soldiers quickly caught it, and,\\nleaping upon the parapet, in face of a deadly fire, carried the\\nflag to another angle of the fort, and tied it securely to a staff\\nfixed in a gun carriage. The fire of the batteries made an\\nopening in the walls of the fort in two days, and the garrison\\nwas forced to surrender.\\nA bold attempt was made in April, 1802, by a party of Fed-\\neral spies to carry off an engine and several cars on the State\\nroad. Twenty-two of these men boarded the train at a place", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "283 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\ncalled Big Shanty, where a stop had been made for breakfast,\\nand, detaching the engine and some of the cars, started for\\nChattanooga. Their plan Avas to steal the engine, tear np the\\ntrack, burn bridges, and do as much damage as possible. The\\nconductor, Captain AV. A. Fuller, and the engineer, who had\\nleft the train for breakfast, saw the capture and went in pur-\\nsuit on a hand-car. Soon an engine Avas obtained, and, after\\na long chase, the fugitives were overtaken at Kingold, their\\nsteam being exhausted. AYlien diey saw that they were about\\nto be captured, they abandoned the engine and fled into the\\nwoods. But all were caught, and eight, wlio were volunteers,\\nAvere tried and hanged as spies, the others being held as pris-\\noners of Avar.\\nAn act known as the Conscript La^^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 Avas passed by the Con-\\nfederate Congress in April, 18G2. It required all able-bodied\\nmen betAveen the ages of eighteen and thirty-five to enter the\\narmy. Goverjior Brown o^iposed the Conscript LaAv, holding\\nthat it Avas not constitutional or necessary, and he and Presi-\\ndent Davis had a long correspondence on the subject. As\\nsoon as the governor Avas notified of the passing of the act, he\\nturned the State troops o\\\\ er to the Confederate army. Tliose\\nregiments were rapidly transferred to the armies of Lee and\\nBragg, and they served in all the great battles in Virginia and\\nthe West. General A. li. Lawton returned to Virginia, and\\nAA^as placed in command of one of the Georgia brigades.\\nThe legislature of 1862 had many grave problems before it.\\nNearly three-fourths of the able-bodied male population of\\nGeorgia Avere fighting in other States for the Confederate\\ncause, and Avere in need of food and clothing. The seacoast\\nof the State Avas threatened by the enemy, and distress and\\nAvant Avere everywhere among the people. To encourage the\\nraising of grain and meat, a law was made forbidding the rais-\\ning of cotton beyond three acres to each field hand. The dis-\\ntillation of corn into whiskey Avas forbidden. The governor\\nAvas requested to buy salt for sale to the people at cost price.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "^8-i HisTOBY OF Georgia.\\nIt was ordered that clothing should be bought for the troops,\\nand the families of dead and disabled soldiers were provided\\nfor. Altogether six million dollars were appropriated. Iler-\\nschel V. Johnson was elected to the Confederate Senate.\\nMany Georgia brigades were present in Virginia and bore\\ntheir part in the great battles of the year 1862. They were\\ncommanded by Generals G. T. Anderson (known as Tige\\nAnderson), George Doles, Paul J. Semmes, W. D. Smith,\\nAmbrose K. Wright, Edward L. Thomas, A. II. Colquitt,\\nHowell Cobb, T. E. R. Cobb, A. R. Lawton, Robert Toombs,\\nand Alfred Iverson, Jr. McLaws and David R. Jones were\\nmajor-generals and Longstreet a lieutenant-general in Lee s\\narmy. Hardee was a lieutenant-general in the West.\\nAt Fredericksburg, Cobb s brigade strongly posted on the\\nhillside, bore the brunt of the battle, winning undying fame.\\nSix times in succession the Federal troops, massed on their\\nfront, gallantly charged up the hill, only to be mowed down\\nand driven back by the deadly fire. The repulse Avas com-\\nj^lete, but at the end of the fourth charge General T. R. R.\\nCobb, the heroic commander of the Georgians, fell mortally\\nwounded. His death cast a gloom over the whole army.\\nOn Xew Year s day, 1803, President Lincoln issued the\\nEmancipation Proclamation, but the negroes did not leave\\ntheir former masters. They were content to remain on the\\nfarms, to protect the women and children, and to take care of\\ntheir old masters homes.\\nFort ^[cAllister, at the mouth of the Ogeechee River, was\\nattacked in March, 1863, by a fleet of seven Federal gunboats. It\\nwas a simple earthwork with sand parapets, but it was defended\\nby brave men. The bombardment was kept w]) for eight\\nhours, and the guns of the fort replied so well that the fleet\\nwas driven away, crippled and defeated. In recognition of\\nthis gallant fight, the garrison was authorized by special\\norder to inscribe on the flag of the fort khe date, March 3,\\n1803.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "Streights Maid.\\n285\\nFORT MCALLISTER.\\nColonel Streiglit, with a band of eighteen hundred Federal\\ncavalry^ made a raid into Georgia in April, 1863. General\\nForrest pursued\\nhim with only six\\nhundred Confed-\\nerate troops, and\\novertook him near\\nthe city of Eome,\\nAvhere a battle took\\nplace. Forrest suc-\\nceeded by a strat-\\nagem in deceiving the Federals as to his real strength. While\\nthe fight was in progress he sent an officer under a flag of\\ntruce to demand an immediate surrender. Streight wanted\\ntime to consider, but Forrest Avould not wait, and he made a\\nshow of despatching orders to unseen batteries and soldiers\\nto 2^i epare for battle. Within ten minutes, said he, the\\nsignal gun shall be fired and the truce will end. This so\\nalarmed the Federal officer that he surrendered at once, though\\nhe had three times as many men as Forrest.\\nJune 23d the Confederate ram Atlanta was captured by two\\nmonitors in Warsaw Sound.\\nFIGHT BETWEEN RAM ATLANTA AND MONITOR.\\nIn July, 1863, the governor called for eight thousand State\\ntroops as a home guard, and eighteen thousand were ready in\\nanswer to the call. This body was organized, under Major-", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "286 History of Georgia.\\nGeneral Howell Cobb, for home protection. As there were no\\nguns for some of the soldiers, Governor Brown proposed to\\nsupply each man with a staff eight or ten feet long, having a\\nsharp steel head like a lance. They were called Joe Brown s\\npilces. Tliey were intended for hand-to-hand fighting, but\\nthe soldiers found them of little use.\\nThe year 1863 had been disastrous to the Southern armies\\nboth in the AVest ai^l in Virginia. In Virginia, John B. Gor-\\ndon, Henry L. Benning, William T. AVofford, and Goode Bryan\\nhad been promoted to command Georgia brigades, and Georgia\\nregiments followed Lee through all the battles of that year.\\nAt Gettysburg, Brigadier-General Paul J. Semmes was mortally\\nwounded. In the West, where Generals W. H. T. AValker\\nand Alfred Cummings commanded Georgia brigades, Vicksburg\\nand Port Hudson had fallen, the Mississippi River had been\\nopened, and the Confederacy cut in two. The Federal forces\\nwere then concentrated at Chattanooga. The battle of Chicka-\\nmauga was our only important victory of the year. In that\\nbattle John K. Jackson, M. A. Stovall, C. C. Wilson, and\\nHenry L. Benning commanded* brigades of Georgia troops.\\nJoseph W^heeler and W. II. T. Walker were there as major-gen-\\nerals commanding divisions. General James Deshler, a gallant\\nGeorgian, and Colonel Peyton H. Colquitt, were killed.\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat operations were l)egiin in 18G2 What of the attack on Fort\\nPulaski? Describe the attempt to steal an engine. What of the Conscript\\nLaw What problems did the legislature of 18G3 have to face What\\nwas the war fund What of Fredericksburg What was the Emanci-\\npation Proclamation What about Fort McAllister Tell about For-\\nrest s capture of the Federal cavalry. What of State troops? What was\\nthe general result of the year 18G3\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Fort Pulaski. 4. War measures.\\n2. Stealing an engine, 5. Fort McAllister.\\n3. Conscript Law. 6. Streight s raid.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "Bri .Gen.HenryL.Beinning\\nGeokgiaGenerals InVirglnia\\nThe C0hfFEDERAn6TA tes\\n/8G1-G3.\\nI\\n^rig.Gen.Geo. Doles.\\nBrig. Gen. Ldward Willis\\nFrom A Picture When A 5ruDE~T.\\n1. KlLLtO TNE OAV Hia CC\\nilON WAS SICNCO..\\n-^-K\\nBrig.Gen.GoodeBryan.\\nJaiG.GEN.Wia.H. Browne!\\n18 6 4.-\\ni. On Pre5iO\u00c2\u00a3NT 4 iTAFr; OID\\nNOT COMMAND A BR OAOe,", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LIII.\\nFKOM CHATTAXOOGA TO ATLANTA.\\nI have staked life, liberty, and property, and the liberties of my posterity, upon the\\nresult. My destiny is linked with my country, Joseph E. Brown.\\nIn March, 1804., General Ulysses S. Grant was put in com-\\nmand of all tlie Federal forces^ and at once j^lanned two\\ncampaigns: one under himself against Richmond, Ya., and\\nthe other under General W. T. Sherman against Atlanta.\\nOpposed to Grant in Virginia was a Confederate army under\\nGeneral Robert E. Lee. Another Confederate army, under\\nGeneral Joseph E. Johnston, was at Dal ton, Ga., to defend our\\nState against invasion. Grant, seated on a log by the road-\\nside in Virginia, wrote a despatch to Sherman that he was\\ngoing to Richmond, and ordered Sherman to start for Atlanta.\\nThe Federal army crossed into Georgia on May 4, 1864,\\nwith nearly one hundred thousand men and over two hundred\\nand fifty cannon. General Johnston had brought his army\\nup to its best condition, but he had hardly fifty thousand men.\\nSherman with a part of his army, exceeding in numbers all\\nof Johnston s force, made an attack on him at Dalton, and, at\\nthe same time, sent a large body of troops to Resaca, eighteen\\nmiles south, to destroy the railroad and cut the Confederates\\noff from their supplies of food. Johnston could not spare\\nenough men to meet the force, and was compelled to retreat to\\nResaca. Here Sherman attacked liim again, but lost five thou-\\nsand men in the battles which continued two days. May 14th\\nand 15th. Finding that he could not crush Johnston, he\\nagain sent troops round to the south toward Calhoun, and\\nforced Johnston to retreat to Oassville, leaving to the Federals", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "290\\nHistory of Georoia.\\nthe city of Rome, whicli was attacked and captured by a divi-\\nsioa of their army commanded by General Thomas. Sherman\\nagain tried to cut off Johnston s supplies l)y a force sent\\ntowards Dallas, but the Confederates met them at New Hope\\nChurch, and for a week there was fighting every day.\\nSherman was forced to return to the railroad, and early in\\nJune the two armies were again face to face, the Federals at\\nAc worth, the Confederates at ^larietta. Johnston occupied a\\nstrong position among tlie mountains, and Sherman tried to\\nbreak the line through by assault. The fighting here con-\\ntinued for twentv-three\\ndays, from June 9th to\\nJuly 3d, in which John-\\nston drove back the\\nFederal forces every\\ntime they were hurled\\nagainst him. The Con-\\nfederate general, Leon-\\nidas Polk, was killed\\non the summit of Pine\\nMountain while looking\\nover the lines. During\\npart of the time the\\nConfederate line extended across Kenesaw Mountain, from\\nwhich the battle fought there took its name. Satisfied that he\\ncould not win a victory by fighting, Sherman returned to his old\\nplan and sent Greneral James B. McPherson to flank Johnston\\nby crossing the Chattahoochee River east of Marietta. But John-\\nston was not to be caught. Drawing his forces out of danger, he\\ncrossed the river ahead of his enemy, leaving nothing behind.\\nBy this time he had been fighting for seventy-four days, and had\\nlost nearly ten thousand men, while Sherman had lost twent}\\nfive thousand, a force equal to half of Johnston s army. John-\\nston had lost ground, but the army was in good spirits and ready\\nat any time to advance or fight whenever Johnston said so.\\nAN IMPROMPTU FORTIFICATION.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "Brig Gen C D.A^lDERSo^", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "292 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nOn July 17. 1804, General Johnston was relieved of the\\ncommand by order of President Davis, and General Hood was\\nplaced in charge. It is said that when Sherman heard of the\\nchange he remarked: Before this the fighting has been as\\nJohnston pleased, bnt hereafter it shall be as I 2:)lease.\\nJohnston was a cantious and prudent commander. His army\\nbeing only half that of Sherman, his jiolicy was to avoid\\nbattle, but to keep always in front of his enemy, so as, if pos-\\nsible, to prevent his advance. He retreated only when the\\nwant of men compelled him to do so in order to avoid being\\nflanked, surrounded, and cut off fi om supplies for his army.\\nAtlanta was the next important point of attack and resist-\\nance. Preparations for the defence of the city had been made\\nas rapidly as possible. Over ten thousand State trooj^s had\\nbeen placed in the trenches, cannon had been bought, and\\nsupplies made ready. ^Major-General Gustavus J. Smith com-\\nmanded the State militia, and General Toombs, who had\\nresigned his command in Virginia, Avas on his staff. The four\\nbrigades of State militia were commanded by Brigadier-Cren-\\nerals R. AV. Carswell, P. J. Phillips, C. D. Anderson, and H.\\nK. McCay. Besides these, there were many Georgia regi-\\nments in the Confederate army through the entire campaign.\\nM. A. Stovall, Hugh AV. ^Vfercer, Alfred Iverson, Jr., John K.\\nJackson, Alfred Gumming, C. AVilson, Eobert H. Ander-\\nson, Henry Iv. Jackson, and B. M. Thomas, all Georgians,\\nwere there as brigadier-generals. Major-General AV. H. T.\\nWalker commanded a division, and Lieutenant-General\\nAVheeler commanded the cavalry corps.\\nGeneral Hood s plan was to assume the olTensive and try to\\nforce Sherman back, and on July 20, 18G-4, two days after he\\nhad taken command, the battles around Atlanta commenced.\\nHood attacked Shernuin, and a bloody fight followed, July\\n20th, lasting five hours, in which the Confederates lost heavily.\\nHood again attacked Sherman July 22d, and the battle raged\\ntill night. Both sides fought fiercely, but Sherman stood his", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "Battles Around Atlanta. 293\\nground. General McPherson, of the Federal army, was killed\\nwhile riding near the skirmish line of the Confederates. They\\ncalled him to surrender, but he raised his hand as if to salute,\\nwheeled his horse, and galloped off. A volley of musketry\\nbrought him down. Major-General W. H. T. AYalker, a\\ngallant Georgian, was killed in the same battle. He was leading\\nan attack upon the Federals up a steep ascent, when he was\\nshot in the thigh and fell. He was caught by a brother officer,\\nwho, in leaning over to support him, received a ball in his head.\\nGeneral Mercer, commanding Walker s division, was wounded.\\nDuring the struggle around Atlanta, a force of Federal cav-\\nalry was surrounded by the Confederate general Iverson, and\\none thousand of them were captured, including the Federal\\ngeneral Stoneman. They had been sent to tear up the rail-\\nroads leading to Macon. Stoneman had attacked Macon, but\\nwas driven back by the militia under Governor Brown and\\nGeneral Howell Cobb. Hood sent Wheeler s cavalry around\\nSherman s army to the rear, to burn bridges and destroy rail-\\nroads, so as to cut off the enemy s communication Avith their\\nsources of supply. But Wheeler did not succeed in this.\\nFrom the earthworks outside Atlanta the Federal guns con-\\nstantly threw shot and shell into all parts of the city. The\\nbursting of the bombs, the striking of the cannon-balls, the\\ntearing up of the houses and streets filled the 2: eople with\\nterror. They fled to cellars and railroad cuts for safety. Sher-\\nman began to move his army around to the south side of\\nAtlanta. Hood followed him, and a week afterwards assaulted\\nhim as fiercely as ever at Ezra Church, near Atlanta, but\\nmet with a repulse. On August 31st General Sherman sent a\\nlarge body of men to cut the Macon Railroad at Jonesboro.\\nThe Confederates at that place, under Hardee, could not drive\\nthem back. The Georgia Railroad and the West Point Railroad\\nwere both held by Sherman, and there was nothing now left\\nfor Hood but to march out of Atlanta, which he did, after\\nsetting fire to the military stores so that the Federals might not", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "294 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nget possession of them. AMien Hood left Atlanta lie started\\ntowards Tennessee, thinking to force Sherman to leave Georgia\\nto protect his base of supplies. But Sherman sent General\\nThomas to follow Hood, while he himself began to prepare\\nhis army for a further advance into Georgia.\\nAfter leaving Atlanta, Hood sent a division to capture Alla-\\ntoona, which was strongly fortified. Sherman signalled Gen-\\neral Corse at AUatoona to hold the fort as reinforcements\\nwere coming. The Confederates made a gallant assault, but\\nwithdrew when reinforcements arrived. Sherman s message\\nsuggested the popular religious song, Hold the fort.\\nWhen Sherman entered Atlanta he ordered all the inhabitants\\nto leave at once. He had their baggage sent to the railroad,\\nand over sixteen hundred people were forced to abandon their\\nhomes. Before his departure he set fire to the city, and only\\nfour hundred houses out of five thousand were left. He said\\nthat Georgia should feel the weight of war.\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat campaigns were planned for 1804 With what force did the\\nFederal army cross into Georgia What was the number of Johnston s\\narmy What about the stand at Marietta Who was killed on Pine\\nMountain Up to this time liow many men had been lost on each side\\nWho took Johnston s place in July, 1864 What did Sherman say\\nwhen he heard it What had been Johnston s policy What about the\\ndefence of Atlanta What was General Hood s plan Tell of the\\ndeath of McPherson and Walker. What Federal force and general\\nwere captured What about the surrender of Atlanta How did Sher-\\nman treat the inhabitants and the city\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Sherman s plan. 3. Hood placed in command.\\n3. Johnston s retreat. 4. Battles around Atlanta.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LIV.\\nTHE MARCH TO THE SEA.\\nWe are not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and\\nyoung, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war. General William Tecumseh\\nSherman.\\nWith sixty thousand men Sherman started on November\\n15, 1864, from Atlanta on his famous march to the sea. His\\narmy spread out so as to cover a front of forty miles, and as\\nthey marched they lived on the country and destroyed prop-\\nerty of every kind. Villages, farm-houses, gin-houses, cotton\\ncrops were burned horses were taken away cows, hogs, and\\nsheep were killed for the use of the soldiers or left dead in\\nthe fields. Thieves who followed the army, or belonged to\\nits lowest elements, robbed houses not only of provisions, but\\nof silverware and other valuables of all sorts that could be\\ncarried away. A track of desolation three hundred miles\\nlong was made across the face of Georgia, and in the wake of\\nthe army women and children were in many cases glad to eat\\nthe corn left by the soldiers horses. In his report Sherman\\nsaid ^^I estimate the damage done to the State of Georgia\\nat one hundred million dollars.\\nAt Milledgeville the legislature was in session, but had\\nadjourned for dinner when the news came that Sherman was\\naj)proaching. The legislators did not return to the Capitol,\\nand everybody made haste to leave the city. Outgoing trains\\nwere loaded with passengers, carriages and Avagons were hired\\nor bought at fabulous prices, and every other means of escape\\nwas resorted to.\\nGovernor Brown gave orders to have the records and State", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "296 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\npa^oers and property removed. But men to do the work\\ncould not be found until the governor called out convicts\\nfrom the penitentiary and offered them pardon if they would\\nenlist in the service. This they agreed to do, and by their\\naid the State property was moved to the trains and shipped\\nto places of safety. Finally Governor Brown, his family and\\nthe officers, left the city just as the Federal cavalry entered it.\\nLeaving Milledgeville, Sherman marched through the State\\nand reached the coast in December. He captured Fort\\nMcAllister December 13th, and then invested Savannah.\\nGeneral William Hardee, with only ten thousand troops, could\\nnot resist Sherman ^s army of sixty thousand, so he quietly\\nleft the city during the night of December 20th, crossing the\\nriver on pontoon bridges, and Sherman entered Savannah\\nDecember 21, 1864. He seized a large quantity of military\\nstores and thousands of bales of cotton, and was disappointed\\nto find that General Hardee and his men had escaped capture\\nand had carried off forty-nine jneces of artillery. He sent a\\ntelegram to President Lincoln, saying: I beg to present\\nyou as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah, with one hun-\\ndred and fifty heavy guns and plenty of ammunition, also\\nabout twenty-five thousand bales of cotton.\\nAbout the same time Hood s army in Tennessee was badly\\ndefeated, broken into fragments, and driven back to Georgia.\\nThese were fatal blows to the cause of the Confederate States,\\nand from this time the struggle was hopeless. Sherman\\nstayed in Savannah a month, then marched into South Caro-\\nlina, where he was again opposed by General Joseph E.\\nJohnston, who had been placed in command of the fragments\\nof Hood s army. But Johnston s efforts were powerless to\\nstay the fate of the Southern arms.\\nWhile Sherman was carrying out this programme so suc-\\ncessfully in Georgia, General Grant had failed in Virginia.\\nHe had attacked Lee in the Wilderness, and after four days\\nfighting had given it up and attempted to turn his flank, but", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "Br uGenC a Evans\\nBrig.GemDudley.MDuBo;\\nf^\\nN\\nBri ,GenPhil Cook\\n^^^pw\\\\^tjS;i\\nIN\\n1^^^=^\\nBRIGGaNEPAlEXANDER\\nr\\n1\\n,f\\nGeorgiaGeneralsIn Virginia\\nCoM/^/ss/OAiiD By\\nThe Confederate 3t/\\\\te5\\n/A /8G4-G5\\n/li\\nri6.Gen.G.M.5orrel.\\nBrig.Gen.LuciusJ.Gartrell.\\nBrig.Gen.VJ.B.Girardy.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "298 HIjSTOEV of GEORGIA.\\nwhen lie reached Spottsylvania Court House, twenty-four\\nhours later, Lee s army was there waiting for him. The\\nfighting tliat occurred here was the most desperate of the\\nwar, and the Georgia soldiers bore their part and won the\\nadmiration of the whole army. Grant moved southeast to\\nNorth Anna River and Cold Harbor. At both places Lee s\\narmy again confronted him and repelled his attacks. Briga-\\ndier-general George Doles lost his life in this campaign.\\nGrant then crossed to the south side of the James River and\\nlaid siege to Petersburg. In the spring of 18G5 the move-\\nments against Petersburg and Richmond were pressed and\\nthe lines gradually closed in. Georgia brigades were in every\\nbattle. In 1864 and 1865 E. P. Alexander, Clement A. Evans,\\nPhil. Cook, y. J. B. Girardey, L. J. Gartrell, G. M. Sorrel,\\nDudley M. DuBose, and James P. Simms were commissioned\\nbrigadier-generals. P. M. B. Young and Ambrose R. Wright\\nwere major-generals, John B. Gordon commanded a corps,\\nand General Evans commanded Gordon s division. General\\nGirardey was killed before his commission was made out.\\nEarly in A])y\\\\\\\\ Lee s lines were broken, Richmond was\\nabandoned, and a few days later the remnant of his army sur-\\nrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Court House.\\nJohnston surrendered to Sherman April 26th at Benton-\\nville, N C, and the great war was over.\\n^leanwhile, on the 14th of April, while the North was re-\\njoicing over the successful termination of the war, President\\nLincoln was assassinated in Washington city. The people\\nof Georgia were horrified at this act, for, notwithstanding\\nthe bitterness of the war, they recognized Mr. Lincoln s high\\ncharacter and true patriotism. Vice-President Andrew John-\\nson, of Tennessee, thus became President of the United States.\\nThe beautiful custom of placing fiowers on the graves of\\nsoldiers was suggested by Mrs. Mary Williams, of Columbus,\\nGa. Her husband, who had been in the war, was buried in the\\ncemetery of that place, and she and her little daughter would", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "Decorating Soldiers graves. 299\\noften come and lay flowers on his grave. One day the child\\nasked her mother to allow her to put flowers on other soldiers\\ngraves. Mrs. AVilliams then thought how good it would be\\nif once a year the ladies throughout the South would devote\\na day to decorating with flowers the graves of the Confederate\\ndead. She wrote a letter to the Columhus Times, in which\\nshe said\\nWe cannot raise monumental shafts and inscribe thereon\\ntheir many deeds of heroism, but we can keep alive the\\nmemory of the debt we owe them by dedicating at least one\\nday in each year to embellishing their humble graves with\\nflovv^ers.\\nThe suggestion met with favor, and was generally adopted\\nthroughout the South. In Georgia the 26th day of April is\\nobserved as Memorial Day.\\nGeorgia had sent to the field about one hundred and twenty\\nthousand soldiers, many of whom were boys sixteen or seven-\\nteen years of age and men from fifty to sixty. General\\nGrant said that the Confederacy had robbed the cradle and\\nthe grave to fill its armies. By the war the State lost\\nthree-fourths of its wealth, including all slaves, which were\\nvalued at nearly three hundred millions of dollars. The lands\\nfell to one-half their value. One-fourth of all the railroad\\ntracks had been destroyed, and a path of ruin and desolation\\nforty miles wide had been cut through the State from Chatta-\\nnooga to Savannah. The State debt had grown to over twenty\\nmillion dollars. There were thousands of poor people\\nwidows and orphans, broken down soldiers and their families\\nin the State, besides large numbers who could find no work,\\nand were daily asking for bread. Medicine and all kinds of\\nfood and clothing were very scarce. The Confederate paper\\nmoney was worth but little, forty-nine Confederate dollars\\nbeing of no more value than one gold dollar. A hat cost\\nthree hundred dollars in Confederate money, a horse several\\nthousands, a barrel of flour sold for four hundred dollars.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "300 History of Georgia.\\nand a pair of boots for eiglit Imndred dollars, while the pay\\nof a soldier was only eleven dollars a month, hardly enough\\nto buy a loaf of bread.\\n[Fort McAllister stood about sixteen miles below Savannah, on the\\nOgeechee River. When Sherman appeared before the fort in December,\\n1864, it was garrisoned by only one hundred and fifty men, under Major\\nGeorge W. Anderson. The attacking force consisted of seventeen regi-\\nments, which, on the morning of December 13th, was ordered to capture\\nthe fort. This was done after a hot fight. The assaulting column num-\\nbered over three thousand men, and in the engagement lost one hundred\\nand thirty-four men and officers, while the defenders lost only forty-\\neight. The greatest compliment that could be paid the brave garrison\\nwas made by the Federal general, who said in his report We fought\\nthe garrison through the fort to the bomb proofs, from which they\\nstill fought, and only succumbed as each man was individually over-\\npowered.\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat was the strength of Sherman s army when he set out from\\nAtlanta, November, 18G4 Describe the march to the sea. What effect\\nhad the news of Sherman s approach on the people of Milledgeville\\nHow were the State papers and other property secured What fort did\\nSherman capture before reaching Savannah How many soldiers did\\nGeneral Hardee have What did Hardee do What did Sherman\\nseize What telegram did he send to President Lincoln What\\nbecame of Hood s army in Tennessee Tell of the surrender of Lee\\nand Johnston. What unfortunate event occurred in April, 1865 Tell\\nhow Memorial Day originated. How many soldiers did Georgia send\\nto the field during the war What was the condition of things in the\\nState at the end of the war What about the Confederate money\\nTOPICS.\\nThe March to the Sea. End of the Struggle.\\n1. Devastation. 4. In Tennessee.\\n2. Sherman at Milledgeville. 5. In Virginia.\\n3. Capture of Savannah. 6. In the Carolinas.\\nMemorial Day Condition of Georgia.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LV.\\nTHE FEDERAL ARMY ASSUMES COJq-TROL OF GEORGIA.\\nLiberty in its last analysis is but the sweat of the poor and the blood of the brave.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Robert Toombs.\\nAfter President Davis left Richmond he started south\\nwith a number of friends. In May, 1865, the party reached\\nWashington, Ga., the home of Robert Toombs. Here some\\nmembers of the Confederate cabinet assembled, with A. R.\\nLawton, then quartermaster-general;\\nI. M. St. John, commissary-general;\\nMajor Moses, and\\nothers, in a last\\nconference, and\\nthen broke up for-\\never. Thus the\\nConfederate gov-\\nernment dissolved\\nin the town of\\nWashington upon\\nthe soil of Georgia.