.o- A ^ *0' A ^ <, .0 o o ^ A * k * "- .*> ,CV 0' ' 't/r. Mr. John 631 Abi /corn 427 Ab rigines, relics of 279 Account of the progress of the Colony 319 Acworth 401 Adairsville 298 Adams, Gen. David 500 Address of Upper House of Assembly to Sir James Wright 52 Address of Commons to Sir James Wright 54 Address of Provincial Congress to Sir James Wright 75 Address of Medway Church to George Washing- ton 529 Address of citizens of Augusta to General Wash- ington 623 Address of Committee of Provincial Congress. .SI, 82 Adventure with a panther 541 Advertisement of the Governor of South Caro- lina in regard to General Oglethorpe 321 Albany 260 - AUapaha, Battle near 498 Alatoona 404 Allen, Eev. Moses 532 Allen, Rev. Beverly 44S Alexander 2S2 Americus 641 Americus Female Institute 641 American Iron Foundry 599 Amusing incident 403 Anawaqua's Tomb 293 Ancient works in Cass County 299 Ancient works in Coweta County 413 Ancient works in Fatly County 425 Andrew, James O., Bishop 575 Andrew, Herbert 578 Appling County 259 Appling 4.14 Appling, Colonel Daniel 409 Approval of Colonial Seal 1S2 Arnold, Be v. AV 5S9 Arrival of Colonists at Charle 4own 319 Association of Deputies 5S Atlanta 421 Atlanta Tanning Company 422 Atlanta Machine Shop 422 Attapulgus 419 Athens 391 Athens Manufacturing Company 392 Augusta 593 Augusta, unsuccessful attempt to retake 6n7 Augusta Manufacturing Company 593 Augusta, Siege and Surrender of 609 Auraria 542 Baden, N. H 494 Bainbridge 419 Bacon, Mr. M. E 651 Baker County 259 Baker, Benjamin 533 Baker. Colonel John ' . . 5.33 Baker, Colonel William 53.3 Baldwin County ".'..'.'..'.'.'.'. 265 PAGE Ball-ground 390 Ball-play, Indian 670 Baptist Female College of Southwe • Georgia. 590 Baptist Church, Second, Savanna! 316 Baptists, colored, Savannah 313 Barber, Colonel . 898 Barnard, Timpoochee 163 Barnard, Major John 306 Barnes ville 5S3 Bateman. Colonel Simon 497 Battle at Jack's Creek , 672 " at Chickasawhaeb.ee 262 " at Briar Creek 633 " at Burke Jail 232 " at Echowanotchaway 591 " at Kettle Creek 6S3 " at Medway 524 " near Rome 456 " at Shepard's Plantation 639 with the Indians 643 507 Bath. Beaulieu Belair Belleville Factor}- Bergman, Rev. John E Berrien, Major John Berrien, Hon. John M Bess, a Negro, interesting account of . Bibb County Blackburn, General Samuel Blackshear, General David Blairsville Blakelv S-\6 597 5 9 50-S 371 27S 269 Bolzius, Rev. John Martin Bolzius, " extracts from Journal of. Bonaventure Bonner, Henry Bosomworth, Rev. Thomas Bosom worth, Mrs. Mary. . .: Bothwell, Eev. David E Boykin, Dr. Samuel Bowles, General William Augustus Bragg, Rev. Seneca G Branham, Dr. II Brantley, Amos Brewtoh's Hill Bridge at Augusta Broken Arrow Broomtown Brotherville Browne, Colonel Thomas Browne, bravery of .Mrs Brown. Tarlton Brownson. Governor N Brunswick Bryan County Bryan, Hon. Jonathan Buena Vista Buffalo Fish Town Bulloch County Bulloch, Governor Archibald Burke County Burke Jail, skirmish at Burnett, Captain John 428 4:3 675 31 26 503 267 103' 273 5S9 491 336 594 671 387 597 614 678 613 213 461 276 366 545 404 279 200 2S2- 2S2 468 INDEX. PAGE 'ort 286 fillage: A Tale of the Indian War 658 irof Roanoke 688 11. l>r 406 town of 646 i ounty 285 Calhoun 475 Camd 3 County 286 Carnal; .* 675 Campbell County 292 Cauipbellton ...". 292 Campbell, l>. Q 685 Campbell. Mrs. Maria 680 Canal at Augusta 504 Canton 890 Capi ure of American Prisoners 526 (.'arm -\ [lie -I.".'.' Carroll County 294 Carrollton . . .' 294 Carr, Patrick 504 ( !ai r, Paddy 169 Carey, George 666 Cartor, Major 608 Cartersville 298 ( ass County 297 i assville . ." 293 Cave Spring 4.">7, Cava, Nix's 458 Cave, Baltpetre 800 Cave, Wilson's 669 Cedar Town 586 Cemetery at Mod way 519 Centreville ' 2S6, 671 Cessna, murder of Miss 480 Charter of tile Colony 1 Chatham County . . ." 302 Chatooga County 886 Charlton, Hon. T. C. P 86T Chela, destruction of Indian town of 512 Chestnut Town 670 Chopped Oak, tradition of 4S9 t 1 ri i { hur h Mi. -on .1 si Church, Savannah 817 Church of the Atonement 595 Hall of Augusta 598 Clarke County 891 , Governor John 229 Clarke, Mrs. Hannah 682 Clarke, General FKjah 685 Clarkesvilte 4S6 Clayton ;>v> Clinch County 399 Clinton ' 505 Cobb Coimty 41m Cobb, T. W. 412 Cobb, Colonel Howell 49s I . Govt rnor Howell 252 Cobb, Captain Thomas 405 ge, Ft male, in Macon 26!) ... Medical, at Augusta 594 ico-Mcdical 1 ege, Emory 574 642 I mine -j^f; Columbia County .1. 4 Volumbus " 5(jg Columbus Female Asylum Columbus Factory. . .' :,- > titt 565 I 26] >k, Hon. Z 8 S Corinth 1, 1 1 Correspondence between Colonels Browne, Lee, and Pickens fill Cotting, Dr Council of SatVty appointed SC Couper, John ( o\ illL'tOll "74 Ooweta County 4';; Coweta Fails Factory 570 Crawford County ..'. 4^0 Crawfordville 643 ( irawford, Major Joel 405 Crawford, Governor. George W 245 Crawford, Hon. William 11 5S0 Crayfish Town (570 Culloden 561 Cumberland Island 2S6 Cumming 45s Cummins,Dr F 4S3 Cunningham's Flour Mills 59s Custom-House, Savannah 80S -Curry. Major Nicholas 077 Curtright Manufacturing Company 479 Cuthbert, town of " 590 Cut Illicit, lion. Alfred 501 Cuyler 54:3 Dnbney, Austin 584 Hade County 418 Dahlonega : 542 Pallas 582 Dalton 079 Danburg 6S1 1 laniellsville 545 I larieu 540 1 >avis. Rev. Win 447 Davis, Judge Wm 367 Dawson, Hon. Wm. C 4S1 Deaf and Dumb Asylum 455 Decatur County 419 Decatur '. 421 I'e Fa!b County 421 Denmead's Mills 401 l>e Soto's yjsil to Rome 458 Devereaux, W. J 2G7 Dickson. General Din i 1 451 Difflcu ties with the t herokecs 186 Dili ulties-with the Creeks 128, 129, 180,131 Dissenting resolutions of St. Matthew's Parish. . 437 Dissenting resolutions of St PauVs Parish (103 Dissenting resolutions of the Kiokee and Broad Fiver Settlements 605 Dissenting resolutions of Savannah 48 Dissenting resolutions of < lolumbia County .... 412 Dissenting N solutions of Burke County 2S3 Disqualifying Act 95 Doberty, amusing history of Michael 0->2 Doswood G09 Dooly County 4ji Dooly. Judge J M 589 Dooly, Colonel -John 539 Dooly, Ci is 539 Dorchester 513 I (ougherty, Major 399 Dougherty, Judge 399 I >raper, James C75 Drayton's reply to Governor Treutlen's Pro- clamation 207 Drayton 424 Drinking of rum prohibited 16 Dublin 2S5, 5 9 . illo 648 Dungeness 2s7 Eagle Factorv in Columbus 570 Earlj County 424 F. irly. Governor Peter 227 Eatonton 588 Eatonton Manufacturing Company 5*3 Echolls, Hon. 11)1 ". 073 Feiint'iuocau Swamp 674 Ebenezer 426 Effects received in America for Georgia 324 Effingham County 426 Elberl County..." 43$ Elberton 488 Elbert, Governor Samuel 215 F.lholm, A. C. G 02S Ellis, Governor Henry 185 Elliott, Bishop Stephen 385 Elliott, Hon. John, 533 INDEX. PAGE EUijay 460 . Ell ija ■' 401 Emanuel County 450 Emanuel, Hon. David 2?1 Emathla. Tustennuggee j7| Enchanted Mountain 658 Ewen, President William l' J p Exchange in Savannah 313 Extracts from the Minutes of the Trustees 14 Extract from the Speech of Henry Williams ... 811 Extracts from the Records of Medway Church . 514 EaTuurnc fol Eairmount 4t5 Falls of Amicololah jjfS • Falls of Towaliga 8ff, • Falls of Tallulah 4S8 Falls of Toccoa 489 Fainbrough, Thomas 4<* Farmington J™* Fauche, Colonel Jonas 4b3 Fayette County 451 FaVetteville 451 Female Asylum of Savannah 303 Female Asylum in Columbus 569 Female College in Macon 269 Few, Colonel William 409 Few. Captain Ignatius 400 Fielder, heroism of Mrs 480 Findley's Foundry 271 Fitch. Thomas 267 Flat Shoals 557 Fletcher Institute 648 Flint liiver Factory 666 Florence ,; ; ; > Floyd County 452 Floyd, General John 289 Forsyth County 458 Forsyth, Governor John 238 Forsyth 561 Forsyih Female College 56) Fort'.Dr 26T Fort, Arthur '•.< " Scott 419 " Jackson : y : ] " Barrtngton 540 " Hawkins 275 " Wilkinson 200 '■ Valley 497 " Valley Seminary 497 " Argvie 270 " Gaines 425 Fortification in Houstoun 498 Fortifications in Savannah River 88G Franklin County 459 Franklin 49 1 Franklin Mines 39 I Franklin Volunteers 460 Franklin College : 891 Franklin factory 666 Francisville 416 Francis, Milly, noble conduct of 208 Frederica 462 Freeman, Mrs. Catherine 47^ Freight Depot in Augusta : 594 Gaines, Fort 425 Gainesville 490 Galphinton 502 Galphin Claim considered 246 Gamble, Hon. Roger L 503 Garmany, Captain 414 Garrett, murder of Mrs 2ft9 Gay, Allen 414 Georgia 1 1 istorical Society 315 Military Institute 400 " Academy for the Blind 209 " Factory 393 " Episcopal Institute 502 " Roll 38 tt Asylum for Deaf and Dumb 455 PAGB Georgia Fema'e College at Madison 566 Georgetown 590 GUlionsville 261 Gilmer County 400 Gilmer, Hon. George R 233 Gobert. J. B 502 Goodrich's Factory 593 Gogsrans, Win 294 Gordon County 475 Gordon, William W 475 Gordon, Major James 656 Gordon 683 Goshen 539 Glascock, General Thomas 628 . Glenalta 515 Glynn County 401 Grantland, Hon. S 207 Graves, Colonel John 688 Graybill, Henry 491 Greene County 476 Greenesborough 477 Greeneville 557 Greenesborough Female College 477 Greenesborough Manufacturing Company 478 Gresham, Alexander 478 Griffin 634 Griswold Factory 505 Grooversville 618 Gulletsville 562 Gumpond 261 Gwinnett County 483 Gwinnett, Hon. .Button 202 Habersham County 486 Habersham, Hon. James 106 Habersham, Major John 866 Habersham. Hon. Joseph 869 Hall County 490 Hall, Governor Lyman 215 Hall, Hon. Boiling 491 [Hancock County 491 Hancock Manufacturing Company 492 Handley, Governor George 218 Hamilton *™ Hamilton, John 491 Hamilton, I)r 506 Hammond, Colonel Samuel 024 Hardeman, Colonel Robert 506 Hardwick -'''' Haralson, Hon. II. A 6o3 Harrisonville 652 Harris County 4^3 Harris, Colonel Francis II 365 Harris, Hon. Charles 371 Harris, Augustine -"? Harris, General J. V . 899 Hart, Nancy, a Georgia heroine 441 Hartford °*7 .Hawkins, Fort 417 ''Hawkins, Colonel Benjamin 417 Hawkinsville r '^7 Hawthorn, death of Rev. Mr 489 Hayno\ ille 497 Haygood, Mrs 563 Heard County 494 Heard, Hon. Stephen 212 Henderson 497 Henry County 495 Herbert. Rev. Henry 15 1 1 icks, < Iharles 670 Hicks, Elijah 070 Hickory Hill, skirmish at 526 Hickory Grove 416 High Shoals Factory 506 Hillsborough 500 Hill, Hon. E. Y 652 Hillhouse, Mrs 687 Hinesville 513 Hobbs, Mrs 47S Hodge, David 405 Hogg, Mrs 478 Holcoinbe, Rev. Henry 370 INDEX. PAGE Holmesvllle 259 Honors to the French Republicans In Augusta. 024 Hood, Dr 491 Hopoethlcyoholo, a Creek Chiei 165 Hopewell '. 416 Houstoun County 49C Houstoun, Gove r John 209 Houstoun - ! !)4 House in which Legislature met in Savannah .. 8-18 Major John 267 Howard Manufacturing Company 570" Howlev. Governor Richard 211 Hull. General 60S v. Hope 393 Hull. 1 Ion. Asbury 394 Hull. Dr. Henry 394 Independent Presbyterian Church, Savannah .. 805 [ndi pci dence, Brst celebration of in Georgia... 200 Indian talk 26S Indian depredations in Liberty 527 Indian depredal ions in Greerie 479 I ml an depredations in Washington G77 Indian depredations in Telfair 047 Intel esting trial of Jesse L. Bunkley 500 lr\\ in ( lounty 498 Irwin, Governor Jared 218 Ivwinton OSS Irwinville 498 Island Town 3S7 Jack, James 447 Jack, Colonel Samuel 682 .larks. .ii County 499 Jackson, Governor -lames 219 Jackson 2S5 Jacksonville 046 Jack's Cieek. battle at G72 Jacksonborough 031 Ja per County 499 Jasper, Sergeant 886 • i Spring 336 Jefferson County 502 Jefferson 2S6, 499 Jeffersonville G56 Jenkins, Hon Charles J 629 Jerri an. Major 689 Jews, arrival, of, in Savannah 828 Jinnings, Miles 531 Johnson, Governor II. V 254 Iei.es County 505 rones, Hon. Noble W 367 Jones, Hon. James 867 Jones. Minor John 533 Jonesi George W mo Jones, Hon. Seaborn 267 Jones, lion, .loh n 582 loins. Rev. Dubney 414 ronesborough 451 lonesville 546 lury, Grand, first in Washington County . • 67S " Walton County 673 " " " Twiggs County 657 ,: " " Monroe County 504 " " " I'-aker ; 261 " " " Cordon 476 " " " Fayette 452 " " " Mew ton 578 " " " Oglethorpe 581 " " " Cobb 408 " " li Campbell 293 " " " Bulloch 2S0 " " " Coweta 4l6 " " " Harris County 494 " " " Homy County 496 " " " Liberty 531 Kingston 29S Konesaw Mountain 4ul • Keiiesaw Town 404 TAGB Knoxville 416 Kolloek, Rev. Henry 309 La Fayette 607 La Grange 050 ' La < I range Female College 651 Lamar, John 5fl6 Lanahassee 637 Landing of British on Cumberland Island 2S7 Lanier 543 Lanman's letters 662 Lauiens County 509 Lawrenceville 483 Lawrenceville Manufacturing Company 4S3 Lawson, Colonel John 657 Lee County 511 Lei', funeral of General 2S7 Legend of Iliwassee 600 Legend of Naeoochee 4S6 Letter from Piggy and Susannah Mcintosh 295 Letter from Jane "Hawkins 296 Letter from Governor Wright to the Eavl of Dartmouth 437 Lelter from Governor Wright in regard to the people of St. John's Parish 523 Letter from Wm. 11. Drayton to Humphrey Wells ".203 Letter from James Habersham 516 Letter from Colonel John White to Lieutenafit- Colonol Prevost 524 Letter from Lieutenant-Colonel Prevost to Col- onel John White 524 Letter from Colonel L. V. Fuser to Colonel John Mcintosh 525 Letter, from Colonel John Mcintosh to Colonel L. V. Fuser 526 Letter from Colonel Maxwell to Lieutenant- Colonel Fishburne 528 Letter from Oglethorpe to the Earl of Oxford. . 463 Letter of the Governor and Council of South Carolina to General Osrletliorpe 322 Lelter from Robert Johnson to Benjamin Martyn 823 Letters which passed between D'F.staing and General Prevost 348 Letter from President Drayton to the Council of Safety 91 Letter from General Lachlan Mcintosh to Gen- eral Washington 92, 95 Lciter from Colonel Thomas Browne to Dr. Ramsey 014 Letter from Colonel A.J. Pickett 170 Letters from the Council of Safety S6, S7, S8 Letter from n gentleman in Georgia 61 Letter from Georgia Delegates to the Continental Congress.... 01,02.63 Letter lo the Committee of Donations 03, 64 Letter from Augusta 000 Letter from Mr. Launitz 811 Letter from Lieutenant-Colonel Elbert 463 Lexington 579 Lewis, Dixon II 492 Liberty County 513 Lincoln County 539 Lini olnton 5,39 Lisbon 539 List of Indian traders in A ugusta 600 List of persons disqualified 11.2 Lithoiiia 422 Long. Colonel Nicholas 684 I. on -Swamp 390 • Long Cane 652 Long Pond 003 Loudsvile 4S6 Louisville 502 Lovers Leap. Legend of 571 Lowndes County 540 Lumber City : C46 Lumpkin County 542 Lumpkin 637 Lumpkin, Governor Wilson 286 Lumpkin, lion. Joseph II 895 XI PAGE Lutheran Church in Savannah 31 S Lutheran Church at Ebenezer 426 Macon County 54-3 Macon 2(59 Macon Cotton Factory 272 Machine Factory 599 Madison County 544 Madison 506 Madison Female College 566 Madison Steam Mill Company 566 Magnolia 3 fl 9 Maflorysville 681 Marbury, Leonard 4*5 Marietta 400 Marietta Tannery 401 Marion County 545 Marion 656 Marriage of David Hodge 405 Marshall, Rev. Daniel 406 Marshallville 543 Marthasville 543 Martin, Governor John 214 Mars Hill Factory 393 Masonic Hall in Augusta 594 Masonic Female College 637 Matthews, Governor George 217 Maxwell, Audley 533 McBride's Mills 494 McCall, Major 31 McDonald, Governor Charles J 239 McDonough 495 McFlesh"s Varietv Works 402 McGirth. Colonel" Daniel 281 MeGidivray, General Alexander 154 McKrimmon, Duncan, romantic story of 267 Mcintosh County 546 '• General Lachlan 547 " General William 17(1 " General John 547 " Colonel J. S 547 " Roderick 470 " Mrs. Ann 546 " Mrs. Sarah 547 Mcintosh, Colonel John, his noble reply 526 McWhir, Rev. William. D.D 532 Medical College, Augusta 594 Medway Church 517 Meeting of the Trustees of Georgia 14 Meeting oi Merchants in Savannah 42 Meeting of Inhabitants of Savannah 42, 64 Meeting in Lawrenceville in regard to Volun- teers 4S4 Meeting of Provincial Congress 65 Meeting of Inhabitants of Liberty 520 Meeting of Indians called by Oglethorpe 325 Meigs, Josiah 397 Mercer, Rev. Jesse 6S4 Meriwether County 556 Meriwether, Captain James 503 Meriwether, Judge 588 Meriwether, General David 397 Meteoric Stone 564 Methodist Church, Savannah 306 Midway 266 Millar, Hon. A. J 629 Millord 261 Milfort 573 Mill Haven 631 Milner, Rev. John 5S4 Milledgeville 265 Midedireville Manufacturing Company 266 Milledge. Governor John 223 Missionaries, imprisonment of 140 Mitchell, Thomas 399 Mitchell, Governor David B 224 Monroe County 560 Monroe 671 Montezuma 543 Montaigut, David 366 Monticeilo 499 Montgomery County 565 Montgomery, Joseph T 651 Monument in Augusta 599 Monument in Lawrenceville 485 Moravian Missions 567 Moreau, General 418 Morgan County 565 Moseley, Rev. William 636 Mound near Macon 275 " in Karl v 425 " in Libert 439 " in Cass 299 Mounds in Hancock 492 '• on Murder Creek 500 " in Forsyth 458 " in Butti 286 Mount Brown 275 '• Lnon ! ... 597 . " Vernon 565 >_ " Zion 4!ii Mountain, Enchanted 658 Mountain. Stone 422 Mountain Town 461 Monntville 052 Murder of a family in Baker 264 Murray County 507 Murray, Hon. T. W 5R9 v -iIuscogec County 56S Musgrove, Mary 21 Muster Hull of" Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander's regiment 676 Muster Hull of Burke County 284 Muster Roll of Greene County 480 Nacoochee Valley 486 Karnes of orphans educated at Whitetield's Orphan House 332 Nanus of persons to whom lands were allotted by the Court of President and Assistants 32 Karnes of persons who took the oath of Alle- giance 39 Names of offiVers and soldiers who made appli- cation for lands Ill Names of persons declared rebels 102 Names of Volunteers to Mexico 115 Names of officers who were in the Continental Line of the Georgia Brigade 113 Names of Indian traders in Augusta 6« Nesbel and Le\ y's Foundry 272 Kesbit. Hon. Kugenius A 273 Neuf\ i te. Bev. Dr. Edward 371 New Kehota .475 Newnan 413 Newnan, General Daniel 669 Newton County 574 Newton 260 Newton Faetoiy 575 Nickajack Factory 402 Noel, John Y 367 Norcross. J 421 Notice of meeting in Savannah 44 Nowlan, Colonel George G 438 Oak Lawn 261 Oak Mountain 493 Observations by the Georgia Delegates 106 Observations on the soil of Lee County by Dr. Mercer 511 Oglethorpe, General 177 Oglethorpe County 579 Oglethorpe University 266 Oglethorpe 543 Old Church 282 Old Sixes Town 390 Osborn, Lady 15 Oostenaula 476 Oothcologa 476 Oxford 574 Palmyra .' 511 Parish, Captain Joel 473 INDEX. PAGE Park, Ezeklel E 478 Parker, Henry 181 Parsons, Samuel *>2 Pastors of Medway Charcli 519 Pataula Falls 591 Paulding County 582 Payne, Edward 898 Penfleld fj Penitentiary 265 Perry 4; ! 7 Petersburg 489 Petition of the inhabitants of Georgia to the Ki n g 82, 83, 84, 85 Petition of inhabitants of Augusta 601 Pickett, Colonel A.J 170 Pike County 538 Pine Mountains 493 Pine Hill 502 Plneville 545 Pioneer Paper Mill 393 Plantation of James Potter 802 Planters' Factory 2S5 Poindexter 545 Polk County 586 Polk. Eev. M 502 Porter, Oliver 488 Powder Springs 401 Powelton 491 Prattsville 562 Presbyterian Church in Augusta 595 Princeton Manufacturing Company 392 Prison Ships 339 Proceedings in Wilkes County relating to Gen- eral E. Clarke's arrest GS6 Proceedings of first I lonri in Liberty 53d Proceedings of Council of Safety... 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 Proceedings of Committee of St. John's Parish 521 Proclamation of President Ewen 90 " of Governor Treutlen 206 " of Sir James Wright 46 " of John Wereat 210 " of Governor Brownson 213 Pulaski, Count 307 Pulaski County 5S7 Pulaski, loss of steamer 353 Pulaski House 312 Pulaski Monument 308 Putnam County 588 Quincv, Rev. Mr 15 Quebec 6-12 Queensborough 562 Rabun County 589 Babun, Governor Win 228 Randolph County 590 Ratification of Federal Constitution 620 Kaysville 405 Raytown 043 Redding, Anderson 503 Eeidsville 0-15 ■ Remarkable stone in Columbia County 405 Remarkable feat in Camden County 2S8 Remarkable rock in Forsyth County 458 Remarkable instances of longevity 597 Report of Committee to devise temporary Con- stitution 96, 97 Resaca 475 Rees, Dr 501 Resolutions at Savannah 45 Resolution^ of General Committee at Charles- town in regard to St. John's Parish 522 Resolutions of South Carolina in regard to Ogle- thorpe 321 Resolutions of House of Assembly 56, 57, 58 Return of Burke County Militia 284 Return of American forces killed at Savannah.. 317 Return of officers chosen for Georgia Battalion. 94 Return of strength of Georgia Battalion 90 Revolutionary Soldiers in YY-ilkes 682 Revolutionary Incident GOG PAGE Revolutionary documents connected with Mcin- tosh County 554 Reynolds, Governor John 182 Reynolds, Colonel 898 Reynolds 646 Riceborough 518 Richmond County 598 Richmond Factory f>'*i» Ridge, Major 167 Ridge, John 163 Ringgold 667 Roanoke, burning of 683 Robbery, singular, by a female 451 Rock, curious 453 Hoik Wand Paper Mill 571 Pome 452 Rose Hill Cemetery 270 Rose, S 270 Ross, John 138 Ross, II. G 272 Roswell 401 Roswell Factory 402 Rough and Ready 451 Round POnd 06S Ruckersville 438 Russellville 562 Rutherford, Robert 2G7 Salem 392 Sandtown 292, 557 Sapp, Henry 056 Sapp, Mrs. R 650 Saundersville 077 Sanders, George 401 Savannah 802 Female Asylum 303 " Waterworks 808 " Poor-House and Hospital 314 " reduction of 337 '" attack and repulse at 313 Saying of a lawyer 282 Schley, Governor William 238 School at Goose Pond 5S1 Scottsborough 266 Scott, General John 267 Screven County 631 Screven, General 521 Scull Shoals Manufacturing Company 47S Seal of the Trustees ." 819 Seizure of the Mail 1 95 Snake story 662 Southern Masonic Female College 574 Social Circle 671 South Newport 510 Starkville 511 StapTe'ton, George 5i)3 State House 265 State Lunatic Asylum 266 Btatesborough 2S0 State Bank in Savannah 310 Stephens, Hon. William 367 Stephens, President William ISO Stephens, Hon. A. II 643 Stevens, Rev. Wm. B 191 Stewart County 037 Stewart, General Daniel 53.3 Stiles, Samuel 270 Stokes, Captain 4S3 Stokes, Hon. Anthony 306 Strawberry 069 Strobe], Rev. P. A 427 Strong, Judge Christopher 273 Spalding County 634 Spalding. Hon Thomas 034 Spanish invasion of Georgia 462 Sparta 491 Spring Cave 457 " Limestone, in Hall ., 490 " Limestone, in Polk 586 " Cold 557 " Sulphur, in Hall 490 " Rowland 299 PREFACE. The flattering reception given by rny fellow-citizei to " The Statistics of Geoegia," naturally encourage < me to venture still further in that field, which must ev< be a favourite with the patriotic Georgian. Ten years of incessant labour, expense, and trav throughout the State, have been cheerfully bestowed, ai the " Historical Collections of Georgia" are the re- sult. No source of knowledge has been neglected or despised The Libraries of Charleston, Savannah, Milledgevii and New- York, have been diligently searched. The Colonial Documents kindly furnished me by the Legislature of Georgia, to aid in the compilation of tl work, have been freely used. A large amount of in- formation has been gleaned, moreover, from aged perso — " the oldest inhabitants" of many of our towns an* villages — whose memories are proverbially tenacious regard to events, which made their vivid impressions early youth. This oral tradition, indeed, often furnish PEEFACE. e warm flesh and blood of the body of History, while 1 >curnentary evidence can be relied on for the putting gether of the dry skeleton alone. Correctness rather than elegance has been the end .iefly sought; and the pains unsparingly taken give me a *ht to claim general reliability for all facts stated. But, in a field of original research, so new, so extended, (1 so largely unexplored before, it is too much to expect at entire freedom from error has been attained. To James Hamilton Couper, Esq., Hon. George R. I llmer, Hon. Wilson Lumpkin, I. K. Tefft, Esq., t olonel William Harden, of Cass County, Be v. P. A. Strobel, George W. Waltiiour, Esq., Nelson Tift, Esq., General J. V. Harris, Colonel A. J. Pickett, Alabama, Edward F. Campbell, Esq., Rev. John Jones, William Mcintosh, Esq., J. H. R. Washington, Esq., Benjamin E. Stiles, Esq., and Colonel John Mil- ledge, the author is indebted for valuable assistance. This work does not assume to be a consecutive His- tory. It is but a collection of materials for the use of the future historian. It is enough for me, if, by the igh toil of the literary pioneer, I succeed in break- r and gathering out the stone from the quarry, and in hewing the heavy timber from the mountains, where- th, hereafter, some accomplished architect, in its full portion and finished beauty, may rear the fair fabric the History of Georgia. G. W. Marietta, Cobb County, Georgia, | 1st January, 1854. ) PAGE Spring Place 29S. 567 •• Thundering Gfi5 " Yates's 667 Springs, Cherokee 667 Cohuttab 508 " Cotoosa 66S " Crayfish 607 Indian 285 " Madison 540 Franklin 459 u Medicinal 667 " Powder 401 " "Warm 557 " Chalybeate 557 Springfield 426 Settlement of Liberty County 514 Sequoia, or George Guess 3S7 Siege and Surrender of Augusta 609 Siloquoy 470 Silver Mines 19, 20 Shady Dale 500 Shaffer, B 201 Sharp Mountain 390 Sheftall Sheftall 340 Sheftall, Mordecai, Journal of 340 Shine, John 6 6 Shivers. Jonas 675 Smith, Lorenzo Dow, history of 662 Smith, Rev. Isaac 503 Southern Female College of La Grange 651 St. Andrew's Society 815 St. John's Church 817 St. Mary's 286 St. Simon's Island 462 St. Cloud's 494 St. Paul's Church 595 Subterranean Village 437 Summary mode of justice among the Creeks. . . 417 Summerville 3^6, 597 Sumter County 641 Banbury 513" Surrender of the Charter 20 Suttle, William, generous conduct of 440 Sylvania 631 Synodical Female College at Griffin 634 Swainsborongh 450 Sweet Water Factory 293 Sweet Water Old Town 404 Talbot County 642 Talbotton 642 Talbot, Governor Matthew 229 Tait. Charles 448 • Talona 401 Taliaferro County 643 Tar and feathering 606 Tarvcrsville 656 Tattnall County 645 Tattnall. Governor Josiah 222 Taylor County 646 Taylor, Richard 670 Taylor's Cotton Gin Manufactory 570 Tazewell 545 Tetft, I. K 106 Telfair County 646 Telfair, Governor E 216 Terrell, Captain James 459 Thrasher, sufferings of Mrs 479 Thomas County 648 Thomaston 665 Thomasville 648 Thomas, General J 648 Thomas, Mrs. Martha 267 Thomaston Factory 666 Thunderbolt 336 Tomo Chachi's visit to England 325 Torrence, John 675 Town Bluff 259 Towns, Governor George W 252 Tragical incident in Baker 264 Travellers' Rest 424 Treutlen, Governor John A, 202 PACK Troup County 650 Troupville 540 Troup Factory 652 Troup, Governor George M 231 Tradition of the Cherokees 404 Treaty with the Lower Creeks in Savannah, 1783. 121 Treaty with the Creeks, Cherokees. and Chicka- saw's at Coweta, 1739 121 Treaty with the Cherokees and Creeks at Au- gusta, 1773 121,122, 128 Treaty with the Cherokees at Augusta, May 81, 1783 123 Treaty with the Creeks at Augusta, Nov. 1. 1733. 123 " Cherokees at Rope well, 1785... 123 " Creeks at Shoulder-Bone Creek, 1786 . 123 Treaty with the Creeks at New York, 1790 124 " " Cherokees at Holston, 1791 124 " " " at Philadelphia^ 794. 124 " " Creeks at Coleraine, 1796... 124,125 " " " at Fort Wilkinson. 1S02. 125 " " " at the Agency, 1804 125 " " " at Washington City, 1805. 125 " " " at Fort Jackson, 1814. . . 126 " " " at the Creek Agency, 1818 ■ 126 Treaty with the Creeks at Indian Springs, 1821.. 126 " •' " at Indian Springs, 1825.. 126 " " " at Washington City, 1826. 126 " " " at the Creek Agency, 1827 127 Treaty with the Cherokees at New Eehota, 1635 127 Trenton 41rf Tryon Factory 3S7 Tunnel 6S0 Twiggs County 656 Tv, iggs, General John 629 Twiggs, General D. E 629 Tyner's family, capture of 440 Union County 657 Union Point 473 University, Mercer 477 Upson County 665 Upson, Hon. Stephen 5S0 Vandever. the hunter of Tallulah 663, 604 Variety Works at Columbus 570 Vanwert 5S2 Vienna 424 Villa Rica 294 Viiieville 272 Von Reek's Journal 433 Waddel, Rev. Dr. Moses 394 Walker County 667 Walker, Major Freeman 629 Wallace, Norman 815 Walthour 538 Walthourvillo 513 Walton County jti^M 1 Walton, Governor George 21 u Ware County .^^73 Waresborough 673 Ware, lion. Nicholas 629 Warehouses in Augusta 594 Warren County 674 Warrenton 675 Warren and Coleman's Mill 599 Warner, Hon. Hiram 557 Washington County 676 Washington 681 AVashington's visit to Augusta 621 Washington's answer to address of Medway Church 530 Watkinsville 391 Watkiusville Tanning Company 393 Watson's Cotton Gin Factory 511 Watts, Ludwell 285 INDEX. PAGE Water-Cure Establishment *00 "Way man Factory 6'i6 Wayne County £79 Wavnesborough '- s 2 Wayneville 679 Wayne, Hon. James M 879 Wctr.it, Governor John 210 Wesley, Uev. John 16, 17 Wesley, Rev. Samuel 15 Wesl Point 652 Whitesville 426,493 Whltefleld County .679 W bitefleld, Rev. George 630 Whitefleld's Orphan House 829 White House, skirmish at 526 W hite Path 401 White, l>r 267 White Plains 47S White, Colonel John 307 Whitaker, Hon. Benjamin 504 Wilde, Hon R II 029 Williamiot's Minos 390 PAGE AVilson's Cavo 609 Wilkes County 681 Winter's Merchant Mill 571 Wlnship's Establishment 421 Wlnshlp's Cotton Gin Factory 566 "Wilkinson County 6SS Woodlawn Seminary 5ST Wright, Sir James, speech to the General As- sembly 50, 51 Wright, Sir James, answer to the House of Assembly 54, 55 Wright, Sir James 1S3 Wrightsborough 4f>4 Wright, John , 682 Wyatt, John 495 Yonah Mountain 4ST Zebulon 5S3 Zubly, Bev. J. J. 365 INDEX THE ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE BTATE-HOUSE (Baldwin County) 265 ROSE HILLL CEMETERY (Bibb County), 270 CHRIST CHUBCII, " 2T1 MACON COTTON FACTORY, " 272 SPRING PLACE (Cass County), 20$ ETOWAH RIVER, " 299 RESIDENCE OK JAMES POTTER (Chatham County), 302 FEMALE ASYLUM, " " ' 303 SAVANNAH WATER-WORKS, " " 3)4 CUSTOM-HOUSE, " " 305 METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, « " 306 PULASKI MONUMENT, " " 303 PULASKI HOUSE, " " 312 MERCHANTS- EXCHANGE, " " 313 POOR-HOUSE AND HOSPITAL, " " 314 ST. ANDREW'S HALL, " " 314 GEORGIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, " " 315 STATE BANK, " " 316 SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH, " " 316 ST. JOHNS CHURCH, " " 317 LUTIIERAN CHURCH, " " 31S SEAL OF THE TRUSTEES, « " 319 HOUSE IN WHICH THE LEGISLATURE MET (Chatham County), 34S WATER-CURE ESTABLISHMENT (Cobb County), 400 STONE MOUNTAIN (De Kalb County), 423 INDIAN MOUNDS (Early County), 425 CHURCH AT EBENEZER (Effingham County), 426 NANCY HART (Elbert County), 441 DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM (Floyd County), 455 GREENESBOROUGH FEMALE COLLEGE (Greene County) 477 CURTWRIGHT MANUFACTURING COMPANY (Greene County), 479 TALLCLAH FALLS (Habersham County), TOCCO.V FALLS, « " MEDWAY CHURCH (Liberty County) CEMETERY OF MEDWAY CHURCH (Liberty County) 519 FORSYTH FEMALE COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE (Moseob County) 561 TOWALIG A FALLS (Monboe County), 562 EAGLE MILLS. COLUMBUS (Muscogee County) 570 LOVER'S LEAP (Muscogee County), 571 SOUTHERN MASONIC FEMALE COLLEGE (Newton County) 574 LIMESTONE SPRING (Polk County-), 5S6 CITY II ALL (Richmond County), 593 FREIGHT DEPOT, " ' 594 CHURCH OF THE ATONEMENT (Richmond County) 595 ST. PAULS CHURCH, « " 595 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, « » [ [.' 596 » XVJ INDEX TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE. CUNNINGHAM'S FLOUR MILLS (Richmond County) 508 GOODRICH S MANUFACTORY, " " 598 MONUMENT TO LYMAN HALL AND GEORGE WALTON (Richmond County) 599 SYNODICAL FEMALE COLLEGE (Spalding County) C34 LA GRANGE FEMALE COLLEGE (Troup County) 651- VIEW OF LA FAYETTE (Walker County) 667 VIEW OF COTOOSA SPRINGS, " 668 TUNNEL OF THE WESTERN AND ATLANTIC RAILROAD (Whitefield County... 680 PORTRAITS OF GOVERNORS AND DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. GENERAL OGLETHORPE 117 HON. GEORGE M. TROUP 231 HON. JOHN FORSYTH 233 HON. GEORGE R. GILMER 235 HON. CHARLES McDONALD 239 HON. GEORGE W.CRAWFORD 245 HON. HOWELL COBB 252 HON. HERSCHEL V. JOHNSON 254 HON. E A. NESBIT 273 HON. JOHN MACPHERSON BERRIEN - : 373 HON. JOSEPH H.LUMPKIN 395 HON. WILLIAM C. DAWSON 481 HON. HIRAM WARNER 557 HON. R. TOOMBS 685 COL. JOSEPH CLAY 277 COL. FRANCIS H. HARRIS 365 COL. SAMUEL HAMMOND 624 COUNT PULASKI 307 SHEFTALL SHEFTALL, ESQ 340 REV. EDWARD NEUFVILLE 371 REV. WILLIAM McWHIR 532 REV. JAMES 0. ANDREW 575 REV. GEORGE WHITEFIELD ' 680 DISTINGUISHED INDIANS. GENERAL WILLIAM McINTOSH 170 MAJOR RIDGE 167 HO-PO-ETH-LE-YO-HO-LO 105 TIMPOOCHEE BARNARD 166 JOHN RIDGE 168 DDY CARR... 169 STENNUGGEE EMATHLA 174 TOMO CHACHI : 325 OUI THE HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. DOCUMENTS CONNECTED WITH THE EARLY HISTORY OF GEORGIA. CHARTER OF THE COLONY. George the Second : By the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c. To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting : Whereas we are credibly informed, that many of our poor subjects are, through misfortunes and want of employment, reduced to great necessity, insomuch as by their labour they are not able to provide a maintenance for themselves and families ; and if they had means to defray their charges of pas- sage, and other expenses incident to new settlements, they would be glad to settle in any of our provinces in America, where, by cultivat- ing the lands at present waste and desolate, they might not only gain a comfortable subsistence for themselves and families, but also strengthen our colonies, and increase the trade, navigation, and wealth of these our realms. And whereas our provinces in North America have been frequently ravaged by Indian enemies ; more especially that of South Carolina, which in the late war, by the neighbouring savages, was laid waste by fire and sword, and great numbers of the English inhabitants miserably massacred ; and our loving subjects who now inhabit there, by reason of the smallness of their numbers, will, in case of a new war, be exposed to the like calamities ; inasmuch as their whole southern frontier continueth unsettled, and lieth opeajtp the said savages ; and whereas we think it highly becoming our crown and royal dignity to protect all our loving subjects, be they never so distant from us ; to extend our fatherly compassion even to the meanest and most infatuate of our people, and to relieve the wants of our above mentioned poor subjects ; and that it will be highly con- ducive for accomplishing those ends, that a regular colony of the said poor people be settled and established in the southern territories of Carolina ; and whereas we have been well assured, that if we would be graciously pleased to erect and settle a corporation, for the receiv- ing, managing and disposing of the contributions of our loving sub- 2 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. jects, divers persons would be induced to contribute to the purposes aforesaid. Know ye therefore, that we have, for the consideration aforesaid, and for the better and more orderly carrying- on the said good purposes, of our special grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, willed, ordained, constituted and appointed, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, do will, ordain, constitute, declare and grant, that our right trusty and well beloved John Lord Viscounl Percival, of our Kingdom of Ireland, our trusty and well l)clo\ ed Edward Digby, George Carpenter, James Oglethorpe, George Heathcote, Thomas Tower, Robert Moor, Robert Hucks, Roger Hol- land, William Sloper, Francis Eyles, John Laroche, James Vernon, William Beletha, Esqrs., A. M., John Burton, B. D., Richard Bun- dy, A. M., Arthur Beaford, A. M., Samuel Smith, A.M., Adam Ander- son, and Thomas Coram, gentlemen, and such other persons as shall he elected in the manner herein alter mentioned, and their successors to he elected in the manner herein after directed, be, and shall be one body politic and corporate, in deed and in name, by the name of The 'Trustees for establishing the Colony of Georgia in America; and them and their successors by the same name, we do, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, really and fully make, ordain, constitute and declare, to be one body politic in deed and in name forever; and that by tin- same name, they and their successors shall and may have perpetual succession; and that they and their successors, by that name, shall and may forever hereafter be persons able and capable in the law, to purchase, have, take, receive and enjoy, to them and their successors, any manors, messuages, lands, tenements, rents, advowsons, liberties, privileges, jurisdictions, franchises, and other hereditaments whatsoever, lying and being in Great Britain, or any part thereof, of whatsoever nature, kind or quality, or value they be, in fee and in perpetuity ; not exceeding the yearly value of one thousand pounds, beyond reprises ; also estates tor lives and for years; and all other manner of goods, chattels and things whatsoever they be ; for the better settling and supporting, and maintaining the said colony, and other uses aforesaid; and to give, grant, let and demise the said manors, messuages, Lands, tenements, hereditaments, goods, chattels and things whatsoever aforesaid, by lease or leases, for term of years, in possession at the time of granting thereof, and not in reversion, not exceeding the term of thirty-one years from the time ofc granting thereof; on which in case no fine be taken, shall be reserved tin- full; and m ease a fine be taken, shall be reserved at least a moiety of the value that the same shall reasonably and bona fide be worth at the time of such demise ; and that they and their successors, by the name aforesaid, shall and may forever here- after be persons able, capable in the law, to purchase, have, take, receive and enjoy, to them and their successors, any lands, territories, possessions, tenements, jurisdictions, franchises and hereditaments whatsoever, lying and bring in America, of what quantity, qualitv or value whatsoever they be. for the better settling and supporting, "and maintaining the said colony; and that by the name aforesaid they CHARTER OF THE COLONY. 6 shall and may be able to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, answer and be answered unto, defend and be defended in all courts and places whatsoever, and before whatsoever judges, justices and other officers, of us, our heirs and successors, in all and singular actions, plaints, pleas, matters, suits and demands, of what kind, nature or quality soever they be ; and to act and do all other matters and things in as ample manner and form as any other our liege sub- jects of this realm of Great Britain ; and that they and their successors forever hereafter, shall and may have a common seal to serve, for the causes and businesses of them and their successors ; and that it shall and may be lawful for them and their successors, to change, break, alter and make new the said seal, from time to time, and at their pleasure, as they shall think best. And we do further grant, for us, our heirs and successors, that the said corporation and the common coun- cil of the said corporation hereinafter by us appointed, may from time to time, and at all times, meet about their affairs when and where they please, and transact and carry on the business of the said cor- poration. And for the better execution of the purposes aforesaid, we do, bv these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, give and grant to the said corporation, and their successors, that they and their suc- cessors forever may, upon the third Thursday in the month of March yearly, meet at some convenient place to be appointed by the said corporation, or major part of them who shall be present at any meet- ing of the said corporation, to be had for the appointing of the said place ; and that they or two-thirds of such of them that shall be present at such yearly meeting, and at no other meeting of the said corporation, between the hours of ten in the morning and four in the afternoon of the same day, choose and elect such person or persons to be members of the said corporation, as they shall think beneficial to the good designs of the said corporation. And our further will and pleasure is, that if it shall happen that any person herein after by us appointed, as the common council of the said corporation, or any persons to be elected or admitted members of the said common council in the man- ner hereafter directed, shall die, or shall by writing under his and their hands respectively resign his or their office or offices of common council man or common council men; the said corporation, or the major part of such of them as shall be present, shall and may at such meeting, on the said third Thursday in March yearly, in manner as aforesaid, next after such death or resignation, and at no other meet- ing of the said corporation, into the room or place of such person or persons so dead or so resigning, elect and choose one or more such person or persons, being members of the said corporation, as to them shall seem meet : and our will is, that all and every the person or persons which shall from time to time hereafter be elected common council men of the said corporation as aforesaid, do and shall, before he or they act as common council men of the said corporation, take an oath for the faithful and due execution of their office ; which oath the president of the said corporation for the time being, is hereby author- ized and required to administer to such person or persons elected as 4 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. aforesaid. And our will and pleasure is, that the first president of the said corporation is and shall be our trusty and well-beloved, the said Lord John Viscount Percival ; and that the said president shall, within thirty days after the passing this charter, cause a summons to be issued to the several members of the said corporation herein par- ticularly named, to meet at such time and place as he shall appoint, to consult about and transact the businesses of said corporation. And our will and pleasure is, and we, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, grant, ordain and direct, that the common council of this corporation shall consist of fifteen in number ; and we do, by these presents, nominate, constitute and appoint our right trusty and well-beloved John Lord Viscount Percival, our trusty and beloved Edward Digby, George Carpenter, James Oglethorpe, George Heath- cote, Thomas Laroche, James Vernon, William Beletha, Esqrs., and Stephen Hales, Master of Arts, to be the common council of the said corporation, to continue in the said office during their good behaviour. And whereas it is our royal intention, that the members of the said corporation should be increased by election, as soon as conveniently may be, to a greater number than is hereby nominated ; Our further will and pleasure is, and we do hereby, for us, our heirs and succes- sors, ordain and direct, that from the time of such increase of the members of the said corporation, the number of the common council shall be increased to twenty-four ; and that the same assembly at which such additional members of the said corporation shall be chosen, there shall likewise be elected in the manner herein before directed for the election of common council men, nine persons to be the said common council men, and to make up the number twenty-four. And our further will and pleasure is, that our trusty and well-beloved Edward Digby, Esq., shall be the first chairman of the common council of the said corporation ; and that the said Lord Viscount Percival shall be and continue president cf the said corporation ; and that the said Edward Digby shall be and continue chairman of the common council of the said corporation, respectively, until the meet- ing which shall be had next and immediately after the first meeting of the said corporation, or of the common council of the said corpora- tion respectively, and no longer : at which said second meeting, and every other subsequent and future meeting of the said corporation, or of the common council of the said corporation respectively, in order 1o preserve an indifferent rotation of the several officers of president of the corporation, and of chairman of the common council of the said corporation, we do direct and ordain, that all and every the person and persons members of the said common council for the time being, and no other, being present at such meetings, shall severally and respectively in their turns, preside at the meetings which shall from time to time be held of the said corporation, or of the common council of the said corporation respectively. And in case any doubt or question shall at any time arise touching or concerning the right of any member of the said common council to preside, at any meeting of the said corporation, or at the common council of the said corpora- CHARTER OF THE COLONY. tion, the same shall respectively be determined by the major part of the said corporation, or of the common council of the said corporation respectively, who shall be present at such meeting. Provided always, that no member of the said common council having served in the offices of president of the said corporation, or of chairman of the com- mon council of the said corporation, shall be«capable of being or of serv- ing as president or chairman at any meeting of the said corporation, orcommon council of the said corporation, next and immediately ensu- ing that in which he so served as president of the said corporation, or chairman of the said common council of the said corporation respectively ; unless it shall so happen, that at any such meeting of the said corporation there shall not be any other member of the said com- mon council present. And our will and pleasure is, that at all and every of the meetings of the said corporation, or of the common council of the said corporation, the president or chairman for the time being, shall have a voice, and shall vote and shall act as a member of the said corporation, or of the common council of the said corporation, at such meeting; and in case of any equality of votes, the said president or chairman, for the time being, shall have a casting vote. And our further will and pleasure is, that no president of the said corporation, or chairman of the common council of the said corporation, or member of the said common council or corporation, by us by these presents ap- pointed, or hereafter from time to time to be elected and appointed in manner aforesaid, shall have, take or receive, directly or indirectly, any salary, fee, perquisite, benefit or profit whatsoever, for or by reason of his or their serving the said corporation, or common council of the said corporation, or president, chairman, or common council man, or as being a member of the said corporation. And our will and pleasure is, that the said herein before appointed president, chairman or common council men, before he and they act respectively as such, shall severally take an oath for the faithful and due execution of their trust, to be administered to the president by the Chief Baron of our Court of Exchequer, for the time being, and by the president of the said corporation to the rest of the common council, who are hereby authorized severally and respectively to administer the same. And our will and pleasure is, that all and every person and persons shall have, in his or their own name or names, or in the name or names of any person or persons in trust for him or them, or for his or their benefit, any office, place or employment of profit, under the said cor- poration, shall be incapable of being elected a member of the said corporation ; and if any member of the said corporation, during such time as he shall continue a member thereof, shall in his own name, or in the name of any person or persons in trust for him, or for his benefit, have, hold, exercise, accept, possess or enjoy any office, place or employment of profit under the said corporation, or under the common council of the said corporation, such member shall from the time of his having, holding, exercising, accepting, possessing and enjoying such office, place and employment of profit, cease to be a member of the said corporation. And we do, for us, our heirs and 6 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. successors, grant unto the said corporation, that they and their successors, or the major part of such of them as shall be present at any meeting of the said corporation, convened and assembled for that purpose by a convenient notice thereof, shall have power from time to time and at all times hereafter, to authorize and appoint such persons as they shall think fit, to take subscriptions, and to gather and collect such moneys as shall be by any person or persons contributed for the purposes aforesaid, and shall and may revoke and make void such authorities and appointments as often as they shall see cause so to do. And we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, ordain and direct, that the said corporation every year lay an account in writing before the chancellor or speaker, or com- missioners for the custody of the great seal of Great Britain, of us, our heirs and successors, the Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench, the Master of Rolls, the Chief Justice of the Court of Com- mon Pleas, and the Chief Baron of the Exchequer, of us, our heirs and successors, for the time being, or any tw r o of them, of all moneys and effects by them received or expended for carrying on the good purposes aforesaid. And we do hereby, for us, our heirs and succes- sors, give and grant unto the said corporation and their successors, full power and authority to constitute, ordain and make such and so many by-laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances, as to them or the greater part of them, at their general meeting for that purpose, shall seem necessary and convenient for the well ordering and governing of the said corporation, and the said by-laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances, or any of them, to alter and annul as they or the major part of them then present shall see requisite ; and in and by such by- laws, rules, orders and ordinances, to set, impose and inflict reasona- ble pains and penalties upon any offender or offenders w r ho shall transgress, break or violate the said by-laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances, so made as aforesaid, and to mitigate the same as they or the major part of them then present shall think convenient ; which said pains and penalties shall and may be levied, sued for, taken, retained and recovered by the said corporation and their successors, by their officers and servants from time to time to be appointed for that purpose, by action of debt, or by any other lawful ways or means, to the use and behoof of the said corporation and their successors ; all and singular which by-laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances, so as aforesaid to be made, we will shall be duly observed and kept, under the pains and penalties therein to be contained, so always, as the said by-laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances, pains and penalties, from time to time to be made and imposed, be reasonable, and not contrary or repugnant to the laws or statutes of this our realm ; and that such by-laws, constitutions and ordinances, pains and penalties, from time to time to be made and imposed ; and any repeal or alteration thereof, or any of them, be likewise agreed to, be established and confirmed by the said general meeting of the said corporation, to be held and kept next after the same shall be respect- ively made. And whereas the said corporation intend to settle a CHARTER OF THE COLONY. 7 colony, and to make an habitation and plantation in that part of our province of South Carolina, in America, herein after described; know ye, that we, greatly desiring the happy success of the said corporation, for their further encouragement in accomplishing so excellent a work, have, of our 'foresaid grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, given and granted, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and suc- cessors, do give and grant to the said corporation and their successors, under the reservation, limitation and declaration hereafter expressed, seven undivided parts, the whole in eight equal parts to be divided, of all those lands, countries and territories situate, lying and being in that part of South Carolina, in America, which lies from the most northern part of a stream or river there, commonly called the Savan- nah, all along the sea coast to the southward, unto the most southern stream of a certain other great water or river called the Alatamaha, and westerly from the heads of the said rivers respectively, in direct lines to the South Seas ; and all that share, circuit and precinct of land within the said boundaries, with the islands on the sea lying opposite to the eastern coast of the said lands, within twenty leagues of the same, which are not inhabited already, or settled by any authority derived from the crown of Great Britain, together with all the soils, grounds, havens, ports, gulfs and bays, mines, as well royal mines of gold and silver as other minerals, precious stones, quarries, woods, rivers, waters, fishings, as well royal fishings of whale and sturgeon as other fishings, pearls, commodities, jurisdictions, royal- ties, franchises, privileges and pre-eminences within the said fron- tiers and precincts thereof, and thereunto in any sort belonging or appertaining, and which we by our letter patents may or can grant ; and in as ample manner and sort as we may, or any of our royal progenitors have hitherto granted to any company, body, politic 01 corporate, or to any adventurer or adventurers, undertaker or underta- kers, of any discoveries, plantations or traffic, of, in, or unto any foreign parts whatsoever, and in as legal and ample manner as if the same were herein particularly mentioned and expressed: To have, hold possess and enjoy the said seven undivided parts, the whole into eight equal parts to be divided as aforesaid, of all and singular the lands, countries and territories, with all and singular other the premises herein before by these presents granted or mentioned, or intended to be granted to them the said corporation and their successors, for ever, for the better support of the said colony ; to be holden of us, our heirs and successors, as of our honour of Hampton Court, in our county of Middlesex, in free and common soccage, and not in capite ; yield- ing and paying therefor to us, our heirs and successors, yearly for ever, the sum of four shillings for every hundred acres of the said lands which the said corporation shall grant, demise, plant, or settle ; the said payment not to commence or to be made until ten years after such grant, demise, planting or settling, and to be answered and paid to us, our heirs and successors, in such manner, and in such species of money or notes as shall be current in payment by proclamation, from time to time in our said province of South Carolina ; all which 8 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. lands, countries, territories and premises hereby granted, or mentioned and intended to be granted, we do, by these presents, make, erect and create, one independent and separate province, by the name of Georgia, by which name, we will, the same henceforth be called ; and that all and every person or persons who shall at any time hereafter inhabit or reside within our said province, shall be and hereby are declared to be free, and shall not be subject to or be bound to obey any laws, orders, statutes, or constitutions which have been heretofore made, ordered, and enacted, or which hereafter shall be made, ordered or enacted by, for, or as the laws, orders, statutes or constitutions of our said province of South Carolina (save and except only the command in chief of the militia of our said province of Georgia, to our gover- nor for the time being, of South Carolina, in manner hereafter declared) but shall be subject to and bound to obey such laws, orders, statutes and constitutions as shall from time to time be made, ordered, and enacted, for the better government of the said province of Geor- gia, in the manner herein after declared. And we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, ordain, w 7 ill and establish, that for and dur- ing the term of tw T enty-one years, to commence from the date of these our letters patent, the said corporation assembled for that pur- pose, shall and may form and prepare laws, statutes and ordinances, fit and necessary for and concerning the government of the said colo- ny, and not repugnant to the laws and statutes of England, and the same shall and may present, under their common seal, to us, our heirs and successors, in our or their privy council, for our or their approbation or disallowance ; and the said laws, statutes and ordi- nances, being approved of by us, our heirs and successors, in our or their privy council, shall from thenceforth be in full force and virtue within our said province of Georgia. And forasmuch as the good and prosperous success of the said colony cannot but chiefly depend, next under the blessing of God and the support of our royal authority, upon the provident and good direction of the whole enterprise; and that it will be too great a burthen upon all the members of the said corpora- tion, to be convened so often as may be requisite to hold meetings for the settling, supporting, ordering and maintaining the said colony: therefore we do will, ordain, and establish, that the said common council for the time being, of the said corporation, being assembled for that purpose, or the major part of them, shall from time to time and at all times hereafter, have full power and authority to dispose of, extend, and apply all the moneys and effects belonging to the said corporation, in such manner and ways, and by such expenses as they shall think best to conduce to the carrying on and effecting the good purposes herein mentioned and intended: and also, shall have full power, in the name and on the account of the said corporation, and with and under their common seal, to enter under any covenants or contracts for carrying on and effecting the purposes aforesaid. And our further will and pleasure is, that the said common council for the time being, or the major part of such common council which shall be present and assembled for that purpose, from time to time, and at CHARTER OF THE COLONY. 9 all times hereafter, shall and may nominate, constitute and appoint a treasurer or treasurers, secretary or secretaries, and such other offi- cers, ministers and servants of the said corporation, as to them or the major part of them as shall be present shall seem proper or requisite for the good management of their affairs ; and at their will and plea- sure to displace, remove, and put out such treasurer or treasurers, secretary or secretaries, and all such other officers, ministers and ser- vants, as often as they shall think fit so to do, and others in the room, office, place or station of him or them so displaced, removed or put out, to nominate, constitute and appoint ; and shall and may deter- mine and appoint such reasonable salaries, perquisites and other re- wards for their labour, or service of such officers, servants and persons, as to the said common council shall seem meet ; and all such officers, servants and persons shall, before the acting their respective offices, take an oath, to be to them administered by the chairman for the time being of the said common council of the said corporation, who is hereby authorized to administer the same, for the faithful and due execution of their respective offices and places. And our will and pleasure is, that all such person and persons who shall from time to time be chosen or appointed treasurer or treasurers, secretary or secretaries of the said corporation, in manner herein after directed, shall, during such times as they shall serve in the said offices respectively, be incapable of being a member of the said corporation. And we do further, of our special grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, for us, our heirs and successors, grant, by these presents, to the said cor- poration and their successors, that it shall be lawful for them and their officers or agents, at all times hereafter, to transport and convey out of our realm of Great Britain, or any other of our dominions, into the said province of Georgia, to be there settled, so many of our lov- ing subjects, or any foreigners that are willing to become our subjects and live under our allegiance in the said colony, as shall be willing to go to inhabit or reside there, with sufficient shipping, armor, weapons, powder, shot, ordnance, munition, victuals, merchandise and wares, as are esteemed by the wild people, clothing, implements, furniture, cattle, horses, mares, and all other things necessary for the said colony, and for the use and defence, and trade with the people there, and in passing and returning to and from the same. Also we do, for ourselves and successors, declare, by these presents, that all and every the persons wdiich shall happen to be born within the said pro- vince, and every of their children and posterity, shall have and enjoy all liberties, franchises and immunities of free denizens and natural born subjects, within any of our dominions, to all intents and pur- poses, as if abiding and born within this our kingdom of Great Bri- tain, or any other dominion. And for the greater ease and encour- agement of our loving subjects, and such others as shall come to inhabit in our said colony, we do, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, grant, establish and ordain, that for ever, hereafter, there shall be a liberty of conscience allowed in the worship of God, to all persons inhabiting, or which shall inhabit or be resident within 10 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. our said province, and that all such persons, except papists, shall have a free exercise of religion; so they be contented with the quid and peaceable enjoyment of the same, not giving- offence or scandal to the government. And our further will and pleasure is, and we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, declare and grant, that it shall and may be lawful for the said common council, or the major part of them, assembled for that purpose, in the name of the corporation, and under the common seal, to distribute, convey, assign, and set over such particular portions of lands, tenements and heredi- taments by these presents granted to the said corporation, unto such of our loving subjects naturally born or denizens, or others, that shall be willing to become our subjects, and live under our allegiance in the said colony, upon such terms, and for such estates, and upon such rents, reservations and conditions as the same may be lawfully granted, and as to the said common council, or the major part of them so present, shall seem fit and proper. Provided always, that no grants shall be made of any part of the said lands unto any person being a member of the said corporation, or to any other person in trust for the benefit of any member of the said corporation ; and that no person having any estate or interest in law or equity in any part of the said lands, shall be capable of being a member of the said corporation, during the continuance of such estate or interest. Provided also, that no greater quantity of lands be granted, either entirely or in parcels, to or for the use or in trust for any one person than five hun- dred acres ; and that all grants made contrary to the true intent and meaning hereof, shall be absolutely null and void. And we do hereby grant and ordain, that such person or persons for the time being, as shall be thereunto appointed by the said corporation, shall and may at all times, and from time to time hereafter, have full power and authority to administer and give the oaths appointed by an act of par- liament made in the first year of the reign of our late royal father, to be taken instead of the oaths of allegiance and supremacy ; and also the oath of abjuration, to all and every person and persons which shall at any time be inhabiting or residing within our said colony ; and in like cases to administer the solemn affirmation to any of the persons commonly called quakers, in such manner as by the laws of our realm of Great Britain the same may be administered. And we do, of our further grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, grant, establish and ordain, for us, our heirs and successors, that the said corporation and their successors, shall have full power and authority for and during the term of twenty-one years, to commence from the date of these our letters patent, to erect and constitute judicatories and courts of record, or other courts, to be held in the name of us, our heirs and successors, for the hearing and determining of all manner of crimes, offences, pleas, processes, plaints, actions, matters, causes, and things whatsoever, arising or happening within the said province of Georgia or between persons of Georgia ; whether the same be criminal or civil, and whether the said crimes be capital or not capi- tal, and whether the said pleas be real, personal or mixed ; and for CHARTER OF THE COLONY. 11 awarding and making out executions thereupon ; to which courts and judicatories, we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, give and grant full power and authority, from time to time, to administer oaths for the discovery of truth, in any matter in controversy or depending before them, or the solemn affirmation to any of the persons commonly called Quakers, in such manner as by the laws of our realm of Great Britain the same may be administered. And our fur- ther will and pleasure is, that the said corporation and their succes- sors, do from time to time and at all times hereafter, register or cause to be registered all such leases, grants, plantings, conveyances, set- tlements and improvements whatsoever, as shall at any time hereafter be made by or in the name of the said corporation, of any lands, tenements or hereditaments within the said province, and shall yearly send and transmit, or cause to be sent or transmitted, authentic accounts of such leases, grants, conveyances, settlements and im- provements respectively, unto the auditor of the plantations for the time being, or his deputy, and also to our surveyor for the time being of our said province of South Carolina, to whom we do hereby grant full power and authority from time to time, as often as need shall require, to inspect and survey such of the said lands and pre- mises as shall be demised, granted and settled as aforesaid, which said survey and inspection we do hereby declare to be intended to ascertain the quit-rents, which shall from time to time become due to us, our heirs and successors, according to the reservations herein before mentioned, and for no other purposes whatsoever; hereby, for us, our heirs and successors; strictly enjoining and commanding, that neither our or their surveyor, or any person whatsoever, under the pretext and colour of making the said survey or inspection, shall take, demand or receive any gratuity, fee or reward, of or from any person or persons inhabiting in the said colony, or from the said corporation or common council of the same, on the pain of forfeiture of the said office or offices, and incurring our highest displeasure. Provided always, and our further will and pleasure is, that all leases, grants and conveyances to be made by or in the name of the said corporation, of any lands within the said province, or a memorial containing the substance and effect thereof, shall be registered with the auditor of the said plantations, of us, our heirs and successors, within the space of one year, to be computed from the date thereof, otherwise the same shall be void. And our further will and pleasure is, that the rents, issues, and all other profits which shall at any time hereafter come to the said corporation, or the major part of them which shall be present at any meeting for that purpose assembled, shall think will most improve and enlarge the said colony, and best answer the good purposes herein before mentioned, and for defraying all other charges about the same. And our will and pleasure is, that the said corporation and their successors, shall from time to time give in to one of the principal secretaries of state and to the commissioners of trade and plantations, ac- counts of the progresses of the said colony. And our will and pleasure- is, that no act done at any meeting of the said common council of the 12 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. said corporation, shall be effectual and valid, unless eight members at least of the said common council, including- the member who shall serve as chairman at the said meeting, be present, and the major part of them consenting thereunto. And our will and pleasure is, that the common council of the said corporation for the time being, or the major part of them who shall be present, being assembled for that purpose, shall from time to time, for and during and unto the full end and expiration of twenty-one years, to commence from the date of these our letters patent, have full power and authority to nominate, make, constitute, commission, ordain and appoint, by such name or names, style or styles, as to them shall seem meet and fitting, all and singular such governors, judges, magistrates, ministers and officers, civil and military, both by sea and land, within the said districts, as shall by them be thought fit and needful to be made or used for the said government of the said colony ; save always and except such officers only as shall by us, our heirs and successors, be from time to time constituted and appointed, for the managing, collecting and receiving such revenues as shall from time to time arise within the said province of Georgia, and become due to us, our heirs and successors. Provided always, and it is our will and pleasure, that every governor of the said province of Georgia, to be appointed by the common council of the said corporation, before he shall enter upon or execute the said office of Governor, shall be approved by us, our heirs or successors, and shall take such oaths and shall qualify himself in such manner in all respects, as any governor or commander in chief of any of our colonies or plantations in America are by law required to do ; and shall give good and sufficient security for observing the several acts of Parliament relating to trade and navigation, and to observe and obey all instructions that shall be sent to him by us, our heirs and successors, or any acting under our or their authority, pursuant to the said acts, or any of them. And we do, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, will, grant and ordain, that the said cor- poration and their successors, shall have full power for and during and until the full end and term of twenty-one years, to commence from the date of these our letters patent, by any commander or other officer or officers by them for that purpose from time to time appointed, to train, instruct, exercise and govern a militia for the special defence and safety of our said colony, to assemble in martial array the inhab- itants of the said colony, and to lead and conduct them, and with them to encounter, expulse, repel, resist and pursue, by force of arms, as well by sea as by land, within or without the limits of our said colony ; and also to kill, slay and destroy, and conquer by all fitting ways, enterprises and means whatsoever, all and every such person or per- sons as shall at any time hereafter, in any hostile manner, attempt or enterprise the destruction, invasion, detriment or annoyance of our said colony ; and to use and exercise the martial law in time of actual war and invasion or rebellion, in such cases where by law the same may be used or exercised ; and also from time to time to erect forts and fortify any place or places within our said colony, and the same CHARTER OF THE COLONY. 13 to furnish with all necessary ammunition, provisions and stores of war, for offence and defence, and to commit from time to time the custody or government of the same to such person or persons as to them shall seem meet ; and the said forts and fortifications to demo- lish at their pleasure ; and to take and surprise, by all ways and means, all and every such person or persons, with their ships, arms, ammunition and other goods, as shall in an hostile manner invade or attempt the invading, conquering or annoying of our said colony. And our will and pleasure is, and we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, declare and grant, that the governor and commander in chief of the province of South Carolina, of us, our heirs and succes- sors for the time being, shall at all times hereafter have the chief command of the militia of our said province, hereby erected and established ; and that such militia shall observe and obey all orders and directions that shall from time to time be given or sent them by the said governor or commander in chief, anything in these presents before contained to the contrary hereof in any wise notwithstanding. And, of our more special grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, we have given and granted, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, do give and grant unto the said corporation and their successors, full power and authority to import and export their goods at and from any port or ports that shall be appointed by us, our heirs and successors, within the said province of Georgia for that purpose, without being obliged to touch at any other port in South Carolina. And we do, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, will and declare, that from and after the determination of the said term of one andtwenty years, such form of government and method of makinglaws, statutes and ordinances, for the better governing and ordering the said province of Georgia, and the inhabitants thereof, shall be established and observed within the same, as we, our heirs and successors, shall hereafter ordain and appoint, and shall be agreeable to law ; and that from and after the determination of the said term of one and twenty years, the governor of our said province of Georgia, and all officers, civil and military, within the same, shall from time to time be nominated and constituted and appointed by us, our heirs and successors. And lastly, we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, grant unto the said corporation and their successors, that these our letters patent, or the enrollments or exemplification thereof, shall be in and by all things, good, firm, valid, sufficient and effectual in the Law, according to the true intent and meaning thereof, and shall be taken, construed and adjudged in all courts and elsewhere, in the most favourable and beneficial sense, and for the best advantage of the said corporation and their successors, any omission, imperfection, defect, matter or cause or thing whatsoever to the contrar) in any wise notwithstanding. In witness we have caused these our letters to be made patent. Witness ourself at Westminster, the ninth day of June, in the fifth year of our reign. By writ of privy seal. COOKS. 14 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. EXTRACTS FROM THE MINUTES OF THE TRUSTERS. The compiler has examined the Minutes of the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia, and made the following extracts : Palace Court. Old Palace Yard, Westminster, July 20, 1732. The Lord Viscount Percival, being met by Thomas Tower, James Vernon George Heathcote, James Oglethorpe, Robert Hucks, Wm. Belitha. Robert More, Esqrs., Arthur Beaford, Samuel Smith, Clerks; Capt. Thomas Coram, and Adam Anderson, Gent., in pursuance to the following- summons, issued by his lordship to them, and all other the trustees for establishing the Colony of Georgia in America, viz : Sir, — His Majesty having been graciously pleased by his charter bearing date 9th June, 1732, to appoint you to be one of the Common Council, and one of the trustees for establishing the colony of Georgia, in America ; and by same charter I am enjoined to cause summons to be issued to the several trustees therein par- ticularly named, to meet at such time and place as I shall appoint, to consult about and transact the business of the said corporation. In obedience to the injunction of the charter, I therefore summon you to meet the rest of the trustees, at their office in Palace Court, old palace yard, at four of the Clock, in the after- noon on the 20 July, 1732. to transact the business of the said corporation. His Lordship produced the following certificate : July 7, 1732. — These are to certify, that the right Hon. the Lord Viscount Percival, of the kingdom of Ireland, came this day before me, and took the follow- ing oath, as President of the trustees, for establishing the colony of Georgia, in America : — I do swear that I will, well and truly, execute the office of President of the trustees for establishing the colony of Georgia, in America, to the best of my skill and knowledge. So help me God. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand. His Lordship then proceeded to administer the said oath, the word President- being only changed for that of Common Councilman, to Thomas Tower. James Vernon, George Heathcote, James Oglethorpe, Robert Hucks, Wm. Belitha, and Robert More, Esqs., being common councilmen of the said corporation. Letters were produced to the trustees, from divers noblemen and gentlemen, and also from the corporation of Liverpool, testifying their desire to forward this design, and to accept of commissions for collecting benefactions for that purpose. Ordered : That the thanks of the trustees be returned, and that Commissions for the said persons be prepared, in pursuance to their desire. Wm. Furry, the Leader, and Wm. Binmong, the Minister, and others, the elders of the Swiss Congregation, intending to build a town to be called by the name of Purrisburg, on the northern side of the Savannah river, in South Carolina, came and thanked the trustees for the protection they had already afforded them, and to desire that a good correspondence and friendship might be maintained between them, and such colonies as the said trustees should settle, in the Province of Georgia. The trustees gave them thirteen guineas, for the relief of the sick, and child- bearing women in their passage, beinsr the private benefaction of Mr. George Heathcote, and Mr. Belitha, for that purpose. His Lordship being President, this first meeting adjourned to Thurgday, July 27, 1732. EXTRACTS FROM THE MINUTES OF THE TRUSTEES. 15 July 27. — At this meeting a book of by-laws was ordered, and the Charter to be wrote in the beginning of it. Mr. Vernon reported that the petition of the trustees had been received by his Majesty, and a proposal was drawn up to trans- port a number of the Saltzburghers exiles. August 3, 1732. — Gen. Oglethorpe reported the names of many persons desi- rous of encouraging the colony. Aug. 10, 1732. — Committee, viz: Oglethorpe, Heathcote, Tower, More, Hucks, Laroche and Vernon, to propose laws for the regulation of the Colony. August 31, 1732. — Jacob Winckler, Theobald Keiffer, Ludwig Roel, and other German Swiss, being laborers and vine dressers, attended and received from Lord Carpenter and Mr. Oglethorpe three guineas towards furnishing them with tools ; they, with their families, being the first Germans that are to establish the town of Purrisburgh. September 21, 1732. — Received a receipt from the bank for £252, benefaction from the Bank of England. November, 2, 1732. — Seal fixed to a grant for erecting a Court of Judicature in Savannah. November 8, 1732. — Benefactions acknowledged. Dr. Henry Herbert offered to go to Georgia, without any assistance, to perform all religious services. — Accepted. Nov. 16, 1732. — On board the frigate Ann. Capt. Thomas, mustered the passen- gers on board; and computed the height of them to 91 heads. Nov. 23, 1732. — Read copies of letters from Horatio Walpole, Esq., to his depu- ties ; from the Duke of Newcastle, to the Governors of South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New-York, New-England, Barbadoes, &c, for their assistance to Mr. Oglethorpe, on his voyage. A common seal to be affixed to a power of attorney, to James Oglethorpe, to appoint such commander or other officer or officers, as he may think proper, to train and exercise the militia in Georgia. Dec. 14, 1732. — Names of persons to be sent to Georgia, to be printed in one of the public papers, once a fortnight, before their embarkation. Dec. 21, 1732. — Mr. Quincy attended, with a recommendation to go over as a missionary to Georgia. Jan. 10, 1732-3. — Mr. Abercrombie, Attorney-General of South Carolina, deliv- ered in claims of people in South Carolina, to lands said to be run out by them on the south side of the Savannah River. He is informed that trustees were disposed to act justly to all persons, but that this affair could not receive immediate attention. Jan. 17, 1732-3. — A letter to be wrote to Sir Thomas Lambe, desiring his opinion of raising silk in Georgia. February 21, 1732-3. — Received from Lady Osborn, £50 towards building a church in Georgia. February 28, 1732-3. — A letter read from Mr. Oglethorpe, giving an account of his safe arrival at Charlestown, and the health of the colony, having lost in the passage but one person, a child aged eight months. April 11, 1733. — Names of all those who go to Georgia paying their own ex- penses, shall be published in one of the newspapers. _ April 18, 1733. — Received by the hands of the Rev. Mr. Samuel Wesley, a silver chalice and patine for the use of the first church in Savannah, the gift of an unknown benefactor. 