\\nPresident Davis\\nretreated into the\\ninterior of Georgia,\\ntravelling in a\\nwagon about thirty miles a day. For five days he proceeded\\nwithout interruption until the morning of the lOtli of May,\\nwhen a band of Federal cavalry who had started in pursuit\\novertook him in Irwin County, Georgia. He was then arrested\\nand conveyed to Fortress Monroe, and held in prison with-\\nout trial for nearly two years.\\n)RiG Gen W R Doggs\\nBrig.Gen. I.M.St. John.\\nCoMfiiSiAnr Ge/^EHAL C.i .A. /8 S.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "302 History of Georgia.\\nWhile President Davis and his cabinet were in Washing-\\nton, Ga., a train of wagons arrived, carrying a large amount\\nof gold and silver belonging to the Confederate government.\\nThis was known as the Specie Train, and was guarded\\nwith great care by an armed force. Rolls of the troops were\\nmade out, and twenty-six dollars and twenty-five cents each\\nwere paid to as many as could be reached. Forty thousand\\ndollars were set aside to pay for rations for other soldiers re-\\nturning from the war. The orders about this specie and\\nits distribution Avere the last orders of the Confederate\\ngovernment.\\nSoon after the members of the cabinet had left Washing-\\nton, and while Robert Toombs was still at his home, a man\\non horseback galloped up to his residence, threw a bag over\\nthe fence, and rode off rapidly. The bag was found to con-\\ntain five thousand dollars in gold coin, but there Avas no\\nletter or message with it, and no one could tell who left it.\\nGeneral Toombs ordered it to be paid out for the benefit of\\nthe Confederate soldiers who were returning from the war.\\nA day or two afterwards a body of Federal soldiers called\\nat General Toombs s house and rang the bell. The general\\nwas in his private office, and looking through the window,\\nlie saw the soldiers as they ajoproached. Knowing their pur-\\npose was to arrest him, he hastened out by the back door,\\nsaddled a horse and rode off quickly. Mrs. Toombs answered\\nthe knocking at the door. The soldiers said they wanted the\\ngeneral. Mrs. Toombs invited them in, and detained them for\\nnearly half an hour on various pretexts. When they became\\nsuspicious she showed them over the house, and assisted\\nthem in looking for the general, but by this time he was\\nbeyond their reach. After wandering all over Georgia and\\nthrough Alabama to New Orleans, he went to England, where\\nhe remained for several years.\\nGovernor Brown at once issued a call for the legislature to\\nmeet. General Wilson, commander of the Federal troops at", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "Under Federal Laws. 303\\nMacon, notified him to surrender the State militia, who had\\nbeen under arms. This Governor Brown did, and received\\nhis parole. He returned to Milledgeville, but tlie next night\\nthe mansion was surrounded by Federal soldiers, who had come\\nto arrest him. 1 have my j)arole, said Governor Brown.\\n^^But I have instructions to take that away from you,^ re-\\nplied the officer in command. The governor was carried to\\nWashington city and put in prison. Here he complained to\\nthe President of his arrest while holding a parole, and at\\nthe end of a week he was set at liberty. Alexander Stephens\\nwas arrested at his home in Orawfordville and carried a\\nprisoner to a fort at Boston, where he was kept for five\\nmonths, when he was released on parole. Howell Cobb and\\nB. H. Hill were also arrested and imprisoned.\\nGovernor BroAvn returned to Georgia, but the State was\\nunder control of the Federal army. A period of military\\nrule had begun, and a Federal officer was in charge of every\\ncity. The legislature did not meet because General AVil-\\nson, the Federal commander, had issued an order, saying\\nKeither the legislature nor any other political body will be\\npermitted to assemble under the rebel State authorities.\\nGovernor Brown then resigned his office. He had been re-\\nelected in 1859 and in 1861, and again in 1863, so that he\\nhad the honor of four terms as governor. He now, however,\\nresigned the office, and he issued an address to the peoj^le,\\nadvising them to make the best of the situation, to agree to the\\nabolition of slaver}^, to support the administration at Wash-\\nington, and to aid in the reconstruction of the State, so that\\nit might be restored to the Union as soon as possible.\\nThe Federal generals in control of the State did many\\nacts of kindness to the people. Eations were issued to\\nreturning soldiers and to those who were without means of\\nsupport. Supplies and horses surrendered by the Confederate\\nauthorities were distributed among the needy, and a number\\nof horses and mules belonging to the United States govern-", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "304\\nHISTORY OF Georgia.\\nment^ that luid given out during Sherman s campaign and\\nhad been left in north Georgia, were permitted to remain in\\ntlie hands of the peoj^le of that section wlio had suffered so\\nseverely. During the entire spring and summer of 186-i this\\nsection of the State had been occupied by Federal or Con-\\nfederate armies, so that no crops had been raised. General\\nWofford Avas especially active in securing relief for the people.\\nThe great State of Georgia continued without a governor\\nand under the sole control of the Federal army for about\\ntwo months. In June, 18G5, Andrew Johnson, President of\\nthe United States, appointed James\\nJ Johnson, of Cohimbus, provisional\\nJ j governor of the State of Georgia.\\nM a^ ifl!!^i The new governor went to Milledge-\\nville and entered upon his duties July\\n22, 1865. He issued a proclamation\\ncalling for a State convention of dele-\\ngates elected by the people to meet at\\nMilledgeville in October. Every man\\nwho had fought on the Confederate\\nside was required to take an oath\\nknown as the Amnesty Oath, in\\nwhich he swore allegiance to the government of the United\\nStates. Those who took this amnesty oath and all Avho had\\nnot taken any part in the war were permitted to vote. The\\nmen who had held office before the war and had afterward\\nserved in the Confederate army were not permitted to take\\nany part in the election, but the great body of white citizens\\nvoted. This excluded many leaders of Georgia.\\nThe convention which assembled at Milledgeville was a\\nvery able and conservative body, and four important things\\nwere done (1) The ordinance of secession adopted by the\\nconvention of 18G1 was repealed (2) slavery was abolished\\nin Georgia (3) a new State constitution was adopted (4)\\nthe debt incurred by the State of Georgia in prosecuting the\\nJOHNSON, PROVISIONAL\\nGOVERNOR.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "Questions and topics. 305\\nwar was repudiated that is, the convention dechired tliat it\\nshoukl not be paid. The convention was very unwilling to\\nrej^udiate the war debt, and Governor Johnson telegraphed\\nthis fact to the President of the United States. The Presi-\\ndent re^^lied that unless the war debt was repudiated, Georgia\\nwould not be readmitted to the Union. There was no alter-\\nnative left the convention but to do as the President wished.\\nThe convention ordered an election for governor. State\\nofficers, members of the legislature, and representatives to the\\nlower house of Congress, to be held in November, 1865.\\nCharles J. Jenkins, of Eichmond County, was elected with-\\nout opposition, but Governor Johnson continued for the pres-\\nent to act as provisional governor.\\n[James Johnson was born in North Carolina in 1811. He studied law,\\nwas admitted to the bar, and began to practise in Columbus, Ga. He\\nwas a representative in Congress from 1851 to 1853 and was appointed\\nprovisional governor in 1865. He was collector of customs at Savannah\\nin 18G6-G9 and judge of the Superior Court of Georgia in 1870.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nDescribe the last meeting of the Confederate cabinet. Where and\\nwhen was Jefferson Davis arrested What were the last orders of the\\nConfederate government Relate the story of Eobert Toombs and the\\nbag of gold coin. Tell how General Toombs escaped. Tell how Governor\\nBrown was arrested. How long was he held prisoner What did Gov-\\nernor Brown find on his return to Georgia What did lie do What\\norder did General Wilson, the Federal commander, issue How long\\ndid Georgia remain without a governor? What was the Amnesty\\nOath What did the Milledgeville convention do Who was elected\\ngovernor in November, 1865\\nTOPICS.\\n1. The cabinet disbands. 4. Governor Brown arrested.\\n2. Davis arrested. 5. Johnson provisional governor.\\n3. Robert Toombs escapes. 6. Milledgeville Convention.\\n20", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "EPOCH VII.\\nReconstruction.\\nCHAPTER LYI.\\nGEORGIA EXCLUDED FROM THE UNION.\\nA tempest of unsurpassed fury has swept over the land. The elements do not sub-\\nside into their normal .quiet instantaneously with the lull of the wiud, the sleep of the\\nlightning, and the hush of the thunder. Governor Jenkins.\\nThe legislature met at Milledge-\\nville on the 4tli of December, 1805,\\nand ratified the Tliirteentli Amend-\\nment to the Constitution \u00e2\u0080\u009eof the\\nUnited States. The convention had\\nalready abolished slavery in Georgia.\\nThe amendment prohibited slavery\\nin the United States. Charles J.\\nJenkins was inaugurated governor\\non the 14th of December, President\\nJohnson having telegraphed his\\nconsent. Early in January, Alexan-\\nder H. Stephens and Ilerschel V. Johnson were elected United\\nStates senators. Congress, however, refused to permit these\\nsenators, and the representatives who had been elected in Xo-\\nvember, to take their seats. This act showed a difference of\\nopinion between the President and Congress.\\nPresident Johnson believed that a State could not secede\\nand that Georgia had in fact never been out of the Union, the\\nordinance of secession, in his opinion, having been absolutely\\nnull and void. He believed that those persons who had re-\\nCIIARLES J. JENKINS.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "PECULIAR POSITION OF THE STATE. 307\\nsisted the authority of the general government had forfeited\\nall their rights as citizens, but that those who had not resisted,\\nand those who had been pardoned by him for resisting, to-\\ngether made up a State a body politic which was in the\\nUnion with all the rights and privileges of any other State.\\nThe Republican leaders in Congress, however, had changed\\ntheir views as to the Southern States. These leaders now\\nclaimed that Georgia was admitted to be out of the Union\\nwhen the Confederates were recognized as belligerents, and\\nthat now Georgia was territory conquered by the army of\\nthe United States and subject to the control of Congress\\njust as any other territory. They denied that the President\\nliad any power to reorganize the State governments, and took\\nsteps to carry out a plan of their own for reconstructing\\nthese territories into States.\\nThis difference of opinion led to a struggle between the\\nPresident and Congress. During the long contest, Georgia\\noccuj)ied a j^eculiar position, being recognized by the President\\nas a State, under the control of its governor and its own offi-\\ncers, but by Congress as a territory under the control of the\\narmy. The State officers continued to occupy their posi-\\ntions; the legislature met, the courts were held, and the laws\\nof the State were enforced. But the United States army\\noccupied Georgia, being kept there by Congress in charge of\\nthe territory.\\nWith the army a large number of Northern men also came\\nto Georgia. Some came to make their homes here and to take\\na part in building up tlie State. A great number, however,\\nwere mere adventurers, who had no real interest in the State,\\nand whose only object was to secure offices. These adventurers\\nwere appropriately called carpet-baggers. Many of them\\ncame as agents of the Freed men s Bureau, which had been\\ncreated by Congress to look after the interests of the f reed-\\nmen. One was located in every important town and they soon\\nacquired great influence with the freedmen. Prejudiced", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "308 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nagainst the Southern people, ignorant of tlie relations between\\nthe former masters and slaves, unable to appreciate the con-\\nditions which then existed, these agents, even with the best\\nintentions, could only do harm.\\nCongress proposed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Con-\\nstitution of the United States, and demanded that the South-\\nern States must ratif} it before Congress would recognize them\\nas in the Union. The Georgia legislature met in November and\\nrefused to ratify, upon the ground that if Georgia Avas not a\\nState, but a territory, she had no right to vote; while if Georgia\\nwas a State, the amendment was not legally proposed by a Con-\\ngress from which her representatives were excluded, and\\nCongress had no right to dictate to a State how it should act\\non any amendment.\\nBy this action the issue was made and a crisis was at hand.\\nGovernor Brown went to Washington in the early part of the\\nnext year to see what could be done. Upon his return he\\nwrote a letter advising the people of Georgia to accept the\\nFourteenth Amendment, for the reason that they would in\\nthe end be forced to do so. But the people were not in a mood\\nto follow this advice, and Governor Brown became at once\\nthe most unpopular man in the State.\\nGovernor Jenkins also went to Washington and tried to test\\nin the Supreme Court the powers of Congress to make citizens\\nof the freedmen, but the case was dismissed by the Court,\\nThen he wrote a letter to the jieople of Georgia advising a\\nfirm but temperate refusal of acquiescence in the demands\\nof Congress. Benjamin II. Hill threw all his influence and\\neloquence against the measures.\\nIn March, 1867, Congress passed an act called the Eecon-\\nstruction Act, under which Georgia, Alabama, and Florida\\nwere made the third military district, and ^laj or- General Pope\\nof the Federal army was put in command. In July another\\nreconstruction act was passed in accordance with which a reg-\\nistration of voters took place under the direction in each county", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "Election under Reconstruction Acts. 309\\nof a military officer. There were nearly as many negroes put\\non the register as white men, the total number registered\\nbeing 192,235, of which 95,973 were colored persons. General\\nPope then ordered an election for delegates to a constitutional\\nconvention. Many whites refused to vote in this election, and\\nthe negroes voted for the first time. Many of the delegates\\nchosen were men of no character and little ability. Of the\\n166 delegates elected, 33 were negroes.\\n[Charles J. Jenkins was born in Beaufort District, S. C, in 1805.\\nWhen he was eleven years old his parents moved to Georgia and settled in\\nJefferson County. He studied at the State University, and in 1830 he\\nentered the legislature. He was attorney-general of the State in 1831.\\nHe was elected again to the legislature and became speaker of the House\\nof Representatives. He was in the Georgia Convention of 1850 and was\\nthe author of the famous Georgia platform. He declined the office of\\nsecretary of the interior under Millard Fillmore. In 1860 he was ap-\\npointed to the Supreme Bench of Georgia. He was president of the Con-\\nstitutional Convention of 1877. He died in Summerville, near Augusta,\\nin 1883.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat did tlie legislature at Milledgeville do Who was inaugurated\\ngovernor What action did Congress take in relation to the senators\\nand representatives of Georgia Tell about the difference between\\nPresident Johnson and Congress on this matter. What was the peculiar\\nposition of Georgia during the struggle Tell about the carpet-bag-\\ngers. What acts did Congress pass in 1867 Tell about the registra-\\ntion of voters. What did some of the whites do at the election\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Jenkins inaugurated. 3. Congress and Georgia.\\n2. The President and Congress. 4. The Reconstruction Act.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LVII.\\nUXDER MILITARY GOYERXOKS.\\nWhat does lie do tliis* liero in gray with a heart of gold: Does he sit down in suiien-\\nness and despair? Not for a day. Surely God, who had stripped him of his prosixjrity,\\ninspired him in his adversity. As ruin was never before so overwhelming, never was\\nrestoration swifter. Henry Grady.\\nThe conveutiou met at Atlanta on December 9tli and re-\\nmained in session till the following March. A constitution\\nwas framed and adojoted, and it was provided that it should\\nbe submitted to the vote of the people at an election in\\nApril, at which governor. State legislature, and congressmen\\nshould be chosen. The question of the location of the State\\ncapital was also to be submitted to the people. Atlanta offered\\nan executive mansion and a suitable building for the legisla-\\nture for ten years, and a lot on which to build a new State\\nhouse. Milledgeville offered a site and a sum of money equal\\nto the value of the old buildings.\\nDuring the session of the convention General Pope was\\nrelieved of his command of the district and General Meade\\nappointed his successor.\\nThis convention, requiring funds to pay its expenses, made a\\ndemand upon the State treasurer for forty thousand dollars for\\nthat purpose. The treasurer refused to give the money, on the\\nground that the law prohibited payments out of the State\\ntreasury except by order of the governor, with the sanction\\nof the comptroller. General Meade, being appealed to by the\\nconvention, wrote to Governor Jenkins calling upon him to\\nissue a warrant on the treasury for the money required, but the\\ngovernor also refused. Meade then removed Governor Jenkins", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "Governor Bullocks Ad3iinistration. 311\\nGOVERNOR R. B. BULLOCK.\\nand wrote au order in which General Thomas H. Eager, of the\\nUnited States army, was detailed for duty as governor of\\nGeorgia, and Captain Charles F. Rockwell as treasurer.\\nGovernor Jenkins went to Washington and appealed to the\\nSupreme Court against the action of\\nMeade, hut without success. When\\nleaving Georgia he took with him\\nthe great seal of the State, and four\\nhundred thousand dollars of State\\nmoney. He deposited the money in\\na bank in Xew York to the credit of\\nGeorgia, and he carried the seal\\nto Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he\\nwent with his family to reside.\\nThe election ordered by the con-\\nvention took place in April, 1868, and the new constitution\\nwas ratified by a large majority. Eufus B. Bullock, the Ee-\\npublican candidate, was elected governor, with a majority of\\nmore than seven thousand over John B. Gordon, the Demo-\\ncrat. The majority voted in favor of Atlanta for State capital.\\nTwenty-eight negroes were\\nelected to the legislature.\\nIn June, 3 868, Congress\\npassed an act admitting Georgia\\nto the Union on certain condi-\\ntions, one being that the State\\nlegislature should ratify the\\nFourteenth Amendment to the\\nConstitution of the United\\nStates. The legislature met\\nin July and complied with the\\nconditions, after which Gov-\\nernor Bullock was inaugurated\\nand the government transferred from the military to the civil\\nauthorities of the State.\\nJOSHUA HILL.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "313\\nHistory of Georgia,\\nH. Y. M. MILLEK.\\nThis legislature elected Joshua Hill and H. V. M. Miller\\nUnited States senators, but tliey were not permitted to take\\ntheir seats. The lower house, however, at once seated the\\nGeorgia congressmen, and the vote of Georgia was counted by\\nCongress for Seymour and Blair,\\nDemocratic candidates for Presi-\\ndent and Vice-President.\\nIn September, 1868, the State\\nlegislature expelled its negro mem-\\nbers, on the ground that, by the\\nlaws in existence at the adoption\\nof the recently formed constitu-\\ntion, colored persons were excluded\\nfrom office, and that the constitu-\\ntion provided for the continuance\\nof these laws. Regarding this pro-\\nceeding as a violation of the reconstruction acts. Congress, on as-\\nsembling on March 4, 18G0, refused to allow the representatives\\nfrom Georgia to take their seats in tliat body. Soon after,\\nthe Supreme Court decided that negroes had a right to hold\\noffice. Congress then passed an act requiring Governor Bul-\\nlock to convene the State legislature, with the expelled negroes\\nas members, and requiring further that the legislature should\\nratify the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the\\nUnited States before Georgia could be entitled to representa-\\ntion in Congress. To carry the act into operation, Major-\\nGeneral Terry was appointed military commander of Georgia.\\nThe State legislature met on January 10, 1870, and at-\\ntempted, amid much excitement and tumult, to organize.\\nThere were many adjournments but, at length, both houses\\norganized with the negro members reseated. The Fifteenth\\nAmendment was then ratified, and senators were elected in\\nplace of Hill and IMiller, but the United States Senate refused\\nto recognize this election, and seated Ilill and Miller.\\nThe manner in which the Georgia legislature had been organ-", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "Congressmen Finally Seated. 313\\nizecl attracted the attention of Congress. The judiciary com-\\nmittee was directed to inquire into the organization, and their\\nreport pronounced it an improjier, illegal and arbitrary\\nproceeding. A bill was passed providing for a new and fair\\nelection. Congress soon after passed an act admitting Georgia\\nto the Union. It was signed by President Grant in July, but\\nit was January next year before the senators and represen-\\ntatives of Georgia were admitted to their seats in Congress.\\nThis completed the work of reconstruction of the South,\\nGeorgia being the last of the States to be readmitted.\\nMeanwhile, the fight against Governor Bullock in the State\\nwas bitter and relentless. The Democratic State Convention\\nin August passed strong resolutions pledging the party to a con-\\nstitutional government and to a\\nunited effort for overthrowing the\\ncorrupt State administration.\\nThese resolutions were drawn by\\nJudge Linton Stephens of Sparta,\\none of the ablest men of the State\\nand a brother of A. H. Stephens.\\nIn December, 1870, the Western\\nand Atlantic Eailroad was leased\\nunder an act of the legislature, for\\ntwenty years, and Governor Brown,\\none of the lessees, was elected\\npresident. He resigned as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court,\\nand Governor Bullock appointed A. 0. Lochrane as his suc-\\ncessor.\\n[Rufus Brown Bullock was born in New York in 1834. He came to\\nAugusta in 1860 to organize the business of the Adams Express Company,\\nin the South Atlantic States. His headquarters were at Augusta. Here\\nlie formed the Southern Express Company and became one of its mana-\\ngers. He was concerned in the organization of the first national bank\\nin Georgia and was also president of the Macon and Augusta railroad.\\nIn 1867 he was chosen a delegate to the convention called to frame a con-", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "314 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nstitution under the then existing reconstruction laws. After his return\\nto the State he made his home in Atlanta, and became president of the\\nAtlanta Cotton Mills.]\\n[H. V. M. Miller was born in South Carolina in 1814. He studied\\nmedicine and settled in Cassville, Ga. Ilis eloquence won for him tlic\\ntitle of the Demosthenes of the Mountains. lie was professor in several\\nmedical colleges and a surgeon during the civil war. He was an active\\nmember of the Constitutional Convention after the war and United States\\nsenator from 1870 to 1871. He died in Atlanta in 1897.]\\n[Joshua Hill was born in South Carolina in 1812. lie became a lawyer\\nand practised at Madison, Ga. He was in Congress from 1857 to 1861,\\nwhen he resigned his seat, at the request of tlie Georgia convention, as\\nhe was opposed to secession. He took no part in the war, but was\\ncandidate for governor in 1863, when he was defeated by Governor\\nBrown. He served as senator until 1873. He died in Madison in 1891.]\\n[Linton Stephens, a younger brother of Alexander II. Stephens, was\\nborn at Crawfordsville, Georgia, July, 1823. He graduated at the\\nUniversity of Georgia, 1843; studied law at the University of Virginia\\nand at Harvard, and was admitted to the bar of Georgia. He repre-\\nsented the counties of Taliaferro and Hancock in the State legislature;\\nbecame Judge of the Supreme Court of Georgia, 1858; was a Union dele-\\ngate to the Secession Convention of 1861, and afterward a member of tlie\\nlegislature. He commanded Stephens s Battalion of Georgia Cavalry.\\nHe died at Sparta, 1872.\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat did the Convention at Atlanta do? Tell about the action of Gov.\\nJenkins and Gen. Meade in regard to the ex})enses of the Convention.\\nWhat did Gov. Jenkins do when he was removed? Who was elected\\nGovernor in 1868 What did the State legislature of 1868 do Wluit\\ndid Congress then do? What was the decision of the United States Su-\\npreme Court? Wliat did Congress then do? What did the State legis-\\nlature do? Wliat of the Western and Atlantic Railroad in 1870\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Atlanta Convention. 4. State legislature of 1870.\\n2. Gov. BuUock elected. 5. Congress admits Georgia.\\n3. Legislature expels negroes. 6. Gov. Bullock censured.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "EPOCH Vlli.\\nGeorgia once more in the Union.\\nCHAPTEE LVIII.\\nTHE retur:n^ of peace.\\nThere was a South of Slavery and Secession\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that South is dead. There is a South\\nof Union and Freedom\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that South, thank God! is living, breathing, growing every day.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Benjamin H. IIill.\\nOn- the 23d of October, 1871,\\nGovernor Bullock wrote his resigna-\\ntion and left the State. The matter\\nwas kej^t a profound secret for a\\nweek. At the end of this time, Ben-\\njamin Oonley, President of the Sen-\\nate, took the oath of office as gov-\\nernor and assumed the duties. Two\\ndays later the legislature met, and\\nGovernor Conley Avas no longer a\\nmember of the senate, his term hav-\\ning expired. He was permitted to\\nserve until his successor was elected and qualified, and the\\nlegislature ordered an election to be held for governor on the\\n3d of December. James M. Smith was nominated by the\\nDemocrats and was elected without opposition. In January,\\n1872, he was inaugurated governor.\\nEx-Governor Jenkins now returned, and delivered up to\\nGovernor Smith the great seal of the State. In restoring it,\\nhe said: I derive great satisfaction from the reflection that\\nGOVERNOR JAMES M. SMITH.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "310\\nHistory of Georgia.\\nit has never been desecrated by the grasp of a military\\nusurper s hand. The legislature soon after passed a resolu-\\ntion authorizing the governor to have\\nmade and j^resented to Mr. Jenkins\\na fac-simile of the seal, with the in-\\nscription, Presented to Charles J.\\nJenkins, by the State of Georgia,\\nand also this motto. In arduisfi delis,\\nwhich means faithful in difficulties.\\nChief Justice Lochrane resigned\\nhis position on the Supreme Bench\\nand Governor Smith appointed Judge\\nHiram Warner as his successor.\\nA committee appointed by the\\nlegislature to investigate the matter\\nreported that bonds to the extent of several million dollars\\nissued during the Bullock administration were fraudulent.\\nThe legislature therefore declared the bonds null and void\\nfrom the date of their issue, and they\\nhave never been paid by the State.\\nCharges were preferred against Gov-\\nernor Bullock and a warrant was issued\\nfor his arrest. An officer was sent to\\nXew York, where he was supposed to\\nbe, but he could not be found. A few\\nyears later he submitted to arrest, was\\ntried, and was acquitted on failure of\\nproof to convict him.\\nThe Constitution of 18G8 directed\\nthe legislature to provide for the es-\\ntablishment of common schools, free\\nto all children of the State, and with this object an act was\\npassed in 1870. Governor Bullock appointed General J. R.\\nLewis State school commissioner. A new school law was passed\\nin 1872, and one half the rental of the AVestern and Atlantic\\nGOVEKNOR BENJAMIN CONLEY.\\nGUSTAVUS J. ORR.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "The College at Dahlonega.\\n317\\nRailroad was added to the public school fund. Professor\\nGustavus J. Orr was appointed State commissioner of schools\\nby Governor Smith.\\nIn 1872 Governor Smith was reelected governor for a term\\nof four years, and the vote of the State was cast for Horace\\nNOETH UKUKUIA AUKICULTUKAl. CULLEUE, DAHLONEUA.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "318 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nGreeley for President of the United States. General Grant\\nwas, however, elected. He appointed A. T. Akerman, of\\nBartow County, attorney-general in his Cabinet.\\nThe North Georgia Agricultural College, at Dxihlonega, in\\nLumpkin County, was opened in January, 1873, as one of the\\nbranch colleges of the University, the United States Govern-\\nment having given the old mint and ten acres of land for the\\npurpose. In 1878 the mint was destroyed by fire, and a new\\ncollege building was erected. The first diploma for the degree\\nof A.B., received by a woman from a State institution, was\\ngranted by this college in 1878.