16 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. April 30, 1733. — A petition to the House of Commons for a supply was read, and approved of. August 11, 1733. — Read a letter of attorney for receiving of the treasury £1 0,000 granted by Parliament. Read a letter from Mr. Oglethorpe, with an account of the death of several persons in Georgia, which he imputed to the drinking of rum. Resolved, that the drinking of rum in Georgia be absolutely prohibited, and that all which shall be brought there be staved. July 17, 1734. — Wrote a letter to Sir Robert Walpole to know when the In- dians may be introduced to his Majesty, and to desire him to obtain an order for the King's coaches for them, and a sentry to preserve them from the insults of the mob. August 14, 1734. — Mr. John Tuck well promised to give a clock to the first church in Savannah. A scheme for raising a large sum of money for settling Georgia was received from Mr. Thomas Lowndes, and referred. Oct. 16, 1734. — Read an indenture for binding William Ewen* as servant to the trustees for two years. That 50 acres of land be given to the said William Ewen when his time is out. Jan. 15. 1735. — Read a letter from Mr. Joseph Richardson, with an offer of a couple of Swans for the Indians, and a couple of drums for the use of the Regi- ment. March 26, 1735. — Received a large Church Clock and Dyal plate for Savan- nah, the gift of Mr. Tuckwell. May 5, 1735. — One thousand cwt. of copper farthings to be sent to Georgia. July 2, 1735. — Received from the Bank a receipt for £20,000, granted by Par- liament. Sept. 24, 1735. — Read an appointment of Charles Wesley, A. M., to be Secre- tary for the Indian affairs in Georgia. Sept. 26, 1735. — A new town in Georgia to be laid out. to be called Frederica. Octo. 10, 1735. — John Wesley appointed Missionary at Savannah. Dec. 10, 1735. — Plato's works, Greek and Latin, and his Republique, (French,) to be bought for the use of the mission in Georgia. April 4, 1737. — A law was read against the use of gold and silver, in apparel and furniture, in Georgia, and for preventing extravagance and luxury. July 6th, 1737. — Received a Receipt from the Bank of England, for twenty thousand pounds, received by the Accountant at the Exchequer, (being so much granted the last session of Parliament, for the further securing and settling the colony of Georgia,) and paid in by him this day to the Bank. July 27, 1737. — Received a benefaction of a person who desired to be unknown. of a Seal for the Town Court of Savannah, with an Engine or press. &c, value £2 5s. Town Courts of Savannah and Frederica to be courts of law for trying offences against the act for preventing the importation and use of rum. Nov. 9, 1737. — Received from Major William Cook 16 different sorts of vine cuttings from France, for the use of the Colony. Dec. 7, 1737. — Several letters were read from Mr. Williamson at Savannah, complaining of the Rev. John Wesley having refused the Sacrament to his wife, Mrs. Sophia Williamson, with affidavit of latter thereupon, and two presentments of the Grand Jury of the Rev. John Wesley for said refusal, and for several other facts laid to his charge. * This gentleman afterwards became Governor of Georgia. EXTRACTS FROM THE MINUTES OF THE TRUSTEES. 17 Ordered: That copies of said letters and affidavit be sent over to the Rev. Mr. John Wesley, desiring him to return his answers to the same as soon as possible ; and that a letter be sent to Mr. Williamson to acquaint him of said copies being sent to Mr. Wesley, and that, if he has anything new to lay before the Trus- tees, he should show it first to Mr. Wesley, and then send it over to them ; and that the Trustees think he should not have made his application to the world, by ad- vertising his complaints, before he had acquainted the Trustees with them. Dec. 21, 1737. — Read an instruction from the King, appointing that in the morning and evening prayers in the Litany, as well as in the occasional offices, in the Book of Common Prayer, where the Royal Family is appointed to be par- ticularly prayed for, the following Form and Order : " Their Royal Highnesses Frederic Prince of Wales, the Princess of Wales, the Duke, the Princess, and all the Royal Family," be forthwith published in all the parish churches and other places of Divine worship in the Colony of Georgia, and that obedience be paid thereto accordingly. Ordered: That a License be made out for the Rev. Mr. George White field to perform Ecclesiastical offices in Georgia, as a deacon in the Church of England. Feb. 22, 1737-8. — Rev. John Wesley delivered a narrative relating to the com- plaints of Mrs. Williamson and three certificates signed by three persons. April 26, 1738. — Rev. John Wesley left the appointment of him by Trustees to perform religious services in Georgia. The authority granted him ordered to be revoked. May 3, 1738. — Committee of Correspondence ordered to prepare an act to enable the Trustees to appoint Commissioners for the more effectual execution in a summary way, of the act to prevent the importation and use of rum and brandies in Georgia. May 19, 1738. — The seal of the Corporation, in pursuance of the orders of the Common Council, was affixed to the following deeds and papers, viz. : A Lease and Release, dated May 16 and 17, 1738, for three thousand acres of land, to the Bailiffs in Frederica, in trust for granting five acres to each soldier and non-commissioned officer of Col. Oglethorpe's Regiment. Another, for three thousand acres to the Bailiffs in Savannah, in trust for granting fifty acre lots to men being Protestants of twenty-one years of age and upwards, who shall arrive in Georgia within three years from the date. Jany. 24, 1738-9. — Several letters read from Gen. Oglethorpe and Thomas Jones relating to matters in Georgia. A petition read from the old freeholders in Frederica, asking for a supply, by way of loan, of bread kind, provisions and seeds. March 15, 1738-9. — A committee appointed to prepare a law of entail for Georgia. May 16, 1739. — Received a bottle of Salitrum seeds, being a remedy for the bloody flux, for the use ofthe Colony. R.ead a commission to the Rev. George White- field to perform all religious and ecclesiastical offices at Savannah, in Georgia. June 2, 1739. — Sealed a grant of five hundred acres of land to the Rev. George Whitefield, in trust for the use of the house to be erected and maintained for the receiving such children as now are, and shall hereafter be, left orphans in the colony of Georgia, in pursuance of the direction of the Common Council held the 30th ot last month. June 27, 1739. — That the seal of the corporation be affixed to the trustees-' answer to the Representation from Savannah, of the 9th of December. 1738^ for altering the Tenure of Lands, and introducing Negroes in Georgia. July 11, 1739. — Received a receipt from the Bank, for £20,000, paid in by the accomptant, being so much received by him at the Exchequer the 9th insfc, out of the supplies for the year 1739. Jany. 16, 1739-40. — Lieut. Delegal, Capt. Dymond, and Mr. Aspourger. asked 2 IS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. by the trustees their opinion about the climate of Georgia, — declared they thought it very healthy, and that in the hottest weather there are fine breezes in the middle of the day. As to the goodness of the soil, i: there was a great quantity of good land, called mixt land." Lieut. Delegal said, that the white Mulberry tree grows wild, as well as the black. Capt. Dymond said, that no vegetable thrives faster in any part of the world, than the Mulberry tree in Georgia. Mr. Aspourger said, that he had seen the family of Camuse winding silk. Captain Dempsey said, that the wild vines grow abundantly in Georgia; that the grapes are very sweet ; and that these vines are capable of great improvement by engraft- ment. Mr. Robert Millar, botanist, said that he believed Indigo would grow very well in Georgia, and that it may be sown and raised in four months in Georgia, whereas in most other places the climates are not proper for it above three months. Capt. Dymond being questioned about Cotton, declared that it thrives very well in Georgia ; that he has brought home with him very good pods of it ; and that it was planted on the Island of St. Simon, by Mr. Horton. Capt. Dymond, Lieut. Delegal, and Mr. Aspourger, declared that they had all seen the prickly pear shrub in Georgia, and the Cochineal Fly upon it, — That there are great numbers of those trees, which grow wild in the southern part of the Province ; and that the islands are full of them. — That they have taken the fly between their fingers, and though green upon the tree, it dyes the fingers, (if squeezed,) with a deep red colour. Lieut. Delegal said, the dye of it could not easily be washed off with soap. Capt. Dymond being asked by the trustees about the timber in the Province, said that he had seen very good and fit for masts, and that Captain Gascoigne's carpenter told him there was timber fit for masts for the largest men-of-war. — That the timber grows very high at some distance up in the country. — That the trees grow very near rivers, which are navigable, and down which they may be floated. Lieut. Delegal said, that the trees for masts are very tall, twenty miles up in the country from St. Simons. Capt. Shubrick said, that he had seen very fine knee timber growing near the sea. Capts. Dymond and Shubrick declared that the sea coast of Georgia is capable and secure for navigation, as any coast in the world. Capt. Mapey told the trustees, that since the establishment of Georgia, the price of lands has been greatly raised in Carolina, and the plantations there increased. That Georgia is a fine barrier for the Northern Provinces, and especially for Carolina ; and is also a great security against the running away of Negroes from Carolina to Augustine ; because every negro, at his first appearance in Georgia, must be immediately known to be a runaway, since there are no Negroes in Georgia. April 15, 1741. — Each County in Georgia to be under one President and four assistants. Thomas Stephens appointed President over the County of Savannah. March 3, 1741-2. — Received from the Custom House, a, chest of silk, imported from Georgia, with the following attestation : We whose names are underwritten, do hereby attest and certify, that the raw silk, contained in the chest herewith sent^ was in our presence put into the same chest, by Mary, wife of Lewis Cam- use, after having been first weighed, which amounted to 45 pounds, two ounces, avoirdupois weight ; that is to say, eight pounds, part thereof, had been mauufac- tered and wound off by her in the town of Savannah, in the year 1740; and 37 pounds, two ounces, the remaining part thereof, had been in like manner wound off by her the present year, 1741. And we do further attest and certify, that 220 pounds, 14 ounces weight of Cocoons or silk balls were raised in Savannah, in Georgia, (the silk worms being fed with the Mulberry leaves growing in said county,) and had been delivered to Mrs. Camuse, since April last, in order to enable her to carry on the said manufacture, as she has done, this present year. Dated at Savannah, in Georgia, this the 10th day of Sept. 1741. William Stephens, Seer. William Russel, ) . , , Thomas Jones, Fran. Harris, \ ^ceomptants. Bailiff of Savannah. EXTRACTS FROM THE MINUTES OF THE TRUSTEES. 19 July 14th, 1742. — Read an ant to repeal so much of an act made in the eighth year of the reign of his present Majesty, entitled an Act to prevent the impor- tation and use of Rum and Brandies, in the Province of Georgia; as prohibits the importation of Rum into the said Province from the other British Colonies. Ordered : That an Instruction be sent to William Stephens, Esq., that he do make an inquiry among the people of the Province, whether it is their opinion in general that it is proper to admit the use and introduction of Negroes in the said Province ? and that he do, as soon as he can, certify their opinion, and his own, how far it may be proper under any, and under what limitations and restrictions. Resolved, That a Committee be appointed to consider how far it may be con- venient or proper to admit the introduction and use of Negroes in the Province of Georgia, and under what limitations and restrictions. July 15, 1742. — Read a paper from Mr. Joseph Avery, stating that he had dis- covered a large river called the Great Ogeechee, and that it would be of great service to the British nation to have a dock-yard and settlements upon the said river, &c. July 26, 1742. — Read a petition of Christian Steinharell, Theobald Keifer, and others, in behalf of the German servants in Savannah, setting forth that by indenture, they bound themselves to serve the Trustees in Georgia for five years after their arrival there, and that their children who were males, and under the age of 20, were to serve until they arrived at the age of 25, and their female children, who were above the age of 6, were to serve until they arrived at the age of 18 j and as the time of the petitioners' Indentures with the Trustees, as to themselves, is growing near to a conclusion, and they are desirous and willing to settle in Georgia, having procured already a small stock of cattle for that pur- pose, they must unavoidably labor under great difficulties by being deprived of the freedom of their children, without whose assistance it will be impossible for them to make any progress in cultivating of land, being most of them advanced in years; and therefore praying the Trustees to grant them the freedom of their children, at the expiration of the five years for which the petitioners are bound. That we recommend to the Common Council to grant the Petitioners the freedom of their children at the expiration of the five years, as they desire. August 7, 1742. — Resolved, That it is recommended to the Common Council to give Mrs. Camuse a gratuity for every person who shall be certified to be pro- perly instructed by her in the art of winding of siik. Dec. 21, 1742. — An act was read to repeal so much of an act to prevent the importation and use of rum and brandies in Georgia, and also for suppressing the odious and loathsome sin of drunkenness. Jany. 16, 1743-4. — A letter was read giving an account of a Silver mine dis- covered in the nation of Cherokee Indians, and of the proceedings of the Governor and Assembly of South Carolina relating thereto, and of persons applying by peti- tion to the King for a grant of the lands where the mine is, and their having pur- chased the said lands of the Indians, and that the said mine is southward of several branches of the river Savannah ; also, an abstract of a letter from Mr. Robert Williams relating to the said mine. Gen. Oglethorpe laid before trustees the copy of a petition from the Assembly of South Carolina to the King, trans- mitted to Mr. Oglethorpe from the committee of said Assembly, relating to the said mine, and setting forth that the Agriculture of the said Province, and the Plantations, must suffer greatly by the inhabitants resorting to the said mine. The clause in the charter wherein the King grants to the Trustees all mines in the Colony of Georgia, as well Royal as others, was then read. Ordered: That the Secretary do enter at the proper offices, in the name of the Trustees, a caveat against any grant being made of the said mine to any par- ticular persons, before the Trustees are heard thereupon. 20 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. June 15, 1744. — Read a petition to the Kins, that whereas James Maxwell and Cornelius Docherty have petitioned his majesty that they had purchased of the Cherokees a tract of land 8 miles long and 6 miles wide, and that they had dis- covered appearances of iron, tin, lead and copper, with a mixture of silver in the said tract, and therefore praying to grant the said lands to them — The Trustees do therefore humbly represent to his Majesty, that the said mines are described to be in the midst of the Cherokee nation, and being to the South- ward of one or more branches of the River Savannah, and within the limits of the Territories granted by his Majesty's Royal Charter to the Trustees, by which all mines, as well Royal Mines of Gold and Silver, or others, are granted to the Trustees. But, if the said mines should not be found to be within the Province of Georgia, the Trustees beg leave to represent to His Majesty how dangerous it may be to grant Royal Mines to private persons, who, by being so far distant from the seat of Government, in either of the Provinces of South Carolina, may, by their disorderly behaviour, occasion great quarrels and disturbances between his Majesty's subjects and the Indians, and thereby give an inlet to the French, which may be attended with consequences very fatal to both Provinces, especially at a time when his Majesty is engaged in a war with France. And, therefore, the Trustees do humbly pray that no such Grant may be made, or that they may be heard before the granting of the same. Dec. 17, 1744. — Resolved, That the civil government for the Province of Georgia is vested in the Trustees by his Majesty's Royal Charter, in consequence of which they appointed Courts of Judicature at Savannah and Frederica, and appointed three Bailiffs and a Recorder for each Court, before whom all manner of crimes, offences, pleas, processes, plaints, actions, matter, causes and things whatsoever, ***** are to be tried according to the Laws and customs of the Realm of England, and of the Laws enacted for said Province. Resolved, Nemiac contradicenie, That no Military Officer, as such, ought, or hath any right, to interfere in any civil matters whatsoever, recognisable within the Courts of Judicature already established, or that shall hereafter be established, by the Trustees in the Province of Georgia. March 19, 1749-50. — Henry Parker appointed Vice President of the Colony of Georgia. Jan. 8, 1752. — Trustees resolve, that on account of their total inability to defray the civil government thereof, from Lady Day, 1751, to furnish the troops stationed in Georgia with provisions, or to give any encouragement for the pro- duce of raw silk without a further supply, resolved to make an absolute surrender of all the rights, powers, and trusts vested in them by the Royal Charter, dated 9th June, 1732.. MARY MUSGROVE AND THOMAS BOSOMWORTH. 21 MARY MUSGROVE AND THOMAS BOSOMWORTH. At Yamacraw, the Indian name of the bluff which Oglethorpe in 1733 had selected as the site of his town, he found among the Indians a woman named Mary, who could speak both the English and Creek languages. The history of this woman is highly interesting, and for the information of our readers we have spared no pains in collecting facts connected with her history, from different sources, but princi- pally from the Colonial documents copied in Europe by the Rev. C. Wallace Howard, now of Cass County. Mary was born at the Coweta town, on the Ocmulgee, the chief town of the Creek Indians. By the maternal line, she was descended from the sister of the old emperor of the Creek nations. Her Indian name was Consaponakeeso. When seven years of age she was brought by her father from the Indian nation to Pomponne, now Ponpon, in South Carolina, and there baptised, educated, and instructed in the principles of Christianity. In 1716, Col. John Musgrove was sent by the government of South Carolina to form, if possible, a treaty of alliance with the Creeks. John Musgrove, Jr., the son of the Colonel, accompanied his father on this mission, became acquainted with Mary, and married her. In 1723, she with her husband returned to Souih Carolina, and about 1732, Mr. Musgrove established a trading house on Yamacraw bluff, the present site of the city of Savannah. When Oglethorpe arrived, one of his first efforts was to conciliate the Indians, and dis- covering the influence which Mary had over them, he purchased her friendship with presents. About three years afterwards, her husband died, and, at the request of General Oglethorpe, she established a trading-house on the south side of the Alatamaha. Here she mar- ried Capt. Jacob Matthews. In 1742, Capt. Matthews died. She afterwards married Rev. Thomas Bosomworth, a clergyman of the Church of England, who at that time was in the employ of the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge. It is not our business to say what were the motives which induced the Rev. Gentleman to form this alliance, but it is fair to presume, from the great change which took place in his wife's feelings towards the colony, and indeed in her whole general character from the time of her marriage, that he must have been the chief instrument in producing this change. The year after his marriage he went to England, and wrote to the Trus- tees that he did not intend to return to Georgia ; but after an absence of two years he did return, and commenced a line of conduct which for years kept the colony in a state of commotion. His object was twofold : first, to obtain compensation for his wife's services ; and secondly, to obtain the possession of the islands of Ossaba, Sapelo, and St. Catherines, and a tract above Pipemaker's Creek, which had been reserved to the Indians in their former treaties. He engaged in his interests Major William Horton, the commander of Oglethorpe's regiment at Frederica, and other officers. Col. Heron, who arrived 22 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. in 1747 to take command of the regiment, was also gained over to the interests of the Bosomworths, and by his arrangements a body of Indians, with Malatchee at their head, came to Frederica to have a conference with the commander. This chief delivered a speech, in which he reviewed the services of Mary, desired that Abraham Bosomvvorth should be sent to England to tell the King that he was Emperor of the Creeks, and declared that Mary, his sister, was con- fided in by the whole nation, who had resolved to abide by her deter- minations. To Malatchee, Bosomworth suggested the importance of having himself crowned by those who were with him ; and accord- ingly a paper was drawn up, vesting Malatchee with the authority suggested by Bosomworth. After this, Bosomworth obtained from Malatchee a deed of conveyance to Thomas and Mary Bosomworth of the islands of Ossaba, Sapelo, and St. Catherines, for and in con- sideration of 10 pieces of stroud, 12 pieces of duffles, 200 cwt. of powder, 200 pounds of lead, 20 guns, 12 pair of pistols, 100 pounds of vermilion. To stock these islands, Mr. Bosomworth had purchased, on credit, from planters in Carolina, a large quantity of cattle ; but his stock not proving so productive as he anticipated, he found himself entangled in debt. To extricate himself, he encouraged his wife to assume the title of an independent Empress. A meeting of the Creeks was summoned, to wnom she made a speech, in which she insisted upon the justice of her pretensions. The Indians became excited, and pledged themselves to stand by her to the last drop of their blood. What follows, the compiler is indebted to a work published in Lon- don, 1779, by the Rev. Dr. Hewitt.* In consequence of which, Mary, with a large body of savages at her back, set out for Savannah to demand a formal surrender of them from the President of the Province. A messenger was despatched beforehand to acquaint him that Mary had assumed her right of sovereignty over the whole territories of the upper and lower Creeks, and to demand that all land belonging to them be instantly re- linquished, for as she was the hereditary and rightful Queen of both nations, and could command every man of them to follow her, in case of refusal she had deter- mined to extirpate the settlement.! The president and council, alarmed at her high pretensions and bold threats, and sensible of her great power and influence with the savages, were not a little embarrassed what steps to take for the public safety. They determined to use soft and healing measures until an opportunity might offer of privately laying hold of her. and shipping her off to England. But in the mean time orders were sent to all the captains of the militia to hold themselves in readiness to march to Savannah at an hour's warning. The town was put in the best posture of defence, but the whole militia in it amounted to no more than one hundred and seventy men able to bear arms. A messenger was sent to Mary at the head of the Creeks, while several miles distant from town, to know whether she was serious in such wild pretensions, and to try to persuade her to dismiss her followers and drop her audacious design. But find- ing her indexible and resolute, the president resolved to put on a bold countenance, and receive the savages with firmness and resolution. The militia was ordered * The whole of this work has been published in the Historical Collections of South Carolina, by Mr. Carroll. t William Stephens. MARY MUSGROVE AND THOMAS BOSOMWORTH. 23 under arms, to overawe them, as much as possible ; and as the Indians entered the town, Gapt. Jones, at the head of his company of horse, stopped them, and deman- ded whether they came with hostile or friendly intentions ? But receiving no sa- tisfactory answer, he told them they must there ground their arms, for he had or- ders not to suffer a man of them armed to set his foot within the town. The sava- ges with great reluctance submitted, and accordingly Thomas Bosomworth, in his canonical robes, with his queen by his side, followed by the various chiefs accord- ing to their rank, marched into town, making a formidable appearance — all the in- habitants being struck with terror at the sight of the fierce and mighty host. When they advanced to the parade, they found the militia drawn up under arms to receive them, who saluted them with fifteen cannon and conducted them to the president's house. There Thomas and Adam Bosomworth being ordered to with- draw, the Indian chiefs, in a friendly manner, were called upon to declare their in- tention of visiting the town in so large a body without being sent for by any per- son in lawful authority. The warriors, as they had been previously instructed, answered, that Mary was to speak for them, and they would abide by her words. They had heard they said that she was to be sent like a captive over the great waters, and they were come to know on what account they were to lose their queen. They assured the president they intended no harm, and begged their arms might be restored; and after consulting with Bosomworth and his wife, they would re- turn and settle all public affairs. To please them their muskets were accordingly given back, but strict orders were issued to allow them no ammunition until the council should see more clearly into their dark designs. On the day following the Indians having had some private conferences with their queen, began to be very surly, and to run in a mad and tumultuous manner up and down the streets, seemingly bent on mischief. All the men being obliged to mount guard, the women were terrified to remain by themselves in their houses, expect- ing every moment to be murdered or scalped. During this confusion a false ru- mour was spread, that they had cut off the president's head with a tomahawk, which so exasperated the inhabitants, that it was with difficulty the officers could prevent them from firing on the savages. To save a town from destruction never was greater prudence requisite. Orders were given to the militia to lay hold of Bosomworth and carry him out of the way into close confinement. Upon which Mary became outrageous and frantic, and insolently threatened vengeance against the magistrates and the whole colony. She ordered every man of them to depart from her territories, and at their peril to refuse. She cursed General Oglethorpe and his fraudulent treaties, and furiously stamping with her feet upon the ground, swore by her Maker, that the whole earth on which she trode was her own. To prevent bribery, which she knew to have great weight with her warriors, she kept the leading men constantly in her eye, and would not suffer them to speak a word respecting public affairs, but in her presence. The president finding that no peaceable agreement could be made with the In- dians while under the baleful eye and influence of their pretended queen, private- ly laid hold of her, and put her under confinement with her husband. This step was necessary before any terms of negotiation could be proposed. Having secu- red the chief promoters of the conspiracy, he then employed men acquainted with the Indian tongue to entertain the warriors in the most friendly and hospitable manner, and explained to them the wicked designs of Bosomworth and his wife. Accordingly a feast was prepared for all the chief leaders, at which they were in- formed that Mr. Bosomworth had involved himself in a debt, and wanted not only their lands, but also a large share of their royal bounty, to satisfy his creditors in Carolina : that the king's presents were intended only for the Indians on account of their useful services, and firm attachment to him during the former wars; that the lands adjoining the town were reserved for them to encamp upon when they should come to visit their beloved friends at Savannah, and the three maritime is- lands to hunt upon, when they should come to bathe in the salt waters; that nei- ther Mary nor her husband had any right to those lands, which were the common property of the Creek nations ; that the great king had ordered the president to defend their right to them, and expected that all his subjects, both white and red, 24 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. would live together like brethren ; in short, that he would suffer no man or woman to molest or injure them; and had ordered these words to be left on record, that their children might know them when they were dead and gone. Such policy produced the desired effect, and many of the chieftains, being convinced that Bosomworth had deceived them, declared they would trust him no more. Even Malatchee, — the leader of the lower Creeks, and a relation to their pretended Empress, — seemed satisfied, and was not a little pleased to hear that the great king had sent them some valuable presents. Being asked why he acknowledged Mary as the Empress of the great nation of Creeks, and re- signed his power and possessions to a despicable old woman, while all Georgia owned him as chief of the nation, and the president and council were now to give him many rich clothes and medals for his services, he replied, that the whole nation acknowledged her as their queen, and none could distribute the royal presents but one of her family. The president, by this answer, perceiving more clearly the design of the family of Bosomworth to lessen their influence and show the Indians that he had power to divide the royal bounty among the chiefs, determined to do it immediately, and dismiss them, on account of the growing expenses to the colony, and the hardships the inhabitants underwent in keeping guard night and day tor the defence of the town. In the mean time Malatchee, whom the Indians compared to the wind, be- cause of his fickle and variable temper, having at his own request obtained access to Bosomworth and his wife, was again seduced and drawn over to sup- port their chimerical claim. While the Indians were gathered together to receive their respective shares of the royal bounty, he stood up in the midst of them, and with a frowning coun- tenance and in violent agitation of spirit, delivered a speech fraught with the most dangerous insinuations. He protested that Mary possessed that country before General Oglethorpe, and that all of the lands belonged to her, as queen and head of the Creeks ; that it was by her permission Englishmen were at first allowed to set their foot on them ; that they still held them of her, as the original proprietor ; that her words were the voice of the whole nation, consisting of above three thousand warriors, and at her command every one of them would take up the hatchet in defence of her right; and then, pulling a paper out of his pocket, he delivered it to the president, in confirmation of what he had said. This was evidently the production of Bosomworth, and served to discover in the plainest manner his ambitious views and wicked intrigues. The preamble was filled with the names of Indians called kings of all the towns of the upper and lower Creeks, none of whom, however, were present, excepting two. The • substance of it corresponded with Malatchee's speech, styling Mary the rightful princess and chief of their nation, descended in a maternal line from the empe- ror, and invested with full power and authority from them to settle, and finally determine all public affairs and causes, relating to lands and other things, with King George and his beloved men on both sides of the sea; and whatever should be said or done by her they would abide by, as if said or done by themselves. After reading this paper in council, the whole board was struck with astonish- ment, and Malatchee, perceiving their uneasiness, begged to have it again, de- claring he did not know it to be a bad talk, and promising he would return it immediately to the person from whom he had received it. To remove all im- pression made upon the minds of the Indians by Malatchee's speech, and con- vince them of the deceitful and dangerous tendency of this confederacy, into which Bosomworth and his wife had betrayed them, had now become a matter of the highest consequence. Happy was it for the province that this was a thing neither difficult nor impracticable; for, as ignorant savages are easily misled, on the one hand, so, on the other, it was equally easy to convince them of their error. Accordingly, having gathered the Indians together for this purpose, the presi- dent addressed them to the following effect: — "Friends and Brothers! When Mr. Oglethorpe and his people first arrived in Georgia, they found Mary, then the wife of John Musgrove, living in a small hut atYamacraw, having a license from the governor of South Carolina to trade with the Indians. She then appeared MARY MITSGROVE AND THOMAS BOSOMWORTH. 25 to be in a poor, ragged condition, and was neglected and despised by the Creeks. But Mr. Oglethorpe, finding that she could speak both the English and Creek languages, employed her as an interpreter, richly clothed her, and made her the woman of consequence she now appears. The people of Georgia always re- spected her until she married Thomas Bosomworth, but from that time she has proved a liar and a deceiver. In fact, she was no relation of Malatchee, but the daughter of an Indian woman of no note, by a white man. General Oglethorpe did not treat with her for the lands of Georgia — she having none of her own — but with the old and wise leaders of the Creek nation, who voluntarily surren- dered their territories to the king. The Indians at that time having much waste land that was useless to them- selves, parted with a share of it to their friends, and were glad that white people had settled among them to supply their wants. He told them that the present bad humour of the Creeks had been artfully infused into them by Mary, at the instigation of her husband, who owed £400 in Carolina, for cattle; that he de- manded a third part of the royal bounty, in order to rob the naked Indians of their riofit ; that he had quarrelled with the president and council of Georgia, for refusing to answer his exorbitant demands, and therefore had filled the heads of the Indians with wild fancies and groundless jealousies, in order to breed mis- chief, and to induce them to break their alliance with their best friends, who alone were able to supply their wants, and defend them against all their enemies. Here the Indians desired him to stop, and put an end to the contest, declaring that their eyes were now opened, and they saw through his insidious designs ; but though he intended to break the chain of friendship, they were determined to hold it fast, and therefore begged that all might immediately smoke the pipe of peace. Accordingly pipes and rum were brought, and the whole congress join- ing hand in hand, drank and smoked together^in friendship, every one wishing that their hearts might be united in like manner as their hands. Then all the royal presents, except ammunition, with which it was judged imprudent to trust them, until they were at some distance from town, were brought and distributed among them. The most disaffected were purchased with the largest presents. Even Malatchee himself seemed fully contented with his share ; and the savages in general, perceiving the poverty and insignificancy of the family of Bosom- worth, and their total inability to supply their wants, determined to break ofl all connection with them for ever. While the president and council flattered themselves that all differences were amicably compromised, and were rejoicing in the re-establishment of their former friendly intercourse with the Creeks, Mary, drunk with liquor and disappointed in her views, came rushing in among them like a fury, and told the president that these were her people, that he had no business with them, and he should soon be convinced of it to his cost. The president calmly advised her to keep to her lodgings, and forbear to poison the minds of the Indians, otherwise he would order her a^ain into close confinement; upon which, turning to Malatchee in great rage, she told him what the president had said, who instantly starting from his seat, laid hold of his arms, and then calling upon the rest to follow his example, dared any man to touch the queen. The whole house was filled in a moment with tumult and uproar. Every Indian having his tomahawk in his hand, the presi- dent and council expected nothing but instant death. During this confusion, Capt Jones, who commanded the guard, very seasonably interposed, and ordered the Indians immediately to deliver up their arms. Such courage was not only necessary to overawe them, but, at the same time, great prudence was necessary to avoid coming to extremities with them. With reluc tance the Indians submitted, and Mary was conveyed to a private room, where a guard was set over her, and all further intercourse with the savages denied her, during their stay in Savannah. Then her husband was sent for, in order to reason with him, and convince him of the folly of his chime- rical pretensions, and of the dangerous consequences that might result from per- sisting in them. But no sooner did he appear before the president and council, than he began to abuse them to their face. In spite of every argument used to persuade him to submission, he remained obstinate and contumacious, and pro- 26 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. tested he would stand forth in vindication of his wife's right to the last extremity, and that the province of Georgia should soon feel the weight of her vengeance. Finding that fair means were fruitless and ineffectual, the council then determined to remove him also out of the way of the savages, and to humble him by force. After having secured the two leaders, it only then remained to persuade the Indians peaceably to leave the town, and return to their settlements. C;i]it. Ellick, a young warrior, who had distinguished himself in discovering to his tribe the base intrigues of Bosomworth, being afraid to accompany Malatchee ami his followers, thought fit to set out among the first ; the rest followed him in different parties ; and the inhabitants, wearied out with constant watching, and harassed with frequent alarms, were at length happily relieved. By this time Adam Bosomworth, another brother of the family, who was agent for Indian Affairs in Carolina, had arrived from that province, and being made acquainted with what had happened in Georgia, was filled with shame and in- dignation. He found his ambitious brother, not contented with the common al- lowance of land granted by the crown, aspiring after sovereignty, and attempting to obtain by force one of the largest landed estates in the world. His plot was artfully contrived, and had it been executed with equal courage, fatal must the consequences have been. Had he taken possession of the provincial magazine, on his arrival at Savannah, and supplied the Creeks with ammunition, the militia must soon have been overpowered, and every family must of course have fallen a sacrifice to the indiscriminate vengeance of the savages. Happily by the interposition of his brother, all differences were peacefully compromised. Thomas Bosomworth at length having returned to sober reflection, began to repent of his folly, and to ask pardon of the magistrates and people. He wrote to the president, acquainting him that he was now deeply sensible of his duty as a subject, and of the respect he owed to civil authority, and could no longer justify the conduct of his wife ; but hoped that her present remorse, and past ser- vices to the province, would entirely blot out the remembrance of her unguarded expressions and rash design. He appealed to the letters of General Oglethorpe for her former irreproachable conduct and steady friendship to the settlement, and hoped her good behaviour for the future would atone for her past offences, and reinstate her in the public favour. For his own part, he acknowledged her title to be groundless, and for ever relinquished all claims to the lands of the prov- ince. The colonists generously forgave and forgot all that had passed; and public tranquillity being re-established, new settlers applied for lands as usual, without meeting any more obstacles from the idle claims of Indian queens and chieftains. A STATEMENT OF MRS. BOSOMWORTH'S CASE, Humbly addressed to His Excellency, Henry Ellis, Esq., Captain-General and Gover- nor in Chief of his Majesty's Province of Georgia, and Vice- Admiral of the same : setting forth her services performed, losses sustained, and moneys advanced for his Majesty's service, with her claims and demands upon the Government* That before the charter for establishing the colony of Georgia, Mrs. Bosom- worth, with her family, was settled on the river Savannah, a small space where the town of Savannah now stands ; had large credits from merchants in Charles Town, South Carolina, and carried on a considerable trade with the Indians, whereby she had already made very large remittances in skins, and was, more- over, possessed of a very good cow-pen and plantation upon the same river. That Mr. Oglethorpe's arrival with the first adventurers to settle a colony under the aforesaid charter, gave great uneasiness to the Indians then upon the spot, who threatened to take up arms against them ; nor would they have per- mitted Mr. Oglethorpe and his people a quiet possession, (as they looked upon * Colonial Documents. MRS. BOSOMWORTH'S CASE. 27 the white people's settling to the southward of Savannah river contrary to the treaty of peace entered into between the Indians and the government of South Carolina, after the Indian war in the year 1715,) had not the governor and council wrote to Mrs. Bosomworth, by Mr. Oglethorpe, to use the utmost of her interest with the Indians for that purpose, and to give the new settlers all the aid and assistance their necessities might require. In compliance with the request contained in that letter, and from motives of regard to the British interest, Mrs. Bosomworth, by her influence, quieted the Indians, allayed all animosity, obtained a present asylum for the adventurers, and in about the space of twelve months, by her steady adherence and good offices, settled and pro- cured to be ratified a treaty between the Indians and Mr. Oglethorpe, in behalf of the trustees, for establishing that colony. That, by the trade she then carried on with the Indians, there was no impedi- ment to her soon raising considerable interest ; yet Mrs. Bosomworth could not, unmoved, see a colony, scarce began, left to the miserections of the Spaniards and their Indians, (the frequent and then late ravages of the frontiers of Carolina,) and whose protection she well knew, in their defenceless situation, could only be secured by the friendship and alliance with the Creek Indians ; she, therefore, upon promises of adequate rewards from the Government, induced the Indians, who were her hunters, and supplied her with skins most generally, to employ tnemselves in expeditions for the public service. That, in the years 1737 and 1738, when Mr. Oglethorpe thought it expedient to improve the southern part of the province, first, by a settlement on the Island of St. Simons, and by another settlement of Scotch people at Darien, on the Alatamaha river, the assistance of the Creek Indians then became of so much greater importance, as there were advices at that time that the Spaniards were making preparations to dislodge the inhabitants of this new colony ; and the more still effectually to further the preservation and growth of the frontier settle- ments, Mrs. Bosomworth, at the earnest request of Gen. Oglethorpe, (buoyed up by extensive promises and the large rewards so signal a service for the public welfare would merit.) settled a trading-house on the south side of the said river Alatamaha, about 150 miles up the same river, by water, at a place called Mount Venture, the intention of which settlement was, that the Creek Indians who would be constantly with her there, might be an advanced guard' to pre- vent any incursions of the Spaniards or Indians in friendship with them, and be always more ready at hand when his Majesty's service required their assistance, and which thoroughly answered the intentions of the public. That, after the declaration of war against Spain, the service of the Indians was so frequently required, that no benefit could possibly arise from any trade with them that might induce Mrs. Bosomworth to stay there ; nevertheless, so great was her zeal, that without the least prospect of interest to herself, she was daily exposed at that settlement for the public service, in keeping the Indians upon excursions, and sending for her friends and relations from the nation to go to war whenever his Majesty's service required. That, at the time of Mr. Oglethorpe's first arrival, there being no house or settlement on the place except Mrs. Bosomworth's, at the request of Mr. Oglethorpe, she supplied the new settlers, and other persons employed on public services, in their greatest wants, not only with every thing her plantation and store afforded, but also with liquor and other necessaries purchased on her own credit from merchants in Charles Town, whereby she lost, in bad debts so con- tracted and accumulated, the sum of £826 sterling, as can be evidently proved from the state of her books, and has been before, amongst other complaints, set forth and humbly represented to the Government. That, by Mrs. Bosomworth's employing in his Majesty's service those Indians who used, by hunting, to supply her with skins, (the chief support of herself and family,) her trade naturally decreased and went nearly to rum; a large party of them whom she prevailed on assisted his Majesty's arms, and went to the siege of St. Augustine, where many of them were killed, particularly her own brother and other near relations. By this incident, she greatly suffered in the loss of 28 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Indian debts, amounting to several thousand weight of leather, for which she never yet received any satisfaction, although promised it from time to time by Mr. Oglethorpe. That, from the time of settling the southern frontier aforementioned, Mr. Oglethorpe was continually sending for Mrs. Bosomworth on all affairs of any con- sequence with the Indians, which exposed her to many dangers and hardships, the distance being great, and the convenience of passage being only in an open boat, her own affairs and improvements and her lands neglected, and running to ruin, being left entirely to the management of servants for months at a time. That, in the spring of 1739 and 1740, Mrs. Bosomworth had a large stock of cattle at her cowpen on Savannah River ; but General Oglethorpe, hearing that the cowpen keeper was a very good woodsman, in the absence of Mrs. Bosom- worth at the Alatamaha settlement, without her consent or knowledge, sent orders to the said cowpen keeper to go directly as a guide to a troop of Rangers who were sent by land to the siege of St. A ugustine, which orders he durst not disobey, though sensible of the loss it would be to Mrs. Bosomworth's interest, and, as it happened, the loss of his own life, he being killed at that expedition, by which means all Mrs. Bosomworth's affairs at Savannah, stock of cattle, im- provements, &c, which were very considerable, went entirely to ruin ; for which losses no satisfaction was ever made, although constantly and solemnly promised to her. That, in the year 1742, Mrs. Bosomworth's then husband, Captain Matthews, being taken sick at her settlement on the Alatamaha, she was obliged to bring him from thence, on occasion of proper sustenance and advice, to Savannah, where he soon after died; her affairs on account of his death demanding her stay in Savannah for some time. The Indians at the Alatamaha were very uneasy and disgusted that she did not return, and. on that account, left the place. The small garrison that were there being in great want of provisions and ammu- nition, a party of Yamasee or Spanish Indians came upon them, and after com- mitting several barbarous murders, totally burnt and destroyed the settlement, and all Mrs. Bosomworth's effects became a pre)' to the enemy ; which great loss Gen. Oglethorpe promised her should be made up to her by the Govern- ment, he well'knowing, in truth, that that settlement was calculated and made for the sole benefit of his Majesty's service, and the protection of the southern boundary. That, in the year 1745, Mr. Bosomworth was at the expense of a voyage to Eng- land, in order to claim the performance of the various promises from time to time for a series of years made, or otherwise to apply to the Government in behalf of his wife; and the public confusion at that time in England rendering any private application to the Government unseasonable, he was obliged to return to America only with an assurance from Gen. Oglethorpe, that as soon as the then disturbances were settled, Mrs. Bosomworth might depend upon his honour for full satisfaction for all her services, and that in the interim Mr. Bosom- worth might draw upon him for any sum not exceeding £1000, as the exigency of affairs might require. This is all the satisfaction Mr. Bosomworth obtained in consequence of that voyage, excepting a letter to the commanding officer then in Georgia, a copy whereof is annexed. In the year 1746, upon the faith of General Oglethorpe's promise, Mr. Bosom- worth was induced to draw several bills of exchange upon him ; but the cloud he was at that time under, in respect to his conduct in the north, rendered him in- capable of paying any of them, as it appears by his letter dated Whitehall. July 16, 1746, so that the bills were all returned upon Mr. Bosomworth with the heavy charges of protest, amounting to £600 or £700 sterling, most of which remains at this day unpaid. That Mr. Bosomworth, at his own great expense, in the year 1 746, made an- other settlement on the Alatamaha, at the place called the Forks, about 300 miles by water up the same river, built a very good dwelling-house, outhouses, a large store, and fortified the whole round against any attempts of enemy-In- MRS. BOSOMWORTH S CASE. 29 dians, with an intent to carry on a considerable Indian trade, without knowing of what consequence a former settlement on that river had been to the public welfare of Georgia, and upon the credit of his bills drawn on General Ogle- thorpe, had received for that purpose a large cargo of Indian goods. That, upon the arrival of Col. Alexander Heron, in the year 1747, to take com- mand of his Majesty's forces in Georgia, a general rupture with the Indians was thought unavoidable. He, in his letter of the 8th of July of that year, applied to Mrs. Bosomworth, then settled at the Forks, to use her endeavours and influence to reconcile matters among the Indians ; and in another letter, so soon after as the 20th of the same month, he informs her to supply that agent with such re- quisites as the service demanded, and also to give the Indians with her then at the Forks (when lately arrived there from the nation) such presents as might possibly appease them and secure their friendship. Accordingly, at this critical juncture, at the earnest solicitation of the said Col. Heron, Mrs. Bosomworth advanced for his Majesty's service sundry goods out of her own private store to the amount of £650 15s. 7^4d., as appears by a particular account thereof laid before the proper boards in England; when, for reasons the commanding officer himself, in the aforementioned letter ol the 20th of July, and in others to Andrew Stone, Esq , Deputy Secretary of State, it would not have been in his power otherwise to prevent the dangerous conse- quences of a rupture with the Indians. That no consideration whatever would have induced Mrs. Bosomworth at that time to strip her store of her Indian goods (upon which the fate of her trade ab- solutely depended), but a firm attachment to the welfare of the colony, and the strongest assurances from Col. Heron that those goods should be immediately replaced in her store at the Forks as soon as her conveniences could be got ready for sending them up the river, and that she also might depend on an adequate reward for all the services done his Majesty. That Coi. Heron failing to perform his promise when the service was performed, on pretence there were no Indian goods in the public store, nor had he the credit to purchase any, obliged Mrs. Bosomworth entirely to abandon that valuable settlement and forego a most be- neficial traffic with the Indians. Thus her store being exhausted of goods, and no skins taken to make remittances for a fresh supply, the loss she thereby sus- tained was not only in the goods advanced for his Majesty's service, but for the buildings, improvements, &c. made at that settlement, and in the great advan- tages that must have arisen from the trade there. That, upon the reduction of Gen. Oglethorpe's regiment, in the year 1749, the most pressing application was repeatedly made to Col. Heron to discharge Mrs. Bosomworth's account of disbursements (by his order) for his Majesty's service, by the declension of which she had most grievously suffered; but all the satis- faction that could be obtained was, that he had advanced considerable sums on his own credit for the public service, had no funds to pay Mrs. Bosomworth, and that he knew of no redress for her sufferings but by going to England and ap- plying to the Government for the payment of all damages and services. That Mrs. Bosomworth and her husband, having no hopes of obtaining satis- faction otherwise than by going to England and there soliciting redress, had determined to embrace the opportunity of a voyage in the transport vessel sent to carry home the disbanded officers and soldiers of the regiment ; but their af- fairs being unhappily involved by having thus sacrificed their private interests to the public welfare, the malice and instigation of some particular persons who looked upon themselves concerned to prevent Mr. and Mrs. Bosomworth's voy- age to England, occasioned actions to be so fast brought against them by their creditors, that they continued prisoners, as it were, in the province, laboring un- der every circumstance of distress, till May, 1752, at which time they arrived in Charles Town, South Carolina, with intent immediately to proceed for England. On their arrival in Charles Town Mr. Bosomworth and his wife were prevailed upon by the government of South Carolina to undertake an agency to the Creek nation of Indians, which agency was not completed till the year 1754, at which time they went for England. 30 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OP GEORGIA. That, upon application in England for the reward of Mrs. Bosom worth's services and demands on the Government, these services and demands were found to be misrepresented by the then late presidents and assistants of Georgia, so that all the satisfaction by this expensive voyage (in cost near £1,000 sterling) was a commission from the right Honorable the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plan- tations, directed to the Governor of Georgia, commanding him strictly to ex- amine into the truth of the charges and obligations of each party, and to report to their Lordships' Board his opinion upon the whole, which commission has long since been executed. That when Gen. Oglethorpe was called home in the year 1743, he sent for Mrs. Bosomworth, and then paid her £180 in sola bills, which, with a £20 bill before received, made £200 ; on delivering her those bills he gave her a diamond ring from his finger, with acknowledgments that he would never forget the service she had done him and the public, and that the sum he then paid her was not intended for more than a year's service, and he hoped she would be pleased kindly to accept of it, as all then in his power to pay her (the credit of his bills being stopped in England) ; repeatedly assuring her at parting, that as soon as his accounts were audited, and paid by the Government, she might draw upon him for £2,000 sterling above mentioned. For demonstration of the faith of the facts herein set forth, the merit of Mrs. Bosomworth's past services rendered the crown, the losses thereby sustained, and the consequence of the present interest, she humbly refers to the annexed let- ters, and testimonials under the hand of every gentleman who has had the com- mand of his Majesty's forces in Georgia since the first settlement of the colony; and if higher proof is demanded, Mr. Bosomworth (and time being given him) has it in his power to support some of the material parts of the case by living evi- dence. That it was ever his Majesty's most gracious intention freely to reward his most faithful servants, a contrary supposition must be highly criminal. What a re- ward such a number of years of Mrs. Bosomworth's past life and advance of her fortune in his Majesty's service, at the frequent hazard of her life, and manifest neglect of her own affairs, even to ruin, may justly entitle her, will appear to your candid disquisition, and the whole humbly submitted to your most serious consideration. By your Excellencys, Very obedient and most humble servant, Thos. Bosomworth. Savannah, 23rd July, 1759. Gov. Ellis was authorized to dispose of the islands Ossaba and Sapelo, and other Indian lands near Savannah, at public auction, the same having been ceded to his Majesty by a deed from the head men of the Creek nation, the 22nd of April, 1758; and out of the money arising therefrom, to discharge the demands of the Bosom- worths, and to grant to them the Island of St. Catherines, in conside- ration of their having settled and improved it. The Indian lands near Savannah consisted of about 4,000 acres, and were, by President Stephens and assistants, allotted to several persons, who settled them, and had continued to cultivate and improve them. These settlers applied for his Majesty's grants, when the royal government was established, but were prevented from obtaining them, partly by Mrs Bosomworth entering caveats against grants. After a hearing, it MRS. BOSOMWORTH S CASE. 31 was determined that Mrs. Bosomworth ought to be disbursed the sum of £450, for and on account of that value, in goods she had expended for his Majesty's service, in the years 1747 and 1748, and also that she should be allowed at the rate of £100 per annum for 16^ years for her services as agent. These terms met the approbation of the Bosomworths. The islands were afterwards sold at auction. Ossaba sold for £1350; Sapelo, £700; which moneys were paid to the Bosomworths, and a grant of St. Catherines Island was made to Mrs. Bosomworth. Mr. Bosomworth took possession of the island, upon Which he resided for several years. Upon the death of his wife, McCall says, "he married her chambermaid." Twenty-five years ago, the mansion in which the Bosomworths resided was standing. It was singular in its construction and appearance, being wattled with hickory twigs, and plastered within and without with mortar, made of lime and sand, and surrounded by spacious piazzas. Tradition designates the spot where the Bosomworths were buried. 32 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. NAMES OF ALL PERSONS To whom any Allotments of Land were, made by the Court of President and Assistants inGcorgia, between the 21st of October, 1741, and the 4th of October, 1754.* 1741, Oct. 22. — Henry Green, lot ; John Robe, lot; Samuel Lyon, 50 acres; John Erinxman. 50 acres; James Anderson, 500 acres; Thomas Morris, lot. Dec.. 17. — Samuel Clee, lot; Thos. Saltar, 500 acres; Jacob Harbach and wife, 100: Gaspar Harbach, 50 acres; Christian Burgemeister, 50 acres. Dec. 28. — Hans Schad, 50 acres; Rudolph Burghee, 50 acres; Hans Slutz, 50 acres; Nicho- las Haner. 50 acres. Dec. 31. — Hans Beltz, -50 acres; Ezekiel Stoll, 50 acres. Jan. 21. — Leonard Reighter, 50 acres; Jacob Tanner, 50 acres; Joanes Turtle, 50 acres. 1742. — Henrick Curnards, 50 acres. April 2. — William Barbo, 50 acres. June 2. — Thomas Dawson, town lot; William Clements, town lot. June 24. — Thomas Palmer, town lot. Oct. 21. — Jeremiah Vallaton, town lot. Nov. 1. — John Foun- ders, town lot. Jan. 29. — George Uland, 50 acres ; Widow Croft, 50 acres. 1743, May 3. — Daniel Deigler. 50 acres. May 31. — Thos. Lee, town lot. July 27. — Lt. Col. Heron, town lot. Sept. 13. — Joseph Faulker, town lot; Ed- ward Davidson, town lot. Oct. 7. — Henry Anderly, town lot. Oct. 7. — Joseph Waclker, lot at Acton. Oct. 12. — Simon Minis, town lot. Nov. 2. — Christian Levenburger, 50 acres; Conrad Hariver, 50 acres; Geo. Derrich, 50 acres. Nov. 19. — R. Prickett, 500 acres. 1744, Feb. 24. — John Barnard, town lot; Wm. Parker, 500 acres. April 10. — Gilbert Tyffe, lot in Augusta. Jan. 9. — James Grant, 50 acres. Oct. 1. — John Barnard, 500 acres. Nov. 23. — Frederick Keiser, lot at Vernon; Mat. Rheinsteller, lot at Vernon; Jacob Berrier, lot at Vernon. 1745, April 18. — Richard Kent, 500 acres; Richard Rattoon. 50 acres; John Pye, town lot. May 2. — Robert Fox, 50 acres. May 18. — Wm. Spencer, town lot; Henry Hamilton, town lot. June 7. — James Grant, lot at Abercorn. July 26. — Thos. Sparnel, 50 acres; Christian Camphire, town lot. Oct. 4. — Josias Waters, 300 acres; Richard Burtley, 500 acres. Oct. 11. — Thos. Burgess, tract. Nov. 22. — Christian Dasher. 50 acres. Jan. 31. — John Ross, 300 acres; Frede- rick Helveinstine. lot. Feb. 12. — James Billinghust, 50 acres. Feb. 20. — Daniel Dourozeaux, 500, acres. 1746, March 25. — John Dobell, town lot. April 15. — George Fraser, 50 acres. May 20. — Juigo Jones, 500 acres. July 21. — Thos. Saltar, 10 acres. Aug. 28. — John Lawrence, town lot. Oct. 23. — Anthony Camuse, 500 acres; John Mcin- tosh, tract. Nov. 8. — John McBean, 100 acres. Jan. 26.— Peter Baillon, 300 :icres; Isaac Barksdale, 500 acres; Wm. Bearfull, 100 acres; Anthony Groobs, 100 acres. Jan. 27. — Lachlin McBean, 100 acres; David C. Bradock, 500 acres. March 3. — John Rogerson, 500 acres; Thos. Fraser, lot; Wm. Wilson, 300 acres. 1747, March 25. — John Penrose, 300 acres. April 21. — George Cubbedge, three tracts. April 22. — Peter Shepherd, 500 acres: Charles Ratolifij tract. June 30. — Thos. Goodall, 100 acres; Wm. Spoode, 500 acres; Joseph Summers, 300 acres. July 28. — John Martin Bolzius, Parkers' lands. Aug. 11. — John Mar- lin Bolzius, 500 acres. Sept. 3. — John Baxter, lot. Sept. 4. — Ambrose Bann, 50 acres ; Richard Lee, 50 acres. Sept. 25.— Thos. Ross, 200 acres. Oct. 22.— John Atherton. 200 acres ; Joseph Oaks, 500 acres. Nov. 23. — Benj. Goldwire, lot; Richard Johnston, 400 acres. Dec. 10. — Stephen Williams, 500 acres ; Joseph Wood, 200 acres; Thos. Hill. 100 acres: Charles Marian, 100 acres; John Mat- thews, 100 acres; Joseph Barker, 50 acres; John Hencork, 200 acres; Peter Mc Hugh, 300 acres ; Abraham Frisbe, 250 acres. Dec. 12. — John Mulriene, 500 acres; Jas. Maxwell, 500 acres; Morgan Sab, 500 acres; John Hutchinson, 500 acres. * Colonial Documents. NAMES OF PERSONS TO WHOM LANDS WERE ALLOTTED. '-V6 D ec . 21. — Philip Delegal, jr., 500 acres; Henry Yonge, 500 acres; Wm. Bu- chanon. Dec. 22. — John VVilson, 300 acres. Jan. 5. — Wm. Clarke, 50 acres. Jan. 6. — John Shepherd, 500 acres. Jan. 30. — John Kenedy, 200 acres. March 1. — John Mcintosh, 500 acres ; Andrew Collins, 200 acres. 1748, April 21. — John Alther and Gaspar Holsleter, 234 acres. May 4. — "Wm. Cook. 250 acres; Geo. Cubbedge, 500 acres. Aug. 12. — Major Wm. Horton, 500 acres : Wm. Hester, 300 acres. Aug. 20. — Capt, Mark Carr, and his son. Tho. Carr, 500 acres; Abra. Frisbee,.250 acres. Sept. 2. — Newdigate Stevens, 500 aqres; Wm. Beckett. 50 acres ; B. Wilson, 300 acres ; Richard Hazzard, 500 acres ; Wm. E wen. 500 acres. Sept. 22. — Lt. Col. Alexander Heron, 500 acres ; Alex. Gordon, town lot ; Lieut. Robert Howarthe, 500 acres. Sept. 22, Kenneth Baillie, 500 acres ; Middleton Evans, 500 acres. Oct. 12 — Lieut. Archibald Dow, 500 acres ; Lieut, James Wall, 500 acres. Oct. 20.— John Harn, 500 acres ; Charles West, 500 acres ; Wm. Carr, 300 acres ; David Black, 300 acres : P. Brown. 500 acres ; George Langley, lot; John Ballowe, 400 acres; Patrick Clarke, 300 acres ; Capt. P. Sutherland, 500 acres ; Lieut. Tho. Harriot, 500 acres ; Capt. James Mc Kay, 500 acres; John Gordon, 5 00 acres; Griffeth Williams, 500 acres. Nov. 3. — Capt. Raymond Demere, 500 acres ; Peter Mercier, 500 acres ; Lieut. Paul Demere, 500 acres ; James Nevie, 100 acres ; Michael Boremau, 50 acres. Nov. 7. — John Farmur, 500 acres ; Wm. Clement, 300 acres ; John Ross, 300 acres. Nov. 29. — Peter Slyler- man, 100 acres ; W T m. Ballowe, 200 acres ; James Eads, 100 acres ; Richard Jones, 200 acres. Nov. 30. — Hugh Mackay, Turkey Buzzard Island. Dec. 8 — Roderick Mcintosh, 500 acres; Jonathan Caulkins, 300 acres; John Mcintosh, 500 acres Wm. River, 500 acres. Dec. 27. — -Lieut. Tho. Goldsmith, 500 acres ; Lieut. Sam. Mackay, 500 acres ; Lachlin Mcintosh, 500 acres. Dec. 28. — Thomas Dawson, town lot. Jan. 4. — Capt. George Cadogan, 500 acres. Jan. 4. — Ensign Wm. Shrubsole, 500 acres ; Dr. John Miligen, 500 acres ; Capt. James Mackay, for John Stephens, 500 acres. Feb. 13. — John Edwards, 300 acres; John Keilson, 500 acres; Tho. Collins, 100 acres. 1748, March 16. — Mark Callerton. 250 acres. March 17. — Richard Cooper, 500 acres ; Robert Bolton, town lot. 1749, March 29. — Solomon Ogden, 100 acres. April 19. — Ann Clarke, town lot; Alexander Rose. 100 acres. May 5. — Henry Bourguine, 500 acres ; Benedict Bourguine, 350 acres. June 10. — John Shepherd. 500 acres. June 15. — Capt. George Dunbar. 500 acres. June 12. — John L. Myer, 100 acres. July 26. — The inhabitants of Augusta, 2. Sept. 4. — Richard Palmer, 500 acres. Sept. 8. — Some soldiers disbanded out of General Oglethorpe's Regiment, 50 to each. Sept. S. — Lachlin McGilvray, 100 acres. Dec. 16. — John Davis, 500 acres; James Finlay. 50 acres: Daniel Martin. 50 acres; Audley Maxwell, 500 acres, Dec. 20. — Rev. Geo. Whitefield, 500 acres. March 2. — James Ellison, 200 acres ; Tho. Bossett, Sen.. 500 acres; Isaac Lines, 500 acres ; Donald Clarke, 500 acres ; Griffeth Williams, 500 acres : Roderick Mcintosh, 500 acres. Jan. 6. — James McLaran, 500 acres. 1750. — James Habersham, 500 acres ; John Martin Bolzius, 500 acres; Hugh Clarke, 500 acres ; Angus Clarke, 500 acres ; William Russell, 90 acres. Jan. 5. — James Stewart, 50 acres. May 4. — Daniel Demetree, 500 acres. June 9. — Henry Parker, 500 acres ; Henry W. Parker, 500 acres. June 22. — Rev. Bait. Zou- ber 500 acres. Aug. 29. — Francis Harris, 500 acres ; Christopher Hopkins, 500 acres, Srp. 15 — George Galphin, 500 acres. Sep. 26. — Jonathan Bryan, 500 acres. Sep. 27. — Jacob Casp. Waelhou, 140 acres. Oct. 2.— William Davis, 50 acres; John Gabell, 50 acres. Oct. 3. — Noble Jones, 500 acres. Oct. \'~. — John Milledge, 400 acres. Nov. 7. — Isaac Labow, a choice ; Leonard Bowdle, Anthony Pages, Anthony Le Sage, piece of land, fitting their purposes. Nov. 15.— Christian Leimbeger. 100 acres ; B. Bacher, 100 acres ; Peter Kohleison, 500 acres; Martin Lockner. Sen.. 100 acres; George Hocher, 100 acres; Vit Leihner. 50 acres ; John Sheraus, 50 acres ; John Mohr, 50 acres ; Martin Lochner, Jr 50 acres : Geo. Bruchner, 100 acres ; Geo. Glaner, 50 acres. The old inh abitants 34 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. i t'Ht>ctiezer,on Mill Creek, 100 acres each : Martin Letter, 50 acres ; Geo. Meyer, 50 acres : Rupreeli Sehrimpt. 50 acres : Christian Rottenberger, 50 acres; Valentine Deppe, 50 acres; John Rhylander, 60 acres; Philip Metzcher, 50 acres; L. Erst 50 acres; Jacob Meyer, 50 acres; John Paul Frank, 50 acres; Seven heads of families, who came in the Martha, 50 acres to each. Nov. 16.— Nicholas Cro- nenberger, 200 acres ; John David Fisher, lot. Dec. 4. — Thomas Still, 50 acres. Jan. 8. — Michael Switzer, lot; Thomas Ellis, 300 acres; Ann S. SmithJ lot, Bourqui__ acres. March 6. — John George Beirpholt, 50 acres. March 7. — James Papot, 400 acres. March 20. — J. L. Meyer, 100 acres; Chris. Reidlesperger, 120 acres. 1751, May 9. — Harman Lemphe, 500 acres; John T. Keefer, 400 acres. July 4. — Wm. Spejisft ^JiOQ ar.resj Mathias Zetler, 50 acres ; James Woolford. 50 acres ; Jeremiah Slyterman. lot. Sep. 6. — Noble Wymberley Jones, 450 acres. Dec. 4. — William Jones, 50 acres; John Gray, 350 acres. Dec. 18. — Owen Da}', 250 acres; Mayo Gray, 50 acres ; Richard Meadows, 100 acres; Nathaniel Bos- sel, 500 acres; Tho. Williams, 200 acres; A. Lindsey, 300 acres ; John Younge- 100, acres; Geo. Farr, 200 acres; William Payne, 200 acres. Jan. 8. — Jacob Mohr, lot; Geo. Mackay, 50 acres. Jan. 10. — Joseph Phillips, 500 acres ; James McDaniel, 300 acres; Peter McHugh, 200 acres; Andrew Collins, 200 acres. Jan. 17. — James Detaux. 500 acres; James Edmonds, 400 acres; Rev. Geo. Whitefield, 410 acres. Feb. 5. — William Johnson, 50 acres; John Berham, 50 acres. 1752, April 8. — Nathaniel Watson, 100 acres; Joseph Barker, 50 acres. April 21. — Andrew Seckinger, 50 acres ;.^Matthew Seckinger, 50 acres; Geo. Lam- brecht, 50 acres; Martha Buckhartf50 acres; John Blessing, 50 acres. April 28. — Pickering Robinson, 800; Joseph O. Holenghe, lot ; Patrick Graham, 450 acres. May 11. — Jonathan Bryan, Jr., a minor, 500 acres; David Graham. 500 acres. May 12. — Wm. Carr, 500 acres; Mark Carr, 500 acres; James Habersham, Jr., a minor, 500 acres; Thomas Harris, 500 acres; James Finley, 50 acres; Daniel Martyn. 50 acres. June 2. — John De Naux, 500 acres; Benedict Bourquine, 300 acres; Philip Delegal, Sen., James Thebault, 300 acres; John C. Walthour, 200. June 3. — John Summers, 270 acres; David Kraft, 500 acres; Alexander Rose, 100 acres; Peter Morel'l, 500 acres; Nathaniel Hunling, 300 acres; Thomas Wilson, 240 acres. June 4. Thomas Forman, 50 acres; Wm. Hargrove, 50 acres; Nathan Taylor, 500 acres; Henry Sargent, 100 acres; Martin Fenton, 150 acres; John Wilson, 200 acres. June 4. — Hugh McKay, 500 acres. June 5. — Richard Hazzard, 500 acres; Joseph Parker, 500 acres. June 25. — William De Brahm, 500 acres. June 24. — Joseph Bryan, a minor. 500 acres; Joseph Gib- bons, 500 acres; Joseph Gibbons, Jr., 500 acres. July 8 — Isaac Young, 450 acres; John Davis, 500; John Maxwell, 500 acres: James Maxwell, 500 acres; Wm. Maxwell, 500 acres. July 11. — John Stevens, Sen., 500 acres; Benj. Baker, 500 acres ; Parmenus Way, 500 acres : John Lupton, 500 acres ; Rev. Mr. Osgood, 500 acres; Samuel Stevens, 500 acres; Barah Norman, 500 acres: Dan- lel'Slaae, 500 acres; John Winn, 500 acres; Samuel Bacon, 500 acres; Edward Sumner, 500 acres; Andrew Way, 500 acres Richard Spencer, 500 acres: Wm. Baker, 500 acres; Sarah Osgood, 500 acres; Richard Girandeau, 500 acres: Samuel Burnley, 500 acres; James Way, 500 acres; Edward Way, 500 acres; Joseph Bacon, 500 acres; Jonathan Bacon, 500 acres; John Norman, 500 acres; Nathaniel Way, 500 acres; Richard Woodcraft, 500 acres; John Mitchell, 500 acres; Sarah Mitchell, 500 acres; John Edwards, 500 acres;; John Elliott, 500 acres; Joseph Way, 500 acres; Wm. Graves, 500 acres; Joseph Norman, 500 acres; John Steward. 500 acres; Samuel James, 500 acres; Robert (Mass, 500 acres ; Robert Eccles. 500 acres; John Quarterman, 500 acres; David Russ, 500 NAMES OF PERSONS TO WHOM LANDS WERE ALLOTTED. 35 acres; Wm Lupton, 500 acres; Richard Baker, 500 acres; John Stevens, Jr., 500 acres; Joseph Oswald, 500 acres; Jacob Weston, 500 acres; Joshua Clarke, 300 acres; For a Glebe, 400 acres. July 14.— William Russell, 400 acres. Aug. 5.— William Mackay, lot ; David Fox, Jr., 400 acres; Willoughby West, 500 acres. Aug. 6. — Daniel Donnom, 500 acres; Isaac Donnom, 500 acres; John Graves, 500 acres; Palmer Goulding, 500 acres; Joseph Massey, 500 acres; Tho. Stevens, Jr., 500 acres; Isaac Bradwell, 500 acres; N. Bradwell, 500 acres; James Christie, 500 acres; Hugh Dowse, 500 acres; Elisabeth Simmons, 500 acres; Peter Goulding. 400 acres; Elizabeth Baker, 400 acres; Wm. Chapman, 300 acres ; James Baker. 300 acres; Rebecca Quarterman, 300 acres; Joseph Stevens, 250 acres; Thomas Stevens, 250 acres ; Joseph Bacon, Jr., 250 acres ; John Wheeler, 200 acres ; Joseph i Baker, 200 acres ; Tho. Way, Jr , 200 acres ; John Shave, 200 acres; John Church- well, 200 acres ; Moses Way, 200 acres ; Daniel Cannon, 200 acres ; Joseph Winn, 200 acres ; John Gorton, 100 acres. Aug. 22. — Geo. Cuthbert, 500 acres. Sept. 1 . — David Graham, 500 acres ; James Campbell, 500 acres ; John Williams, 500 acres ; Rodoriah Groynor, 500 acres ; Wm. Aid ridge, 500 acres ; Geo. Applebee, 500 acres ; James Parker, 90 acres. Sept. 2. — James Dourouzeaux, 150 acres. Sept. 14. — Godlive Starley, 100 acres ; James Dixsee, 200 acres; Patrick Brown, 500 acres ; Wm. Harn, 500 acres; Tho. Barley, 90 acres ; Wm. Butler, Sen., 500 acres; Elisha Butler, 500 acres ; Wm. Butler, Jr., 500 acres ; James Butler, 500 acres ; Wm. Elliott, 500 acres; William Butler, of Indian Land, 500 acres; Henry Hyrne, Sen., 500 acres; Henry Hyrne, Jr., 500 acres; Tho. Butler, 500 acres; John Toomer, 500 acres ; John Parker, 500 acres ; Samuel West, 500 acres. Sept. 21. — John Perkins, 500 acres. Sept 29.— Patrick Clarke, 200 acres. Nov. 8. — James Maxwell, 500 acres; John Davis, 50 acres. Nov. 9. — Henry Myers, 50 acres ; David Delegal, 100 acres ; Jeremiah Helvensteine, 100 acres ; Richard Cooper, 50 acres; Audley Maxwell, Jr., 200 acres. Nov. 10.— Edward Carlton, 300 acres; Lewis Muttair, 200 acres; John Keeler. 50 acres; Jacob Wald- burger, 100 acres; Ann Stuart, lot; Lucy Mouse, lot; Wm. Mathers, lot; Richard Millidge, 90 acres ; James Jeansac, 100 acres ; Thos. Rasberry, 90 acres ; Nov. 29. — John" G. Knap, 100 acres; Paul' Meyer, 100 acres; Jacob Herle, 100 acres ; Jno. Jacob Henselier, Sen., 100 acres ; Jno. Jacob Henselier, Jr., 50 acres ; John Unold, 100 acres ; Matthew Salffer, 50 acres ; John Adam Salffer, 50 acres ; John C. Hirsham, Sen.,' 100 acres ; Gasper Hirsham, 100 acres ; John C. Hirsham, Jr. 50 acres; M'. Herst, 100 acres; M. Salffer, 50 acres; L. Salffer, 50 acres; Geo. Bolzenhard, 100 acres; Melchur Oachsle, 100 acres ; John Lange, Sen., 150 acres; John Lange, Jr., 50 acres; G. Lange, 50 acres; John Elgin, 150 acres, M. Gros, 100 acres; Paul Gerber, 150 acres; Gabriel Eichard, 100 acres; M. Zeigler, 100 acres; Lucy Zeigler, 50 acres; Jacob Zeigler, 50 acres; Bart. Bol- zenhard, 100 acres; Geo. Eichard, 100 acres; Lucas Moser, 100 acres; A. Frey, 50 acres; Thos. Heckell, 50 acres; M. Dauner, 100 acres; John Martin Nies, 100 acres; John L. Nies, 50 acres; John Paulas, Sen., 100 acres; John Paulas, Jr., 50 acres; M. Knap, 100 acres; Anna Rauve, 100 acres; John Meyer, 100 acres; Juliana Hagemyer, 100 acres; Christian Preysing, Jr., 50 acres ; Michael Fisher, 100 acres; Nicholas Fisher, 100 acres; John Millar, 100 acres; Solomon Holl, 100 acres; John George Mauls, 100 acres; Jacob Gremer, 100 acres. 1752, November 29. — John G. Gremer, 100 acres; John G. Gremer, Jr., 100 acres; John G. Gremer, Sen., 100 acres; John Milton Gremer, 50 acres; George Fisher, 100 acres; John G. Kalbell, 100 acres; Jacob Guan, 100 acres; Martin Belzenhagen, 100 acres; Geo. Seybold, 100 acres; Geo. Streigell, 100 acres; M. Bader, 100 acres; John Meyer, 100 acres; Jno. P. Flieger, 100 acres; Jno. Speirla, 100 acres; M. Echart, 100 acres; Geo. Bol- linger, 100 acres; Magdalena Sherhansen, 50 acres; John Eberhard, 100 acres: the Minister for the time being, 300 acres ; Christian Van Munch, Sen., 500 acres; Christian Van Munch, Jr., 500 acres; Thomas Van Munch, 500 acres; Remigius Van Munch, 500 acres ; Charles Van Munch 500 acres ; Thomas Krause, 500 acres. Dec. 6. — Adam Rheinstetler, 50 acres; Jacob Dice, 50 acres; Caspar Rahn, 100 acres; John Matthews, 100 acres ; James De Naux, Jr., 500 acres ; Isaac Gibbes, Jr , 50 acres ; Theobald Keiffer, 400 acres ; Jacob Hel- venstine, 100 acres ; Martin Dasher, 100 acres ; Seth Place, 100 acres: Wm. Dews, 500 acres. Dec. 7.— Peter Tondee. 120 acres: Oliver Shaw, 50 acres ; Wm. Mc 36 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Donald, 400 acres; J no. Henry Grave, 500 acres; Jno. C. Bornemann, 500 acres. Dec. 8. — Samuel Marcer, 150 acres; Geo. Dresler, 50 acres; Alexander Bailliej 100 acres; Wm. Norton, 50 acres; Andrew Snyder, 100 acres; Wm. Harris 350 acres; Bar. Webling, 100 acres ; Robt. Bolton, 90 acres; John Rae, 400 acres; Henry Bishop, 100 acres. 1753, Jan. 11. — Lewis Johnson, 500 acres; Stephen Adye, 500 acres; Antho- ny Tahie, 500 acres; Edmund Tann at t. 500 acres. Feb. 6. — Mark Benz, 100 acres; Peter Guiard, 100 acres; Walter Femming, 500 acres. Feb. 7. — William Bechet, 50 acres ; David Fox, 500 acres ; Tho. Readye, 100 acres ; Valentine 1 Bostick, 500 acres : John Davis, Jr., 500 acres ; James Paris, 350 acres; Richard Bennison, 400 acres. Feb. 8. — James Galache, 50 acres ; Robert Luden, 100 acres ; William Barkshell, 500 acres. Nov. 23. — Edward Goodall, 300 acres. April 4. — Thomas Beckett, 50 acres ; John G. Nies, 50 acres ; James Millar, lot; Matthew Maurve. 300 acres ; Richard Jon, 500 acres ; John Cubbedge, 200 acres; John Bennett, 100 acres; John Coffee, 100 acres; Abram Gabell, 50 acres ; Cuthbert Gordon, 500 acres. April 5. — Thomas Trippe, 2 lots ; Thomas Lee, 2 lots; Henry Hamilton, 100 acres ; Edward Watson, 100 acres; N Mil- lar, 2 lots. June 5. — Joseph Phillips, 100 feet; John Pye, 2 lots ; David Unseld, 50 acres; Thomas Parker, 300 acres; Adam Ordner, 50 acres; Jno. Mc Leod, 100 acres; Elisha Butler, 500 acres. June 6. — Wm. Butler, Sen., 500 acres ; Wm. Butler, son of Elisha Butler, 500 acres; Henry Yonge, 37 acres; John Snook, 2 lots; Jery Sliterman. 2 lots; Edward Barnard, 300 acres. July 3. — John Berrier, 50 acres ; Caspar Herbach, 50 acres ; Jacob Danner, 50 acres ; James Edward Powell, 500 acres. Aug. 8. — David Flear, 50 acres; Wm. Ken- nedy, 50 acres; Hugh Kennedy, 100 acres; Joseph Stanley, 100 acres ; John P. Millar, 100 acres; Christ, Folbright, 400 acres; Francis Arthur, 500 acres. Aug. 9. — Joseph Ottolenghe, 350 acres ; Matthew Roche, 200 acres. Sept 5. — Donald Kennedy, 150 acres; Roderick Mcintosh, 500 acres; George Mcintosh, 500 acres ; Samuel Leon, 50 acres ; William Thompson, 500 acres. Sept. 6. — David Truan, 2 lots; Peter Destemple, 50 acres; John Mackay, 100 acres. Sept 7. — John McBean, 100 acres; Alex. McDonald, 150 acres. Sept. 8. — Sam- uel Hudson, 400 acres ; John Fitch, 100 acres; John Hudson, 100 acres ; John Brady, 100 acres; Edward Germany, 200 acres. Sept 9. — James Baillon, 200 acres. Dec. 4. — Oliver Shaw, 100 acres. Dec. 5. — Henry Calvell, 450 acres ; C. Rabenhorst, 500 acres; J. Mulryne, 500 acres; James Williams, 500 acres; John M. Hirsh. 100 acres. Dec. 6.— Tho. Carter, 300 acres; .James Millar, 100 acres. 1754. Feb. 5. — Daniel Mackay, Sen., 150 acres; Geo. McDonald, 150 acres; Murdock McLeod, 100 acres; Angus Mcintosh, 100 acres; Peter Grant, 50 acres; John Germany, 200 acres; Hugh Morrison, 250 acres. Feb. 6. — John R. Puny, 500 acres; Wm. Mcintosh, 500 acres; Donald McKay, 500 acres; Elizde St. Ju- lian, 500 acres; Richard Coxe, Sen., 500 acres; Richard Coxe, Jr., 500 acres; Samuel New, 340 acres ; James New, 500 acres ; Joseph Butler, 500 acres ; Shem Butler, 5U0 acres. Feb. 8. — John Thompson, 500 acres; Geo. Uland, 100 acres; John Todd, Sen., 100 acres; John Todd, Jr., 100 acres. April 3. — David Mon- taigut, 500 acres; Valentine Bostick, 400 acres; Christian Dasher, 50 acres; John Sherif, 50 acres; F. L. Parry, 100 acres; Jno. Fox, 400 acres. April 4. — Joseph Butler, Jr., 50 acres; Alexander Low, 500 acres. April 5. — Robert Baillie, 500 acres; Joseph Goodby, 400 acres; James Matthews, 200 acres; Alexander Germany. 200 acres; Josiah Bryan, a minor, 500 acres; John Greene, 500 acres; Tho. Rasberry, 300 acres; Sigismund Beltz, 60 acres. June 5. — Geo. Fowle, 50 acres; Urban Buntz. 50 acres; Jno. Neidlinger, 50 acres; L. McGilv- ray, 500 acres; Jno. Reuter, 50 acres; David Haisler, 50 acres; Wm. Gibbons, 365 acres; N. J. Walliser, 50 acres; P. Graham, town lot; James Habersham, town lot; Noble Jones, town lot ; Pickering Robinson, town lot; Francis Harris, town lot; Wrj^SpeJicej^Jown lot ; Joseph Habersham Minor, town lot; Geo. Cuthbert, town lot : Wm. Butler, town lot; Elisha Butler, town lot; Wm. Elliott, town lot ; Joseph Butler, Sen., town lot ; Charles West, town lot ; James Mc- Kay, town lot; Joseph Barker, town lot; John Penrose, town lot; Samuel New NAMES OF PERSONS TO WHOM LANDS WERE ALLOTTED. 37 town lot: Richard Cox, Sen., town lot; Richard Cox, Jr., town lot. Aug. 6. — Adrian Van Beverhought, 500 acres : John Van Beverhought, 500 acres; Wm. Martin John- son. 500 acres ; John Hamm, 500 acres ; Clement Martin, 500 acres ; Wm. Martin 500 acres; James Sumer, 100 acres; Peter Grant, 50 acres; Jacob Illy, 50 acres John Pye, 200 acres; David Humbert, 300 acres; Robert Houstoun, 100 acres Joseph Raymond, 300 acres ; Lewis Mitchell, 50 acres. Aug. 7. — Henry Denzler, 50 acres; M. Kadich, 50 acres; D. Johnson, 50 acres; Christian Reidlesperger, 80 acres; Jacob Bantli, 50 acres; B. Farley, 500 acres ; Jeremiah Swan, 100 acres; Wm, Gibbons, Jr., 500 acres. Aug. 9. — Ulrich Neidlinger, 50 acres ; Peter Sliterman, 100 acre3, Octo. 2. — George Winchler, 50 acres; Hugh Ross, 100 acres; John Rayland, 100 acres; William Small, 250 acres; John Young, 250 acres; A. Wylly, 500 acres; R. Johnson, 250 acres; J. Haner, 100 acres. Octo. 3. — Frances Yonge, a minor, 500 acres; D. Douglass, 500 acres; Robert Noble, 500 acres; Geo. Noble, 100 acres. (Signed,) J. REYNOLDS. Octo. 8, 1775. 39 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. GEORGIA ROLL* America — made in (he sixth year of the reig?i of his Most Excellent Majesty King George the Third. The oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy appointed to be taken by act of Parliament, made in the first year of the Reign of his late Majesty King George the First, entitled, " an Act for the further security of his Majesty's person and government, and the succession of the Crown in the Heirs of the late Princess Sophia, being Protestants, and for extinguishing the hopes of the Pretended Prince of Wales, and his open and secret abettors ; and also the oath of abjuration as appointed to be taken in and by an act made in the Sixth year of his Majesty King George the Third, entitled, "An act for altering the oath of ab- juration," &c, &c. I, A. B., do swear that I do from my heart detest, abhor, and abjure, as impious and heretical, that damnable doctrine and position, that Princes excommunicated or deprived by the Pope, or any authority of the See of Rome, may be deposed or murthered by their subjects or any other whatsoever. And I do declare that no foreign Prince, Person, Prelate, State, or Potentate, hath or ought to have any jurisdiction, power or superiority, pre-eminence or authority, ecclesiastical oi spiritual, within this Realm. So help me God. I, A. B., do truly and sincerely acknowledge, profess, testify, and declare in my conscience, before God and the world, that our Sovereign Lord King George is lawful and rightful King of this Realm, and all others, his Majesty's dominions and countries thereunto belonging. And I do solemnly and sincerely declare, that I do believe in my conscience, that not any of the Descendants of the Per- son who pretended to be Prince of Wales, during the life of the late King James the Second, and since his decease pretended to be and took upon himself the Stile and Title of King of England, by the name of James the Third, or of Scot- land, by the name of James the Eighth, or the Stile and Title of Great Britain, hath any right or title whatsoever to the Crown of this Realm, or any other the Dominions thereunto belonging ; and I do swear that I will bare Faith and true allegiance to his Majesty King George, and him will defend to the utmost of my power against all traitorous conspiracies and attempts whatsoever, which shall be made against his Person, Crown or Dignity. And I will do my utmost endea- vour to disclose and make known to his Majesty and his Successors, all treasons and traitorous conspiracies which I shall know to be against him or any of them. And I do faithfully promise to the utmost of my power to support, maintain, and defend the Succession of the Crown against the Descendants of the said James, and all other persons whatsoever, which succession, by an act entitled an act for the further Limitation of the Crown, and better securing the Rights and Liber- ties of the Subject, is and stands limited to the Princess Sophia, Electress and Dutch- ess Dowager of Hanover, and the Heirs of her body, being Protestants. And all these things I do plainly and sincerely acknowledge and swear, according to (hose express words by me spoken, and according to the plain Common Sense and Understanding of the same words, without any equivocation, mental eva- sion, or secret reservation whatsoever. And I do make this Recognition, Acknowledgment, Abjuration, Renunciation and Promise, heartily, willingly, and truly, upon the faith of a Christian. So help me God. * The original, written on parchment, is in possession of a gentleman residing in Savannah, GEORGIA ROLL. 39 I, A. B., do declare that I do believe that there is not any Transubstantiation in the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, or in the elements of Bread and Wine, or after the Consecration thereof by any person whatsoever. Ja. Wright, Governor; James Habersham, Lewis Johnson, John Graham, James Read, Clemt. Martin, Gray Elliott, James Mackay, Jonathan Bryan, J. C Powell, Council. N. Jones, Alex. Wylley, John Adam Treutlen, John Mullryne, Patrick Hous- toun, John Smith, David C. Braddock, Assembly. William Simpson, C. J., 15th Dec. 1766. Jno. Simpson, George Mcintosh, Tho- mas Vincent, Assembly, 15th Dec. Tho. Moodie, Deputy Sec'y., 15th Dec. William Ewen, Edw. Barnard, N. Jones, Jonathan Cochran, Andrew Johns- ton, Josiah Tatnell, John Millidger, As- sembly. Henry Preston, Prothon. Charles Pryce, Attorney Gen. Charles Watson, C. C. Matthew Roche, Prov. Mar. Charles Pryce, Jun., Prothon, 17th Dec. David Emanuel, David Lewis, (Jus- tices St. Geo. Parish, 17th Dec. 1766.) Button Gwinnet, Justice for St. John's Parish. James Bulloch, Justice for Christ Church, Octo., 1767. James Brown, Deputy Sur., 23d Feb., 1768. William Graeme, 3 March, 1768. Samuel Farley. 3 March, 1768. John Glen, 3 March, 1768. Henry Yonge, Jr., 3 March, 1768. Thomas Shrude'r, 3d of Feb., as De- puty Surveyor General. John Smith, 16th of Jan., 1769. Thomas Shruder. 8th of Aug., 1769, J. P. Anthony Stokes, Chief Justice. 1st Sept., 1769. James Hume, Attorney and Advo. Gen., 1770. James Hume, a Justice for the Pro- vince. Win. Belcher, a Justice for the Parish of St. Phillip. Arthur Carney, Justis of the Peace for the four Southern parishes, and Cap- tin o/Melisia, Sept. 9, 1774. Raym. Demere, Jr., Justis of the Peace for the four Southern Parrishes. and Ensign of Miliska, Sept. 9, 1774. Jno. Holmes, J. P. for the Parish of St. George, 17th of Octo., 1774. Thomas Stone, March 7, 1774, J. P. for the Parish of St. Phillip. Stephen Smith, J. P., 21st of March, for the Parish of St. George. Thomas Ross, Solicitor in Chancery, 7th of April, 1775. William Stephens, Clerk Com. House of Assembly, 10 May, 1775. John Hume, Secretary of the Prov- ince and Register of the Records, 2d Nov. 1775. Lewis Johnston, Public Treasurer, 20th of Nov., 1775. > William Stewart, Notary Public, 8th of Jan., 1776. Isaac Perry, Dep.Sur.,6thofNov.,1766. Frans. Bigbey, 20th of Nov., 1766, Surgeon to the first troop of rangers. John Stevens, 26th of Nov., 1766, Third Lieutenant of the second troop of rangers. James Whitefield. 5th of December, 1766. Quarter Master of the first troop of rangers. L. Claiborne, Attorney at Law, 18th Dec, 1766. Benjamin Lewis, Deputy Surveyor, 18th Dec, 1766. '-"Richard Scruggs, Justice, St. Mat- thews, 18th Dec. 1766. J. T. Rossell, Justice for St. Andrew's Parish, 31st Dec, 1766. John Mac Lean, Justice for Christ Church, Captain of Militia, 12 Jan., 1767. John Dunbar, Justice for St. John's Parish, 19th Jan., 1767. Thomas Pittman, J. P. Romans, De- puty Surveyors, 3 Feb., 1767. Thomas Carr, Collector for Sunbury Port, 4th of May, 1767. Francis Lee, Naval Officer, &c, for Sunbury, 5 May, 1767. Charles Pryce. Jr., 28th of May, 1767, Deputy Reg. & Examiner in Chancery. Jno. Simpson, Clerk of the House of Representatives, 29th of May, 1767. Wm. Brown. Searcher for the Port of Savannah, 6 July, 1767. 40 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. John Thomas, ) Militia officers, The X mark of > St. George's Parish, ^-Ioh.aMa«H, ) 14th of July, 1767. William Graeme, Attorney General, Advo. Gen., 22ud April, 1768. Matt. Roche, Prov. Marshal, June 7. 1 768. Isaac Ford, 8th of June, 1768, Justice for St. George's and St. Matthew's Pa- rishes. Moses Nunes, Searcher Port of Sa- vannah, 9th June, 1768. Alexander Findley. Jas. Seymour, Schoolmasters, July 11, 1768. Jared Nelson, Benjamin Stirk. Daniel M. Neal, Deputy Sur. William Barnard, ll u Jno. Oliver, Justice for St. Paul's, 7th June, 1769. James McFarlane, Deputy Surveyor, 5th of July, 1769. Richard Wylley, 31st of Augt., 1769. Nota. Public. William Harding, Justice of St. Geo. and St. Paul's, 19th of Octo., 1769. William McKenzie. Comp. and Searcher of Sunbury, Solicitor in Chan- cery, 21 Dec, 1769. James Kitching, Coll. and Com. of the Customs Dutys, Naval Officer for the Port of Sunbury, 8th of March, 1770. James Maxwell, Justice for St. Phil- lip's Par., 8 March, 1770. James Cantey, Deput. Surveyor, 27th Aug., 1770. Thomas Chisolm, " " 27th Aug, 1770. Isaac Antrobus, Compt. and Searcher of Sunbury, 11 May, 1770. J. Lewis. 4 July, 1770, D. S. Joseph Marshall, Justice for St. Paul's, and St. George's, 6 Nov., 1770. John Douglass, Dept, 1770. Josiah Cantey, D. S., 7th of Augt., 1771. Isaac Antrobus, Collector of the Port of Sunbury, 6th of Dec, 1770. John Graves, Com. and Searcher for the Port of Sunbury, 6th of Dec, 1770. Alex. Wylley, Clerk of the Council, 1st Jany., 1771. Elijah Brazeal, J. P. Richard Cunningham Crooke. Patrick Houstoun, J. P. for the Parish of St. Andrew and the four Southern Pa- rishes, 22nd of Augt,, 1771. Wm. Evans, 2nd Lieut, of the guard Company, 23d of Augt., 1771. Wm. McKenzie, Collector of the Cus- toms, Duties at Sunbury, 4th of Sept. 1771. Joseph Johnston, J. P.. 4th of Sept. William Candler, D. S., 7th of Oct., 1771. Alexander Thompson, Justice of the Peace for the Parish of Christ Church, 17th of Nov., 1771. James McFarlane, J. P., for the Parish of St. Paul's, 9 Jan., 1772. Robert Badiie, D. S., 28th March, 1772. Andrew Way, D. S., 4th of May, 1772. James Kitching, Collector of his Ma- jesty's Customs for the Port of Sunbury, 9th of June, 1772. Francis Paris, J. P., for the Parish of St. George, 13 June, 1772. William Harding, D. S., 23d of June. Councillor Anthony Stokes, 7th of July, 1772. James Hume, Councillor, 4th of Aug., 1772. Philip Yonge, Deputy Surveyor. William Haven, Naval Officer. John Houstoun, a Solicitor in the Court of Chancery, 2 July, 1771. Henry Younge, T. of Council, 2nd of July, 1771. William Sims, Deputy Surveyor, July 6, 1773. Jedediah Smith, Deputy Surveyor, Jan. 6, 1773. Alexander Thompson, Collector of the Customs, Savannah, 25 Jan., 1773. Sanders Walker, Deputy Surveyor, 29th of Jan., 1773. Samuel Creswell, D. S., Feb. 4, 1773. James Cosby, D. S., March 8, 1773. Joseph Parrnill. D. S. John Houlton, 22d March, 1773. Basil Lamar, Deputy Surveyor, 24 March, 1773. John Dooly, D. S., March 7th, 1773. George Walton. Solicitor, 12th day of May, 1773. David Taitt, Justice of Peace, 1773. Jonathan Sells, J. of P., July, 1773. Thomas Ross, Notary Public, 2 July, 1773. Andrew Elton Wells, Marshal of the Admiralty. Andrew Elton Wells, Clerk of the Market, July 13, 1773. George Barry, Justice of the Parish of Christ Church, July 22, 1773. Francis Arthur. Deputy Surveyor, 9th of Aug. 1773. James Robertson, Solicitor in Chan- cery, ^th of Oct, 1773. GEORGIA ROLL. 41 J. Pjfkens, D. S., Nov. 10th, 1773. 1 homas Waters, Justice of the Peace for the ceded lands, the 16th of Nov., 1773. Edward Keating, Justine of the Peace for the ceded lands, 16 Nov., 1773. John Hume, J. P., for Parish of Christ Church. James Lucena, J. P., for the Parish of Christ, Church, the 27th of Dec. 1773. J. Wood, jr., J. P., for the Parish of St. John's, the 14th of Jan., 1774. D. Fraser, Collec. & C, and duties at the Port of Sunbury, 25th Jan., 1774. James Seymour. Justice for the parishes of St. Paul's, St. George and St. Matthew, March 21, 1774. Stephen Matthews, March 20, 1774. Thorn. Burton, J. P., for the Parish of St. George. 27th of April, 1774. Jacob Walthaur, J. P., for the Parish of St. Matthew, 10th of May, 1774. John Stirk, Captain of the Fourth Com- pany of Foot Militia, 4th of June, 1774. Quinton Pooler, Captain of the First Company of Foot Militia, 4th June, 1774. Phillip Howell, J. P., for Saint Mat- thew's Parish, 16th June, 1774. Samuel Strong, D. S., Aug. 8, 1774. James Kitching, Collector of the Cus- toms at the Port of Sunbury, Aug. 10, 1772. John Stirk, Justice of St. Matthew's Parish, 2nd of Sept.. 1772. Robert Hamilton, a Solicitor in the Court of Chancery, 15th of Sept., 1772. James Peart, D. S.. Oct. 7, 1772. Elijah Lewis, D. S'., Oct. 7, 1772. Wm. Downs, D. S., Oct. 14, 1772. John Stuart. Councillor, 23d of Oct., 1772. Leon. Marbury, D. S., 26th of Oct. 1772. Ben. Lanier. Justice of the Peace for the parishes of St. George and St. Mat- thew, qualified, 2d of Nov.. 1772. John Chisolm, D. S. Wm. Ewen, Justice of the Peace for the Parish of Christ Church, 22d of Dec, 1772. Samuel Elbert, Captain of the Grena- dier Company, 4th of June, 1774. Thomas Skinner, Captain of the Third Company, 4th of June, 1774. T. Netherclift, Captain of the Light Infantry Company. Alexander Hogg, Captain of the Sixth Company, 4 June, 1774. Joseph Habersham, 1st Lieut, of the Grenadier Company, 4 June, 1774. Henry Yonge, 1st Lieut, of the Light Infantry Company, 4 June, 1774. Thomas Ross, Lieut, of the fourth Company, 4 June, 1774. George Houstoun, second Lieut, of the Light Infantry Company, 4 June, 1774. John C. Lucena, Lieut, of the first Company, June 4, 1774. Philip Moore, Lieut, of the second Company, June 4, 1774. William Stephens, second Lieut, of the 8lh Company, June 4, 1774. Alexander Martin, Lieut. 4th Com- pany, June 4, 1774. James Roberson, Ensign of the Comp. June 4, 1774: Alex. McGorm, Ensign of the second Company, June 4, 1774. Jno. B. Randell, Ensign of the first Company, June 4, 1774. Peter Bard, Adjutant, 4 June, 1774. Phillip Yonge, D. S., 4 June, 1774. 42 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. DOCUMENTS CONNECTED WITH THE REVOLUTION. MEETING OF MERCHANTS. At a meeting of the merchants, 16th Sept., 1769, at the house of one > Alexander Creighton, in Savannah, it was agreed that the late acts of Parliament so fully and unanimously remonstrated against by the Northern Colonies, were in themselves unconstitutional, and the mode of taxation inconsistent with the liberties of the people. At a time when we have great reason to believe that healing mea- sures and a redress of grievances will be effectually pursued at the next meeting of Parliament, we think it unnecessary to enumerate the whole further, that, in general, and as far as yet we know, we approve of and agree in sentiment with the other Provinces. It was agreed respecting this Province in particular, that the mode of payment of such duties is a great and additional grievance. The sterling money of this Province which was, by act of Assembly, assented to by his Majesty, and declared equal in value to the sterling money of Great Britain, and a lawful tender in all the payments, being refused in payments of such duties, tends greatly to depreciate its value, a circumstance affecting every person interested in the Province. After having wisely excluded us the benefit of the Spanish trade, the only channel through which specie could be procured, and then, by subsequent acts, imposing duties upon us payable in gold and silver, shows that they are entirely ignorant of our internal police, and know little of what is beneficial to the colonies, and thereby pre- vent our giving a regular and constitutional aid to the mother country, if such was demanded. We, therefore, resolve that any person or persons whatsoever importing any of the articles subject to such duties, after having it in their power to prevent it, ought not only to be treated with contempt, but deemed an enemy to their country, it being a circumstance that needs only be mentioned to any person inspired with the least sense of liberty, that it may be detested and abhorred. Without Signature. MEETING OF THE INHABITANTS. At a meeting of a number of inhabitants of this Province on the 19th inst., 1769, the Hon. Jonathan Bryan in the chair. The Committee appointed to prepare resolutions at this alarming crisis, by the imposition of several acts of the British Parliament, presented the following, which were agreed to, and ordered to be published in the next Gazette : We, inhabitants of Georgia, finding ourselves reduced to the greatest distress and most abject condition by the operation of several acts of the British Legis- lature, by means whereof our prosperity is arbitrarily wrested from us, contrary to the true spirit of our Constitution and the repeatedly confirmed birthright of every Briton ; under all these oppressions, finding that the most dutiful and REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 43 loyal petitions from the colonies for redress of grievances have not answered the salutary purpose we intended, and being destitute of all hope of relief from our multiplied and increasing distresses but by our industry, frugality, and economy, firmly resolved never to be in the least accessory to the loss of any privilege we are entitled to. Therefore, we whose names are hereunto subscribed, do solemnly agree and promise to and each other, that until the said acts are repealed, we will most faithfully abide by, and adhere to and fulfil the following resolutions : 1st. — That we will encourage and promote American manufactures, and of this Province in particular. 2nd. — That as the raising of sheep for the benefit of wool will be of the utmost utility, we do therefore engage not to kill or sell any lambs that shall be yeaned before the first of May in every year to any butcher or other person whom we may have reason to think intends to kill the same. 3rd. — That we will promote the raising of cotton and flax, and encourage spin- ning and weaving. 4th. — That we will, upon no pretence, either upon our own account or commis- sion, import into this province any of the manufactures of Great Britain, or European, or East India goods, other than may be shipped in consequence of former orders, except only negro cloth not exceeding Is. and 4 pence per yard psnaburgs, canvass, cordage, drugs, and hardware of all sorts, paper not exceed- ing 10 shillings per ream, fire-arms, gunpowder, shot, lead, flints, saltpetre, coals, printed books and pamphlets; white and striped flannels, not above 9 shillings per yard, white linen not above 15 shillings and 8 pence per yard, woollen and thread hose not exceeding 24 shillings 5 pence per dozen, striped cottons not exceeding 13 shillings and 4 pence per yard, checks not above 13 shillings and 3 pence per yard, felt hats not above 48 shillings per dozen, bolting cloths, mill and grind stones, cotton and wool cards, and wire thread not above 8 shillings and 5 pence per pound, shoes not above 48 shillings per dozen; as also the following goods necessary for the Indian Irade, strouds, vermilion, beads, looking-glasses, and paint; and exclusive of these articles, we do solemnly promise and declare that we will immediately countermand all orders to our correspondents in Great Britain for shipping any goods, wares or merchandise other than herein before excepted, and will sell and dispose of the goods we now or hereafter may have, at the same rate and prices as before. 5th. — That we will neither purchase or give mourning at funerals. 6th. — That from and after the 1st of June, 1770, we will not import, buy or sell any negroes that shall be brought into this Province from Africa ; nor after the 1st of January next, any negroes from the West Indies, or any other place, ex- cepting from Africa aforesaid; and if any goods or negroes be sent to us con- trary to our agreement in this subscription, such goods shall be reshipped or stowed, and such negroes re-shipped from this Province, and not by any means offered for sale therein. 7th. — That we will not import, on our own account, or on commission purchase, from any masters of vessels, transient persons, or non-subscribers, any wines after the 15th day of March next. 8th. — That we will not purchase any negroes imported, or any goods, wares, or 44 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OP GEORGIA. merchandise, from any resident of this Province or transient person that shall aeglect to sign this agreement within five weeks from the date thereof, except it appear he shall be unavoidably prevented from so doing; and every person signing and not strictly adhering to the same, according to the true intent and meaning thereof, and also every non-subscriber, shall be looked upon as no friend to his country. Without Signature. On the 20th of July, 1774, the following notice appeared in the Georgia Gazette : The critical situation to which the British Colonies in America are likely to be reduced, from the arbitrary and alarming imposition of the late acts of the Bri- tish Parliament respecting the town of Boston, as well as the acts that at present exist, tending to the raising of a perpetual revenue without the consent of the people or their representatives, is considered an object extremely important at this juncture, and particularly calculated to deprive the American subjects of their constitutional rights and liberties, as a part of the British Empire. It is therefore requested that all persons within the limits of this Province do attend at Savannah, on Wednesday, the 27th of July, in order that the said matters may be taken into consideration, and such other constitutional measures pursued as may appear most eligible. Signed, Noble W. Jones, Archibald Bulloch, John Houstoun, 14th July, 1774. John Walton. 27th July, 1774. The following w r as addressed to the different parishes : — Gentlemen, — At a very respectable meeting of the inhabitants of this Pro vince, held this day at Savannah, for the purpose of concerting such measures as may be proper to be pursued respecting certain late acts of the British Parliament, it was, after some business being entered upon, objected that many of the out parishes might not have a sufficient notification of the intended meeting; and therefore Resolved, That all further business be postponed till the 10th of August next, and that in the mean time notice be given to the inhabitants of the several parishes, in order to afford them an opportunity of sending down deputies to deliver their sense upon this very important occasion. In pursuance of this resolve, I take the liberty, as Chairman of the Committee; to request you will send gentlemen duly authorized to attend on behalf of your parish at the next meeting. The number expected to join the Committee is agree- able to the number of representatives each parish sends to the General Assembly. The Committee to meet you at Savannah are: John Glen, John Smith, Joseph Clay, John Houstoun, N. W. Jones. Lyman Hall, Wm. Young, E. Telfair, Samuel Farley, Geo. Walton, Joseph Habersham, Jonathan Bryan, Jonathan Cochran, Geo. W. Mcintosh, Sutton, William Gibbons, Benj. Andrew, John Winn John Stirk, A. Powell, James Beaven, D. Zubly, H. L. Bourquine, Elisha Butler, Wm. Baker, Parmenus Way, John Baker. John Mann. John Bennefield, John Stacy, John Morell. I am, dear Sir, John Glen. REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 45 Resolutions entered into at Savannah, in Georgia, on Wednesday, the 10th of August, 1774, at a General Meeting of the inhabitants of the Province, assembled to consider the State of the Colonies hi America. Resolved, nemine contradicente, That his Majesty's subjects in America owe the same allegiance, and are entitled to the same rights, privileges, and immu- nities with their fellow subjects in Great Britain. Resolved, nemine contradicente, That as protection and allegiance are reciprocal, and under the British Constitution correlative terms, his Majesty's subjects in America have a clear and indisputable right, as well from the general laws of mankind, as from the ancient and established customs of the land so often recog- nized, to petition the Throne upon every emergency. Resolved, nemine contradicente, That an Act of Parliament lately passed, for blockading the port and harbour of Boston, is contrary to our idea of the British Constitution: First, for that it in effect deprives good and lawful men of the use of their property without judgment of their peers ; and secondly, for that it is in nature of an ex pest facto law. and indiscriminately blends as objects of punish- ment the innocent with the guilty ; neither do we conceive the same justified upon a principle of necessity, for that numerous instances evince that the laws and executive power of Boston have made sufficient provision for the punishment of all offenders against persons and property. Resolved, nemine contradicente, That the Act for abolishing the Charter of Mas- sachusetts Bay tends to the subversion of American rights ; for besides those gene- ral liberties, the original settlers brought over with them as their birthright, parti- cular immunities granted by such charter, as an inducement and means of set- tling the Province: and we apprehend the said Charter cannot be dissolved but by a voluntary surrender of the people, representatively declared. Resolved, nemine contradicente, That we apprehend the Parliament of Great Bri- tain hath not, nor ever had, any right to tax his Majesty's American subjects: for it is evident beyond contradiction, the constitution admits of no taxation without representation ; that they are coeval and inseparable; and every demand for the support of government should be by requisition made to the several houses of representatives. Resolved, nemine contradicente. That it is contrary to natural justice and the established law of the land, to transport any person to Great Britain or elsewhere, to be tried under indictment for a crime committed in any of the colonies, as the party prosecuted would thereby be deprived of the privilege of trial by his peers from the vicinage, the injured perhaps prevented from legal reparation, and both lose the full benefit of their witnesses. Resolved, nemine contradicente, That we concur with our sister colonies in every constitutional measure to obtain redress of American grievances, and will by every lawful means in our power, maintain those inestimable blessings for which we are indebted to God and the Constitution of our country — a Constitution founded upon reason and justice, and the indelible rights of mankind. Resolved, nemine contradicente, That the Committee appointed by the meeting of the inhabitants of this Province, on "Wednesday, the 27th of July last, together with the deputies who have appeared here on this day from the different parishes, 46 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. be a General Committee to act; and that any eleven or more of them shall have full power to correspond with the Committees of the several Provinces upon the continent; and that copies of these resolutions, as well as all other proceedings, be transmitted without delay to the Committees of Correspondence in the respec- tive Provinces. At this meeting a Committee was appointed to receive subscriptions for the suffering poor in Boston, consisting of William Ewen, Wil- liam Young, Joseph Clay, John Houstoun, Noble Wymberley Jones, Edward Telfair, John Smith, Samuel Farley, and Andrew Elton Wells, Esquires. These meetings were warmly opposed by Sir James Wright, then Governor of Georgia. In one of his letters to the Earl of Dartmouth he says : There are. my lord, here, as well as everywhere else, malcontents and liberty people, and I will not answer for their conduct, whether it may not be ungrateful and improper : but as soon as they have come to any resolutions or determina- tions. I shall not fail to acquaint your lordship therewith. The following is Sir James Wright's proclamation in reference to the meeting of the 27th of July. Whereas I have received information that, on Wednesday, the 27th of July last past, a number of persons, in consequence of a printed bill or summons issued or dispersed throughout the Province, by certain persons unknown, did unlawfully assemble together at the Watch House, in the town of Savannah, under colour or pretence of consult- ing together for the redress of public grievances or imaginary griev- ances ; and that the persons so assembled for the purposes aforesaid, or some of them, are from and by their own authority, by a certain handbill issued and dispersed throughout the Province, and other methods, endeavouring to prevail on his Majesty's liege subjects to have another meeting on Wednesday, the 10th inst., similar to the former, and for the purposes aforesaid ; which summonses and meet- ings must tend to raise fears and jealousies in the minds of his Majesty's good subjects. And whereas an opinion prevails, and has been industriously propa- gated, that summonses and meetings of this nature are constitutional and legal ; in order, therefore, that his Majesty's liege subjects may not be misled and imposed upon by artful and designing men, I do, by and with the advice of his Majesty's honourable Council, issue this my proclamation, notifying that all such summonses and calls by private persons, and all assembling and meetings of the people which mav tend to raise fears and jealousies in the minds of his Majesty's subjects, under pretence of consulting together for redress of public grievances, are unconstitutional, illegal, and punishable by law. And REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 47 I do hereby require all his Majesty's liege subjects within this province to pay due regard to this my proclamation, as they will answer the contrary at their peril. Given under my hand, this 5th day of August, and by his Excel- lency's command. God save the King. James Wright. Thomas Moodie, Dept. Sec. A few days after the meeting referred to in this proclamation, through the influence of Governor Wright, another was held, at which a hundred persons signed a public dissent to the proceedings of the first meeting. McCall says, " that similar dissents were placed in the hands of the governor's influential friends, and sent in different directions over the country, to obtain subscribers ; allowing a sum of money to each of those persons proportioned to the number of sub- scribers they obtained, and as a compensation for their services. Under these advantageous circumstances, the royal servants were successful in obtaining signatures from many timid men, who were favourably disposed to the American cause. The number of subscribers was magnified to a considerable majority of the provincial population. In some instances, the number of subscribers exceeded the population of the parishes from whence they came ; and from' others the signa- tures of men were affixed who had been dead many years. Theonlv press in the province was under the control of Governor Wright, and the printer was charged with partiality to the royal government, in withholding facts from the public which would have given the true impression; which had a tendency to strengthen the British and weaken the American cause." 48 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. DISSENT TO THE RESOLUTIONS OF AUGUST 10, 1774. On the tenth instant, a meeting was held at Savannah, to which several districts and parishes, particularly St. Paul's, one of the most populous in the Province, sent no deputies ; and although one Lord, and another person attended as deputies from the parish of St. George, yet upwards of 80 respectable inhabitants of that parish sent down their dissent. Nor was the parish of Christ Church represented at this meeting, unless the self-appointed committee be considered as their representatives. The measure left an opening for any to appear at the meeting in the character of deputies, who brought down an appoint- ment as such, without any inquiry whether they were constituted by the majority of the parish or not. Several artful falsehoods were thrown out to induce the parishes and districts to send deputies. In the Parish of St. George, it was said that the Stamp Act was to be enforced ; and in the parish of St. Matthew, the people were told thav nothing was intended but a dutiful petition to the king, as the father of his people ; and to such lengths were matters carried, that when some of the inhabitants of St. Matthew's parish discovered the deception, and desired that they might scratch out their names from the instru- ment appointing deputies — it was refused them. Their adjournment from the 27th of July to the tenth of August was general, and there- fore it was natural to suppose that the last meeting would be held at the Vendue house, the same place as the first ; for whenever it is in- tended that a future meeting of any kind shall be held at a different place than that which is usual, notice is always given of the altera- tion of the place of meeting, otherwise most of those who may be de- sirous of attending, would not know where to go. In the present case none knew that the second meeting would be held at a different place than the first, except those few who were in the secret. But the important meeting of the 10th of August, in defence of the con- stitutional rights and liberties of American subjects, was held at a tavern, and it was said, twenty-six persons, with the doors shut for a considerable time, undertook to bind them by resolution ; and when several gentlemen attempted to join, the tavern-keeper, who stood at the door with a list in his hand, refused them admittance, because their names were not mentioned in that list. Such was the conduct of these pretended advocates for the liberties of America. Several of the inhabitants of St. Paul's and St. George's, two of the most populous, have transmitted their written dissent to any resolutions, and there were gentlemen ready to present their dissent, had not the doors been shut for a considerable time, and admittance refused. And it is con- ceived that shutting the door and refusing admittance to any but reso- lutioners, was calculated to prevent the rest of the inhabitants from giving their dissent to measures that were intended to operate as the unanimous sense of the Province. Upon the whole, the world will judge whether the meeting of the 10th inst., held by a few persons in REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 49 a tavern, with doors shut, can, with any appearance of truth or de- cency, be called a general meeting of the inhabitants of Georgia. Having now given our reasons at large, we enter this our public dis- sent to the said resolutions of. the 10th, and all the proceedings had or to be had thereon, and do earnestly desire that such resolutions may not be taken as the sense of the inhabitants of Georgia. (Signed.) Wm. Ross, John Parkinson, E. Jones. John Graham, Thomas Ried, John Storr, Wm. Brown, Jr., James Herriott, John Lowery, N. Wade, Matthew Stewart, Charles Gounge, Robt. Gray, James Dixee, Samuel Shepherd, Wm. Strothers, Wm. Thompson, Stephen Britton, Geo. Henley, John Spencer, James Low, Daniel McInnes, Jonathan Holden, Henry Forest, John Mills. James Habersham, Lachlan McGilliyray, Josiah Tattnall, James Hume, John Jamierson. Tho. Johnston, John Simpson, James Robertson, A£TXr~TH0MPSON, Lewis Johnson, John Irvine, Anthony Stokes, Edward Langworthy, Joseph Butler, Wm. Skinner, James Mossman, Henry Younge, Philip Younge, Tho. Moodie, Philip Moore, Jos. Ottolenghe, Geo. Frazer, John Inglish, David Montaigut, James Read, Wm. Moss, Henry Younge, Jr.. James Farley, James Nicol, Tho. Ross, James Thompson. Richard Wright, John Patton, John Hume, James E. Powell, Leonard Cecil, Moses Nunes, Andrew^Robertson, Henry Preston, Robert Bolton, Noble Jones, James Habersham, James A. Stewart, Peter La Vein,* John Mullryne, John B. Garardiau, Abraham Gray, Robert Watt, Alex. Wylly, David Gray, Wm. Moore, Quinton Pooler, Francis Knowles, Geo. Finch, The following persons in other districts of this parish have subscri- bed hereunto : Upon the Island of Skidaway, Geo. Barry, Charles W. McKinon, Robert Reid. In Vernonburgh, David Johnson, Geo. Dron, Nathaniel Adams, Walter Denny, Peter Theis, Joseph Sp ense r, Henry Nungazer, John Campbell, George Nungazer, James Noble, John Ranstal- ler. * Peter La Vein dissents, because he conceives that, as an inhabitant of Christ Church Parish, he was not represented. 50 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. GOVERNOR WRIGHT S SPEECH TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, AND THEIR ANSWER. Savannah, Geo., January 18, 1775. This day the General Assembly of this Province met here, when his Excellency, Sir James Wright, Baronet, Governor in Chief, &c, was pleased to deliver the following speech to both Houses, viz : Savannah, Geo., January IS, 1775. Honourable Gentlemen, Mr. Speaker, and Gentlemen of the Commons House of Assembly : This being the first opportunity that has offered in General Assem- bly, I must not omit acquainting you that in consequence of the Petition of both Houses, his Majesty was spaciously pleased to direct, that if this Province should be engaged in any actual Indian war, we should have every proper succour and protection : and I was ordered to apply to the Commander-in-chief of his Majesty's forces in America, for that purpose, who had received directions thereupon. The alarming situation of American affairs at this juncture makes it highly necessary for me to sav something to you on the subject : and it is with the utmost concern that I see by every account all the colonies to the northward of us. as far as Nova-Scotia, in a gen- eral ferment ; and some of them in such a state as makes me shudder when I think of the consequences which it is most probable will soon befall them. The unhappv disputes with the mother countrv are now become of the most serious nature, and I am much afraid the very extraordinarv and violent measures adopted and pursued, will not only prevent a reconciliation, but may involve all America in the most dreadful calamities. Gentlemen. — I think myself very happy in having it in my power to sav. that this Province is hitherto clear ; and I much hope, by your prudent conduct, will remain so. Be not led away by the voices and opinions of men of overheated ideas ; consider coolly and sensibly of the terrible consequences which may attend adopting resolutions and mea- sures expressly contrary to law, and hostile to the mother country ; espe- cially at so late a season, when we may almost daily expect to hear the determination of Great Britain on the matters in dispute, and there- fore, I conceive, can answer no purpose but that of throwing the Province into confusion : and I tremble at the apprehension of what maybe the resolution and declarations of the new Parliament relative to the conduct of the people in some parts of America. \ou may be advocates for liberty, so aro I ; but in a constitutional and le^al way. You, gentlemen, are legislators, and let me entreat you to take care how you give a sanction to trample on law and government ; and be assured it is an indispensable truth, that where there is no law there can be no liberty. It is the due course of law. It is the due course of law and support of government which only can ensure REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 51 to you the enjoyment of your lives, your liberty, and your estates ; and do not catch at the shadow and lose the substance. I exhort you not to suffer yourselves to be drawn in to involve this Province in the distresses of those who may have offended ; we are in a different sit- uation, and on a very different footing from the other colonies. Do not consider me as speaking to you as the Kind's governor of this Province. As such, gentlemen, it is certainly my duty to support his Majesty's just right and authority, and preserve peace and good order within my government, and to contribute as much as possible towards the prosperity and happiness of the Province and people. Believe me, when I tell you I am at this time actuated by further motives than a show only of discharging my duty as the King's gov- ernor. I have lived amongst and presided over you upwards of four- teen years, and have other feelings. I have a real and affectionate regard for the people, and it grieves me that a Province that I have, been so long in, and which I have seen nurtured by the Crown, at the least expense to the mother country, and grew up from mere infancy, from next to nothing, to a considerable degree of maturity and opu- lence, should, by the imprudence and rashness of some inconsider- ate people, be plunged into a state of distress and ruin. We have been most happy in, I hope, avoiding Scylla, and let me, in the strongest terms, conjure you to steer clear of Charybdis. It is a most melancholy and disagreeable subject, and therefore I shall avoid making any observations on the resolutions adopted by the other colonies : but hope, through your prudence and regard for the welfare and happiness of this Province, of yourselves and your posterity, none will be entered into here. The strongest reasons operate against it, and as they must occur to every considerate person, I shall not mention any. Gentlemen of Assembly, — The very dangerous and critical situa- tion of our affairs with tbe Creek Indians last spring, preventing your going on with the necessary business of the Province at that time, I therefore hope and depend, that, agreeable to your address to me, of the 12th of March, 1? '74, you shall now take the several matters formerly re- commended to you into consideration, and proceed thereupon with that serious attention they require, and to which I shall only add, that, in order to preserve and continue to us peace and quietness with the Indian trade, and transactions in the Indian country, to prevent en- croachments and trespasses on the lands and hunting grounds of the Indians, and other irregularities and abuses being committed by hun- ters and other disorderly people, both without and within the settle- ments ; and therefore most earnestly recommend a revisal of a Bill relative to Indian affairs, which was before the House of Assembly in the year 1769, in which I am persuaded you will find some clauses that may be most useful and salutary to the Province. I have ordered the treasurer to lay all the public accounts before you, and will very soon send you an estimate of the usual and neces- sary supplies since the last tax. James Wright. To the Upper House of Assembly. 52 historical collections of georgia. In the Upper House of Assembly, January \8th, 1775. A Message to the Commons House of Assembly : — Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen : This House having- taken seriously into consideration those mat- ters mentioned by his Excellency, in his speech to both Houses, respecting the present alarming state of the unhappy dispute between Great Britain and the colonies, and conceiving the subject to be of the highest importance to the welfare and safety of both, is therefore desirous of having a free conference with your House thereon, in hopes of being able to fix on such a plan of conduct as may reasonably be expected will prove conducive to the obtaining the great point, which every true friend to America hath or ought to have only in view, to wit: that of securing to its inhabitants, on a clear, solid, and permanent footing, all the rights and privileges to which, as British subjects, they are entitled on the principles of the constitution. For, however warmly this House may and doth condemn the vio- lent and ill-judged measures pursued by some of the other Provinces, which they conceive to have an evident tendency to widen the breach between Great Britain and the colonies, it may involve all America in a scene of the utmost distress and misery ; yet it is the sincere wish of this House, as far as in their power, to see every obstacle removed which may interrupt a cordial and lasting union with the mother country, or obstruct or prevent his Majesty's American sub- jects from enjoying all the constitutional rights of British subjects, and will at once testify loyalty to our most gracious Sovereign, a firm attachment to the British Constitution, and a warm and proper regard to the rights and liberties of America. On Friday, the 20th of January, the following Addresses were pre- sented to his Excellency, viz. : — To his Excellency, Sir James Wright, Baronet, Captain- General, Governor and Commander -in- Chief in and over his Majesty 's Pro- vince cf Georgia, Chancellor and Vice-Admiral of the same. The humble Address of the Upper House of Assembly : — May it please your Excellency, — We, his Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Council of Georgia, in General Assembly met, beg leave to return your Excellency our most cordial thanks for your truly affectionate speech to both Houses of Assembly, at the opening of this session. We receive with pleasure and gratitude the inform- ation you have been pleased to give us of the favourable reception the petition from both Houses met with from our most gracious REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 53 Sovereign, and that his Majesty had been pleased to order troops for our protection, in case we had been unhappily engaged in an Indian War. After having had the experience of your Excellency's prudent and equitable administration for upwards of fourteen years, we can have no doubt of your real and friendly concern for the true interest of this Province. The language of your Excellency's speech upon the sub- ject, of the highest importance to the people of Georgia, is so truly paternal, that every unprejudiced person must be convinced of its being dictated by a heart warm with love and affection for the people over whom you preside : and we hope it will meet with that return of gratitude and attention which the affectionate spirit it breathes, and the great importance of the subject merits. It is with the deepest concern we see the alarming lengths to which the present unhappy dispute between the mother country and the colonies is carried ; lengths that threaten a dissolution of all good order and government, and of that union on which the hap- piness and prosperity of both countries depend. But, whilst we lament these unhappy discussions, and disapprove of all violent and intemperate measures, and at the same time declare it to be our pride and glory to be constitutionally connected with Great Britain by the closest and most endearing ties, and that we dread nothing more than a dissolution of those ties ; yet, anxious for the present welfare of our country, and the interest of our posterity, our ardent wish is that his Majesty's American subjects may enjoy all the rights and privileges of British subjects, as fully and effectu- ally, in all respects, as the inhabitants of Great Britain do ; and to that end it now appears highly necessary that the constitutional rights of his American subjects may be clearly defined and firmly established, that so they may hold those inestimable blessings on such a footing as will unite the mother country and the colonies by a recip- rocation of benefits, and on terms consistent with the spirit of the constitution, and the honour, dignity and safety of the whole empire. And we wish and hope to see a matter of such importance taken up in a constitutional way by both Houses of Assembly, not in the least doubting, but that if such prudent and temperate measures are adopted by the legislatures of other Provinces, we shall see them crowned with that success which may remove the unhappy division now sub- sisting, and bind us to our mother country by the tie of interest, love and gratitude, and establish the prosperity, power and grandeur of the British Empire, on foundations which may last till time shall be no more. Nor can we doubt of success, when we reflect that we are blessed with a King who glories in being the equal father of all his people ; and therefore can and do submit our cause with full confi- dence to his royal wisdom and paternal goodness. Neither will we suppose that a British Parliament, that great and august body, who have so often generously asserted and defended the liberties of other nations, will disregard the equitable claims of their fellow- subjects. We entirely agree with your Excellency in the opinion that where 54 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. there is no law there can be no true liberty, and that it is the due and regular course of law and support of government which can alone ensure to us and our posterity the enjoyment of our lives, liberty and property. We will cheerfully concur in the several matters recommended by your Excellency, and give them that serious attention which the util- ity of them requires. By order of the House. N. Jones. (His Excellency's Answer.) Honourable Gentlemen, — The loyalty and affection expressed towards his Majesty, in this address, give me the greatest satisfaction, as it likewise does to see that your sentiments on the very important matters men- tioned in many respects coincide with my own ; and happy would it have been for America had the several legislatures proceeded in the manner you propose. I return you my best thanks, gentlemen, for your kind opinion of my regard for, and wishes to serve this Province. James Wright. To his Excellency, Sir James Wright, Baronet, Captain- General, and Governor -in- Chief of his Majesty's Province of Georgia, Chancellor and Vice-Admiral of the same. The Address of the Commons House of Assembly : — May it please your Excellency, — We, his Majesty's dutiful and most loyal subjects, the Commons of Georgia in General Assem- bly, return your Excellency our thanks for your speech to both Houses on the opening of this session. We are greatly obliged to his Majesty for his gracious intentions : but allow us, sir, to observe, that we apprehended the Province was actually involved in a war, when we submitted our Petition for assist- ance ; and, whilst we confess our real obligations to your Excellency for your conduct, assiduity, and perseverance, and render you our warmest acknowledgments for putting a happy end to that war, we cannot, but with horror, reflect on the dreadful crisis to which this Province must have been reduced, had we experienced no other resource than those dilatory succours which the administration meant conditionally to afford us. We cannot be less affected by, and concerned for, the present alarming situation of our affairs between Great Britain and America, than your Excellency : we would be equally insensible not to feel our numerous grievances, and not to wish them redressed ; it is that alone which every good American contends for ; it is the enjoyment of our constitutional rights and liberties that softens every care of life, and renders existence itself supportable. At the same time, in all our REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 55 proceedings, we shall studiously avoid every measure that shall not appear to us at once strictly consonant with our duty to his Majesty, and the interest, liberty, and welfare of our constituents. We shall, on all occasions, exert ourselves to accomplish every assurance we have already made, or may make to your Excellency, and will not fail to take into consideration the bill which you are pleased to point out and recommend. When the public accounts and estimates are laid before us, we will give them proper attention. By order of the House. William Young, Speaker. {His Excellency s Answer.) Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen of the Commons House of Assembly : — I am sorry that I must beg leave to differ with you in opinion with respect to the state we were in, when your Petition to his Majesty was given to me, and which I immediately transmitted. It is true several people had been murdered by Indians, but I conceive that that could by no means be called actually involved in a war with the Nation. There were murders committed by a small party only of Creek Indians, without the concurrence, or even the privity of the Nation, and disavowed by them as soon as they knew of it ; and I apprehend something further was necessary, before we could be said to be involved in actual war with the Indians ; and every account I received from them after this time was favourable, and showed rather a pacific than a hostile disposition ; and which accounts I always transmitted to his Majesty's Secretary of State, as it was my duty to do. It gives me great pleasure to observe my conduct approved of by the Representatives of the people, and for which I thank you. 1 have every inducement to serve. the Province, and to promote the welfare and happiness of the people, and which I shall continue to do to the utmost of my power ; and on the other hand, I cannot doubt but you will also approve all my endeavours to discharge my duty to the Crown, with honour and integrity. And let me assure you, gen- tlemen, that no man can more wish his Majesty's American subjects the full and present enjoyment of their constitutional rights and lib- erties than I do. James Wright. House of Assembly, Geo., January, 1775. The House, taking under consideration that the Parliament of Great Britain claim a power of right to bind the people of America by statute, in all cases whatsoever, and who have in some acts ex pressly imposed taxes on the Americans, under various pretences, but in fact for the purpose of raising a revenue ; hath established a 56 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Board of Commissioners with unconstitutional powers, and extended the jurisdiction of the Courts of Admiralty, not only for collecting the duties imposed by the said acts, but for the trial of causes merely rising within the body of a county. And whereas standing armies have been, and now are kept in America in time of profound peace ; and being resolved in Parliament, that, by force of a statute made in the thirty-fifth year of the reign of Henry the Eighth, colonists may be transported to England and tried there upon accusations for treason, misprisions, or concealments of treasons committed in the colonies ; and, by a late statute, such trials have been directed in cases therein mentioned. And whereas, also, assemblies have been frequently dissolved, contrary to the rights of the people, when they attempted to deliberate on the grievances : Therefore, this House doth, as Eng- lishmen, their ancestors, in like cases have usually done, for assisting and vindicating their Rights and Liberties, — Declare : — First. — That the inhabitants of the English Colonies of North America, by the immutable laws of nature, the principles of the English Constitution, and the several charters or compacts, have the following Rights: Secondly. — That they are entitled to life, liberty and property, and they have never ceded to any sovereign power whatever a right to dispose of either, without their consent. Thirdly. — That our ancestors, that first settled these colonies, were, at the time of their emigration from the mother country, entitled to all the rights, liber- ties, and immunities of free and natural-born subjects within the realm of Eng- land. Fourthly. — That by such emigration they by no means forfeited, surrendered, or lost any of these rights, but that they were, and their descendants now are, en- titled to the exercise and enjoyment of all such of them as their local and other circumstances enable them to exercise and enjoy. Fifthly. — That the foundation of English liberty, and of all free government, is a right in the people to participate' in the legislative council : and as the English colonists are not represented, and from their local and other circum- stances cannot properly be represented in the British Parliament, they are en- titled to a free and exclusive power of legislation, in their several provincial legislatures, where their right of representation can alone be preserved in all cases of taxation and internal policy, subject only to the negative of their so- vereigns, in such a manner as has been heretofore used and accustomed: but from the necessity of the case, and a regard to the mutual interest of both coun- tries, we cheerfully consent to the operation of such acts of the British Parlia- ment as are bona fide restrained to the regulation of our external commerce, for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole Empire to the mother country and the commercial benefits of its respective members, ex- cluding every idea of taxation, internal or external, for raising a revenue on the subjects in America without their consent. Sixthly.— That the respective colonies are entitled to the common law of Eng- land, and more especially to the great and inestimable privilege of being tried by their peers of the vicinage, according to the course of that law. REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 57 Seventhly.— That they are entitled to the benefit of such of the English sta- tutes as existed at the time of their colonization, and which they have by expe- rience respectively found to be applicable to their several local and other cir- cumstances. . Eighthly.— That his Majesty's colonies are likewise entitled to all the immu- nities and privileges granted and confirmed to them by royal charters, or se- cured by their several codes of provincial laws. Ninthly.— That they have a right peaceably to assemble and consider of their grievances, and petition the King, and that all the prosecutions, prohibitory proclamations, and commitments for the same, are illegal. Tenthly.— That the keeping a standing army in these colonies in time of peace, without the consent of the legislature of that colony in which such army is kept, is against law. Eleventhly.— And as it is indispensably necessary to good government, and rendered essential by the English Constitution, that the constituent branches of the legislature be independent of each other — Resolved, That the exercise of legislative power in any colony, by a coun cil appointed during pleasure by the Crown, may prove dangerous and destruc- tive to the freedom of American legislation. All and each of which the Commons of Georgia, in General Assembly, met to claim, demand, and insist on as their indubitable rights and liberties, which cannot be legally taken from them, altered, or abridged, by any power whatso- ever, without their consent. And whereas, there are many infringements and violations of the foregoing rights, which, from an ardent desire that harmony and mutual intercourse ot affection and interest may be restored, we pass over for the present, and pro- ceed to state such acts and measures as have been adopted since the close of the said war, which demonstrates a system formed to enslave America. Resolved, That the following acts of Parliament are infringements and viola- tions of the rights of the colonists, and that the repeal of them is essentially necessary, in order to restore harmony between Great Britain and the American Colonies— viz. : The several acts of 4 George the Third, chapter 15 and chapter 34 ; 5 George the Third, chapter 25 ; 6 George the Third, chapter 52 ; 7 George the Third, chapter 41 and chapter 46 ; 8 George the Third, chapter 22, which imposes duties for the purpose of raising revenue in America— extend the powers of the admiralty courts beyond their ancient limits— deprive the American sub- jects of trial by jury— authorize the judge's certificate to indemnify the prose- cutor of damages that he may otherwise be liable to— requiring oppressive security from a claimant of ships and goods, seized before he shall be allowed to defend his property— and are subversive of American rights. Also, 12 George the Third, chapter 24, entitled "An Act for the better secur- ing his Majesty's Dock-yards, Magazines, Ships, Ammunition, and Stores," which declares a new offence in America, and deprives the American subjects of a constitutional trial by jury of the vicinage, by authorizing the trial of any person charged with committing any offence described in the said act out of the realm, to be" indicted and tried for the same in any shire or county within the realm. Also, the three acts passed in the last session of Parliament, for the stopping 58 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the port and blocking up the harbour of Boston ; for altering the charter and government of Massachusetts Bay, and that which is entitled " An Act for the better administration of justice," &c. Also, the act passed in the same session, for establishing the Roman Catholic Religion in the Province of Quebec, abolishing the equitable system of English laws, and erecting a tyranny there, to the great danger from so total a dissimi- larity of religion, law and government to the neighbouring British Colonies, by the assistance of whose blood and treasure the said country was conquered from France. Also, the act passed in the same session, for the better providing suitable quarters for officers and soldiers in his Majesty's service in North America. Also, that the keeping a standing army in several of these colonies, in time of peace, without the consent of the legislature of that colony in which said army is kept, is against law. Resolved, That the thanks of this House be given to the members of the late Continental Congress, for their wise and able exertions in the cause of American Liberty. Resolved, That ***** be Deputies to represent this Province in the intended American Continental Congress proposed to be held in the City of Philadelphia on the 10th of May next, or any other place or time as may here- after be agreed on by the said Congress.* Ordered, That Mr. Speaker do transmit a copy of the above resolves to the Honourable Peyton Randolph, Esq., President of the said Congress. Association entered into by forty -jive of the Deputies assembled in Provincial Congress, at Savannah, in Georgia, on the 18th of January, 1775, and by them subscribed on the 23rd, when they chose Noble Wymberley Jones, Archibald Bulloch, and John Houstoun, Esquires, Delegates to rep- resent that Colony in the Continental Congress, to be held in May next. Whereas, a non-importation, non-consumption, and non-expor- tation agreement, faithfully adhered to, will probably prove the most speedy, effectual, and peaceable measure to obtain redress of Ameri- can grievances, we do therefore, for ourselves and our constituents, firmly agree and associate under the sacred ties of virtue, honour, and love of our country, as follows : First. — That we will not receive into this Province any goods, wares, or mer- chandise that shall be shipped from Great Britain or Ireland after the 15th day of March next, or from any other place any such goods, wares or merchandise as shall be shipped from these kingdoms after that time, except such as come under the rules and directions of the Ninth Article herein mentioned ; and ex- cept such goods, wares or merchandise as are absolutely necessary for carrying on the Indian trade, subject, nevertheless, to the control of the Continental * See letter from Noble Wymberley Jones, Archibald Bulloch, and John Houstoun, to the President of the Continental Congress, dated Savannah, April 6, 1775. REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 59 Congress intended to be held at Philadelphia on the 10th day of May next. Nor will we, from this day, import or purchase any tea from any port in the world, or import any molasses, syrup, coffee, or pimento, from the British Plantations, or from Dominica; nor wines from Madeira or the Western Islands, nor foreign indigo. Second. — That we will neither import nor purchase any slaves imported from Africa or elsewhere, after the 15th day of March next. Third. — That we will not export any merchandise or commodity whatsoever to Great Britain or Ireland, or to the West Indies, after the first day of December next, except rice to Europe. Fourth. — Such as are merchants, and use the British and Irish trade, will give orders, as soon as possible, to their factors, agents, and correspondents in Great Britain and Ireland, not to ship any goods to them on any pretence whatsoever, as they cannot be received in Georgia; and if any merchants residing in Great Britain or Ireland shall, directly or indirectly, ship any goods, wares, or merchan- dise for this Province, in order to break such non-importation agreement, or any manner contravene the same, on such unworthy conduct being well attested, it ought to be made public ; and on the same being so done, we will not from thenceforth have any commercial connection with such merchant. Fifth. — That such as are owners of vessels, will give positive orders to their captains or masters, not to receive on board their vessels any goods prohibited by the said non-importation agreement, on pain of immediate dismission from their service. Sixth. — We will use our utmost endeavours to improve the breed of sheep, arid increase their number to the greatest extent, and, to that end, will kill them as sparingly as may be, especially those of a most profitable kind ; nor will we ex- port any to the West Indies, or elsewhere ; and those of us who are. or may become, overstocked with, or can conveniently spare any sheep, will dispose of them to our neighbours, especially to the poorer sort, on moderate terms. Seventh. — That we will, in our several stations, encourage frugality, economy, and industry, and promote agriculture, arts, and the manufactures of America, especially those of wool ; and will discountenance and discourage every species of extravagance and dissipation, especially horse-racing, and all kinds of gam- ing, cock-fighting, exhibition of shows, plays, and other expensive diversions and entertainments ; and on the death of any relation or friend, none of us or our fa- milies will go into any further mourning dress than a black crape or ribbon on the arm or hat, for gentlemen, and a black ribbon and necklace, for ladies ; and we will discontinue the giving of scarfs and gloves at funerals. Eighth. — That such as are venders of goods and merchandise, will not take advantage of the scarcity of goods that may be occasioned by this Association, but will sell the same at the rates they have been accustomed to do for twelve months last past ; and if any vender of goods or merchandise shall sell any goods on higher terms, or shall in any manner, or by any device whatsoever, violate or depart from this agreement, no person ought, nor will any of us, deal with any such person, or his or her factor or agent, at any time thereafter, for any com- modity whatsoever. Ninth. — In case any merchant, trader, or other person, shall receive any goods or merchandise which shall be shipped after the 15th day of March, and before 60 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the 15th day of May next, the same ought forthwith, at the election of the owner, to be either re-shipped or delivered to the Committee of the town, parish, or dis- trict wherein they shall be imported, to be stored, at the risk of the importer, until the non-importation agreement shall cease, or be sold, under the direction of the Committee aforesaid; and in the last-mentioned case, the owner or own- ers of such goods shall be reimbursed, out of the sales, the first costs and charges, the profit, if any, to be applied towards relieving such poor inhabitants of the town of Boston as are immediate sufferers by the Port Bill; and a particular ac- count of all goods so returned, stored, or sold, to be inserted in the public papers ; and if any goods or merchandise shall be shipped after the said 15th day of May next, the same ought forthwith to be sent back again, without breaking any of the packages thereof. Tenth. — That a Committee be chosen in every parish, town, and district, by those who contribute towards the general tax, whose business it shall be atten- tively to observe the conduct of all persons touching this Association; and when it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the majority of any such Com- mittee, that any person within the limits of their appointment has violated this Association, that such majority do forthwith cause the truth of the case to be published in the Gazette ; to the end that all such foes to the rights of British America be publicly known and universally contemned, as the enemies of Ame- rican liberty; and thenceforth we will respectively break off all dealings with him or her. Eleventh. — That the Committee of Correspondence do frequently inspect the entries of the custom-house, and inform the Committees of the other Provinces, from time to time, of the true state thereof, and of every other material circum- stance that may occur relative to this Association. Twelfth. — That all manufactures of this Province be sold at reasonable prices, so that no undue advantages be taken of a future scarcity of goods.' . And we do solemnly bind ourselves and our constituents, under the ties afore- said, to adhere to this Association until American grievances are redressed. The foregoing Association being determined upon by the Congress, was ordered to be subscribed by the several members thereof, and thereupon we have here- unto set our respective names accordingly. In Congress, Savannah, Georgia, January 23, 1775. John Glen, Chairman. Noble W. Jones, Samuel Farley, Ambrose Wright, Peter Tondee, Thomas Lee, William Young, John McClure; Archibald Bulloch, John Houstoun, Joseph Habersham. D. Zubly, Jr., James De Veaux, Joseph Clay, Philip Box, William Evans, George Walton, John Stirk, Isaac Young, Robert Rae, Piobeut Hamilton. Edmund Bugg, Samuel Germany, John Wereat, Jonathan Cochran, George McIntosh, Raymond Demere, William Jones, James Cochran, Joseph Gibbons, Francis H. Harris, Samuel Elbert, Henry Jones, REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS 61 George Houstoun, William Glascock, William Lord, Edward Telfair, John Germany, John Mann, William Gibbon?, L. Marbury, David Lewis, Peter Bard, Hugh Middleton, George Wyche. Extract of a letter from Georgia to a gentleman in New-York, dated Feb. 18, 1775. Our Assembly met on the 18th January, to which time it had been prorogued. The first day of the session, a petition, signed by upwards of eighty principal people, was presented to the Commons House, condemning the measures pursued by the Northern Provinces, andprayingthey would take up the business in a tem- perate manner, and address the King, &c. Soon after another petition was pre- sented, to the same effect, signed by one hundred and eighty from St. George's Parish; both which were read and laid on the table, but no further notice taken of them. The day of the Assembly's meeting, the Council sent the lower house a message, desiring a conference with them, on the present state of American af- fairs, and expressing their readiness to join them in constitutional measures for effecting a reconciliation with the mother country, on terms consistent with the dignity and safety of the whole British Empire and the rights and liberties of Amer- ica, to which no answer was sent for many days. At last the Commons House met in conference. The result was, they declined joining in the measures pro- posed. Some time after, a motion was made in the Commons House to take into consideration some papers and letters received by the Speaker from some of the Northern Provinces, which was agreed to, and an early day appointed for it ; but an adjournment till May put a stop to their proceedings. Some months before the house met, a set of men who had assumed to them- selves the name of a Committee of the Parish of Christ Church, in which the town of Savannah is included, issued their mandate for a Provincial Meeting of Delegates, to meet also on the 18th January. Accordingly, a number of people met; but how little were they to be considered in such a light, even supposing their election to have been a regular and legal one, I leave you to judge, for five parishes out of twelve sent none at all, and in that of St. Andrew's, containing at least one hundred men fit to bear arms, the delegates were chosen by thirty-six only; also, in St. Paul's Parish, which contains at least an equal number, there were no more than eighty that voted for sending delegates, and I believe the same number voted only in Christ Church Parish. They continued to sit for eight or ten days, but as they have not printed or made public their resolutions, it is not certainly known what they were, and I hope, for the honour of the Province, ever will remain so. It is under consideration to augment the army at large, but an augmentation to the regiments in America is actually determined upon. Letter from the Georgia Delegates to the Continental Congress. Savannah, Georgia, April 6, 1775. Sir : The unworthy part which the Province of Georgia has acted in the great and general contest, leaves room to expect little less than the censure, or even 62 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. indignation, of every virtuous man in America. Although, on the one hand, we feel the justice of such a consequence with respect to the Province in gene- ral, yet, on the other, we claim an exemption from it in favour of some individuals, who wished a better conduct. Permit us, therefore, in behalf of ourselves and many others, our fellow-citizens, warmly attached to the cause, to lay before the respectable body over which you preside a few facts, which, we trust, will not only acquit us of supineness, but also render our conduct to be approved by all candid and dispassionate men. At the time the late Congress did this Province the honour to transmit to it an extract from their proceedings, enclosed in a friendly letter from the Honourable Mr. Middleton, the sense and disposition of the people in general seemed to fluc- tuate between liberty and convenience. In order to bring on a determination respecting the measures recommended, a few well-affected persons in Savannah, by public advertisement in the Gazette, requested a meeting of all the parishes and districts, by delegates or representatives, in Provincial Congress. On the day appointed for this meeting, with concern they found that only five out of twelve parishes to which they had particularly wrote, had nominated and sent down delegates ; and even some of these five had laid their representatives under injunctions as to ttas form of an association. Under these circumstances, those who met saw themselves a good deal embarrassed. However, one expedient seemed still to present itself. The House of Assembly was then sitting, and it was hoped there would be no doubt of a majority in favour of American freedom. The plan, therefore, was to go through with what business they could in Provin- cial Congress, and then, with a short address, present the same to the House of Assembly, who, it was hoped, would by votes in a few minutes, and before pre- rogative should interfere, make it the act of the whole Province. Accordingly, the Congress framed and agreed to such an association, and did such other busi- ness as appeared practicable with the people, and had the whole just ready to be presented, when the Governor, either treacherously informed, or shrewdly sus- pecting the step, put an end to the session. What then could the Congress do ? On the one hand, truth forbid them to call their proceedings the voice of the Province, there being but five out of twelve parishes concerned; and, on the other, they wanted strength sufficient to enforce them, on the principle of neces- sity, to which all ought for a time to submit. They found the inhabitants of Savannah not likely soon to give matters a favourable turn. The importers were mostly against any interruption, and the consumers very much divided. There were some of the latter virtuously for the measures; others strenuously against them; but more who called themselves neutrals than either. Thus situated, there appeared nothing before us but the alternative of either immediately commen- cing a civil war among ourselves, or else of patiently waiting for the measures to be recommended by the General Congress. Among a powerful people, provided with men, money, and conveniences, and by whose conduct others were to be regulated, the former would certainly be the resolution that would suggest itself to every man removed from the condition of a coward ; but in a small community like that of Savannah, (whose members are mostly in their first advance towards wealth and independence, destitute of even the necessaries of life within themselves, and from whose junction or silence so REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 63 little would be added or lost to the general cause,) the latter presented itself as the most eligible plan, and was adopted by the people. Party disputes and ani- mosities have occasionally prevailed, and show that the spirit of freedom is not extinguished, but only restrained for a time, till an opportunity shall offer for call- ing it forth. The Congress convened at Savannah did us the honour of choosing us delegates to meet your respectable body at Philadelphia, on the tenth of next month. We were sensible of the honour and weight of the appointment, and would gladly have rendered our country any services our poor abilities would have admitted of; but alas ! with what face could we have appeared for a Province whose inhabitants had refused to sacrifice the most trifling advantages to the public cause, and in whose behalf we did not think we could safely pledge ourselves for the execu- tion of any one measure whatsoever ? We do not mean to insinuate that those who appointed us would prove apostates or desert their opinions; but that the tide of opposition was great: that all the strength and virtue of these our friends might be sufficient for the purpose. We very early saw the difficulties that would here occur, and therefore repeated- ly and constantly requested the people to proceed to the choice of other delegates in our stead ; but this they refused to do. We beg, sir, you will view our reasons for not attending in a liberal point of light. Be pleased to make the most favour- able representation of them, to the Honourable the Members of the Congress. We believe we may take upon ourselves to say, notwithstanding all that has passed, there are still men in Georgia who, when an occasion shall require, will be ready to evince a steady, religious and manly attachment to the liberties of America. For the consolation of these, they find themselves in the neighbourhood of a Province whose virtue and magnanimity must and will do lasting honour to the cause, and in whose fate they seem disposed freely to involve their own. We have the honour to be, sir, your most obedient and very humble servants, Noble Wymberley Jones, Archibald Bulloch, John Houstoun. To the President of the Continental Congress. To the Committee of Donations, Boston, Massachusetts. Savannah, June 1, 1775. Gentlemen :— Although the inhabitants of Georgia have unfortunately drawn on themselves the censure of her sister colonies, by not adopting those measures which the wisdom of the General Congress has pointed out for the preservation of the liberties of America, yet we flatter ourselves you will believe there are many among us who sincerely espouse the great cause contended for by you ; and who ardently wish that the noble stand you have made in defence of those rights to which, as men and British subjects, we are entitled, may be crowned with success. The distresses our brethren must unavoidably experience by en- forcement of the late acts of a cruel and vindictive ministry, deeply affect us. The unhappy divisions amongst us have hitherto prevented our contributing to their support; but we have now the pleasure to transmit you by the Juliana, Captain 64 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Stringham, bound to New-York, a small contribution of sixty-three barrels of rice and one hundred and twenty-two pounds sterling, in specie, under the care of John Eaton Le Conte, Esq., which we desire you will please appropriate towards the relief of those who have lately left the town of Boston. We hope soon to be enabled by our friends, who reside at a distance from Savannah, to send you a further token of our regard for you and those whose misfortunes must increase with the oppressive measures now pursued by the administration against America. I have the honour to be, on behalf of the contributors, gentlemen, your most obe- dient servant, N. Jones. To the Gentlemen, Committee for receiving Donations for the Distressed Inhabitants of Boston. MEETING OF THE INHABITANTS OF SAVANNAH, GEORGIA. At the Meeting of sundry gentlemen at Savannah, on Monday, June 26, 1775, it was unanimously Resolved, That the present Acts of Parliament, tending to raise a revenue in America, are grievances. Resolved, therefore, That we will do all that we legally may. to obtain redress of these grievances. Resolved, That, Friday the 30th instant, June, at nine o'clock, A. M., at the house of Mrs. Cuyler, be a day appointed for a meeting, in order to consult the most expedient method to obtain redress. PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 05 MEETING OF PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. The proceedings of the first Provincial Congress of Georgia, though long, will be found highly interesting to Georgians. Provincial Congress, July 4, 1775. Georgia.