\\nIn 18G2 Congress j^assed an act donating certain public\\nlands to tlie States and Territories for the promotion of agri-\\nculture and the mechanic arts. The share allotted to Georgia\\nwas accepted by the State legislature in 1866, and the interest\\nof the fund arising from the sale of the lands, amounting to\\nabout ^17,000 a year, was assigned to the trustees of the Uni-\\nversity to carry out the purposes of the act.\\nThe legislature of 1871 had elected Thomas M. Xorwood\\nUnited States senator to succeed Dr. Miller. In 1873 the\\nlegislature elected John B. Gordon United States senator\\nto succeed Joshua Hill.\\nThe convict lease system, begun under the Bullock adminis-\\ntration, received the attention of the legislature of 1874,\\nwhich authorized the governor to hire out the penitentiary\\nconvicts on lease for terms of not more than five years. In\\n1876 the legislature extended the limit to twenty years. The\\nlaw refjuired that the convicts should work only ten hours a\\nday, and should have sufficient food, clothing, and sleeping\\naccommodation, and medical attendance.\\nDuring the term of office of Governor Smith there was a\\ngreat improvement in the financial and industrial condition\\nof the people. The public credit was restored, the bonds of\\nthe State rose to par value, and the State was relieved of a\\nfraudulent debt. However, an unpleasant incident occurred.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "hiPROVED Condition of the State. 319\\nThe State treasurer paid, witli interest, certain bonds which\\nhad ah eady been paid by Henry Clews of New York, but had\\nnot been cancelled. No one charged him with dishonesty, but\\nhe was promptly removed by Governor Smith.\\n[James M. Smith was born in Twiggs County in 1823. He was edu-\\ncated in Monroe County, became a lawyer, and served in the Confederate\\narmy as colonel of the 13th Georgia Regiment, lie was in the legisla-\\nture of 1871-72 as speaker of the House of Representatives. He was\\ngovernor from 1872 to 1876. He was a member of the first State Rail-\\nroad Commission appointed by the governor under the act of 1879.]\\n[Gustavus J. Orr, LL.D., was born in South Carolina, August 9,\\n1819. He grew up on a farm, with meagre school privileges, till he was\\nabout twenty years of a,ge. He spent a year and a half at the University,\\nand then graduated at Emory College. He was offered a place in the\\nFaculty at Emory, which he accepted, thus beginning a long life of edu-\\ncational work. He built up the public school system in Georgia, and\\nby him were suggested nearly all the laws on the subject of education,\\npassed while he was in office.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat happened in October, 1871 Who was elected governor by the\\npeople in December Tell about ex-Governor Jenkins and the return-\\ning of the seal. What can you say of the fraudulent bonds, and what was\\ndone regarding them What can you say of the public school fund in\\n1872 Tell about the North Georgia Agricultural College. Who was\\nelected senator in 1873 What power was given the governor regarding\\nthe lease of convicts\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Bullock resigns. 4. Bullock bonds repudiated.\\n2. Smith elected governor. 5. School fund of 1872.\\n3. Great seal returned. 6. Convict lease.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "CIIAPTEE LIX.\\nTHE CONSTITUTION OF 1877.\\nOur work is before us, gentlemen, and a grand achievement is within our grasp.\\nThat work is the restoration of a vast heritage which a sad fortune has sorely wasted and\\ndamaged. Alfred H. Colquitt.\\nGen Alfked H. Colquitt was\\nnominated for governor by the\\nDemocratic Convention held at At-\\nlanta in Augnst, 1876. The Repub-\\nlicans nominated Jonathan Xorcross,\\nof Atlanta, as their candidate. The\\nelection which followed in October\\nresulted in the election of Colquitt,\\nby a majority of nearly eighty thou-\\nsand votes the largest ever known\\nin the State. At the election for\\nGOVEKNOK ALFRED H. COLQUITT.\\n(Fi-oni a photo^aph in 1888.)\\nPresident of the United States, on\\nNovemljer 7th, the vote of Georgia was cast, by a majority of\\n70,042, for the Democratic candidates, Tilden and Hendricks.\\nThe legislature, which met on January 10, 1877, elected Ben-\\njamin II. Hill, United States senator for a term of six years,\\nto succeed Thomas M. Norwood.\\nThe people had never been satisfied with the constitution\\nmade for them by the Republican party, and the legisla-\\nture called a convention to revise it. This convention met\\nin Atlanta on the 11th of July, 1877. Several important\\nchanges in the constitution were made. The term of oflice\\nof governor was reduced from four to two years. The system\\nof appointments of judges and solicitors of the Superior Court", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "The Work of the Convention,\\n321\\nby the governor was changed to election by the legislature.\\nIt was resolved that the sessions of the legislature should be\\nbiennial instead of annual. The regulation of freight and\\npassenger rates on the railroads was put under control of the\\nSHORTER COLLEGE, ROME, GA.\\nGeneral Assembly, and the payment of the fraaduleut bonds\\nwas prohibited. Robert Toombs was the leading spirit of this\\nconvention, and commenting upon the constitution, said\\nthat they had locked the doors of the treasury and thrown\\naway the key. It was also resolved that the constitution\\nshould be submitted to the people at an election in December,", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "322 History of Georgia.\\nand that the question of the removal of the State capital from\\nAtlanta to Milledgeville should be submitted to a se])arate vote.\\nAt the election held December 5th the new constitution\\nwas ratified by a large majority. This constitution, which\\nis still in force, is given in full in the Appendix.\\nThe question of the location of the capital excited great\\ninterest in the State, and speakers, some in favor of Atlanta\\nand others of Milledgeville, discussed the question before the\\npeople in every county. Atlanta won by a majority of forty\\nthousand votes. Thus the seat of State government, moved\\nfrom Savannah to Louisville, and thence to Milledgeville, was\\nfinally fixed in Atlanta.\\nA female college at Rome was opened in 1873, but in 1877\\nColonel Alfred Shorter, of Rome, took charge of the pro2:)erty,\\nremoved the old buildings, and erected, at his own exjiense,\\nthree large and elegant structures on the top of a hill. The\\nname of the institution was changed to Shorter College in\\nhonor of its benefactor.\\nA series of exciting investigations occupied the attention of\\nthe legislature in 1878. Charges having been made of irregu-\\nlarities in several public departments, committees were ap-\\npointed to examine into the affairs of the offices of secretary\\nof state, comptroller-general. State school commissioner,\\npublic printer, and of the penitentiary. After inquiry, the\\ncommittees reported favorably on all, except the offices of comp-\\ntroller-general and the State treasurer, where abuses were\\ndiscovered. Articles of impeachment* were therefore pre-\\nsented in the House of Representatives against the comptroller\\nand the treasurer. The comptroller was charged with re-\\nceiving and using money illegally, making false returns, and\\naltering the records of his office. The case was tried by the\\nFor the laws regulating impeachment, see Constitution of Georgia,\\nArt. 3, Sec. VI., Par. III. For the Trial of Persons impeached, see Con-\\nstitution of Georgia, Art. 3, Sec. Y., Par. III., IV., Y.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "The Railroad Co31missio:n.\\n323\\nSenate, presided over by Chief Justice Warner, and the comp-\\ntroller was convicted. He was removed from office, and de-\\nclared disqualified to hold office in Georgia during his life.\\nArticles were also presented against the treasurer, but upon\\ntrial he was acquitted by the Senate.\\nAGRICULTURAL AND MECHANIC ARTS COLLEGE, TIIOMASVILLE, GA.\\nGeneral John B. Gordon was elected United States senator\\nby the legislature of 1878.\\nIn virtue of the power conferred by the Constitutional Con-\\nvention of 1877, to regulate the freight and passenger tariff of\\nthe railroads of the State, the legislature of 1879 joassed an act,\\ncreating the offices of Commissioners of Railroads. Under", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "324 HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nthis act Governor Colquitt appointed ex-Governor James M.\\nSmith, Campbell Wallace, and Samuel Barnett as commis-\\nsioners. Their work has been highly beneficial to the people\\nand has increased the prosperity of the railroads.\\nIn September, 1879, additional branch colleges of Agricul-\\ntural and Mechanic Ai ts were opened, at Thomasville for South\\nGeorgia and at Cuthbert for West Georgia. In 1880 a branch\\ncollege for Middle Georgia was opened at Milledgeville, in the\\nold State Capitol. A picture of this historic building has\\nalready been given.\\nIn May, 1880^ John B. Gordon resigned his seat in the\\nUnited States Senate and Governor Colquitt appointed Joseph\\nE. Brown to succeed him. The governor was severely criti-\\ncised for this appointment, and his action formed an issue in\\nthe next electoral campaign.\\n[Alfred H. Colquitt was born in Walton County, Georgia, in 1824, was\\ngraduated at Princeton in 1814, studied law, and was admitted to tlic\\nbar in 1845. He served during the Mexican War as a staff officer, witli\\ni-ank of major. In 1852 he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, and\\nin 18G0 was a presidential elector on the Breckenridge ticket. lie was\\na member of the secession convention, entered the Confederate army,\\nand reached the rank of major-general. He served six years as governor,\\nand afterwards was elected a senator of the United Sates, serving until\\nhis death, Marcli, 1894.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho was chosen governor in 1876 What convention met in July,\\n1877 What changes were made in the constitution of the State? What\\ncity became the capital of Georgia What can you say of the Shorter\\nCollege What investigation employed the legislature of 1878 What\\nofficers of the State were charged with fraud and with what result\\nWhat did the constitution of 1877 require of the legislature regarding\\nrailroads Who were appointed commissioners by Governor Colquitt\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Constitution revised. 3. Comptroller-general impeached.\\n2. Atlanta made the capital. 4. Railroad commission.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LX.\\nTHE PROGRESS OF THE STATE.\\nWar wasted lands\\nLaden with ashes, gray and desolate-\\nTouched by the charm of some regenerate fate\\nFhish into golden harvests prodigal.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Paul H. Hayne.\\nThe Democratic State Convention which met in Atlanta^\\nin Angnst^ 1880, was one of the most remarkable ever held\\nin Georgia. More than five hnndred delegates were present.\\nThere Avere five prominent candidates for governor, bnt the\\nColqnitt men were in the majority, and they organized the\\nconvention. They could have nominated their candidate, bnt\\nthey adopted a rule known as the Two-thirds Rule,^^ which\\nrequires that the candidates nominated must receive two-\\nthirds of the votes cast. This was always the rule before the\\nwar, but Covernor Smith had been nominated under the ma-\\njority rule. A bitter fight now commenced in the convention,\\nand for six days ballots were taken. It made intense excite-\\nment, but the minority were practically unshaken. Finally\\non the sixth day, after thirty-six ballots, the majority of the\\nconvention, by resolution, recommended Governor Colquitt\\nas candidate and adjourned without making a nomination.\\nThe minority held a meeting shortly afterward and nominated\\nThomas M. Norwood, of Savannah. Both sides were deter-\\nmined to appeal to the people.\\nIn the contest that followed, the ablest men of the State\\nwere engaged, while Colquitt and Norwood had several joint\\ndiscussions. Every act of Colquitt s was discussed, and par-\\nticularly his appointment of Brown as United States Senator.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "326\\nHISTORY OF Georgia.\\nWhen October came Colquitt won by a large majority and\\nthe legislature elected at the same time was in favor of Brown\\nfor Senator.\\nThe bitter feeling against Governor Brown was due to his\\nposition on reconstruction, and was inteusified by the fact that\\nhe held prosecuted the Columbus prisoners in 18G8. In that\\nyear a Republican named Ashburn was killed in Columbus,\\nand a number of citizens were arrested. Bail was refused\\nthem, they were cruelly treated,\\nand were about to be tried be-\\nfore a military court, when\\nGeneral !^^eade retained Gov-\\nernor Brown as an attorney to\\nprosecute them A few months\\nlater the cases were transferred\\nto the State courts, the prison-\\ners were released on bail, and\\nfinally acquitted. Governor\\nBrown made no explanation at\\nthe time, but now he brought\\nwitnesses to ])voyq that he had\\naccepted a retainer on condition\\nthat the cases should be transferred to the State courts, and in\\nthis way had saved the prisoners.\\nIn November, the legislature met and Governor Brown\\nwas elected United States Senator for the remainder of Gen-\\neral Gordon^s term. Governor Colquitt s message showed\\nthat his administration had been a success. All tlie indus-\\ntries of tlie people were in satisfactory condition, and many\\nnew enterprises Avere springing up. The State s credit was\\ngood and the public debt was being reduced every year.\\nThe tax on railroad property had been collected, and sev-\\neral hundred thousand dollars were added to the State\\nrevenue.\\nThe census of 1880 showed tlie population of the State to\\nTUOMAS M. NORWOOD.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "Cotton Exposition, 1881.\\n327\\nbe one million, five liunclred and fifty-two thonsand, one\\nInindred and eighty, being an increase in ten years of over\\nthree hundred and fifty thousand.\\nUnder the new apportionment which was based upon this\\ncensus, Georgia was entitled to ten representatives a gain of\\none in the Lower House of Congress.\\nThe year 1881 is memorable in the history of Georgia for\\nthe International Cotton Exposition, which was opened Octo-\\nber 5th, in Atlanta, by \u00e2\u0082\u00acrOvernor Colquitt with imposing cere-\\nmonies. It remained open till December 31st. The indus-\\ntries of all the States were represented. The buildings,\\nwhich cost $140,000, covered twenty acres, and two thousand\\nexhibitors applied for space. It was an important event for\\nGeorgia, and considerably promoted the State s prosperity.\\nVast numbers came from all sections of the Union to witness\\nthe exhibition. Many of the visitors from other States de-\\ncided to remain and invest capital in Georgia enterprises,\\nwhile the Georgia people them-\\nselves acquired enlarged views\\nof the greatness of their State.\\nAfter the Exposition closed,\\na number of the leading citi-\\nzens of Atlanta formed a stock\\ncompany and purchased the\\ngrounds and buildings. The\\nlargest of these buildings was\\nfitted up as a cotton factory,\\nand called the Exposition\\nMills.\\nBenjamin Harvey Hill,\\nGeorgian s distinguished son\\nand senior senator, died in August, 1882. The legislature\\nelected Pope Barrow, of Athens, to fill the remainder of his\\nterm in the United States Senate, and Alfred II. Colquitt\\nto succeed him for the full term, six years, from March 4th,\\nJAMES JACKSON.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "328\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\n1883. James Jackson was elected Chief Justice to succeed\\nHiram Warner.\\nIn October, 1882, Alexander II. Stephens was elected\\ngovernor. He was inaugurated\\nin November. His election was a\\nmark of popular esteem and ap-\\npreciation of his great public ser-\\nvices through a long life.\\nHe was now past seventy years\\nof age, and apparently still pos-\\nsessed a clear mind and great\\nenergy. But in a few months he\\nwas stricken Avith an illness from\\nwhich he never recovered. He\\ndied on March 4, 1883.\\nOn the death of Stephens,\\nJames S. Boynton, president of the Senate, became gov-\\nernor to fill the office until an election could be held. The\\nelection took place soon after, and resulted in the choice\\nof Henry D. McDaniel as governor for the unexpired term.\\nJAMES S. BOYNTON.\\n[The candidates before the memoral)le convention of 1880 were Col.\\nRufus E. Lester of Savannah, Thos. Hardeman of Macon, Gen. L. J.\\nGartrell of Atlanta, Hiram Warner of Meriwether County, and A. II.\\nColquitt. The vote on the first ballot was as follows Colquitt 208f,\\nLester 58 1^, Hardeman 54f-, Gartrell 11\\\\, Warner 11. Colquitt lacked 35\\nvotes of having the two-thirds majority required by the rule. On the last\\nballot Colquitt s vote was 220, 14 less than two-thirds.]\\n[Thomas M. Norwood was born in Talbot County in 1830 attended\\nschool at Culloden, Monroe County, and graduated at Emory College,\\nOxford, 1850. He was admitted to the bar in 1852 and afterward moved\\nto Savannah, where he has lived ever since. He was a member of the legis-\\nlature in 1861 in 1871 he was elected United States Senator and served\\nuntil March 3, 1877. He is well known as a writer.]\\n[James S. Boynton was born in Henry County, in 1833. He grew up\\non a farm, getting such education as he could from the country schools", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "Biographies and Questions. 329\\nof the time. In 1852 he was admitted to the bar. He practised law in\\nJasper and Butts Counties. He entered the Confederate service and was\\ncolonel of the 30th Georgia Infantry. After the war he resumed the\\npractice of the law in Griffin. In 1880 and 1883, he was elected to the\\nSenate of the State, and made president of that body. After serving as\\ngovernor he was a judge of the Superior Court.]\\n[Pope Barrow, a grandson of a Virginia soldier of the Revolution, was\\nborn in Georgia. He entered the Confederate Army as second lieuten-\\n%.nt of artillery and served through the war, rising to the rank of cap-\\ntain represented Clarke County in the State legislature and in the\\nConstitutional Convention of 1877 and was United States Senator from\\nGeorgia. His home is in Savannah, where he is a leading member of the\\nbar.]\\n[James Jackson was born in Jefferson County in 1819. He graduated\\nat the University in 1837, studied law and was admitted to the bar in\\n1840. He was elected judge of the Superior Court in 1846, and remained\\non the bench until 1859, when he resigned to go to Congress. After the\\nwar he practised law in Macon until 1875, when he was appointed judge\\nof the Supreme Court. In 1880 he became chief justice, which office he\\nheld until his death in 1887.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat can you say of the Democratic State Convention of 1880 How\\nmany candidates were before the Convention? How many ballots were\\ntaken? What was finally done by the majority? Whom did the minority\\nnominate? What of the contest which followed? What was the result\\nof the election? What did the Governor s message of 1880 show? Tell\\nwhat you can of the Cotton Exposition in 1881. Who was elected gov-\\nernor to succeed Colquitt? What sad event happened soon after? Who\\nbecame governor after the death of Stephens? Who was elected governor\\nby the people to fill the unexpired term?\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Campaign of 1880, 4. Stephens elected governor.\\n2. Cotton Exposition of 1881. 5. Boynton governor.\\n3. Senatorial changes. 6. McDaniel governor.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXI.\\nADMINISTRATION OF McDANIEL.\\nGOVERNOR h; D. McDANIEL.\\nLet lis resolve, each in his appropriate sphere, to contribute all in our power to proniot*\\nthe happiness and prosperity of all the people of the State, by insuring to them the im-\\npartial execution of just law. -Gov. H. D. McDaniel.\\nHenry D. McDaniel was inau-\\ngurated governor on the lOtli of\\nMay, 1883, in the presence of the\\nlegislature, which then adjourned.\\nThe legislature convened again in\\nJuly. Among the important acts\\npassed during its session was one\\nappropriating a million dollars for a\\nState Capitol, in Atlanta. The build-\\ning which has since been erected is a\\nmagnificent and beautiful structure.\\nIt is situated on one of the squares\\nof the city. The material is limestone, with Georgia granite\\nfor the foundation and base, and marble for the interior.\\nThe construction of the building was placed in the hands\\nof a commission consisting of Governor McDaniel, Captain\\nEvan P. Howell, General Phil Cook, General E. P. Alexander,\\nand W. W. Thomas. It was completed and occupied in 1880.\\nAfter it was finished afcAV dollars of the appropriation Avere still\\nleft unexpended, and it is said to be the only State capitol ever\\nbuilt, the cost of which did not exceed the appropriation.\\nThe legislature of 1884 reelected Joseph E. Brown United\\nStates Senator for a full twm of six years.\\nThe legislature of 1885 passed an act autliorizing the\\nestablishment of a School of Technology, as a branch of the", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "oo2 History of Georgia.\\nState University. The sum of $G5,000 was appropriated for\\nerecting and equipping the Ijuiklings for the new depart-\\nment. This school, which is located in Atlanta, contains a\\nfoundry and machine shops, for instruction in all kinds of\\nmetal and wood working. There are also courses in draw-\\ning, science, mathematics, and other branches necessary to\\nmake a young man an intelligent and skilful mechanic.\\nThe most important measure passed by the legislature of\\n1885, was a general local o2)tion law. This law provided that\\nupon aj)plication by petition signed by one-tenth of the\\nvoters in any county, the Court of Ordinary should order an\\nelection to be held to determine whether or not intoxicating\\nliquors should be sold in the county. Before the j^assing of\\nthis general local option law, applications for holding such\\nelections used to be made to the legislature, and many courts\\nand districts had voted in favor of prohibition.\\n[Plenry D, McDaniel was born in Monroe, Walton County, in 1837.\\nHe graduated at Mercer University, studied law and practised in Mon-\\nroe, He was the youngest member of the Secession Convention in 1861.\\nHe was in the Confederate army, and commanded a brigade at Gettys-\\nburg. After tlie war he was elected to the legislature and became chair-\\nman of tlie Finance Committee. He was autlior of a law for the taxation\\nof raih-oads, tliat lias been adopted in other States. After his term of of-\\nfice, he resumed the practice of law in Monroe.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho was inaugurated Governor in 1883 What act was passed by the\\nlegislature in July? Tell about the construction of the State capitol.\\nTell about the School of Technology. What important measure was\\npassed by the legislature of 1885? What did the law provide?\\nTOPICS.\\n1. McDaniel inaugurated. 3. The School of Technology.\\n2. The New Cai)itol. 4. Local Option I^aw.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXII.\\nADMIiTISTRATION OF GORDON.\\nFrom political confusion, angry controversies, and bloody conflicts have come a\\nnational life more robust, a national peace more real and a national union more enduring.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Gen. John B. Gordon.\\nOk October 0^ 1880, General\\nJohn B. Gordon was elected gov-\\nernor. His service in the war\\nand in the Senate, his high char-\\nacter, and his genial manner had\\nendeared him to the people.\\nAt the election of 1886, the\\npeople ratified an amendment to\\nthe State Constitntion, giving the\\nlegislature power to levy a tax for\\nsuppl3^ing soldiers who had lost a\\nlimb or limbs in the military ser-\\nvice of the Confederate States\\nand to\\nGENERAL JOHN\\n(From a photograph,\\nwith artificial limbs\\nmake provision for Confeder-\\nate soldiers who had been\\ndisabled in the war.\\nIn August, 1887, an inter-\\nstate convention of farmers\\nwas held in Atlanta. Repre-\\nsentatives from all the South-\\nern States were present. The\\ncauses of the agricultural de-\\npression were discussed, and\\nremedies proposed.\\nMcrii\\nLOUAN E. BLECKLEY.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "334\\nHISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nA resolution was passed recommending that the National\\nDepartment of Agriculture be advanced to the dignity of a cab-\\ninet position. This has since been done, and a Minister of\\nAgriculture is n ow\\none of the mem-\\nbers of the Presi-\\ndent s cal)iiu t.\\nNORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE FOR GIRLS, MILLEDGEVILLE.\\nAt the ses-\\nsion of the\\nlegislature in\\nOctober,\\n1887, Logan\\nE. Bleckley\\nwas elected\\nChief Justice\\nof the Su-\\npreme Court,\\nto succeed\\nJudge James Jackson, who died in the previous January.\\nAt the election in October, 1888, Governor Gordon was re-\\nelected without opposition.\\nIn 1889 the legislature passed an act providing for tlie\\nestablishment of a Normal and Industrial College for Girls.\\nThe institution is located at Milledgeville. Its course of in-\\nstruction includes stenography, bookkeeping, telegraphing,\\ndressmaking, cooking, music, and art. One of the college\\nbuildings is the Mansion, which for many years was the resi-\\ndence of the governors of the State.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "Annual Expositions,\\n335\\nAnnual expositions were\\ncommenced, in 1887 in Atlanta\\nand Augusta. President Cleve-\\nland and his wife visited the\\nAtlanta Exposition in 1887.\\nThe death of the young\\njournalist and orator, Henry\\nW. Grady, wliich occurred in\\n1889 in Atlanta, caused pro-\\nfound grief throughout the\\ncountry. Memorial meetings\\nwere held in many places. A\\nstatue has heen erected to his\\nmemory in Atlanta, and the Grady Hospital in that city is\\nnamed in his honor.\\nHERNY W. GRADY.\\n[Henry W. Grady was born in Athens, 1851. He was graduated at\\nthe State University of Virginia. Upon his return to Georgia he took\\nup the profession of journaHsm. He was an able writer and an eloquent\\npublic speaker. Some of his speeches attracted national attention, no-\\ntably that on the The New South delivered in New York that on The\\nSouth, Her Problems, delivered at Dallas, Texas; and the speeches at\\nPlymouth Rock and Boston. He died on December 21, 1889.]\\n[Logan E. Bleckley was born in Rabun County, in 1827. He was ad-\\nmitted to the bar at 19 years of age, and in 1851 he began to practise law\\nin Atlanta. In 1853 he was elected judge of the Coweta Circuit, and\\nserved for four years. In 1875 he was appointed to the Supreme Court.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWho was elected governor in 188G What amendment to the Consti-\\ntution was ratified at the same election What convention was held in\\nAtlanta in 1887? Who was elected chief justice in 1887? What college\\nwas created by the legislature in 1889? What of Henry W. Grady?\\n1. Gordon elected governor.\\n2. The injured soldiers.\\nTOPICS.\\n3. Farmers Convention.\\n4. Normal and Industrial College.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXIII.\\nADMINISTRATION^ OF GOVERNOR NORTIIEN.\\nIn the light of the blessed present, gather strength and courage for the possibilities of\\nthe future. Loving all that is good, despising nothing but evil, in the fullest sympathy\\nfor the misfortunes of each other, and in united jjurijose for the good of tiie State, let us\\nstrike together as with one arm for home, for humanity, and for the right. William J.\\nNOKTIIEN.\\n^^i\\\\ f*\\nGOVEKNOIi WILLIAM\\nWilliam J. Northen, Presi-\\ndent of the State Agricultural\\nSociety, was candidate for the\\nDemocratic nomination for gov-\\nernor. The Farmers Alliance en-\\ndorsed him, and he was nominated\\nand elected without opposition,\\na very unusual thing in our State.\\nThe Farmers Alliance was a\\nsociety to advance the interests of\\nfarmers, and one of its purposes\\nwas to secure better laws. As\\nGeorgia is a great agricultural\\nState, the Alliance soon had\\na large membership in every\\ncounty, and exercised great in-\\nfluence in political affairs.\\nThe twenty-year lease of the\\nAVestern and Atlantic Kailroad\\nexpired in 1890, and the disposi-\\ntion of this property excited great\\ninterest for some time. The\\nlegislature finally decided to\\nlease the property again, and in\\nJune of that year the bid of the Nashville, Chattanooga and\\nCUAI4LES F. CKlSr.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "Census of 1890.\\n337\\nSt. Louis Railway was accepted. The State still oavus the\\nroad^ and the Eailway Oomj^any pays a rental of 135,000 a\\nmonth for twenty-nine years.\\nThe legislature in November elected General Gordon the\\nthird time to the United States Senate to succeed Governor\\nBrown, who declined\\na reelection.\\nBy the census of\\n1890 the population\\nof tlie State was one\\nmillion eig-ht liun-\\nTATE KOKAIAL SCHOOL, ATHENS.\\ndred a\u00c2\u00abiid thirty-seven tuousand three hundred and fifty-three,\\nan increase of nearly three hundred thousand in ten years.\\nUnder the new apportionment Georgia gained another mem-\\nber in Congress.\\nWhen the new Congress assembled in 1891, Judge Charles\\nF. Crisp, of Americus, was elected Speaker of the House of\\nRepresentatives. He had for some years been recognized as\\na leader in that body, and as its presiding officer he won the\\napproval of the whole country.\\nA State Normal School for the training of teachers was\\nprovided for by the legislature in 1891, and located at\\nAthens, in the building known as Rock College, and occu-\\npied formerly as an experiment station for students of agri-", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "3 6H\\nHISTORY OF UEORGIA.\\nculture at the University. The Normal School is under\\nthe control of a special commission, and is a branch of the\\nState University. For the first three years it was oj^en only\\nduring the summer, but in 1895 arrangements were made\\nfor a full session, and the doors were opened on the 17th\\nof April of tliat year.\\nThe same legislature in 1891 made the first Monday in\\nSeptember, Labor Day, a legal holiday in tlie State.\\nIn May, 1891, many of the leaders of the Farmers Alliance\\nof the United States formed a new party which they named\\nthe People s Party, though it\\nis sometimes called the Popu-\\nlist or Third Party. Many\\nmembers of the Alliance in\\nGeorgia joined this party, and\\nThomas E. AVatson, of Thom-\\nson, an able lawyer and mem-\\nnOKE SMITH.\\nber of Congress, became its\\nleader in the State. At the\\nelection for governor in 1892\\nthe People s Party nominated\\nAV. L. Peek as a candidate, but\\nGovernor Northen, the Demo-\\ncratic nominee, was reelected.\\nAt the same time the people\\nratified an amendment to the State Constitution which pro-\\nvides for a session of tlie legislature every year instead of\\nevery two years. Each session is limited to fifty days, and\\nbegins on the fourth AVednesday in October.\\nThe most exciting contest in the State in 1892 was in the\\nTenth Congressional District, between J. C. C. Black,\\nDemocrat, and Thomas E. AVatson, leader of the People s\\nParty. It attracted the attention of the whole country.\\nBlack was declared elected. AVatson contested the election\\nbefore Congress, but Black retained liis seat.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "SUI^A TORIAL A PP0INr3IENTS.\\n339\\nIn recent years the electoral vote of Georgia has always\\nbeen given for the Democratic candidate for President of\\nthe United States, and in 1802 this vote was given to Grover\\nCleveland. He selected Hoke\\nSmith, of Atlanta, one of the\\nleading lawyers of the State,\\nas a member of his Cabinet.\\nSenator Colquitt died in\\nMarch, 1894, and Governor\\nNorthen appointed as his suc-\\ncessor Judge Crisp, who felt\\nit his duty to decline because\\nhe was then Speaker of the\\nHouse of Eepresentatives of\\nCongress, and leading mem-\\nbers of that body urged that\\nhe could not be spared. The\\ngovernor then appointed Pat-\\nrick Walsh, of Augusta, well\\nknown as editor of the Chronicle and Constitution.\\nPATRICK WALSH.\\n[William J. Northen was born in Jones County, Georgia, July ,8,\\n1835. He was graduated at Mercer University in 1853. He began\\nteaching school in 1854. After the war he returned to Hancock County\\nand taught school until 1874, when, because of ill health, he went to\\nfarming. He was in the State Democratic Convention of 1867, repre-\\nsentative from Hancock County in the General Assembly of 1877, 1878,\\n1879, and in the notable gubernatorial convention of 1880. He was\\nrepresentative again in 1881, and Senator in 1884-85.]\\n[Charles Frederick Crisp was born in Sheffield, England, on January\\n29, 1845. His parents were Americans temporarily sojourning in Eng-\\nland, and they returned to this country in 1846. At the close of the\\nwar he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar. In\\n1872 he was appointed solicitor-general of the southwestern district,\\nand served until 1877, when he was appointed Judge of the Superior\\nCourt. He resigned this office to become a candidate for Congress from", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "340 HISTORY OF GEORGIA,\\nthe Third Georgia district. lie was Speaker of the Fifty-second and\\nFifty-third Congress. He died in Atlanta in 189G.]\\n[Hoke Smith was born in North Carolina September 1, 1855. He\\nlocated in Atlanta, where he read law and was admitted to the bar.\\nFrom the first he was successful, and soon rose to front rank as a lawyer.\\nHe bought the Atlanta Journal, but continued his profession. During\\nthe campaign of 1892 he was recognized as the leader of the Cleveland\\nparty in the State. He was appointed secretary of the interior in\\nCleveland s Cabinet, and served with distinction until July, 1896, when\\nhe resigned because he intended to vote for the nominee of the Chicago\\nDemocratic Convention although he did not approve the platform.]\\n[Thomas E. Watson was born in Columbia County, Georgia, Septem-\\nber 5, 1856, and entered Mercer University in 1873. Leaving college\\nJuly, 1874, he became a school teacher in Screven County. lie was ad-\\nmitted to the bar in Augusta in 1875, and located at Thomson in Novem-\\nber, 1876. He was a member of the Georgia legislature in 1882, and\\nwas elected to Congress in 1890. In 1896 he was the nominee of the\\nPeople s Party for Vice-President.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat of Governor Northen s election? What was the object of the\\nFarmers- Alliance? What about the Western and Atlantic Railroad in\\n1890? Who was elected to the United States Senate to succeed Governor\\nBrown? Wliat was the population of Georgia in 1890? What prominent\\nGeorgian was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1891?\\nWhat school was established by the legislature in 1891? What new\\npolitical party was formed in 1891? Who was its leader in Georgia?\\nWhat amendment to the State Constitution was ratified in 1892? What\\nGeorgian was made a member of President Cleveland s Cabinet? What\\nsenator died in 1894, and who was appointed to succeed him?\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Northen governor. 4. State Normal School.\\n2. Farmers Alliance. 5. Peoi)le s party.\\n3. Western and Atlantic Railroad. 6. National elections.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXIV.\\nADMIN-ISTRATION OF GOYERNOE:jja.TKIKSON-.\\nHe who serves the people wisely, courageously and unselfishly, will receive his re-\\nward in the merited esteem of his countrymen, who will love him for the enemies\\nwhich he may have made in his devotion to duty. W. Y. Atkinson.\\nIk 1894 two candidates ap-\\npeared for the Democratic\\nnomination for governor\\nW. Y. Atkinson, Speaker of\\nthe House of Eepresentatives,\\nand General Clement A.\\nEvans. After a series of joint\\ndebates and a few months\\nvigorous campaign, it became\\nevident that a majority of\\nthe delegates were for Atkin-\\nson. General Evans withdrew\\nin the interest of party har-\\nmony, and Atkinson was\\nnominated.\\nThe Republicans put no State ticket in the field. The\\nnominee of the People s Party was Judge James K. Hines.\\nThe total vote cast at the election in October was the largest\\nin the history of the State, being nearly 218,000. Atkinson\\nwas elected and inaugurated.\\nWhen the legislature met Mr. Walsh was elected United\\nStates senator for the unexpired term of Senator Colquitt,\\nand Augustus 0. Bacon, of Macon, was elected to succeed\\nhim for the full term. The legislature also elected Judge\\nThomas J. Simmons, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court,\\nGOVERNOE W. T. ATKINSON.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "342\\nHISTORY OF Georgia.\\nAUGUSTUS O. BAeON.\\nto succeed Judge Bleckley,\\nwho had resigned.\\nA noted contest for election\\nof Member of Congress oc-\\ncurred in the Tenth Congres-\\nsional District between James\\nC. C. Blacky of Augusta, the\\nDemocratic candidate, and\\nThomas E. Watson, of Thom-\\nson, the Populist candidate.\\nThe majority of votes was\\ncounted for Black, but each\\nparty admitting that there had\\nbeen fraud on its side, he agreed\\nthat there should be another\\nelection. The legislature of 1894 made an election law that\\ninsured fairness, and in the second election, which was held\\nearly in 1895, Black was chosen by a majority of 1,002.\\nIn 1895 the International and Cotton States Exposition\\nwas held in Atlanta, and all the industries and resources\\nof the South were fully represented. This fair ranks\\namong the greatest that have\\nbeen held in the country.\\nThere were exhibits from all\\nover the Union, aiul from\\nSouth American and foreign\\ncountries. The number of\\nvisitors was very great. The\\nExposition opened Septem-\\nber 18, and closed December\\n31.\\nIn 1890 Governor Atkinson\\nwas reelected, his opponent\\nbeing Seaborn Wright, candi-\\ndate of the People s j^arty.\\nTHOMAS J. bUUilONS.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "Public School Syste3l\\n343\\nThe legislature of 1896 elected Alexander S. Clay, of\\nMarietta, United States Senator for six years, from March 4,\\n1897, to succeed John B. Gordon.\\nGreat progress has been made in education during the past\\nfew years. The public school\\nsystem was begun in 1871,\\nunder General J. K. Lewis, as\\nState school commissioner.\\nIn January, 1872, General\\nLewis was succeeded by Gus-\\ntavus J. Orr, who was called\\nthe father of common schools\\nin Georgia. Dr. Orr retained\\nthe place until his death in\\n1887, and was succeeded by\\nJudge James S. Hook. Gov-\\nernor Northen appointed S.\\nD. Bradwell to the office, who\\nin turn was succeeded by G.\\nE. Glenn under Governor Atkinson^s administration. During\\nall these years the system has grown steadily. At first there\\nwas only a three months term of school every year, but now\\na six months term is the rule throughout the State, and in\\nthe cities, where the State fund is supplemented by a local\\nfund, the schools are open nine months. The school fund\\namounts from all sources to nearly a million and a half dollars\\nper annum. There are about ten thousand teachers who in-\\nstruct a half million of children.\\nHere our history comes to a close for the present. We\\nhave reviewed the glorious past of our State we have traced\\nits development, and followed its progress to prosperity\\nthrough many difficulties and dangers. The little seed\\nplanted at Yamacraw has grown to be a great tree. The\\nsmall settlement has swelled into an Empire State. With\\npatriotic pride we contemplate its present glory, and antici-\\nALEXANDER STEPHENS CLAT.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "3U History of Georgia.\\npate still greater achievements, tending to the increased wel-\\nfare and happiness of our people, in the time to come.\\n[Augustus 0. Bacon was born in Bryan County in 1839. In 1860 he\\ngraduated at the law school of the University and began practising law\\nin Atlanta. In May, 1861, he joined the army. After the war he went\\nto Macon and resumed the practice of the law. In 1870 he was elected\\nto the legislature, and in 1873 was chosen Speaker, which office he held\\nfor a number of years. He was the most prominent candidate for gov-\\nernor in 1886. and his nomination was conceded until a few months be-\\nfore the election, when General Gordon entered the race and was nomi-\\nnated. He was elected Senator in 1894.]\\n[Thos. J. Simmons was born in Crawford County in 1837. His early\\neducation was received at the common schools of the neighborhood and\\ncompleted at LaGrange. He began the practice of the law in 1857 at\\nKnoxville. He served in the Confederate Army, reaching the rank of\\nlieutenant-colonel. After the war he moved to Macon. He was a mem-\\nber of the legislature for several years, serving two terms as president\\nof the Senate. In 1887 he was elected to the Supreme Court to fill the\\nvacancy caused by the death of Judge Hall.]\\n[W. Y. Atkinson was born in Meriwether County in 1854. He was a\\ngraduate of the State University and began to practise law in Newnan.\\nHe was elected to the legislature from Coweta County, and was speaker\\nof that body during the session of 1892-93. He was chairman of the\\nState Executive Democratic Committee in 1892.]\\n[Alexander S. CJay was born in Cobb County in 1853. He received his\\neducation at Hiwassee College, and began to practise law in Marietta in\\n1887. In 1884 he represented Cobb County in the legislature. In 1888\\nhe was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives. In 1890 he was\\nchosen to the State Senate, and was elected president of that body. In\\n1894 he was chosen chairman of the State Democratic Committee.]\\nQUESTIONS.\\nWhat two Democratic candidates appeared for nomination for gov-\\nernor in 1894 Who was nominated Who was the nominee of the\\nPeople s party? Who was elected? Tell about the contest for Congress\\nin the Tenth District? Tell of the Exposition in Atlanta in 1895. Who\\nwas elected governor in 1896? Who senator What of public schools\\nTOPICS.\\n1. Atkinson elected governor. 3. Atlanta Exposition.\\n2. Contest in the Tenth District. 4. Public schools.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\nTOPOGKAPHY.\\nPosition.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Georgia lies between 30\u00c2\u00b0 21 39 and 35\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude,\\nand 80\u00c2\u00b0 51 43 and 84\u00c2\u00b0 45 21 longitude west from Greenwich or 3\u00c2\u00b0 48\\n41 and 7\u00c2\u00b0 42 19 west from Washington city. Its greatest length from\\nnorth to south is 320 miles, and its greatest width from east to west, 254\\nmiles.\\nBoundary. The State is bounded on the north by Tennessee and\\nNorth Carolina, on the east by the Savannah River and the Atlantic\\nOcean, on the south by Florida, and on the west by Alabama and\\nFlorida.\\nArea. The area of Georgia is 58,000 square miles, or 37,120,000\\nacres. It was the largest of the thirteen original States. It now\\nranks ninth in size in the United States. Its geographical centre is\\nabout twenty miles below Macon.\\nSurface. The surface is mountainous in the northern part, low and\\nlevel in the middle and southern parts, and low and swampy along the\\ncoast and the Florida border. Northeast Georgia has the greatest\\nelevation above the sea, the average being 1,500. There are peaks\\nthat rise nearly as high as 4,800 feet. These belong to the Blue Ridge\\nand Alleghany Mountains. Mount Enotah, in Towns County, 4,796 feet\\nhigh, is the tallest peak in the State. In this section are the beauti-\\nful Falls of Toccoa and Tallulah and the famous Valley of Nacoochee.\\nNorthwest Georgia is not so mountainous as northeast. Its average\\nelevation is 750 feet above the sea. Middle Georgia, extending from\\nthe Savannah to the Chattahoochee River, has an average elevation of\\n750 feet, ^he lands are generally level. Southwest Georgia is of a\\ngreatly rolling surface, free from rocks, and is covered with vast tracts\\nof long-leaf pine, commonly called Georgia pine. Southeast Georgia\\nhas a low, level surface, averaging 175 feet above sea-level. In the\\nsoutheast corner is Okefinokee swamp. It has a circumference of 180", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "ii RIVERS AND HARBORS.\\nmiles. It is filled with pools and small islands, and is the home of\\nsnakes and alligators.\\nRivers. The watershed which extends from the northeast corner of\\nthe State down to Atlanta, divides the rivers, sending some to the Gulf\\nof Mexico and others to the Atlantic Ocean. There are upwards of\\nfifty streams large enough to be classed as rivers. It is estimated that\\nthe water-power of the State would be sufficient for the manufacture of all\\nthe cotton grown in the world, or to grind all the grain produced in\\nthe United States. Following is a list of the chief navigable rivers\\nName.\\nLen(\\niTH\\nNavigable to\\nSavannah\\n450 miles\\nAugusta\\nOgeechee\\n200\\nLouisville\\nOconee\\n300\\nMilledgeville\\nOcmulgee\\n400\\nMacon\\nFlint\\n800\\nAlbany\\nAltamaha\\nTO\\nEntire length\\nChattahoochee\\n420\\nColumbus\\nCoast. The coast is very irregularly indented. It has a shore-line on\\nthe Atlantic Ocean of 480 miles, running a southwest direction for 128\\nmiles.\\nHarbors. The principal seacoast harbors are Savannah, Darien,\\nBrunswick, and St. Mary s. The bar of Savannah has nineteen feet of\\nwater that of Sapelo, at the entrance of the Altamaha, fourteen feet\\nBrunswick, seventeen feet St. Mary s, fourteen feet. An extensive\\nshipping trade is carried on at Brunswick and Savannah.\\nIslands. The coast is skirted by a number of islands which are low,\\nflat, and sandy. Cumberland Island, thirty miles long, is covered with\\nmagnificent oak forests, and lined with palms, palmettos, and shrubbery.\\nThe other principal islands are Ossabaw, St. Catherine s, Sapelo, St.\\nSimon s, and Jekyl.\\nSounds.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The principal sounds are St. Andrew s, St. Simon s, Alta-\\nmaha, Doboy, Sapelo, St. Catherine, and Ossabaw.\\nClimate. The mountains, hills, plains, and lowlands of Georgia give\\nto the State nearly every variety of climate. The summer s heat and the\\nwinter s cold are tempered by breezes from the Gulf of Mexico and the", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "History of Georgia. iii\\nAtlantic Ocean. The average summer temperature in the northern part\\nof the State is 72\u00c2\u00b0 the winter temperature, 32\u00c2\u00b0. In the southern sections\\nthe summer temperature is 80\u00c2\u00b0; the winter, 52\u00c2\u00b0. The average annual\\ntemperature of the State is 60\u00c2\u00b0.\\nSo mild and equable is the climate that Georgia is a favorite resort\\nfor invalids from Northern States, who in the winter time come in large\\nnumbers to Savannah, Augusta, Thomasville, and other places.\\nRainfall. The average rainfall is about forty-eight inches per year.\\nThe prevailing winds come from the southeast and southwest and dis-\\ntribute the rains, thus preventing severe drought.\\nSoil. In the northern part of the State the soil is composed of dis-\\nintegrated limestones and shales of the silurian and carboniferous for-\\nmations, decomposed granites, gneiss, and schist. In the central\\nportion of the State the red clays and gray soils are composed of dis-\\nintegrated feldspar, with potash. The red hills of Georgia have become\\nfamous. In southern Georgia the soil is of limestone, marl, rich allu-\\nvium, and sandy tracts. In southeast Georgia the soil is loam or sand,\\nwith a red or yellow clay subsoil. These soils are all productive, and\\nyield large crops.\\nPRODUCTS.\\nAgricultural Products. There is nothing grown in any State of\\nthe Union, with the exception, perhaps, of Florida, that cannot be raised\\nin Georgia. Cotton is the great agricultural product of the State. Be-\\nfore the Civil War one-sixth of the total cotton crop of the United\\nStates was grown in Georgia. Xow 3,000,000 acres are planted each year,\\nproducing about 1,000,000 bales, valued at |35,000,000. A special prod-\\nuct of the State is the celebrated sea-island or long-staple cotton. With\\nthe exception of a small quantity raised in South Carolina and Florida,\\nnearly all of this valuable variety produced in the United States is\\ngrown in Georgia, chiefly on the islands along the seacoast.\\nOther agricultural products of the State are corn, oats, w^heat, rice,\\nrye, wool, flax, hemp, jute, silk, sugar-cane, tobacco, tea, indigo, peas,\\nLeans, and all kinds of garden vegetables. In the southern portion of\\nthe State vegetables can be raised in winter.\\nFruits.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fruits of all kinds known in the temperate zone grow in\\nGeorgia. The apple, peach, pear, grape, fig, pomegranate, cherry, plum,\\nraspberry, strawberry, and olive are produced in large quantities.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "iv WOODS A2\\\\D MINERALS.\\nOranges, bananas, lemons, and pecans grow on the coast. Watermelons\\nand cantaloupes, famous for kind and quality, are raised in the midland\\ndistricts.\\nWood. About two hundred and thirty varieties of wood grow in\\nGeorgia. There are extensive pine forests on the coast and in the\\nsouthern districts, and the live oaks in the vicinity of Brunswick supply\\nthe most valuable ship timber found in the United States. This indus-\\ntry is worth over $2,000,000 annually. Georgia pine is much esteemed\\nand largely used for doors, mantels, staircases, and other house furnish-\\nings. It has a beautiful color of rich red or yellow. There is an inex-\\nhaustible supply of the finest kind of this wood in the forests of middle\\nand lower Georgia. In the swamp there are immense quantities of\\ncypress, used for shingles palmetto, used for wharf piles, and other fine\\nwoods. Its timber is valued at |5, 000, 000. Besides these, the woods\\nand forests of Georgia produce in large abundance walnut, poplar, oak\\nof all kinds, chestnut, hickory, cedar, sweet gum, ash, elm, maple,\\nbeech, magnolia, Cottonwood, and sycamore.\\nPasturage. The variety of grasses native to Georgia is very large,\\noffering the best facilities for sheep and cattle raising. Blue grass,\\nBermuda grass, the celebrated wire grass, and other varieties, and many\\nkinds of pens, and young cane, afford a rich pasturage for cattle. In\\nGeorgia stock-raising and dairy-farming are rapidly becoming industries\\nof importance. The value of live stock in the State is nearly $27,500,000.\\nMinerals. The gold-producing region of the State is chiefly in the\\ncounties of Lumpkin, Habersham, Forsyth, and Hall. Before gold\\nwas discovered in California the placers in northern Georgia were\\nworked with much profit, the metal being found in the streams and\\nmixed up with the quartz rocks of the hills. In 1853 the Dahlonega\\nmint coined gold bullion of nearly half a million dollars value. At\\npresent the gold-mining produces about $80,000 annually. In the\\nnorthwest corner of the State, along the ridges between the Alabama and\\nTennessee borders, there are immense beds of coal. Iron ore is also\\nfound in this district. The annual output of coal and iron amounts to\\nmany thousand tons. Stone Mountain, in DeKalb County, twenty\\nniiles from Atlanta, is the largest mass of rock in the world. It has\\nquarries of granite that makes the best paving for streets, as well as\\nexcellent building stone. Copper, silver, and lead ores are found in\\nthe Cohutta Mountains. In the Blue Bidge is a vein of marble. Other\\nminerals of north Georgia are manganese, kaolin, asbestos, mica, and\\nsoapstone, besides the diamond, ruby, amethyst, and opal, Avhich have", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF GEORGIA. V\\nbeen found in the mountains. The total capital invested in mining in\\nthe State is about |270,000.\\nINDUSTKIES.\\nManufactures. The chief manufactures are of cotton goods. There\\nare over fifty cotton factories in the State, with an aggregate capital\\nof $12,000,000, giving employment to over 10,000 hands, and turning\\nout goods to the annual value of nearly $13,000,000. The largest of the\\nestablishments are the Eagle and Phoenix Mills, at Columbus the Sibley\\nMills, the King Mills, and the Augusta Factory, at Augusta. The\\ncotton factories consume fourteen per cent, of the cotton product of\\nthe State, or 140,000 bales annually. Among the other manufacturing\\nindustries, there are grain mills, lumber mills, turpentine mills, and\\nironworks. Altogether there are $20,000,000 invested in manufactories\\nin the State, employing 30,000 hands, and producing goods to the annual\\nvalue of $40,000,000.\\nCommerce. The favorable location, extensive railroad system, and the\\nnumerous navigable streams of Georgia, give it great advantages for\\ncommerce. Situated between the North and Southwest and between\\nth^ West and Atlantic harbors, traffic between those sections passes\\nthrough the State. Atlanta and Savannah are the principal commercial\\ncentres. The chief articles of export are cotton, lumber, rice, fruits, and\\ngrain. The value of the foreign commerce of the State is estimated at\\n$25,000,000 a year. One hundred vessels of over 2,000 tons burden are\\nemployed in the foreign and coast trade.\\nRailroads. There are over forty railroad companies in Georgia, and\\nover 5,000 miles of railroad, the value of which is $62,000,000. Every\\npart of the State is intersected by lines of railroad, and thus opened to\\ncommerce. Atlanta, Columbus, Macon, Savannah, and Augusta are the\\nchief railroad centres.\\nThe taxable property of Georgia is nearly $500,000,000.\\nCIVIL GOVERNMENT.\\nConstitution. The present constitution was adopted in 1877. Among\\nits most important provisions are the following\\nRights of Citizens, No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or\\nproperty, but by due process of law the writ of habeas corpus shall not\\nbe suspended no person shall be prohibited from holding any public\\noffice on account of his religion slavery is prohibited there shall be no", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "vi Departments of Goverkment,\\nimprisonment for debt people shall have the right to keep and bear\\narms all lotteries are prohibited lobbying is a crime.\\nElectoral Laws. All elections shall be by ballot. With the excep-\\ntion of penitentiary convicts and insane persons, every male citizen of\\nthe United States, twenty-one years of age, resident of the State one\\nyear, and of the county six months, and liaving paid all taxes required\\nof him, is entitled to vote at all elections. Persons holding public money\\nunaccounted for, or convicted of duelling, shall not be eligible to office.\\nOn election days the sale of intoxicating drinks is forbidden within two\\nmiles of the polls.\\nThe Legislature. The general assembly consists of two houses the\\nsenate and the house of representatives. The senate has forty-four\\nmembers, and the house one hundred and seventy-five the members of\\nboth are elected every two years. The sessions of the assembly are annual,\\nbeginning on the second Wednesday in November, and continuing for\\nfifty days. The senate is presided over by a president, and the house of\\nrepresentatives by a speaker, each elected from and by the members of\\neach house respectively.\\nThe legislature has the power of making laws. Every bill, before it\\nbecomes a law, must be read three times, on three separate days, in eaj h\\nhouse, and then receive a majority of the votes of the members present,\\nand be approved by the governor. The governor may veto, or disap-\\nprove of a bill. In this case it may still become law by having a two-\\nthirds majority in both houses. The salary of members of the assembly\\nis $4 per day, and they are allowed ten cents a mile for travelling ex-\\npenses to and from each session.\\nExecutive Power. The officers of the executive department are the\\ngovernor, secretary of State, comptroller-general, and treasurer. The\\ngovernor is elected every two years, and he has a salary of $3,000 per\\nannum. He must be not under thirty years of age, must be a citizen of\\nthe L nited States for fifteen years, and of the State for six years. In case\\nof the death of the governor, the president of the senate occupies the\\noffice until the next election. The governor is the commander-in-chief\\nof the army and militia of the State. He has the power of granting\\npardons, except for treason and in cases of impeachment, and has the\\npower of vetoing bills passed by the general assembly.\\nJudiciary. The judicial powers are vested in one supreme court,\\ntwenty-three superior courts, courts of ordinary, and courts in each\\ncounty. Tlie supreme court consists of a chief justice and two associate\\njustices, elected by the legislature for a term of six years. It sits only", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "HliSTORY OF GEORGIA,\\nvu\\nat the capital, and on appeal corrects errors of the inferior courts. For\\neach of the twenty-three judicial circuits there is a superior court\\njudge elected by the legislature for a terra of four years. These must sit\\nat least twice a year in each county. In some of the larger cities there\\nis a city court, which ranks with the superior court within the corpora-\\ntion limits. The court of ordinary in each county has charge of the\\nprobation of wills and the management of estates, and usually has juris-\\ndiction over roads, bridges, public buildings, etc., but in some counties\\nthese are in the hands of the county commissioners. There are one\\njustice of the peace and one notary public in each militia district.\\nTaxes may be levied by the general assembly for support of the State\\ngovernment for educational purposes and to pay interest and princi-\\npal of the public debt.\\nGeorgia has two senators and eleven representatives in the Congress of\\nthe United States. The senators are elected by the legislature for a\\nterm of six years. The representatives are chosen every two years by\\nthe people, one from each congressional district.\\nThe State is divided into eleven congressional districts, forty-four sena-\\ntorial districts, 137 counties, and about 1,400 militia districts. In case\\nof war each militia district w^ould be expected to furnish a certain num-\\nber of men for service.\\nThe convicts of the State were formerly held at labor in a penitentiary\\nat Milledgeville. They are now leased out on hire to industrial and agri-\\ncultural companies and individuals. They are kept at seventeen camps,\\nas they are called, which contain about two thousand convicts, the\\nmajority of whom are negroes.\\nPopulation. The population of Georgia, according to the census of\\n1890, was 1,837,353, of whom 978,307 were whites and 858,996 colored.\\nThe following table shows the increase since 1790\\n1790\\n1800\\n1810\\n1820\\n1830\\n1840\\n82,548\\n162,101\\n258,433\\n340,433\\n576,823\\n691,392\\n1850\\n1860\\n1870\\n1880\\n1890\\n906,185\\n1,057,286\\n1,184,109\\n1,542,180\\n1,837,353", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "CESSIOIsrS OF LAND BY THE II^DIAI^S.\\nThe laud which George II. granted to the Trustees was occupied by the Indians, and\\nit was necessarj for Oglethorpe to secure a grant from them also before settlements were\\nmade. As more land was needed it was bought from the Indians by the king as long as\\nGeorgia was a province of England. After the Revolution, the United States recognized\\nthe Indian titles just as England had done, and though Georgia nominally owned all the\\nland within her boundaries, the Indians were in possession, and the people of Georgia\\ncould not settle on any land until it had been ceded by these Indians.