— At a Provincial Congress, held agreeably to appoint- ment, at Tondee's Long Room, at Savannah, on the fourth day of July, 1775, and continued from day to day, the following persons were returned duly elected : Town and District of Savannah.— Archibald Bulloch, Noble Wymberley Jones. Joseph Habersham, Jonathan Bryan, Ambrose Wright William Young. John Glen. Samuel Elbert, Jmto Houstoun. Oliver Bowen, John McClure, Edward Telfair, Thomas Lee^C&orgk Houstoun, Joseph Reynolds, John Smith, William Ewen, John Martin, Dr. Zubly, William Bryan, Phi- lip Box, Philip Allman, William O'Bryan, Joskph Clay, Seth John Cuthbert. District of Vernonburgh.—*JosEPH Butler, Andrew Elton Wells, Matthew Roche, Jr. District of Acton.— David Zubly, Basil Cowper, William Gibbons. Sea Island District— Col. Deveaux, Col. De La Gall, James Bulloch, John Morel, John Bohun Geradieu, John Barnard, Robert Gibson. District of Little Ogeechee. — Francis Henry Harris, Joseph Gibbons, James Robertson.* Parish of St Matthew.— John Stirk, John Adam Truitlen, George Walton, Edward Jones, Jacob Walthouer, Philip Howell, Isaac Young, Jenkin Davis, John Morel, John Flerl, Charles McCay, Christopher Cramer. Parish of St. Philip.— Col. Butler, William Le Conte, Wm. Maxwell, Stephen Drayton, Adam Fowler Brisbane. Luke Mann, Hugh Bryan. Parish of St. George.— Henry Jones, John Green. Thomas Burton, William Lord, David Lewis, Benjamin Lewis, James Pugh, John Fulton. Parish of St. Andrew.— Jonathan Cochran, William Jones, Peter Tarlin, Lachlan McIntosh, William McIntosh, George Threadcraft, John Wereat. Roderick McIntosh, John Witherspoon, George McIntosh, Allen Stewart John McIntosh, Raymond Demere. Parish of St. David, — Seth John Cuthbert, William Williams, Sen. Parish of St. Mary. — Daniel Ryan. Parish of St. Thomas. — John Roberts. Parish of St. Paul. — John Walton, Joseph Maddock .* Andrew Burns Robert Rae, James Rae, Andrew Moore, Andrew Barney, Leonard Marbury. Parish of St. John, — James Screven, Nathan Brownson, Daniel Roberts, John Baker, Sen., John Bacon, Sen., James Maxwell, Edward Ball, William Baker, Sen., William Bacon. Jr.. John Stevens, John Winn, Sen. Archibald Bulloch, Esq., being proposed as President, was unani- mously elected ; and George Walton, Esq., being proposed as Secretary, was unanimously elected. * Those thus marked drrlined taking their seats 5 66 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The Congress then adjourned to the Meeting-House of the Rev. Dr. Zubly, where he preached a sermon upon the alarming state of American affairs. The Congress being returned, a motion was made and seconded that the thanks of this Congress be given to the Rev. Dr. Zubly for the excellent sermon he preached this day to the members, which being unanimously agreed to, it was ordered that a Committee be appointed for that purpose. Wednesday, 5th July, 1775. A motion was made and seconded, that this Committee apply by message to the Governor, requesting him to appoint a day of fasting and prayer to be observed throughout this Province, on account of the disputes subsisting between America and the Parent State ; which being unanimously passed in the affirmative, it was ordered that a Committee be appointed for this purpose. COPY OF THE MESSAGE. May it please your Excellency : The Provincial Congress, deeply concerned at the present alarming state of affairs, and the dis- tresses of America, humbly request that your Excellency would appoint a day of fasting and prayer to be observed throughout this Province, that a happy reconciliation may soon take place between America and the Parent State, and that under the auspicious reign of his Majesty and his descendants, both countries may remain united, virtuous, free and happy, till time shall be no more. By order of the Congress, Archibald Bulloch, President. The President being informed by the messenger that John Jamie- son and John Simpson, Esquires, were in waiting, and desired to be admitted, which being agreed to, they were desired to walk in. They then produced and delivered in to the President a paper containing several resolutions entered into by a number of persons, inhabitants of the town of Savannah, which was ordered to be read, and is as follows : At a meeting of several of the inhabitants of the town of Savannah, at Mrs. Cuyler's, on Friday, the 13th of June, 1775, John Mullryne, Esq., Joseph Clay, James Mossman, Rev. J. J. Zubly. John Simpson, Noble W. Jones, John Jamieson. Win. Moss, John Glen, Josiah Tattnall, John Graham. Lewis Johnston, Wm. Young, Richard Wyley. Andrew McLean, Basil Cowper. Philip Moore, George Houstoun, Joseph Butler, James Read, Thomas Reid, Wm. Panton, James E. Powell, Wm. Strutters, Alexander McGowen. John C. Lucena, Thomas Sherman, J. N. Faminjr, Levi Sheftall, Charles Hamilton, Georg e Spencer, Wm. Brown. Jr., Francis Courvoizie. James Anderson. Whereas, public confessions and grievances are much increased by private dissensions and animosities; PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 67 Resolved therefore, nem. con., That we will use our utmost endea- vours to preserve the peace and good order of this Province, and that no person behaving himself peaceably and inoffensively, shall be molested in his personal property, or even in his private sentiments, while he expresses them with decency and without any illiberal reflections upon others. Whereas, the acts for raising a perpetual revenue in America, and all the measures used to enforce these acts, are not partial, but general grievances; and it is most likely that redress will be obtained by the joint endeavours of all who may think these acts unconstitutional or oppressive, than by any measure that might be taken singly by individuals : therefore, Resolved. That it is the opinion of this meeting (as a proper measure to be pursued, because the General Assembly is not now sitting, from whom an appli- cation to the Throne must be very proper, and as no time should be lost) that a humble, dutiful, and decent petition be addressed to his Majesty, expressive of the sense, apprehensions, and feelings of all such as may choose to subscribe such a petition, which, it is hoped, will be done by every man in the Province ; and it is therefore the wish of this meeting that such a measure be adopted by the Provincial Congress intended to be held on Tuesday next, the 4th of July. Resolved, That the interest of this Province is inseparable from the mother country, and all the sister colonies, and that to separate ourselves from the latter, would only be throwing difficulties in the way of its own relief and that of the other colonies, and justly increasing the resentment of all those to whose distress our disunion might be an addition. Resolved, That this Province ought, and it is hoped will, forthwith join the other Provinces, in every just and legal measure, to secure and restore the liberties of all America, and for healing the unhappy divisions now subsisting between Great Britain and her colonies. Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be laid before the Provincial Congress on Tuesday, the 4th of July next, and that Mr. Jamieson and Simpson do wait upon them with the same, as recommended to them by this meeting By order of the meeting. John Mullryne. A motion was made and seconded, that the paper above mentioned do lie on the table for the perusal of the members ; which, being car- ried, the same was ordered to lie upon the table accordingly. A motion was made and seconded, that this Congress do put this Province upon the same footing with our sister colonies ; which, being put, it was ordered that it be taken into consideration to-morrow morning. Thursday, 6th of July, 1775. The order of the day being read, the same was taken into con- sideration, and, after some deliberation, it was unanimously 1st. — Resolved, That this Province will adopt and carry into execution all and singular the measures and recommendations of the late Continental Congress. 2nd. — Tn particular, that in behalf of ourselves and our constituents, we do adopt and approve of the American Declaration, or Bill of Rights, published by the (?S HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. late Continental Congress, and also of their several resolves made in consequence of some infractions thereof. 3rd, — That from and after (his day, we will not receive into this Province any goods, wares, or merchandise shipped from Great Britain or Ireland, or from any other place, any such goods, wares or merchandise as shall have been exported from Great Britain or Ireland; nor will we import any East India tea from any part of the world : nor any molasses, syrups, coffee or pimento, from the British Plantations, or from Dominica : nor wines from Madeira or the Western Islands, nor foreign indigo. It h. — Thai we will neither import nor purchase any slave, imported from Africa or elsewhere, aftei tins day. 5th. — As a non-consumption agreement strictly adhered to will be an effectual security for the observation of the non-importation, we. as above, solemnly agree and associate, thai from this day we will not purchase or use any tea imported on account of the East India Company, or any on which a duty hath or shall be paid; and we will not purchase or use any East India tea whatever ; nor will we. nor shall any person for or under us. purchase any of ihose goods, wares, or merchandise we have agreed not to import, which we shall know or have oause to suspect were imported after tins day. 6th. — The earnest desire we have not to injure our fellow-subjects in Great Britain and Ireland, and the West Indies, induces us to suspend a non-exportation until the tenth day of September, 1775, at which time, if the acts and parts of aels of the British Parliament hereinafter meutioned are not repealed, we will not directly cr indirectly export any merchandise or commodity whatsoever to Great Britain, Ireland, or the West Indies, except rice to Europe. 7th. — Such as are merchants and use the British and Irish trade, will give orders as soon as possible to their factors, agents, and correspondents in Great Britain and Ireland, not to ship any goods to them on any pretence whatever, as they cannot be received into this Province j and if any merchant residing in Great- Britain or Ireland shall directly or indirectly ship any goods, wares, or merchan- dise for America, in order to break the said non-importation agreement, or in any manner contravene the same, on such unworthy conduct being well attested, it ought to be made public, and on the same being so done, we will not thence- forth have anj commercial connections with such merchants. 8th. — That such as are owners of vessels will give positive orders to their cap- tains or masters not to receive on board their vessels any goods prohibited by the said son-importation agreement, on pain of immediate dismission from their service. Pih. — We will use our utmost endeavours to improve the breed of sheep, and increa.se their numbers to the greatest extent, and to that end we will kill them as sparingly as may be. especially those of the most profitable kind, nor will we export any to the West Indies or elsewhere; and those of us who are or may become overstocked with, or can conveniently spare any sheep, will dispose of them to our neighbours, especially to the poorer sort, on moderate terms. 10th, — That we will, in our several stations, encourage frugality, economy, and industry, and promote agriculture, arts, and the manufactures of British PROVIN'CIAL CONGRESS. 69 America, especially that of wool; and will discountenance and discourage every species of extravagance and dissipation, especially horse-racing, ami every kind of gaming, cock-fighting, exhibitions of shows, plays, and other expensive diver- sions and entertainments ; and on the death of any relation or friend, none of us or any of our families will go into any farther mourning dress than a black crape or ribbon on the arm or hat for gentlemen, and a black ribbon and necklace for ladies, and we will discontinue the giving of gloves and scarfs at funerals. 11th. — That such as are venders of goods or merchandise will not take advan tage of the scarcity of goods that may be occasioned by this Association, but will sell the same at the rates we have been respectively accustomed to do for twelve months last past; and if any vender of goods or merchandise shall sell any such goods or merchandise on higher terms, or shall in any manner, or by any device, violate or depart from this agreement, no person ought, nor will any of us deal with any such person, or his or her factor or agent, at any time thereafter, for any commodity whatever. 1 2th. — In case of any merchant, trader, or other persons, shall attempt to import any goods or merchandise into this Province, after this day, the same shall be forthwith sent back again, without breaking any of the packages thereof. 13th. — That a Committee be chosen in every town, district and parish within this Province, by those who pay towards the General Tax, whose business it shall be attentively to observe the conduct of all persons touching this Association; and when it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of a majority of any such Com- mittee, that any person within the limits of Iheir appointment has violated this Association, that such a majority do forthwith cause the truth of the case to be published in the Gazette, to the end that all such foes to the rights of British America may be publicly known and universally contemned, as the enemies of American liberty, and thenceforth we will break off all connections with him or her. 1 4th. — That a Committee of Correspondence to this Province do frequently inspect the entries of the Custom House, and inform the Committees of the other Colonies which have acceded to the Continental Association, from time to time, of the true state thereof, and of every other material circumstance that, may occur relative to this Association. 1 5th. — That all manufactures of this Province be sold at reasonable prices, so that no undue advantage be taken of a future scarcity of goods. 16th. — And we do further agree and resolve, that we will have no trade, com- merce, dealings or intercourse whatsoever with any Colony or Province in North America which shall not accede to, or which shall hereafter violate this Associa- tion, but will hold them as unworthy of the rights of freemen, and as inimical to the liberties of their country. And we do solemnly bind ourselves and our con- stituents, under the ties of virtue, honour, and love of our country, to adhere to this Association until such parts of the several acts of Parliament passed since the close of the last war, as impose, or continue duties upon tea, molasses, syrups, coffee sugar, pimento, indigo, foreign paper, glass and painters' colours, imported into America and extend the powers of the Admiralty Courts, beyond their ancient limits, deprive American subjects of trial by jury, authorize the judge's certificate 70 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. to indemnify the prosecutor from damages that he might otherwise be liable to from a trial by his peers, require oppressive security from claimants of ships or o-oods seized, before he is allowed to defend his property, are repealed ; and until that part of the Act of the 12 George 3., ch. 24, entitled, "An Act for the better securing his Majesty's Dock-yards, Magazines, Ships. Ammunition and Stores/' by which any person, charged with committing any of the offences therein described, in America, may be tried within any Shire or County within the realm, is repealed, and until the four acts passed in the last session of Parliament, viz. : That for stopping the Port and blocking up the Harbour of Boston, that for altering the Charter and Government of the Massachusetts Bay, and that which is entitled, " An Act for the better administration, &c, and that for extending the limits of Quebec," &c, are repealed, and until the two acts passed in the present session of Parliament, the one entitled, " A Bill to restrain the trade and com- merce of the Colonies of New-Jersey, Pennsylvania. Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina, to Great Britain and Ireland, and the British islands in the West Indies, under certain conditions and limitations," and the other " An Act com- monly called the Fishery Bill." Friday, 1th of July. The following is his Excellency's answer to the message of this Congress : — Savannah, July 7, 1775. Gentlemen, — I have taken the opinion of his Majesty's Council relative to the request made by the gentlemen who have assembled together, by the name of a Provincial Congress, and must premise that I cannot consider that meet- ing as constitutional; but as the request is expressed in such loyal and dutiful terms, and the ends proposed being such as every good man must most ardently wish for, I will certainly appoint a day of Fasting and Prayer, to be observed throughout this Province. Jas. Wright. To Stephen Drayton, Esq., and the other gentlemen who waited on the Governor. A motion was made and seconded, that the thanks of this Congress be given to his Excellency the Governor, for his answer to the mes- sage of this Congress, and his ready compliance with their request, which being put, unanimously passed in the affirmative. Ordered, That Dr. Zubly, John Smith, and Joseph Clay be a com mittee for that purpose. A motion was made and seconded, that five persons be chosen to represent this Province in the Continental Congress, appointed to be held at the city of Philadelphia, on the 10th of May last, and the question being put, it passed unanimously in the affirmative. The Congress then proceeded to the choice, when John Houstoun, and Archibald Bulloch, Esquires, the Rev. Dr. Zubly, Noble Wym- berley Jones, and Lyman Hall, were duly elected. Dr. Zubly expressed his surprise at being chosen, and said that he thought himself for PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 71 many reasons a very improper person ; but the choice was insisted upon, and the Doctor declared he would bv no means go, unless he had the approbation of his congregation ; whereuponNoble Wymberley Jones and John Houstoun, Esqrs., were appointed to request their consent. A motion was made and seconded, that a Secret Committee be appointed, which being agreed to, it was resolved that the President do nominate seven persons to be that committee, whose business it shall be, to be vigilant and active in the discovery of all matters which may affect the public, and that they shall have right to lay all such intel- ligence and information before the President of this Congress, and in its recess, before the President of the Council of Safety, in order that the evil designs of wicked men may be early frustrated. A motion was made and seconded, that the Congress do petition the King upon the present unhappy situation of affairs, which being agreed to, it was ordered that Dr. Zubly do prepare and bring in the same. A motion was made and seconded, that a letter be forthwith wrote to the President of the Continental Congress, giving him an account of the proceedings of this Congress, which being agreed to, it was ordered that Dr. Zubly, John Smith, William Young, William Le Conte, and William Gibbons, Esqrs., be a Committee for that purpose. John Walton, Esq., who was elected as well from Wrightsborough township, as for the town and district of Augusta, came in and took his seat for the former. A motion was made and seconded, that an address be presented to his Excellency the Governor by this Congress, which being agreed to, it was ordered, that Dr. Zubly, Basil Cowper, John Walton, Joseph Clay, and Edward Telfair be a Committee to draw up the same. Saturday, July 8, 1775. Resolved, That this Congress are of opinion that the paper delivered into this Congress on the second day of its meeting, ought not to have been entitled or dressed in the form of resolves, but rather as recommendations, or in nature of a petition or address to this Congress. Resolved, Nevertheless, from the desire this Congress hath to promote union and concord among ourselves, and as it does not appear that the said paper was intended to be considered as coming from a distinct and independent body, that, therefore, the matter contained in the same (being such as is in the general agreeable to us) shall be duly considered and attended to. A motion was made and seconded, that a sum not exceeding ten thousand pounds sterling be provided, to defray the necessary services of this Province, in the present alarming and distracted state of affairs, which passed unanimously in the affirmative. A motion was then made and seconded, that the Congress resolve itself into a Committee of the Whole, to consider ways and means for raising and sinking the said sum often thousand pounds sterling, 72 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. which being agreed to, the Congress resolved itself into a Committee accordingly. The Presidenl having resumed the chair, Mr. Clay, from the Com- mittee of the whole Congress, reported that they had entered upon the consideration of ways and means, had made some progress therein, and desired leave to sit again. The President reported to the Congress that he had, in obedience to the resolution yesterday, nominated seven persons to be a Secret Committee. Dr. Zubly, who was ordered to prepare and bring in a petition to his Majesty, reported that he had done so, and produced a paper con- taining the same, which he delivered in to the President ; and the said paper being read and approved of, it was resolved that the Presi- dent do sign the same. A motion was made and seconded, that a Committee of Intelli- gence be appointed, which being agreed to, it was ordered that Wil- liam Young, David Zubly, Stephen Drayton, Daniel Roberts, John Glen, Edward Telfair, William Ewen, Joseph Clay, and George Wal- ton, Esquires, be that Committee. William Young, Esquire, of the Committee appointed to write a letter to the President of the Continental Congress, reported that they had done so, and delivered in a paper to the President, containing the same, which being read and approved of, it was resolved that the President do sign the same, and that it be forthwith sent. Monday, 10th of July, 1775. The following resolves were unanimously entered into : Whereas, by the unrelenting fury of a despotic ministry, with a view to enforce the most oppressive acts of a venal and corrupted Parliament, an army of merce- naries, under an unfeeling commander, has actually begun a civil war in Ameri- ca: and whereas, the apparent iniquity and cruelty of these destructive measures haye, however, had this good effect — to unite men of all ranks in the common cause ; and whereas, to consult on means of safety and the method of obtaining redress, the good people of this Province of Georgia have thought proper to appoint a Pro- vincial Congress, the Delegates met at the said Congress, now assembled from every part of the Province, besides adopting the resolutions of the late Continental Congress, find it prudent to enter into such other resolutions as may best express their own sense, and the sense of their constituents, on the present unhappy situa- tion of things, and therefore think fit and necessary to resolve as follows, viz.: — Resolced, That we were born free, have all the feelings of men, and are entitled to all the natural rights of mankind. Resolved, That by birth or incorporation, Ave all are Britons, and whatever Brit- ons may claim as their birthright, is also ours. Resolved, That in the British Empire, to which we belong, the Constitution is superior to every man or set of men whatever, and that it is a crime of the deep- est dye, in any instance to impair, or take it away, or deprive the meanest subject of its benefits. Resolved, That that part of the American Continent which wo inhabit was PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 73 originally granted by the crown, and the charter from Charles the Second express- ly makes its constitutional dependence upon the crown only. Resolved, That those who would now subject all America, or this Province, to dependency upon the crown and Parliament, are guilty of a very dangerous inno- vation, which in time will appear as injurious to the crown, as it is inconsistent with the liberty of the American subject. Resolved, That by the law of nature and the British Constitution, no man can be legally deprived of his property without his consent given by himself or his representatives. Resolved, That the acts of the British Parliament for raising a perpetual revenue on the Americans, by laying a tax on them without their consent, and contrary to their protestations, are diametrically opposite to every idea of property, to the spirit of the Constitution, and at one stroke deprive this vast continent of 'all lib- erty and property, and as such must be detested by every well-wisher to Great Britain and America. Resolved, That the subsequent laws, made with a view to enforce these acts viz. : the Boston Port Bill— the alteration of their charter— the act to carry be- yond sea for trial — and (what refines upon every species of cruelty) the Fishery Bill, are of such a complexion, that we can say nothing about them for want of words to express our abhorrence and detestation. Resolved, That the loyalty, patience and prudence of the inhabitants of New- England, under their unparalleled pressures, have been construed into a timidity and a dread of regular troops ; a civil war in support of acts extremely oppressive in themselves, hath actually been begun, and there is too much reason to believe that plans have been in agitation, big with every thing horrible to other Pro- vinces ; plans as rash, barbarous and destructive as the cause which they were intended to serve. Resolved, That in these times of extreme danger, our Assembly not being permit- ted to sit, we must either have been a people without all thought or counsel, or have assembled as we now are in Provincial Congress, to consult upon measures which, under God, may prove the means of a perpetual union with the mother country, and tend to the honour, freedom, and safety of both. Resolved, That this Province bears all true allegiance to our own rightful sover eign, King George the Third, and always will and ought to bear it agreeably to the Constitution of Great Britain, by virtue of which only the King is now our sovereign, and which equally binds Majesty and subjects. Resolved, That we are truly sensible how much our safety and happiness depend on a constitutional connection with Great Britain, and that nothing but the be- ing deprived of the privileges and natural rights of Britons could ever make the thought of a separation otherwise than intolerable. Resolved, That in case his Majesty or his successors shall at any time hereafter make any requisition to the good people of this Province by his representative, it will be just and right that such sums should be granted as the nature of the ser- vice may require, and the ability and situation of this Province will admit of. Resolved, That this Province join with all the Provinces in America, now met by Delegates in Continental Congress, and that John Houstoun and Archibald Bui- 74 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. loch, Esquires, the Rev. Dr. Zubly, Lyman Ha]], and Noble Wymberley Jones, Esqs.. be the Delegates from this Province, and that any three constitute a quo- rum for that purpose. Resolved, That a Committee be appointed, whose duty it shall be to see that . the resolutions of the Continental Congress and Provincial Congress be duly ob- served, and that every person who shall act in opposition thereto, have his name transmitted to the Continental Congress, and his misdeeds be published in every American paper. Resolved, That with all such persons, except the indispensable duties we owe to all mankind, (bad men and enemies are not excepted,) we will have no dealings nor connection ; and we extend this our resolution also to all such persons or cor- porations in Great Britain who have shown themselves enemies to America. Resolved, That we will do what in us lies to preserve and promote the peace and good order of this Province ; and should any person become an innocent suf- ferer on account of these grievances, we will do whatever we justly may for his relief and assistance. Resolved, That in such calamitous times as the present, every possible indul- gence ought to be given to honest debtors ; that it would be ungenerous, unless there appear intention of fraud, in any gentleman of the law, to sue without pre- vious notice, and any person so sued may apply to the Committee ; and should it appear to them that the creditor is in no danger of losing his money, or can be properly secured, they shall interpose their friendly offices to persuade him to drop the prosecution, and every prosecutor that shall appear to take advantage of the confusion of the times, to distress his debtor, ought to be publicly pointed out and held in abhorrence. Resolved, That notwithstanding, in a late bill for restraining the trade of several Provinces in America, this Province is excepted, we declare that we look upon this exception rather as an insult than a favour; as being meant to break the union of the Provinces, and as being grounded upon the supposition that the inhabitants of such excepted Province can be base enough to turn the oppression of America into a mean advantage. Tuesday, Juhj 11, 1775. John Houstoun and Noble Wymberley Jones, Esqrs., appointed to request the consent of Dr. Zubly's congregation for their permission for him to go to Philadelphia, reported that they had done so, and that the said congregation had voted that they were willing to spare their minister for a time, for the good of the common cause. Dr. Zubly then declared he was willing to go, and thanked the Congress for so signal a mark of honour and confidence. Mr. Clay, from the Committee appointed to draw up an address to his Excellency, the Governor, from this Congress, reported that thev had done so, and delivered it in to the President ; which was ordered to be read, — and is as follows : PROVINCIAL CONGRESS 75 To His Excellency, Sir James Wrioht. Baronet, Captain-General and Gov- ernor -in- Chief, in and over h ; s Majesty's Province of Georgia, Chancellor and Vice-President of the same. May it please tour Excellenct: — We, his Majesty's dutiful and loyal sub- jects, the Delegates of this Province, in Provincial Congress met, beg leave to address your Excellency. In these very critical and alarming times, the good people of this Province find themselves under an absolute necessity to take some measures for the security and preservation of their liberties, and every thing that is near and dear to them; and they have accordingly chosen a large number of persons to meet together at Savannah, to consult on the means to obtain redress, under our many and very heavy grievances. These, being accordingly met, (to be distinguished from the usual representation,) have styled themselves a Provincial Congress, and from the number and character of their names, which your Excellency may see in our last Gazette, your Excellency will be convinced the Province was never more fully represented in any Assembly; though possibly this measure never would have taken place, had we not, from several successive prorogations or adjourn- ments, too much reason to fear your Excellency had received very strong in- structions not to suffer the Assembly to enter into any measures to secure the rights of America, or even to petition for relief, unless in terms which would have been giving up the rights of, and fixing lasting disgrace upon, the petitioners. Although there is no doubt but a great majority of the inhabitants of this Pro- vince always looked upon the claim of Parliament to take away the property of Americans as illegal and oppressive, yet, from a variety of causes, not unknown to your Excellency, this Province in the American chain has hitherto been the defaulting link. We have now joined with the other Provinces in the Continen- tal Congress, and have sent a petition to his Majesty, appointed delegates to the American Congress, and entered into such resolutions — which we mean inviola- bly to adhere to— as will convince the friends and foes of America that we would not live unworthy of the name of Britons, or labour under the suspicion of being unconcerned for the rights and freedom of America. Extracts of some letters which are inserted in Parliamentary proceedings widely differ from what must appear to every unprejudiced person to be the real state of the Province. We are not acquainted with an individual in Georgia that looks upon the claims of Parliament as just, and all men speak with abhorrence of the meas- ures made use of to enforce them. Our fellow-subjects who formerly entered a dissent which we find was transmitted to the minister in terms that bespeak the great pleasure it gave the transmitter, now generally say that they never differed from America as to the reality of grievances, but only in the mode of obtaining redress. Though candour may allow these mutilated extracts laid before Parliament, they were probably rather designed by the minister to screen himself and justify his own measures, than to give a just and true account of what information he might have received, yet we cannot help observing, the general purport of these 76 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. letters seems to have a much greater regard to the designs of the minister, than to give an impartial account of the real state of things. Other Provinces, no doubt, if they find themselves mentioned in any part of them, will view them in what light they may think fit ; but, as to any prejudicial informations they may contain against many persons in this Province, while it is not to be expected that they will give up their feelings as private men, your Excellency may be assured we shall always pay due respect to His Majesty's representative, and shall with great pleasure acknowledge every service your Excellency may hereafter ren- der to Great Britain and America, whose interest we know, and whose connec- tion we wish to be forever inseparable. Your Excellency may be assured, these are objects which we have greatly at heart, and shall ever do what in us lies, towards a reconciliation with our parent state, on constitutional principles, as well as endeavour to preserve the peace and good order of the Province. Resolved, That the foregoing address be signed by the President, and be pre- sented to his Excellency, the Governor, and that Stephen Drayton, Edward Tel- fair, William Le Conte, John Walton. George Houstoun, and Philip Box be a Committee to present the same. Wednesday, July 12, 1775. The Congress resolved itself into a Committee of the Whole, to take into consideration ways and means to raise and sink ten thou- sand pounds sterling ; and after some time spent therein, the Presi- dent resumed the chair. Resolved, That the Congress being a full representation of the whole Province, the members of the same, their constituents, and all others resident or holding property within the same, are bound to contribute by an equal and general tax, towards the sinking the ten thousand pounds. Resolved, That this Congress, while sitting, and the Council of Safety, in its recess, have power to issue certificates, from time to time, as occasion shall re- quire, to the amount of ten thousand pounds sterling, and that all such certifi- cates shall be signed by the treasurers, and at least three of the members of the Council of Safety. Resolved, That any person who shall not receive any such certificate in pay- ment, will be guilty of a breach of the public faith, and ought to be considered as an enemy to the Province, and treated accordingly. Resolved. That the said certificates be sunk in three years after a reconcilia- tion shall take place between Great Britain and the Colonies. Thursday, July 13, 1775. Resolved, That this Congress do approve of and adopt the Association entered Into at Savannah on the fifth day of June last past, viz. : PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 77 Association unanimously entered into by the Provincial Congress, at Savan- nah, in Georgia, on Thursday, the 13th of July, 1775. Georgia, being persuaded that the salvation of the rights and liberties of Ame- rica depend, under God, on the firm union of the inhabitants in its vigorous pro- secution of the measures necessary for its safety, and convinced of the necessity of preventing the anarchy and confusion which attend the dissolution of the powers of government, we, the freemen, freeholders, and inhabitants of the Pro- vince of Georgia, being greatly alarmed at the avowed design of the Ministry to raise a revenue in America, and shocked by the bloody scene now acting in the Massachusetts Bay, do, in the most solemn manner, resolve never to become slaves; and do associate, under all the ties of religion, and honour, and love to our country, to adopt and endeavour to carry into execution whatever may be re- commended by the Continental Congress, or resolved upon by our Provincial Convention, appointed for preserving our constitution and opposing the execution of the several arbitrary and oppressive acts of the British Parliament, until a re- conciliation between Great Britain and America, on constitutional principles, which we most ardently desire, can be obtained; and that we will in all things follow the advice of our General Committee, appointed respecting the purposes aforesaid, — the preservation of peace and good order, and the safety of individu- als and private property. Resolved, That John Smith, Basil Cowper, George Houstoun, Joseph Clay, Wil- liam Young, Philip Box, Seth John Cuthbert, William O'Bryan, George Wal- ton, William Le Conte, William Gibbons, Samuel Elbert, Edward Telfair and Oliver Bowen, be a Committee to present the Association to all the inhabitants of the Town and District of Savannah to be signed ; in doing which, expedition is particularly recommended, and an account of all who decline signing shall be returned to the General Committee. Friday, July 14, 1775. A motion was made and seconded, that a Committee be appointed to report their opinion, who shall be qualified to vote for delegates to sit in future Congresses, and the most equal method of representation ; and the same being agreed to, a Committee was appointed accord- ingly. Committee : Stephen Drayton, John Glen, and Joseph Clay, Esqs. Resolved, That in every case where a summons shall be applied for, the magis- trate to whom such application shall be made do in the first place, and before the issuing of such summons, give notice thereof, either by personal informa- tion, message, or letter, to the party defendant, and also use his best endeavour to compromise and settle the matter; and unless the defendant has discovered cir- cumstances of fraud or delay, and is ready and willing to give security for the debt, and shall actually offer to do so, payable in a reasonable time, nosuch sum- 78 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. mons ought to be issued. And in case a warrant in a civil case shall be applied for, the same ought not to be granted, unless there appear, to the satisfaction of the magistrate, that there are good and sufficient grounds besides the plaintiff's oath to apprehend the defendant means to abscond; but the same method ought to be observed as is recommended respecting summons. Mr. Drayton, from the Committee appointed to report their opinion who shall be qualified to vote for delegates to sit in future Congresses, reported as the opinion of that Committee, that every man contri- buting towards the general tax, shall be qualified to vote as delegates in future Congresses, and the following proportion will be the most equal representation, viz. : The Town and District of Savannah shall have seventeen members ; District of Little Ogeechee, three ; Ver- nonburgh, two ; Acton, two ; Sea Islands, three ; Goshen and Aber- corn, two ; Parish of St. Matthew, seven ; St. George, nine ; St. Paul, nine; St. Philip, seven; St. John, twelve; St. Andrew, nine; St. David, three ; St. Patrick, two ; St. Thomas, two ; St. Mary, two ; St. James, two ; Ceded Lands, three ; and that the president and thirty- four members do constitute a Congress to proceed upon business. Resolved, That the foregoing report be approved of, and that delegates be elect- ed by the persons and in the proportion therein mentioned. Resolved, That the following form of delegation be recommended to the inhabi- tants of the several parishes and districts throughout the Province, to prevent clashing and unequal powers being given by different parishes and districts; viz. : Georgia : — The affairs of the Continent of America being now brought to a truly alarming and critical situation, and there being no other method left, but that the whole body of the people unite as one, in opposing such acts as tend utterly to destroy the liberty, property, and birthright of America; and it having been thought necessary and convenient, in order to consult on proper ways and means for our mutual security, to assemble and convene the peo- ple in each colony and Province, by their representatives, into one body or coun- cil, styled a Provincial Congress, who shall act in all cases whatsoever for the good of the common cause : — Now, therefore, be it known that we, the inhabitants of Parish (or district), being met together in order to choose such men as are capable of the important trust, do choose A, B, C. D, &c , being the number determined on in the Pro- vincial Congress, held at Savannah, 4th of July, 1775, to represent us in the Pro- vincial Congress, to be held at said town of Savannah, on the fourth of Decem- ber next. And we do require you, the said A, B, C, to do, transact, join, and con- cur with the other delegates of this Province, so sitting as above recited, on all things, as shall appear eligible and fit at this alarming time, for the preservation and defence of our rights and liberties : and we further empower you to choose other delegates, if in your wisdom you think proper; or if any requisition in that case should be made, by the Grand Continental Congress, in order to join or suc- ceed the delegates in that Congress, now chosen by the people of this Province. And we do bind ourselves solemnly under the sacred ties of religion, virtue, and honour, and love of our country, to abide by, enforce and carry into execution, or PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 79 endeavour so to do, at the risk and peril of our lives and fortunes, whatsoever you with the other delegates shall resolve and agree upon to be necessary for the well doing and preservation of the violated rights of this Province and the Conti- nent in general Signed by us this clay of , 1775. Saturday, July 15th, 1775. A motion was made and seconded, that a Committee be appointed to report their opinion with respect to the better governing the Mili- tia of this Province ; which being agreed to, a Committee was ap- pointed accordingly, to wit : Stephen Drayton, Samuel Elbert, Dr. Brownson, and Peter Tarlin. A motion was made and seconded, that a Committee be appointed to communicate to the inhabitants of this Province an account of the disputes subsisting between Great Britain and the colonies, and also the proceedings of this Congress ; and the same being agreed to, it was ordered that the Rev. Dr. Zubly, Noble Wy mberley Jones, Wil- liam Young, and George Walton, be a Committee for that purpose. Resolved, That this Congress shall expire on the 20th day of August next ; that a new election be made at such times between the twentieth day of August and first of September, as the inhabitants of the several parishes and districts (except the town and district of Savannah) shall think fit respectively, and that the members so elected, with those who shall afterwards be chosen for the town and district of Savannah, do meet in General Congress at Savannah, on the fourth day of December next, or sooner, if the Council of Safety shall think it expe- dient to summon them. Resolved, That the members of this Congress use every endeavour to give as public notice of elections as possible, and that each parish and district shall, at the time of such elections, likewise choose a sufficient number, as a parochial or district committee, to enforce the different resolves of the Continental and Pro- vincial Congresses. Resolved. That the inhabitants of the town and district of Savannah do meet at Savannah on Friday, the fifteenth day of September next, to choose seventeen delegates to represent them in Provincial Congress. Resolved, That the several delegates for the town and district of Savannah, oi a majority of them, together with all other delegates who shall happen to be in town, shall be a General Committee for the Province; that they shall have power to superintend, direct, and advise all the Parochial or District Committees, and, in case of difficulty, to inform them of their duty. And any person who shall apprehend himself aggrieved by the decision of any of the Parochial or District Committees, may appeal to the said General Committee, who shall hear his case, and do justice according to the spirit and intention of this Congress; and in case such appellant shall still be dissatisfied, he may lay his case before the next Congress, provided there be no delay occasioned by any such appeal but the sentence of each Committee shall take effect immediately after being pronounced. 80 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Monday, July 17, 1775. Resolved, That the Reverend Mr. Haddon Smith, by twice refusing to comply with the request of this Congress, and to join on a day of fasting and prayer ap- pointed by the Continental Congress to be observed throughout all America, besides the day appointed by his Excellency the Governor, at the request of this Congress, has given too much reason to believe he does not wish that the happy event mentioned in the American Proclamation may take place, and that the said Mr. Haddon Smith has thereby incurred the censure of this Congress, and ought to be considered as unfriendly to America. Resolved, nernine coniradicente, That the delegates appointed by this Congress to go to Philadelphia, do apply to the Continental Congress to incorporate this Province with the United Provinces of North America, and that they pledge the faith of us and our constituents to contribute an adequate part of the ex- penses which have or may accrue in defence of the violated rights of America. Resolved, That the Council of Safety have full power, upon every emergency, during the recess of Congress, to give such information, and propose such measures, by way of advice, to our Continental delegates, as the circumstances of the case may require, and they shall think conducive to the public good. Resolved. That it be strongly recommended to the friends of America in this Province, that they use their utmost endeavours to preserve peace and good order, and to cultivate harmony with one another, and always to avoid national reflec- tions, which can onlv tend to produce divisions and jealousies among the in- habitants. Resolved, That this Congress do adjourn to the nineteenth day of August next, and that the General Committee have power to call it at Savannah sooner, if they upon any emergency shall deem it expedient for the good of the Province. By order of the Congress. A true copy from the minutes. George Walton, Secretary. PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 81 ADDRESS OF THE COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. Savannah, July 25th, 1775. To the Inhabitants of the Province of Georgia : — Fellow-Countrymen, — We are directed to transmit to you an ac- count of the present state of American affairs, as well as the proceed- ings of the late Provincial Congress. It is with great sorrow we are to acquaint you, that what our fears suggested, but our reason thought impossible, is actually come to pass. A civil war in America is begun. Several engagements have already happened. The friends and foes of America have been equally disappointed. The friends of America were in hopes British troops could not be induced to slay their brethren. It is, however, done, and the circumstances are such, as must be an everlasting blot on their character for humanity and generosity. An unfeeling commander has found means to inspire his troops with the same evil spirit that possesseth himself. After the starving, helpless, innocent inhabit- ants of Boston delivered up their arms, and received his promise that they might leave that virtuous, devoted town, he is said to have broke his word; and the wretched inhabitants are still kept, to fall a prey to disease, famine, and confinement. If there are powers which abhor injustice and oppression, it may be hoped such perfidy cannot go long unpunished. But the. enemies of America have been no less disappointed. Nothing so contemptible, in their eyes, like the rabble of an Ameri- can militia ; nothing more improbable than that they would dare to look regulars in the face, or stand a single fire. By this time they must have felt how much they were mistaken. In every engagement the Americans appeared with a bravery worthy of men that fight for the liberties of their oppressed country. Their success has been re- markable ; the number of the slain and wounded on every occasion exceeds theirs, and the advantages they gained are the more honour- able, because, with a patience that scarce has an example, they bore every act of injustice and insult, till their lives were attacked, and then gave the fullest proof that the man of calmness and moderation in coun- sel is usually also the most intrepid and courageous in battle. You will doubtless lament with us the hundreds that died in their countries' cause : but does it not call for greater sorrow that thousands of British soldiers sought and found their deaths when they were active to en- slave their brethren and their country ? However irritating all these proceedings, yet so unnatural is this quarrel, that every good man must wish and pray that it may soon cease; that the injured rights of America may be vindicated by milder means ; and that no more blood may be shed, unless it be of those who fomented, and mean to make an advantage of those unhappy divisions. From the proceedings of 6 82 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the Congress, a copy of which accompanies the present, you will be convinced that a reconciliation on honourable principles is an object which your delegates never lost sight of. We have sent an humble and manly petition to his Majesty; addressed his representative, our Governor; provided, as far as in onr power, for internal quiet and safety ; and delegates will soon attend the General Congress, to assist and co-operate in any measure that shall be thought necessary for the saving of America. His Excellency, at our request, having appointed the 19th inst. as a day of humiliation, and news being afterwards received that the Continental Congress had recommended the 20th inst. to be observed as such, both days have been observed with a becoming solemnity ; and we humbly hope many earnest prayers have been presented to the Father of Mercies on that day, through this extensive continent, and that He has heard the cries of the destitute, and will not despise their prayers. You will permit us most earnestly to recommend to you a steady perseverance in the cause of Liberty, and that you will use all possible caution not to say or do anything unworthy of so glorious a cause ; to promote frugality, peace and good order, and in the practice of every social and religious duty, patiently to wait the return of that happy day, when we may quietly sit under our vine and fig-tree, and no man make us afraid. J. J. Zubly. N. W. Jones. George Walton. The following is a copy af a petition from the inhabitants of Georgia, which was presented to the King on Friday, October 28, by Governor Johnstone, and of letters 'which accompanied it. Savannah, July 14, 1775. To George Johnstone, Esq.: Sir, — It is with singular pleasure that I am desired to transmit the accom- panying papers to you, sensible that in a cause where the essential rights of so many millions are concerned, no endeavours on your part will be wanting to give them their full effect. The many proofs which the people of this Provin e had of your magnanimity, justice, and disinterested integrity in establishing the neighbouring coloay ot West Florida, have rendered your name respected throughout America, and your subsequent conduct has endeared you still further to every lover of mankind in the Eastern, and Western world. These motives have determined the Congress in the application they now make. I am sensible, if the same counsels prevail, the task of conveying such disagreeable truths to the throne must prove very painful ; but we believe there is no person who would undertake the office with less reluctance, or execute it with more becoming duty and respect to his Majesty. I am, &c, PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 83 Savannah, Georgia, July 14, 1775. Sir, — When turbulent and wicked minds are employed solely to raise com- motions in the State and disturb the tranquillity of the subject; when by their baneful influence life, property, and freedom are inhumanly invaded, and the innocence and loyalty of thousands are unjustly questioned, we, the inhabitants of Georgia, by a just delegation from the different parishes being now convened in Congress in this town, have resolved to address a dutiful petition, setting forth our grievances and the bad tendency of the many wicked and treacherous proceedings against this Continent that have passed since the year 1763. Although we know the fate of ail other petitions on this head, and cannot flat- ter ourselves that we should meet with one different: yet, as the right of petition- ing is the subject's, we beg leave to enclose this our prayer and remonstrance to you, hoping and trusting, on the noble sentiments you entertain and support in favour of us, much injured Americans, that, countenanced by one of your great abilities, it may approach the throne. We assure you. Sir, we are, and always were, firmly attached to his Ma- jesty's family, nor can any thing shake our integrity. But when, by evil and wicked ministers, our birthright as Englishmen shall be violated, that integrity must urge us to hand down to our children a right so invaluable. We conceive our immediate dependence on the crown can by no means hin- der our doing that indispensable duty, in joining with the rest of America against acts that tend to enslave a people whose loyalty and faith were never even sus- pected, until the actions of the times wanted an excuse. We have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient and very humble servants, William Young, Edward Telfair, David Zublt, Jr., Daniel Roberts, John Glen, Wm. Ewen, Steph. Drayton, To George Johnstone, Esq. A Committee of Intelligence. petition to the king. To the King's Most Excellent Majesty : — May it please your Majesty : — Though we bring up the rear of American petitioners, and, from the fate of so many petitions present- ed to your Majesty, from America, your great city of London, and others of your European subjects, have a most melancholy prospect, we still hope that He by whom kings rule, and to whom monarchs are accountable, will incline you to pay some regard to our most. humble and faithful representation. In times like these, when the edge of present feeling is blunted by the expectation of calamities still greater, we must take the liberty to speak before we die. We would acquaint our Sovereign with things which greatly affect his interest. We would endeavour to waken the feeling and pity of our common father. 84 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Your Majesty is the rightful sovereign of the most important em- pire in the universe. The blessings of Providence on your arms have put a country under you of greater importance and extent than several kingdoms in Eu- rope. In this large extent of territory, by some late acts, popery is not only tolerated (which we conceive would have been an act of jus- tice), but an indulgence has been granted, little short of a full estab- lishment, to a religion which is equally injurious to the rights of sovereign and of mankind. French and arbitrary laws have there by authority taken place of the just and mild British Constitution, and all this has been done with a professed and avowed design to overawe your Majesty's Ancient Protestant and loyal subjects, some of whom had no small share in the merit of that conquest. Acts to raise a perpetual res (nine on the Americans without their consent have been enacted, which, at one stroke, turn all your American subjects into slaves, and deprive them of that right which the most oppressive taskmaster does not deny to the servant bought with his money. Ex- perience must now have shown, as it will clearer, should these acts be enforced, that instead of increasing the revenue, or lessening the burden of your European subjects, they can only serve to increase their taxation. Laws which we conceive fraught with so much in- justice have been attempted to be enforced by equal cruelty, and whenever we thought ourselves at the height of our troubles, your Majesty's ministers have stretched their unhappy ingenuity to find out new methods of distress, and, it is believed, methods have been more than thought of, too shocking to human nature, to be even named in the list of grievances suffered under a British king. The goodness of God hath made your Majesty the father of a very numerous issue, on whom we place the pleasing hopes of a Protestant succession ; but your Majesty's arms in America now every day make mothers childless, and children fatherless. The blood of your sub jects has been shed with pleasure rather than with pity. For an act which amounted to no more, even under the worst construction, than an irregular zeal for constitutional liberty, and without any step taken to find out the supposed guilty persons, the capital of your American dominions has been blocked up, deprived of its trade, and its poor of subsistence. Thousands, confessedly innocent, have been starved, ruined, driven from, or kept like prisoners, in their own habitations; their cries and blood innocently shed have undoubtedly, and daily, reached to His ears who hateth injustice and oppression. Believe us, great sir, America is not divided; all men (crown offi- cers not excepted) speak of these acts and measures with disapproba- tion, and if there has been some difference of opinion as to the mode of relief, the rigorous experiments which your ministry thought fit to try on the Americans have been the most effectual means to con- vince these of the iniquitous designs of your ministry, and to unite them all as in a common cause. Your Majesty's ministers, after intro- ducing the demon of discord into your empire, and driving America to the brink of despair, place all their dignity in measures obstinately PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 85 pursued, because they were once wantonly taken. They hearkened to no information but what represented Americans as rebels or cow- ards. Time will every day make it clearer how much they were infatuated and mistaken. Too long, we must lament, have these men imposed on your paternal affection. Deign now, most gracious Prince, in their room, to hearken to the cries of your loyal and affectionate subjects of this extensive Continent; let the goodness of your heart interpose between weak or wicked ministers, and millions of loyal and affectionate subjects. No longer let the sword be stained with the blood of your own children ; recall your troops and fleets ; and if any misunderstanding remains, let the Americans be heard, and justice and equity take place. Let us be ruled according to the known prin- ciples of our excellent Constitution, and command the last shilling of our property, and the last drop of our blood in your service. Uncertain as to the event of this our humble representation, it affords us a relief that we may, unrestrained, apply to the great and merciful Sovereign of the whole earth, who will not despise the prayer of the oppressed; and to Him we most ardently pray that, the wicked being removed from before the king, the king's throne may be esta- blished in righteousness. By order of the Congress, at Savannah, this 14th day of July. A. Bulloch, President. 86 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. In June, 1775, a Council of Safety was appointed at Savannah, consisting of William Evven, William Le Conte, Bazil Cowper, Samuel Elbert, William Young, Elislia Butler, Edward Telfair, JohjL. Glen^ieorge Houstoun, George Walton, Joseph Habersham, F. H. Harris, John Smith, and John Morel. William Ewen was chosen President, and Seth John Cuthbert, Secretary. We can give our readers only a portion of the proceedings of the Council of Safety, not having been able to find any regular journal kept by them. PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL OF SAFETY. Mr. Rutledge laid the following draught of a letter to the Congress or Council of Safety in Georgia: — Charlestown, Dec. 14, 1775. Gentlemen : — The Council of Safety have heard with astonishment and concern that several vessels are loading at Savannah for Great Britain, some with rice, and others, one in particular of Mr. T 's, with indigo. It is true the General Association did not prohibit the exportation of rice to Europe, or of other American produce, except to Great Britain, Ireland or the West Indies, after the 10th of last September, so that shipping rice to Great Britain, before the resolutions of Congress of the 1st ult., a copy of which is enclosed, were known, was allowable. It is to be wished, how- ever, that Georgia had pursued the conduct of the northern colonies, all of whom, we are assured, in consequence of the late restricting acts, suspended exportation, as this Colony did, after the 10th of September, except for purchasing the means of defence, till the sense of the Continental Congress should be declared on that subject; but with respect to shipping indigo to Great Britain after that period, they are without excuse. For the honour of your Colon}' and the interest of Ameri- ca, we shall rejoice to know, that a report so disgraceful to the former, and inju- rious to the latter, is void of foundation ; we cannot yet be persuaded to think it otherwise, for we hope that the Continental resolutions will be inviolably preserv- ed in your Colony, as in any other, and doubt not that the disaffected in Geor- gia are so few, and the friends of liberty so numerous and powerful, that all at- tempts of the former to hurt the American cause will ever prove abortive. We have therefore thought it expedient to address you on the subject, being desirous of obtaining a true account of the matter, from the best authority. We there- fore hope that you will favour us with it by return of bearer, and hope it will ena- ble us to remove all impressions which may have been made. But if, unfortu- nately, the fact should be reported to us, we earnestly entreat that your Congress, Council of Safety, or General Committee, will take the most effectual means for preventing so flagrant a breach of the Continental Association and resolutions. We have been applied to for leave to clear our vessels with the produce of this Colony for Great Britain, as a cover of safety, where it was pretended that such vessel should nevertheless proceed directly to a foreign port, and for the express purpose, also, of procuring ammunition ; but we have refused our assent, and have PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL OF SAFETY. 87 ordered the Committee at the outposts to be watchful against such attempts, which though specious at first view, are full of danger to the common cause, and might give great encouragement to designing men to commit frauds. The Congress at Philadelphia refused such indulgence even to those whom they had given special license to export. By order of the Council of Safety. The Provincial Congress or Council of Safety in Georgia. This letter was sent by express. [Answer to the above.) Savannah, December 19, 1775. Gentlemen, — We received your letter of the 14th instant, respecting exporta- tion, and as two of our Continental delegates had just arrived, we thought proper to defer giving you an answer until we had consulted them in Council. This we have done, and have deemed it expedient to send Stephen Drayton and William Ewen, Esqrs., two of this Board, to explain those things to you, in order that all unfavourable mistakes, jealousies and animosities may be removed. By order of the Board. We have the honour to be, Gentlemen, Your most obedient servants, George Walton, President. To Hie Hon. Council of Safety at Charlestown. In the Council of Safety, Savannah, March 2, 1776. For the safety of the Province, and the good of the United Colo- nies, it is unanimously Resolved, That the houses in the town of Savannah, and the hamlets there- unto belonging, together with the shipping now in the port of Savannah, the property of, or appertaining to the friends of America, who have associated and appeared, or who shall appear in the present alarm to defend the same, and also the hou-es of widows and orphans, and none others, be forthwith valued and appraised. Ordered, That Messrs. Joseph Clay, Joseph Reynolds, John McLuer, Joseph Dunlap, and John Glen, or any three of them, be a Committee for that purpose, and that (hey make a return of such value and appraisement, to the Council of Safety to-morrow morning. 9 o'clock, or as soon after as possible. Resolved, That the delegates for this Province shall be instructed to apply to the Continental Congress for an indemnification to such persons who shall suffer in the defence of this town or shipping. Resolved, That it shall be considered as a defection from the cause of America, and a desertion of property in such persons who have and shall leave the iowh of Savannah, or the hamlets thereunto belonging, during the present alarm, and such persons shall be precluded from any support or countenance towards obtain- ing an indemnification. Resolved, That it be incumbent upon the friends of America in this Province to defend the metropolis as long as the same shall be tenable. OO HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Resolved, That rather than the same shall be held and occupied by our ene- mies, or (ho shipping now in the port of Savannah taken and employed by them, that the same shall be burnt and destroyed. Resolved, That orders shall be issued to the commanding officer, directing him to have the foregoing resolutions put into execution. Copy of a Letter from the Council of Safety in Georgia to the Hon. Council of Safety for South Carolina. Savannah, Georgia, March 4th, 1776. Gentlemen, — Our dispositions on the evening of the 2d were such as appeared to our officers the most likely to prevent the landing of our enemy ; and so as, if they should make their landing good, either above or below the town, to pre- vent their getting in ; however, notwithstanding our vigilance, they, by collusion with the masters and others on board the merchant ships which hauled near the shore of Hutchison's Island, in the night-time got on board these ships, about four o'clock yesterday morning, to the number, as far as we are competent to judge from the observations we made, and the intelligence we received, of between 200 and 300, where they affected to conceal themselves. We had our fears respecting these shipping, and therefore kept a good watch upon them; but it was impossible for sentinels on shore to descry them in boarding from the other, the vessels being betwixt. Captain Rice, who commanded a boat of observa- tion, was sent on board the shipping about nine o'clock, to order the rigging on shore, and was, without any noise, or the smallest knowledge of us, kidnapped. This we did not know till about half an hour afterwards. Two sailors, under pre- tence of coming on shore for clothes, gave information of the troops being on board the shipping, and of Rice's being taken. About 300 men were then immedi- ately marched to Yam ac raw, opposite the shipping, with three four-pounders, and threw up a breastwork. The armed schooner Hinchinblook, of — guns, with a number of men on board, which, with others, went up the Back river in the afternoon of the day preceding, about this time set sail down the South river, with intent, no doubt, of covering the landing of the troops from on board the merchant shipping, but being continually fired at by two companies of rifle- men, who were placed in ambuscade, she was obliged to come very slowly and often came to, and returned a very smart fire at every place where the riflemen fired from, until the tide was spent, and she could not go down. During the course of this firing, only one of our men got wounded, and that slightly, in the thigh ; but on board several were seen to fall. In town, we had exhibited a still more interesting scene. We found the men and officers clamorous about the capture and detention of Rice; and two gentlemen, Lieut. Daniel Roberts, of the St. John Rangers, and Mr. Raymond Demere, of St. Andrew's Parish. solicited and were permitted to go on board to demand a surrender of Rice and his people. They accordingly divested themselves of arms, and were rowed by a negro on board a vessel in which were Captain Barclay, the Commo dore, and Major Grant, and these officers, contrary to all principles which cement society and govern mankind, immediately arrested our deputies, and yet detain them as prisoners. We waited with anxious expectation for near half an hour, when we demanded our deputies, by the help of a trumpet, without getting any other but insulting answers. Whereupon we fired two four-pounders PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL OF SAFETY. 89 directly into them, and then they informed us that they would send an answer in writing ; which they presently afterwards did. and signed by Lieutenant Roberts and Mr. Demere, purporting that if we would send two of the persons in whom the people F?i>st confided, they would treat with them. Capt. Screven, of the St. John Rangers, and Capt, Baker, of the St. John Riflemen, chagrined, no doubt, (the former particularly on account of his lieutenant,) by detention of our deputies, took about a dozen of the riflemen in a boat, and rowed directly under the stern of Captain Inglis, in whose vessel were a great part of the sol- diery, and in peremptory terms demanded the deputies, and were informed, after one shot from Capt. Baker, by a discharge down directly upon them of near 200 shot, both from swivels and small arms, which were kept up while they were in reach ; the captains and men in the boats not in the smallest degree confused, or even, perhaps, disappointed by the attack, fired three rifles, most of them three several times, as they say, not without execution ; and wonderful to tell, not a man of them was killed— one man only received a slug in the fleshy part of his shoulder, which was immediately cut out, witnout the smallest inconvenience or danger. The spectators all declare, as we now do, that such a providential deliverance has not yet been known. The unmanly attack upon a few men in an open boat produced a general fire from our field-pieces and intrenchments, and as smart a return from two four-pounders and several swivels from the ship- ping, which lasted from about 12 o'clock to 4; and although they often fired lan- grage, which continually whistled about our men, not a single man was even touched, but we have no doubt a number of the enemy met with a worse fate, as they were seen frequently to fall. About 4 o'clock we called a council, and determined to have the vessels immediately burnt, and issued orders to Colonel Mcintosh accordingly. Whereupon the Inverness, late Capt. McGillivray, loaded with rice and deer-skins, was set on fire and cut loose. Upon this, the soldiers, in the most laughable confusion, got ashore in the marsh, while our riflemen and field-pieces with grape-shot were incessantly galling them. The shipping were now also in confusion. Some got up the river, under cover of the armed schooner, while others caught the flame, and as night approached, exhibited a scene, as they passed and repassed with the tide, which at any but the present time would be truly horrible, but now a subject only of gratitude and applause. The ships of Captains Inglis and Wardell neither got up the river nor on fire; they were ordered on shore, and now are prisoners of Capt. Screven in the country, and their vessels brought down close into a wharf. They were per- mitted to write to Capt, Barclay in the evening, to inform them of their situa- tion, and to request an exchange of prisoners, which the latter peremptorily refused. We have thus given you a particular detail of things as they really happened, to prevent the belief of any erroneous intelligence, and from which you will be competent to judge of our situation. Col. Mcintosh laid before the Board a resolution of your Congress, to aid us, accompanied by a letter from Mr. Lowndes ; and we are very glad that you have determined to afford us further assistance. We wish it may arrive in time. By order of the Council of Safety. Wm. Ewen, President. 90 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. In the Council of Safety, Savannah, March 1, 1776. Whereas, the resolution of the Hon. the Continental Congress, re- straining" the exportation of rice from the United Colonies for a time, having expired this day, without any further or additional restraint, as we know of, it now lies with the Council of Safety for this Pro- vince either farther to restrain the exportation, or to permit it. And whereas a formidable force, both by sea and land, having invaded this Province for several weeks past, and it appearing, by the arrival of such force, that the cause of the said Continental restriction is not removed: Resolved, therefore, That no ships loaded with rice, or any other article of produce, in this Province, shall be permitted to sail with- out leave of the Council of Safety or next Congress, except such vessels as are or shall be permitted to sail for the purpose of procur- ing the necessary means of defence. Resolved, That in case any loss shall be sustained by such deten- tion, the delegates of this Province shall be instructed to apply to the Continental Congress to make the reimbursement for such loss a genera] charge. Ordered, That the rudders be unshipped, and the rigging and sails taken away and secured from the several vessels now riding in the port of Savannah. Orders to Col. Lachlan McIntosh. Sir, — You will enforce and have executed the aforementioned re solutions and order, the resolution heretofore delivered to you as of the Council of Safety being erroneous ; and any permit you may have given in consequence, you will please to recall. By order of the Council of Safety. Wm. Ewen, President. Edward Langworthey, Secretary. A true copy from the Minutes. In the Council of Safety, Savannah, March 2, 1776. a proclamation. Whereas, many householders in the town of Savannah, and the hamlets thereunto belonging, have basely deserted their habitations since the commencement of the present alarms ; And whereas, some of them are associates in the great American PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL OF SAFETY. 91 Union, and by consequence, their lives and fortunes bound to support it ; And whereas, there is a number of shipping in the port of Savan- nah belonging and appertaining to persons resident in this Province ; And whereas, we deem it incumbent upon every person, more espe- cially those who have associated, to defend their property with their lives : These are, therefore, to cite and admonish all persons holding any property in the town, or hamlets, or shipping aforesaid, forthwith to repair to head-quarters, in Savannah, to defend the same, on pain of suffering all the consequences contained in the foregoing resolutions. By order of the Council of Safety. Wm. Ewen, President. March 5, 1776. Mr. President of the Council of Safety laid before Congress seve- ral papers received this morning by express from Georgia, and ad- dressed to their Board. Resolved, That the unanimous thanks of this Congress be returned by Mr. President to the Council of Safety of Georgia, in terms of the highest approbation of their noble and spirited conduct. Letter of President Drayton to the Council of Safety in Georgia. Gentlemen, — Your letters of the 1st and 2d inst., and your resolu- tions, order, and proclamation of these dates, were to be laid before the Congress, transfusing a general and perfect joy. And the Congress, sensible of the vast importance which your exemplary conduct must be to the American cause, unanimously voted their thanks; and I have the honour thus to transmit them to you, for your having decisively taken the noble, politic, and vigorous resolution — That the vessels in the port of Savannah, ready to sail, contrary to the interest of America, shall be forthwith unrigged and unruddered, and that rather than the enemy shall possess those vessels and your capital, all shall perish in a noble conflagration lighted by yourselves. An instance of heroic principle not exceeded by any, and unequalled but by few, in history. Your conduct in citing such of the inhabitants of Savannah as had abandoned their possessions in that town, to return to its defence, under penalty of being deemed to have deserted such property, and of being excluded from any support towards obtaining an indemnifi- cation for any loss they may sustain by a general conflagration, re- 92 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. ceived the highest applause, as being worthy of imitation. The policy and justice of the measure are equally conspicuous. In short, the Congress feel the greatest satisfaction from their having anticipated your called-for assistance. It is sufficient that we know our friends stand in need of our aid. We hope that our forces under Colonel Bull will fully accommodate your necessity ; and you may rest assured that we shall continue to afford the friends of America in Georgia every support in our power. I have the honour, &c. (Signed) Wm. Henry Drayton, President. Col. Laciilan McIntosh to Gen. Washington. Savannah, in Georgia, Feb. 16, 1776. Sir, — My country having honoured me with the command of the Continental Battalion ordered to be raised by the General Congress for the protection and defence of this Colony, (though I fear too partial to my poor abilities,) it becomes my duty to inform your Excellency of the state of our Province, as far as it concerns the service, as well as of the troops to be immediately under my command. Our Province has a front along the sea-coast of above one hundred miles, covered by a range of islands, divided from each other by eight rivers from the main- land, which make as many good inlets and harbours, most of them capable of receiving any frigate, and, as some say, much larger ships. Our settlements extend back to the northwest above two hundred miles, in other parts to the southward not above ten, and very thinly inhabited ; indeed, this large space of land, altogether, has not more than three thousand men, chiefly in the back country, and many disaffected and doubtful in our cause, especially the men of the greatest property among us. Our slaves will be above fifteen thousand souls, mostly within twenty miles of the sea-coast, and make above thirty-five thousand tierces of rice annually, besides many other articles of provision, which, with our fine harbours, make the security of this colony, though weak in itself, of the utmost consequence to the whole continent of America; and we have every reason to think our enemies intend to make it a place of general rendez- vous and supplies. We are bounded south by the garrisoned Province of East Florida, who have now, as I am well informed, five hundred regulars in St. Augustine, and one thousand more expected there daily from Europe. On the west of us is the Province of West Florida, the numerous nations of the Creel!, Choctaw, and Cherokee Indians, besides lesser tribes, supposed to have at least ten thousand u-un-men, brave, intrepid, and eager for war, whom we will have the utmost McINTOSH TO WASHINGTON. 93 difficulty to keep at peace with us, as we want every article of their usual supply, and now furnished them in great plenty from the two Floridas. Our metropolis is situated, in the south corner of the Province, upon a bluff, or sand- hill, thirty feet high or more above the water, and fifteen miles up the river Savannah, from the inlet of Tybee, where five ships of war, the Syren, the Scar- borough, the Raven, the Tamar, and Cherokee, besides tenders, are now lying, and two large transports, having, it is said, above three hundred men on board, and expecting more in daily, with what design, whether for this Colony or Carolina, or both together, we are not yet informed. Our Province has declared itself in a state of alarm, and resolved not to supply the men of war with pro- visions, and ordered a draft of half the militia to the town of Savannah to oppose the landing of any troops. Our Provincial Congress having accepted the battalion ordered for their pro- tection and defence, chose the officers the 29th and 30th ultimo, (a return of whom shall accompany this,) and made them sign the enclosed test before their commissions were delivered ; and I have this day issued general orders for re- cruiting, which has been hitherto prevented by many obstacles in providing money for that and other necessary service, and I fear will yet be attended with some difficulty. We expect very few in our own Province ; that of South Carolina is said to be already drained of such people as will enlist, by their Pro- vincial regiments, besides their bounty, subsistence, &c, are so much better than ours. Therefore, I expect we must have recourse, distant as it is, to North Carolina, with this additional disadvantage, that our currency passes in no other colony than our own, and we have received very little Continental money as yet. I have received no kind of orders or instructions from the General Congress or your Excellency ; nor have I yet been able to obtain even a copy of the American articles of war, which makes me at a loss how to act in many cases ; therefore I shall wish any orders or directions your Excellency will please to send me, to be as full and frequent as possible ; also, to be informed how far we are under the control of the Provincial Congress, &c, of this or any other Pro- vince where we are upon duty, and what rank we hold when acting with militia, or Provincial troops. I shall take the liberty of appointing surgeons to the battalion, which are so indispensably necessary, that I suppose the neglect of not naming any must be owing to our delegates ; and also to make Capt. Colson's a rifle company, when raised, which I think will be useful, and hope will meet with your Excellency's approbation ; and I doubt not but we will be obliged to arm more with such guns, for want of others, which are very scarce. I have the honour to be your Excellency's Most obedient and most humble servant, Lachlan McIntosh. To his Excellency, George Washington, Esq., Commander- in-Chief of the American Forces. 94 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. In Provincial Congress, Savannah, Feb. 10, 1776. Province of Georgia: — Whereas a battalion upon the Continental establishment is now raising in this Province; and whereas doubts may arise how far the same is subject to the control of the Provincial civil power : Now, therefore, be it known, and we, the several subscribers, officers bearing commissions in the same battalion, do hereby declare that we hold ourselves and the non-commissioned officers and privates, also all others belonging to the said battalion, subject and subservient to such supreme and civil power of this Province as are or shall be erected for the pur- pose of defending our rights and liberties. And further, we bound ourselves upon the words of soldiers and men of honour, at all times to obey and carry into effect, as far as in us lies, the orders and com- mands of the present or any future Congress or Council of Safety of this Pro- vince as the same shall, from time to time, be issued by us. Provided, nevertheless. That the same do not contradict or interfere with the orders or directions of the General Congress, or a Committee thereof, or any General or other officer by them appointed over us. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our names, together with the rank and date of our commissions opposite thereto. A Return of the Officers chosen for the Battalion, ordered to be raised for the protection and defence of the Colony of Georgia, Feb. 16, 1776. Colonel — Lachlan McIntosh. Lieut. Col. — Samuel Elbert. Major — JosEPn Habersham. First Company. Captain — Francis Henry Harris. First Lieut. — John Habersham. Second Lieut. — John Jenkins. Ensign — John Rae. Second Company. Captain — Oliver Bowen. First Lieut. — George Henley. Second Lieut. — John Berrien. Ensign . Third Company. Captain — John McIntosh. First Lieut. — Lachlan McIntosh. Second Lieut. — Francis Arthur. Ensign — John Morrison. Fourth Company. Captain — Arthur Carney. First Lieut. — Benjamin Odinsell. Second Lieut. — John Eman. Ensieople of this Province, having lately arrived at Cockspur, his Excel- ency Sir James Wright, Baronet, and King's Governor of Georgia, in aid of the views of the administration, and with a design to add to those inconveniences which necessarily result from a state of confusion, suddenly and unexpectedly carried off' the great seal of the Province with him ; And whereas, in consequence of this and other events, doubts have arisen with the several magistrates how far they are authorized to act under the former appointments, and the greatest part of them have absolutely refused to do so, whereby all judicial powers are be- come totally suspended, to the great danger of persons and property ; And whereas, before any general system of government can be con- cluded upon, it is necessary that application be made to the Conti- nental Congress for their advice, and directions upon the same ; but, nevertheless, in the present state of things, it is indispensably requi- site that some temporary expedient be fallen upon to curb the law- less and protect the peaceable : This Congress, therefore, as the representatives of the people, with whom all power originates, and for whose benefit all government is intended, deeply impressed with a sense of duty to their constituents, of love to their country, and inviolable attachment to the liberties of America ; and seeing how much it will tend to the advantage of each to preserve rules, justice, and order, do take upon them for the pre- sent, and until the further order of the Continental Congress, or of this, or any future Provisional Congress, to declare, and they accord- ingly do declare, order, and direct, that the following rules and regu- lations be adopted in this Province — that is to say — 1st. — There shall be a President and Commander-in-Chief appointed by ballot in this Congress, for six months, or during the time specified above. 2d. — There shall be, in like manner, and for the like time, also a Council of Safety, consisting of 13 persons, besides the five delegates to the General Congress appointed to act in the nature of a Privy Council to the said President or Com- mander-in-Chief. 3d — That the President, shall be invested with all the executive powers of government not inconsistent with what is hereafter mentioned, but shall be bound to consult and follow the advice of the said Council in all cases whatso- ever, and any seven of the said Committee shall be a quorum for the purpose of advising. 4th. — That all the laws, whether common or statute, and the acts of Assembly which have formerly been acknowledged to be of force in this Province, and which do not interfere with the proceedings of the Continental or our Provincial Congresses, and also all and singular the resolves and recommendations of the said Continental and Provincial Congresses, shall be of full force, validity, and effect until otherwise ordered. 5lh. — That there shall be a Chief-Justice, and two assistant judges, an Attorney- General, a Provost-Marshal and Clerk of the Court of Sessions, appointed by ballot, to serve during the pleasure of the Congress. The Court of Sessions, or 7 98 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORCJIA. Oyer and Terminer, shall be opened and held on the second Tuesday in June and December, and the former rules and methods of proceedings, as nearly as may be, shall be observed in regard to summoning of juries, and all other cases whatsoever. 6th. — That the President or Commander-in-Chief, with the advice of the Coun- ' cil as before mentioned, shall appoint magistrates to act during pleasure in the several parishes throughout this Province, and such magistrates shall con- form themselves, as nearly as may be, to the old-established forms and methods of proceedings. 7th. — That all legislative powers shall be reserved to the Congress, and no per- son who holds any place of profit, civil or military, shall be eligible as a mem- ber either of the Congress or Council of Safety. 8th. — That the following sums shall be allowed as salaries to the respective officers for and during the time they shall serve, over and besides all such per- quisites and fees as have been formerly annexed to tho said offices respectively: To the President and Commander-in-Chief, after the rate per an- num of. sterling. .£300 To the Chief-Justice 100 To Attorney-General 25 To Provost-Marshal 60 To Clerk of Court 50 DISQUALIFYING ACT, PASSED JULY 6, 1780. An Act to disqualify and render incapable the several persons hereinafter named, from holding or exercising any office of trust, honour, or profit in the Province of Georgia, for a certain time, and for other purposes therein mentioned. Whereas, a most audacious, wicked and unprovoked rebellion was lately raised and carried on against his Majesty in the Province of Georgia, and several persons concerned therein, in a most violent, hostile and unlawful manner, usurped the government thereof, and erected themselves into a pretended independent State, where they exercised many acts of violence and oppression, in contempt of his Majesty and his laws, and to the great distress and injury of his loyal subjects ; And whereas, the several persons hereinafter named were active and concerned rh the said unlawful proceedings, or some of them : We therefore pray your most sacred Majesty that it may be enacted, and be it enacted, by his Excellency Sir James Wright, Baronet, Captain-General, Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over his Majesty's said Province of Georgia, by and with the advice and consent of the Honourable the Council and Commons House of Assembly of the said Province in General Assembly met, and by the authority of the same, That immediately from and after the passage of this Act, and during the continuance thereof, the several persons hereinafter named, that is to say, John Houstoun, late of this Pro- vince, rebel Governor ; John Adam Treutlen, late of the same, rebel DISQUALIFYING ACT. 99 governor ; Lachlan Mcintosh, late of the same, rebel General , George Walton, late of the same, Member of the rebel Congress ; William Stephens, late of the same, rebel Attorney-General ; John McCltjre, late of the same, rebel Major ; Joseph Clay, late of the same, rebel Paymaster-General; Noble Wymberley Jones, late of the same, Speaker of the rebel Assembly ; Mordecai Sheftall, late of the same, Chairman of the rebel Parochial Committee ; William O'Bryan, late of the same, rebel Treasurer ; John Wereat, late of the same, robe! Counsellor; Edward Telfair, late of the same, Member of the rebel Congress ;» Edward Davies, late of the same, Member of the rebel Assembly; Samuel Elbert, late of the same, a rebel General, &c, &c, (as per list at the end ;) and also all and every other person and persons who at any time or times before the passing of this Act, hath or have acted in the said Province of Georgia, as members of any council, assembly or committee, or as commissioner of trade, or of forfeited estates, or who have held any commission or appointment under the said usurpation, either in a civil or military capacity, satis- factory proof (with respect to persons not particularly named) being first made thereof before the chief justice, or one of the assistant jus- tices, or before two justices of the peace of the said Province, (except such persons as did, before the first day of November last past, submit themselves to his Majesty's government, and take the established oath,) are, and each and every of them is hereby disqualified, ren- dered and made incapable to exercise, hold or enjoy any office or place of honour, trust or profit, under his Majesty, in this your Pro- vince of Georgia, and of serving upon juries therein, in any case whatsoever, and of voting at elections for any representative or repre- sentatives to sit in General Assembly in this Province, and of being chosen to represent any parish or district of this Province in General Assembly, any law, usage, statute, or custom to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding ; provided always, nevertheless, and it shall and may be lawful to and for the governor or commander-in-chief of this Province, for the time being, at any time or times during the con- tinuance of this Act, by and with the advice and consent of the Honourable the Council of the said Province, to remove and take the disqualification and incapacity by this Act imposed, in the whole or in part, from all and every the persons herein before named,, or any of them, and those hereinbefore described and intended, or any of them, so soon as they, or any or either of them, shall signalize themselves in favour of the peace and welfare of his Majesty's said government in the Province of Georgia aforesaid, or otherwise discover themselves deserving such indulgence, to the satisfaction and good liking of the said governor or commander-in-chief and Council for the time being as aforesaid, and to restore them, or any or either of them, to all the advantages, privileges and immunities they respectively enjoyed before they engaged in the said rebellion. And in order to prevent rebellion and traitorous attempts in time to come, and the other mischiefs arising from the possession or use of arms by lawless, wicked, and disaffected persons, who have submitted 100 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. or may submit themselves to his Majesty's government, and inhabit- ing within this Province. Be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, That as well all and every person before named, and those before designed and in- tended, as also all and every other person and persons who have since the first day of November last past, or who may hereafter, during the continuance of this Act, separate themselves from his Majesty's sub- jects, who are or may be in arms or in rebellion against him in the Province aforesaid or elsewhere, and submit to the government of our said lord the King, and comply with the other regulations directed by this Act, shall bring in and deliver up within ten days after being duly summoned, to one of the justices of the peace of the parish or district wherein such person shall usually reside, all and singular his or their arms, swords, cutlasses, pistols, and other warlike implements and weapons, for the use of his Majesty, his heirs and successors, to be forwarded by every such justice to the governor or commander-in- chief for the time being, or to such officer as he may think fit to appoint to receive the same, to be disposed of in such manner as the said commander shall see fit. And among such of his Majesty's loyal subjects as are enrolled or may be enrolled in the militia in the said Province, and incase any of the persons herein before named, and those designed and intended as aforesaid, or any or either of them, shall neglect or refuse to bring in and deliver up their arms within the time limited as aforesaid, or shall afterwards have or bear any arms or w 7 arlike weapons or implements in any part of said Province, every such person shall forfeit and pay the sum of twenty-five pounds sterling money of Great Britain, for the offence of not bringing and delivering up their arms, weapons and implements as aforesaid, and the sum of ten pounds, like money, for every time any such per- son shall have or bear any warlike arms, implements or weapons whatsoever. And to prevent the secreting and keeping back of any arms, swords, cutlasses, pistols, or other warlike weapons or implements, or of powder, ball, or ammunition — Be it further enacted, That it shall and may be lawful for any justice of the peace of this Province, or of any parish or district thereof, on information made on oath by any cred- ible person, or from his own knowledge, to issue his warrant under his hand and seal, directed to any constable of his district, requiring him to search for such concealed or retained arms, weapons, imple- ments, or ammunition ; and if any such articles be found, (the party having no license or permission for the same, as hereinafter mentioned,) to seize, sell, and dispose of forthwith, and after deducting the ex- penses of the warrant, distress and sale, to divide the residue, one half to the informer or informers, and the other half to the constable or constables searching after and seizing the same ; and in case the person or persons who secreted or retained, or advised or concerned himself or themselves in securing or retaining such arms, weapons, im- plements, or ammunition, can be discovered, the said justice is directed to bind him, her or them, in a recognizance, with two sufficient securi- DISQUALIFYING ACT. 101 ties, to appear at the next Court of Sessions ; and in case he, she or they shall fail to give such security, fhen forthwith to commit him, her or them to the common jail in Savannah, there to remain until he, she or they shall find such security, or shall be otherwise discharged by a due course of law ; and every such person so offending, is and are hereby subjected and made liable to be indicted for such offence as for a misdemeanour, and if convicted, to be sentenced by the said Court of Sessions at their discretion, and as may be lawful in cases of misdemeanour. Provided, nevertheless, that it shall and may be lawful to and for the Governor or Commander-in-Chief far the time being, by and with the consent of his Majesty's Honourable Council, at any time or times during the continuance of this Act, to grant license and permission in writing to any person or persons aforesaid to have, retain and keep in his and their, or any or either of their possession, such arms, ammunition and other warlike weapons and im- plements as such Governor and Commander-in-Chief may think sufficient to guard and protect him and them, or any or either of them, from injury, insult, and for defence against his and their and either of their domestics, and against the. savages, any thing herein before con- tained to the contrary notwithstanding. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid,, That all and every the persons herein before named, and those designed and in- tended as aforesaid, and all and every other person or persons who, since the first day of November, have separated themselves from his Majesty's subjects, or shall hereafter separate themselves from his Majesty's subjects who are in arms or rebellion against him, shall, within days after his or their coming or arrival into any part of this Province, repair before some one of his Majesty's justices of the peace within the same, and enter into a bond or recognizance to our sovereign lord, the King, his heirs and successors, with two sufficient securities, the principal in one hundred pounds, and the securities in fifty pounds each, of sterling money of Great Britain, with condition to be void if the principal shall, for twelve months thereafter, behave and demean himself as a good and loyal subject, keep the peace, and be of good behaviour towards his Majesty and all his liege subjects, and shall discountenance to the utmost of his ability all rebellion, rebellious practices, and treasonable misdemeanours within this Pro- vince, and take and subscribe, together with the State oaths, the oath following, viz. : I, A. B., do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to his Majesty, King George the Third ; and I do solemnly and sincerely declare, that I do believe in my conscience that he is lawful and rightful King of the Realm of Great Britain, and of the dominions and colonies thereunto belonjjin?: that the British colonies in America of right ought to be subordinate to and dependent upon the crown of Great Britain, and the people called the General Continental Congress; and all the bodies of men and individuals exercising jurisdiction under them, are in rebellion against his Majesty, their lawful sovereign, and I do renounce and refuse obedience to them and every one of them, and will not hold or carry on 102 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. any correspondence by writing, message or otherwise, with any person or persons at war with or in rebellion against hisfMajesty, without license and permission lust obtained from one of his Majesty's Governors or Commanders by sea or land, and that I will use my utmost endeavour to disclose and make known to his Majesty and his successors, or to thorn in authority under him or them, all treasons and traitorous conspiracies which I shall know to be against the King or any of his successors, and all invasions which I shall know or suspect to be intended against this Province or any other of his Majesty's dominions: and I will faithfully, and to the utmost of my power, enforce, maintain and defend his Majesty s Government and authority in and overall his dominions, and especially in and over the British provinces and plantations in America ; and all this I do swear voluntarily, heartily, truly and sincerely, without any equivocation, evasion or secret reservation whatsoever, so help me God. Which bond or recognizance and oaths, the said justices respec- tively are hereby directed to take and administer, and to give a certi- ficate thereof ; and in case any of the said persons shall neglect or refuse to appear and enter into such bond or recognizance, and take and subscribe the said oaths, within the time and in manner above limited, then every such person neglecting or refusing shall be deemed a suspected person, and shall and may be immediately apprehended by any justice of the peace in this Province, and committed to the nearest common jail, there to remain without bail or mainprise for the space of three months, unless such person shall, in the mean time, voluntarily comply with the terms prescribed by this Act, or to serve his Majesty as a private soldier for and during the continuance of the present American rebellion ; and in case, after the expiration of the said three months' imprisonment, any such person or persons shall decline or obstinately refuse to comply with the directions of this Act, and enter into such bond or recognizance, and take and subscribe the said oaths, then and in such case every such person shall be subject and liable to be impressed and carried into his Majesty's sea-service, and is and are hereby disqualified and rendered incapable of ever hereafter becoming a resident or inhabitant within this Province. The following is a list of the persons mentioned in this Act : — 1. JOHN HOUSTOUN, rebel Governor. 2. JOHN ADAM TREUTLEN, rebel Governor. 3. LACHLAN McTNTOSH, rebel General. 4. GEORGE WALTON, Member of rebel Congress. 5. WILLIAM STEPHENS, rebel Attorney-General. 6. JOHN McCLURE, rebel Major. 7. JOSEPH CLAY, rebel Paymaster-General. 8. N. WYMBERLEY JONES, Speaker rebel Assembly. 9. MORDECAI SHEFTALL, Chairman rebel P. Com. 10. WM. O'BRYAN, rebel Treasurer. 11. JOHN WEREAT, rebel Counsellor. 12. EDW'D TELFAIR, Member of rebel Congress. PERSONS DISQUALIFIED. 103 1/13. EDW'D DAVIES, Member of rebel Assembly. 14. SAM'L ELBERT, a rebel General. 15. SETH JOHN CUTHBERT, a rebel Major. 16. WILLIAM HOLSENDORF, a rebel Counsellor. 17. RICH'D HOWLEY, a rebel Governor. 18. GEORGE GALPHIN, rebel Sup. I. Affairs. 19. ANDREW WILLIAMSON, rebel General. 20. JOHN WHITE, rebel Colonel. 21. NEHEMIAH WADE, rebel Treasurer. 22. JOHN TWIGGS, rebel Colonel. 23. WM. FEW, rebel Counsellor. 24. EDW'D LANGWORTHY, rebel Delegate. 25. WM. GLASSCOCK, rebel Counsellor. 26. ROB'T WALTON, rebel Com. of Forfeited Estates. 27. JOSEPH WOOD, Jr., Clerk to the rebel Assembly. 28. ■ PIGGIN, rebel Colonel. 29. WM. HORNBY, Distiller. 30. PEIRCE BUTLER, rebel Officer. 31. JOSEPH WOOD, Member of the rebel Congress. 32. REV. WM. PEIRCY, Clerk. 33. THOS. SAVAGE, Planter. 34. THOS. STONE, rebel Counsellor. 35. BEN J. ANDREW, President of the rebel Council. 36. JOHN BAKER, Sen'r, rebel Colonel. 37. WM. BAKER, rebel Officer. 38. FRANCIS BROWN, Planter. 39. NATHAN BROWNSON, Member of rebel Congress. 40. JOHN HARDY, Captain of a rebel Galley. 41. THOS. MORRIS, rebel Officer. 42. SAM'L MILLER, rebel Assembly. 43. THOS. MAXWELL, Planter. 44. JOSEPH WOODRUFF. 45. JOSEPH OSWALD, Planter. 46. JOSIAH POW^ELL, Planter. 47. SAM'L SALTUS, a Committeeman. 48. JOHN SANDIFORD, Planter. 49. PETER TARLING, rebel Officer. 50. OLIVER BOWEN, rebel Commodore. 51. LYMAN HALL, Member of the rebel Congress. 52. ANDREW MOORE, Planter. 53. JOSHUA INMAN, Planter. 54. JOHN DOOLY, rebel Colonel. *• 55. JOHN GLEN, rebel C. Justice. 56. RICH'D WYLEY, President of the rebel Council. 57. ADAM FOWLER BRISBANE, rebel Counsellor. 58. SHEM BUTLER, rebel Assemblyman. 59. JOSEPH HABERSHAM, rebel Colonel. 60. JOHN STIRK, rebel Colonel. 61. RAYMOND DEMERE, rebel Clo. General. 104 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. 62. CHAS. ODINGSELL, rebel Captain. 63. WM. PEACOCK, rebel Counsellor. 64. JOHN BRADLEY, Captain rebel Galley. 65. JOSEPH REYNOLDS, Bricklayer. 66. RUDOLPH STROHAKER, Butcher. 67. CHARLES COPE, Butcher. 68. LEWIS COPE, rebel Butcher. 69. HEP WORTH CARTER, rebel Captain. 70. STEPHEN JOHNSTON, Butcher. 71. JOHN McINTOSH, Jr., rebel Colonel. 72. JAMES HOUSTOUN, Surgeon. 73. JAMES HABERSHAM, Merchant. 74. JOHN HABERSHAM, rebel Mayor. 75. JOHN MILLEDGE, Jr., rebel Assemblyman 76. LEVI SHEFTALL, Butcher. 77. PHILIP JACOB COHEN, Shopkeeper. 78. JOHN SUTCLIFFE, Shopkeeper. 79. JONATHAN BRYAN, rebel Counsellor. 80. JOHN SPENCE.R, rebel Officer. 81. JOHN HOLMES, Clerk. 82. WM. GIBBONS, the elder, rebel Counsellor. * 83. SHEFTALL SHEFTALL, rebel Officer. 84. PHILIP MINIS, Shopkeeper. 85. COSHMAN POLOCK, Shopkeeper. 86. ROBT. HAMILTON, Attorney at Law. 87. BEN J. LLOYD, rebel Officer. 88. JAMES ALEXANDER, rebel Officer. 89. JOHN JENKINS, rebel Assemblyman. 90. SAM. STIRK, rebel Secretary. 91. PHILIP DENSLER, Yeoman. 92. HENRY CUYLER, rebel Officer. 93. JOS. GIBBONS, rebel Assemblyman. 94. EBENEZER SMITH PLATT, Shopkeeper. 95. MATTHEW GRIFFIN, Planter. 96. PETER DEVEAUX, Gent'n. 97. BEN. ODINGSELL, rebel Officer. 98. JOHN GIBBONS, V. Master. 99. JOHN SMITH, Planter. 100. WM. LE CONTE, rebel Counsellor. 101. CHARLES FR. CHEVALIER, rebel Counsellor. 102. PETER CHAMBERS, Shopkeeper. 103. THOS. WASHINGTON, rebel Officer. 104. ELTSHA MAXWELL, Planter. 105. THOS. MAXWELL, Jr., rebel Mayor. 106. WM. GIBBONS, the younger, Planter. 107. WM. DAVIS, rebel Officer. 108. JOHN GRAVES, Yeoman. 109. CHARLES KENT, rebel Counsellor. 110. JOHN BACON, Mariner. PERSONS DISQUALIFIED. 105 111. NATHANIEL SAXTON, Tavernkeeper. 112. PHILIP LOWE, rebel Officer. 113. SAM UEL SPENCER, Mariner . 114. JOHN^WlNN, Sen'r, PlanterT 115. DEVEAUX JARRAT, rebel Assemblyman 116. SAMUEL WEST, Gentleman. 117. JOSIAH DUPONT, Planter. 118. JAMES PUGH, Planter. 119. FREDERIC PUGH, Planter. 120. JAMES RAE, Planter. 121. JAMES MARTIN, Planter. 122. JOHN MARTIN, rebel Sheriff. 123. THOS. PACE, rebel Officer. 124. BENJ. FELL, rebel Officer. 125. DIONYSIUS WRIGHT, Planter. 126. CHESLEY BOSTICK, Shopkeeper. 127. LITTLEBERRY BOSTICK, Planter. 128. LEONARD MARBURY, rebel Officer. 129. JOHN SHARP, Planter. 130. JAMES HARRIS, Planter. 131. HENRY JONES, rebel Colonel. 132. HUGH McGEE, rebel Captain. 133. JOHN WILSON, Gentleman. 134. GEORGE WYCHE, rebel Officer. 135. WM. CANDLER, rebel Officer. 136. ZECHARIAH TENN, Planter. 137. WM. McINTOSH, rebel Colonel. 138. DAVID BRADIE, Surgeon. 139. ANDREW McLEAN, Merchant. 140. SIR PATRICK HOUSTOUN, Baronet. 141. McCARTIN CAMPBELL, Merchant. 142. JAMES GORDON, Planter. 143. JOHN KELL, Gentleman. 144. JOHN McLEAN, Planter. 145. JOHN SNIDER, Planter. 146. JOHN ELLIOTT, rebel Officer. 147. THOS. ELLIOTT, rebel Officer. 148. RIGHT) SWINNEY, Yeoman. 149. HUGH MIDDLETON, rebel Officer. 150. JOB PRAY, Mariner. 151. JOSIAH McLEAN, Planter. 106 CAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA.. Observations ects of Certain Late Political Suggestions. BytheDelegi rgid. Philadelphia: Printed by R. Aitken, Book- seller, in Marl eet, three doors above the Coffee-House. When the compiler visited Savannah, in 1852, he received from I. K. Tefft, Esq., the courteous and esteemed Corresponding Secretary of the Georgia Historical Society, permission to consult its valuable collections. Here he found the reprint of a pamphlet as above en- titled, for which the Society is indebted to the liberality of Mr. George Wymberley Jones, a young gentleman whose praiseworthy efforts to rescue from oblivion many important facts connected with the early history of Georgia, entitle him to the gratitude of her citizens. A very limited number of copies of this pamphlet were published, and we feel much pleasure in laying it before our readers. It will be seen that it was seriously contemplated at one time to leave South Carolina and Georgia under the dominion of Great Britain. " From the most recent accounts that have been received from Europe, there is the greatest reason to expect that a new commission will issue from the Court of London, for the purpose of again sound- ing the temper of America upon the subject of a pacification, in which the State of Georgia, and perhaps that of South Carolina, will not be regarded as part of the American Union, but excluded as hav- ing been again colonized to England by new conquest. The uti possidetis also has been much talked of in Europe as a probable basis for the peace ; and this report, although rejected with marks of abhorrence by all descriptions of men in America, circulates with ter- rors, as it is pretended to be drawn from the armed neutrality. The people who would be particularly affected by the operation of such principles ought to fear every thing, although justice, humanity, and the in-terests of America and her friends forbid them to dread any thing. They united in the one cause, and have sacrificed their blood and fortunes in its support, and therefore it would be unjust and in- human for the other parts of the Union separately to embrace the results of the common efforts, and leave them under the yoke of a bankrupt and enraged tyrant. To preserve the States entire is the object of the alliance with France, and it cannot be the interest of the other great branch of the family compact that we should again be made a part of the British Empire. We will not, however, enter into any further discussion of this subject than will be sufficient to show the importance of the question as it respects our own State, leaving to others to speak of their interests. In point of Commerce, no part of North America has given such presages of importance as the Colony and State of Georgia. From the conclusion of the last war, when it could scarcely be called a Province of England, to the commencement of the present, the rapid increase of its exports is scarcely to be equalled in any part of the world, as appears by Brown's Aggregate and other public documents. OBSERVATIONS OF GEORGIA DELEGATES. 107 The principal articles of exportation before the war were rice, indigo and skins to Europe, and lumber, horses and provisions to the 'West Indies. ********* Tobacco has been cultivated with the most astonishing success by men who have emigrated from Virginia. Upon trial, it has been found that both the climate and soil are better adapted to the cultiva- tion of this plant than those of Virginia ; the vegetation being more rapid and the season longer, the planter is enabled to produce two good crops in the year; whereas only one can be obtained in Vir- ginia and Maryland. The face of the country is less broken, and therefore the soil is richer, although of the same species ; nor is the quality otherwise than superior. About the beginning of this war, Mr. Hammond made several hogsheads from a field at the Walnut Hills, near Augusta, which being sent to London, sold for a farthing per pound more than the best from Virginia and Maryland, although he had not all the conveniences (it being the first attempt) necessary for the well curing of the plant. It is a fact that had the State re mained uninterrupted by the enemy's army, two-thirds of the planters, in the year 1779, would have turned their attention almost wholly upon tobacco, it being in more demand than rice or indigo. Upon several other trials, also, it has been found that hemp and cotton grow in the greatest luxuriance, and may be cultivated to much advantage, and the interior of the country abounds in iron ore. Advantages such as these apply of themselves ; but when we con- sider the amazing variety and extensive usefulness of the productions of this State, the parties in this war against England must see in a still stronger point of view the necessity of keeping it out of her hands. This is not all. An object of still greater importance must be re- membered. The coast of Georgia is approached by a gradual ascent from the Gulf of Florida, which runs nearly parallel with it, and her bars and inlets are superior to any on the southern part of the continent. She has, besides, the best timbers in the world for build- ing ships of war ; her islands and sea-board abound in live oak trees, the wood of which is the finest and most resisting against assaults, and the least prone to decay of any which has yet been discovered. Some time before this contest the British merchants to Georgia were encouraged by government to build large merchant vessels of this timber, with a view to convert them into frigates in case of a war which was then near taking place with France. The scheme, how- ever, was not pursued far, on account of the dispute with America. Congress, too, since the war, has been so sensible of the utility of getting ships of this wood, that in the latter end of the year 1776 they directed the Marine Committee to send persons to Georgia to cut timbers for a -seventy-four gun-ship and four frigates. Moulds were made in Philadelphia, and Mr. Donaldson was em- ployed and went and cut the timbers, and planned a Continental yard upon Sutherland's Bluff, alongside of which a seventy-four gun-ship, it is said, can ride with perfect safety, and near which place the tim- bers now lie. This gentleman, upon his return to Philadelphia. «wvy*oH to the 108 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. marine office that the best of timbers of every kind for building- any number and sizes of ships might be had in Georgia. However, this plan of augmenting the American marine could not be prose- cuted, the enemy having got possession of the coast in the latter part of the year 1778. An extract from an official letter to the Marine Committee, now in the Admiralty Office at Philadelphia, from Mr. Wereat, the agent of Congress in that State, and who had resided upon different parts of the sea-board upwards of twenty years, will give some idea of the importance of this object. He says : '"The oak timber in this State is exceeding good and plenty; it is to be found for large ships in the greatest quantities upon the Sea Islands. The largest I have observed is on the island of Blackbeard, which is not far from the middle of our coast. " Sapelo Inlet is the best water of any on this part of the Continent ; from the best information, there are about five fathoms at high water, and a fine bold channel from thence up to Sutherland's Bluff on the main-land, distant about twelve miles, on and near which place there is good timber. There is likewise to be got near this spot fine pine timber for plank, which may be cut from thirty to fifty feet long, ami upwards. " There is another place about forty miles to the southward of the former, very proper for the same purpose, called Brunswick, which has a communication by St. Simon's Inlet, at the south end of the island of that name. It has a good bar, and a forty-gun ship has been in there at the first settlement of the country by General Oglethorpe. If I recollect right, there are twenty-five feet upon the bar at high water, and a good channel. There are some other considerations which may be worthy the notice of your Board, which are the inexhaustible re- sources we have for naval stores, and our fine winters, in which season, snow is not seen once in several years, and near the sea-side not much frost. The above circumstances taken together, in my opinion, make this State the most proper for building ships of war of any of the thirteen." Besides the capacious inlets mentioned in the foregoing letter, and upon which the most commodious yards and docks might be erected, those to Savannah, Ogeechee, and Sunbury are well known for their safety and convenience, to which may be added those of New- port, Little St. Ilia, Great St. Ilia, Turtle River, and St. Mary's, each of corresponding utility to the State, bat which, from its infancy, have not yet been much used, all, however, capable of being made useful ports for trade, and which will, most certainly, be the case, as the country back of them becomes settled. From all these considerations it inevitably follows that the State of Georgia is a material part of the Union, and cannot be given up with- out affecting its essential interests, if not endangering its existence. It seems to be almost universally acknowledged that it is not only the interest of France and Spain, but of all Europe, Great Britain only excepted, that the bulk of North America should constitute an Inde- pendent Power. Upon this ground, therefore, and notwithstanding little mutinies which have happened in all States in the same circum- OBSERVATIONS OF GEORGIA DELEGATES. 109 stances, we presume, unquestionably, that there will remain a free confederacy of republics, maugre all the redoubled efforts of the enemy. But we will venture to pronounce, that should both the Carolinas, or the farther one and Georgia, be left in the power of England, at the conclusion of a peace she will desire to repeat her haughty preten- sions to a superior commerce, and the dominion of the ocean. She would be able to refit and rebuild her ships by the timber in these States ; to extend her settlements, in a short time, back to the Mississippi by emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland, the refugees, and all the tories of America, whom she would surely invite thither, and by such means secure the commerce. The Southern Colonies, by the treaty of Paris, were bounded by the river Mississippi, but that treaty being now done away by reciprocal hostilities, if any of these States should be recovered and kept bv the enemy, no doubt the ancient pretensions to the South Sea will be revived. Be this as it may, there is sufficient scope within the lines of Georgia, east of the Mississippi, for the most enterprising posses- sor. The main branch of Savannah River, by which it is bounded north, running a north-west course to its source, widens the country exceedingly, and presents an unappropriated tract of about five hun- dred miles in length and two hundred and fifty in breadth of land, the most to be preferred of any in North America, on account of the temperature of the climate, the fertility of the soil, and facilities of the most extensive navigation. And here it should be recollected that there are several valuable rivers which have their source in the interior parts of Georgia, and which running southerly through the narrow parts of West Florida, empty themselves into the Bay of Mexico ; the lands upon which being intermediate between the bay and the Atlantic, are most invit- ingly fertile ; and should England have possession of this State, can there be a doubt but her subjects would presently settle upon these lands, and claim the navigation into and through the Bav ? The genius and character of the people answer the question. Would not then Spanish settlements be liable to encroachments, and the whole kingdom consequently exposed to a new war ? But further with respect to Spain. Should England have it in her power to keep a fleet in the harbours of South Carolina and Georgia, with the resulting advantages of having always fresh supplies of men and provisions, would not the Spanish trade to and from South America be greatly exposed ? At the same time that the strength of the nation is admitted, the length of these voyages should be considered, as well as the interme- diate position of the country about which we are speaking. Should England, therefore, by these means, be able to control the trade of Spain, is it not probable that, having lost ground among the hardy sons of the North, she would ere long conceive the project of augment- ing her dominions in the South ? On the contrary, however, should the freedom of these States be pre- served and be in amity with Spain, the greatest safety will not only result to her trade, but particular advantages arise from their situation 110 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. and produce, such as friendly ports in distress, and supplies of fresh provisions. With regard to France, there is so fixed a confidence in its Great Monarch, who has honoured us with his alliance, and whose court is so illustrious for wisdom and policy, that we have a perfect reliance upon his persevering in the war until the freedom and independence of all the States of the Union to which he is allied shall be estab- lished. From that period she will begin to experience the rewards of her generous services to America. Her commerce in general will be increased, and her islands easily supplied, and most extensively and conveniently, from the two Southern States. In that of Georgia alone sufficient lumber might be had to rebuild all the towns of the West Indies, and pitch and tar enough for the fleets of the world. We will not believe that she will ever consent that such great re- sources should remain in the power of her unceasing enemy. But Great Britain says that she has already got possession — so she had of Boston, Rhode Island, Philadelphia, &c. We conclude these remarks by repeating as our opinion what has been said all over Europe and America, that the two Southern States being the feeble part of the Continent in point of numbers and com- pactness of settlement, can only be recovered by a naval superiority ; to which object, therefore, we could wish to fix the attention of all those whom it concerns. Done at Philadelphia, the 8th day of January, 1781, and in the fifth year of our independence. Geo. Walton. W. Few. R. Howlev. NAMES OF OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS WHO APPLIED FOR LAND. 1 1 1 NAMES OF SUCH OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS WHO MADE APPLICATION FOR LAND. The following is a list of the names of such officers and soldiers only who made application to the Governor and Council of the State of Georgia, in pursuance of the second section of an act of the As- sembly, passed on the 17th day of February, 1783, entitled, "An Act for opening the Land Office, and for other purposes therein mentioned," for procuring a certificate in pursuance of the section above referred to, and a resolution of Congress, of the 16th of September, 1776, of the bounty of land due them respectively for their services during the last war with Great Britain, in what was called the Georgia Conti- nental Establishment. Anderson. Charles, Soldier. Andrews, George, " Andrew, Francis, u Allen, Moses. Ailison, Henry, Capt. Banks, Reuben, Soldier. Barber, Chester, " Bell, Hugh, " Be nn is, John, Capt. Berrien, John. Major. Berry, John, Soldier. Berry, Wm., " Bishop, Wm , " Blount, Jacob, Capt. Booker, Gideon, " Braddock. John, " Biaddock, David, Soldier. Bradley, Abram, " Bradley, Richard, " Berk, James, " Burnett, John, " Burton, Richard, " Butry. Z., " Brown, Francis, " Brown, John, il Brownson, Nathan, Hosp. Surg. Baxter, Wm. Bradley, M. Brown, Jacob. Barker, C. Bresard, C. Childers, Thomas. Connelly, James. Conway, Thomas. Corbin, Wm. Crocker, Wm. Chisolm. John. Collins, Stephen. Campbell, John. Collins, John. Camp, Samuel. Childers, David. Collins, John. Childers. D. Cuthbert, A. Corven, Edward, Lieut. Collins, C. Connolly. W. J. Corney, M. Dean, Wm. Davenport, Stephen. Davis, Meredith. Davidson, Wm. Dempier. , Sergeant. Davenport, Thomas. Dollar. John. Ducin, John, Capt. Devereaux, Peter. Day, Joseph, Capt. Davis. C, Sergeant. Day, Robert, Soldier. Debosk, Peter, Capt. De Laplaign, Emanuel P., Capt. Deveaux, Peter, Aidto Gen. Gates. Dooly, George, 2nd Lieut. Dooly, John, Capt. Dooly, Thomas, " Dowman, R., " Ducoin, John, " Evans, John. Eacholls, E. Evans, N. Ellis, Robert. Evans, B. Eimbeck, Geo., Barrack Master. Eustice, J. Elliott, Daniel, Soldier. 112 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Elbert, Samuel, Brig.-Ge.ri. Frazer, John. Fredeoner, C. Glascock. Thomas. Gravat, 0. Gibbs, Wm. Harsaw, Thomas. Harris, G. L. Hillary, C. Hayes, Arthur, Lieut. Hicks, J., Capt. Hughs, N., Lieut. Houstoun, James, Doctor. Hendley, George, Capt. Hancock, George, '' Habersham, John, Major. Johnston, Wm. Jordan, Wm. Kin jr. John, Soldier. Kniel, Patrick, <•' Lancaster, Rowland, Soldier. Lancaster, Wm., " Lane, James, " Lane, Joseph, Major. Lanktord, Josiah, Soldier. Lankford, Moses, " Lazarus, N., " Lester, Tho.', « Low, P., Major. Lucas, J., Capt. Linson, J. Lintch, J. Lynn, C Lynn, J. Lambuck, Wm. McVickers, D. Mabry, Ralph. McHancy, Terry. Mitchell, Wm. McBride, Edward. Mase, Joseph. Mastein, Wm. Mcintosh, L., Brig.-Gen. McCall, Richard. Moore, Francis. Mcintosh, John, Col. Marbury, L.. Col. Matthews, Geo., Brig.-Gen. Moseley, Robert. Mcintosh, L. Meanly, J. Morrison, J., Capt. Moseley, L. -Matthews, Wm., Capt. McDowell, James. Mcintosh, Wm. Mil ion, J. Melvin, Geo. Millar, E. Mitchell, J. Maxwell, Josiah. McGilton, Vance. McGilton, James. Newdigate, John, Capt. Nash, Clement, " Nugard, Michael. Newnan. John. Nix, George. Nug.tn, M. Oakman, W., Fife Major. O'Bryan, James, Soldier. Ornsby, Daniel, Fife Major. Pounds, R. Pamell, Joseph, Lieut.- Col. Parham, Richard, Soldier. Paxton, Wm. " Payne, Thos., Lieut. Pearrie, N. Petillo, John, Soldier. Phiney, L. Porter, B., Major. Porter. R., Lieut. Porter, T., " Powell, J., Pray, Job, Capt. Plaigue, D. E. L., Capt. Reyfield, J. Pae, Robert, Col. Reynolds, A. Robinson, A. Read, Wm., Doctor. Stiff, Wm. Sessums, Wm. Sampson, Samuel. Saulberry, Thos. Sutton, R. Screven, James, Gen. Smith. R. Sick, F. Scott, Wm. Sheftall, M. Sheftall, S. Sharp, B. J. Shields, Andrew. Stud man, James. Tennell, S. NAMES OF OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS WHO APPLIED FOR LAND. 113 Thomas. B, Threadgill, T. Templeton. A., Capt. Threadgill, Wm. Tucker,^ P. Turner, C. Turner, G. Twidall, J. Turner. B. Tennill. T., Capt. Turner. D. Vickers, Solomon, Walton. Nathaniel. Lieut. Webb, John. Webster, B. Williams, C. White, John. Wells, M. Willaby, W. Whitmore, J. Webster, Thos. Wash, Wm. Winfrey, J., Cant. Warden. J. Wagnon, P. J. Walton. Jesse. White. John. Col. Wash. Patrick, Major. Wood, J. Williamson. L. Wright, S., Capt. Wood. James. Wasl^ E. Waunon, T. Walton, George.* Names of the Officers vrfto were in the Continental Line of the Georgia Brigade during the Revolutionary War, including Infantry, Dragoons, Legionary Corps, and General Staff. Brigade Generals. — Lachlan Mcintosh, Samuel Elbert. Colonels. — James Screven, John White, Robert Rae. Lieut. -Colonels. — Joseph Habersham, Joseph Lane, Thomas Chisholm, Fran- / cis Moore. Philip Lowe, George Handley, Benjamin Porter ; John S. Eustace, Adjutant-General; Lachlan Mcintosh, Junior Brigade Inspector; John Berrien, Brigade Major; John Milton. A. D. C; George Melven. B. Q. M. Captains. — John Bennis, Gideon Booker, Chestley Bostwick, Celerine Brosard, John Bard, Charles Eudd, Isharri^Qopk, Arthur Carney, Rani < Jacob Col- son, John Cunningham, Alexander D. Cuthbert, Joseph Day, Daniel Duval, Peter Debosh, John Dooly, Thomas Dooly', Ignatius Few, John Greene, John Han- cock, William Hornby, Jaret, Evans Lewis, John Lucas, William Matthews, William Mcintosh. Thomas Morris, Elisha Millar, John Moscly, Charles Middle- ton, Littlebeny Mosely, Clement Nash, Patrick Fitzpatrick. James Powell, Thomas Scott. Andrew Templeton, Thomas Threadgill, Jesse Winfrey, Shadrach Wright, Lieutenants. — Francis Arthur, Thomas Brown, James Bryan, John Caldwell, Cornelius Collins, Edward Cowen, Walter Dixon, George Dooly, Thomas Glas- cock, Caleb Howell. Arthur Hayes, Christopher Hillery, Robert Howe, Nathaniel Hughes, Wi Ham Johnson, William Jordan, William Lowne, Josiah Maxwell, John Manley. John Mitchell, Thomas Mitchell, John Martin, William McDon- ald, Thomas Netherland, John Newdigate, Benjamin Odin-sell, Thomas Payne, I Nathaniel Pierre. Robert, Porter, Thomas Porter, William Roach, John Rae, Abraham Seixas, Robert Simpson, E. Shick, David Sarzedas, Randolph Smith, * This List is taken from a book in the Executive Office at Milledgcville, prepared by the late Major \. B Fannin. 114 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF. GEORGIA. Steadman, Francis Tennell, David Turner, J. P.'Wagnon, George Walton, Jesse Walton, Robert Ward. General Staff.— Richard Wyley, Q. M. G. ; Joseph Clay, P. M. G. ; Mor- decai Sheftall, C. G. ; Sheftall Sheftall, D. C. G. ; David Rees, Judge Advocate; Moses Allen, Chaplain. Hospital Department. — Surgeons, David Bradie, McKinne. Surgeons' Mates.-r-Adam Alexander, Nathan Brownson, James Houstoun, Thomas Davenport, Frederick Ridgley, — — Wood. Legionary Corps. — James Jackson, Colonel; Thomas Washington, Major. Captains. — Henry Alison, Sherwood Bugg, John Morrison, James Stallings, John Lyons. ./ Lieutenants. — Thomas Hamilton, Ezekiel Stallings, Benjamin Hawkins, Stephen Blount, Benjamin Harvey, Nicholas Millar. Artillery. — Major, Roman de Lisle. Captains. — Edward Young, John Fraser. Colonels. — Samuel Jack, John Stewart. Lieut.- Colonel. — Elijah Clark. NAMES OF OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS WHO WENT TO MEXICO. 115 Names of the Officers and Privates of the Georgia Regiment of Volun- teers who went to Mexico. Henry R. Jackson, Savannah, Colonel. | Charles J. Williams, Columbus, Major. Thomas Y. Redd, Columbus, Lieut.-Col. | John Forsyth, Columbus, Adjutant. GEORGIA LIGHT INFANTRY COLUMBUS. J. S. Calhoun, Captain. E. R. Goulding, 1st Lieutenant. H. C. Anderson, 2d " W. B. Phillips, 1st .Sergeant. Asa B. Hoxie, 2d " W. T. Smith, 3d « M. H. Blandford, 4th Sergeant. R. R. Howard, 1st Corporal. A. Scott, 2d " Tn. Reynolds, 3d " Geo. Lindsay, 4th " Privates.— E. C. Allen, Lucius A. G. Allen, James Arledge, Charles J. Barrow, Leonidas T. Belk, William Blankenship, George W. Bronson, Zachariah Boothe, Amor Boyd, Frederic E. Brooking, Jesse S. Bryan, Calvin Bryant. Young G. Burke, Lewis Chandler, Cicero J. Clarke, David S. Cooper, Joseph Crepps, James T. Cunningham, John R. Gushing. Ster^heo-Daftiels, Richard Delanay, Absalom M. Dennis, Nathan B. Duke, James F. H. Ellington, John H. Ellis, William Forsyth, Bryant Farmer, William Farmer, Peter F. Farrar, Michael Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Flournoy, Richard Fox, Albert L. Garrard, Thomas Gilbert, Obadiah B. R. Graham, Jackson M. Greenhow, Sidney Grigg, James R. Hanson, Upton S. Heath, William M. James, John G. Jones, James E. Johnson, William Keiley. ^ Joseph Keiley, James Kellogg, John Law, Robert D. Lee, James Love, Alexan- der Lowther/John R. Moore,,, William Myrick, Duncan H. Nix, Henry C. Over- ton, Henry S. Orr, Andrew 1 Pickens, William V. Porter, Lincoln Preble, John W. Park, Jesse B. Reeves, Granville L. Robinett, Joseph T. Robinson, James T. Rogers, William M. Rogers, Lucius C. Saunders, Samuel Sledge, Samuel B. Spencer, Lindsay Showse, Thomas B.Teate, J. Thaddeus Thompson, Micajah W. Thweatt, William H- Trawick, James S. Wells, Francis M. Whithurst, Charles R. Wiggins, William Wilton, Thomas R. Wilson, Gilbert J. Wright, Lawrence A. Wright. Musicians. — William McCullough, James M. Stonaker. — 91. COLUMBUS GUARDS. Jno. E. Davies, Captain. Jno. Forsyth, 1st Lieutenant. C. P. Hervey, 2d " R. Ellis, 1st Sergeant. J. King, 2d " W. C. Holt, 3d " W. C. Hodges, 4th Sergeant. W. G. Andrews, 1st Corporal. V. D. Thorpe, 2d ; < Jas. Hamilton, 3d " R. A. McGibony, 4th " Privates.— Francis J. Abbot, Enoch H. Adams, William Boland, Elijah N. Bo- land, John C. Blackman, James M. Bugg, Robert Boseman, John B. Buffington, Michael Claffy, James Curley, William E. Cropp, Freeman W. Clem, James E. Cammack, Wesley G. Cox, Robert W. Coleman, William W. Crenshaw, John 116 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. F. Daniel, Francis W. Davidson, Ethelridge A. Dye, John B. Elam, John G. Eubanks, Charles S. Fontaine, Daniel Finnegan. Solomon Gowan, Benjamin F. Graves, William B. Gilliam, William H. Hallman. Lafayette M. Harwell, Absa- lom Hollingsvvorth, John E. Hagan, George A. Huckaby, James B. Hickey, Wil- liam W. Huff. Calvin A. Hearne, John R. Ivey, M. Johnson, Marks Kanz, Wil- liam Kayler, Bailey B. Light, Malcolm F. McNeil, William P. McGehee, H. L. McGehee, Patrick McDonald, Phillips Mooney, William W. McCall. William H. Mitchell, Marion Mallsby, Alfred Mays, Thomas Mulligan, William P. Martin George Pervis, Gustavua A. Parker, P. D. Roberts, Snovvden Roberts. Thomas Y. Redd, Erastus Roland, William F. Ruff, Hugh Reese, Lewis Ri.v, Cyrus Robert- son, John T. Sledge, Asberry Seats, Edward R. Sloat, William Sells, Joseph Shippey, Charles Smith, Nathaniel S. Turner, William Woods, Augustus Woods, John Wood, Randal II. Wood, R. W. J. Wright, John B. Weems, Osbom J. Wells. Musicians. — Martin Hettrick, Francis Gerbode.— 87. RICHMOND BLUES AUGUSTA. J. F. Glover, 4th Sergeant. S. Johnson, 1st Corporal. H. Baker, 2d " A. Phillips, 3d " G. Gordon, 4th " D. W. Dill. Captain. J. Phinizy, 1st Lieutenant. A. H. McLawes, 2d " W. Phillips, 1st Sergeant. D. D. McMurphy, 2d « R. H. Ringgold, 3d " Privates. — Francis Agnew, Benjamin Ansley, William Archy, R. H. Bush, John Bradey, R. D. Bridges, John Batly, J. W. Berry, P. Barret, J. M. Brown, John W. Conklin, James Callahan, F. C. Cattinet, Joseph M. Collins, Washington Collins, Milton Cawley, Timothy Crawley, John C. Colo, Patrick Cole, M. M. Copeland, N. M. Drummond, William Dye, Matthew Doyle, C. Donovan, M. Dolon, William Darby, William Dickson, John Evans, Thomas Farrell, Alfred Guthrie, Thomas Guideron, John Griffin, Michael Gaffney, T. Gallagher, James Hickey, William S. Hawthorne, E. H. Holliday, T. Haley, James M Jennings, A. J. Knox, T. Li ttle, William Larkin, James Lamar, James Lynch, John P. McKenzie, Thomas McPherson, Briton Mims, Andrew Michell, Terrance Mc- Guire, Robert Musgrove, John F. Markee, W. Medlar, R. W. Murray, T. McCabe, Martin O'Riley, William Oaks, William Pardue, F. D. Pettagrew, Ber- nard Rowe, F. E. Roathe, J. Riddel. A G. Roberts, James J. R. Roper, J. E. y, Richardson, James Riley, Matthew Smith, George Shannon, J. D. Salmons, Lewis Sumner, Willis Seay, Thomas Tobin, J. W. Taylor, Lewis Vanzandt, Jas. Wolling, Samuel Wilcox, William Wilcox, J. S. Wright, W. Williamson, V. W. Watkins, George W. Wheeler. Musicians. — J. J. Hubbard, M. McGovern.— 93. JASPER GREENS SAVANNAH. J. McMahon. Captain. G. Curlette, 1st Lieutenant. D. O'Conner, 2d " Jno. Devany, 1st Sergeant. M. Carey, 2d " P. Martin, 3d " Leo. Wylly, 4th Sergeant. M. Feery, 1st Corporal. P. Tierney, 2d " T. Bourke, 3d <; Owen Rielly, 4th " NAMES OF OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS WHO WENT TO MEXICO. 117 Privates.— William Bandy, W. D. Burke, P. Bossu, Francis Camfield, James Chalmers. P. Clark, Patrick Cody, John Coffee, William Coffee, James Coulih- han, Elijah Condon. Joseph Davis, Dennis Desmond, Michael Downy, Michael Duggati, Francis Dutzmer, Charles Farrelly, Thomas Fenton, David Fountain, James Fleeting. James Flynn, William P. Fielding, James Feely. Patrick Ger- riu, Moses Gleason, 0. B. Hall, Michael Hoar, Timothy Howard, R. M. Howard, E. W. Irwin, John Keegin, Humphrey Leary, W. S. Levi, David Lynch, Michael Lynch, L. Mahony. Henry Marony, John Makin, Bryan Morris, Jas. McFeehilly. H. V. Morel, John Meldrum, William Murray, Michael Murphy, Daniel Murphyj Hugh Murtagh, Henry Nagle, Dan Nickels, M. M. Payne, George Perminger, Thomas Pidgeon, John Regan, Francis Reeves, R. Richardson. J. Rinehart, B. Rodebuck, R. M. Robertson, J. D. Ryan, Thomas Ryan, John Sanderlin, Michael Shea, Peter SuzmeTl, David Stokes, C. F. E. Smith, R. L. S. Smith, Patrick Shiels, Patrick Tidings, Daniel F. Towles, J. W. Warden, James Waters, Michael Weldon, John Whaling, James Waters, Jr., Jacob Zimmerman. Musi- cians. — William Gatehouse, George Gatehouse. — 86. MACON GUARDS. Isaac Holmes. Captain. E. L. Shklton, 1st Lieutenant. E. S. Rodger s, 2d " Wm. D. Griffin, 1st Sergeant. J. B. Gumming, 2d " J. A. McGregor, 3d " P. J. Shannon, 4th Sergeant. A B. Ross, 1st Corporal. Edwin Harris, 2d " Tnos. E. Orcutt, 3d " R. T. McGregor, 4th " Privates. — James A. Abbott, Wilson J. Aderhold, Edmund Barnard. James W. Beasley. Orran W. Buffington, Edward Curd, Peter W. Clayton, William J. Cum- ming, Rums Cook,William Carter, John W. Cooper, John Cleesby, James Car- son, John R. Candler, William Davis, Isaac Domingos, John L. Eel!s. William English, James E. Flint, Elijah Foster, Alfred T. Franklin, Alexander H. Fnmk- lin, Charles E. Flanders, Simon W. Freeman, George ^A. Grimes, Lewis Gee Solomon Groce, Richard Head, Elliott Higgins, William Hughes, Alexander Hammersley, Andrew W. S. Harris. William A. Harris, Alexander H. Hawkins, Simeon Horton, William S. Johnston, William Kennedy, D. G. Kennedy, Wil- liam King, William L King, John T. Lamar, Wilson Logue, A. D. Logan, I John Loughridge, John H. Lane, Allen J. McGraw, John McGowan, Seaborn j^ Moore, James Martin, Alfred B. McKee, William W. Munson, Robert E. Macar- thy, Thomas McNeely, Sanford Moore, Robert Melton, Sanford F. Miniard, Tho- mas J. McCrary, Thomas J. Moody, A. A. Park, William Robinson, Alexander Reynolds, William M. Ralston, Alexander R. Ralston, David A. Ralston, Caleb W. Rembert, Marcus Roberts, AlbertL. Ross, Thomas Shirly, Sebastian Shaw, Robert Snead, William Spratt, Robert H. Tindall, John S. Tilliston, Gilbert E. Thigpen, Claiborne Vaughan, William W. Woodall, William Walker, Edward N. Wood, Franklin W. Wright, Robert T. Walker, Timothy D. Wood, William M. Wright.— 92. 118 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. SUMTER COUNTY VOLUNTEERS. G. Hughes, 4th Sergeant. H. Edwards, 1st Corporal. C. H. Cottle, 2d " M.S. Thompson, 3d " W. A. Elkins, 4th " J. A. S. Turner, Captain. 0. C. Horne, 1st Lieutenant. .1 Cottle, 2d Lieutenant. S. P. Woodward, 1st Sergeant. N. N. Thompson. 2d " L. T Taylor, 3d " Privates.— Jeremiah B. Ansley, Thomas J. Aiken. James T. Ballard, Joshua Boyd, Sajathiel Buokner. John Burgess, Abner B. Conner, William J. Connier, Norman Carmichael, Elias Clarke, John Clarke, William B. Chandler, John M. Cauthen, Uriah Collum, William Champion, George W. Compton, Shadrick Crawford, Daniel J. Derrizeaux, George Derrizeaux, Franklin Duvan, Jacob Duckworth, Richard 0. Echolls, James Fudge, William Goodson, John B. Gib-on, William K. Gilmore, Robert R. Golding, Charles Graham. James H. Heffiink, Wil- liam S. Cook, John B. Cook. Alfred Cook, Ludy Cothren, Chesley C. Curtis, Wm. M. Camp, Isaac W. Carpenter, Lewis A. Carpenter, David P. Copeland, Thomas E. Dickerson, Benjamin Dean, James A. Delaney, Alexander M. Dolaney, Stephen P. Ellis. John T. Dickerson, John W. Finchen, Richard M. C-ramling, Henry J. Gait, Nehemiah J. Garrison, Elisha Hillhouse, Samuel W. Hillhouse, Joseph Heard, John O. Hobson, Nathaniel M. Harris, Christopher llulleft, John C. Hatiley, Luther R. Henley, Isham Jordan, George W. Keith. George W. Lawhorne, John B. Lajsson, Sanford Loven, John Lusk, William Lusk. Zimmerman Lawhorne, Henry M. Long, James M. Lon?, Levi Lancaster, Joshua McConnel, John C. Maddox, Jesse E. Machen, Samuel McConnel, James MoM iha \, Samuel G. Mathis, Christenbury Phillips, James 0. Phillips, John A. Roberts. Samuel M. Rice, Albeit Rodders. John A. Roark, William A. Rivers, Ray Manning, Wil- liam W. Rich, Isaac L. Scago, Benjamin F. Strain, Henderson Simeraly. John B. Sutherland; Robert Spri» P <1 a S3 (3 3 A ° t-'O £ -1 sap £ s~ a a < s ; 2 -a ±2 2 ~ 03 £ c OS O .O B - r. si- jz A c =s CU J3 h • - Tl T* S£

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B.— A per servod the- Orpliun ■ 3 3 t fc M i fcD : 3 3 c 3 i-l CM « - S CO CO 00 c 334 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. e s ^ -O c« « o fe B § o o •" a »" ♦'■a S <3 "S'o ? o P»-J [£ « « K -g 05 d .- 'Si 2 3 o3 *S ■ S-2J3 -fe g aa ■£ g ^ « » a g , E 5 = lS «5> n S 5= S 5 5 SW M f - S 53.3 ■a ■" 5 J i- b £ C3*~ £ £» H g 2 i— Ol — • °^ rH 1 £ S £ -f< o 13 rH t- t 5 — 3" q ; p, S js • o 3 Si is z? c w « CO CO CO CO O ^ a is a o C3 u CO =3 H ^ In CO «2 CO CO CO CO t"S*S ■^T. p. 2 o3 a S m** i-bOi 3$ CO t- m a a ,3 s c O « a eg .g t3 .a W h-1 Ph o w ■<* O O *C> 2 < CHATHAM COUNTY. 335 •J3)STUU|00[p£ ajnv siq puB }uapua}imadiig SjapjBog apjma^i II" ni ; A\opu\ pa^B ny 3 op eiBnraj S1UBA g -jas apstu pa^uapujU ••• -siaunoqBi paJiHuT snsqdjo ap.'j\[lgg •asnoq aq} in aio^j 101 II«ni SI asnoq oqi ui q^s a.iu qatqAV jo OMj 'aoiiwanpa puu pjBoq Jiaq} joj uouavjsuvs apBiu suonBia.i asoqAY uaapuqQ 9VaJBuiaj „ '„ „ S3 — apnu 'sjuajBd psq oq.u najpuqo jooj siiBqiljo a[Binaj; suBqdio a[Bj^ •uajp|iqajo aaqmnu a[oqA\ aqj, "asnoq aqj ib sjapjBoq A\an oavj pno 'noiiaBjst]BS§ni^Bia spnauj jo sjuajud jiaqi 'pauopuata a.iu ubw asnoq oqj in uopBanpa paAtaaaj oqAv ajoui naa^aiq; uaaq 9.\m\ a-iaqj, — aioj honour and duty to my prince. Sentiments of a different kind occasion the liberty of now addressing myself to your Excellency ; they are those of hu- manity. The houses of Savannah are occupied solely by women and children. Several of them have applied to me, that I might request the favour you would allow them to embark on board a ship or ships, and go down the river under the protection of yours, until this business is decided. If this requisition you are so good as to grant, my wife and children, with a few servants, shall be the first to profit by this indulgence. I have the honour to be, &c, &c, A. Prevost. Answer No. IV. Copy of a Letter from Count D'Estaing and General Lincoln to Major- General Prevost, dated Camp before Savannah, October 6th, 1779. Sir : — We are persuaded that your Excellency knows all that your duty pre- scribes ; perhaps your zeal has already interfered with your judgment. The Count D'Estaing, in his own name, notified to you that you would be personally 352 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. and alone responsible for the consequences of your obstinacy. The time which you informed him, in the commencement of the siege, would be necessary for the arrangement of articles, including the different orders of men in your town, had no other object than that of receiving succour. Such conduct, Sir, is suffi- cient to forbid every intercourse between us which might occasion the least loss of time. Besides, in the present application, latent reasons may again exist. There are military ones, which in frequent instances have prevented the in- dulgence you request. It is with regret we yield to the austerity of our functions; and we deplore the fate of those persons who will be the victims of your conduct, and the delusion which appears to prevail in your mind. We are, with respect, &c, &c, (Signed,) B. Lincoln. EsTAING. Return of the Casualties in the different Corps, during the Siege. One Captain, 2 Lieutenants, 1 Ensign, 4 Sergeants, 32 rank and file, killed. 2 Captains, 2 Lieutenants, 2 Sergeants, 1 drummer, 56 rank and file, wounded. 2 drummers, 2 rank and file, missing. 5 Sergeants, 2 drummers, 41 rank and file, deserted. Names of Officers killed. Lieutenant Henry McPherson, 1st battalion 71st, 24th September. Lieutenant Tawse, of ditto, and Captain Lieutenant of dragoons, 9th of Oc- tober. Captain Simpson, Georgia Loyalists, 8th of October. Ensign Pollard, 2d battalion, De Lancey's, 4th of ditto. Names of Officers killed. Captain Cozens, 3d battalion, Jersey Volunteers, 24th of September. Lieutenant Smollet Campbell, 2d battalion, 71st, and Lieutenant of dragoons, 9th of October. Captain Henry, of the South Carolina Royaiists, 9th of October. (Signed,) A. Prevost, M. G. Camp, Savannah, Oct. \8th, 1779. CHATHAM COUNTY. 363 LOSS OF THE STEAMER PULASKi. A gentleman who was on board of this ill-fated steamer, has kindly furnished us with the following interesting narrative, entitled "A Memorandum of the Incidents of One Day at Sea." It was prepared for the sole use of his family, and it was only after earnest solicitation on the part of the author that he consented to furnish him with a copy for insertion among the " Historical Collections of Georgia." That it will be read with the most thrilling interest, we cannot entertain a doubt. The steam-packet Pulaski, Captain Dubois, left Savannah at. eight o'clock on Wednesday morning, the 13th of June, 1838, with about ninety passengers, and a crew of thirty-seven persons. She arrived at Charleston the same afternoon, and departed the next morning at six o'clock for Baltimore, with about sixty-five additional passengers. Of the passengers about forty-five were females, and from fifteen to twenty were children. As it was the period of the year when the usual summer migra- tion from the South to the North was at its height, and as the Pulaski was a favourite boat, particularly in Savannah, the passengers consisted of some of the most respectable persons of the two States of Georgia and South Carolina, em- bracing, in several instances, every, and in many, most of the members of distin- guished families. Attracted by the reputation of the packet, the shortness of the voyage, and the circumstance that it would embrace "only one night at sea," many persons had come to Savannah from distant points to embark in the Pulaski. Among them may be particularly mentioned Judge Rochester, of New- York, from Pensacola, and a party of eleven persons from Florida, consisting of the Rev. Mr. Woart, lady and child, the Rev. Mr. , Dr. Stewart, lady and child, Mrs. Taylor, Mr. Stewart, and Mr. McCrea.* From Savannah were Mr. G. B. Lamar, with his wife and seven children, being every member of his immediate family; Mr. Parkman, with three daughters and a son, Mr. Hutchinson, wife and two children, Dr. Cumming and lady, Mrs. William Mackay and two children,, with many others. The Pulaski, dressed out gaily in her flags, crossed the bar of Charleston be- tween seven and eight o'clock. The weather was clear, and apparently settled, the wind blowing freshly and coolly from the southeast, and both sky and sea giving every promise of a safe and pleasant passage. The appearance and feel- ings of the passengers were in harmony with the elements around them. Cheer- fulness and pleasure were depicted in every countenance. All appeared happy and disposed to contribute to the happiness of others; and the observation was general, that to travel in such a way was, truly, a mere jaunt of pleasure. As the day advanced the wind increased in force, and shifted to the east. During the latter part of the afternoon the waves became high, and the vessel * Of this party of eleven persons^ only one escaped. 23 354 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. rolled so much that most of the ladies retired to their berths, and at tea many even of the gentlemen were missing. About sunset the clouds began to muster heavily towards the northeast, and predictions were made that a gale was brewing in that quarter. At nine, how- ever, the clouds had very generally dispersed, and the stars shone out with great brilliancy above; beneath, the sea heaved in long waves, the inky darkness of which was relieved only as the wind broke their crests into wreaths of snowy foam. The sea striking the vessel under the weather bow. and impeding her progress, a full pressure of steam was given, to enable her to overcome the resistance, which she did in gallant style ; and at ten o'clock, when I left the deck, she was dashing through the water at the rate of eleven miles an hour, with a steadiness and ease which indicated power, but no unusual effort. At this time nearly all of the passengers had retired from the deck to the cabins, where a few still con- tinued to converse or read, until half after ten, when the last stragglers went to their berths, anticipating a quiet and refreshing night's rest. Having exchanged with Colonel and Mrs. Dunham, who occupied the next berths to my own, and with whom I had been conversing, the usual wishes for a pleasant night's rest, undressing myself, I soon fell into a sound slumber. I could not have been asleep more than half an hour when I was suddenly awoke by a deep, hollow, and heavy sound, like the discharge of a battery of cannon at a short distance, which was instantly followed by a violent concussion of the air, a universal tremor of the vessel, and a loud and general crash, as if the sides and decks had been, by some irresistible force, crushed together. The report and the crash left no doubt that the boiler had exploded; and, as I sprung up from my berth, the conviction was strong in my mind that the vessel was in a sinking condition. The lights having been extinguished in the after cabin, in which I was, by the concussion of the air, it was some moments before I could ascertain the posi- tion of the companion stairway; and it was only after stumbling over the floor, which was torn up, that, placing my hand on the table, and following it down, I perceived the light at the head of the companion. On reaching the deck, I pro- ceeded to the door of the ladies' cabin — which was immediately above that of the gentlemen's — with the intention of seeing two ladies who were under my charge, with the double object of calming their fears, and of placing them where I could find them. At the door, I met the ladies with their children, all in their night-dresses, huddled together, with an expression of wild dismay and horroi depicted on every countenance, anxiously inquiring what was the matter. 1 called for the ladies under my care, when one of them, holding her son by the hand, answered, and came to me. I requested her to be composed, and not to leave that spot, until I could ascertain the character of the accident, and return to her. Proceeding over the fragments of glass with which the deck was strewed, and which gashed my feet, I met several persons crying out that the boat was on fire, and calling for buckets and water. For an instant I turned; but, reflecting that the fire must soon be checked by the leaks, I proceeded over the starboard deck to the centre of the vessel, where the engine was placed. The scene of wild destruction which there presented itself precluded all hope CHATHAM COUNTY. 355 of safety, and rendered it certain that the vessel must sink in a very few minutes. The promenade deck and wheel-house, (which were above the boilers.) with the state-rooms on the right side, were all blown off, the decks ripped up, the bar- room and bulkhead, between the boilers and the forward cabin, crushed, and the right side of the hull so shattered, that the sea rushed in most fearfully. The boiler appeared to have been rent in the top, throughout its whole length, and the end next to the bow of the boat burst out on the right side. The Jefl boiler and that side of the vessel were comparatively uninjured, in consequence of which, she careened over to the left^ and fortunately threw the shattered side partially out of water. As she, however, soon fell into the trough of the sea, at every roll the water rushed in, and increased in quantity as she set- tled down. Perceiving that the boat was inevitably and rapidly sinking, I returned towards the stern. As I reached the companion of the after cabin, I met a poor wretch dragging himself on the deck, and calling out most piteously, "0 God! both of my legs are blown off.'' It was the barber, whose shop was near the boilers. At this moment, the ladies' cabin and the deck in front of it presented a most heart-rending spectacle. Ladies, children, and men, all in their night-clothes, were grouped together. The wildest expression of alarm and despair marked the countenances of the ladies, while the gentlemen were anxiously seeking for their wives and children, and endeavouring to calm their fears by holding out hopes which they knew to be utterly vain. There were frantic and wild calls for hus- bands and children — despairing inquiries if there was no hope of safety — horror and utter dismay; but there was little shrieking. The shock was, as yet, too sudden and stupefying, the danger too undefined, for loud exclamations of grief or alarm. There seemed to be a general, deep, and appalling feeling, that some terrible and overwhelming calamity had occurred; but as yet everything was uncertain and undefined. As I reached the companion of the gentlemen's cabin, I stood still for a moment to rally myself. I felt that the final hour of my existence had arrived, that there was no possible escape, and I summoned up all my energies to meet my fate with calmness and fortitude. The images of my wife, children, father and mother, flashed before my mind; the bitter pang of the last separation wrung my soul for an instant ; — the struggle was over, and I w T as collected and ready to meet the emergency. My thoughts were now directed to the ladies and children under my care, whose helpless and dependent situation called for every effort to save them. Im- mediately descending to my berth, I drew on my pantaloons, and made the mental inquiry, what articles of clothing would be most useful. Boots and shoes were rejected, as too cumbrous for swimming; and, throwing a large camlet cloak over my arm, for the protection of the ladies and children, I reached the deck, and passed rapidly to the starboard quarter, where I had noticed one of the small yawls hanging, and many settees and tables. As I got to it, I found two of the crew casting off the ropes, and in the act of lowering the boat. I had now but to spring in, and my individual safety was insured; — the ladies were, however, not there. The time lost in searching for them would probably deprive me of this only chance of life; but the occasion called for the risk. 356 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Proceeding to (he door of the ladies' cabin, and assuming as calm a tone as I could, I called for the ladies under my care. They instantly replied ; when, merely observing, •' Follow me, ladies — you have not a moment to lose, ; ' I turned towards the yawl, and the ladies followed. We had not proceeded far when Mrs. 's foot slipped, and she fell with her son. I turned to assist them, but before I reached her she had recovered. This accident placed one of the ladies in advance, and, by the time I had got up with her, she had reached the boat. The hands were in it, and had nearly lowered it down to the water. Taking the infant from Mrs. , I assisted her on to the bulwarks, and requested her to jump into the boat, which she immediately did — a distance of ten feet. Her fall was fortunately broken by striking on one of the persons in the boat. Per- ceiving that the boat was about to be shoved off, I then sprang down myself, with the infant in my arms. The yawl surged off as I sprang, my feet struck the gunwale, and I fell backwards into the sea. When I arose to the surface, I re- gained the boat, and threw the infant into its mother's arms. Getting in. I requested Mrs. to throw down her son, which she immediately did. I caught him, and called to her to jump herself; — she fell into my arms, and the whole of our party were safe in the yawl. The next instant it was shoved off. As I looked up, the side of the steamboat was thronged with persons, calling out, '•Hold on to that boat — don't shove off that boat." In another moment, had the boat not been pushed off, they would have precipitated themselves in a mass on us, and sunk it. There are moments in life, when the escape from impending danger has ex- ceeded all possible hope, that the belief of an overruling Providence is felt with irresistible force. The heart then, overflowing with gratitude, bows with deep-felt thankfulness to the hand that has been stretched out to save. Never were persons in a situation more calculated to inspire such a feeling than we were at this moment. When the yawl left the side of the Pulaski, it was agreed that we should place ourselves at such a distance from her as to be beyond the vortex, if she sunk sud- denly, and yet near enough to regain her, if, contrary to our expectations, she should continue to float. In pursuance of this intention, the yawl was allowed to drift about one hundred and fifty yards astern of the steamer, and, keeping her head on to the sea, the two sailors, who had taken the oars, endeavoured to pre- serve that distance. Having accomplished the great object of getting out of the sinking vessel, our attention was now directed to our own situation. We found ourselves in a small yawl from sixteen to eighteen feet long, crowded with twelve persons, who consisted, besides the ladies and children under my care, of Captain Pooler and son, Mr. William Robertson, a seaman, (alias Barney,) a negro waiter, (Solo- mon,) and two negro women. For some minutes it was doubtful whether the boat could live in the sea, or whether she could be kept from filling with water. She leaked very much, and the only article to bail with was a slipper of one of the negro women. The wind was blowing freshly, and the sea running high, and there were but two oars in the boat with which to manage her. These dan- gers appeared, however, small to that which had just been escaped, and there was a feeling of comparative safety. The two seamen rowing to keep the head CHATHAM COUNTY. 