\\nThe boundaries of the land which the Trustees bought from the Indians were not\\ndefinitely fixed until the Conference of Augusta in 1763. Ten years later, 1773, the king\\nacquired an additional tract lying along the Savannah River north of Augusta. The\\nwestern boundary of this tract and the boundary line established in 1763 mark the west-\\nern limit of the land in possession of the State at the end of the Revolution.\\nThe treaty of 1783 was made between Georgia and the Creek and Cherokee Indians.\\nBy this treaty the State acquired the land marked with this date. The State of Georgia\\nalso made a treaty at Galphinton in 1785 by which certain other lands were acquired, but\\nunder the Articles of Confederation the United States had the sole right to make treaties\\nwith other nations, and the Indians were nations. For this reason Georgia s treaty was\\ndeclared void. The boundary line fixed between the Creeks and the Cherokees and\\nGeorgia in 1783 was confirmed by a treaty with the United States at Hopewell in 1785,\\nbut the Indians refused to confirm the treaty of Galphinton. Thus for a time Georgia\\nlost the use of a large tract of land, and there was great dissatisfaction in the State.\\nIn 1790 the United States Government made a treaty in New York City, with the Creek\\nIndians, by which the cession of 1783 was confirmed, and an additional tract of land\\nlying between the Oconee and the Ogeechee rivers was secured for the State of Georgia.\\nThe United States Government, by subsequent treaties, secured from the Indians pos-\\nsession of all their remaining lands in Georgia, and delivered these lands to the State.\\nThe United States paid the Indians for these lands, in consideration of Georgia s cession\\nof her western territory in 1802. The only tract of land for which the United States did\\nnot pay was the cession of 1814, at Fort Jackson. This large body of land was ceded by\\nthe Creeks to the United States as a war indemnity, in compensation for expenses of the\\nwar and losses incurred during its progress.\\nThe date of each successive treaty between the United States and the Indians, together\\nwith the boundary lines of the tract ceded, are given on the accompanying map. Each\\nof these cessions is mentioned in the text of the History in the chapter giving other events\\nof the year in which the treaty was made.\\nThe price paid to the Creeks in 1826 for the cession of all their remaining lands in the\\nState of Georgia Avas as follows \u00c2\u00a7217,600 was paid in cash, and all improvements on\\ntheir Georgia lands were to be appraised and paid for. A perpetual annuity of \u00c2\u00a720.000\\nwas to be paid to the nation, and lands were to be bought for them in the Indian Terri-\\ntory. The expenses of their removal to those lands were to be defrayed by the Govern-\\nment subsistence was furnished them for twelve months an agent and interpreter,\\na blacksmith and a wheelwright, were provided for tliem by the United States.\\nThe price paid the Cherokees in 1835 for all their lands east of the Mississippi River,\\nincluding lands in Tennessee and Alabama, was \u00c2\u00a75,000,000, with an additional sum of\\n$300,000 as an allowance for spoliations by citizens of the United States on Cherokee\\nl)roperty. Seven million acres of land which had already been given them in Indian\\nTerritory in 1828 were confirmed to them free of cost 800,000 acres were added, and", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "CussioNs OF Land by the Indians.\\nIX\\nthey were further given a perpetual outlet west, and free and unmolested use of all\\nthe country west of the western boundary of the said seven million acres, as far west as\\nthe sovereignty of the United States and their right of soil shall extend.\\nThe United States also agreed to pay the expense of their removal west, and to fur-\\nMAP SHOWING\\nCESSIONS OF l^ANDS\\nB\\\\ THE INDIANS\\nnish them rations for one year. All improvements on the lands which they ceded were\\nto be valued by commissioners and paid for. The outlet referred to above has ever since\\nbeen known as Cherokee Outlet, and is now a part of Oklahoma, having been bought\\nfrom the Cherokees by the United States for \u00c2\u00a75,000,000.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "LIST OF COUNTIES\\nShowing their Names, for whom named, the County Seat, when laid out, and present\\nPopulation.\\nName.\\nFor Whom.\\nCounty Seat.\\nLaid Popu-\\nout. lation.\\nAppling Col. Dan l Appling liaxley\\nBaker Col. John Baker Newton\\nBaldwin Abraham Baldwin Milledgeviile\\nBanks Dr. Richard Banks Homer\\nBartow Gen. Francis Bartow Cartersville\\nBerrien John M. Berrien Xashville\\nBibb Dr. W. W. Bibb Macon\\nBrooks Preston L. Brooks Quitman\\nBryan Jonathan Brvan Bryan\\nBullock Arch. Bullock Statesboro.\\nBurke Edmund Burke Waynesboro.\\nButts Captain Sam. Butts Jackson\\nCalhoun j John C. Calhoun Morgan\\nCamden Earl of Camden St. Mary s,\\nCampbell Duncan G. Campbell Fairburn\\nCarroll Charles Carroll Carrollton.\\nCatoosa Catoosa Rin^old\\nCharlton R. M. Charlton Trader s Hill\\nChatham Earl of Chatham Savannah\\nChattahoochee Chattahoochee River Cusseta\\nChattooga j Chattooga River Summerville.\\nCherokee JCherokee Indians Canton\\nClarke Gen. Elijah Clarke Athens\\nClav Ilenrv Clav Fort Gaines\\nClayton A. s/Clay ton Jonesboro\\nClinch Gen. Duncan S. Clinch\\nCobb John Cobb\\nCoffee\\nColquitt..\\nColumbia\\nCoweta.\\nCrawford.\\nDade\\nDawson\\nDecatur\\nDeKalb..\\nDodge\\nDooly\\nDougherty.\\nGen. John Coffee\\nWalter T. Colquitt.\\nChristopher Columbus\\nChief of the Cowetas\\nWm. 11. Crawford\\nMaj. Francis Dade\\nWm. C. Dawson\\nStephen Decatur\\nBaron De Kalb\\nWm. E. Dodge\\nCol. John Dooly\\nCharles Dougherty\\nHomerville\\nMarietta\\nDouglas\\nMoultrie\\nAppling\\nNewnan\\nKnoxville\\nTrenton\\nDawsonville\\nBainbridge\\nDecatur\\nEastman\\nVienna\\nAlbany\\nDouglasville\\nBlakelv\\nDouglas Stephen A. Douglas\\nEarl v iov. Peter Early\\nEchols Robert M. Echols 1 Staten viOe.\\nEffingham Lord Effingham Springfield\\nElbert IGov. Sam. Elbert Elberton\\nEmanuel Gov. David Emanuel\\nFannin\\nFayette\\nElovd\\nEorsyth\\nFranklin\\nFulton\\nGilmer\\nGlascock\\nGlynn\\nGordon\\nGreene\\nGwinnett\\nHabersham..\\nHall\\nHancock\\nHaralson\\nHarris\\nHart\\nHeard\\nHenry.\\nHouston\\nIrwin\\nCol. J. W. Fannin.\\nGen, La Fayette\\nGen. Floyd\\nGov. John Forsyth\\nBenjamin Franklin.\\nRobert Fulton\\nGov, Geo. R. Gilmer.\\nGen. Thos. Glascock.\\nSwainsboro.\\nMorganton\\nFayetteville\\nRome\\nGumming\\nCarnesville.\\n.\\\\tlanta\\nEllijay\\nGibson\\nJohn Glynn i Brunswick\\nWm. W. Gordon .Calhoun\\nGen. Nat. Greene Greensboro.\\nGov. Button Gwinnett Lawrenceville\\nJoseph Habersham larkesville.\\n(Ui\\\\. Lyman Hall (Gainesville\\nJohn liancock Sparta.\\nHuizh A. Haralson Buchanan\\nCharles Harris Hamilton.\\nNancy Hart Hartwell\\nStephen Heard Franklin\\nPatrick Henry McDonough\\n(Gov. John Houstoun Perry.\\nGov. Jared Irwin Irwinville\\n1818\\n182.5\\n1803\\n1858\\n18t51\\n1856\\n1822\\n1858\\n1796\\nirrr\\n1825\\n1854\\nirrr\\n1828\\n1826\\n1853\\n1854\\nirrr\\n1854\\n1838\\n1832\\n1801\\n1854\\n18.58\\n18.50\\n1832\\n1854\\n1856\\nir90\\n1826\\n1822\\n183r\\nI85r\\n1823\\n1822\\ni8ro\\n1821\\n1853\\ni8ro\\n1818\\n1858\\nirrr\\niroo\\n1812\\n1854\\n1821\\n1832\\nia32\\nir86\\n185:3\\n1832\\n]8.5r\\nirrr\\n1850\\nir86\\n1818\\n1818\\n1818\\nir93\\n18.56\\n182r\\n1853\\n1830\\n1821\\n1821\\n1818", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "LIST OF COUNTIES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Con^^n\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abZ.\\nName.\\nJackson\\nJasper\\nJefferson\\nJohnson\\nJones\\nLaurens\\nLee\\nLiberty\\nLincoln\\nLowndes\\nLnmpkin\\nMcDuffie\\nMcintosh\\nMacon\\nMadison\\nMarion\\nMeriwether...\\nMiller\\nMilton\\nMitchell\\nMonroe\\nMontgoiner}\\nMorgan\\nMurray\\nMuscogee\\nNewton\\nOconee\\nOglethorpe..\\nPaulding\\nPickens\\nPierce\\nPike\\nPolk\\nPulaski\\nPutnam\\nQuitman\\nRabun\\nRandolph\\nRichmond.\\nRockdale\\nSchley\\nScreven\\nSpalding\\nStewart\\nSumter\\nTalbot\\nTaliaferro\\nTattnal\\nTaylor\\nTelfair\\nTerrell\\nThomas\\nTowns\\nTroup\\nTwiggs\\nUnion\\nUpson\\nWalker\\nWalton\\nWare\\nWarren\\nWashington\\nWayne\\nWebster\\nWhite\\nWhitfield\\nWilcox\\nWilkes\\nWilkinson\\nWorth\\nFor ]yho?n.\\nGov. Jas. Jackson\\nSergeant Jasper\\nThomas Jefferson\\nGov. H. V. Johnson\\nHon. James Jones\\nCol. John Laurens\\nRichard H. Lee\\nSee page 94\\nGen. Benj. Lincoln\\nWm. J. Lowndes\\nGov. Wilson Lumpkin...\\nGeo. McDuffie\\nMcintosh Family\\nNath. Macon\\nJas. Madison\\nGen. Francis Marion\\nGen. David McTiwether.\\nAndrew J. Miller\\nHomer V. Milton\\nGov. David B. Mitchell.\\nJas. Monroe\\nGen. Rich. Montgomery.\\nGen. Dan l Morgan\\nThos. W. Murray\\nMuscogee Indians\\nSergeant John Newton\\nOconee River\\nGen. Jas. E. Oglethorpe\\nJohn Paulding\\nGen. Andrew Pickens\\nFranklin Pierce\\nZebulon M. Pike\\nJas. K.Polk\\nCount Pulaski\\nIsrael Putnam\\nGen. John A. Quitman\\nGov. Wm. Rabun\\nJohn Randolph\\nDuke of Richmond\\nRockdale Church\\nGov. Wm. Schley\\nGen. Jas. Screven\\nHon. Thos. Spalding\\nGen. Dan l Stewart\\nGen. Thos. Sumter\\nGov. Matthew Talbot.\\nCol. Benj. Taliaferro\\nJosiah Tattnal\\nZach. Taylor\\nGov. Edward Telfair\\nDr. Wm. Terrell\\nGen. Jett Thomas\\nGov. Geo. N. Towns\\nGov. Geo. M. Troup\\nGen. John Twiggs\\nUnion\\nStephen Upson\\nMaj. Freeman Walker.\\nGov. Geo. Walton\\nNicholas Ware\\nGen. Joseph Warren\\nGeorge Washington\\nGen. Anthony Wayne\\nDaniel Webster\\nRev. Geo. Whitefield\\nCaptain John Wilcox.\\nJohn Wilkes\\nGen. Jas. Wilkinson.\\nGen. Wm. J. Worth..\\nCounty Seat.\\nJefferson\\nMonticello\\nLouisville\\nWrightsville..\\nClinton\\nDublin\\nLeesburg\\nHinesville.\\nLincolnton\\nValdosta\\nDahlonega\\nThomson\\nDarien\\nOglethorpe\\nDanielsville\\nBuena Vista.\\nGreenville\\nColquitt\\nAlpharetta\\nCamilla\\nForsyth\\nMt. Vernon..\\nMadison\\nSpring Place\\nColunibus\\nCovington\\nWatkinsville\\nLexington\\nDallas\\nJasper\\nBlackshear\\nZebulon\\nCedartown\\nHawkinsville.\\nEatonton\\nGeorgetown\\nClayton\\nCuthbert\\nAugusta\\nConyers\\nEllaville\\nSylvania\\nGriffin\\nLumpkin\\nAmericus\\nTalbotton\\nCrawfordville.\\nReidsville\\nButler\\nMcRae\\nDawson\\nThomasville.\\nHiawassee\\nLa Grange\\nJeffersonvilk\\nBlairsville\\nThomaston.\\nLa Fayette\\nMonroe\\nWaycross\\nWarrenton\\nSandersville\\nJesup\\nPreston\\nCleveland\\nDalton\\nAbbeville\\nWashington.\\nIrwinton\\nIsabella\\nLaid\\nPopu-\\nout.\\nlation,\\n1796\\n19,176\\n1812\\n13,879\\n179(3\\n17,213\\n1858\\n6,129\\n1807\\n12,709\\n1807\\n13,747\\n1826\\n9,074\\n1777\\n12,887\\n1796\\n6,146\\n1825\\n15,1G2\\n1888\\n6,867\\n1871\\n8,789\\n1793\\n6,470\\n1887\\n13,183\\n1811\\n11,024\\n1827\\n7,728\\n1827\\n20,740\\n1856\\n4,275\\n1857\\n6,208\\n1857\\n10,906\\n1821\\n19,137\\n1793\\n9,248\\n1807\\n16,041\\n1832\\n8,461\\n1826\\n27,761\\n1821\\n14,310\\n1875\\n7,713\\n1793\\n16,951\\n1882\\n11.948\\n1853\\n8,182\\n1857\\n6,379\\n1822\\n16,300\\n1851\\n14,945\\n1808\\n16,559\\n1807\\n14,842\\n1858\\n4,471\\n1819\\n5,606\\n1828\\n15,267\\n1777\\n45,194\\n1870\\n6,813\\n1857\\n5,443\\n1793\\n14,424\\n1851\\n13,117\\n1830\\n15,682\\n1831\\n22,107\\n1827\\n13,25g\\n1825\\n7,291\\n1801\\n10,253\\n1852\\n8,666\\n1807\\n5,477\\n1856\\n14,503\\n1825\\n26,154\\n1856\\n4,064\\n1826\\n20,723\\n1809\\n8,195\\n1832\\n7,749\\n1824\\n12,188\\n1833\\n13,283\\n1818\\n17,467\\n1824\\n8,811\\n1793\\n10,957\\n1784\\n25,237\\n1805\\n7,485\\n1856\\n5,695\\n1857\\n6,151\\n1851\\n12,916\\n1857\\n7,980\\n1777\\n18,081\\n1803\\n10,781\\n1853\\n10,048", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "GOVERNORS OF GEORGIA.\\nCOLONIAL\\nGen. James E. Oglethorpe. 1732\\nWilliam Stephens (Acting) 1743\\nHenry Parker (Acting) 1751\\nPROVINCIAL\\nJohn Reynolds\\nHenry Ellis\\nJames Wright\\n1754\\n1757\\n1760\\nPROVISIONAL\\nArchibald Bullock, Presi-\\ndent .1776\\nButton Gwinnett, Presi-\\ndent 1777\\nSTATE\\nJohn A. Treutlen\\n1777\\nJohn Houstoun\\n1778\\nJohn Wereat\\n1778\\nGeorge Walton\\n1779\\nRichard Howley\\n1780\\nStephen Heard\\n1781\\nNathan Brownson\\n1781\\nJohn Martin\\n1782\\nLyman Hall\\n1783,\\nJohn Houstoun\\n1784\\nSamuel Elbert\\n1785\\nEdward Telfair\\n1786\\nGeorge Matthews\\n1787\\nGeorge Handly\\n1788\\nGeorge Walton\\n1789\\nEdward Telfair\\n1790\\nGeorge Matthews\\n1793\\nJared Irwin\\n1796\\nJames Jackson\\n1798\\nDavid Emanuel\\n1801\\nJosiAH Tatnall\\n1801\\nJohn INIilledge\\n1802\\nJared Irwin\\n1806\\nDavid B. Mitchell\\n1809\\nPeter Early\\n1813\\nDavid B. Mitchell\\n1815\\nWilliam Rabun\\n1817\\nMatthew Talbot, Presi-\\ndent of Senate 1819\\nJohn Clark 1819\\nGeorge M. Troup .1828\\nJohn Forsyth 1827\\nGeorge R. Gilmer 1829\\nWilson Lumpkin 1881\\nWilliam Schley 1883\\nGeorge R. Gilmer 1837\\nCharles J. McDonald 1839\\nGeorge W. Crawford 1848\\nGeorge W. Towns 1847\\nHowell Cobb 1851\\nHerschel V. Johnson 1858\\nJoseph E. Brown 1857\\nJames Johnson, Provisional\\nGovernor 1865\\nCharles J. Jenkins 1865\\nGen. T. H. Ruger, U.S.xV.,\\nMilitary Governor 1868\\nRuFUS B. Bullock 1868\\nBenjamin Conley, Presi-\\ndent of Senate 1871\\nJames M. Smith 1872\\nAlfred H. Colquitt 1876\\nAlexander II. Stephens 1882\\nJames S. Boynton, Presi-\\ndent of Senate .1888\\nHenry D. McDaniel 1883\\nJohn B. Gordon 1886\\nAV. J. NORTHEN .1890\\nW. y. Atkinson 18y4", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF\\nGEORGIA.\\nPKEAMBLE.\\nTo perpetuate the principles of free government, insure justice to all, preserve peace,\\npromote the interest and happiness of the citizen, and transmit to posterity the enjoy-\\nment of liberty, we, the people of Georgia, relying upon the protection and guidance of\\nAlmighty God, do ordain and establish this Constitution:\\nARTICLE I.\\nBILL OF RIGHTS.\\nSECTION I.\\nRIGHTS OF THE CITIZEN.^x\\n1. Origin and Foundation of Government.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All government of right, originates\\nwith the people, is founded upon their will only, and is instituted solely for the good of\\nthe whole. Public officers are the trustees and servants of the people, and at all times\\namenable to them.\\n2. Protection the Duty of Government. Protection to person and property is the\\nparamount duty of government, and shall be impartial and complete.\\n3. Life, Liberty, and Property.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or\\nproperty, except by due process of law.\\n4. Right to the Courts. No person shall be deprived of the right to prosecute\\nor defend his own cause in any of the courts of this State, in person, by attorney, or both.\\n5. Benefit of Counsel, Accusation, List of Witnesses, Compulsory Process\\nAND Trial.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Every person charged with an offence against the laws of this State shall\\nhave the privilege and benefit of counsel shall be furnished, on demand, with a copy of\\nthe accusation, and a list of the witnesses on whose testimony the charge against him is\\nfounded shall have compulsory process to obtain the testimony of his own witnesses\\nshall be confronted with the witnesses testifying against him, and shall have a public and\\nspeedy trial by an impartial jury.\\n6. Crimination of Self not Compelled.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No person shall be compelled to give\\ntestimony tending in any manner to criminate himself.\\n7. Banishment Whipping.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Neither banishment beyond the limits of the State, nor\\nwhipping, as a punishment for crime, shall be allowed.\\n8. Jeopardy op Life, etc.. More than Once, Forbidden.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No person shall be put\\nin jeopardy of life, or liberty, more than once for the same offence, save on his, or her,\\nown motion for anew trial after conviction, or incase of mistrial.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "History of Georgia.\\n9. Bail, Fines, Punishments, Arrests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor\\nexcessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted nor shall any per-\\nson be abused in being arrested, while under arrest, or in prison.\\n10. Costs.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No person shall be compelled to pay costs, except after conviction on final\\ntrial.\\n11. Habeas Corpus.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The writ of habeas cm pus shall not be suspended.\\n12. Freedom of Conscience.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All men have the natural and inalienable right to\\nworship God, each according to the dictates of his own conscience, and no human\\nauthority should, in any case, control or interfere with such right of conscience.\\n13. Religious Opinions, etc.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No inhabitant of this State shall be molested in\\nperson or property, or prohibited from holding any public office or trust, on account of his\\nreligious opinions but the right of liberty of conscience shall not be so construed as to\\nexcuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace and safety of\\nthe State.\\n14. Appropriations to Sects Forbidden. No money shall ever be taken from the\\npublic treasury, directly or indirectly, in aid of any church, sect, or denomination of re-\\nligionists, or of any sectarian institution.\\n15. Liberty of Speech Guaranteed.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No law shall ever be passed to curtail, or\\nrestrain, the liberty of speech, or of the press any person may speak, write, and\\npublish his sentiments, on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that\\nliberty.\\n16. Searches and Warrants.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The right of the people to be secure in their persons,\\nhouses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be\\nviolated and no warrant shall issue except upon probable cause, supported by oath,\\nor affirmation, particularly describing the place, or places, to be searched, and the persons\\nor things to be seized.\\n17. Slavery.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There shall be within the State of Georgia neither slavery nor involun-\\ntary servitude, save as a punishment for crime after legal conviction thereof.\\n18. Status of the Citizen.- The social status of the citizen shall never be the sub-\\nject of legislation.\\n19. Civil Authority Superior to Military.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The civil authority shall be superior\\nto the military, and no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without\\nthe consent of the owner, nor in time of war, except by the civil magistrate, in such\\nmanner as may be provided by law.\\n20. Contempts.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The power of the courts to punish for contempts shall be limited\\nby legislative acts.\\n21. Imprisonment for Debt.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There shall be no imprisonment for debt.\\n22. Arms.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed, but\\nthe General Assembly shall have power to prescribe the manner in which arms may be\\nborne.\\n23. Legislative, Judicial, and Executive SEPARATE.--The legislative, judicial,\\nand executive powers shall forever remain separate and distinct, and no person discharg-\\ning the duties of one shall at the same time exercise the functions of either of the others,\\nexcept as herein provided.\\n24. Right to Assemble and Petition.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The people have the right to assemble\\npeaceably for their common good, and to apply to those vested with the powers of\\ngovernment for redress of grievances, by petition or remonstrance.\\n25. Citizens, Protection of. All citizens of the United States resident in thifr\\nState, are hereby declared citizens of this State and it shall be the duty of the General\\nAssembly to enact such laws as will i)rotect them in the full enjoyment of the rights,,\\nprivileges, and immunities due to such citizenship.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. XV\\nSECTION II.\\nCERTAIN OFFENSES DEFINED.\\n1. Libel Jury in Criminal Trials.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In all prosecutions or indictments for libel,\\nthe truth may be given in evidence and the jury in all criminal cases shall be the judges\\nof the law and the facts. The power of the judges to grant new trials in case of convic-\\ntion is preserved.\\n2. Treason.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Treason against the State of Georgia shall consist in levying war\\nagainst her, adhering to her enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be\\nconvicted of treason, except on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or\\nconfession in open court.\\n3. Conviction.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture of estate.\\n4. Lotteries. All lotteries, and the sale of lottery tickets, are hereby prohibited\\nand this prohibition shall be enforced by penal laws.\\n5. Lobbying.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lobbying is declared to be a crime, and the General Assembly shall\\nenforce this provision by suitable penalties.\\n6. Fraud Property Concealment.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly shall have the power\\nto provide for the punishment of fraud and shall provide, by law, for reaching property\\nof the debtor concealed from the creditor.\\nSECTION III.\\nPROTECTION TO PERSON AND PROPERTY.\\n1. Private Ways Just Compensation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In cases of necessity, jjrivate ways may\\nbe granted upon just compensation being first paid by the applicant. Private property\\nshall not be taken, or damaged, for public purposes, without just and adequate compen-\\nsation being first paid.\\n2. Attainder ex Post Facto and Eetroactive Laws, etc.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No bill of attain-\\nder, ex post facto law, retroactive law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or\\nmaking irrevocable grants of special privileges or immunities, shall be passed.\\n3. Revocation of Grants.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No grant of special privileges or immunities shall be\\nrevoked, except in such manner as to work no injustice to the corporators or creditors\\nof the incorporation.\\nSECTION IV.\\nSPECIAL LEGISLATION FORBIDDEN.\\n1. General Laws, and How Varied.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Laws of a general nature shall have uni-\\nform operation throughout the State, and no special law shall be enacted in any case for\\nwhich provision has been made by an existing general law. No general law affecting\\nprivate rights shall be varied in any particular case, by special legislation, except with\\nthe free consent, in writing, of all persons to be affected thereby and no person under\\nlegal disability to contract is capable of such consent.\\n2. What Acts Void. Legislative acts in violation of this Constitution, or the\\nConstitution of the United States, are void, and the judiciary shall so declare them.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "xvi HISTORY OF GEORGIA,\\nSECTION V.\\nGOVERNMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE.\\n1. State Rights. The people of this State have the inherent, sole, and exclusive\\nright of regulating their internal government, and the police thereof, and of altering\\nand abolishing their Constitution whenever it may be necessary to their safety and\\nhappiness.\\n2. Enumeration op Rights Not Deny Others.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The enumeration of rights herein\\ncontained as a part of this Constitution, shall not be construed to deny to the people any\\ninherent rights which they may have hitherto enjoyed.\\nAETICLE II.\\nELECTIVE FRAi^CHISE.\\nSECTION I.\\nQUALIFICATION OF VOTERS.\\n1. Ballot.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In all elections by the people the electors shall vote by ballot.\\n2. Electors, and Oath of. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Every male citizen of the United States (except as\\nhereinafter provided), twenty-one years of age, who shall have resided in this State one\\nyear next preceding the election, and shall have resided six months in the county in\\nwhich he oflfers to vote, and shall have paid all taxes which may hereafter be required\\nof him, and which he may have had an opportunity of paying agreeably to law, except\\nfor the year of the election, shall be deemed an elector Provided, that no soldier,\\nsailor, or marine in the military or naval service of the United States, shall acquire the\\nrights of an elector by reason of being stationed on duty in this State and no person\\nshall vote who, if challenged, shall refuse to take the following oath, or affirmation\\nI do swear (or affirm) that I am twenty-one years of age, have resided in this State\\none year, and in this county six months, next preceding this election. I have paid all\\ntaxes which, since the adoption of the present Constitution of this State, have been\\nrequired of me previous to this year, and which I have had an opportunity to pay, and\\nI have not voted at this election.\\nSECTION II.\\nREGISTRATION.\\n1. Registration; Who Disfranchised.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly may provide, from\\ntime to time, for the registration of all electors, but the following classes of persons shall\\nnot be permitted to register, vote, or hold any otfice, or appointment of honor or trust in\\nthis State, to-wit (1) Those who shall have been convictetl, in any court of competent\\njurisdiction, of treason against the Stjite, of embezzlement of jjublic funds, malfeasance\\nin office, bribery, or larceny, or of any crime involving moral turpitude, punishable by\\nthe laws of this State with imprisonment in the penitentiary, unless such person shall\\nhave been pardoned. (2) Idiots and insane persons.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. xvii\\nSECTION III.\\nvoters privilege.\\n1. Privilege op Electous.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Electors shall, in all cases except for treason, felony,\\nlarceny and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance on\\nelections, and in going to and returning from the same.\\nSECTION IV.\\nDISQUALIFICATION TO HOLD OFFICE.\\n1. Holder of Public Funds.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No person who is the holder of any public money,\\ncontrary to law, shall be eligible to any office in this State until the same is accounted\\nfor and paid into the treasury.\\n2. Duelling.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No person who, after the adoption of this Constitution, being a resi-\\ndent of this State, shall have been convicted of fighting a duel in this State, or convicted\\nof sending or accepting a challenge, or convicted of aiding or abetting such duel, shall\\nhold office in this State, unless he shall have been pardoned and every such person\\nshall also be subject to such punishment as may be prescribed by law.\\nSECTION V.\\nSALE OF LIQUORS, WHEN FORBIDDEN.\\n1. Sale of Liquors on Election Days.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly shall, by law,\\nforbid the sale, distribution, or furnishing of intoxicating drinks within two miles of\\nelection precincts on days of election\u00e2\u0080\u0094 State, county or municipal\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and prescribe punish-\\nment for any violation of the same.\\nSECTION VI.\\nRETURN OP ELECTIONS.\\n1. Election Returns.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Returns of election for all civil officers elected by the people,\\nwho are to be commissioned by the Governor, and also for the members of the General\\nAssembly, shall be made to the Secretary of State, unless otherwise provided by law.\\nARTICLE III.\\nLEGISLATIVE DEPARTMEN^T.\\nSECTION I.\\nLEC4ISLATIVE POWER, WHERE VESTED.\\n1. Legislative Power.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The legislative power of the State shall be vested in a\\nGeneral Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "xviii HISTORY OF GEORGIA,\\nSECTION II.\\nSENATORIAL DISTRICTS.\\n1. NrMBER OP Senators, etc.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Senate shall consist of forty-four mem here.\\nThere shall be forty-four Senatorial districts, as now arranged by counties. Each dis-\\ntrict shall have one Senator.\\n2. Districts Changed, How.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly may change these districts\\nafter each census of the United States Provided, that neither the number of districts\\nnor the number of senators from each district shall be increased.\\nSECTION III.\\nCOUNTY REPRESENTATION.\\n1. Ntr^rBEK OF Representatives.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The House of Representatives shall consist of\\none hundred and seventy-five representatives, apportioned among the several counties as\\nfollows, to-wit To the six counties having the largest population, viz., Chatham,\\nRichmond, Burke, Houston, Bibb, and Fulton, three representatives, each to the\\ntwenty-six counties having the next largest population, viz.. Bartow, Coweta, Decatur,\\nFloyd, Greene, Gwinnett, Harris, Jefferson, Meriwether. Monroe, Muscogee, Newton,\\nStewart, Sumter, Thomas, Troup, Washington, Hancock, Carroll, Cobb, Jackson,\\nDougherty, Oglethorpe, Macon, Talbot, and Wilkes, two rei)resentatives, each and to\\nthe remaining one hundred and five counties, one representative each.\\n2. Changed, How.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The above apportionment shall be changed by the General\\nAssembly at its first session after each census taken by the United States Government, so\\nas to give the six counties having the largest population three representatives, each and\\nto the twenty-six counties having the next largest population two representatives, each\\nbut in no event ehall the aggregate number of representatives be increased.\\nSECTION IV.\\nTHE GENERAL ASSEMBLY.\\n1. Term of Members.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The members of the General Assembly shall be elected for\\ntwo years, and shall serve until their successors are elected.\\n2. Election, When.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The first election for members of the General Assembly, under\\nthis Constitution, shall take place on the first Wednesday in December, 1877 the second\\nelection for the same shall be held on the first Wednesday in October, 1880, and subse-\\nquent elections biennially on that day, until the day of election is changed by laAv.\\n3. Meeting of the General Assembly.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The first meeting of the General Assem-\\nbly, after the ratification of this Constitution, shall be on the fourth Wednesday in\\nOctober, 1878, and annually thereafter, on the same day, until the day shall be changed\\nby law. No session of the General Assembly shall continue longer than fifty days: Prv-\\nrided, that if an impeachment trial is impending at the end of fifty days, the session may\\nbe prolonged till the completion of said trial.\\n4. Quorum.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to transact business\\nbut a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and compel the presence of its absent\\nmembers, as each house may provide.\\n5. Oath op Members.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Each senator and representative, before taking his seat, shall", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. xix\\ntake the following oath, or affirmation, to wit I will support the Constitution of this\\nState, and of the United States and on all questions and measures which may come\\nbefore me, I will so conduct myself as will, in my judgment, be must conducive to the\\ninterests and prosperity of this State.\\n6. Length of Sessions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (See par. 3 this section.)\\n7. Eligibility Appointments Forbidden.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No person holding a military commis-\\nsion, or other appointment or office, having any emolument or compensation annexed\\nthereto, under this State, or the United States, or either of them, except justices of the\\npeace and officers of the militia, nor any defaulter for public money, or for any legal taxes\\nrequired of him, shall have a seat in either house, nor shall any senator or representative,\\nafter his qualification as such, be elected by the General Assembly, or appointed by the\\nGovernor, either with or without the advice and consent of the Senate, to any office or\\nappointment having any emolument annexed thereto, during the time for which he shall\\nhave been elected.\\n8. Removal Vacates.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The seat of a member of either house shall be vacated on his\\nremoval from the district or county from which he was elected.\\nSECTION V.\\nTHE SENATE.\\n1. Qualifications of Senators.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Senators shall be citizens of the United States\\nwho have attained the age of twenty-five years, and who shall have been citizens of this\\nState for four years, and for one year residents of the district from which elected.\\n2. President.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The presiding officer of the Senate shall be styled the President of the\\nSenate, and he shall be elected viva voce from the Senators.\\n3. Impeachments. The Senate shall have the sole power to try impeachments.\\n4. Trial of Impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, the members shall be on\\noath or affirmation, and shall be presided over by the Chief Justice, or the presiding\\njustice of the Supreme Court. Should the Chief Justice be disqualified, the Senate shall\\nselect the judge of the Supreme Court to preside. No person shall be convicted without\\nthe concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.\\n5. Judgments in Impeachments.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Judgments, in cases of impeachment, shall not\\nextend further than removal from office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office\\nof honor, trust, or profit, within this State but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be\\nliable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.\\nSECTION VI.\\nTHE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.\\n1. Qualifications of Representatives. The representatives shall be citizens of\\nthe United States who have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall have\\nbeen citizens of this State for two years, and for one year residents of the counties from\\nwhich elected.\\n2. Speaker.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The presiding officer of the House of Representatives shall be styled the\\nSpeaker of the House of Representatives, and shall be elected viva voce from the body,\\n3. Power to Impeach.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The House of Representatives shall have the sole power to\\nimpeach all persons who shall have been, or may be, in office.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "XX History of Georgia.\\nSECTION VII.\\nENACTMENT OF LAWS.\\n1. Elections, Returns, etc. Disorderly Conduct.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Each house shall be the judge\\nof the election, returns, and qualifications of its members, and shall have power to punish\\nthem for disorderly behavior, or misconduct, by censure, fine, imprisonment, or expul-\\nsion, but no member shall be expelled, except by a vote of two-thirds of the house to\\nwhich he belongs.\\n2. Contempts, How Punished.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Each house may punish by imprisonment, not ex-\\ntending beyond the session, any person, not a member, who shall be guilty of a contempt\\nby any disorderly behavior in its presence, or who shall rescue, or attempt to rescue, any\\nperson arrested by order of either house.\\n3. Privilege of Members. The members of both houses shall be free from arrest\\nduring their attendance on the General Assembly, and in going thereto or returning there-\\nfrom, except for treason, felony, larceny, or breach of the peace and no member shall be\\nliable to answer in any other place for anything spoken in debate in either house.\\n4. Journals.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish it\\nimmediately after its adjournment.\\n5. Where Kept. The original journal shall be preserved, after publication, in the\\noffice of the Secretary of State, but there shall be no other record thereof.\\n6. Yeas and Xats, When Taken. The yeas and nays on any question shall, at the\\ndesire of one-fifth of the members present, be entered on the journal.\\n7. Bills to Be Read.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Every bill, before it shall pass, shall be read three times, and\\non three separate days, in each house, unless in cases of actual invasion or insurrection;\\nbut the first and second reading of each local bill, and bank and railroad charters shall\\nconsist of the reading of the title only, unless said bill is ordered to be engrossed.\\n8. One Subject-Matter Expressed. Xo law or ordinance shall pass which refers\\nto more than one subject-matter, or contains matter different from what is expressed in\\nthe title thereof.\\n9. General Appropriation Bill.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The general appropriation bill shall embrace\\nnothing except appropriations fixed by previous laws, the ordinary expenses of the execu-\\ntive, legislative, and judicial departments of the government, payment of the public debt\\nand interest thereon, and the support of the public institutions and educational interests\\nof the State. All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing\\nbut one subject.\\n10. Bills for Revenue. All bills for raising revenue, or appropriating money, shall\\noriginate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur in amend-\\nments, as in other bills.\\n11. Public Money, How Drawn.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No money shall be drawn from the treasury ex-\\ncept by appropriation made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipt\\nand expenditure of all public money shall be published every three months, and, also,\\nwith the laws passed by each session of the General Assembly.\\n12. Bills Appropriating Money.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No bill or resolution appropriating money shall\\nbecome a law, unless, upon its passage, the yeas and nays, in each house, are recorded.\\n13. Acts Signed Rejected Bills.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All acts shall be signed by the President of\\nthe Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and no bill, ordinance, or\\nresolution, intended to have the effect of a law, which shall have been rejected by either\\nhouse, shall be again proposed during the same session, under the same or any other title,\\nwithout the consent of two-thirds of the house by which the same was rejected.\\n14. Majority of Members to Pass Bill.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No bill shall become a law unless it shall", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "Appendix. xxi\\nreceive a majority of the votes of all the members elected to each house of the General\\nAssembly, and it shall, in every instance, so appear on the journal.\\n15. Local Bills.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stricken out by amendment.\\n16. Notice of Intention to Ask Local Legislation Necessary.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No local or special\\nbill shall be passed, unless notice of the intention to apply therefor shall have been pub-\\nlished in the locality where the matter, or thing to be aflEected, may be situated, which\\nnotice shall be given at least thirty days prior to the introduction of such bill into the\\nGeneral Assembly, and in the manner to be prescribed by law. The evidence of such\\nnotice having been published, shall be exhibited in the General Assembly before such\\nact shall be passed.\\n17. Statutes and Sections of Code, How Amended.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No law, or section of the\\nCode, shall be amended or repealed by mere reference to its title, or to the number of the\\nsection of the Code, but the amending or repealing act shall distinctly describe the law\\nto be amended or repealed, as well as the alteration to be made.\\n18. Corporate Powers, How Granted.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly shall have no\\npower to grant corporate powers and privileges to private companies to make or change\\nelection precincts nor to establish bridges or ferries nor to change names of legitimate\\nchildren but it shall prescribe by law the manner in which such powers shall be exercised\\nby the courts. All corporate powers and privileges to banking, insurance, railroad, canal,\\nnavigation, express and telegraph companies shall be issued and granted by the secretary\\nof State, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law and if in any event the secretary\\nof State should be disqualified to act in any case, then in that event the legislature shall\\nprovide by general laws by what person such charters shall be granted.\\n19. Recognizances. The General Assembly shall have no power to relieve principals\\nor securities upon forfeited recognizances, from the payment thereof, either before or\\nafter judgment thereon, unless the principal in the recognizance shall have been appre-\\nhended and placed in the custody of the proper ofticer.\\n20. Street-Railw^ays. The General Assembly shall not authorize the construction\\nof any street passenger-railway within the limits of any incorporated town or city, without\\nthe consent of the corporate authorities.\\n21. Yeas and Nays to be Entered, When.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Whenever the Constitution requires\\na vote of two-thirds of either or both houses for the passing of an act or resolution, the\\nyeas and nays on the passage thereof shall be entered on the journal.\\n22. Powers op the Legislature.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly shall have power to\\nmake all laws and ordinances consistent with this Constitution, and not repugnant to the\\nConstitution of the United States, which they shall deem necessary and proper for the\\nwelfare of the State.\\n23. Signature of Governor. No provision in this Constitution, for a two-thirds\\nvote of both houses of the General Assembly, shall be construed to waive the necessity\\nfor the signature of the Governor, as in any other case, except in the case of the two-\\nthirds vote required to override the veto, and in case of prolongation of a session of the\\nGeneral Assembly.\\n24. Adjournments. Neither house shall adjourn for more than three days, or to\\nany other place, without the consent of the other and in case of disagreement between\\nthe two houses on a question of adjournment, the Governor may adjourn either or both\\nof them.\\nSECTION VIII.\\nOFFICERS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY.\\n1. Secretary and Clerk.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The officers of the two houses, other than the Presi-\\ndent and Speaker, shall be a secretary of the Senate, and clerk of the House of Repre-", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "xxii History of Georgia.\\nsentatives, and such assistants as they may appoint but the clerical expenses of the\\nSenate shall not exceed sixty dollars per day, for each session, nor those of the House of\\nRepresentatives seventy dollars per day, for each session. The secretary of the Senate\\nand clerk of the House of Representatives shall be required to give bond and security\\nfor the faithful discharge of their respective duties.\\nSECTION IX.\\nPAY OF MEMBERS.\\n1. Compensation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The per diem of members of the General Assembly shall not\\nexceed four dollars and mileage shall not exceed ten cents for each mile travelled, by\\nthe nearest i)racticable route, in going to, and returning from, the capital but the Presi-\\ndent of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall each receive\\nnot exceeding seven dollars per day.\\nSECTION X.\\nELECTIONS BY GENERAL ASSEMBLY.\\n1. Elections. All elections by the General Assembly shall be viva voce, and the vote\\nshall appear on the journal of the House of Representatives. When the Senate and\\nHouse of Representatives unite for the purpose of elections, they shall meet in the Rep-\\nresentative Hall, and the President of the Senate shall, iu such cases, preside and declare\\nthe result.\\nSECTION XI.\\nMARRIED woman s PROPERTY.\\n1. Wipe s Estate.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All property of the wife at the time of her marriage, and all\\nproperty given to, inherited, or acquired by her, shall remain her separate ])r()iierty, and\\nnot be liable for the debts of her husband.\\nSECTION XII.\\ninsurance COMPANIES.\\n1. Non-Resident Insurance Companies.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All life-insurance companies now doing\\nbusiness in this State, or which may desire to establish agencies and do business in the\\nState of Georgia, chartered by other States of the Union, or foreign states, shall show\\nthat they have deposited with the comptroller-general of the State in which they are\\nchartered, or of this State, the insurance commissioners, or such other officer as may be\\nauthorized to receive it, not less than one hundred thousand dollars, in such securities as\\nmay be deemed by such officer equivalent to cash, subject to his order, as a guarantee\\nfund for the security of policy holders.\\n2. License by Comptroller.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 When such showing is made to the comptroller-\\ngeneral of the State of Georgia by a proper certificate from the Stiite official having\\ncharge of the funds so deposited, the comptroller-general of the State of Georgia is\\nauthorized to issue, to the company making such showing, a license to do business in the\\nState, upon paying the fees required by law.\\n3. Resident Insurance Companies. All life-insurance companies chartered by the", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "Appendix. xxiii\\nstate of Georgia, or which may hereafter be chartered by the State, shall, before doing\\nbiisiuees, deposit, with the comptroller-general of the State of Georgia, or with some\\nstrong corporation, which may be approved by said comptroller-general, one hundred\\nthousand dollars, in such securities as may be deemed by him equivalent to cash, to be\\nsubject to his order, as a guarantee fund for the security of the policy holders of the\\ncompany making such deposit, all interests and dividends arising from such securities\\nto be paid, when due, to the company so depositing. Any such securities as may be\\nneeded or desired by the company may be taken from said department at any time by\\nreplacing them with other securities equally acceptable to the comptroller-general, whose\\ncertificate for the same shall be furnished to the company.\\n4. General Assembly to Enact Laws for People s Protection, etc.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nGeneral Assembly shall, from time to time, enact laws to compel all fire-insurance com-\\npanies doing business in this State, whether chartered by this State or otherwise, to de-\\nposit reasonable securities with the treasurer of this State, to secure the people against loss\\nby the operations of said companies.\\n5. Reports by Insurance Companies.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly shall compel all in-\\nsurance companies in this State or doing business therein, under proper penalties, to\\nmake semi-annual reports to the Governor, and print the same at their own expense, for\\nthe information and protection of the people\\nARTICLE IV.\\nPOWER OF THE GEN ERAL ASSEMBLY OYER TAXATION^.\\nSECTION I.\\nTAXATION.\\n1. Taxation, a Sovereign Right.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The right of taxation is a sovereign right, in-\\nalienable, indestructible, is the life of the State, and rightfully belongs to the people\\nin all republican governments, and neither the General Assembly, nor any nor all other\\ndepartments of the government established by this Constitution, shall ever have the\\nauthority to irrevocably give, grant, limit, or restrain this right; and all laws, grants, con-\\ntracts, and all other acts whatsoever, by said government, or any department thereof, to\\neffect any of these purposes, shall be and are hereby declared to be null and void for\\nevery purpose whatsoever and said right of taxation shall always be under the complete\\ncontrol of, and revocable by, the State, notwithstanding any gift, grant, or contract what-\\nsoever by the General Assembly.\\nSECTION II.\\nREGULATION OP CORPORATIONS.\\nRailroad Tariffs.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The power and authority of regulating railroad freights and\\npassenger tariffs, preventing unjust discriminations, and requiring reasonable and just\\nrates of freight and passenger tariffs, are hereby conferred upon the General Assembly,\\nwhose duty it shall be to pass laws, from time to time, to regulate freight and passenger\\ntariffs, to prohibit unjust discriminations on the various railroads of this State, and to\\nprohibit said roads from charging other than just and reasonable rates, and enforce the\\nsame by adequate penalties.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "xxir History of Georgia.\\n2. Right of Eminent Domain; Police Power.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The exercise of the right of enii-\\niiciit (loniain shall never be ahridged, nor so construed as to prevent the General Assembly\\nfrom taking the property and franchises of incorporated companies, and subjecting them\\nto public use, the same as property of individuals and the exercise of the police power\\nof the State shall never be abridged, nor so construed as to permit corporations to con-\\nduct their business in such a manner as to infringe the equal rights of individuals, or the\\ngeneral well-being of the State.\\n3. Charters Revived or Amended Become Subject to this Constitition.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe (Jeneral Assembly shall not remit the forfeiture of the charter of any corporation,\\nnow existing, nor alter or amend the same, nor pass any other general or special law for\\nthe benefit of said corporation except upon the condition that such corporation shall\\nthereafter hold its charter subject to the provisions of this Constitution and every\\namendment of any charter of any corporation in this State, or any special law for its\\nbenefit, accepted thereby, shall operate as a novation of said charter and shall bring the\\nsame under the provisions of this Constitution Provided, that this section shall not\\nextend to any amendment for the purpose of allowing any existing road to take stock in\\nor aid in the building of any branch road.\\n4. Buying Stock, etc., in Other Corporations Competition.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General\\nAssembly of this State shall have no power to authorize any corporation to buy shares\\nor stock in any other corporation in this State or elsewhere, or to make any contract,\\nor agreement whatever, with any such corporation, which may have the effect, or be\\nintended to have the effect, to defeat or lessen competition in their respective businesses,\\nor to encourage monopoly and all such contracts and agreements shall be illegal and\\nvoid.\\n5. Rebates.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No railroad company shall give, or pay, any rebate or bomis in the\\nnature thereof, directly or indirectly, or do any act to mislead or deceive the public as to\\nthe real rates charged or received for freights or passage and any such payments shall\\nbe illegal and void, and these prohibitions shall be enforced by suitable penalties.\\nG. Obligation of Contracts Preserved.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No provision of this Article shall be\\ndeemed, held or taken to impair the obligation of any contract heretofore made by the\\nState of Georgia.\\n7. General Assembly to Enforce.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The (ieneral Assembly shall enforce the\\nprovisions of this Article by approi)riate legislation.\\nARTICLE V.\\nEXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.\\nSECTION I.\\nGOVERNOR.\\n1. Executive Department.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The officers of the Executive Department shall consist\\nof a Governor, secretary of State, comptroller-general and treasurer.\\n2, Governor Term of Office, Salary, etc.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Executive power shall be\\nvested in a Governor, who shall hold his office during the term of two years, and until\\nhis successor shall be chosen and qualified. lie shall not be eligible to reelection, after\\nthe expiration of a second term, for the period of four years. He shall have a salary of\\nthree thousand dollars per annum (until otherwise i)rovided by a law i)a8sed by a two-", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. XXV\\nthirds vote of both branches of the General Assembly), which shall not be increased or\\ndiminished during the period for whicli he shall have been elected nor shall he receive,\\nwithin that time, any other emolument from the United States, or either of them, or\\nfrom any foreign power. But this reduction of salary shall not apply to the present\\nterm of the present Governor.\\n3. Election fou Governor.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The first election for Governor, under this Constitu-\\ntion, shall be held on the first Wednesday in October, 1880, and the Governor-elect shall\\nbe installed in office at the next session of the General Assembly. An election shall take\\nplace biennially thereafter, on said day, until another date be fixed by the General\\nAssembly. Said election shall be held at the places of holding general elections in the\\nseveral counties of this State, in the manner prescribed for the election of members of the\\nGeneral Assembly, and the electors shall be the same.\\n4. Returns of Elections.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The returns for every election of Governor shall be sealed\\nup by the managers, separately from other returns, and directed to the President of the\\nSenate and Speaker of the House of Representatives, and transmitted to the secretary of\\nState, who shall, without opening said returns, cause the same to be laid before the\\nSenate on the day after the two houses shall have been organized, and they shall be trans-\\nmitted by the Senate to the House of Representatives.\\n5. How Published. The members of each branch of the General Assembly shall\\nconvene in the Representative Hall, and the President of the Senate and Speaker of the\\nHouse of Representatives shall open and publish the returns in the presence and under the\\ndirection of the General Assembly and the person having the majority of the whole\\nnumber of votes shall be declared duly elected Governor of this State, but if no person\\nshall have such majority, then from the two persons having the highest number of votes,\\nwho shall be in life, and shall not decline an election at the time appointed for the General\\nAssembly to elect, the General Assembly shall, immediately, elect a Governor viva voce\\nand in all cases of election of a Governor by the General Assembly a majority of the\\nmembers present shall be necessary to a choice.\\n6. Contested Elections.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Contested elections shall be determined by both houses\\nof the General Assembly in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.\\n7. Qualifications of Governor.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No person shall be eligible to the office of Gover-\\nnor who shall not have been a citizen of the United States fifteen years, and a citizen of\\nthe State six years, and who shall not have attained the age of thirty years.\\n8. Death, Resignation, or Disability of Governor.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In case of the death,\\nresignation, or disability of the Governor, the President of the Senate shall exercise the\\nexecutive powers of the government until such disability be removed, or a successor is\\nelected and qualified. And in case of the death, resignation, or disability of the Presi-\\ndent of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall exercise the\\nexecutive powers of the government until the removal of the disability, or the election\\nand qualification of a Governor.\\n9. Unexpired Terms. The General Assembly shall have power to provide by law,\\nfor filling unexpired terms by special elections.\\n10. Oath of Office. The Governor shall, before he enters on the duties of his office,\\ntake the following oath or affirmation I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case\\nmay be) that I will faithfully execute the office of Govenior of the State of Georgia, and\\nwill, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution thereof, and\\nthe Constitution of the United States of America.\\n11. Commander-in-chief.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the army\\nand navy of this State, and of the militia thereof.\\n12. Reprieves and Pardons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons,\\nto commute penalties, remove disabilities imposed by law, and to remit any i)art of a sen-", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "xxvi History of Georgia.\\ntence for ofEenses against the State, after conviction, except in cases of treason and im-\\npeachment, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law relative to the manner\\nof applying for pardons. Upon conviction for treason he may suspend the execution of the\\nsentence and report the case to the General Assembly at the next meeting thereof, when\\nthe General Assembly shall either pardon, commute the sentence, direct its execution, or\\ngrant a further reprieve. lie shall, at each session of the General Assembly, communi-\\ncate to that body each case of reprieve, pardon or commutation granted, stating the name\\nof the convict, the offense for which he was convicted, the sentence and its date, the date\\nof the reprieve, pardon or commutation, and the reasons for granting the same. He shall\\ntake care that the laws are faithfully executed, and shall be a conservator of the peace\\nthroughout the State.\\n13. Writs of Elections Called Session of the LEnsLATURE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 He shall issue\\nwrits of election to fill all vacancies that may happen in the Senate or House of Represen-\\ntatives, and shall give the General Assembly from time to time, information of the state of\\nthe Commonwealth, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he may deem\\nnecessary or expedient. He shall have power to convoke the General Assembly on extra-\\nordinary occasions, but no law shall be enacted at called sessions of the General Assembly\\nexcept such as shall relate to the object stated in his proclamation convening them.\\n14. Filling Vacancies. When any office shall become vacant, by death, resigna-\\ntion, or otherwise, the Governor shall have power to fill such vacancy, unless otherwise\\nprovided by law and persons so appointed shall continue in office until a successor is\\ncommissioned, agreeably to the mode pointed out by this Constitution, or by law in pur-\\nsuance thereof.