357 of the boat to the sea, and to avoid drifting, and one person bailing incessantly. we remained at one hundred to two hundred yards from the Pulaski, awaiting, with feelings of intensely painful anxiety, the closing scene of the awful catas- trophe. The wind was blowing freshly and keenly from the east, tne sea rolling in heavy black waves below us, whilst the sky above was partially obscured by flying clouds. The galley lights of the steamer were still burning brilliantly, and, as she rose and fell with the heaving ocean, she appeared as if illuminated for some fete. This brilliant and holy- day appearance, compared with the utter wretchedness and despair of the helpless human beings in her, who were rapidly approaching that awful moment when the ocean was to swallow up them and her, presented a contrast the most touching and painful. From our position, we could perceive that she was fast settling in the water ■ and in profound silence, and with the most intensely painful feelings, we awaited the moment when nearly two hundred human beings, many of them our intimate friends, were to experience the agony of the last mortal struggle, in the darkness of the night, on the wild abyss of the ocean, remote from friends or human suc- cour, and suddenly called from the deep slumber which had followed a day of happiness and of hope, to meet not only a fearful death themselves, but to witness the expiring agonies, and to hear the dying shrieks, of those most dear to them. The mass above the waters gradually diminished, and in a moment every lio-ht was extinguished, and all was darkness. As the water approached the upper deck, a single wave had swept over the whole of the galley lights, and with them hope seemed also to be extinguished. Soon afterwards a heavy crash was heard, followed by a loud and piercing shriek. The boat had broken in two; then came the crackling of planks, as if the decks were breaking up; shrill, wild, and prolonged shrieks ensued, with the quick and agonizing cry of the dying, all rising at once, and ringing wildly over the waste of waters. In a few minutes the burst of frantic despair and agony had ceased; the larger portion of the sufferers had experiened the short and bitter pang of death, and had sunk to rise no more. Instead of shrieks, were now heard the long and deep halloo for assistance from persons who were clinging to such fragments of the wreck as they had grasped when they were precipitated in the ocean by the breaking of the boat, and the separation of the deck from the hull. Soon after this time, the other quarter-boat, under charge of the mate, Mr. Hibbert, came near us. Having hailed each other, it was agreed that we should keep together, to render such mutual assistance as might be in our power. Understanding that we were in a leaky situation, the mate gave us a hat to bail with, and an oar to aid in steering. We then, supposing that he had in his boat as many as it could carry, proposed to steer for the shore. To this he replied, that he would not quit the wreck until daylight, and that he would con- sider it an act of murder if he did. We very cheerfully assented, when we found that he had but five persons in his boat, to cruise with him among the fragments of the wreck, in order to pick up as many persons as his boat could carry. In our leaky state, we had already as many on board as she could well float with. 358 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Following at a-short distance from the other boat, we continued for several hours to cruise among the fragments of the wreck, which were thickly strewed over the sea, and which threatened, from the darkness of the night, to stave in our frail barks. The mate directed his course as he heard the calls for assistance. The first person relieved was Mr. Bird, of Georgia, who was nearly exhausted with the effort of supporting himself. The next were two firemen, dreadfully scalded. We were then hailed by some persons on a raft, who said they were ten in number. Fearing that they would sink our boats, we turned away from them. The next person picked up was a young German, a son of the Duke of Leuchtenberg, who was found floating on a settee. The last was an old gentle- man, Judge Rochester, of New-York. The mate then came alongside, and re- quested us to take the last gentleman into our boat, which we did, and proposed to go in search of one of the deck boats, which had sunk after having been launched. When he had placed Judge Rochester in our boat, and was turning off, the judge, filled with joy at his escape, and gratitude to his preserver, called out, in the most heartfelt manner, ' : Mr. Hibbert, you are a noble fellow — God bless you ! ; ' Alas! at that moment of supposed safely, he little thought that he had received but a brief respite from that watery grave into which he was des- tined to sink, after enjoying for a few short hours the cheerful light of day. We soon reached the yawl we were seeking, and the united efforts of the per- sons in the two boats were directed to bail her out. After a long but fruitless attempt, she was abandoned, as the water poured in through the open seams faster than we could bail it out with hats, the only instruments for that purpose we had. As both boats had now as many persons in them as they could safely carry, it was proposed that we should direct our course for the land. Our longer stay with the wreck could be productive of no good to others, and might endanger our own lives, should a change of wind or stormy weather occur. We were also de- sirous of avoiding the harrowing sight of recognizing our perishing friends, and of leaving them, with a knowledge of who they were, to die without being able to render them any assistance. These reasons, added to the threatening appearance of the sky, from which a squall of wind and rain had just burst on us, overruled the objections of the mate, and at half past three o'clock the heads of the boats were turned towards the land. The moon, which had arisen about two hours before, gave but a very feeble light from behind a mass of heavy clouds; and the first faint streaks of the morning light were just appearing in the east. The sky was gloomy and threatening, and the sea. under a fresh wind, was heaving in long inky waves, the crests of which broke incessantly into sheets of white spray. The fragments of the wreck floated by us ; but we saw nothing of the hull of the Pulaski ; and we presumed, from its sudden disappearance from our eyes, and the assur- ances of those we had picked up, that it had sunk with the machinery. The only survivors were supposed to be those who were clinging to fragments of the wreck, to whom we could render no farther assistance; and with heavy hearts we turned away from the melancholy scene. The calls for aid were still heard around us. As they came faintly and despairingly from the dis- tance, — now drowned by the winds and the waves, and again swelling mourn- fully on the ear, — the unseen spirits of the deep seemed to be wailing for the un- CHATHAM COUNTY. 359 timely fate of the young, the beautiful, the wise, and the brave, whose lifeless, but yet warm bodies, were sinking to that deep tomb where rest "the sea- buried." The land was supposed to lie in a northwest direction, about thirty-five miles distant; and the mate steering one boat, and myself the other, we struck off for it. Few words were exchanged ; and in silence, broken only by the incessant moaning of the scalded firemen, one of whom was fast dying from the acuteness of his sufferings, we proceeded on our melancholy and dangerous voyage. The sea and wind were both high ; but the boats, which became tighter, rode the waves admirably, although they appeared every moment in danger of destruc- tion, as they reeled on the crests of the waves, or plunged into the deep gulfs between them. Day at length broke, and all eyes were directed to every point of the horizon, in the hope of seeing some friendly sail ; but nothing met the sight but the boundless ocean, which seemed the more dreary and solitary when con- trasted with the small and frail barks which were tossing on its bosom. The sun rose brilliantly, and the hearts of all were insensibly cheered by its en- livening influence. The heat, however, soon became oppressive, as it fell with tropical fervour on the unprotected heads of the half-naked party; and such ex- pedients as were in the power of each, were adopted for protection. The ladies and children found the ample folds of the cloak almost, as valuable a screen against the fervid rays of the sun, as it had proved against the chill wind of the night. The gentlemen resorted to handkerchiefs, waistcoats, and aprons, as substitutes for hats. The half-clad and grotesque appearance of every one tended to excite feelings of the ridiculous, which were suppressed as soon as they arose, by the recollection of the awful scene that had just been witnessed, and of the dangers yet before us. Notwithstanding this, there was yet an obvi- ous feeling of cheerfulness pervading the party. The mind, after the intense excitement of the night, required relief, and passed rapidly from a state of de- spair to that of hope. Conversation became general ; and the ladies, who during the most trying period of the night had never uttered an expression of fear, showed a calmness and cheerfulness which did them the greatest honour. Directing our course by the position of the sun, we continued to pull steadily for the shore. The only coat in the boat was extended by two of the seats, and erected into a temporary sail. Aided by it, the oars, the waves, and the wind, which blew directly on to the shore, we proceeded at the rate of three miles an hour. The moanings of the scalded seamen increased as the day advanced; and it was a piteous sight to witness the swollen, blackened, and skinless faces of the two poor wretches as they writhed under the burning sun, and tossed their arms about in the agony of their pain. About nine o'clock, the persons in the mate's boat lay on their oars, and allowed us to pass ahead of them, until they were sufficiently astern to escape the observation of the ladies, when the body of one of the scalded men, who had died, was consigned to the deep. The boat then came alongside, and it was proposed to relieve us of some of our crew, as we were found to be overloaded. Judge Rochester and the negro women were ac- cordingly transferred to it. 360 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The men in the boats taking their turns at the oars, now continued to row under a most scalding sun, which blistered their faces, hands, and feet, and oc- casioned the most painful thirst. There being neither water nor food in the boats, the only relief to be found was in keeping the feet and arms wet with salt water. About ten o'clock a large shark came near the boats, but after some time, left us. The persons in the boats, who had been incessantly exerting themselves since midnight, now began to sink from fatigue and thirst, and every eye was anxiously directed towards the land. Deceived by their wishes, there were fre- quent false reports that it was in sight. At last, about twelve o'clock, the mate, who was standing up in his boat, was observed to wave his handkerchief and point to the west. As we strained our eyes in that direction, a faint line of blue hanging above the water, and scarcely distinguishable from it, gave us the glad assurance that we were really in sight of land. The hopes of the party re- vived, and with it their strength. Even the poor negro, whose tongue had been for some time hanging from his mouth from exhaustion, cheered up and renewed his efforts. As we neared the land, it was found to be low, with a white sandy beach skirting it. Deceived by our wishes, we imagined that we saw houses and villages, but they vanished from our eyes as we approached, and melted into barren hillocks and a desert shore. At three o'clock, we were within a quarter of a mile of the land, and endea- voured to discover some inlet or bay which would afford us a safe landing. But as far as the eye could extend, there was between us and the land an uninter- rupted wall of heavy breakers roaring and dashing on it with irresistible force. Beyond the beach, at the distance of two miles, the country appeared to be better wooded ; and in the midst of a field several buildings were distinguish- able. Behind us was the ocean, with all the recollections of the fearful night fresh in every memory; before us the firm land, associated with the idea of per- fect safety ; but between us and that place of security dashed the breakers, threatening destruction to all who should attempt to reach it through them. The mate, who was some distance in advance, as he approached the shore laid on his oars until we came up. He then mentioned that the persons in his boat, worn out with fatigue, thirst, and hunger, refused to row any farther, and had determined to attempt a landing; but that he himself regarded it as a very dangerous measure. Fully agreeing with him in opinion, I urged the propriety of keeping down the coast, in the hope of reaching some inlet, or of meeting with aid from the shore. Being overruled by the persons in both boats, who insisted on landing at once, we most reluctantly consented to do so. Mr. Hibbert then proposed, as there were ladies and children in our boat, that we should lie off until he had made the attempt, when he would be prepared to point out the best course to us. and be ready to assist us as we reached the shore. In pursuance of this advice, our yawl was kept with her head to the sea about one hundred and fifty yards from the breakers, to await the result of the at- tempted landing of the other boat. Every eye was fixed on her. We saw her CHATHAM COUNTY. 361 rise to the summit of the first breaker and disappear behind it. Anxiously we sought to catch a view of her rising on the crest of the next, but nothing for some minutes was to be seen but the sheet of angry foam which extended for a hundred yards from the shore. It was now certain that she had upset, and that all in her were struggling for life in the boiling surf. In a short time two per- sons were seen issuing from the waves, and reaching the shore. They turned, after resting a few seconds, entered the water, and dragged two others to the shore, who were thrown on the beach, where they lay apparently insensible. The two first persons were then seen to walk in a hurried manner up and down the beach, again enter the water, and bring out another. After a considerable interval of time, a sixth was dragged to the shore. Those who had landed were then observed to spread themselves along the beach, as if searching for the re- maining persons of their party; but no more appeared. After some time, they were seen to drag their boat out of the water. All further hope then ceased ; and it was certain that five out of the eleven had perished. They were, as we afterwards learned, Judge Rochester, of New- York, Mr. Bird, of Georgia, the scalded fireman, and the two negro women. Deterred by the fate of the other boat, my companions now consented to keep off, until they could receive aid from shore, through those who had just landed ; but they positively refused to row any farther, as I earnestly urged them to do. It was now but three o'clock, and as the sun set after seven, we had still four hours of light, in which time, feeble and exhausted as we were, we could row, with the aid of the wind, eight or ten miles, in which distance there was every probability of finding some inlet or safer place of landing. There was also the probability that the wind, which was blowing freshly from the southeast, would sub- . side at sunset; or that a squall, then forming over the land, would come out, and enable us to run in with safety when the first gust of wind should flatten the sea, which was breaking on the shore from the southeast. On men suffering from intense thirst, and exhausted by fatigue, these arguments had, however, no in- fluence. Exertion had become severely painful; and as long as there was the faintest hope of safety, they were willing to encounter the danger before them, rather than continue their labour and sufferings. Those who had landed were observed to drag their boat across the beach, with the intention, as we supposed, of proceeding to the settlement which was observ- ed in the distance beyond it. The mate was at the same time seen to walk down the beach in the direction of a fisherman's hut about a mile and a half south. After having been out of sight for some time, the men who had dragged the boat across the beach returned, except two, and the mate soon afterwards joined them. To our signals of inquiry what we should do, they replied by gestures not to be misunderstood that we should continue to keep off, and by no means attempt to land. Our party now became desponding, and insisted on landing. Against this I warmly remonstrated; but was compelled finally to enter into the compromise with them, that if, when the sun touched the horizon, no aid came to our relief, I would steer them to land. The time dragged heavily along as, with the bow to the sea, the boat was merely kept from drifting into the breakers; while we watched anxiously, but in vain, for the hoped-for succour. The wished-for squall, after rising for some time, 362 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. was borne back by the wind from the sea, which, instead of diminishing, fresh- ened up considerably as the evening approached. The sun at last sunk behind the heavy mass of clouds that obscured the western sky, and admonished me that the lime had arrived when the perilous act of landing was to be attempted. When I beheld the two helpless ladies and their children, doomed, as it appeared to me, to almost certain destruction, I again appealed to the men to abandon the attempt. It was, however, made in vain; and submitting to the necessity of the case, I proceeded to make such arrangements as promised to increase the proba- bility of safety. Barney, the young sailor, as the person most to be relied on, was requested to endeavour to save Mrs. , should we be upset. Solomon, the negro man, was to take care of her child; and as Mr. had his son to attend to, Mr. was requested to take Mrs. 's child. But as he declared him- self unable to render any assistance, the only alternative was to adopt Mrs. 's suggestion, to lash her infant to her person, and to endeavour to save them both myself. Having requested the ladies to avoid grasping any one around the neck or waist who came to their assistance; and the general direction hav- ing been given to the party to advance forward rapidly as the breakers struck them, to stand still and brace themselves as they receded, and to recover, if pos- sible, their footing, should they fall, I requested Barney and Solomon to prepare themselves for the attempt of landing, by taking some rest in the bottom of the boat. Following their example, I instantly fell asleep ; and remained in that state for a quarter of an hour, when, being awoke by one of the men, I took the steering oar, whilst Barney and Solomon rowed. Proceeding down the coast about a quarter of a mile, the head of the boat was turned to the shore; and waiting until the third heavy roller raised us on its crest, the order to row was given ; and in an instant we were among the break- ers. The sea broke under and around us in one wide sheet of hissing and boil- ing foam ; and the boat darted forward with the velocity of an arrow, as it was hnpelled by the breaker, which was roaring and dashing with headlong fury to the shore. For a moment there was a hope that the boat would preserve her course, and escape upsetting; but the next instant the following wave dashed tiie oar out of the hands of the negro, and before he could use that which I threw to him, the boat broached-to. Another breaker came roaring behind! For a moment it hung with its curling crest threatening over us, then rushed down with the noise and force of a cataract. The water dashed madly into the boat, and in an instant she was turned bottom up, and we were all precipitated into the sea. I felt a severe blow on the back of my head, and another on my breast ; the water hissed with a confused and rushing sound as it entered ray ears and nostrils, and I found myself under the water, and the boat above me. Holding my breath, I dove down perpendicularly, struck off horizontally until the light was seen above, and then arose to the surface. As I reached it, the boat was floating a few yards from me, keel up; and beyond it the men, who had just reached the surface, were swimming for the shore. Glancing my eyes rapidly around, neither of the ladies nor the children were to be seen; but in a few seconds the back of Mrs. came slowly to the sur- face. Her head and feet were under water, and she appeared to be struggling. CHATHAM COUNTY. 363 As I reached her and brought her head above the water, T found that she had her son by the wrist, having convulsively retained the grasp she had of his arm as she sat by him before the boat upset. Keeping them above the water, I re- gained the bottom of the boat; and supporting them across it, called to Barney and Solomon, and reminded them of their promise to save that lady and her child. They both immediately turned back, and came to my assistance. I then gave one to each; and perceiving that they were in a fair way of being saved, directed my attention to Mrs. and her child. They were nowhere to be seen ; and I was about diving under the boat, supposing that they might be entangled there, when something brushed against my feet, and looking down, I saw a body floating, about three feet deep, with the undertow out to sea. Diving down and grasping at the head, I caught Mrs. by the hair, and brought her to the surface. She was still conscious ; and glancing my eyes down to the infant, which continued bound to her body, I had the happiness to find that it was also alive, and so little injured that it was as composed as if resting in its nurse's arms. Supporting them with my right hand, I swam back to the boat, and held on to the keel with my left. In this situation we were forced towards the shore by the breakers, which rolled over us with such violence that it was with difficulty I retained my hold, as each wave buried me and my charge beneath it. Feeling the bottom with my feet, as the fourth wave passed over us, I determined to abandon my hold of the boat, as there was danger that it would be dashed against us ; and taking Mrs. by the arm, we waded for the shore. The bottom was in ridges, and the sand slipped from under our feet, whilst the receding waves rushed past us with great force. We had not proceeded very far, when Mrs. fell. I made several ineffectual attempts to raise her up; and as the water was sweeping us back into the sea, I felt assured that she must perish unless she could be got up. Reminding her of my observation that her safety depended on her keeping her feet, I requested her to attempt to rise. Fortunate- ly, she was sufficiently collected to do so ; and after a further effort, we reached the edge of the beach ; when the gentlemen of the first boat, who, seeing us about making the attempt to land, had run forward to meet us, came into the water and relieved me. The excitement being now over, my strength suddenly failed me, and I fell down in the water. As the waves passed over me, I crawled forward on my hands and knees; and sinking my fingers in the sand, held on as they receded. With painful effort. I at length reached the beach beyond the waves, when, being completely exhausted, I threw myself in an almost insensible state on the sand. I had the happiness, however, before I did so, of knowing that the ladies and their children, with every person belonging to our boat, were safely landed. The first object, after reaching the shore, was to screen the ladies and children from the keen easterly wind, which, in their thin and drenched clothes, threat- ened to chill them with an ague. The only protection which offered was the lee side of a small sandy hillock ; and to this they were taken and covered with dry grass and sand, to protect them against the air. The mate then, with the aid of some shells which were picked up on the beach, dug a hole in the sand, and pro- cured a scanty supply of muddy and brackish water. Nauseous as it would 364 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. have proved under ordinary circumstances, it was now most grateful and re- freshing to persons, none of whom had tasted food or water for twenty-four hours. After this slight refreshment, the gentlemen of the party placed themselves in a row on the sand, lying as closely as they could together, for mutual warmth, and were all soon asleep. Soon after ten o'clock, we heard the welcome hail of those who had gone for as- sistance ; and in a few minutes we received the glad assurance that they had returned with boats, food, and clothing. A jug of coffee, another of water, with fried bacon and corn bread, were di- vided among us ; and a most welcome distribution of homespun garments, of every size and kind, was made among the half-clad and shivering party. We then embarked in canoes, and crossed Stump Sound, which separated the small barren island, called the Bermudas, from the main-land; and as the clock struck eleven, we found ourselves in the house of the kind-hearted Mr. Tigler Kedd, of Onslow County, North Carolina. One day had just elapsed since the deep sound of the bursting boiler had awoke two hundred human beings in the darkness of the night, and in the midst of the wild ocean, from their unsuspecting slumbers, to the certainty of a speedy and terrible death. We, a small remnant of that gallant crew, found ourselves, by the blessing of Providence, alive and on land, after a day of suffer- ing, which embraced within its brief space more of excitement, and of danger, of horrible and painful recollection, than occur in many long years of ordinary existence. CHATHAM COUNTY. 365 DISTINGUISHED MEN OF CHATHAM. Rev. J. J. Zubly.— This gentleman was a native of Saltzburg, Germany, and appeared to be active among the sons of liberty at the commencement of the Revolution. In the first Provincial Congress of Georgia he was placed on the most important committees, and appointed a member of the Continental Congress. He suddenly left the Congress at Philadelphia, and took sides with the crown. He was accused of treasonable correspondence with Sir James Wright. He returned to Savannah, and, to avoid the indignation of the peo- ple, for some time lay concealed in the cellar of a Whig lady, Mrs. Smith, the grandmother of A. Smith, Esq., of Roswell. We believe that he was afterwards restored to favour with the public, so as to be useful during the remainder of his life as a clergy- man. He died in Savannah in 1781. COLONEL FRANCIS H. HARRIS. In the " Magnolia," published in 1842, by P. C. Pendleton, Esq., we find the following notice of Colonel Harris : — Lieutenant-Colonel Francis H. Harris was a native of Georgia. His father, the Hon. Francis Harris, was among the earliest settlers of this State, having come from England immediately after Ogle- thorpe had planted the colony. When a boy, he was sent to England to receive his education, and whilst he was prosecuting his studies, the disturbances between the mother country and the colonies com- menced. His devotion to his native country would not permit him to 366 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. remain in England, and accordingly he left college, and arrived in Georgia just in time to be amongst the first to take up arms in resist- ing the oppressions of Great Britain. He was appointed a Captain by the Continental Congress, and in a short time afterwards was pro- moted to the command of a battalion. In this capacity, he is men- tioned, in the History of South Carolina, as leading a detachment of Continental troops to relieve Charleston when it was besieged by General Prevost. At Ashe's defeat at Briar Creek, after a gallant defence, he was taken prisoner by the enemy. He was present in the battles at Camden and Eutaw, and displayed great prowess and skill. He died in 1782, and was buried at the high hills of Santee ; but his relatives have never been able to discover his grave. The Hon. Jonathan Bryan was a prominent man in the early his- tory of Georgia, and distinguished himself by his opposition to the arbitrary measures of the crown. This patriot, with his son James, was sent to New- York and placed on board of a prison-ship. He was finally exchanged ; and afterwards, although eighty years of age, fought under General Wayne. He died March 12, 178b.* David Montaigut, Esq., died in 1796, aged eighty years. This gen- tleman had been Speaker of the House of Assembly, Judge of the Court of Conscience, Naval Officer, Vice-Consul of France, and Sec- retary to most of the societies in Savannah. His father and mother lived to be about the same age with himself. Major John Habersham died on the 19th of November, 1799, at the age of forty-five years. In the American Revolution he early de- fended the rights of his country, and was promoted to the rank of Major in the First Continental Regiment of Georgia. He was a member of Congress in 1785 and '86. Upon the organization of the Federal Constitution, he was appointed Collector of the Port of Savannah, in which office he continued until his death. Major John Barnard, a soldier of the Revolution, died in this county at the age of sixty-nine years. Unequivocal in his attachment to our republican institutions, he always raised his voice in favour of those men and those measures which he believed most friendly to re- publican principles. Hon. Anthony Stokes. — This gentleman was a native of Wales, and upon coming to Georgia, became Chief Justice. He was decided on the part of the crown, and, at the evacuation of Charleston by the British troops, he became a loyalist refugee. * Extract from a letter addressed to Lord George Germain by Major- General Prevost, dated January 18th, 1779 : — " On the first of January, Lieutenan Clarke, of the Phoenix, was detached with row-boats about seventeen miles up the river Savannah, above Savan- nah, upon information that the late rebel Governor of Georgia was at a plantation on the South Carolina shore. He did not get the Governor, but returned with one Bryan, a notorious ringleader of rebellion.'' CHATHAM COUNTY. 367 Hon. William Stephens, District Judge of Georgia, died in this county, at the age of sixty-seven. He was the son of William Ste- phens, Esq., President of the Colony of Georgia, and was distinguish- ed for his fine intellect and amiable disposition. Hon. James Jones was born in Maryland, and came to Georgia when very young. After he was admitted to the practice of the law, he settled in Savannah, where he soon became very popular. He was often a member of the Legislature, and in 1 798 was elected to Con- gress. He died at Washington City, 12th January, 1801. Hon. Noble Wymberley Jones. — This patriot was born near Lon- don, in the year 1723 or 1724. At the commencement of the dissensions between Great Britain and the colonies, Mr. Jones took a decided stand in favour of the latter. He was among the first of those who asso- ciated for the purpose of sending delegates to a General Congress at Philadelphia, and would have gone himself as one, had it not been for the entreaties of his father, then the Treasurer of the Province, and a member of the Council, who was far advanced in years. He was, however, chosen Speaker of the Provincial Legislature ; and at every new election consequent upon the frequent dissolutions of the House of Commons by the Governor, he was returned, and elected to that office. When Savannah fell under the power of the British, in 1778, he removed to Charleston, where he was arrested, by order of the British commander, and carried to St. Augustine. On the following July he was released, and went to Philadelphia. In this city he remained some time, practising medicine. Whilst here, he was appointed by the Legislature of Georgia a delegate to Congress, and continued in that capacity until 1782, when he returned to Savannah. He died on the 9th of January, 1805, honoured by the community as an honest man, a sterling patriot, and a skilful physi- cian.* John Y. Noel, Esq., died in Savannah — acknowledged to be one of the first lawyers of his day. Hon. Judge William Davies died in Savannah. His talents were of a high order. He was a gentleman of unspotted integrity. Hon. Thomas U. P. Charlton died in the city of Savannah. He was distinguished for his legal learning. In 1808 he published the Life of General James Jackson. Colonel John White. — This gentleman was an Englishman by birth, of Irish parentage, and was atone time a surgeon in the British navy. On leaving the naval service, he embarked with his family for America, and purchased a suitable residence near Philadelphia. * Abridged from a sketch in the " Americana Encyclopaedia," vol. T : "., p. 479 368 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. When the Revolution commenced, and all aliens were ordered to quit the country or to take the oath of allegiance, he preferred the latter, saying " that he had fought for the King as long as he ate his bread, but that now America was his home, and for America he would now fight." He entered the American army as a captain, and was promoted to the rank of colonel. His regiment (4th Georgia Battalion) was ordered to Savannah. His exposure and fatigue brought on a pulmonary disease, of which he died in Virginia.* Colonel White effected, during the siege of Savannah, one of the most extraordinary captures the annals of warfare ever recorded. When General Prevost called in his detachments, he ordered the com- mandant at Sunbury, on the Georgia coast, upon evacuating that post, to put the invalids on board of the small-armed vessels, and to send them by the inland navigation to Savannah, under the care of Captain French, of the British Regulars. In consequence of head winds, Captain French and his command were detained until some of D'Estaing's fleet wejje in possession of the pass, and he was in- duced to sail up the Ogeechee River until he reached a point about twenty-five miles from the city of Savannah. Having arrived here, he learned that the passage over land was also blocked up by the allied force, and he therefore made a descent upon the shore, and finally took post with his party about fifteen or twenty miles from Savannah. Colonel White, having ascertained that Captain French's force consisted of one hundred and eleven soldiers, possessing one hundred and thirty stand of arms, and that he also had under his charge, in the river Ogeechee, adjacent to his camp, five vessels, four of them fully armed, and one of them mounting fourteen guns, and manned by forty seamen, formed the resolution of capturing the detachment. He disclosed his plan to those who were with him. McCall, in his History of Georgia, says that the party consisted of Colonel White, Captains Geo. Melvin and A. E. Elholm, a sergeant and three privates, seven in all. Other historians make no mention of Captain Melvin, or of a sergeant, but give the whole praise to Col- onel White, Elholm, and three soldiers, reducing the number to five. White built many watch-fires around the camp, placing them in such a position, and at such intervals, as to induce Captain French and his soldiers to believe that he was absolutely surrounded by a large force. The deception was kept up through the night by White and his companions, marching from fire to fire with the measured tread and the loud challenge of sentinels, now hailing from the east of the British camp, and then shifting rapidly their position and challenging from the extreme west. Nor was this the only strata- gem ; each mounted a horse and rode with haste in divers directions, imitating the manner of the staff, and giving orders with a loud voice. The delusion was complete. Captain French suffered hinv self to be completely trapped. White carried his daring plan for- ward by dashing boldly and alone to the camp of the British, and • Extract from MSS. furnished by the Hon. R. M. Charlton, of Savannah. CHATHAM COUNTY. 369 demanding a conference with French. "I am the commander, Sir," he said, " of the American soldiers in your vicinity. If you will surrender at once to my force, I will see to it that no injury is done to you or your command. If you decline to do this, I must candidly inform you that the feelings of my troops are highly in- censed against you, and I can by no means be responsible for any consequences that may ensue." French thanked him for his hu- manity, and said, despond ingly, that it was useless to contend with fate or with the large force that he saw was around him, and an- nounced, his willingness to surrender his vessels, his arms, his men, and himself to Colonel White. At this instant Captain Elholm came suddenly dashing up at full speed, and saluting White, in- quired of him where he should place the artillery. " Keep them back, keep them back, Sir," answered White, " the British have sur- rendered. Move your men off, and send me three guides to conduct them to the American post at Sunbury." The three guides arrived. The five vessels were burned, and the British, urged by White to keep clear of his men, and to hasten their departure from the en- raged and formidable Americans, pushed on with great celerity, whilst White retired with one or two of his associates, stating that he would go to his troops in the rear and restrain them. He now employed himself in collecting the neighbourhood militia, with which he overtook his guides, and conducted, them in safety to the Sunbury post. Lee, in his account of this affair, says : — " The extraordinary address of White was contrasted by the extra- ordinary folly of French, and both were necdfesary to produce this wonderful issue. The affair approaches too near the marvellous to have been admitted into these memoirs, had it not been uniformly asserted, as uniformly accredited, and never contradicted." Captain Elholm was an officer of Pulaski's Legion. Captain Melvin, it is be- lieved, lived and died in Savannah. Hon. Joseph Habersham was the son of James Habersham, born 28th July, 1751. Among all the patriots of Georgia, there were none more devoted to liberty than Joseph Habersham. On every occasion in which danger was to be encountered, or service performed, he was actively engaged. In 1795 he was appointed by Washington Post- master-General of the United States. He died on the 17th of No- vember, 1815. The Rev. Henry Kollock, D. D., was for many years the pastor of the Independent Presbyterian Church in the City of Savannah. This distinguished minister was born in New-Jersey, on the 14th of De- cember, 1778. On the 7th of May, 1800, he was licensed to preach, andl was shortly afterwards invited to become the pastor of a church in Elisabethtown, which he accepted, and continued there until 1803, when he removed to Princeton, to take upon him the office of Profes- sor of Divinity, to which he had been elected. In 1806, he entered 24 370 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. upon his duties as pastor of the Independent Presbyterian Church in Savannah, and continued in that relation until the 29th of December, 1819, when he was removed by death. As a preacher, Dr. Kollock possessed a reputation surpassed by few in America. As a pastor, he was diligent and prudent. In private life he was kind and tender. A beautiful monument has been erected to his memory in the Savannah Cemetery, by his congregation. Rev. Henry Holcombe was the son of Grimes and Elisabeth Hol- combe, and was born in the County of Prince Edward, Va., on the 22d of September, 17G2. When very young, his parents removed to South Carolina. At " eleven years of age he completed all the edu- cation he ever received from a living preceptor." When the Revolu- tion commenced, he hastened to the standard of liberty, joined the army, and was made a Captain, but soon directing his mind to reli- gious subjects, he resigned his commission, connected himself with the Baptist denomination, and immediately commenced preaching. In a short time afterwards he accepted a call to become the pastor of a church at Pipe Creek, South Carolina. Here he continued la- bouring to advance the interests of religion, and multitudes under his ministry were brought to the knowledge of the truth. Whilst pastor of this church, he was honoured by being appointed a member of the South Carolina Convention, which ratified the Constitution of the United States. On the first of February, 1791, he became pastor of the church at the Euhaw, in Beaufort District, South Carolina. Here his influence was immediately felt, in removing the prejudices which had long existed against the denomination to which he was attached, and he may be considered as the founder of the Baptist Church at Beaufort. The citizens of Beaufort elected him President of a so- ciety for the encouragement of literature. Mr. Holcombe discharged his duty with uncommon zeal, and took great interest in the estab- lishment of the Beaufort College, of which he was made a trustee. In 1799 he removed to Savannah, and in 1800 became pastor of the Baptist Church in Savannah. In every scheme proposing the reli- gious and intellectual improvement of the people, no one could ex- hibit more zeal than Mr. Holcombe. The " Georgia Analytical Repo- sitory," the first periodical published in Georgia, originated with, and was conducted by him. In 1804 he selected a site for a seminary, and petitioned the General Assembly of Georgia for an act of incor- poration, but was refused, a small majority supposing that if the Baptists became directors of a college, their numbers and influence would be dangerous to the religious liberties of the State. It was insinuated in the public papers that the Baptists were the leading de- nomination in Georgia, and if they obtained a charter with a cele- brated writer at their head, the treasury would be in an alarming condition, and eventually everything would be under Baptist direc- tion. Several applications for an act of incorporation were after- wards made, and finally the General Assembly incorporated the se- minary, under the title of the " Trustees of the Mount Enon Aca- CHATHAM COUNTY. 371 demy," which for several years was in successful^ operation. In 1810 he resigned his charge of the church in Savannah, and retired to Mount Enon for the purpose of recruiting his health. Whilst here, he was called to Beaufort and Boston, both of which calls he de- clined. He afterwards accepted a call to be pastor of the First Bap- tist Church in Philadelphia, in which city he died on the 22d of May, 1824. Hon. Charles Harris was born in England, and received his edu- cation in France. He came to Georgia in 1788, settled in Savannah, and became one of the most profound lawyers in Georgia. He died March 17, 1827. Rev. Edward Neufville, D. D. — We feel that we would be failing in our duty did we not give this gentleman a place in our Collections. At the age of twenty he took his degree at Columbia College, New- York, and entered upon the study of divinity in the General Theo- logical Seminary of the Episcopal Church. He received deacon's orders in 1824. His first and only parish, save the one in which he died, (Christ Church, Savannah,) was Prince William's, South Caro- lina. Upon the death of the Rev. Abiel Carter, in 1827, then pastor of Christ Church, Dr. Neufville was called to fill the. vacancy. For nearly a quarter of a century did he continue to occupy this respon- sible station, and we hazard nothing in saying, " that few ministers have passed so blamelessly, and so successfully, through so long a course of service." He died on the first of January, 1851. Hon. John Macpherson Berrien. — The paternal ancestors of this gentleman were Huguenots. Fleeing from France to Holland on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, two brothers emigrated to this country, and settled, the one on Long Island, the other in New- Jer- sey. His paternal grandfather, John Berrien, was one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of New-Jersey. The father of the subject of this memoir, Major John Berrien, of whom we give a brief sketch in another part of this work, came to Georgia at a very early age. Towards the close of the Revolu- tionary War he married, in Philadelphia, Margaret Macpherson, the sister of John Macpherson, (aid-de-camp of General Montgomery, who fell with him at Quebec,) and of General William Macpherson, who served in the American army until the close of the war. The latter gentleman had a commission in the British army, and the com- pany under his command was stationed at New-York ; but beino- un- willing to bear arms against his countrymen, he applied for permis- sion to resign, which was granted, coupled with a condition that he should not leave the British lines, within which he remained under the surveillance of a soldier, being indulged, however, with the liberty of going in pursuit of ducks on the East River, attended by his guard. Having one day advanced some distance from the city, he put his fu- 372 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. see to the head of his attendant, and ordered him to pull him over to the Long Island shore, where he was received by a party of Ameri- cans. This fact being- known to Congress, that body gave him a Major's commission in the American army. Major Berrien having returned to Georgia, after the termination of his military service, to prepare for the reception of his family, his wife was left at his mother's house in New-Jersey. This house had been the head-quarters of the army, and from it Washington's farewell address to that gallant band was issued. Here the subject of this sketch was born, on the 23d of August, 1781. Mr. Berrien, then, can claim a double nativity : in New-Jersey, the place of his actual birth, and in Georgia, that of his father's domicil, to which he was brought when a few months old. His academical education was obtained at various schools in New- York and New- Jersey, and he was graduated at Princeton at the age of fifteen. It is not unworthy of note that this time-honoured institution, in 1830, conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws, on the occasion of his delivering an address before its two literary societies. Returning to Georgia, he commenced the study of law under the direction of the Hon. Joseph Clay, and such was his assiduity, that before he had attained the age of eighteen years he was admitted to the bar. He opened his office first at Louisville, then the seat ot government, and afterwards in the city of Savannah, and applied himself with indefatigable industry to the profession in which he had embarked. His books were his delight, and to his studious habits in the early stages of his legal career may doubtless be attributed the great success which he afterwards met with, and which at this time places him among the first lawyers in America. In November, 1809, he was elected Solicitor of the Eastern Dis- trict of the State of Georgia, and the following year judge of the same district. At this period the judicial term was limited to three years, and Mr. Berrien was elected four times to that office. The war with England from 1812 to 1815, in the earlier portion of Mr Berrien's judicial career, and the excitement of the public mind in such a crisis, in no small degree added to the responsibilities of his station. The excesses which prevailed at that period are doubtless remembered by many persons now living, and we are sure that they will award to Mr. Berrien the praise of having administered the laws with prudence, firmness, and impartiality. During the period of his judi- cial service, the State was agitated by the advocates and opponents of what were called " the alleviating laws" — certain legislative acts which prevented the collection of debts, and in effect almost closed the courts of justice for all civil suits. The question of the constitu tionality of these acts was brought before a Convention of Judges of the State, assembled at Augusta, at which Mr. Berrien prepared and delivered the unanimous opinion of those judges, declaring the law to be unconstitutional, and thus reopening the courts of justice to the people. Whilst upon the bench, Mr. Berrien frequently recom- ^*"*n jtoxD-jp-*^" CHATHAM COUNTY. 373 mended to the General Assembly, at their annual sessions, changes in our penal code, which changes have since been made, and their utility acknowledged by the wisest men in our State. Believing that the defects then existing in our judiciary system could be more efficiently corrected by the adoption of measures that would in sure uniformity of interpretation, rather than by any new legislative enactments which might again be liable to variety of construction, he strenuously advocated the establishment of a Court of Errors and Appeals. During the long period in which Mr. Berrien presided in the East- ern Circuit, it is natural to conclude that cases involving human life must have been often brought before him. Upon such occasions, whilst he felt it to be his duty to see that the mandates of the law were strictly observed, he never failed to show to those arraigned be- fore him for offences, the utmost sympathy, and every indulgence not inconsistent with the obligations he owed to the public weal. In discharging the last duty which the law requires in cases punish- able by death, it was hardly possible for a judge to be more solemn and impressive. We happen to have in our possession a copy of the remarks which he delivered to an unfortunate man who had been found guilty of murder at Effingham Superior Court in 1818, and from it we make a brief extract, to give our readers some idea of Mr. Berrien's feelings and language upon such melancholy occasions. Addressing himself to the culprit, the Judge said : " You are young ; would I could add that you are innocent. The bloom of youth still plays upon your cheeks ; would that I could add that the con- sciousness of rectitude beams from your countenance. But it may not be. The sad reality is before me, and even in your youthful vis- age I behold the deep, indelible impressions with which guilt ever marks her fallen victims. Alas ! what is man ? The child of error — the sport of every furious passion — a helpless vessel on the tem- pestuous ocean of life, without a rudder to guide it from the shoals and quicksands of vice. Such is the wretched condition of him who madly refuses to yield to reason's guidance." In Mcintosh, one of the counties embraced in Judge Berrien's circuit, a case of homicide occurred, which at the time produced much excitement. At the session of the Legislature of 1818, a reso- lution was adopted directing inquiries to be made in reference to the conduct of the Court and Sheriff. Learning that reports as injurious to his reputation as they were unfounded, had been circulated in some portions of the State, Mr. Berrien came to Milledgeville, and ad- dressed a letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, in which he demanded a full investigation of his conduct. A commit- tee, composed of some of the first men in Georgia, was appointed to examine the matter, and after a patient investigation, both houses re- ported unanimously that Judge Berrien stood acquitted and dis- charged, and that whilst they would watch with an attentive and jealous eye the administration of the public justice, they would guard and protect with a steady hand the inestimable boon of private vir- 374 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. tue and judicial reputation ; and they therefore recommended the fol- lowing resolution, which was adopted : — u That in the trial, conviction, and sentence of John L. Hopkins, the conduct of the Hon. John Macpherson Berrien was identified with ability, unyielding' vir- tue, and rigid integrity." During a part of trie time in which Mr. Berrien occupied a seat upon the bench, as has already been stated, war existed between England and the United States. With a regiment of volunteer cavalry under his command, he performed a short tour of service at Darien, while the British forces were upon the Island of St. Simons, and in the adjacent waters, but did not come into contact with the enemy. Mr. Berrien resigned his office as Judge in the second year of his fourth term, and returned to the practice of law, which soon became very extensive. In 1822 and 1823, he represented the County of Chatham in the State Senate, and as the journals of that body will show, with dis- tinguished ability. A wider field, however, for the exercise of his talents was reserved for Mr. Berrien, viz., the Senate of the United States, to which he was transferred by the Legislature of Georgia in 1824, and took his seat in that body on the 4th of March, 1825. It is not in accordance with the plan of this work to express opinions in regard to the policy and propriety of any measures advo- cated in their official capacity by those whose memoirs we have pre- pared. This task we leave for others ; remarking, however, at the same time, that during the period of Mr. Berrien's senatorial term, above referred to, there was not a subject of general interest with which he did not display consummate knowledge. His speeches before the Senate were always listened to with profound attention, and acquired for him the reputation of being one of the most gifted orators and able statesmen in our country. In 1829, Mr. Berrien received the appointment of Attorney General of the United States, in consequence of which he resigned his seat in the Senate. For this office his great .legal attainments eminently qualified him, but owing to a want of concert in President Jackson's Cabinet, Mr. Berrien resigned his office in 1831, and re- sumed the practice of his profession in the city of Savannah, and continued in it until 1841, serving intermediately in a State Con- vention which had been called to consider the ratio of representatior in the Legislature. In 1840, Mr. Berrien was again elected to the Senate of the United States, and took his seat on the 4th of March, 1841. This period of our country's history will long be remembered for the important and delicate political questions which agitated the councils of the* nation. In them Mr. Berrien took a prominent part, and added to the fame he had already acquired. CHATHAM COUNTY. 375 At the session of the Legislature of Georgia in 1841, the Com- mittee upon the State of the Republic reported a series of resolu- tions expressive of disapprobation of the political course of Mr. Berrien, particularly in regard to his support of the nomination of the Hon. Mr. Everett as Minister to England, the subject of a Na tional Bank, the bill to distribute the proceeds of the public lands among the States, the Bankrupt Law, and the Revenue and Loan Bills. The report occupied the attention of the Legislature for several days, and was finally passed, accompanied by resolutions requesting the Senators and Representatives in Congress from Georgia to vote against the establishment of a Bank of the United States, bankrupt law, &c, &c, and directing the Governor to send a copy of these re- solutions to each of the Senators and Representatives in Congress from the State of Georgia. Thirty of the members declined voting on the resolutions censur- ing Mr. Berrien, believing that he had not done anything worthy of censure. Governor McDonald, in compliance with the directions of the Legislature, sent a copy of these resolutions to Mr. Berrien ; and in his message to the Legislature of 1842, informed that body that he had complied with the resolutions, accompanied by some remarks in regard to Mr. Berrien's course. This part of his message was re- ferred to the Committee upon the State of the Republic. The report of this Committee excited much feeling in the Senate. On the 6th of December, a minority of said Committee made a re- port, in which the following resolution was embraced : — " That the Hon. John M. Berrien, our Senator in Congress, for the able and distinguished manner in which he has discharged his public duties, receives our warmest approbation, and is entitled to the thanks and confidence of the people of Georgia." Upon receiving the report of a majority of the Committee, the votes stood thus — yeas, 46 ; nays, 35 ; so the report was adopted, and Mr. Berrien was virtually pro- claimed as not representing the sentiments of the people of Georgia. The communication of Governor McDonald did not reach Mr. Berrien until after the adjournment of the Legislature ; and being thus deprived of the opportunity of replying directly to his accusers, he determined to appeal from the decision of that body to the people at large. He accordingly issued an address to the people of Georgia, in which, after discussing various political questions, he entered into a full consideration of the doctrine of legislative instruction, and denounced it, as a usurpation of power, equally inconsistent with the Constitution of the State, and of the United States. Judge Story, in a letter addressed to Mr. Berrien, dated Cambridge, 14th of February, 1843, from which we are permitted to make the fol- lowing extract, says : — "I read your address with unfeigned satisfaction. It was in every respect worthy of yourself, and of your principles ; and I heartily concur in your power- ful, and, in my judgment, conclusive reasoning on all the topics which you have 376 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. discussed. My only regret is, that the address is not put in pamphlet form, so as to be capable of a more enduring mode of preservation. Your argument upon what is called ' the right of instruction ' is exceedingly cogent, and, as I think, unanswerable. If ever my work on the Constitution shall reach another edi- tion, I mean to extract the passage, and use it in that work. [ have laid aside the newspaper for this purpose, among my choice collections." This appeal of Mr. Berrien was generally circulated among the people of Georgia. At the session of the Legislature of 1843, the following preamble and resolutions were adopted: — The last General Assembly of the State of Georgia having adopted a series of resolutions, approved on the 28th of December, 1842. censuring the course of the Hon. John M. Berrien, one of our Senators in Congress, withdrawing their confidence from him, and declaring that they would not receive from, nor address to him any communication to further the interests or defend the rights of the people of Georgia, the General Assembly feel constrained to restore the relations thus dissevered between the people of Georgia and their faithful Senator, and to express their confidence in his worth and patriotism. Be it therefore Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Georgia, in General Assembly met, That we and our constituents approve the course of the Hon. John M. Berrien in the Senate of the United States, and cherish an honest pride in his enlightened patriotism and distinguished ability. Resolved further, That we especially commend his uncompromising resistance to the disorganizing doctrine of legislative instruction. Resolved further, That this General Assembly hereby express their unqualified confidence in their honourable Senator; that it will always be their pride and their pleasure to communicate with him; and that, in any and every emergency, they will address themselves to him as the willing champion and able de- fender of the rights and interests of the people of Georgia. Resolved, That the Governor be requested to transmit a copy of these resolutions to our Senators in Congress, with the request that they be laid before the Senate of the United States. Thus sustained by the Legislature and people of Georgia, Mr. Ber- rien continued in the discharge of his public duties in the Senate oi the United States ; and in 1847 was re-elected for another term of six years, which would have terminated on the 4th of March, 1853; but he resigned his seat in May, 1852, and retired to private life. The manner in which his resignation was announced to the Senate by that excellent man, the late Vice-President King, and the remarks of the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee on the occasion, afford evidence of the high estimation in which Mr. Berrien was held in that body. As we have already said, Mr. Berrien bore his full share in the discussion of the exciting subjects which agitated the Senate. He was ever the uncompromising advocate of the constitutional rights of the people of Georgia ; but he sought with equal zeal to advance the interests, and steadfastly to preserve the integrity of the Union. CHATHAM COUNTY. 377 Two of Mr. Berrien's speeches are now before us : one on the sub- ject of Slavery in the Territories, and the other on the President's Message, in relation to the slave rescue at Boston, Mass. From both of these speeches we conceive it to be our duty to give a few extracts, to show that he has never lost sight of his duty to Georgia. From the first of these we make the following extract in reference to the right of the people of the South to participate in the benefits of all public property, and in the territories of the Union : — "This right is based upon the equality of the States. If they be equal in dig- nity, in right; if they were so at the formation of the Constitution; if nothing has intervened since to produce an inequality, then the right which is claimed rests upon the basis of their equality. It is the inevitable consequence of it. You can perceive that such an equality of rights between the members of the Union must apply not only to actual possessions at any given time, but also to all future ac- quisitions. "It is difficult to prove so self-evident a proposition, as the equality of the States of this Union at the formation of this Constitution. But let us for a moment con- sider it. Thirteen independent States, loosely connected by the Articles of Con- federation, with a view to form a more perfect union, established our federal charter. That they were free and independent States, they affirmed in their De- claration of Independence, and they maintained that declaration by their wisdom in council and by their gallantry in the field. That they were sovereign States was recognized by the country of which they were colonies, by a treaty in which they were severally and byname acknowledged as free, sovereign, and indepen dent. Well now, sir, their equality necessarily resulted from their sovereignty, as sovereignty is correlative to equality. I do not know whether upon a question of this sort it may be necessary to resort to authorities; but Vattel says:— 'Since men are naturally equal, and a perfect equality prevails in their rights and obli- gations, as equally proceeding from nature ; nations composed of men, and con- sidered as so many free persons living together in a state of nature, are naturally equal, and inherit from nature the same obligations and rights. Power or weak- ness does not in this respect produce any difference. A dwarf is as much a man as a giant ; a small republic is no less a sovereign State than the most powerful kingdom.' The thirteen States of this Union, then, entered into the bond which now unites us as equals. The Constitution of the United States recognizes that equality as existing between the States, not only by its grants, but also by its reservations of power. " In the exercise of these, their equal rights, they formed a Constitution and established a government to administer it. Now, is it to be doubted— this is the inquiry which I would address to the Senate— is it to be doubted that a govern- ment so formed was to be conducted for the common and equal benefit of all those equal and sovereign States who formed it?" We wish we had space to allow us to give more extracts from this speech, particularly that portion of it which relates to the Mexican laws on the subject of slavery ; but we are compelled to omit it. Mr. Berrien concluded his speech in the following language : — 378 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. "I hope to return to that people, bearing to them the evidence of your disposi- tion to preserve the peace and harmony of the Union. I know their devotion to it. For myself. I do not hesitate to say that disunion is an idea which, even in imagination, I cannot fully realize. In moments of despondency, it floats before my mind, as a shapeless vision, to which I can give no distinct form, dimly ex- posing to my view, in the background, the horrors of anarchy and civil commo- tion. I could not draw the dividing line by any effort of imagination of which I am capable. I am not — within the broad limits of the State in which I dwell I do not believe there is a single advocate of disunion ; but that which the under- standing cannot devise, which the imagination cannot conceive, desperation, produced by a sense of injustice, may accomplish. I pray that it may be averted. My best efforts shall be employed to avert it. 1 do not indicate the course which Georgia will pursue, if the measures which you propose are carried into execu- tion. That is for her people to determine ; and I am but one of these. I can only say, that the rights and the interests of that people are mine ; that they are endeared to me by a thousand recollections which can never be obliterated ; that I cannot separate myself from a gallant and patriotic people, the protectors of my infancy, who have in manhood extended to me a generous and unwavering con- fidence which commands all my gratitude. Beneath the soil of Georgia the ashes of my parents and of my children repose ; and there, too, my own must shortly rest. Whether in weal or woe, the lot of her people shall be mine." The motion of the Hon. Mr. Clay in the Senate of the United States, in 1851, to refer the Message of the President, in relation to the slave rescue at Boston, to the Committee on the Judiciary, gave rise to a very animated debate. Mr. Berrien expressed the opinion that the President of the United States ought to be armed with all power which can be constitutionally conferred upon him, for the pur- pose of carrying the Fugitive Slave Bill into execution. In support of the opinion, that those States in which abolition societies exist should by their own laws repress them, Mr. Berrien argued thus : — " Mr. President, I may be told that freedom of speech and of the press are guar- anteed by the Constitution. Be it so. But there are other rights also which are guaranteed by that instrument. One principle of law, of justice, and of common sense, is, that however absolute the right which any man possesses, he may not so use it as to inflict injury upon others. Sic uterc tuo, ut non alienum laderc, is a maxim of law, but it is also a maxim of common sense and of justice. If the people thus associated, and claiming this right of freedom of speech and of the press, exercise it for no legitimate purpose within theii own limits, for the enjoy- ment of no right which they possess, but solely for the purpose of disturbing the peace, and violating the rights of others residing in States in which slavery ex- ists, they violate that principle, and are no longer within the pale of the protection of the Constitution. " The Senate will bear with me in a very brief view of this subject. They will not, I trust, consider that time as misspent which is employed in fixing this great principle on the basis on which truth, justice, the laws of nations, the Con- stitution of the country, and our own uniform practice, have established it. I CHATHAM COUNTY. 379 say, then, it is an established principle of the law of nations, that no one State has a right to do anything, even within her own limits, which may operate inju- riously to the people of another, although a foreign State, with whom they are at peace. The proposition is laid down so simply, so briefly, and yet so forcibly, by Vatfel, that I will for a moment refer to it. After stfetmg that no hation ought to commit actions tending to injure others, Vattel says: 'The general principle forbids nations to practise any evil manoeuvres tending to create disturbance in another State, to foment disorder, Sfc, to raise enemies against it,'' &c, &c. " This principle of the law of nations, thus stated by this writer, and recognized by every other on the subject, is enforced (as you have seen by reading a portion of the report of the Convention of Georgia) by the Constitution of the United States, one of the objects declared in the preamble being to insure the ' domestic tranquillity' of each State. The obligation, then, which exists between foreign States, not by any act committed within their limits, to disturb the repose of any State, is recognized, enforced, and applied by the Constitution of the United States to the people of the several States composing this Confederacy. And, sir, the Government of the United States has acted upon this principle from its very foundation. It is now acting upon it at the very moment in which I am speaking to you. That principle lies at the foundation of all the laws on your statute-book, which inhibit citizens of the United States from fitting out armed vessels within the United States to cruise against a nation at peace with them. The offence is complete before the injury is done to the foreign nation. It is the act of fitting out with the intent to cruise against a nation with which the United States are at peace. So, also, the provisions which forbid any warlike preparation for the purpose of doing an injury to the people of such foreign State." Since the resignation of his seat in the Senate of the United States, Mr. Berrien has remained in retirement, under the pressure of a do- mestic calamity, devoting- himself to the care and education of his young family. He appears occasionally in the courts ;is assistant counsel, and at the meetings of his fellow-citizens of Savannah, who at this time are extensively engaged in measures of internal improve- ment, of which he has always been a zealous advocate. We cannot conclude this sketch without remarking, that Mr. Ber- rien has long been a worthy member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and in its State and General Conventions has always acted a prominent part. Hon. James Moore Wayne was born in the city of Savannah, in the State of Georgia. His father, an Englishman by birth, came to this country early in life, and marrying a Miss Clifford, a descendant of a family which emigrated from England to South Carolina as early as 1687, esta- blished himself in business in Charleston, whence he removed t Savannah. Of the thirteen children born of this union, but two no\ survive — the subject of this memoir, and his younger brother, Genera William C. Wayne, at present residing in South Carolina. Mr. Wayne received the rudiments of his education under the care 380 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. of Mr. Mackay. At a proper age, he joined the Freshman Class of Princeton College, at which he was graduated. Returning to Savannah, he entered upon the study of law in the office of John Y. Noel, Esq., where he remained, however, only a few months, being advised by his friends to prosecute his legal studies at the North. He accordingly repaired to New-Haven, and became the law pupil of the Hon. Judge Chauncey, a gentleman of high legal education. As commemorative of this high-minded and estimable gentleman's peculiarities, which will be instantly recognized by all who knew him, and as illustrative of his method of instruction, conveying useful hints for legal education, we shall here quote Judge Wayne's own description of his New-Haven course. " I can never forget Judge Chauncey," he writes, " for in his parlour and office was laid the foundation of my professional career. But I did not get into either, without much ques- tioning of, ' who I was' — ' where I had been' — ' what I had done' — ' why I came to him' — and not before he verified, in some measure, my answers, by examining me in both Latin and Greek ; saying, that he had never undertaken to teach any one the law, who was not pre- pared for it by previous education. The end of it was, that after a week, I was sent for to begin my course. He was well acquainted with his profession and its literature. First, he gave to me alone, for his other students were advanced, several lectures upon the ethics of the profession, illustrating them by narratives and anecdotes from the lives of eminent lawyers. These were not conversations, but precisely written chapters upon the practice of the profession, in the different relations of lawyer and client, lawyer with lawyer, and lawyer with the court and jury, in which were traced their obligations to each other, with exactness and truth. I was then lectured for three or four months upon the Roman law. First, historically, as to its sources and its reception in modern Europe, and then in its subdivisions concerning persons, things, rights, the modes of prosecuting them, and in all of those analogies in relation to contracts, which exist between it and the English common law. It was in this course that the Latin I had learned was of use to me, and it has been so ever since professionally. In connection with this course, I was carried through the history of the English common law, before I was permitted to take up any of the works ordinarily first used in getting a knowledge of the law. Hale's History of the Common Law was his text, and Edward I. his hero. Every statute of that prince's reign, and of each succeeding reign, in any way bearing upon the improvement of the law, I was made to know something of, in contrast with the antecedent defective condition of English law. My instructor did everything he could to point out the road for my future travel in the profession, and it is my own fault jf I have not made the journey. Circumstances which I could not con- trol, forced me to leave Judge Chauncey sooner than I wished, after I had been with him for twenty months. When taking my leave of him, he put into my hand a complimentary certificate, with one of his charac- teristic remarks. It was to this effect : ' I have tried to make alawver CHATHAM COUNTY. 381 of you — go — but do not think yourself one yet. Continue to do as you have done with me, and I may hear before I die that you are one.' Nor did his interest in me cease with our separation ; for, having been told some time afterwards, that I was more devoted to social pleasures than he thought consistent with my becoming a lawyer, he wrote a friendly letter to me, very much in his peculiar way. It was as fol- lows : ' I hear of your health, and am glad of it ; but I hear also, that your time is very much given to balls and dinners. That is not the way for you to become a lawyer. Others have tried it without suc- cess, and so will you.' As regards myself, he was more than half right. Under strong allurements, I was giving myself too much to society, in a vain hope that I could divide my time between study and pleasure." After he left Judge Chauncey's office he returned to Savannah, where he passed five months in the office of Mr. Stites, for the purpose of becoming familiar with the practice in Georgia. He then entered upon his profession, and in a few years acquired an extensive practice. Mr. Wayne was first drawn into public life by an induce- ment which bore hard upon the profession in Georgia. The Legislature had passed what is commonly known as a relief law for debtors. Suits could not be commenced against them : such as had been begun, were stayed in the courts from being carried into judg- ment and execution ; and levies could not be made for the payment of judgments obtained before the enactment of the law. Judge Berrien, then presiding in the Superior Court of Georgia, took the lead in show- ing and deciding that such a law was unconstitutional. ' Mr. Richard Henry Wilde, of Augusta, published a well-written and learned pam- phlet against it, with great success ; and there was organized an oppo- sition to the law, for its repeal at the sitting of the next General Assembly. Public sentiment in Savannah was against the law, and became more efficient from the stand Judge Berrien had taken, and from the violence of the advocates of the law against him, in other parts of the State. Candidates for the General Assembly were selected in every county of the State with reference to their advocacy or opposition to the Relief Act. In Chatham County, in which is the city of Savannah, Mr. Wayne was put forward as a candidate, and was elected by a large majority. It was his first appearance in public life, or in politics, and was the means of introducing him to an extensive circle of gentlemen in the General Assembly, who had been prominent in Georgia affairs for a longtime, but many of whom had been, voluntarily, in retirement for years, and had only left it for the occasion, to help in restoring the State to an upright position. The proposition to repeal the law brought out the speakers on both sides, and it was thoroughly dis- cussed. The part borne in this discussion by Mr. Wayne was his first attempt in political debate, and gained for him the favourable opin- ion of all who thought with him, and of many of those who were opposed to him. A large number, on both sides, united in asking him to write out his speech for publication. He did so ; and it being very 382 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. generally circulated, formed the beginning of that good-will which the people of Georgia have always since shown to him, in every instance in which he has been put before them, or the Legislature, as a candi- date. The next year, he was again elected a member of the General As- sembly ; but the year after, he declined being a candidate, having been placed at the head of the municipality of his native city. As Mayor of Savannah, he introduced and established the system of financial ac- countability in the management of the city affairs, which still exists, and under which they have prospered, without loss by the defalcation of any of its officers. Resigning the mayoralty as soon as he could, he returned, exclusively, to the practice of his profession, and worked at it, in partnership with Mr. Richard R. Cuyler, earnestly, indus- triously, and profitably, until he received a written communication, signed by every practising member of the bar in the Eastern Circuit of the State, requesting him to become a candidate before the General Assembly for the bench of the Superior Court. He did so, and was elected. He presided in this court for five years and a half, and then resigned, to take his seat in the Congress of the United States, in the session of 1829-30, to which he had been elected by the peo- ple of the State — Georgia then electing her representatives by a gen- eral ticket. The State Reports, and the records of the Superior Court, suffi- ciently show how his judicial duties during this period were discharged ; and to the reputation he then earned must mainly be attributed his sub- sequent appointment to the bench of the Supreme Court of the United States. The period of Mr. Wayne's entry into public life was an exceed- ingly interesting one in the history of our country. The administra- tion of the younger Adams had been terminated in the March previous by the inauguration of General Jackson. The United States were at peace with all the world ; but there were unsettled questions with England, France, and Spain, requiring, on our part, delicate treatment and consideration. They had been the subjects of an unsuccessful negotiation, our people were impatient of the delays which had attend- ed the same, and the time had come when, in order to avoid greater difficulties, it was necessary for our Government to arrange the dis- puted boundary with England, and to settle the claims of our citizens with France and Spain for spoliations upon our commerce. With the new republics of the American Continent we were in friendly relation, but against all of them we had complaints, which were to be adjust- ed before commercial arrangements for mutual benefit could be ma- tured. At home, the many questions of domestic policy, bearing directly upon sectional interests and the constitutional powers of the govern- ment in legislation, were more perplexing even than our foreign affairs — more embarrassing, perhaps, than ever before in the history of the nation. The tariff — internal improvements — the Bank of the United States — the public lands — the policy to be adopted in relation to the CHATHAM COUNTY. 383 tribes of Indians within the limits of some of the States — were all engrossing and dividing public attention. There were other difficulties which brought upon the administra- tion many responsibilities, present and prospective. Coming into Congress under these circumstances, and with the con- fidence of the people of this State, particularly as regarded her Indian difficulties, Judge Wayne, soon after taking his seat, was brought into frequent and close intercourse with the President and his Cabinet. In the arrangement of the committees, he was placed on that of com- merce, of which the Hon. C. C. Cambreleng was chairman, to whom was conceded by all, an enlarged knowledge of the principles of trade, with great practical experience in their operation. It was in the business of this committee that it was first seen that the representative from Georgia possessed industry with great application, and the ability to defend its action in debate when brought before the House. He was, at the same time, a member of the Library Committee, which brought him into frequent and pleasant intercourse with many of the mem- bers. Subsequently, as chairman of a special committee, he reported a plan for the reorganization of the Treasury Department ; and after- wards he occupied the responsible position of chairman of the Com- mittee on Foreign Affairs, until removed from it to the bench of the Supreme Court. Notwithstanding the engrossing duties which devolved upon him as a member of different committees, he found time to inform himself in relation to the other business before Congress, and to participate in the discussion of every measure of importance, connected or uncon- nected with our foreign or domestic policy. His support of the administration was liberal, without partisan in- tention, or advocacy of what he could not approve. Its foreign policy had his uniform support. He sustained free trade, without denying the constitutionality of protection. He opposed internal improvements by Congress, except of rivers and harbours, which he always upheld. He differed from the President as to the distribution to the States of the revenue received from the sale of public lands. He opposed the rechartering of the United States Bank, on account of its misman- agement and its power, always admitting, however, that Congress had constitutional power to charter a bank ; and he took an active part in the removal of the Indians to a permanent home. His position in regard to the rechartering of the United States Bank we find clearly defined in his speech delivered on the 13th March, 1832. (Gales and Seaton's Debates, vol. viii., part 2, page 2129.) This speech was widely circulated, and brought him into corres- pondence and connection with the most distinguished bankers and financiers of the country. Judge Wayne defended President Jack- son's course in relation to the South Carolina resolutions, proposing to nullify the acts of Congress for the collection of the revenues. He voted for the Force Bill, and, in consequence, was denounced by a 384 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. portion of his own party. But the people of Georgia sustained him, and returned him to Congress by a larger majority than he had eve* before received. In debate, Judge Wayne is ready, quick, ingenuous, and courteous, never forgetting, in the excitement of the subject or the moment, the respect due to himself, to the House, or to individuals. His legal practice, and the early habit of noting the arguments of eminent counsel, served him here to great advantage, and we find him, gene- rally, attacking the turning point of his adversary's argument. In his speeches we find no efforts at declamation, nor attempts at rounded or inflated periods for popular applause, but great research and varied information, exhibiting a thorough and extensive range of examination, with much and careful study. In their arrangement, the system and habit of legal argument are evident ; and we find him adhering to the main points of the case with a tenacity that no diversions of his oppo- nents could relax. In his politics, he uniformly assumed high nation- al ground ; yet no one has defended the constitutional rights of the States more consistently, or with more vigour and ability, when those rights have been assailed. The impressions and influences of his political career are to be seen in many of the measurss of public policy to which he gave his support, and which are now matters of national history. But in none have they been more apparent and decisive than in the advancement and prosperity of his native State, resulting from the removal of the Indian tribes within her borders. Withdrawing from political strife upon the acceptance of the appoint- ment to the supreme bench, Judge Wayne has taken but little part since in public affairs, and then, only upon the urgent solicitations of his friends, or the unequivocal demands of national obligations. As a delegate from Savannah, he attended the famous Knoxville Internal Improvement Convention ; but perceiving upon its organization thai it was merely called to confirm a predetermined conclusion, without an examination of, or regard to, the route through Georgia, he sug- gested to his colleagues, and impressed it upon them as essential to the interests of their own State, the imperative necessity of unani- mous action ; and recommended, as best calculated to promote agree- ment among them, and to render their action effectual, that the dele- gates from Georgia should meet daily, after the adjournment of the Convention, for the purpose of examining and criticising its proceed- ings. The suggestion and recommendation were both approved and acted upon, and the result of these meetings was the subsequent Con- vention of the people of Georgia, in which he presided, and in which was laid the foundation of that line of internal improvements, uniting the current of the Mississippi with the tide-waters of the Atlantic, so successfully undertaken, and now almost completed. He has also presided in two conventions called for revising the constitution of his natwe State. Before we close this memoir, we conceive it to be a duty we owe to Judge Wayne to say something of his judicial career. CHATHAM COUNTV. 385 Two important branches of the law, in which Mr. Justice Wayne has exerted an especial influence, demand particular notice here. One of the most interesting subjects, in every point of view, which is exhibited in our judicial history, is that of admiralty jurisdiction. It is perfectly well known to the profession, and to his brethren on the bench, that no individual has more earnestly devoted himself to this particular topic, nor exhibited more industry or research in ex- ploring it, nor contributed more effectively to the establishment of those principles which are now recognized as governing this inter- esting and important branch of jurisprudence, than the subject of the present memoir. In the year 1847, the case of Waring v. Clark was brought to the consideration of the court. It was a suit in the admi- ralty, originating in a collision which occurred between the vessels on the Mississippi River, about ninety five miles above New-Orleans. In the judgment delivered by Mr. Justice Wayne, it became necessary to examine at great length the history of the admiralty jurisdiction in both England and the United States, to institute a comparison, and to discriminate between them, and to lay down certain and precise rules, by which the courts of the Union are to be governed in the adminis- tration of their functions. This task was performed with great ability ; and it is believed that the lines there drawn will henceforward be re- garded as permanently settled landmarks on this subject. There is, perhaps, no one department of the law involving greater or more momentous interests than those which concern the public lands, particularly that portion of them which lies within the terri- tories which the United States have acquired from foreign powers. In the investigation of such causes, it is perfectly well known that no member of the bench has been more laborious, more conversant with the law by which they were to be decided, nor, above all, more distinguished for high appreciation of the obligations of treaties, and impartiality in the adjudication of them, than the subject of this me- moir.* Georgia is proud to own Judge Wayne as one of her most gifted sons. The Right Rev. Stephen Elliott, Jr., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Georgia, was born at Beaufort, in South Carolina, on the 31st of August, 1806. His father was Ste- phen Elliott — one among the most eminent scholars which the South has ever produced, and a gentleman universally beloved. His mo- ther was the grand-daughter of the Hon. James Habersham, who was Governor of Georgia in 1771, and sister to the Hon. Richard W. Habersham, formerly a member of Congress from this State. Bishop Elliott received the rudiments of his education in Charles- ton, under a celebrated teacher, Mr. Hurlbert, and entered the Sopho- more class at Harvard University, where he remained one year, and * Abridged from a memoir in " Biographical Sketches of Eminent American Law- yers," edited by John Livingston, of the New-York bar. 25 386 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. then returned to South Carolina, and entered Columbia College, at which he was graduated in 1825. Under James L. Pettigrew, Esq., an eminent barrister in Charles- ton, he studied law, and was admitted to practice as soon as he be- came of age. He pursued his profession in Charleston and Beaufort until 1833, when he determined to study for the ministry, and became a candidate for orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church. Anterior to this, his mind had been directed to religious subjects. It will be remembered by some, that, in 1830 and '31, the churches of almost every denomination in the lower part of South Carolina were uncom- monly excited upon the subject of religion. The Rev. Daniel Baker, we believe, was at this time the instrument in the hands of the Almighty of bringing many to feel that religion was the " one thing needful," and among whom, if we are not mistaken, was Mr. Elliott. He was ordained deacon by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Bowen in 1835, and shortly afterwards took charge of the parish at Wilton, South Caro- lina, where he remained but one month, and was elected Professor of Sacred Literature in South Carolina College, the duties of which pro- fessorship he assumed early in January, 1836. When, in 1840, the weak Diocese of Georgia believed that the time had arrived when Providence seemed to open a way by which a Bishop might be secured, attention was turned to Mr. Elliott, and at the Convention held at Clarkesville, May 1st, 1840, he was elected, and consecrated in Christ Church, at Savannah, in 1841. CHATTOOGA COUNTY. Tins county was laid out from Walker and Floyd, in 1838, and de- rived its name from its principal river, Chattooga. The most prominent streams are Chattooga River ; Snake, Euke- lanaquaw, Jobns, and Amuchee Creeks. Summerville is the county town, situated in Chattooga Valley, one hundred and ninety-five miles from Milledgeville. The climate is considered healthy. Among the instances of longe- vity are, Joseph Pollard and Henry Laurence, 80 ; Mrs. Margaret Middleton, 90. The face of the country is uneven, traversed by mountains and ridges running N. E. and "S. W. Although a small county, it con- tains much good land. It is interspered with rich and delightful valleys and mountains, unfolding picturesque and highly interesting scenery. The names of the principal valleys are Broomtown, Chat- tooga, and Amuchee. The mountains are Taylor's Ridge and John's Mountain ; there is also a very high peak which stands by itself, called Dirtseller Mountain ; the Indians called it Karte Kunteesky. CHATTOOGA COUNTY. 387 w » Tryon Factory, on Chattooga River, is five miles N. of Summer- ville, — 864 spindles, 10 looms, averaging 45 yards per loom; 45 operatives. Factory 114 feet by 44; 2 stories high. Water power good. Among the first settlers of this county were, Robert Cameron, Charles Price, Francis Kirby, John Lamar, Wm. McConnell, Isaac Chandler, James Herndon, James Wells, John Johnson, Philip Burns, Sanders Dickson, Wm. Price, Hugh Montgomery, Albert Mitchell, Edward Adams, Reuben Slaton, N. Allman, Elijah Mosley, Thomas Tredaway, Albert Quinn, Joseph Crook, Charles A. Heard, John F. Beavers, Hugh McMullin, James Price. Extract from the Census of 1850. — 869 dwellings; 869 families; 2,628 white males ; 2,503 white females ; 1 free coloured male ; 3 free coloured females. Total free population, 5,135 ; slaves, 1,680. Deaths, 79. Farms, 419 ; manufacturing establishments, 10. Value of real estate, $861,066 ; value of personal estate, $1,018,308. 3fi.isrilia-iiifl.ttH. In the vicinity of Summerville there was a very large Indian town called Island Town, the principal chief of which in 17 — was Cabin Smith, one of the signers of the treaty concluded at the Cherokee Agency, July 8, 1817, and also of the treaty at Washington, February 27, 1819. About the end of the American Revolution, the small-pox made great ravages among the inhabitants of this town. Broomtown was situated west of Island Town, and took its name from its chief, The Broom, whose name is affixed to the treaty con- cluded at Tellico, October 24, 1804. Sequoia, or George Guess, the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet, formerly resided in this county. Cherokee Alphabet. — We find the following interesting article in the mis- cellaneous department of a Northern paper, but without any acknowledgment of the source whence it. was derived. The material facts here stated are, however, well established, but we do not recollect to have before seen so par- ticular an account of this singular aboriginal invention. — Sparta Republican. The invention of the new Cherokee alphabet is one of the most remarkable circumstances which has ever occurred in the history of the Indian tribes of America. We lately conversed with a reverend gentleman, who has for some time laboured as a missionary in the territories of that tribe, and who, from the station he lately held, was able to give us some information respecting this in- teresting piece of aboriginal improvement. The American Cadmus, it seems, is an illiterate Cherokee, unacquainted both with the English language and the powers and system of the English alphabet. The language of the tribe, though 388 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. perhaps the most copious of any Indian dialect on the continent, is wholl)'' com- posed of the various combinations of about sixty monosyllables. The ingenious savage, after a persevering labour of two years, having ascertained the certain number of those radical particles of his native tongue, invented for each a re presentative character, and thus formed a complete, and perhaps the only sylla bic alphabet in the world. The accomplishment of this among a people sc little addicted to inventive study as the savages of our country, is truly astonish ing, and proclaims the author of it to be a person of no ordinary mind. During the course of his labours, it is said, his fellow-savages often remarked the singu- larity of his behaviour in generally sitting apart from his companions, apparently deep in thought, and employed in making marks on the ground. He, however, with true Indian taciturnity, declined speaking to any one of the object of his study till his work was finished. He then took one of his brethren aside, and explained to him his new invention, and ended with saying, " We can now have speaking papers as well as white men. 1 ' The newly discovered art was seized with avidity by the people of the tribe, and, from the extreme simplicity of the plan, the use of it soon became general. Any one, on fixing in his memory the names and forms of the letters, imme- diately possessed the art of reading and writing; and the whole could be ac- quired in one day. It is now but two or three years since this discovery was made, and reading and writing have already become so general among the Cherokees, that they not only carry on a correspondence by letter between the different parts of their territory, but are also in the habit of taking receipts and giving promissory notes in affairs of trade. The gentleman from whom we re- ceived this information told us, that it is now common, in travelling the lands of the tribes, to see directions for the different paths inscribed on the trees. The inventor of the alphabet adopted a few of our manuscript letters. Those were probably the only ones he knew of; and it is certain that he was unacquainted with their power, for he gives proof of it, by applying them to sounds wholly different from those they stood for in English. Nearly all his characters, how- ever, are of his own invention. The following interesting particulars are taken from the Missionary Herald for October, 1828 : — Mr. Guess is, in appearance and habits, a full Cherokee, though his grand- father on his father's side was a white man. He has no knowledge of any language but the Cherokee, consequently, in his invention of the alphabet, he had to depend entirely on his own native resources. He was led to think on the subject of writing the Cherokee language, by a conversation which took place one evening at Sauta. Some young men were making remarks on the superior talents of the white people ; one said that white men could put a talk on paper and send it to any distance, and it would be understood by those who received it. They all agreed that this was very strange, and they could not see how it could be done. Mr. Guess, after silently listening to their conversation for a while, raised himself, and putting on an air of importance, said: "You are all fools; why, the thing is very easy; I can do it myself;" and picking up a flat stone, he commenced scratching on it with a pin, and after a few minutes read CHATTOOGA COUNTY. 389 to them a sentence which he had written, by making a mark for each word. This produced a laugh, and the conversation on that subject ended. But the inventive powers of Guess's mind were now roused to action, and nothing short of being able to write the Cherokee language would satisfy him. He went home, purchased materials, and sat down to paint the Cherokee language on paper. He at first thought of no way but to make a character for each word. He pursued this plan for about a year, in which time he had made several thousand characters. He was then convinced that the object was not attainable in that way ; but he was not discouraged. He firmly believed that there was some way in which the Cherokee language could be expressed on paper, as well as the English ; and after trying several other methods, he at length con- ceived the idea of dividing the words into parts. He had not proceeded far on this plan, before he found, to his great satisfaction, that the same characters would apply in different words, and the number of characters would be com- paratively few. After putting down and learning all the syllables that he could think of, he would listen to speeches, and the conversation of strangers, and whenever a word occurred which had a part or syllable in it which he had not before thought of, he would bear it on his mind until he had made a character for it. In this way he soon discovered all the syllables in the language. In forming his characters, he made some use of the English letters, as he found them in a spelling-book which he had in his possession. After commencing upon the last- mentioned plan, I believe he completed his system in about a month. During the time he was occupied in inventing the alphabet, he was strenuously opposed by all his friends and neighbours. He was frequently told that he was throwing away his time and labour, and that none but a delirious person, or an idiot, would do as he did. But this did not discourage him. He would listen to the expostulations of his friends, and then deliberately light his pipe, pull his spectacles over his eyes, and sit down to his w r ork, without attempt- ing to vindicate his conduct. After completing his system, he found much diffi- culty in persuading the people to learn it; nor could he succeed, until he went to the Arkansas and taught a few persons there, one of whom wrote a letter to some friends in this nation, and sent it by Mr. Guess, who read it to the people. This letter excited much curiosity. Here was a talk in the Cherokee language, which had come all the way from the Arkansas sealed up in a paper, yet it was very plain. This convinced many that Mr. Guess's mode of writing would be of some use. Several persons immediately determined to try to learn. They succeeded in a few days, and from this it quickly spread all over the nation, and the Cherokees (who, as a people, had always been illiterate) were, in the course of a few months, without school or expense of time or money, able to read and write in their own language. 390 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA CHEROKEE COUNTY This division of the State was laid out in 1832. The Etowah River flows almost through the centre of the county. The Little River empties into the Etowah. The creeks are, Cooper's, Sandy, Chicken, &c Canton is the seat of justice, on the southeast bank of the Etowah River, one hundred and thirty miles northwest of Milledgeville. The portion of the county west of the Etowah, and south of Long- Swamp, is very hilly. The part that is traversed by Little River and its tributaries is undulating. The section of the county east of the Etowah is hilly, except some portions contiguous to Forsyth. Lands of the first quality are on Etowah River and Long Swamp. Sharp Mountain, in the northwest part of the county, is remarkable for its peak, running up like a sugar-loaf. Extract from the Census of 1850. — Dwellings, 1,970; families, 1,994; white males, 5,921; white females, 5,708; free coloured males, 6; free coloured females, 8. Total free population, 11,643. Slaves, 1,157. Deaths, 81. Farms, 1,000, ; manufacturing establish- ments, 5 ; value of real estate, $1,637,037; value of personal estate, $790,175. Gold is found in this county. Sixes' Mines are six miles southwest of Canton, on the road to Allatoona. Williamson's Mines are on the waters of Little River. Franklin Mines are on Etowah River, five miles from Frog Town. The other minerals are iron, sulphate of iron, sulphate of cop- per, titanium, quartz, granite and marble. Quicksilver and cobalt are said to exist. On Long Swamp there are large quarries of marble, which are be- ginning to be a source of profit to the owners. Old Sixes, an Indian town, was situated about seven miles S. W. of Canton. In 1833 about four hundred Indians resided here. Stop was the chief. The Ball-ground was a prominent place among the Cherokees. Little River Town, fourteen miles S. E. of Canton, was in 1833 in- habited by three hundred Indians. Chicken was the chief. Among the early settlers were, Daniel H. Bird, John P. Brooks, John Wagner, General Eli McConnell, John McConnell, John B, Garrison, R. F. Daniel, James ^Daniel, William Grisham, John Eperson, Washington Ltjmpkin,TIenry Cobb,jCharles Christian, John Maddox, Thomas Johnston, William Greene, Samuel Tate, Peter Ktjykendall, John P. Winn, Joseph S. Dyer, Martin Evans, John M. Chambers, Joseph Donaldson, Merrick Ford, E. CLARKE COUNTY. 391 Putnam, T. Chamlee, M. Chamlee, S. Rucker, James Dorris, David Rusk, John Hunt, Sen., John Leonard, William May, Wil- liam Key, James A. Maddox, B. Bailey, John" Mullins, John Pugh, John Henson, John Wheeler, Henry Wheeler, P. C. Boger, E. Dyer, &c. This county derived its name from the Cherokee Indians. The word Cherokee is derived from Chera, fire, and the prophets of the nation were called Cheralaghye, men of divine fire. CLARKE COUNTY. This portion of the State was laid out from Jackson in 1801 ; a part taken from Greene, 1802, 1807; part set off to Madison in 1811; part added to Oglethorpe, 1813 ; and part added to Madison in 1829. 'Length, 20 m. ; breadth, 14 m. ; area square miles, 280. Watkinsville, named after Colonel Robert Watkins, of Augusta, was made the county site in 1802. It is situated three miles west of the Oconee, and sixty-four miles north-northwest of Milledgeville. Athens is on the west bank of the Oconee. The public buildings, not including those connected with the University, are the Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, and two churches for coloured peo- ple, Town Hall, &c. Franklin College is located in Athens. As early as 1788-9, the Legislature of Georgia made liberal endowments for the establish- ment of the University ; but it did not go into operation until 1801. Its first President was Mr. Josiah Meigs, Professor of Natural Philo- sophy and Astronomy iu Yale College. Mr. Meigs resigned the Pre sidency in 1811, and the Rev. Dr. Kollock was elected to fill the va- cancy. This gentleman, however, declined the appointment, and Dr. Brown, Professor of Moral Philosophy, Columbia College, South Ca- rolina, was then chosen to the office, who continued to preside over the University until 1816, when he resigned. Dr. Finley, of New Jersey, was appointed his successor. This great and good man ap- plied himself with indefatigable zeal to the advancement of the Col- lege, and confidence was felt throughout the State that it would soon occupy a prominent stand among the literary institutions of the United States ; but his sudden and lamented death for a time obscured the cheering prospect. The Rev. N. S. S. Beman was selected to fill the vacancy occasioned by the demise of Dr. Finley ; but this gentleman declined serving. In 1819, Dr. Moses Waddel was elected President, under whose administration the University suc- ceeded. Dr. Waddel resigned in 1829, when the present incumbent, Dr. Alonzo Church, of Brattleborough, Vermont, was appointed to this distinguished station. 392 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The resources of the University are 100,000 dollars in stock of the Bank oi the State of Georgia, and about $1,500 in other stocks, to- gether with the proceeds of the tuition of students, and a small amount oi town lots. The buildings are : Two three-story, 120 by 45 feet, for lodging rooms for students ; a philosophical hall and che- mical laboratory, a chapel, a library and cabinet, president's house, and three houses for the professors. The library contains between eight and nine thousand volumes. The philosophical apparatus is one of the most extensive and complete in the country ; the chemical la- boratory is ample, the cabinet of minerals large, and the botanic garden in good order. The College has forty-four acres oi ground, on which the build- ings are erected, and which are set apart by the Legislature of the State for that purpose, and can never be diminished. Salem is eleven miles south oi Watkinsville. Farminu'ton is six miles south of Watkinsville. The face oi the country is hilly. One-third oi the land is worn out : but. in the opinion oi many, may be restored with proper care. The richest lauds are on the different forks of the Oconee. Among the early settlers oi tins county were. Thomas Grf.er, Charles Dean, F. Eobersox, James Greer, Col. Wm. Craig, Solo- mon Edwards. Wm. Clark, Wm. Williams, William Jones, Francis Oliver, Thomas Wade, David Elder. Zadock Cook. John Jack- son. High Neisler, Thomas Mitchell, James Cook, Wyatt Lee, Robert Barber. Rev. Hope Hull, A. Boggs, Jesse White, General Meriwether, Thomas Mitchell, Joseph Espey, John Espey. Extract from the Census of 1850. — Dwellings, 1,024; families, 1,00 1; white males. 2,711; white females. 2,804; free coloured males, 11; free coloured females. -1. Total population of free persons. 5,53 ) : si; i i - 5,589 ; deaths, 149 ; farms. 400 ; manufactur- ing establishments, 55; value of real estate, $2,122,644 ; value of personal estate, $3,039,428. In this county great attention has been paid to manufactures. The following are the factories : — Athens Manufacturing Company, capital. $92,600 : spindles. 2,500 ; looms, 40; operatives, mostly females. 85; overseers.:?; expenses per month. $800 : goods manufactured per day. 1.500 yards; bunches of yarn per day, 100 ; machinery made in New-Jersey ; cost. $60,000. Princeton Manufacturing Company, capital $54,000, organized in 1S;?0, and purchased by the present company in 1845, is situated two miles southwest oi Athens, On the middle branch of the Oconee. Cotton spindles, 2,184; wool do.. 040; looms. 45; bales of cot- ton used per week. 21 ; yards oi cloth made per day. 1.700 ; bundles of yam per day, 90; mattresses made per year. 100. The goods manufactured are shirtings, bed-ticking, linsey-woolsey, jeans, and checks, quality very superior. CLARKE COUNTY. .'!(».'} Mars Hill Factory is situated on Barber's ('reck, seven miles south- west of Athens. Capital, $20,000 ; owned by Moses & Jenkinson. Waterpower fine. Spindles, 850 ; looms, 12; machinery cost $8,000; yards of cloth made per day, 400 ; bales of cotton consumed per day, l£; number of operatives, 25; wages of operatives per month, from $5 to $25; saw-mill, 1 ; grist-mill, 1. Georgia Factory, owned by John White, Esq. ; situated lour miles south of Athens. Machinery cost $50,000 ; spindles, 1,704; bundles of yarn per day, 140; looms, 20; yards of cloth per day, 800; opera- tives, 70. Goods sent to North and South Carolina, Philadelphia, and New-Orleans. New machinery has recently been erected. Pioneer Paper Mill, owned by Albon Chase and .1. S. Linton. Located on Barber's Creek, three and a half miles southwest of Athens. Building of wood, upon a stone basement, two stories high. At this mill is manufactured writing, printing, and wrapping paper. The Watkinsville Tanning, &c, Company is situated at Watkins- ville. There are two brick buildings; the larger, 40 by 50 feet, three stories high ; engine 25 horsepower; mill can turn out 200 bushels of grain per day. Saw-mill turns out 1,500 feet of lumber per day. Connected with the establishment is a lulling mill for hides ; 7 or 8,000 pairs of shoes are made per annum. Establishment sup- plied with water from a spring fifty yards distant. DISTINGUISHED MEN. Rev. Hope Hull. — This gentleman was one of the founders of Methodism in Georgia. He was born on the Eastern Shore of Mary- land, in 1703, and was admitted to the travelling ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1785. His itineranl career, with the exception of a short interval which he spent in the New-England States, was devoted to the introduction and propagation of Methodism in North and South Carolina and Georgia, to which last Slate he came in 1788. Wherever he preached he produced a deep sensation. There are a few persons now living in Wilkes, Burke, and Chatham Counties, who retain a recollection of the great eloquence of Mr. Hull. A venerable clergyman, who remembers him well, says, "I knew Mr. Hull, and almost envied him his talents. I thought, indeed, if i pos- sessed his qualifications, I could be instrumental in saving thousands. This extraordinary young man drew multitudes after him, who, dis- armed of their prejudices, were under the influence of his discourses like clay in the hands of the potter." In 1796, Mr. Hull married Miss Ann Wingfield, of Wilkes County; and about this time, or perhaps before, ceased to be a travelling minister. In connection with the Rev. Mr. Springer, Mr. Hull established a classical school at Wash- ington, in Wilkes County. In 1803 he settled at Athens, the seat of the State University, having been appointed one of its trustees. In 394 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the prosperity of this institution he took a very deep interest ; and perhaps we may venture to say, that to very few persons is our Uni- versity more indebted than to Mr. Hull. He died at Athens, October 1, 1818. He left two sons, the elder of whom, the Hon. Asbury Hull, is well known to the people of Georgia. He has filled a number of important stations in the State, such as Judge of the Inferior Court, member and Speaker of the House of Representatives, delegate, &c. The second son, Dr. Henry Hull, has been a successful practitioner of medicine, and subsequently Professor of Mathematics in the State University. Mr. Hull left one daughter, the wife of Professor James P. Waddel, of Franklin College. Rev. Moses Waddel, D.D., was born on the 29th of July, 1770, in Iredell County, North Carolina. So confident were his parents that Moses would not survive his birth a single day, that when they found themselves mistaken, they gave him the name of the Patriarch, who was providentially preserved in his infancy. In May, 1777, he entered, as a half scholar, a school about three miles from his father's residence. At his tender age, it was believed that he would not be able to attend more than half the year ; and this proved true. In the May following, he left this school, having received at it, in all, about six months' instruction. In this time he learned to read accurately, and to write a fair hand. His profi- ciency here, which was unequalled by any child of his age in the school, opened the way to all his subsequent usefulness. In 1 778, by the instrumentality of the Rev. James Hall, a Pres- byterian divine, a grammar school was established in the neighbour- hood, and Mr. Waddel's friends besought him to enter his son Moses in the Latin department. The old man objected, upon the very reasonable ground that he was not able to purchase the books, much less to endure the more heavy expenses of such a course of study. He at length, however, yielded to the importunities of his friends, casting himself on Providence for the means. On the 15th of October, 1784, he took charge of a school not far from his father's residence. This was the beginning of his labours in that field in which he reaped so much renown. At this place, near the waters of Hunting Creek, in what is now Iredell County, and in its vicinity, he continued to teach, giving gene- ral satisfaction to his employers, until the latter part of the year 1786, when he removed to Greene County, in the State of Georgia. In January following, he established a school, composed mostly of English scholars, with one or two in Latin. This, his first establish- ment in Georgia, was near the North Ogeechee River. In the sum- mer of 1787, a threatened invasion of the Creeks forced him to break up his school, and being now out of employment, he visited his parents in North Carolina, who determined to accompany him to Georgia. He preceded them, however, about a month ; and on his /^t^ CLARKE COUNTY. 395 return, found that the Indian alarms had been but too well founded. The Creeks had invaded the white settlements, burnt Greenes- borough, and committed several murders still farther to the east- ward. Mr. Waddel found his old patrons and friends had abandoned their houses, and taken refuge in forts. He now went to Augusta, and after having spent nearly a month in an ineffectual attempt to procure a place in the Richmond Academy, he returned to Greene, where he found quiet restored, and his parents just arrived from North Carolina. In 1788 he opened another school ; and while en- gaged in its duties, received religious impressions. Mr. Waddel now determined to enter the ministry, and prepara- tory thereto, to obtain a collegiate education. In the fall of the year 1790, he set out, by the advice of the Rev. John Springer, for Hampden Sydney College. He arrived there in September, and after employing himself in preparatory studies until the 3d of January fol- lowing, entered the Senior Class in that Institution. On the 29th September, 1791, he graduated, after remaining in College but eight months and twenty-six days. In 1793 or 1794 he opened a school in Columbia County. In 1804 he removed to Wellington, in South Carolina, where he re- mained until 1819, when he was elected President of Franklin Col- lege, and immediately entered upon its duties. The effect of his coming to take the Presidency of this institution was magical. It rose instantly to a rank which it had never before held. In 1829 he resigned, and retired to Wellington ; and on the 21st of July, 1840, died at the residence of his son in Athens.* Joseph Henry Lumpkin! was born in Oglethorpe County, on the 23d of December, 1799. At an early age he entered the University of Georgia, but upon the death of President Finley, he left it and entered the Junior Class at Princeton, half advanced. Here he soon distinguished himself, and was graduated with high honour, the salutatory address being awarded to him. Soon after his. return from college he organized the Phi Kappa Society at the University of Georgia. In 1846, he was elected Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory in the University, which chair, however, he declined. In 1820, he was admitted to the bar, and opened an office in Lexington. He lingered, not as many great men have done, for many years a briefless lawyer, but sprung almost per saltern to the head of his pro- fession. He had to contend with the first men of that day. They had experience and reputation; he had neither; but he possessed, in a high degree, integrity, talent, and industry. With these qualities to support him in the contest, the most celebrated lawyers acknow- ledged him an equal. His devotion to his profession for twenty-four years greatly en- * Abridged from a discourse delivered by the Rev. Dr. Lon?street. t We have drawn freely in the preparation of this sketch from an article in the " United States Law Magazine," vol. iv., page 34. 396 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. feebled his health, and in 184-1 he retired from the bar. In 1845, whilst he was in Europe, his friends offered his name as a candidate for a scat upon the bench of the Supreme Court, and he. was elected. As a judge, lie has a profound sense ofthe solemnity of judicial func- tions. In the discharge of his duties, he exhibits labour, conscien- tiousness, and independence. It is believed that his opinions, to be found in the nine volumes el" the Reports of the Supreme Court of Georgia, will compare well with those 1 of any of the judges in the United Stales. Mr. Lumpkin has net had much to do with politics. He was a member of the Legislature from Oglethorpe County two years, which embraced a period when party spiril raged with great violence. Mr. Lumpkin belonged to the State Rights parly, at the head of which was George M. Troup. Had he though.1 proper to'con- tinue his political career, he might have received any distinction that he asked, but he abandoned politics, and although he still acts with his party, he is by no means uncharitable or exclusive. For the classics Mr. Lumpkin has always had a great fondness. His use of the Latin language in his public addresses, and in the graver literature of his judicial opinions, is very happy. As a speaker, he has acquired a high reputation. His action is free and natural, very often emphatic, and rarely otherwise than graceful. At the bar, Judge Lumpkin was mostly distinguished as an advo- cate — not because he did not deserve distinction for his deep re- search, his quick perception, and his sound judgment of the law, but because public opinion, which hesitates to award to one man more than one excellence, having cheerfully yielded to him the palm of eloquence and power as an advocate, was partially blind to his other attainments. As an advocate-, however, in criminal causes especially — in opening the fountains of the heart — in awakening the spirit of mercy and charity— in skilfully grouping the facts in favour of the hypothesis of innocence — in staving and driving back the mad pas- sions of the human soul, which, in the reckless mob, are generally found arrayed against the prisoner, and crying out "Crucify him, crucify him" — in those higher efforts of genius and eloquence, "for the display of which our criminal trials furnish frequent occasions, we hazard little in saying that Judge Lumpkin was without equal orrival in his native Stale. \ ery soon alter beginning public life, he enlisted in the cause of temperance. Steadily and zealously, by example, by argument, the most fruitful illustrations, by appeals the most persuasive, and by a judicious patronage of every feasible expedient, he has given him- self to the temperance reform. We are glad to inform our readers that Mr. Lumpkin is a religious man. For twenty-five years he has been a member of the Presby- terian Church. In the person of . Indue Lumpkin, religion has never suffered. His study has been to let his light shine; and his life proves that he endeavours to imitate the example of Him who went about doinu uood. CLARKE COUNTY. 3'J7 His attachment to Georgia is great ; and whilst he feels interested for the welfare of every section of his wide-spread country, we believ< there is not a Georgian that can say with greater truth than Judge Lumpkin : — l 'I love thee next to Heaven above — Land of my fathers! thee I love! And, rail thy slanderers as they will, With all thy faults, I love thee still." General David Meriwether resided in this county for many years. By birth he was a Virginian. During the whole Revolutionary con- flict he was actively engaged. He was at the siege of Savannah, and there taken prisoner by the British. In a former work, the compiler has spoken of this gentleman. He died in Clarke County. Cory of General Meriwether's Parole. — I do hereby acknowledge myself to be a prisoner of war. upon my parole to his Excellency Sir Henry Clinton ; and that I am thereby engaged, until 1 shall be exchanged, or otherwise released therefrom, to remain at the barracks at HaddrelPs Point, or within six miles thereof, without passing any rivers, creek, or arm of the sea; and that 1 shall not in the meantime do, or cause anything to be done, prejudicial to the success of his Majesty's arms, or have intercourse or hold correspondence with his enemies; and that upon a summons from his Excellency, or other person having authority thereto, that I will surrender myself to him or them at such time and place as I shall hereafter be required. Witness my hand this 18th day of May, 1780. (Signed) David Meriwether, Lieutenant. Witness : C. H. Simmons. I do hereby certify that the above is a true copy of the parole this day signed by Major Sluart, Com. of Prisoners. Josiah Meigs was one of the ablest men of his day. Dr. Church, in a discourse delivered before the Georgia Historical Society, says : — " President Meigs commenced the exercises of the University when no College buildings of any description had been erected. Recita- tions were often heard, and lectures delivered, under the shade of the forest oak ; and for years he had the almost entire instruction of the College, aided only by a tutor or some member of one of the higher classes. The institution was without library — without appa- ratus — without professors — without buildings — without productive funds ! And yet the President was called upon to instruct from forty to sixty students, to superintend the erection of buildings, and fre- quently to meet the Board of Trustees and the Legislature at a dis- tance from the seat of the College, leaving the institution under the superintendence of a tutor, or without any control but the discretion of inexperienced youth. And yet, because he did not, in a few years, call together as many students as were found at Harvard or Yale, and give to the College as high a reputation as was enjoyed by those 398 KIST0RICA1 COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. ancient seminaries, he has been thoughl by some to have been * K m i - cienl ui eeal and in talents. •• Few men, perhaps, ever laboured \\ nh more untiring Beal and unre- mitting uulustvN than this faithful pioneer in the cause of learning in our State. His views upon the subject of instruction were enlarged, and the measures which he recommended to the Trustees of the Col- lege and to the Legislature were judicious— such as fully to sustain his character as a man of Learning, and our who had carefully studied the subject o( general education. The only failure on his pari was a failure to accomplish an impossibility — to build up, without means, a flourishing College. The Israelites had not a harder task when re- quired to make brickwithout straw, than President Meigs, when, under such circumstances, he was required to raise up in a few years an institution which would compare with those which had been established and well endowed." In a letter addressed by Mr. Meigs to Governor Milledge, dated May 11, i>i w . now in our possession, referring to the arrival of the philosophical apparatus, he says — " I have been much embarrassed with company since its arrival, but 1 have patiently attended to the wishes of the people. It is thought we know everything. Alas' how Limited is all our knowledge ! yet when we compare ourselves with oth- ers, we look down with a species of pride, but upwards with humility." mel Reynolds, father of the Late Governor Reynolds, of Ala- bama, was among the most enterprising ot the tirst settlors. Edy ird Payne, attorney at Law, was among the early settlors of this county. As a lawyer, he occupied a very high position. Colonel Barber was a man of urea t integrity. In the Indian wars he greatly distinguished himself. He was much confided in by his men, and under his command they seemed to tear no danger. Colonel Harbor had many escapes from the savages, some o( which were almost miraculous. Hon. Zadock Cook is still living near Athens, over 85 years of age. He has frequently been a member of the Legislature o( Georgia. He was a member of Congress in I s 1 7 and 1819, Mr. Cook lias been a great reader. His memory is wonderful. We have heard that, after reading a chapter in the Bible, he can repeat from memory every word of it. Hon. Areasns S. CLAYTON was one among the most eminent men in Georgia. lie was a member oi the tirst elass that gra- duated at our University. In a knowledge of the elassies he made • proficiency, and was esteemed one of the best w liters in Georgia. He was a member of Congress, and a Judge of the Superior Court. VS en Washington visited Augusta, in 1? — .he attended an exhibi- tion of the students of the Richmond Aeademv. The great chief CLINCH COOTH V ■ 3W th the performance* of the young i v)0 , ; i eparture he desired a list of theii namef to b him, which riydone. Upon bit return ho of the upeakeri a hook. Mr. Clayton was amo and received from Washington a copy of Ca r ,- DoUGHEEl ettlef of ( Lty. II' . :' '";•" I Judg< Dougherl f ■ riflemen who do honour to their father. Mr. Thomj i Mitchell, an <^r\y settler of Clarki and worthy citizen- Genera! .J. V. II long been a r< r one of the firsl Elbert, in winch I il. i J,: ober of i ; .< Legislature, a r have been educated at /. tional pov • '"- teresting reminiscenci cted with the I We i our obligations to him for most of I concerning the promi • of Clari CLIN MI COUNTY '! .. by tl .. Clinch. 'I \ Magnolia is the county sil crag the / ganizs ' - ..I.e... Register, 3 : -. I. J. ! - . .. E. if. MORGAH, JoHM NoETH, W L £ H. •Sir.- e wa» written, tl this life. » of'... '-'•*' 400 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. COBB COUNTY. Laid out from Cherokee in 1832, and named after Judge Thomas W. Cobb. The Chattahoochee is the principal stream. Numerous creeks water the county. Marietta is the seat of justice, situated near the highest point be- tween the Atlantic Ocean and the Tennessee River, and is distant from Milledgeville 113 miles. The city is rapidly improving, and a more pleasant residence there is not to be found in the United States. WATER-CURE ESTABLISHMENT. The above is a view of Dr. Cox's Water-Cure establishment. It is located at the base of the Kenesaw Mountain, and immediately upon the Western and Atlantic Railroad, one and a half miles from Marietta. For purposes of health, so far as pure water, bracing atmosphere, and fine scenery are concerned, a more desirable situation can scarcely be found. It is not our business to enter into any discussion as to the merits of the Hydropathic system, but justice requires we should say, that hundreds have derived important benefits from the regimen adopted by Dr. Cox. The Georgia Military Institute is within a short distance of Mari- etta. This Institute originated in 1851, under the direction of Colonel A. V. Brumby. Its first session opened on the 10th of July, with only seven cadets ; but before the close of that term the number had COBB COUNTY 401 increased to twenty-eight. Since that time the number has steadily and rapidly increased at each session up to the present time ; and now, having completed but two years of its history, it numbers one hundred and twenty cadets, five professors, and one assistant pro- fessor. It was incorporated as a college by the Legislature, at their session of 1851-2. At the same session an act was passed, entitled, "An Act to provide for the education of a certain number of State Cadets in 'the Georgia Military Institute, to defray the expenses of the same, and for other purposes therein mentioned." The Legislature also directed the Governor to make requisition upon the Government of the United States, to furnish the Institute with arms and accoutrements ; these arms have been received, and are of the most beautiful and appropriate kind for their purpose. The government and discipline of the Institute are strictly military. The course of studies is thoroughly scientific and practical, modelled as nearly as possible after that of the United States Military Academy at West Point. Acworth is on the Western and Atlantic Railroad. Powder Springs are twelve miles S. W. of Marietta. They are highly impregnated with sulphur and magnesia, and are efficacious in the cure of diseases, particularly those of a cutaneous character, and dyspepsia. Roswell, a pretty village, so called from Roswell King, Esq., is situated thirteen miles from Marietta, and one mile from the Chatta- hoochee. It was settled by persons chiefly from the seaboard of Geor- Kenesaw Mountain, (Indian name, Chuquetah,) 2J miles from Marietta, is 1,828 feet above the level of the ocean. Lost Mountain, Brushy Mountain, and Sweat Mountain, are considerable elevations. Extract from the Census of 1850. — Dwellings, 1,918; families, 1,918; white males, 5,872; white females, 5,696; free coloured male, 1 ; free coloured females, 2. Total free population, 11,571. Slaves, 2,272. Deaths, 24. Farms, 931 ; manufacturing establish- ments, 10. Value of real estate, $1,881,269; value of personal estate, $1,447,370. Denmead's Mill, situated on Soap Creek, is 6J miles from Marietta. The main building is three stories high — 40 by 50 feet. It has four run of stones, capable of turning out 125 barrels of flour per day. Capital, $15,000. The flour is of excellent quality. Marietta Tannery, propelled by steam, is situated one mile from Marietta; proprietor, J. H. Glover, Esq. ; capital employed, $50,000. Connected with this establishment are three brick buildings. The main building for machinery is 30 by 54 feet, 2 stories, having a' smoke-stack 85 feet high. The wet bark is used for fuel. The finishing-room is 30 by 54 feet, 2 stories. The third building is oc- cupied by the hands ; number of hands emploved, 15 ; cords of bark used per annum, 700 ; 7,000 hides prepared in one year. It is 26 402 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. proposed to furnish the Southern market with leather finished in the best style, equal to anv manufactured at the North. William M'Elfresh & Company's Variety Works, Marietta, Georgia ; dimensions of budding, 64 by 84 feet ; built of granite ; 3 stories high ; manufactures all kinds of furniture, sashes, blinds, &c. ; 18 or 20 hands employed ; more than $12,000 worth of work done in twelve months. The establishment of the Roswell Manufacturing Company is situ- ated at Roswell, containing 2 cotton mills, 1 wool factory, and 1 flouring mill ; capital, $220,000. The old factory is built of brick ; 3 stories, with basement, 88 feet by 48 ; 2,208 fly spindles, turning off 1,000 pounds of yarn, No. 6 to 12, per day. The building is in the process of enlargement, and it is expected that at an early period there will be added 8 frames, 1,152 spindles, which will make 650 pounds No. 16 yarn ; also, machinery for cotton rope ; 400 lbs. per day. The new factory is built of brick, with rock foundation ; 140 feet by 53 ; 4 stories ; overshot iron wheel, 16 feet, face 20 feet diameter; contains 5,184 Danforth cap spindles, 32 thirty-six inch cards, and 120 looms, making 2,575 pounds per day No. 20 yarn ; number of hands, 250. After the present year, 300 will be required. The water-power fine. Wages of operatives dependent upon their industry. The temperance principle strictly enforced. Provision made for the instruction of the children. Goods manufactured have a high character, and are sent to Tennessee, Alabama, and to various parts of Georgia. Nickajack factory is on Nickajack Creek. The surface of the country is broken. The lands upon the Chat- tahoochee are rich. The creek bottoms are also fertile, and well adapted to cotton, wheat, and corn. The uplands are of a mulatto and gray colour. Best Chattahoochee lands are worth $20 per acre ; creek bottoms, $8 ; uplands, from $1 to $8 per acre. The roads are as good as the nature of the country will allow. The principal road crosses the Chattahoochee at the Standing Peach- tree, passing through Marietta and Allatoona to Cassville. Another main road passes through Sand Town, in Campbell County, to Alla- toona, and is known as the Alabama road. Another road much tra- velled is the one which crosses the Chattahoochee River, at McAfee's Bridge, and passes near Roswell to Vann's Valley and North Alabama. Gold has been found on Proctor's Creek, in "the northern part of the county ; at Allatoona, on Powder Spring Creek, on Sweet Wa- ter Creek, near Kenesaw Mountain, and in Marietta. Silver, iron, lead, copper, talc, soapstone, plumbago, quartz, &c, abound. There are many respectable schools in various sections of the county, particularly at Marietta and Roswell. On Mud Creek there are the remains of an ancient fortification, and on the Chattahoochee River several small mounds. The climate, though variable, is as healthy as any portion of the COBB COUNTY. 403 United States. Exposure to cold and rain is hardly ever attended by serious consequences. No case of consumption has ever occurred in the county. The summer diseases are bowel complaints, &c. The winter diseases are pleurisy and pneumonia. Among the instances of longevity are, Mr. Fleming, who was over 94 years of age when he died; Mr. J. Collins, a Revolutionary soldier, over 88 ; Mrs. Henry was over 80 ; Mrs. Dougherty was over 85 ; Mr. Smith, 80 ; Mr. Edwards died at 90. Early Settlers. — Taliaferro McAfee, Colonel Merritt, Osborn Mullins, Daniel Reid, Isaac Grey, Thos. Hairston, Daniel R. Turner, L. Simpson, Matthias Bates, John L. Moore, - James Anderson, Josiah Massey, Wm. C. Greene, Simeon Strick- land, Reuben Benson, Allen A. Winn, R. Groves, D. Moore, Samuel M. and Wm. Malony, Joseph D. Shewmake, Samuel Y^oung, Wm. Mayes, Robert Lemmon, Wm. Guess, Martin Adams, Bradley Smith, Jackson Gregory, Wm. W. Duncan, Lema Kirtley, John Rowe, Geo. W. Winter, Thos. Pritchard, Alfred Edwards, Wiley Roberts, James Foot, Sr., Geo. W. Gober, Wm. B. Crane, John B. Brockman, T. H. McClusky, P. M. Oliver, Thos. Whitehead, &c. The first Superior Court for this county was held on the 16th day of September, 1833, at Marietta, — Judge John W. Hooper pre- siding. FIRST GRAND JURORS. Jacob R. Brooks. Wm. Pursell. Geo. Baber. John Pace. Simpson Dyer. Wm. Harris. James Berry. Daniel May. Ferdinand Jett. John Clay. Wm. B. Malone. John James. Sidney F. Fouche. Samuel Hannon. John W. Lowery. David Kennedy John Moore. James Power. James L. Davis. The population of this county, like that of the greater part of newly settled countries, was composed of many rough and lawless persons, which rendered decided and summary action necessary on the part of the presiding officer to maintain the authority of the Courts, and the supremacy of the law; there was no jail at Marietta, and nothing but a small log-cabin erected for the administra- tion of justice, and just in the rear of which there was a small inclosure about twelve rails high, intended for a horse lot. During the session of one of the Courts at which Judge Warner presided, a man somewhat intoxicated, or pretending to be so, became very boisterous, disturbing the business of the Court. The judge ordered the Sheriff to take him away, and request his friends to keep him away, but in a few minutes he returned more vociferous than ever, cursing the 404 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Court and its officers, telling the judge to put him in jail and be d d. The judge hesitated for a moment, and then very deliberately ordered the Sheriff to take the disturber of the public business and place his head under the horse lot fence, until he became sober. The Sheriff promptly executed the order, and shortly afterwards, when he was wanted in Court, he could not be found, and it was ascertained that, in obedience to what he considered the order of the judge, after putting the man's neck between the heavy rails of the fence, about two feet from the ground, his body on one side, and his head on the other, he had taken his seat on the top rail of the fence above his prisoner, that he might be securely kept. The prisoner, however, soon reported himself sober, and was re- leased. The next morning he met the judge, and after thanking him for his imprisonment, said that he had made a sober man of him during life. This de- cided conduct on the part of Judge Warner prevented any further disturbance of the Court. There was a tradition among the Indians that the line between the Creeks and Cherokees commenced on the Chattahoochee, about the Lower Shallow Ford, running out to the ridge dividing the Etowah and the Chattahoochee rivers, around to the head waters of the Tallapoosa and those streams that flow into the Etowah, and thence on to the Coosa River. At a ball play in which the Creeks and Cherokees were engaged, the former staked that portion of their territory that lay south of this line, and the latter won the game and obtained pos- session of the territory, in which the counties of Cobb, Paulding, and Polk are now included. Kenesaw Town was situated upon the plantation now owned by- Mr. Roberts. Kenesaw was the chief. In 1833 it had 200 inhabi- tants. Alatoona was on the Etowah River. In 1830 it had 500 in- habitants. Sweet Water Old Town was situated upon the plantation now owned by Israel Causey. Sweet Water was the chief. Buffalo Fish Town was upon the plantation now owned by Mrs. Varner. COLUMBIA COUNTY. This county was laid out from Richmond in 1790. Length, 25 m. ; breadth, 20 m. ; area square miles, 500. The Savannah River separates this county from South Carolina, and Little River from Wilkes and Lincoln counties. Appling is the seat of justice, on the Great Kiokee Creek, 82 miles from Milledgeville. Incorporated in 1826. Wrightsborough is on Town Creek, 16 miles from Appling. It was settled before the Revolution by a colony of Quakers, under the direction of Joseph Mattock, who had obtained for himself and fol- COLUMBIA COUNTY. 405 lowers a tract of land embraciug 40,000 acres. It was named after Sir James Wright, formerly Governor of Georgia. Raysville is on Little River, 10 miles from Appling. Extract from the Census of 1850. — Dwellings, 751 ; families, 751 ; white males, 1,838 ; white females, 1,779 ; free coloured males, 38 ; free coloured females, 34. Total free population, 3,689. Slaves, 8,272. Deaths, 24. Farms, 931 ; manufacturing establishments, 10. Value of real estate, $1,881,269; value of personal estate, $1,447,370. The climate is mild. A long list of instances of longevity might be given. We insert a few names. Captain Thomas Cobb, aged 110. " He was a native of Buckingham County, Virginia. His patriotism induced him to take part with the country in the struggle for the independence of these States, and he was often associated in the counsels of the chiefs of those startling times. He held offices under the Commonwealth, after it had ob- tained self-government, and removed to Georgia about the year 1783. He was an agriculturist, and the efficient manager of his plantation for eighty or ninety years. Such was the comprehensive- ness of his mind and physical activity, that he was surrounded with abundance under every difficulty of season. Perhaps no man ever in Georgia, during so long a space of time, enjoyed so much entirely from his own resources." Captain Leonard Marbury, aged 93. He left three sons, three daughters, and ninety-six other descendants. Mr. David Hodge, aged 102. His marriage was thus announced in a paper of the day : — Ihe Spirit of Seventy-six ! — Another hero of the Revolution has fallen — before the shrine of Hymen ! — but even in his fall he triumphed ! Thus runs the proud memorial of his glory : On the 25th ult. was united in the hohy bands of matri- mony, by John McGehee, Esq., Mr. David Hodge, aged one hundred and two years and two months, to Miss Elisabeth Baily, aged forty years, both of Columbia County, Georgia. Mr. Hodge was at Braddock's defeat, and served throughout the whole period of the Revolutionary War. — Augusta Chronicle. Mr. Gibson, who resides in this county, has in his possession a re- markable stone, which it is affirmed has the property of curing the bite of a snake or mad dog. The compiler of this work has been assured by more than fifty respectable gentlemen, some of whom have been eye-witnesses to experiments made with this stone, that when applied to the wound it extracts the poison. Many instances have occurred in which persons were relieved who had been severely bitten by poisonous snakes and mad dogs. It is not our business to specu- late on this subject. We only state the fact, and remark that it is too well authenticated to admit of any doubt. 406 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. DISTINGUISHED MEN. The Rev. Daniel Marshall, a zealous minister of the Baptist de- nomination, lived and died in this county. His grave is near the court-house in Appling. -Captain Ignatius Few died at the age of sixty. He was an ardent patriot of the Revolution. David Bushnell, a very remarkable man, was first known to the people of Georgia, in 1795 or '96, as a teacher in the County of Co- lumbia. He was eminently distinguished for his classical and scien- tific learning. His chief enjoyments were found in the instruction of his classes, and an occasional visit to a few men of congenial spirit. He had, doubtless, been an officer in our Revolutionary army — a captain of a corps of sappers and miners. It was in this capacity, according to a statement in Colonel Humphrey's Life of General Putnam, that Captain Bushnell contrived a submarine engine, for the purpose of destroying the British fleet, then lying in the Delaware Bay, below Philadelphia. Owing to some cause, the enterprise against the fleet failed ; but the explosion of combustible matter, contained in two or three hun- dred kegs of powder, floating beneath the surface of the water, brought to view such strange and frightful pyrotechnical phenomena, that the British admiral took alarm, and his fleet left the Delaware with the utmost haste and confusion. This ridiculous panic of the admiral stirred the mirthful muse of Francis Hopkinson, Esq., of Philadelphia, whose description of the scene is contained in the following verses, entitled "the battle of the kegs." Gallants, attend, and hear a friend Trill forth harmonious ditty : Strange things I'll tell, which late befell In Philadelphia city. 'Twas early day, as poets say, Just when the sun was rising, A soldier stood on log of wood, And saw a thing surprising. As in amaze he stood to gaze, (The truth can't be denied, sir,) He spied a score of kegs, or more, Come floating down the tide, sir. A sailor, too, in jerkin blue, The strange appearance viewing, COLUMBIA COUNTY. 407 First d (1 his eyes, in great surprise, Then said, " Some mischief's brewing. " These kegs, I'm told, the rebels hold, Paek'd up like pickled herring; And they've come down t' attack the town, In this new way of ferry'ng.'' The soldier flew, the sailor too, And, scar'd almost to death, sir, Wore out their shoes to spread the news, And ran till out of breath, sir. Now, up and down, throughout the town, Most frantic scenes were acted ; And some ran here, and others there, Like men almost distracted. Some fire cried, which some denied, But said the earth had quaked ; And girls and boys, with hideous noise, Ran through the streets half naked. Sir William* he, snug as a flea, Lay all this time a snoring ; Nor dream'd of harm, as he lay warm In bed. Now, in a fright, he starts upright, Awak'd by such a clatter ; He rubs both eyes, and boldly cries, " For God's sake, what's the matter ?" At his bedside, he then espied Sir Erskine,f at command, sir ; Upon one foot he had one boot, And t' other in his hand, sir. "Arise! arise!'' Sir Erskine cries; " The rebels — more's the pity — Without a boat, are all afloat, And rang'd before the city. " The motley crew, in vessels new, With Satan for their guide, sir, Paek'd up in bags, or wooden kegs, Come driving down the tide, sir. * Sir William Howe. f Sir William Erskine. 408 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGiA " Therefore prepare for bloody war — These kegs must all be routed, Or surely we despised shall be. And British courage doubted." The royal band now ready stand, All rang'd in dread array, sir, With stomachs stout to see it out, And make a bloody day, sir. The cannons roar from shore to shore ; The small arms loud did rattle : Since wars began, I'm sure no man E'er saw so strange a battle. The rebel dales, the rebel vales, With rebel trees surrounded, The distant woods, the hills and floods, With rebel echoes sounded. The fish below swam to and fro, Attack'd from every quarter : Why, sure, (thought they,) the devil's to pay 'Mongst folks above the water. The kegs, 'tis said, though strongly made Of rebel staves and hoops, sir, Could not oppose their powerful foes, The conqu'ring British troops, sir. From morn to night, these men of might Display'd amazing courage ; And when Ihe sun was fairly down, Retired to sup their porridge. A hundred men, with each a pen, Or more, upon my word, sir, It is most true, would be too.few, Their valour to record, sir. Such feats did they perform that day, Against these wicked kegs, sir, That, years to come, if they get home, They'll make their boasts and brags, sir. After the close of the Revolutionary War, Captain Bushnell travelled in Europe, and subsequently engaged in mercantile pursuits wtiicn are said to have terminated in heavy losses. Whether a hope of te- COLUMBIA COUNTY. 409 instating himself in the possession of an independent fortune induced him to come to Georgia, we are unable to say. His old fellow-sol- dier, the Hon. Abraham Baldwin, received him into his family, under whose auspices he had no difficulty in placing himself at the head of one of the most respectable schools in Georgia. In this vocation he spent several years, and under his guidance and tuition many of our most useful citizens received valuable instructions in Learning and mo- rals. Late in life, he settled in Warrenton as a practitioner of physic. Then, and ever afterwards, he was known as Dr. Bush. For reasons which have never been disclosed, he had, some time before he settled in Georgia, dropped the last syllable of his name ; and until the pub- lication of his last will and testament, no person in this country, ex- cept his old friend Baldwin, was apprised of the fact that his family name was Bushnell. It was probably a device of his own, for the purpose of concealing his personal identity ; but what considerations induced him to desire such concealment, will probably never be known. Those who knew the man best, however, during his residence of thirty or forty years in Georgia, could not be led to think that it had its origin in circumstances disreputable to his character. At an age little short of ninety years, Dr. Bush departed this life, leaving, by his last will and. testament, his whole estate to be disposed of at the discretion of his executors, Peter Crawford, Esq., a promi- nent citizen of Columbia County, and George Hargroves, Esq., a gentleman of known probity, a resident, at that time, in Warrenton. According to the will, these executors were required to make in- quiries in the town of Seabrook, in Connecticut ; and if any persons should be ascertained to be of the blood and family of the testator, and, in the opinion of the executors, to have fair claims, on the score of moral worth, to such bounty, they were required to regard the most meritorious individual of the family as the true legatee, to whom the whole estate was to be transferred. But should none of the kin- dred be found to fulfil the condition set forth in the will, then they were directed to transfer the estate to the Trustees of Franklin Col- lege, in this State, as part of the permanent fund of that institution. Legatees were found in Connecticut. Colonel Daniel Appling was born on the 25th of August, 1787, in this county. At the age of eighteen he entered the army of the United States, and during the war of 1812, distinguished himself in several engagements with the enemy. He died 18th March, 1818. Colonel William Few, a descendant of one of the original settlers of Pennsylvania, was born in Baltimore County, Maryland, on the 8th of June, 1748. His paternal ancestor, who was from Wales, and whose family name was written Ffew, accompanied William Penn in his migration to this country. When William was ten years of age, his parents removed with their family to Orange County, North Carolina, and here his education was conducted by an able teacher. His book was his constant companion in the field and during the in- 410 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. tervals of labour. Qualified by his sound principles and virtuous habits, at the very beginning of the Revolution he espoused the cause of his country. In conjunction with some young men of his acquaintance, he formed a volunteer company of infantry. Of those who joined this company, the greater part were appointed officers in the regiment of Continental troops raised by the Convention of North Carolina in 1776. In one of these regiments, Mr. Few was offered a captain's commission ; but, in pursuance of arrangements previously made, he removed, in the autumn of 1776, to Georgia, where the Revolution was in active progress, the affairs of government having been trans- ferred to a Committee of Public Safety. Shortly after his arrival, the knowledge of his character having preceded him, he was elected a member of the Convention about to be called to form a constitution for the future government of the State. At the coming election, he was chosen, by a unanimous vote, a member of the Assembly for the County of Richmond, and in the meeting of that body was appointed one of the Council. From this period to that of the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, and afterwards, with short intervals, to the close of 1804, he was con- stantly employed in public affairs. His earliest military service was performed in repulsing a British force which invaded Georgia from East Florida. After the capture of Savannah in 1778, and the subsequent occupation of Augusta by the British, he was engaged in several hazardous marches and suc- cessful actions, which resulted in expelling the enemy from the in- terior. Soon after this, with a small force of militia, he dispersed a body of Creek Indians, who, to the number of seven hundred, under the influence of Tate, a British agent, were approaching the frontier settlements from the West. As Lieutenant-Colonel of Militia, he was for a length of time occupied in the perilous and difficult service of guarding the interior portions of the State from the incursions of the Indians. In 1778 he accepted the appointment of Surveyor-General of the State, and also that of Presiding Judge of the County of Rich- mond ; and in 1779, he was re-elected a member of the Legislature for the ensuing year; by which body, in January, 1780, he was ap- pointed a member of Congress, and in the following May proceeded to Philadelphia, and took his seat. The British forces continued, in 1781, to occupy the coast and southern part of Georgia, when information was communicated to Congress, by their minister in Europe, of a disposition on the part of the British Government to treat for peace, in view of which the dele- gates from Georgia feared that a negotiation might proceed, on con- dition that each party should retain the places of which it held pos- session ; and Colonel Few, by the advice of Congress, and on the request of his colleagues, returned to his constituents, to advise with them on the subject, and to assist in appointing officers, and reorgani- zing the government in the several counties of the State. Having accomplished these objects, he was reappointed to Con- gress, and again took his seat in that body, in May, 1782. COLUMBIA COUNTY. 411 Soon after the peace in 1783, Colonel Few returned to Georgia, and was immediately elected by the County of Richmond a member of the Legislature, which assembled in January, 1784, for the purpose of revising the laws, and providing for an effective administration of the government, which, from the events of the war on the coast, and the disturbed state of the frontier, had for a length of time been wholly inoperative. He now engaged in the practice of law, and by his in- timate knowledge of the affairs of the State, his experience in public life, his talents as a debater, and his integrity, industry, and prudence, was rapidly rising to eminence in his profession, when a controversy, arising between Georgia and South Carolina, in relation to territory which was referred to Congress for adjustment, he was appointed agent for the claims of his State, and was again elected a member of Congress. On the 25th of May, 1787, the Convention for forming the Consti- tution of the United States met in Philadelphia. Colonel Few was a member of the Convention, and one of those who, by their signatures, testified their approbation of that instrument, and recommended it to their constituents. He soon after repaired to Georgia, to exert his influence in favour of the adoption by that State of the proposed Con- stitution, and was elected a delegate from the County of Richmond to the State Convention, which met in Augusta the ensuing Decem- ber, and by which the Constitution was ratified and adopted. The Legislature, shortly afterwards, appointed him one of the Senators of that State. In 1788, Colonel Few married Catharine, daughter of the venerable Commodore Nicholson, of the United States Navy, with whom he lived in all harmony and affection until the day of his death. About the time of his marriage the frontier citizens of Georgia were much harassed by the predatory incursions of the Creek Indians, and a commission, on an application, through their Senators, from the Le- gislature of that State, to the President of the United States, for re- lief, being appointed to adjust the controversy between the parties by treaty, Colonel Few, having personal knowledge of the Indian chiefs, and of the nature of the difficulties to be overcome, and feeling a deep interest in the success of a friendly negotiation, voluntarily accompa- nied the Commissioners on their mission. After their first interview with the chiefs and head men, on the banks of the Oconee River, the latter, contrary to their friendly professions, suddenly retired, under the influence of their perfidious advisers, to the interior of their coun- try. At the instance of Colonel Few, the Commissioners, under the escort of two friendly kings, were induced to follow the retiring party. They accordingly pursued, and overtook them, but all their efforts to renew the negotiation were unavailing. His term of service in the Senate of the United States, by which the classification was limited to four years, having expired in March, 1793, Colonel Few retired with his family to his estate in Georgia, and resumed his agricultural pursuits. In 1795, Mr. Few was elected a member of the Legislature which declared the Yazoo act null and 412 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. void. About the same time, the State having been divided into four Judicial Districts, he was appointed Judge of the Second District, the arduous duties of which he continued to discharge for three years, when his health being impaired, he resigned, and in the summer of 1799, removed with his family to the City of New- York, where he continued to reside to the close of his life, having filled many impor- tant offices in the gift of the citv, as Mayor, &c. He died 16th July, 1828. Hon. Thomas W. Cobb attained to a degree of eminence in his pro- fession scarcely surpassed by that of any lawyer in Georgia. He was a native of Columbia County. He was elected to Congress in 1818, and in 1823 and 1824 was elected Senator, which office he resigned in 1828, and became a Judge of the Superior Court. He died at Greenesborough in 1830. REVOLUTIONARY PAPERS CONNECTED WITH THE HISTORY OF COLUMBIA.* We, the inhabitants of the town of Wrightsborough and places adjacent, un- derstanding that fourteen persons have drawn up several resolutions respecting the disputes between Great Britain and the town of Boston, concerning the destroying of a quantity of tea, the property of the East India Company, and have published them as the act of the Province, and which we look upon as a great imposition, having no knowledge of them till after they were passed : therefore we do, in this public manner, deny passing any concerning them, and disapprove of them altogether, such proceedings as a few acting for the whole without their knowledge, we apprehend being contrary to the rights and privileges of every British subject. John Oliver, J. P. ; John Stubbs, Isaac Vernon, Jasias Pewgate, John Jones, Thomas Watson, Sen., David Baldwin, Henry Ashfield, Samuel Hart. Alexander Ottery, Jesse Margan, Ellis Haines, Aaron McCarter, Stephen Bigshop, Abram Louders, James Oliver, John Greason, William Daniel, Silas Pace, Gereiom Wooddell, Absalom Beddell, William Foster, John Clower, Abraham Parker, James Jenkins, Oliver Matthews, Edward Greene, Joseph Jackson, Joel Phillips, Matthew Hobbs, Joseph Haddock, J. P. • Thomas Ansly, John Lindsay, Abram Dennis, Richard Webb, Benjamin Ansly, John Watson, Robert Day, Drury Rogers, James Anglin, Jacob Watson, Robert Cowin, Lewis Powell, Jacob Col- lins, William Childre, Robert Harper, Jacob Dennis, Nicholas White, John Moor, Joshua Sanders, Robert Jenkins, Robert Nelson, Hillery Grey, James Bishop, John Fairchild, John James, Zachariah Phillips, Edward Hill, John Hill, Joshua Hill, John Davis, Isaac Greene, Samuel Sinquefield, William Sinquefield, Reuben Sherill, Morris Callingham, Joel Cloud, John Stewart, Jun., John Lang, James Ryan, Henry Walker, Peter Perkins, Thomas Gilliland, Uriah Odom, * State Documents. COWETA COUNTY. 