\\n15. Appointments Rejected.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A person once rejected by the Senate shall not be\\nreappointed by the Governor to the same office during the same session, or the recess\\nthereafter.\\n16. Governor s Veto.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Governor shall have the revision of all bills passed by\\nthe General Assembly, before the same shall become laws, but two-thirds of each house\\nmay pass a law notwithstanding his dissent and if any bill should not be returned by\\nthe Governor within five days (Sunday excepted) after it has been presented to him, the\\nsame shall be a law unless the General Assembly, by their adjouniment, shall prevent\\nits return. He may approve any appropriation, and disapprove any other appropriation,\\nin the same bill, and the latter shall not be effectual unless passed by two-thirds gf each\\nhouse.\\n17. Governor Must Approve.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Every vote, resolution, or order, to which the con-\\ncurrence of both houses may be necessary, except on a question of election, or adjourn-\\nment, shall be presented to the Governor, and before it shall take effect, be approved by\\nhim, or, being disapproved, shall be repassed by two-thirds of each house.\\n18. Information from Department Officers Treasurer and Comptroller.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nHe may require information, in writing, from the officers in the Executive Department on\\nany subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. It shall be the duty of the\\nGovernor, quarterly, and oftener if he deems it expedient, to examine, under oath, the\\ntreasurer and comptroller-general of the State on all matters pertaining to their respect-\\nive offices, and to inspect and review their books and accounts. The General Assembly\\nshall have authority to provide by law for the suspension of either of said officers, from\\nthe discharge of the duties of his office, and also for the appointment of a suitable person\\nto discharge the duties of the same.\\n19. Secretaries.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Governor shall have power to appoint his own secretaries\\nnot exceeding two in number, and to provide such other clerical force as may be required\\nin his office, but the total cost for secretaries and clerical force in his office shall not\\nexceotl six thousand dollars jvt animm.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "AFFUJSfBIX. xxvii\\nSECTION II.\\nOTHER EXECUTIVE OFFICERS.\\n1. Secretary of State, Comptroller and Treasurer, How Elected.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nsecretary of State, comptroller-general and treasurer shall be elected by persons quali-\\nfied to vote for members of the General Assembly, at the same time and in the same\\nmanner as the Governor. The provisions of the Constitution as to the transmission of\\nthe returns of election, counting the votes, declaring the result, deciding when there is\\nno election, and when there is a contested election, applicable to the election of Governor,\\nshall apply to the election of secretary of State, comptroller-general and treasurer\\nthey shall be commissioned by the Governor and hold their offices for the same time as\\nthe Governor.\\n2. Treasurer s Salary.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The salary of the treasurer shall not exceed two thousand\\ndollars per annum. The clerical expenses of his department shall not exceed sixteen\\nhundred dollars per annum.\\n3. Salary of Secretary of State.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The salary of the secretary of State shall\\nnot exceed two thousand dollars per annum, and the clerical expenses of his department\\nshall not exceed one thousand dollars per annum.\\n4. Comptroller-General s Salary.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The salary of the comptroller-general shall\\nnot exceed two thousand dollars per annum. The clerical expenses of his department,\\nincluding the insurance department and wild-land clerk, shall not exceed four thousand\\ndollars per annum and without said clerk, it shall not exceed three thousand dollars\\nper annum.\\n5. Profit from Use of Public Money.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The treasurer shall not be allowed,\\ndirectly or indirectly, to receive any fee, interest, or reward from any person, bank, or\\ncorporation for the deposit or use, in any manner, of the public funds and the General\\nAssembly shall enforce this provision by suitable penalties.\\n6. Qualifications.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No person shall be eligible to the office of secretary of State,\\ncomptroller-general, or treasurer, unless he shall have been a citizen of the United\\nStates for ten years, and shall have resided in this State for six j^ears next preceding his\\nclectioru, and shall be twenty-five years of age when elected. All of said officers shall give\\nbond and security, under regulations to be prescribed by law, for the faithful discharge\\nof their duties.\\n7. Fees and Perquisites Denied.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The secretary of State, the comptroller-general,\\nand the treasurer, shall not be allowed any fee, perquisite, or compensation, other than\\ntheir salaries, as prescribed by law, except their necessary expenses when absent from the\\nseat of government on business for the State.\\nSECTION III.\\nSEAL OF STATE.\\n1. Great Seal.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Great Seal of the State shall be deposited in the office of the\\nsecretary of State, and shall not be affixed to any instrument of writing except by order\\nof the Governor, or General Assembly, and that now in use shall be the great seal of the\\nState until otherwise provided by law.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "xxviii History of Georgia.\\nARTICLE VI.\\nJUDICIARY.\\nSECTION I.\\nCOURTS.\\n1. Courts Enxtmerated.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The judicial powers of this State shall be vested in a\\nSupreme Court, snixnior courts, courts of ordinary, justices of the peace, commissioned\\nnotaries public, and such other courts as have been or may be established by law.\\nSECTION II.\\nSUPREME COURT.\\n1. Supreme Court Judges.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and\\ntwo Associate Justices. A majority of the court shall constitute a quorum.\\n2. Governor to Designate Judges to Preside, When.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 When one or more of the\\njudges are disqualified from deciding any case, by interest or otherwise, the Governor\\nshall designate a judge, or judges, of the superior courts to preside in said case.\\n3. BoNDHOLDiNG JuDGE DISQUALIFIED, When. No judgc of auv court sliall prcsidc\\nin any case where tlie validity of any bond\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Federal, State, corporation, or municipal\u00e2\u0080\u0094 is\\ninvolved, who holds in his own right, or as the representative of others, any material\\ninterest in the class of bonds upon which the question to be decided arises.\\n4. Terms of Office.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Chief Justices and Associate Justices shall hold their\\noffices for six years, and until their successors are qualified. A successor to the incumbent\\nwhose term will soonest expire, shall be elected by the General Assembly in 1880 a\\nsuccessor to the incumbent whose term of office is next in duration shall be elected by\\nthe General Assembly in 1882 and a successor to the third incumbent shall be elected by\\nthe General Assembly in 1884 but appointments to fill vacancies shall only be for the\\nunexpired term, or until such vacancies are filled by elections, agreeably to the mode\\npointed out by the Constitution.\\n5. Jurisdiction.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Supreme Court shall have no original jurisdiction, but shall\\nbe a court alone for the trial and correction of errors from the superior courts, and from\\nthe city courts of Atlanta and Savannah, and such other like courts as may be hereafter\\nestablished in other cities and shall sit at the seat of government, at such times in each\\n}-ear as shall be prescribed by law, for the trial and determination of writs of error from\\nsaid superior and city courts.\\n6. Cases, How Disposed Of.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Supreme Court shall dispose of every case at the\\nfirst or second term after such writ of error is brought; and in case the plaintiff in error\\nshall not be prepared at the first term to prosecute the case\u00e2\u0080\u0094 unless prevented by provi-\\ndential cause\u00e2\u0080\u0094 it shall be stricken from the docket, and the judgment below shall stand\\naffirmed.\\n7. Judgments may be Withheld.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In any case the court may, in its discretion,\\nwithhold its judgment until the next term after the same is arguQd.\\nSECTION III.\\nSUPERIOR COURTS.\\n1. Terms, etc., of Superior Court Judges.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There shall be a judge of the superior\\ncourts for each judicial circuit, whose term of office shall be four years, and until his\\nBuccessor is qualified. He may act in other circuits when authorized by law.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "Appendix. xxix\\n2. Elections, When to be Made.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The succcbsois to the present incumbents shall\\nbe elected by the General Assembly as follows To the half (as near as may be) whose\\ncommissions are the oldest, in the year 1878 and to the others in the year 1880. All sub-\\nsequent elections shall be at the session of the General Assembly next preceding the ex-\\npiration of the terms of incumbents, except elections to fill vacancies. The day of election\\nmay be fixed by the General Assembly.\\n3. Terms Begin, When.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The terms of the judges to be elected under the Constitu-\\ntion (except to fill vacancies) shall begin on the first day of January, after their elections.\\nBut, if the time for the meeting of the General Assembly shall be changed, the General\\nAssembly may change the time when the terms of judges thereafter elected shall begin.\\nSECTION IV.\\nJURISDICTION OF SUPERIOR COURTS,\\n1. Exclusive Jurisdiction. The superior court shall have exclusive jurisdiction\\nin cases of divorce in criminal cases where the offender is subjected to loss of life, or\\nconfinement in the penitentiary 4 in cases respecting titles to land and equity cases.\\n2. Equity mat be Merged in Common Laav Courts.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly\\nmay confer upon the courts of common law, all the powers heretofore exercised by\\ncourts of equity in this State.\\n3. General Jurisdiction.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Said courts shall have jurisdiction in all civil cases,\\nexcept as hereinafter provided.\\n4. Appellate Jurisdiction.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 They shall have appellate jurisdiction in all such cases\\nas may be provided by law.\\n5. Certiorari, Mandamus, etc.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 They shall have power to correct errors in\\ninferior judicatories, by writ of cei tiorari, which shall only issue on the sanction of the\\nJudge and said courts and the judges thereof shall have power to issue writs of\\nmandamus, prohibition, scire facias, and all other writs that may be necessary for carry-\\ning their powers fully into effect, and shall have such other powers as are or may be\\nconferred on them by law.\\n6. Appeal from one Jury to Another. The General Assembly may provide\\nfor an appeal from one jury, in the superior and city courts, to another, and the said\\ncourt may grant new trials on legal grounds.\\n7. Judgment bt the Court.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The court shall render judgment without the\\nverdict of a jury, in all civil cases founded on unconditional contracts in writing, where\\nan issuable defense is not filed under oath or affirmation.\\n8. Sessions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The superior courts shall sit in each county not less than twice in each\\nyear, at such times as have been or may be appointed by law.\\n9. Presiding Judge Disqualified. The General Assembly may provide by law\\nfor the appointment of some proper person to preside in cases where the presiding judge\\nis, from any cause, disqualified.\\nSECTION V.\\nJUDGES OF SUPERIOR AND CITY COURTS.\\n1. Judges of Superior and City Courts May Alternate, When.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In any\\ncounty within which there is, or hereafter may be, a city court, the judge of said court,\\nand of the superior court, may preside in the courts of each other in cases where the\\njudge of either court is disqualified to preside.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "XXX History of Georgia.\\nSECTION VI.\\nCOURT OF OIIDINAKY.\\n1. Ordinary, Appeals from.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The powers of a court of ordinary, and of probate,\\nshall be vested in an ordinary for each county, from whose decision there may be an\\nappeal (or, by consent of parties, without a decision) to the superior court, under regu-\\nlations prescribed by law.\\n2. Powers. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The courts of ordinary shall have such powers in relation to roads,\\nbridges, ferries, public buildings, paupers, county officers, county funds, county taxes,\\nand other county matters, as may be conferred on them by law.\\nTerm of Office.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The ordinary shall hold his office for the term of four years,\\nand until his successor is elected and qualified.\\nSECTION VII.\\nJUSTICES OF THE PEACE.\\n1. Justices, Number and Term.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There shall be in each militia district one justice\\nof the peace, whose official term, except when elected to fill an unexpired term, shall be\\nfour years.\\n2. Jurisdiction.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Justices of the peace shall have jurisdiction in all civil cases,\\narising ex contractu, and in cases of injuries or damages to personal property, when the\\nprincipal sum does not exceed one hundred dollars, and shall sit monthly at fixed times\\nand places but in all cases there may be an appeal to a jury in said court, or an appeal\\nto the superior court, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law.\\n3. Elections and Commissions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Justices of the peace shall be elected by the legal\\nvoters in their respective districts, and shall be commissioned by the Governor. Tliey\\nshall be removable on conviction for malpractice in office.\\nSECTION VIII.\\nNOTARIES PUBLIC.\\n1. Notaries Public, How Appointed, etc.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Commissioned notaries public, not\\nto exceed one for each militia district, may be appointed by the judges of superior courts\\nin their respective circuits, ui)on recommendation of the grand juries of the several coun-\\nties. They shall be commissioned by the Governor for the term of four years, and shall\\nbe ex officio justices of the peace, and shall be removable on conviction for malpractice\\nin office.\\nSECTION IX.\\nUNIFORMITY OF COURTS.\\n1. Uniformity Provided For. The jurisdiction, powers, proceedings and practice\\nof all courts or officers invested with judicial powers (except city courts), of the same\\ngrade or class, so far as regulated by law, and the force and effect of the process, judg-\\nment and decree, by such courts, severally, shall be uniform. This uniformity must be\\neetabliehed by the General Assembly.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "Appendix, xxxi\\nSECTION X.\\nATTORNEY-GENERAL.\\n1. Attorney-General Election.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There shall be an attorney -general of this\\nState, who shall be elected by the people at the same time, for the same term, and in the\\nsame manner as the Governor.\\n2. Duties.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It shall be the duty of the attorney-general to act as the legal adviser of\\nthe Executive Department, to represent the State in the Supreme Court in all capital\\nfelonies; and in all civil and criminal cases in any court when required by the Governor,\\nand to perform such other services as shall be required of him by law,\\nSECTION XI.\\nSOLICITOR-GENERAL.\\n1. Solicitor-General Term.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There shall be a solicitor-general for each judicial\\ncircuit, whose official term, except when commissioned to fill an unexpired term, shall be\\nfour years.\\n2. Duties.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It shall be the duty of the solicitor-general to represent the State in all\\ncases in the superior courts of his circuit, and in all cases taken up from his circuit to\\nthe Supreme Court, and to perform such other services as shall be required of him by law.\\nSECTION XII.\\nELECTIONS OF JUDGES, ETC.\\n1. Judges Elected bt General Assembly Vacancies.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Judges of Supreme\\nand superior courts, and solicitors-general, shall be elected by the General Assembly, in\\njoint session, on such day or days as shall be fixed by joint resolution of both houses. At\\nthe session of the General Assembly which is held next before the expiration of the terms\\nof the present incumbents, as provided in this Constitution, their successors shall be\\nchosen and the same shall apply to the election of those who shall succeed them.\\nVacancies occasioned by death, resignation or other cause, shall be filled by appointment\\nof the Governor, until the General Assembly shall convene, when an election shall be held\\nto fill the unexpired portion of the vacant terms.\\nSECTION XIII.\\nJUDICIAL SALARIES.\\n1. Salaries op Judges.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The judges of the Supreme Court shall have, out of the\\ntreasury of the State, salaries not to exceed three thousand dollars per annum the judges\\nof the superior courts shall have salaries not to exceed two thousand dollars per annum\\nthe attorney-general shall have a salary not to exceed two thousand dollars i)er annum\\nand the solicitors-general each shall have salaries not to exceed two hundred and fifty\\ndollars per annum but the attorney-general shall not have any fee or perquisite in any\\ncases arising after the adoption of this Constitution but the provisions of this section\\nshall not affect the salaries of those now in office.\\n2. How Salaries may be Changed.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly may at any time,", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "xxxii History of Georgia.\\nby a two-thirds vote of each branch, prescribe other and different salaries for any, or all,\\nof the above officers, but no such change shall affect the officers then in commission.\\nSECTION XIV.\\nQUALIFICATION OF JUDGES, ETC.\\nQualifications.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No person shall be judge of the Supreme or superior courts\\nor attorney -general, unless, at the time of his election, he shall have \u00c2\u00abttained the age of\\nthirty years, and shall have been a citizen of the State three years, and have practiced law\\nfor seven years and no person shall be hereafter elected solicitor-general, unless, at the\\ntime of his election, he shall have attained twenty-five years of age, shall have been\\na citizen of the State for three years, and shall have practiced law for three years next pre-\\nceding his election.\\nSECTION XV.\\nDIVORCE.\\n1. Divorce.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No total divorce shall be granted, except on the concurrent verdicts of\\ntwo juries at different terms of the court.\\n2. Last Jury Determines Disabilities.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 When a divorce is granted, the jury\\nrendering the final verdict shall determine the rights and disabilities of the parties.\\nSECTION XVI.\\nVENUE.\\n1. Divorce Cases, Where Brought.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Divorce cases shall be brought in the\\ncounty where the defendant resides, if a resident of this State if the defendant be not a\\nresident of this State, then in the county in which the plaintiff resides.\\n2. Land, Titles, Where Tried. Cases respecting titles to land shall be tried in\\nthe county where the land lies, except where a single tract is divided by a county line, in\\nwhich case the superior court in either county shall have jurisdiction.\\n3. Equity Cases.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Equity cases shall be tried in the county where a defendant\\nresides against whom substantial relief is prayed.\\n4. Suits Against Joint Obligors, etc.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Suits against joint obligors, joint promis-\\nsors, copartners, or joint trespassers, residing in different counties, may be tried in either\\ncounty.\\n5. Suits Against Maker and Indorser, etc.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Suits against the maker and\\nindorser of promissory notes, or drawer, acceptor and indorser of foreign or inland bills\\nof exchange, or like instruments, residing in different counties, shall be brought in the\\ncounty where the maker or acceptor resides.\\n6. All Other Cases.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All other civil cases shall be tried in the county where the\\ndefendant resides, and all criminal cases shall be tried in the county where the crime was\\ncommitted, except cases in the superior courts where the judge is satisfied that an\\nimpartial jury cannot be obtained in such county.\\nSECTION XVII.\\nCHANGE OF VENUE.\\n1. Power to Change Venue.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The power to change the venue in civil and criminal\\ncases shall be vested in the superior courts, to be exercised in such manner as has been,\\nor shall be, provided by law.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "Appendix. xxxiii\\nSECTION XVIII.\\nJURY TRIALS.\\n1. Trial by Jury.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The right of trial by jury, except where it is otherwise provided\\nin this Constitution, shall remain inviolate, but the General Assembly may prescribe any\\nnumber, not less than five, to constitute a trial or traverse jury in courts other than the\\nsuperior and city courts.\\n2. Selection of Jurors. The General Assembly shjfll provide by law for the\\nselection of the most experienced, intelligent and upright men to serve as grand jurors,\\nand intelligent and upright men to serve as traverse jurors. Nevertheless, the grand\\njurors shall be competent to serve as traverse jurors.\\n3. Compensation op Jurors.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, by\\ngeneral laws, to prescribe the manner of fixing compensation of jurors in all counties in\\nthis State.\\nSECTION XIX.\\nCOUNTY COMMISSIONERS.\\n1. Power to Create County Commissioners.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly shall have\\npower to provide for the creation of county commissioners in such counties as may require*\\nthem, and to define their duties.\\nSECTION XX.\\nWHAT COURTS MAY BE ABOLISHED.\\n1. Power TO Abolish Courts.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All courts not specially mentioned by name in the\\nfirst section of this Article, may be abolished in any county, at the discretion of the\\nGeneral Assembly.\\nSECTION XXI.\\nSUPREME COURT COSTS.\\n1. Costs in Supreme Court.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The costs in the Supreme Court shall not exceed ten\\ndollars, until otherwise provided by law. Plaintiffs in error shall not be required to pay\\ncosts in said court when the usual pauper oath is filed in the court below,\\nARTICLE VII.\\nFi:S^AJS CE, TAXATION^ AND PUBLIC DEBT.\\nSECTION I.\\nPOWER OF TAXATION.\\n1. Taxation, How and for What Purpose Exercised.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The powers of taxation\\nover the whole State shall be exercised by the General Assembly for the following pur-\\nposes only:\\nFor the support of the State government and the public institutions.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "xxxiv HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nFor educational purposes, in instructing children in the elementary branches of an\\nEnglish education only.\\nTo pay the interest on the public debt.\\nTo pay the principal of the public debt.\\nTo suppress insurrection, to repel invasion, and defend the State in time of war.\\nTo supply the soldiers who lost a limb, or limbs, in the military service of the\\nConfederate States, with substantial artificial limbs during life, and to make\\nsuitable provision for such Confederate soldiers as may have been otherwise\\ndisabled or permanently injured in such service; or who, by reason of age and\\npoverty, or infirmity and poverty, or blindness and poverty, are unable to\\nprovide a living for themselves and for the widows of such Confederate\\nsoldiers as may have died in the service of Confederate States, or since from\\nwounds received therein, or disease contracted therein Provided, this para-\\ngraph shall only apply to such widows as were married at the time of such\\nservice and have remained unmarried since the death of such soldier husbands.\\nSECTION II.\\nTAXATION AND EXEMPTIONS.\\n1. Must be Untporm, etc.; Dogs.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All taxation shall be uniform upon the same\\nclass of subjects, and ad valorem on all property subject to be taxed within the territorial\\nlimits of the authority levying the tax, and shall be levied and collected under general\\nlaws. The General Assembly may, however, impose a tax upon such domestic animals\\nas, from their nature and habits, are destructive of other property.\\n2. Exemptions. Tlie General Assembly may, by law, exempt from taxation all\\npublic property, places of religious worship or burial all institutions of purely public\\ncharity all buildings erected for and used as a college, incorporated academy, or other\\nseminary of learning the real and personal estate of any public library, and that of any\\nother literary association, used by or connected with such library all books and philo-\\nsophical apparatus and all paintings and statuary of any company of association, kept in\\na public hall, and not held as merchandise, or for purposes of sale or gain Provided,\\nthe ])roperty so exempted be not used for purposes of private or corporate profit or\\nincome.\\n3. Poll Tax. No i)oll tax shall be levied excejit for educational i)urposes, and such\\ntax shall not exceed one dollar annually, upon each poll.\\n4. Laws Exempting Property Void.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All laws exempting property from taxation,\\nothef than the property herein enumerated, shall be void.\\n5. Tax on Corporations. The power to tax corporations and corporate i)roperty,\\nshall not be surrendered or suspended by any contract or grant to which the State\\nshall be a party.\\nSECTION III.\\nSTATE DEBT.\\n1. Debts, for What Contracteo.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No debt shall be contracted by or on behalf of\\nthe State, excei)t to supply casual deficiencies of revenue, to repel invasion, suppress\\ninsurrection, and defend the State in time of war, or to i)ay the existing iniblic debt but\\nthe debt created to supply deficiencies in revenue shall not exceed, in the aggregate, two\\nhundred thousand dollars.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. XXXV\\nSECTION IV.\\nDEBT, HOW CONTRACTED.\\n1. Form of Laws to Borrow Money.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All laws authorizing the borrowing of\\nmoney by or on behalf of the State, shall specify the purposes for which the money is to\\nbe used, and the money so obtained shall be used for the purpose specified, and for no\\nother.\\nSECTION V.\\nSTATE AID.\\n1. State Aid Forbidden.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The credit of the State shall not be pledged or loaned to\\nany individual, company, corporation or association, and the State shall not become\\na joint owner or stockholder in any company, association or corporation.\\nSECTION VI.\\nPURPOSES OF TAXATION BY COUNTIES AND CITIES.\\n1. Restrictions on Counties and Cities.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly shall not author-\\nize any county, municipal corporation, or political division of this State, to become a\\nstockholder in any company, corporation, or association, or to appropriate money for, or\\nto loan its credit to, any corporation, company, association, institution, or individual, ex-\\ncept for purely charitable purposes. This restriction shall not operate to prevent the\\nsupport of schools by municipal corporations within their respective limits: Provided,\\nthat if any municipal corporation shall offer to the State any property for locating or\\nbuilding a capitol, and the State accepts such offer, the corporation may comply with\\nsuch offer.\\n2. Taxing Power of Counties Limited.- The General Assembly shall not have\\npower to delegate to any county the right to levy a tax for any purpose, except for\\neducational purposes in instructing children in the elementary branches of an English\\neducation only to build and repair the public buildings and bridges to maintain and\\nsupport prisoners to pay jurors and coroners, and for litigation, quarantine, roads and\\nexpenses of courts to support paupers and pay debts heretofore existing.\\nSECTION VII.\\nLIMITATION ON MUNICIPAL DEBTS.\\nL Debt op Counties and Cities Not to Exceed Seven Per Cent.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The debt\\nhereafter incurred by any county, municipal corporation, or political division of this\\nState, except as in this Constitution provided for, shall not exceed seven per centum of\\nthe assessed value of all the taxable property therein, and no such county, municipality,\\nor division, shall incur any new debt, except for a temporary loan or loans to supply\\ncasual deficiencies of revenue, not to exceed one-fifth of one per centum of the assessed\\nvalue of taxable property therein, without the assent of two-thirds of the qualified voters\\nthereof, at an election for that purpose, to be held as may be prescribed by law but any\\ncity, the debt of which does not exceed seven per centum of the assessed value of the\\ntaxable property at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, may be authorized by", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "xxxvi HISTORY OF GEORGIA,\\nlaw to increase, at any time, the amount of eaid debt, three per centum upon such assessed\\nvaluation.\\n2. County and City Bonds, How Paid.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Any county, municipal corporation, or\\npolitical division of this State, which shall incur any bonded indebtedness under the pro-\\nvisions of this Constitution, shall, at or before the time of so doing, provide for the\\nassessment and collection of an annual tax, sutScient in amount to pay the principal and\\ninterest of said debt within thirty years from the date of the incurring of said indebted-\\nness.\\nSECTION VIII.\\nASSUMPTION OF DEBT.\\n1. Assumption of Debts Forbidden.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State shall not assume the debt, nor\\nany part thereof, of any county, municipal corporation, or political division of the State,\\nunless such debt shall be contracted to enable the State to repel invasion, suppress insur-\\nrection, or defend itself in time of war.\\nSECTION IX.\\nPUBLIC MONEY.\\n1. Profit on Public Money.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The receiving, directly or indirectly, by any officer\\nof the State or county, or member or otficer of the General Assembly, of any interests,\\nprofits or perquisites arising from the use or loan of public funds in his hands, or moneys\\nto be raised through his agency for State or county purposes, shall be deemed a felony,\\nand punishable as may be prescribed by law, a part of which punishment shall be a\\ndisqualification from holding office.\\nSECTION X.\\nCITY DEBTS.\\n1. City Debts, How Incurred.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Municipal corporations shall not incur any debt\\nuntil provision therefor shall ha\\\\e been made by the municipal government.\\nSECTION XI.\\nVOID BONDS.\\n1 Certain Bonds Shall Not be Paid.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly shall have no authority\\nto appropriate money directly or indirectlj^, to pay the whole, or any part, of the principal\\nor interest of the bonds, or other obligations, which have been pronounced illegal, null\\nand void, by the General Assembly, and the constitutional amendments ratified by a vote\\nof the people on the first day of May, 1877 nor shall the General Assembly have authority\\nto pay any of the obligations created by the State under laws passed during the late war\\nbetween the States, nor any of the bonds, notes, or obligations made and entered ijito\\nduring the existence of said war, the time for the payment of which was fixed after the\\nratification of a treaty of peace between the United States and the Confederate States;\\nnor shall the General Assembly pass any law, or the Governor, or other State official,\\nenter into any contract or agreement, whereby the State shall be made a party to any\\nsuit in any court of this State, or of the United States, instituted to test the validity of\\nany such bonds or obligations.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "Appendix. xxxvii\\nSECTION xn.\\nPUBLIC DEBT NOT TO BE INCREASED.\\n1. Bonded Debt Not to Increase. The bonded debt of the State shall never\\nbe increased, except to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or to defend the State in\\ntime of war.\\nSECTION XIII.\\nPUBLIC PROPERTY PLEDGED FOR STATE S DEBT.\\n1. State s Property May be Sold to Pay Bonded Debt.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The proceeds of\\nthe sale of the Western and Atlantic, Macon and Brunswick, or other railroads held by\\nthe State, and any other property owned by the State, whenever the General Assembly\\nmay authorize the sale of the whole, or any part thereof, shall be applied to the payment\\nof the bonded debt of the State, and shall not be used for any other purpose whatever,\\nso long as the State has any existing bonded debt Provided, that the proceeds of the\\nsale of the Western and Atlantic Railroad shall be applied to the payment of the bonds\\nfor which said railroad has been mortgaged, in preference to all other bonds.\\nSECTION XIV.\\nSINKING FUND.\\n1. Sinking Fund.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly shall raise by taxation each year, in ad-\\ndition to the sum required to pay the public expenses and interests on the public debt,\\nthe sum of one hundred thousand dollars, which shall be held as a sinking fund to pay\\noff and retire the bonds of the State which have not yet matured, and shall be applied to\\nno other purpose whatever. If the bonds cannot at any time be purchased at or below\\npar, then the sinking fund, herein provided for, may be loaned by the Governor and\\ntreasurer of the State: Provided, the security which shall be demanded for said loan\\nshall consist only of the valid bonds of the State but this section shall not take effect\\nuntil the eight per cent, currency bonds, issued under the Act of February 19th, 1873,\\nshall have been paid.\\nSECTION XV.\\nREPORTS.\\n1. Quarterly Reports of Comptroller and Treasurer.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The comptroller-\\ngeneral and treasurer shall each make to the Governor a quarterly report of the financial\\ncondition of the State, which report shall include a statement of the assets, liabilities and\\nincome of the State, and expenditures therefor, for the three months preceding and it\\nshall be the duty of the Governor to carefully examine the same by himself, or through\\ncompetent persons connected with his department, and cause an abstract thereof to be\\npublished for the information of the people, which abstract shall be indorsed by him as\\nhaving been examined.\\nSECTION XVI.\\nDONATIONS.\\n1. Donations Forbidden.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly shall not, by vote, resolution,\\nor order, grant any donation, or gratuity, in fa^ or of any person, corporation, or associa-\\ntion.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "xxxviii History of Georgia.\\n2. Extra Compensation Forbidden.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly shall not grant or\\nauthorize extra compensation to any public officer, agent, or contractor, after the service\\nhas been rendered, or the contract entered into.\\nSECTION XVII.\\nPUBLIC PRINTING.\\n1. Public Printing.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The office of the State printer shall cease with the expiration\\nof the term of the present incumbent, and the General Assembly shall provide, by law,\\nfor letting the public printing to the lowest responsible bidder, or bidders, who shall give\\nadequate and satisfactory security for the faithful performance thereof. No member of\\nthe General Assembly, or other public officer, shall be interested, either directly or in-\\ndirectly, in any such contract.\\nARTICLE VIII.\\nEDUCATIOIT.\\nSECTION I.\\nCOMMON SCHOOLS.\\n1. Common Schools.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There shall be a thorough system of common schools for the\\neducation of children in the elementary branches of an English education only, as nearly\\nuniform as practicable, the expenses of which shall be provided for by taxation, or\\notherwise. The schools shall be free to all children of the State, but separate schools\\nshall be provided for the white and colored races.\\nSECTION II.\\nSCHOOL COMMISSIONER.\\n1. State School Commissioner. \u00e2\u0080\u0094There shall be a State school commissioner,\\nappointed by the Governor, and confirmed by the Senate, whose term of office shall be two\\nyears, and until his successor is appointed and qualified. His office shall be at the seat of\\ngovernment, and he shall be paid a salary not to exceed two thousand dollars per annum.\\nThe General Assembly may substitute for the State school commissioner such officer, or\\nofficers, as may be deemed necessary to perfect the system of public education.\\nSECTION III.\\nSCHOOL FUND.\\n1. School Fund.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The poll tax, any educational fund now belonging to the State\\n(except the endowment of, and debt due to, the University of Georgia), a special tax on\\nshows and exhibitions, and on the sale of spirituous and malt liquors, which the General\\nAssembly is hereby authorized to assess, and the proceeds of any commutation tax for\\nmilitary service, and all taxes that may be assessed on such domestic animals as. from\\ntheir nature and habits, are destructive to other property, are hereby set apart and\\ndevoted for the support of common schools.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. xxxix\\nSECTION IV.\\nEDUCATIONAL. TAX.\\n1. Counties and Cities mat Tax for Public Schools.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Authority may be granted\\nto counties upon the recommendation of two grand juries, and to municipal corporations\\nupon the recommendation of the corporate authority, to estabHsh and maintain public\\nschools in their respective limits, by local taxation but no such local laws shall take\\neffect until the same shall have been submitted to a vote of the qualified voters in each\\ncounty or municipal corporation, and approved by a two-thirds vote of persons qualified\\nto vote at such election and the General Assembly may prescribe who shall vote on such\\nquestion.\\nSECTION V.\\nLOCAL SYSTEMS,\\n1. Local Schools not Affected.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Existing local school systems shall not be\\naffected by this Constitution. Nothing contained in first section of this article shall be\\nconstrued to deprive schools in this State, not common schools, from participation in the\\neducational fund of the State, as to all pupils therein taught in the elementary branches\\nof an English education.\\nSECTION VI.\\nUNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA.\\n1. State University.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The trustees of the University of Georgia may accept be-\\nquests, donations and grants of land, or other property, for the use of said University.\\nIn addition to the payment, of the annual interest on the debt due by tlie State to the\\nUniversity, the General Assembly may, from time to time, make such donations thereto\\nas the condition of the treasury will authorize. And tlie General Assembly may also,\\nfrom time to time, make such appropriations of money as the condition of the treasury\\nwill authorize, to any college or university (not exceeding one in number) now established,\\nor hereafter to be established, in this State for the education of persons of color.\\nAETICLE IX.\\nHOMESTEAD AIs^D EXEMPTIOI^-S.\\nSECTION I,\\nHOMESTEAD.\\n1. Homestead and Exemption.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There shall be exempt from levy and sale, by virtue\\nof {Ay process whatever under the laws of this State, except as hereinafter excepted, of\\nthe property of every head of a family, or guardian or trustee of a family of minor\\nchildren, or every aged or infirm person, or person having the care and support of\\ndependent females of any age, who is not the head of a family, realty or personalty, or\\nboth, to the value in the aggregate of sixteen hundred dollars.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "xl History of Georgia.\\nSECTION II.\\nEXEMPTION.\\n1. Protection Guaranteed.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No court, or ministerial officer in this State shall\\never have jurisdiction or authority to enforce any judgment, execution, or decree, against\\nthe property set apart for such purpose, including such improvements as may be made\\nthereon from time to time, except for tiixes, for the purchase money of the same, for\\nlabor done thereon, for material furnished therefor, or for the removal of incumbrances\\nthereon.\\nSECTION III.\\nWAIVER OF HOMESTEAD.\\n1. Mat be Waived, How Far How Sold.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The debtor shall have power to\\nwaive or renounce in writing his right to the benefit of the exemption provided for in\\nthis Article, except as to wearing apparel, and not exceeding three hundred dollars worth\\nof household and kitchen furniture, and provisions, to be selected by himself and his\\nwife, if any, and he shall not, after it is set apart, alienate or encumber tlie property so\\nexempted, but it may be sold by the debtor, and his wife, if any, jointly, with the\\nsanction of the judge of the superior court of the county where the debtor resides or\\nthe land is situated, the proceeds to be reinvested upon the same uses.\\nSECTION IV.\\nHOMESTEAD SET APART, HOW.\\n1. Setting Apart Short Homestead.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly shall provide, by\\nlaw, as early as practicable, for the setting apart and valuation of said property. But\\nnothing in this Article shall be construed to affect or repeal the existing laws for exemp-\\ntion of property from sale, contained in the present Code of this State, in paragraphs\\n2040 to 2049, inclusive, and the acts amendatory thereto. It may be optional with the\\nai)plicant to take either, but not both, of such exemptions.\\nSECTION V.\\nSHORT HOMESTEAD WAIVED.\\n1. Short Homestead may be Waived.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The debtor shall have authority to waive\\nor renounce in writing his right to the benefit of the exemption provided for in section\\nfour, except as is excepted in section three of this Article.\\nSECTION VI.\\nHOMESTEAD SUPPLEMENTED,\\n1. Supplemental Homestead.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The applicant shall at any time have the right to\\nsupplement his exemption by adding to an amount already set ajjurt, which is less than\\nthe whole amount of exemption herein allowed, a sufficiency to make his exemption equal\\nto the whole amount.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "Appendix. xli\\nSECTION VII.\\nFORMER HOMESTEADS PRESERVED.\\n1. Homesteads Heketofore Set Apart.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Homesteads and exemptions of per-\\nsonal property which have been heretofore set apart by virtue of the provisions of the\\nexisting Constitution of this State, and in accordance with tlie laws for the enforcement\\nthereof, or which may be hereafter so set apart, at any time, shall be and remain valid as\\nagainst all debts and liabilities existing at the time of the adoption of this Constitution,\\nto the same extent that they would have been had said existing Constitution not been\\nrevised.\\nSECTION VIII.\\nPRIOR RIGHTS TO EXEMPTION PRESERVED.\\n1. Vested Eights Protected. Rights which have become vested under previously\\nexisting laws shall not be affected by anything herein contained. In all cases in which\\nhomesteads have been set apart under the Constitution of 1868, and the laws made\\nin pursuance thereof, and a bona fide sale of such property has been subsequently made\\nand the full purchase price thereof has been paid, all right of exemption in such property\\nby reason of its having been so set apart, shall cease in so far as it affects the right of the\\npurchaser. In all such cases where a part only of the purchase price has been paid, such\\ntransactions shall be governed by the laws now of force in this State, in so far as they\\naffect the rights of the purchaser, as though said property had not been set apart.\\nSECTION IX.\\nSALE OF HOMESTEAD.\\n1. Sale and Reinvestment of Homestead. Parties vpho have taken a homestead\\nof realty under the Constitution of 1868 shall have the right to sell said homestead and\\nreinvest the same, by order of the judge of the superior courts of this State.\\nAKTICLE X.\\nMILITIA.\\nSECTION I.\\nMILITIA AND VOLUNTEERS.\\n1. Organization op Militia.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A well regulated militia being essential to the\\npeace and security of the State, the General Assembly shall have authority to provide by\\nlaw how the militia of this State shall be organized, officered, trained, armed, and\\nequipped and of whom it shall consist.\\n2. Volunteers.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The General Assembly shall have power to authorize the formation\\nof volunteer companies, and to provide for their organization into battalions, regiments,\\nbrigades, divisions and corps, with such restrictions as may be prescribed by law, and\\nshall have authority to arm and equip the same.", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "xlii History of Georgia.\\n3. Pat of Militia.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The officers and men of the militia and volunteer forces shall\\nnot be entitled to receive any pay, rations, or emoluments, when not in active service by\\nauthority of the State.\\nARTICLE XI.\\nC0U1^ TIES A.^T COUNTY OFFICERS.\\nSECTION I.\\nCOUNTIES.\\n1. Counties are Corporate Bodies.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Each county shall be a body corporate, with\\nsuch powers and limitations as may be prescribed by law. All suits by or against\\na county, shall be in the name thereof and the metes and bounds of the several counties\\nshall remain as now prescribed by law, unless changed as hereinafter provided.\\n2. New Counties Not Allowed.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No new county shall be created.\\n3. Change of County Lines.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 County lines shall not be changed unless under the\\noperation of a general law for that purpose.\\n4. Change of County Sites .\u00e2\u0080\u0094No county-site shall be changed or removed, except\\nby a two-thirds vote of the qualified voters of the county, voting at an election held for\\nthat purpose, and a two-thirds vote of the General Assembly.\\n5. Dissolution of Counties.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Any county may be dissolved and merged with\\ncontiguous counties, by a two-thirds vote of the qualified electors of such county, voting\\nat an election held for that purpose.\\nSECTION 11.\\nCOUNTY OFFICERS.\\n1. County Officers.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The county officers shall be elected by the qualified voters of\\ntheir respective counties, or districts, and shall hold their offices for two years. They\\nshall be removed on conviction for malpractice in office, and no person shall be eligible\\nto any of the offices referred to in this paragraph, unless he shall have been a resident of\\nthe county for two years, and is a qualified voter.\\nSECTION III.\\nUNIFORMITY IN COUNTY OFFICERS.\\n1. County Officers to be Uniform.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Whatever tribunal, or officers, may here-\\nafter be created by the General Assembly for the transaction of county matters, shall be\\nuniform throughout the State, and of the same name, jurisdiction and remedies, except\\nthat the General Assembly may provide for the appointment of commissioners of roads\\nand revenue in any county.\\nSECTION IV.\\nSTATE CAPITAL.\\n1. Capital in Atlanta.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The city of Atlanta shall be the capital of the State,\\nuntil changed by the same authority, and in the same way, that is provided for the\\nalteration of this Constitution.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "Appendix. xliii\\nARTICLE XII.\\nTHE LAWS OF GEi^EEAL 0PERATI0:N 11^ FORCE IN THIS STATE.\\nSECTION I.\\n1. Supreme Law, What Is.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The laws of general operation in this State are, first,\\nas the supreme law The Constitution of the United States, the laws of the United States\\nin pursuance thereof, and all treaties made under the authority of the United States.\\n2. Second ix Authority.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Second, as next in authority thereto this Constitution.\\n3. Third in Authority.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Third, in subordination to the foregoing: All laws now\\nof force in this State, not inconsistent with this Constitution, and the ordinances of this\\nConvention, shall remain of force until the same are modified or repealed by the General\\nAssembly. The tax acts and appropriation acts passed by the General Assembly of 1877,\\nand approved by the Governor of the State, and not inconsistent with the Constitution,\\nare hereby continued in force until altered by law.\\n4. Local and Private Acts.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Local and private acts passed for the benefit of coun-\\nties, cities, towns, corporations, and private persons, not inconsistent with the supreme\\nlaw, nor with this Constitution, and which have not expired nor been repealed, shall\\nhave the force of statute law, subject to judicial decision as to their validity when passed,\\nand to any limitations imposed by their own terms.\\n5. Vested Rights Secured.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All rights, privileges and immunities which may have\\nbeen vested in, or accrued to, any person or persons, or corporation, in his, her or their\\nown right, or in any fiduciary capacity, under and in virtue of, any act of the General\\nAssembly, or any judgment, decree or order, or other proceeding of any court of compe-\\ntent jurisdiction in this State, heretofore rendered, shall be held inviolate by all courts\\nbefore which they may be brought in question, unless attacked for fraud.\\n6. Acts of Courts Confirmed.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All judgments, decrees, orders, and other proceed-\\nings, of the several courts of this State, heretofore made, within the limits of their several\\njurisdictions, are hereby ratified and affirmed, subject only to reversal by motion for a\\nnew trial, appeal, bill of review, or other proceeding, in conformity with thelaw of force\\nwhen they were made.\\n7. Existing Officers.- The officers of the government now existing, shall continue\\nin the exercise of their several functions until their successors are duly elected or ap-\\npointed, and qualified; but nothing herein is to apply to any officer whose office may be\\nabolished by this Constitution.\\n8. Ordinances.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The ordinances of this Convention shall have the force of laws\\nuntil otherwise provided by the General Assembly, except the ordinances in reference to\\nsubmitting the homestead and capital question to a vote of the people, which ordinances,\\nafter being voted on, shall have the effect of constitutional provisions.\\nARTICLE XIIL\\nAMEN DMENTS TO THE COiN^STITIITION\\nSECTION I.\\n1. Constitution, How Amended.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Any amendment, or amendments, to this Consti-\\ntution may be proposed in the Senate or House of Representatives, and if the same shall", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "xliv HISTORY OF GEORGIA.\\nbe agreed to, by two-thirds of the meinljers elected to each of the two houses, such pro-\\nj)osed amendment, or amendments shall be entered on their journals, with the yeas and\\nnays taken thereon. And the General Assembly shall cause such amendment or amend-\\nments to be pul)lished in one or more newspapers in each congressional district, for two\\nmonths previous to the time of holding the next general election, and shall also provide\\nfor a submission of such proposed amendment or amendments to the people at said next\\ngeneral election, and if the people shall ratify such amendment or amendments, by\\na majority of the electors qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly, voting\\nthereon, such amendmenf or amendments shall become a part of this Constitution.\\nWhen more than one amendment is submitted at the same time, they shall be so submitted\\nas to enable the electors to vote on each amendment separately.\\n2. Convention, How Called. No convention of the people shall be called by the\\nGeneral Assembly to revise, amend, or change this Constitution, unless by a concurrence\\nof two-thirds of all the members of each house of the General Asseml)ly. The repre-\\nsentation in said convention shall be based on population as near as practicable.\\nSECTION II.\\nCONSTITUTION, HOW RATIFIED.\\n1. Constitution, How Ratified.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Constitution shall be submitted for ratifica-\\ntion or rejection to the electors of the State, at an election to be held on the first Wednes-\\nday in December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven, in the several election\\ndistricts of this State, at which election every person shall be entitled to vote who is entitled\\nto vote for the members of the General Assembly under the Constitution and laws of force\\nat the date of such election said election to be held and conducted as is now provided\\nby law for holding elections for members of the General Assembly. All persons voting\\nat said election in favor of adopting the Constitution, shall write or have printed on\\ntheir ballots the words For Ratification, and all persons opposed to the adoption of\\nthis Constitution shall write or have printed on their ballots the words Against\\nRatification.\\n2. Consolidation of Votes.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The votes cast at said election shall be consolidated in\\neach of the counties of this State, as is now required by law in elections for members of\\nthe General Assembly, and returns thereof made to the Governor and should a majority\\nof all the votes cast at said election be in favor of ratification, he shall declare the said\\nConstitution adopted, and make proclamation of the result of said election by publication\\nin one or more newspapers in each congressional district of the State, but should\\na majority of the votes cast be against ratification, he shall in the same manner proclaim\\nthe said Constitution rejected.\\nCONSTITUTION RATIFIED.\\nRatified by a vote of the People at an election held on the fifth day of December, 1877.\\nThe Convention which adopted the Constitution met on the eleventh day of July, and\\nadjourned on the twenty-fifth day of August, 1877.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "MAURY S GEOGRAPHIES.\\nLieutenant Maury spent many years of his life in\\nobservant travel. He thus became personally ac-\\nquainted with nearly every part of the globe. His\\nGeographies, therefore, are not a mere compilation of\\nwhat others have said, but in a large measure a descrip-\\ntion of what he himself saw. This, it is believed, can\\nbe said of no other Geographies in the market.\\nThe books have won for themselves the widest recog-\\nnition for the charming manner in which they present\\ngeographical facts, and are a noble monument to the\\ngenius and industry of their illustrious author.\\nThe subject is treated as a science and not as a\\ncollection of dry, disjointed facts. It is so presented\\nto the scholar as to interest him from the first page to\\nthe last.\\nThe books have been beautifully illustrated from\\nnew designs, and the text in its arrangement is suited\\nto the most approved and systematic methods of\\ninstruction.\\nThey are fully up with the times. The progress of\\ngeographical science is closely watched. All changes\\nand facts, properly authenticated, are promptly noted\\nand embodied in the text.\\nMAURY S ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY, $o\u00e2\u0080\u009e55\\nMANUAL OF GEOGRAPHY, 1.25\\nPHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, 1.20", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "ANALYTICAL METHOD,\\nSanford s Arithmetics,\\nBY\\nSHELTON P. SANFORD, A.M.,\\nPROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN MERCER UNIVERSITY, GEORGIA,\\nThese books are based on the analytic system, the\\nmethod of teaching Arithmetic employed by the best\\nand most progressive educators. It is the natural\\nmethod. It lessens the labor of the teacher and\\nfacilitates the work of the pupil. It furnishes that\\nmental discipline and training of the reasoning powers\\nso essential to the full development of the pupil.\\nThe solutions are clear and simple. The humblest\\ncapacity can comprehend them and the most advanced\\nstudents are aided.\\nThe definitions are given in language that is clear\\nand concise.\\nThe development of the science in advancing from\\none subject to another is natural, and by steps that are\\nsuited to the capacity or attainments of the pupil.\\nCommencing with simple processes and explanations,\\nthere is a regular gradation to the more difificult parts\\nof the science.\\nThe pupil is constantly taught to rely on himself.\\nHe not only learns how to perform each operation, but\\nhe is also shown the reason underlying the operation.", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3254", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3260", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n014 496 376 3%", "height": "3317", "width": "2148", "jp2-path": "historyofgeorgia01evan_0412.jp2"}}