413 Richard Hokitt, Edward Hagen, Joseph Kallensworth, Abram Hilton, William Michell, John Evans, John Evans, Jun., Peter Williams, John Stewart, Jonathan Sell, William Welden, John Thompson, Joseph Millen, William Penton, Alex- ander Oliver, Ambrose Holiday, Abraham Johnston, Nathaniel Jackson, George Wagganer, Robert Walton, Walter Drummond, Charles Dunn, Ezekiel Millar, John West, John Hodgin, Peter Cox, Joseph Brown, Henry Jones, John Dennis, Francis Jones, Peter Weathers, Timothy Jourdan, Watkin Richards, Abraham Davis, Gabriel Davis, John Davis, Isaac Davis, John Pirks, Jacob Davis, Jona- than Sell, J. P. ; Thomas Pace. COWETA COUNTY. Laid out in 1826. Part set off to Campbell, 1828, and a part to Heard, in 1836. Length, 27 m. ; breadth, 18m.; area square miles, 486. The streams are the Chattahoochee River, and several creeks. The lands are fertile, producing cotton, corn, wheat, &c. Newnan, the seat of justice, is situated about the centre of the county, 126 miles N. W. of Milledgeville. The Newnan Seminary is located here, and ranks among the first schools in Georgia. The climate does not vary much from that of other counties sur- rounding it. Among the first settlers of this county were, Joseph Edmondson, Andrew J. Berry, Gilbert Greene, John Johnston, Talia- ferro, Robinson, James Stamps, Washington Arnold, James Hutcheson, Levi Phillips, Daniel Wester, the Redwines and Hearnes. Extract fromthe Census of 1 850. — Dwellings, 1,382 ; families, 1,382 ; white males, 4,223 ; white females, 3,979 ; free coloured males, 7 ; free coloured females, 11. Total free population, 8,220. Slaves, 5,415. Deaths, 218, Farms, 911 ; manufacturing establishments, 52. Value of real estate, $2,146,322 ; value of personal estate, $4,070,586. 3$ is n I lit tiros. On a tract of land belonging to Major Cheedle Cochran, of Fayette County, No. 112, Fifth District of Coweta County, are the remains of an old fortification, of a circular form, and containing an area of from six to ten acres. The site is ad- vantageous for the defensive, being situated on a point of land making in be- tween a small creek and a branch; a short and almost perpendicular hill, project- ing towards the creek swamp, protected the fort from an attack from that quar- ter, or made death the inevitable lot of any who had the hardihood to ascend to 414 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. its biow, in hostile array. On the other side, a gentle descent gave to those within the fort the command of it for a considerable distance. Allen Gay died in this county at the age of eighty-two. A relative of this gentleman has furnished the author with a sketch of his life, from which the following extracts are made : — He began his Revolutionary career when only sixteen years of age, volunteer- ing to act as a substitute for his father, who had been summoned to appear at the high hills of Santee for twelve months' service. He was attached to a battalion belonging to General Greene's army. At the battle of Eutaw Springs, the com- pany to which he was attached formed a part of the advance, and displayed a courage which would have done honour to veterans. Upon this occasion he ac- tually took five of the enemy prisoners. After the war he removed to Georgia. He was a worthy member of the Baptist Church. Rev. Dabney Jones. — This great champion of temperance resides in this county, and was one of its early settlers. In 1828 he removed from Madison, and settled on Shoal Creek, while, to use his own language, "the bark camp of the Indians was standing, while the wolves still howled in the solitude of the forest." Mr. Jones assisted in erecting the first church in Coweta, and preached the first sermon in Newnan, in a rude log house. He also delivered the first temperance lecture on the 4th of July, 1832, and from this period until 1847 he lectured at most of the Superior Courts, when the friends of temperance called upon him to be their representative. Mr. Jones's labours are well known in Georgia. He is an in- teresting man, full of anecdote, and one cannot be in his company without being convinced of his worth. In 1836, a military detachment, under the command of Captain H. Garmany, on their return from the Creek war, stopped at the town of Newnan. Their visit was thus noticed in the Ncuman Palladium : — Early on the morning of Tuesday, 26th ult., our citizens were apprised of the approach of a company of our chivalrous up-country volunteers ; we at once thought it to be our own — but when they approached, who should it be but the gallant Captain Garmany, with a part of his command. They were received with enthusiasm by our citizens, and were compelled by urgent solicitation to par- take of a breakfast with us — after which the ladies and gentlemen of the town and its vicinity repaired to the court-house to welcome this heroic band. Colonel W. D. Spear was called to the chair, and after making a few pertinent remarks, suitable to the occasion, the following song was, after proper intervals, sung thrice, with weeping eyes and great applause : — CAPTAIN GARMANY'S FIGHT. Tune — " Scots ivha ha," Src See the Chattahoochee flow, By Roanoke descending low ; There our soldiers met the foe, Fierce as panther prowling. COWETA COUNTY. 415 God ! was not Thy presence nigh, When to Thee, with trusting eye, Looked our soldiers, while the cry Burst like wild wolves howling? Hear our Captain's cheerful tone — " Courage, soldiers ! soldiers, on ! Let no craven fear be shown, Here no aid can find us ! " Who a home or lov'd one hath, Fight like whirlwinds in their wrath : Fight, there lies no middle path — Wreath or shade must bind us. " Should the God of battles smile, Blessings wait to crown our toil ; Many a list'ner we'll beguile With this day's bold story. " Should we fall, we leave a name Ages will be proud to claim ; Death, upon the soldier's fame, Stamps the seal of glory." Garmany, such thy counsels bold, Now in song thy name's enrolled, And thy gallant deeds are told, While thousands throng applauding. Bravery makes thy field her shrine, Beauty's grateful tear is thine : Who but would his life resign, Such the meed rewarding ? After the singing had ceased, Captain Garmany rose and said, in substance, as follows : " Mr. Chairman, I beg leave to respond by offering my thanks, both for myself and in behalf of my company, for the honour conferred upon us. It is true, we have encountered hardships, difficulty, great danger, some suffering, and the loss cf some of our best men; yet we have done no more than our duty, and duty which every man should at all times be ready to discharge. You, dear fe- males, I with pleasure behold here in peace, and under the protection of the good and virtuous ; while my bosom burns at the thought that I have seen the places where many of your sex have been butchered by those blood-thirsty sa- vages, too cruel to relate ; yes. so cruel and heart-rending, that my life has al- most been my terror." Tears flowed from the eyes of all in the house, which created an inexpressible 416 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. feeling, and we could not trace him further, only to say that he spoke the senti- ments of a warm and patriotic heart. The citizens wished to retain them as guests until the morrow ; but the anxiety of the heroes to see and embrace their wives, daughters, and sisters, was such, that we had to succumb. The first Superior Court for Coweta County was held at a place 2k miles east of Newnan, commencing on the 25th day of June, 1827, — Honourable Walter T. Colquitt, Judge. 1. Isaac Gray, Foreman. 2. Eli Nason. 3. James Culwell. 4. Samuel Walker. 5. Anthony North. 6. Nathaniel Nichol. 7. Edward Secour. 8. Thomas Dyer. 9. Edward Reeves. 10. Daniel Wester. GRAND JURORS. 11. Moses Kelley. 12. Lewis M. Paulett. 13. Robert 0. Beavers. 14. Elijah Hammond. 15. John Culwell. 16. S. Green. 17. John Kisor. 18. Miles Wood. 19. Daniel Hull. CRAWFORD COUNTY. Laid out in 1822. Part set off to Upson in 1824. The Old Agency Reserve added 1826. Part taken from Talbot and Marion 1827 ; and a part taken from Houstoun 1830. Length, 17 m. ; breadth, 17 m. ; area square miles, 289. Named after the Hon. Wil- liam H. Crawford. The Flint River is the only stream of any magnitude. The surface of the country generally is uneven. The northern part is tolerably productive, of a dark gray soil, adapted to cotton. The bottom, lands are exceedingly fertile, but liable to inundations. In the poor pine region, some seven miles S. E. of Knoxville, rises a prominence of about 300 feet above the level of the surrounding country. It consists of twenty or thirty acres of rich mulatto land, covered with luxuriant growth. On this elevation is an inexhaustible supply of limestone. Knoxville is the seat of justice, distant from Milledgeville fifty- two miles. Hopewell is six miles N. E. of Knoxville. Francisville is six miles W. of Knoxville. Hickory Grove is twelve miles N. W. of Knoxville. The climate is pleasant. CRAWFORD COUNTY. 417 The Census of 1 850 gives to this county 724 dwellings ; 754 families ; 2,253 white males ; 2,089 white females ; 5 free coloured males ; 8 free coloured females. Total free population, 4,355 ; slaves, 4,629. Deaths, 118. Farms, 444 ; manufacturing establishments, 5. Value of real estate, $1,243,525; value of personal estate, $2,591,959. Among the early settlers were, John Hancock, William Hancock, H. B. Troutman, Stephen Wright, Benjamin Beland, John S. Brooks, Henry Bradford, Samuel Dukes, Benjamin Lightfoot, Elisha P. Turner, Willis Taylor, William Richardson, Matthew J. Jordan, Benjamin Dickson, James Lang, William Zaigler, W. C. Cleveland, Mancel Hancock, T. D. Hammock, S. D. Burnett, Green P. Culverhouse, John Culverhouse, William Simmons, Geo. R. Hunter, James Clark, John Perry, John Pftvt , Ezekiel Hall, Elijah M. Amos, E. Whitington, Adam Files, Wm. T. Brown, James A. Everett, Henry Crowell, John Andrews, John Rob- inson, William Williamson, Samuel Calhoun, William Trice, Robert Howe, Archibald Grey, James A. Millar, Rev. Henry Hooten, At Fort Hawkins, formerly the Creek Agency, in July, 1817, there was an assemblage of the Creeks, amounting to between fourteen and fifteen hundred. The principal chiefs dined every day with General Mitchell, the United States Agent, and in the afternoon executed the points which had been previously discussed and decided upon in coun- cil. On this occasion the Indians had received a considerable sum of money from the United States. Some of the younger warriors deter- mined to have a frolic before they returned to their homes. A prin- cipal warrior, next in command to Mcintosh, in the service of Gene- ral Jackson, got drunk and killed his own nephew. The chiefs im- mediately convened, and after ascertaining the fact of the murder, they ordered the perpetrator to be instantly taken and executed ; which was done in less than an hour after the murder was com- mitted. Colonel Benjamin Hawkins resided in this county for many years. He was born in the County of Bute, now Warren, North Carolina, on the 15th of August, 1754. His parents were Colonel Philemon Haw- kins and Delia Hawkins. Their son Benjamin received the best edu- cation the country afforded. He was sent to Princeton College, where he remained until the Revolutionary War suspended its exer- cises. It is said that Colonel Hawkins, at the time he left College, was an excellent French scholar ; and that Washington's intercourse with the French officers rendering it necessary that he should have some member of his family to aid him in this particular, he became acquainted with Colonel Hawkins, and pressed him into his service as a member of his family. He was present with Washington at the battle of Monmouth, in 1779, and upon several other occasions. In 1780, he was chosen, by the North Carolina Legislature, Commercial 27 418 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OP GEORGIA. Agent. In that capacity he repaired to the Island of St. Eustatia, to procure arms and ammunition ; but the vessels on board of which he had placed the articles purchased were taken by the British. In 1782, he was elected a member of Congress for one year, and was re- elected in 1783. In 1785 he was appointed a Commissioner to treat with the Cherokees, and other Indians south of them, as well as Com- missioner to negotiate with the Creeks, the duties of which he faith- fully performed. In 1786, he was again elected to Congress ; and in 1789, to the Senate of the United States, where he remained for six years ; after which General Washington appointed him Superintend- ent of Indian Affairs, South. He took up his residence among the Creeks, and devoted all his energies to their improvement. He estab- lished a large farm, built mills, houses, wagons, and implements of all sorts suited to the demands of the country. He had a large stock of cattle, which the Indians were scrupulous to protect while he was alive, but when he died they stole them without limit. Colonel Haw- kins possessed in a high degree, not only science to conceive anything he desired, but practical common sense necessary to its full achieve- ment. The celebrated French General, Moreau, when an exile in this country, made a visit to Colonel Hawkins, at the Agency. After leaving him, he said he was the most remarkable man he had found in America. Many volumes of his manuscripts were destroyed when his house was burnt. Some have been published ; the Georgia His- torical Society possess several volumes of them. He died on the 6th of June, 1816, at the Agency. During our visit to Crawford County, we visited the spot where Colonel Benjamin Hawkins is sup- posed to have been buried. There is no stone or monument to de- signate the spot.* DADE COUNTY. Laid off from Walker in 1837. Length, 24 m.; breadth, 12m.; area square miles, 288. Named after Major Francis Langhorne Dade, U. S. A., who was killed by the Indians in Florida, December, 1835. Lookout Creek is the only stream of any importance. The soil is fertile, producing with little labour abundant crops of corn, wheat, rye and oats. The mountains are Lookout and Raccoon. Trenton is the county site, 240 miles from Milledgeville. The climate is cold in winter, but delightful in summer. The in- * A very interesting account of Colonel Hawkins may be found in Wheeler's Histori- cal Sketches of North Carolina, page 426. OECATUR COUNTY. 419 stances of longevity with which we are acquainted are the following: Mrs. Cartwright, 80; Mrs. Carr, 80; Mr. R. Cox, 80 ; Mr. As- BURY, 100. The mineral resources of the county are great, and large quantities of bituminous coal are found in the mountains. It also abounds with caves ; and it is thought that within its limits are more than fifty In- dian mounds. Extract from the Census of 1850. — Dwellings, 421 ; families, 421 ; white males, 1,246 ; white females, 1,286. Total free population, 2,532 ; slaves, 148. Deaths, 30. Farms, 235 ; manufacturing estab- lishments, 4. Value of real estate, $240,220 ; value of personal estate, $151,443. % The Legislature of 1849 made an appropriation of $3,500, to con- struct a road over the Lookout Mountain. Among the persons who first settled this county were, J. B. Per- kins, Joel Hulsey, James Stewart, Howell Tatum, John Guinn, Isam Cole, A. Hale, Wm. Hughs, T. L. Tanner, A. B. Hannah, Jacob McCollum, W. Hulsev, G. Stephens, Z. O'Neal, L. Hen- dricks, Jesse Carroll, Jeremiah Pace, M. Cunningham, M. Mor- gan, William Morgan, Jacob Sitton, W. H. Taylor, R. L. Taylor, David Killion, Daniel Killion, Alfred Garner, James M. Hall, Leroy Sutton, George Sutton. DECATUR COUNTY. Laid off from Early in 1823 ; part set off to Thomas in 1825. It received its name from Commodore Stephen Decatur. Length, 36 m. ; breadth, 25 m. ; area square miles, 900. The Flint River runs through the county, and the Chattahoochee forms its western boundary. Spring Creek is a considerable body of water. There are several other streams, viz,, Musquito, Willocoochee, &c. In various parts are excellent tracts of land. Between the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers is a pine barren, with some fertile spots, which are well calculated for the growth of cotton and corn, the soil being silicious. The climate is temperate and pleasant. Bainbridge is the county town, situated on the east side of the Flint River, on a beautiful bluff, 190 miles from Milledgeville. Fort Scott is below Bainbridge, on the Flint River. Attapulgus is 12 miles southeast of Bainbridge. Extract from Census of 1850. — Dwellings, 898 ; families , 898 ; white 420 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. males, 2,391 ; white females, 2,227 ; free coloured males, 3 ; free colour- ed females, 2. Total free population, 4,623 ; slaves, 3,639. Deaths, 92. Farms, 491 ; manufacturing establishments, 2. Value of real estate, $805,018 ; value of personal estate, $1,970,631. Among the original settlers of this county may be named the fol- lowing, viz. : G. Mitchell, Wm. Martin, Wm. Donaldson, Joel Darsey, John Darsey, W. Williams, H. Ingraham, B. Crawford, James Griffin, M. Hardin, James Brown, Samuel Cherry, Wm. Powell, Samuel Williams, Daniel O. Neal, Hiram Atkinson, James T. Neal, Wm. Forson, M. Kelly, Wm. Hawthorn, John White, John Jones, Duncan Ray, Edmund Herring, Joshua Proc- tor, William Whigham, Elias McElvan, William Powell, Philip Pitman, John Donaldson, R. B. Douglas, Abn'er Bishop, Jeremiah Slade, Wm. Chester, Captain Parham, R. Strickling, J. Saunders, G. G. Gaines. This county is remarkable for its numerous caves or lime-sinks. Dr. (Dotting, who made a geological survey of this portion of the State, has kindly furnished us with the following facts : — "Decatur abounds with what are called lime-siaks. Some are filled with water, others are empty. Some have streams passing through the bottom, and communicating with the river. The walls of these caverns are lined with slaty limestone, in which there is a quantity of marine organic remains. " At Curry's Mills, near the church, is a large sink or depression. The rim ol the crater is nearly circular, being 666 feet; depth, 102 feet. " Sixteen miles from Bainbridge is a cavern, explored to the distance of eighty- three feet, — a small stream runs through it. " Three miles east of Flint River is a large fissure, one hundred yards long ; breadth, 10 feet; depth, 30 feet." One-half of a mile southeast of Black Creek, Dr. Cotting found fragments of large tusks, and other bones of the zeuglodon. DE KALB COUNTY. 421 DE KALB COUNTY. Laid out in 1822, and named after the Baron De Kalb, who fell in defence of American freedom at the battle of Camden, South Caro- lina, on the 19th of August, 1780. Length, 25 m. ; breadth, 19m.; area square miles, 475. The Chattahoochee is the chief river. The creeks are, Nancy's, Peach-Tree, Utoy, &c. Decatur is the county town, ninety-five miles northwest of Mil- ledgeville. Atlanta has had a growth unexampled in the history of the South. It is the point at which the Western and Atlantic, the Macon and Western, and the Georgia railroads, connect. To J. Norcross, Esq., we are indebted for the following statement relating to Atlanta : — Population of Atlanta not precisely known, but placed by none under 4,500, and still increasing. The number of stores, exclusive of retail liquor-shops, in the city, is 57. Large cotton warehouses, 4. Amount of goods sold from 15th December, 1850, to 15th December, 1851, was $1,017,000. The amount of Georgia and Tennessee produce sold, exclusive of cotton, during the same time, $406,000. The amount of goods sold in the month of October, 1851, $108,000. Amount of cotton received and sold from December, 1850, to December, 1851, 35,500 bales. Amount of money advanced by bank agents to buyers in Atlanta and neigh- bouring villages, and* bills drawn against cotton shipped to Augusta, Savannah, Charleston, and New-York, $1,250,000, — making, in round numbers, exchange or mercantile transactions over $2,500,000. Nor does this include large quantities of Georgia and Tennessee produce, re- ceived and sold here by the owners, the larger portion of which would probably go into stores here, were there any banking or other suitable accommodations for advancing on the same. There is in this city one steam flouring mill, — investment, $35,000, — the opera- tions of which maybe placed at $150,000 per annum. One iron foundry and machine shop — cash operations, $20,000 per annum. Three carriage and wheel- wright shops. Two large tanneries. One large shoemaking establishment. Two large tanneries and shoe establishments in course of construction. In addi- tion to the Georgia Railroad and State machine shops, which employ large numbers of workmen, one car-shop is now going up as a private enterprise — investment, $30,000. Winship's Establishment. — The main building of this extensive establishment is 200 feet by 40 feet ; a wing at one end, 24 feet by 32 422 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. feet, for engine ; a wing near the centre, 20 by 40 feet, for black- smith's shop. Engine, 25 horse-power; planing machines, '3 ; cir- cular saws, 4 ; tenoning machine, 1 ; sash and moulding machine, 1 ; wood-turning lathe, 1 ; bolt-cutting machine, 1 ; drill press, 1 ; num- ber of hands employed, 40. Chief business, making railroad cars. Capital, $20,000. Atlanta Tanning Company. — Proprietors, Alexander & Orme. Capital, $20,000. Propelled by steam. Dimensions of building, 50 feet by 80, with a wing 25 by 50 ; two stories high. Hands employed, 10. Hides handled by machinery. Connected with this establishment are a grist-mill and a patent circular saw-mill, lathe and shingle ma- chine. Atlanta Machine Company. — Capital employed, $5,000 ; number of hands, 12; amount of work done per annum, $12,000; dimen- sions of building, 160 by 40 feet. Stone Mountain and Lithonia, small places, are on the Georgia Railroad. Extract from the Census of 1850. — Dwellings, 1,792; families, 1,794; white males, 5,704; white females, 5,668; free coloured males, 9 ; free coloured females, 23. Total free population, 11,404 ; slaves, 2,924. Deaths, 118. Farms, 1,019 ; manufacturing establish- ments, 45. Value of real estate, $1,669,810 ; value of personal estate, $1,721,560. Among the early settlers of this county were, William Jackson, James Montgomery, John R. Brooks, Wm. Ezzard, W. M. Hill, Joseph Hewey, Stephen Mays, R. Cone, J. M. Smith, Wm. David, Mason Shewmake, John Simpson, Amos Towers, John W. Fowler, Edward Jones, Andrew Johnson, John Turner, J. P. Carr, James W. Reeves, Colonel Murphy, George Clifton, James Jones, Jesse Lane, L. Johnston, Wm. Tererll, George Brooks. The climate is healthy. Instances of longevity are numerous. John Biffle died at 106; D. Greene, 90 ; Wm. Terrell, 90; Mr. Brooks, 92; Wm. Suttles died in 1839, aged 108. He was pos- sessed of great physical strength, and had been a soldier of '76. At his death an estimate of his descendants was made, and it amounted to 300 persons. His wife, Margaret, 104 years old, died in June, 1839. For seventy years she had been a member of the Baptist Church. Charles Isom and James Burnes, both 90, are now living. Wm. Reeves died at 87. The Stone Mountain is in this county, of which we have seen many descriptions ; but the following, taken from the Macon Tele- graph, of April 3, 1830, we consider the most accurate : — The Stone Mountain is a huge solid peak of solitary rock, three thousand feet in height, and six or seven miles in circumference. The finest view of this stu- i^l DE KALB COUNTY. 423 pendous pyramid is obtained from the eastern side. Seen from this point at a distance,, it has the appearance of a large dark cloud streaked with thunder and lightning. Approach it nearer, and its figure and consistence become distinguish- able; you see the bold, naked rock, nearly globular in form, of a darkish gray colour. On climbing it, the shrubs and bushes are scattered so thinly over its sides among the crevices, that it appears nearly bald. About half way up to the right of your path is pointed out a small tuft of scrub cedars and oaks, de- signated as the Buzzard's Roost, from the number of those birds hovering about the spot. *^#<:j ;:;■;.; 1 1 ■■■■■■&■?) STONE MOUNTAIN. About a quarter of a mile from the top are seen the remains of a fortification that formerly extended around and defended every accessible point leading to the summit, the only entrance being through a natural passage under a large rock, where only one person could enter at a time, and that by crawling on all- fours. The whole length of the wall at first was probably a mile, breast high on the inside, and constructed of the loose fragments of the rocks. On reaching the summit, you have a beautiful and extensive view of the country. The top presents an uneven surface, nearly flat, of an oval shape, two or three hundred yards in width, and about twice that in length. Many hollows are observable in the winter and spring, filled with water, and occasionally little patches of soil, where various shrubs and herbs luxuriate. On the eastern side, some distance from the top, is a little grove called the Eagle's Nest. Adjoining it, among the broken fragments, are a number of frightful caverns, called the Lion's Den, the Panther's Hole, &c. From the summit you may ramble down the arch in any direction for several hundred yards, without danger. A pathetic story is told of a couple of hounds that a year or two ago followed their owners to the top of the mountain, and in performing their gambols round the edge of the precipice, had got too far down to be able to get back. One slid immediately over, and was dashed to pieces on the rocks below, not a whole bone being left in his skin; the other held to the rock for two days, howling piteously, but at last became exhausted, fell, and shared the fate of his comoanion. 424 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. DOOLY COUNTY. Boundaries described in the Lottery Act of 1821. Part added to Pulaski, 1826; a part to Lee, 1827. . Named after Colonel John Dooly, who was murdered by the Tories in 1780. Length, 35 m. ; breadth, 32 m. ; area square miles, 1,120. The chief stream is the Flint River. The creeks are, Penna- hatchee, Hogcrawl, Lampkin's Limestone, Cedar, &c. The face of the country is level ; much of the land is productive. Lands which a few years ago were considered worthless, now command high prices. Vienna is the county town, situated on the waters of Pennahatchee Creek, distant from Milledgeville ninety-five miles. Drayton is a mile and a half from Flint River. Travellers' Rest is in the northwest corner of the county. The climate is temperate. Remote from the water-courses, the country is regarded healthy. The cases of longevity with which we are acquainted are the following : — Mr. Wads worth died at 103 ; Mrs. Napier, aged 100 ; Mrs. Wadsworth, aged over 100; and Mrs. Bradshaw, aged over 80, were all alive a few years since. Extract from the Census of 1850. — Dwellings, 962 ; families, 962 ; white males, 2,844 ; white females, 2,736 ; free coloured males, 4 ; free coloured females, 2. Total free population, 5,586 ; slaves, 2,775. Deaths, 110. Farms, 663; manufacturing establishments, 8. Value of real estate, $1,106,253; value of personal estate, $1,721,560 EARLY COUNTY. Laid out in 1818 ; part set off to Decatur in 1823 ; part set off to Baker, 1825; organized in 1825, and named after Governor Peter Early. According to the last census, there are in this county 656 dwellings, 656 families, 1,909 white males, 1,807 white females, 1 free coloured male. Total free population, 3,717 ; 3,529 slaves, 55 deaths, 367 farms, 11 manufacturing establishments. Value of real estate, $757,005 ; value of personal estate, $2,067,717. The Chattahoochee is the chief stream. Various creeks water the country. The face of the country is gently undulating, almost without an elevation worthy of being called a hill, and two-thirds covered with forests of the tallest long-leaf pine. EARLY COUNTY. 425 This section of our State, except in the lime-land valleys, is de- cidedly healthy. There are no diseases peculiar to the country. Among the original settlers of this county were, Isham Sheffield, West Sheffield, Arthur Sheffield, James Bush, John Hays, Joseph and Richard Grimsley, Richard Spann, Frederick Porter, Joseph Boles, John Roe, Abner Jones, Nathaniel Weaver, James Jones, Solomon V. Wilson, John Dill, Alexander Watson, James Carr, John Tilley, William Hendrick, John Floyd, D. Roberts, Andrew Burch, B. Collier, J. Fowler, Martin Wood, George Mercier, William Dickson, A. Hays, James Brantley, E. Hays. Blakely is the county town, named after Captain Blakely, of the navy. It is 180 miles from Milledgeville. Fort Gaines is on a high bluff of the Chattahoochee, and is a place of considerable business. It derived its name from a fort built against the Indians, in 1816, by order of General Gaines. Six miles north of Blakely, on Little Colomokee Creek, at the plantation of Judge Mercier, are some ancient works. Annexed is a view of them. In Pickett's History of Alabama and Georgia, they are thus de- scribed : — " No. 1. The large sacrificial mound, seventy feet in height, and six hundred feet in circumference. This mound is covered with large forest trees, from four to five hundred years old. A shaft has been sunk in the centre to the depth of sixty feet, and at its lower portion a bed of human bones, five feet in thickness, and in a perfectly decomposed state, was passed. " No. 2, 2. Like the former, have earth stones on the summit, with charred wood around them, which would show that they, too, were used for sacrifices. They are thirty feet high. "No. 3. A wall of earth inclosing these mounds. "No. 4, 4, 4, 4. Mounds outside of the inclosure, twenty feet high, and proba- bly used as watch-towers. "No. 5. Entrance to the inclosure. "In the rear of these mounds is a creek, No. 6, and from the large mound there has been constructed an arched passage, three hundred yards in length, lead- ing to the creek, and probably intended to procure water for religious purposes." Major Joel Crawford resides in this county. He was born in Richmond County, on the 15th of June, 1783. His early education was received at a school kept by Dr. Bush.* At the age of twenty he became a student of law under the. Hon. Nicholas Ware, of Augusta, and was admitted to practice at Washington in January, 1808. He then removed to Milledgeville, and in a few years succeeded in obtaining an extensive practice. * For many particulars connected with the history of Dr. Bush, see under the head of " Columbia County." 426 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. In 1813, Mr. Crawford joined the army of General Floyd, and, although a perfect stranger to him, he appointed him his aid, and in this capacity he served through the whole of the campaign. In his official despatches, General Floyd spoke in the highest terms of Major Crawford. After the war, he resumed the practice of the law, and in 1S26 removed to the County of Hancock, where he became very popular, being elected to the Senate of Georgia for three consecutive years. Anterior to his removal to Hancock, he had been elected to Congress. In 182S he was brought out as a candidate for Governor in opposition to Mr. Gilmer, but was defeated. In 1831 he was again a candidate for the Executive chair, and was defeated by Mr. Lumpkin. To Major Crawford many important trusts have been committed, all of which he has discharged with fidelity. He has a commanding person, and is possessed of fine conversational powers. EFFINGHAM COUNTY. This county formerly constituted a part of the Parishes of St. Mat- thew and St. Philip, formed in 1758. In 1777 it was laid off, and received its present name in honour of the Earl of Effingham, an ardent supporter of colonial rights. In 1793 a portion of it was added to Screven, and in 1794 a portion to Bryan. Length, 30 m. ; breadth, 16 m. ; area square miles, 480. Springfield is the county town, 140 miles southeast of Milledge- ville. Ebenezer is an old German settle- ment, twenty-five miles from the City of Savannah. The Lutheran Church, of which a view is annexed, was used by the British, in the Revolutionary War, as a hospital. Whitesville is on the Central Rail- road. flfc Among the early settlers were, ~ Tims. Gsoiiwandel, Gabriel Maurer, |lvffli!®^lwj John Maurer, Geo. Kogler, Paulus 1 Zittrauer, Peter Renter, Simon Reiter, Matthias Brandner, Chris- tian Leimberger, Martin Lackner, LUPRETCHT STEINER, VeIT LeMMEN- hoffer, John and Car. Floerel, Rupretch Zimmerman, Simon Steiner, Geo. Schwaiger, John Schmidt, Leonhard Crause, Peter Gruber, Jacob Schartner, Joseph Leitner, John Cornberger, An- CHURCH AT EBENEZER. effingham county. 427 dreas Grimmiger, Matthias Burgsteiner, Veit Landselder, Jo- seph Ernst, John Michel Rieser, Thomas Pichler, John Spiel- BIEGLER. Abercorn, sixteen miles from Savannah, was a noted place in the early settlement of Georgia. No memorial of its former condition can now be seen. A history of this ancient county would furnish material for a large volume. Our thanks are due to the Rev. P. A. Strobel, of Americus, Georgia, for the following items in relation to the settlement of Ebenezer : — Persecution first brought, the Salzburgers to America. As soon as the object of the Trustees was made known, the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge began to interest itself for the removal of some of the Salzburgers to Georgia ; and as early as the 12th of October, 1732, they applied to the Trustees to aid them in their benevolent designs. The Trustees did not feel authorized at this time to do more for the Salzburgers than to offer them grants of land in their new colony. Steps were, however, immediately taken to ascertain whether any of the German Protestants were willing to remove to Georgia, and become British subjects, submitting themselves to such rules as the Trustees might prescribe. The Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge opened a correspondence with several Protestant ministers in different parts of Germany, in order to as- certain if the Salzburgers were disposed to avail themselves of their kind offices. From their correspondents, the Society learned that there were hundreds of the persecuted Protestants, who were not only willing, but anxious to emigrate. This fact was communicated to the Trustees, who, warranted by a special fund re- cently raised for this purpose, sent in December, 1732, an invitation to fifty fami- lies of the Salzburgers, to remove to Georgia. At the same time, the venerable Society proposed to pay their expenses from Germany to Rotterdam, and to fur- nish the means to support amongst them a pastor and a catechist. Various causes prevented the immediate execution of these plans. But they finally wrote again to Germany, and requested that a portion of the Salzburgers might be sent over to England to prepare for their transportation to America; and in the meantime, money and articles of clothing were furnished. To such as were deemed worthy of their patronage, the Trustees advanced the funds necessary to pay their pas- sage and stores. On arriving in Georgia, each Salzburger was to receive three lots, — one for a house and yard, within the town, one for a garden near the town, and one for tillage, at a short distance from the town, (the whole embracing fifty acres;) said lands to be a freehold to them and to their heirs forever. In addi- tion to this, the Trustees engaged to furnish them with provisions until their lands could be made available for their own support. In consideration of these grants, the Salzburgers were to obligate themselves to obey the Trustees' orders, and become citizens of Georgia, with all the rights and privileges of Englishmen. The necessary arrangements having all been completed, the company of emi- grants began to prepare for their journey. These were from the town of Berch- tolsgaden and its vicinity. Setting out on foot from their homes, the direction of their journey required them to pass through Bavaria; and at almost every step 428 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. they were exposed to insult. At length they arrived before the gates of the free city of Augsburg, in Svvabia. Here they were at first repulsed : but at length they were reluctantly permitted to enter the city. The news of their arrival at Augsburg soon spread through the neighbouring countries, and all classes vied with each other in doing honour to those who, in obeying the dictates of conscience, had preferred banishment rather than renounce their attachment to the Gospel. On the 21st of October, 1733, the Salzburgers recommenced their pilgrimage. This company consisted of forty-two men with their families, num- bering in all seventy-eight persons. The arrangements for their transportation to Georgia had been previously made with the Trustees by the venerable Samuel Urlsperger, then pastor of the Lutheran Church of St. Ann, in the city of Augs- burg, who bestowed special attention upon them during their sojourn, and ever afterwards watched over their welfare with the solicitude of an affectionate father. Pursuing their pilgrimage, they arrived at the Protestant city of Frankfort, in Nassau, where they were welcomed and hospitably entertained. After remaining here a short time they set out for Rotterdam, at which city they arrived on the 27th of November. Here they were joined by their teacher, the Rev. John Martin Bolzius, and their catechist, Rev. Israel Christian Gronau. REV. JOHN MARTIN BOLZIUS. These pious men had consented to relinquish the lucrative and honourable positions which they held in the Orphan House at Halle, that they might accom- pany the Salzburgers to Georgia. After staying a week at Rotterdam, the emi- grants embarked on board one of the Trustees' ships, on the 2d of December; and on the 21st day of the same month they arrived safely at Dover, in England. Here they were visited by the Trustees, who bestowed upon them every attention in their power. The arrangements for their voyage to America having been made, the emigrants embarked on board the Purysburg, on the 28th of Decem- ber, destined for America. After a perilous voyage of one hundred and four EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 429 days, they reached Charleston, S. C, in March, 1734. Here they met General Oglethorpe, who carne with these exiles to Georgia to aid them in making an advantageous settlement. On the 9th of March the Salzburgers left Charleston, and on the 11th day they entered the Savannah River. On the 12th they reached Savannah, and met with a cordial reception. General Oglethorpe informed Baron Von Reck, who conducted this expedition, that his people might exercise their own choice in regard to their location. They expressed a desire to be removed to some dis- tance from the sea, where the scenery was diversified with hill and dale, and they might be supplied with springs of water. To carry out their view, General Oglethorpe, in company with several gentlemen and some Indians, made a tour of observation into that part of the country now known as the County of Effing- ham. They penetrated about thirty miles into the interior, where they discovered a place which it was supposed would meet the wishes of the emigrants. The place was described as being on the banks of a river of clear water, the sides high; the country of the neighbourhood hilly; with valleys of rich cane, inter- mixed with little brooks and springs of water. With the selection and general appearance of the country, the Salzburgers ex- pressed themselves highly gratified. After singing a psalm, they set up a rock which they found upon the spot, and named the place Eben-ezer, (the stone of help,) for they could say truly, "Hitherto hath the Lord helped us." The lands allotted to the Salzburgers bordered on the possessions of the Uchee Indians, from whom General Oglethorpe obtained them some time previously. It is worthy of remark that these Indians were near neighbours to the Germans, and that the most friendly relations always subsisted between them. The site for a settlement having been agreed upon, General Oglethorpe marked out the town, and sent up workmen to assist the colonists in clearing lands and erecting temporary dwellings, which consisted of tents and sheds constructed from rough planks. In a few weeks, the preparation for the accommodation of the settlers being in a suitable state of forwardness, the whole body of the Germans, in company with their pastors, went from Savannah to their new home at Eben-ezer. From the journal of Baron Von Reck we extract the following: — "The lands are inclosed between two rivers, which fall into the Savannah. The town is to be built near the largest, which is called Eben-ezer, in remembrance that God had brought them hither. It is navigable, being twelve feet deep. A little rivulet, whose water is clear as crystal, glides by the town. Another runs through it; and both fall into the Eben-ezer. The woods here are not so thick as in other places. The sweet zephyrs preserve a delicious coolness, notwithstanding the scorching beams of the sun. There are very fine meadows, in which a great quantity of hay might be made with very little trouble. The hill-sides are also very fit for vines. The cedar, walnut, cypress, and oak make the greatest part of the woods. There are likewise a great quantity of myrtle trees, out of which they extract, by boiling the berries, a green wax very proper to make candles with. There is much sassafras, and a great quantity of those herbs of which in- digo is made ; and an abundance of china-root. The earth is so fertile that it will bring forth anything that can be sown or planted, whether fruits, herbs, or trees. There are wild vines which run up to the tops of the tallest trees ; and 430 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the country is so good that one may ride in full gallop twenty or thirty miles. As to game, here are eagles, wild turkeys, &c." To one living at this distant period who has any knowledge of Old Eben-ezer and the general character of the surrounding country, the above description appears to partake somewhat of the marvellous. We must either make considerable allow- ances for the warmth of the writers imagination, or conclude that the country has undergone a very great change. The site of their town was about four miles below Springfield, in a region which is composed of hills and plains that are very sterile, ami upon which no one having any correct knowledge of the character of the soil would ever think of settling a farm. But circumstanced as the Salzburgers were, exiled from their country, and worn out by fatigue in travelling both by sea and land, they, no doubt, were inclined to regard with favour any spot which pro- mised them rest from their toils, and a period to their cruel sufferings. Upon the arrival of the Salzburgers at their home, it was deemed proper to assign a lot of land to each family. This having been done, arrangements were made for the erection of more permanent and comfortable dwellings upon it. Captain Hernis- dorff succeeded in raising a small company of volunteers, and they offered their services to General Oglethorpe, and requested that they might be put upon any service that he deemed necessary. This company was accordingly ordered to Frederica, to aid in the defence of that place against the Spaniards. It became the nucleus for a Lutheran congregation, which was organized in 1743, under the care of the Rev. UlrickDriesler, a German missionary, sent over by the Trustees, and supported by their funds. The rest of the Salzburgers immediately repaired to Eben-ezer, where they were received with great kindness. About this time Messrs. Bolzius and Gronau visited Savannah to confer with General Oglethorpe in reference to the propriety of changing the location of their town. They stated to the General that there was great dissatisfaction among the people, which induced him immediately to set out for Eben-ezer. The settlers informed him that they were disappointed in the character of the soil — that the climate had proved unhealthy — that the stream upon which their town stood could not be navigated to any advantage. Here it may be proper to re- mark, that the water-course upon which the Salzburgers were originally settled was not properly a river, but a creek, which at times is swollen to a considerable size, and there are not perhaps many streams in Georgia which are so serpentine in their course. Some idea may be formed of it, when it is stated that although the distance from Old Eben-ezer to the Savannah River by land does not exceed six miles, the distance by the course of the creek is not less than twenty-five miles. General Oglethorpe listened patiently to their representations, but in- formed them that, although he' was satisfied that there were embarrassments con- nected with their situation, yet he was convinced from his acquaintance with the nature of the country to which they desired to remove, that as soon as the forest should be cleared, and the lands brought under cultivation, they would be again subject to the diseases peculiar to the climate, and would be forced to leave the neighbourhood. Still, if they persisted in their wishes, he should not oppose them. But the settlers could not be induced to give up the idea of re- moving. The site selected for the new town was on a high ridge within a short distance of the river, and which, from the peculiar colour of the soil, was called EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 431 Eed Bluff. The new town was laid off after the plan of the city of Savannah, and covered an area of a quarter of a mile square. This space was divided into smaller squares, each containing ten building lots, and these latter numbered one hundred and sixty. Three wide streets passed through the town from east to west, which were intersected at right angles by four others running from north to south; besides which, there were a number of narrow lanes, but these ex- tended only in one direction, from north to south. Four squares were appro- priated for the sale of produce, and called market-places, and four were reserved as public parks or promenade grounds. Two-thirds of a square were appropriated to the church, parsonage, and academy, and an equal quantity to the Orphan Asylum and the public storehouse. On the east, a short distance from the town, was the cemetery. On the north and east was a large pasture for cattle; and on the south was one for sheep and goats. On the north and south, garden lots were laid out ; and still farther south, beyond Little Creek and Mill Creek, and upon their waters, the farms were located, each farm consisting of fifty acres. The country to the north beyond Eben-ezer Creek was occupied by the TJchee Indians. In the course of a few years, Eben-ezer began to give evidences of its future growth and prosperity. Houses were again erected, gardens and farms were inclosed, and brought under cultivation. No church was erected here for several years ; whether it was for want of funds, we are unable to say. The Orphan Asylum was for a long time used as the place of worship. As a religious communit}*-, the Salzburgers may be properly viewed as a mis- sionary station, under the fostering care of the English Society for the Propaga- tion of Christian Knowledge, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Germany. It was required of the pastor and each member of the congregation to subscribe to the Augsburg Confession, and to submit to a code of regulations drawn up by the Rev. Samuel Urlsperger, of Augsburg, Rev. Frederick M. Zeigenhagen, of London, and Rev. Gottluff Augustus Franke, of Halle. These regulations were prepared in 1733, and continued in force, with some few alterations, which were made principally by Dr. Muhlenburgh, until 1843. The immediate superin- tendence of the settlement was assigned to the Rev. John Martin Bolzius and his colleague, Mr. Gondan. The church in Germany kept up its ecclesiastical connection with the church at Eben-ezer, and continued to send it donations, which from time to time amounted to 12,000 guilders. In the establishment of this colony, the cause of education was not overlooked; for, in every instance in which a pastor was sent over, a schoolmaster accom- panied him, and a plan was adopted for a house of worship. In building their houses, they were much hindered by the scarcify of materials. Among them there were few mechanics, and not being able to erect either saw-mills or grist- mills, their situation became very trying. In a newly-settled country, too, the means of transportation were very limited, and having no boat of their own, they were entirely dependent upon the Government for the conveyance of their sup- plies ; and such were the straits to which they were at times reduced, that they were compelled to carry their provisions upon their backs from Savannah, a dis- tance of twenty -five miles. To add to their sufferings, much sickness prevailed; but, amidst all their distresses, the emigrants exhibited patience and fortitude. 432 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Such was the state of things when a second party of emigrants arrived. These were likewise Salzburgers, who had been sent over by the Trustees in the ship Prince of Wales, which left England in November, 1734, and arrived in Georgia the early part of the next year, which consisted of fifty-seven per- sons. This expedition was conducted by Mr. Yat. On reaching Savannah, they immediately set out to join their brethren at their new town. They were kindly received, and provision made for them, as far as the means of the colonists would warrant. It was with difficult)', however, that they could be furnished with lodgings ; and the stock of food was not very abundant. Nevertheless, by this accession to their numbers, the Salzburgers were greatly benefited; for amongst the new-comers were many mechanics, whose labours were of essential service. By their aid, planks were soon sawed, timber was hewed, boards and shingles split, and the good people went cheerfully to work to improve their dwellings. As to the church, they were compelled as yet to worship in a large tent, which, during a part of the time, had been the residence of their minister. When General Oglethorpe visited Europe in 1734, he made such representa- tions of the prospects of the colony, as induced the Trustees to resolve upon strengthening it by sending out new settlers. The Trustees invited one hundred Germans from the city of Ratisbon to remove to Georgia, and settle under their patronage. They engaged to give them a free passage, with an ample supply of sea-stores, and a freehold of fifty acres of land to every settler, together with such an outfit of clothes, tools, and farming utensils, as might be deemed neces- sary. To these proposals the Salzburgers consented, and about eighty of them, under the conduct of Captain Hernisdorff and Baron Von Beck, repaired to England to avail themselves of the liberality of the Trustees. A sufficient num- ber of emigrants having been secured, the Trustees chartered two ships, the Symond, of two hundred tons. Captain Joseph Cornish, and the London Mer- chant, of the same burden, Capfciin John Thomas; the whole number consisted of 227 heads. This was called the great embarkation. Among the passengers were twenty-seven Moravians, under the care of their Bishop, the Rev. David Nitsehman, and Messrs. John and Charles Wesley. The embarkation reached Georgia early in the month of February, 1736. Shortly afterwards, they were required to take up arms in defence of the colony; but refusing to do so, they were obliged to leave, and sought an asylum in the peaceable domain of William Penn.* # We regret to inform the reader that a portion of the valuable paper furnished us by Mr. Strobel was unfortunately mislaid by the compiler, which will account for its abrupt termination. EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 433 AN EXTRACT OF THE JOURNALS Of Mr. Commissary Von Reck, who conducted the First Transport of Salz- burgers to Georgia ; and of the Rev. Mr. Bolzius, one of their Ministers, giving an Account of their Voyage to, and happy settlement in, that Pro- vince. Published by the direction of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. London: MDCCXXXIV. EXTRACTS OF MR. VON RECx's JOURNAL FROM DOVER TO EBENEZER. January 8, O. S., 1733-4. — Having a favourable wind, we left Dover, and again set sail. An universal Joy appeared amongst the Salzburgers, who praised God that he had heard their Prayers. Jan. 9. — We discovered at Noon the Isle of Wight. Jan. 10, 11. — At eleven in the morning, having happily passed through the Channel, we left the Land's End. Thus God was pleased to rejoice us and give ns Hopes, that, through the continuance of His Mercy, the rest of our Voyage would be no less prosperous. May the Lord be pleased always to assist us. To- wards night the wind increased so much, that it broke the Stay which held the main-topmast; and we had been exposed to great Danger, if Divine Providence had not averted it. Jan. 24. — The Weather was line and pleasant. According to our Reckoning, we passed the Latitude of the Canary Islands, and through the adorable Mercy of the Almighty, approached the Trade-winds, which are reckoned to blow all the year from the Eastward. Jan. 25. — We sung Te Deum, and praised the Almighty with our lips and hearts. Jan. 26. — God was pleased to give us very fair Weather, with the continuation of the Trade-wind. Jan. 28. — An alarm of fire caused a great consternation in the whole ship, but no ill accident ensued. Jan. 30. — This day we felt a great deal of heat : and for refreshment washed between the decks, where the people lay, with vinegar. Feb. 6. — At night a tempestuous wind arose, but God in his goodness held his Almighty hand over us, and was pleased the next day to give us a good wind, which advanced us five or six miles an hour. Feb. 17. — We had this evening at Prayers, Psal. L. 14, Offer unto God thanks- giving, and pay thy vows unto the Most Highest. Feb. 18. — At two in the afternoon, the wind was strong at S., and soon after it proved contrary, and extremely violent. I was surprised to see the sea rise so high ; a tempest darkened the sky ; the waves swelled and foamed ; and every- thing threatened to overwhelm us in the deep. All the sails were furled ; the violence of the wind was so great that it tore the main-sail to pieces. Besides which, the mate cried out that the water rose fast in the hold ; but though he spoke truth, the ship received no damage. Feb 27- — Last night we had the wind contrary, W. S. W., but God granted us sweet repose, and renewed our strength, the better to undergo a tempest whicb 28 434 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. a wind at W. by S. brought upon us by break of day. The storm was more dreadful than the other. At night the wind abated. March 4. — We sounded this morning at six, and drew up some sand and soil of Carolina. The Captain told me we were ten leagues distant from the shore. March 5. — A S. S. W. arose, which carried us, through the mercy of Jesus Christ, within sight of Carolina. We sung Te Deum, which was the psalm for the day. March 7. — At nine there came from Charlestown a pilot on board our ship. We immediately cast anchor, and at ten the Captain, the Rev. divines and I, went into the pilot's boat. At one in the afternoon, we came to Charlestown, where I immediately waited on his Excellency, Robert Johnson, Esq., and Mr. Ogle- thorpe. They were glad to hear that the Salzburgers were come within six leagues, all safe and in good . health, without the loss of any one person. Mr. Oglethorpe showed me a plan of Georgia, and gave me liberty to choose a set- tlement for the Salzburgers, either near the sea or further in the Continent. I accordingly accepted his favour, and chose a place 21 miles from the town of Savannah, and 30 miles from the sea. where there are rivers, little Hills, clear brooks, cool springs, a fertile soil, and plenty of grass. Mr. Oglethorpe sent on board our ship, by the Pilot's Sloop, a large quantity of fresh beef, two butts of Wine, two Tunn of Spring Water, Cabbage, Turnips, Radishes, Fruit, &c, as a present from the Trustees, to refresh the Salzburgers. March 9. — We beg'd of God that he would permit us to go to our Georgia. We went away this morning at ten, and got on board our ship at two in the af- ternoon. March 10. — God blessed us this day with the sight of our country, our wished- for Georgia, which we saw at ten in the morning ; and brought us unto the Sa- vannah River, and caused us to remember the vows we had made unto him, if he did, through his infinite Goodness, bring us hither. We were to-day very much edified with the 32d Chapter of Genesis, and the 26th of Leviticus. At noon we cast anchor, because of the Tide; at night, during the Evening Prayers, we entered the river of Savannah. March 12. — The magistrates of the town sent on board our ship an experienced Pilot; and we were carried up to the town of Savannah by eleven in the Fore- noon. They returned our salute of five guns, with three ; and all the Magis- trates, the citizens and the Indians, were come to the River side. The two Di- vines Mr. Dunbar, some others and myself, went ashore in a boat. We were' received with all possible demonstrations of Joy, Friendship, and civility. The Indians reached their hands to me, as a testimony of their joy also for our arri- val. The Salzburgers came on shore after us, and we immediately pitched a tent for them in the Square of the Town. March 13. — I went to see the Indians, and their King, Tomo-cha-chi. I caused some raisins, of which they are very fond, to be distributed amongst them. March 14. — Mr. Oglethorpe had given orders for three horses to be ready for my service, to take a view of the country, and to ride to the place where the Salzburgers were to settle. I went this morning at nine of the clock, with a Con- stable and a Guide ; but after we had gone a mile or two, we entered some thick woods, divided by deep brooks of water, and though we could with great difficul- EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 435 ty pass over some, yet there were others we could not pass ; wherefore we re- turned back to the town. Mr. Oglethorpe, and Mr. Jenys, Speaker of the Assembly of Carolina, arrived at Savannah from Charlestown ; the first having, out of iove to our Salzburgers, put off his Journey to England, being resolved to see them settled before he went. Having informed him that the Floods had made it impossible for me to pass the woods by land, he said he would go himself, to show me the country and see what place I would choose. The Speaker desired to accompany him; and I did my- self the honour to make one of the company. He sent to the Indian King to de- sire two Indians to hunt for him in the Journey ; who not only granted them, but his chief War Captain, Tuskeneoi, out of civility to Mr. Oglethorpe, came along with them to accompany us. We went on board a ten-oared boat to the place where a house was building by Mr. Musgrove, six milel up the Savannah River. March 16. — Having slept well in a tent, which we pitched under the shade of a tree by the river side, last night, I accompanied Mr. Oglethorpe on horseback, and the Speaker and others went by water. If you ask how a country that is covered with wood, and cut with rivers and morasses, is passable, I must acquaint you that since the Colony was settled, the ways were marked by barking off the trees, to show where the roads should go, and where the rivers were passable. After passing through a morass covered with canes, we came to an unfordable river, through which the Indians swam our horses, and we crossed over upon a great tree, cut down for that purpose. The tree was cut down so as to lie across the river and serve for a bridge. And after riding some leagues in the woods, we passed another river. Night overtaking us, we were obliged to take up our quarters upon a little hill, round a fire with the Indians, who brought us a wild turkey for our supper. March 17. — We continued our Journey, and set out by break of day; and at nine arrived at the place where the Salzburgers were afterwards settled. From hence I returned to the town of Savannah, through Abercorn, a village newly settled by order of the Trustees, upon the Savannah River, near where Ebenezer falls into it. March 27. — Mr. Jones, who is a surveyor, and I went away this night in a small boat for Abercorn, in order to go from thence to seek and clear the River Eben- ezer. March 30. — Towards night we came out of the river, which fell into the Savan- nah eight miles above Purysburg ; so our design was frustrated, by missing the River Ebenezer, and we returned the same night to Abercorn, where we stayed. March 31. — We arrived this afternoon at Savannah. April 1. — We put on board a sloop provision for three months, with necessary tools, and the baggage of the Salzburgers. April 2. — We all went on board the little sloop, but found it was too much loaden; wherefore I went with only a few of the men, and was obliged to leave the rest in the town. April 3. — We came to the village of Abercorn at four in the afternoon ; from hence we were forced to carry our provisions and baggage to Ebenezer by land. Aprils. — I stayed at Ebenezer; and could not but commend the diligence and industry of the nine Salzburgers who were come before, and whose labour 436 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. God had given a blessing to. They had erected two good tents made of the barks of trees, one of which was forty feet long ; and had cut down abundance of trees, in order to breathe a free air; and besides all that, they were obliged in the greatest heats, almost every day, to walk to Abercorn, which is twelve miles, and to carry their utensils and daily provision upon their backs. April 5. — I returned to wait the arrival of the other Salzburgers, who were to follow us immediately. April 7. — The rest of the Salzburgers arrived. April 9. — We began to make a bridge over a brook, and finished it. April 12. — Good Friday. God was pleased to take to himself the soul of one of our people, called Lackner. April 16. — Our Salzburgers continued to work upon the road. April 19. — This day trfe Salzburgers finished the way for carriages. We found before my tent a strong white horse ; and as we wanted horses, and knew not from whence he came nor to whom he belonged, we received him with thankfulness to God. April 22. — We found another horse in the woods to-day, which proved very fit for our service. Parrots and Partridges make us here a very good dish. April 24. — The inhabitants of Edistow having given thirty Cows for the use of the Colony of Georgia, Mr. Oglethorpe ordered them to be sent up to the Salz- burgers. April 29. — I went this day from Abercorn, in order to take my leave of Eben- ezer. and to build a Chapel. May 12. — The Chapel was quite finished, and we could worship our God in it. May 13. — I took my leave, and left some rules for their direction. EXTRACT OF THE REV. MR. BOLZIVS' JOURNAL, FROM THEIR ARRIVAL IN CAROLINA. March 7, Thursday. — Though the wind is fair, the ship will not go into Charlestown harbour, but lie at anchor till we get a Pilot to carry us to Georgia. Sunday, March 10. — Blessed be the Lord that he has brought us within the bounds of Georgia upon the Sunday Reminiscere; the Gospel of which day tells us that our blessed Saviour came to the borders of the heathen, after he had been persecuted in his own country. Savannah, Tuesday. March 12. — At the place of our Landing almost all the in- habitants of the town of Savannah were gathered together ; they fired off some Cannons and cried Huzzah ! which was answered by our sailors and other English people in our ship, in the same manner. A good dinner was prepared for us. We, the Commissary, and Mr. Zwefler, the physician, were lodged in the house of the Rev. Mr. Quincy, the English Minister here. March 14. — Last night we prayed onshore for the first time in the English Chapel, made of boards, and used for divine worship till a church can be built; the use of which is allowed us during our stay here. The inhabitants join with us, and show much devotion. The Jews, likewise, of which there are twelve families here, come to church, and seemed to be very devout. March 15. — This day, Mr. Oglethorpe arrived here, and received our Salz- burgers and us in a friendly manner, and we dined with him. He being very EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 437 solicitous that these poor Indians should be brought to the knowledge of God, has desired us to learn their language, and we. with the blessing of God, will joy- fully undertake the task. Tuesday, March 26. — It is a great pleasure to us that Mr. Oglethorpe approved of our calling the river, and the place where our houses are to be built, Eben- ezer. April 13. — Lackner having been very long sick, died last night. He was to have had a coffin made for him, but the Salzburgers thought it unnecessary, be ing accustomed to bury no body in a coffin, but women that die in childbed. So they dressed the corpse, after it was washed, in his own clothes, laid him upon a board, and after he was brought to his grave, in an orderly procession, they wrapped him up in a cloth, and let him down into the ground. April 16. — The deceased, Lackner, hath left a little money, with which we have made a beginning of a box for the poor. Ebenezer, Tuesday, May 7. — To-day I had the happiness of seeing Ebenezer. The good people are already much advanced in tilling the ground. May 9. — A tabernacle is to be made of boards till a church can be built. REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. Copy of a Letter from Governor Wright to the Earl of Dartmouth, inclosing certain papers, §x. Savannah, in Georgia, 13th of October, 1774. My Lord, — In my letter of the 24th of August, I mentioned that some protests and dissents were preparing in different parts of the Province, which were not then completed. These were not sent to town until lately, and only published in yesterday's paper, and which I now inclose. They have been wrote by the people themselves, just in their own way, as your Lordship will see by the style. However, they certainly show that the sense of the people in this Province is against any resolutions, and that those attempted by a few in Savannah, are held in contempt, and just nothing at all, whilst the resolutions and conduct of our neighbours in the other Northern colonies really make me shudder. (Signed) James Wright. To the Earl of Dartmouth. Wednesday, Sept. 2\st, 1774. We who have just put our names to this paper, inhabitants of the Parish of St. Matthew, and Town of Ebenezer, think it necessary, in this public manner, to de- clare, that about the 4th day of this instant, August, we were told by certain persons, that we must send a petition home to our King, in regard to the Bosto- nians, to beg for relief, as a child begs a father, when he expects correction, and that all those who would not join must sign their name, that they might know how many would be in this parish, and that should we decline what was re- commended, we must expect the Stamp Act imposed upon us. By these and like nattering words, we were persuaded to sign, but we find we are deceived, for, that the people who met at Savannah, on the 10th inst, did not petition our 438 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. King, but made up a paper, which we think is very wrong, and may incur the displeasure of his Majesty, so as to prevent us from having soldiers to help us in case of an Indian war. We, therefore, disagree entirely to the said paper, and do hereby protest against any resolutions that are, or hereafter may be, entered into on this occasion. Signed by the following persons : — Urban Buntz, George Gnann, Jaher Hang- letter, John Paulus, George Gruber, Matthew Beidenback, George Ballinger, John Oexlin Rentz, George Buntz, John Pillager, Henry Ludwig Buntz, Jacob Metzger, John Metzger, John Adam Fryermouth, John Feberl, George Zettauer, John Heckel, Solomon Zondt, Jacob Guann, Jacob Keiffer, Christian Steiner, John Remshart, Israel Luineberger, Leonhart Kraus, George Bechley, Batlas Keiffer, Michael Mack, Jr., Peter Fryermouth, Solomon Prothero, John Grasen- tine, Christopher Rattenberger, Andrew Guann. We, the subscribers, do hereby certify that we are against resolutions, this 2d of Sept., 1774.— Philip Dell, Paul Pinck, Mathew Meyer, Jacob Meyer, John Maurer, George Maurer, Daniel Weitman, Martin Reylander. The inhabitants generally in this section, in the very beginning of the Revolution, took an active part in favour of the colonies. This was to be expected. They said, " We have experienced the evils of tyranny in our native country ; for the sake of Liberty we have left home, lands, houses, estates, and have taken refuge in the wilds of Georgia ; shall we now again submit to bondage ? No ! we will not." The Rev. John E. Bergman died at an advanced age. He was born in Germany, and served the congregation, at Ebenezer, for thirty- six years. Colonel Geo. G. Nowlan was one of the most estimable men in Georgia. He died at Milledgeville whilst discharging the duty of a representative from this county. ELBERT COUNTY. Laid out from Wilkes in 1790. Length, 32 m, ; breadth, 16 m. ; area square miles, 512. The Savannah and Broad Rivers are the chief streams, both of which have several tributaries. The lands, although impoverished by bad cultivation, still continue productive. Elberton is the county town, situated on the waters of Falling Creek, 90 miles N. N. E. of Milledgeville. Ruckersville is on Van's Creek. ELBERT COUNTY. 439 Petersburg is at the junction of the Savannah and Broad rivers, formerly a prosperous place, but now in a state of dilapidation. The instances of longevity in this county have been very nume- rous. A few years ago there were living, Wm. Trammell, 83 ; Leo- nard Rae, 81 ; John Daniel, 80 ; John Davis, 87 ; David Carter, 82 ; Thomas Maxwell, a minister, and Revolutionary soldier, 97 ; Mrs. Jemima Hunt and Mrs. Wyche are still living, both over 90 years of age. Among the first settlers were — Dr. Bibb, Wm. Bowen, A. Brown, who, we understand, has a son now living, who has had twenty children, eighteen of whom were girls ; Wm. Barnett, Billy Allen, James Bell, P. M. Wyche, Joseph Dedwyler, Rev. Mr. White, Rev. D. Thornton, Thos. Maxwell, Richard Tyner, William Key, Wm. Gaines, John Watkins, J. Higginbotham, Col. Jack, Peter Oliver, Wm. Rucker, Mr. Highsmith, P. Duncan, Wm. Haley, Wm. Ward, E. Shackelford, Wm. Woods, Mr. Lindsey, S. Heard, D. Oliver, J. Cason, Wm. Brown, L. Rice, Wm. Moss, E. Ragland, Wm. Tate, J. Howard, S. Nelson, Thos. Burton, Isham Thompson, Wm. Hodge, S. Wilson, T. A. Carter. Extract from the last Census. — 1,177 dwellings ; 1,177 families, 3,374 white males ; 3,302 white females ; 6 free coloured males ; 10 free coloured females. Total free population, 6,692 ; slaves, 6,267. Deaths, 143. Farms, 804 ; manufacturing establishments, 20. The first Superior Court w T as held at the house of T. A. Carter, 20th of January, 1791, Judge Walton presiding. 3fitBnllwnti0. There is a remarkable mound in this county, on the Savannah Riv ei, three miles above Petersburg. Bartram, the celebrated botanist, visited this mound, and thus describes it : — " These wonderful labours of the ancients stand in a level plain, very near the bank of the river, some twenty or thirty yards from it. They consist of coni- cal mounts of earth and four square terraces. The great mount is in the form of a cone, forty or fifty feet high, and the circumference of its base two or three hundred yards, entirely composed of the loamy rich earth of the low grounds : the top, or apex, is flat ; a spiral path, or track, leading from the ground up to the top, is still visible, where now grows a large, beautiful spreading red cedar. There appear four niches excavated out of the sides of this hill, at different heights from the base, fronting the four cardinal points. These niches, or sentry-boxes, are entered into from the winding path, and seem to have been meant for resting-places or look-outs. The circumjacent level grounds are cleared, and planted with Indian corn at present; and I think the proprietor of these lands, who accompanied us to this place, said that the mount itself yielded above one hundred bushels in one season." 440 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The citizens of this section of Georgia suffered much from the de- predations of the Indians after the Revolutionary War. Stockade forts were constructed in many of the settlements. The murderous tomahawk spared neither men, women, nor children. The following account was furnished by persons well acquainted with the facts : — In 17 — , there lived upon the banks of Coody's Creek, in the flat woods, in what is now called Elbert County, Mr. Richard Tyner, a poor, though respecta- ble man. During his absence one day, a party of savages attacked his house. They immediately killed Mrs. Tyner. They then seized the youngest child, and dashed out its brains against a tree. Another child they scalped, and left it for dead. A little boy, the son of Mr. Tyner, named Noah, amidst the confusion escaped the notice of the Indians, and crept into a hollow tree, which for many years afterwards was known by the name of Noah's Ark. An elder son of Mr. Tyner fled to the Savannah River, and was pursued by some of the Indians, but he effected his escape. Mary and Tamar. the daughters of Mr. Tyner, the Indians car- ried off to the Coweta towns. There they remained for several years, when an In- dian trader named John Manack purchased Mary, who returned with him to the county of Elbert, and became his wife. When he returned to the Indian nation he offered to purchase Tamar, but the Indians refused to sell her. The main employment of Tamar was to bring wood. Upon a certain occasion, an old In- dian woman informed her that her captors, suspecting that she was trying to escape, had resolved to burn her alive. The feelings of the poor girl can be better imagined than described. She determined at all risks to escape. The Indian woman supplied her with provisions and a canoe, accompanied with direc- tions how to proceed down the Chattahoochee River. Bidding adieu to her bene- factress, Tamar launched her canoe, and commenced her perilous voyage. During the day she secreted herself amidst the thick swamps of the river, and at night pursued her course. She finally reached Appalachicola Bay, embarked on board of a vessel, and arrived in Savannah. By the assistance of some of the citizens, she was enabled to reach her home in Elbert, where she afterwards mar- ried a Mr. Hunt. Many of her descendants are still living, who will vouch for the truth of this story. The following incident, related to the author by a reliable gentle- man, is worthy of a place in the annals of Georgia : — During one of the attacks of the Indians upon the inhabitants of this frontier county, they succeeded in killing a number of persons. On one occasion they took prisoner a small girl about twelve years of age. There was living in the county at the time a man by the name of William Suttle, a gunsmith by trade, who, upon hearing that the savages had gone off with the little girl, determined to pursue them, rescue the captive, or die in the attempt. Providing himself with an excellent gun, he started on his generous mission ; and after a short time, in the middle of the night, came in sight of the party, who were seated around a fire, and noticed the little girl sitting upon the lap of a brawny Indian, who appeared to be much delighted with his prisoner. After a while, the Indian rose, and standing very erect, appeared to be making gestures, when Suttle, who ELBERT COUNTY. 441 had been watching a favourable opportunity, fired his gun, and shot the Indian through the heart. In the midst of the alarm consequent upon this sudden at- tack, the little girl made her way in the direction where she supposed the gun was fired, was received by Suttle, and carried behind him on horseback to her friends. HISTORY OF NANCY HART. One among the most remarkable women that any country has ever produced resided in Elbert. We give our readers various particulars concerning her, derived from conversations which we have had with persons who were acquainted with her, and from notes kindly fur- nished by the Rev. Mr. Snead, of Baldwin County, Georgia, a connec- tion of the Hart family. We are also under obligations to the Hon. Thomas Hart Benton, to whom we addressed a letter asking for infor- mation in regard to the relationship existing between the family of the Harts and himself, who promptly favoured us with all that we desired. Nancy Hart's maiden name was Morgan. She was married to Benjamin Hart, and soon afterwards came to Georgia. Her husband was brother of the celebrated Colonel Thomas Hart, of Kentucky, who married a Miss Gray, of Orange County, North Carolina. This gentleman was the father of the wife of the Hon. Henry Clay, and maternal uncle of the Hon. Thomas Hart Benton. The family of Mr. Snead removing to Georgia, in consequence of the relationship be- tween them and the Harts, Aunt Nancy, as she was usually call- ed, came to see them. Mr. Snead says he well remembers her appearance, and many anecdotes related of her. He describes her pretty much as she is made to appear in the Yorkville sketch below, but says she was positively not cross-eyed. He represents her as being about six feet high, very muscular, and erect in her gait ; her hair light brown, slightly sprinkled with gray when he last saw her, being at that time about sixty years of age. From long indulgence in violent passion, her countenance was liable, from trivial causes, to sudden changes. In dwelling upon the hardships of the Revolution, the perfidy of the Tories, and her frequent adventures with them, she never failed to become much excited. Among the anecdotes remembered by Mr. Snead is the following : — On one evening, she was at home with her children, sitting round the log fire, with a large pot of soap boiling over the fire. Nancy was busy stirring the soap and entertaining her family with the latest news of the war. The houses in those days were all built of logs, as well as the chimneys. While they were thus employed, one of the family dis- covered some one from the outside peeping through the crevices of the chimney, and gave a silent intimation of it to Nancy. She rattled away with more and more spirit, now giving exaggerated accounts of the discomfiture of the Tories, and again stirring the boiling soap, and watching the place indicated for a reappearance of the spy. Sud- 442 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. denly, with the quickness of lightning, she clashed the ladle of boiling soap through the crevice full in the face of the eavesdropper, who, taken by surprise, and blinded by the hot soap, screamed and roared at a tremendous rate, whilst the indomitable Nancy went out, amused herself at his expense, and, with gibes and taunts, bound him fast as her prisoner. Soon after the close of the Revolution, she removed with her family to Georgia, and settled at Brunswick, then a frontier place. She was the mother of six sons, Morgan, John, Ben, Thomas, Mark, Lemuel, and two daughters, Sally and Reziah. Her eldest daughter, Sally, married a man by the name of Thompson, who partook largely of the qualities of Mrs. Hart. Sally and her husband followed Mrs. Hart to Georgia several years afterwards. Upon their journey, a most unfortunate affair occurred. In passing through Burke Coun- ty, they camped for the night on the roadside. Next morning, a white man who was employed as a wagoner, on being ordered by Thompson, in a peremptory manner, to do some particular thing, re- turned rather an insolent answ T er, and refused. Thompson, enraged, seized a sword, and w r ith a single blow severed his head from his body. He then with apparent unconcern mounted the team, and drove on himself until he came to the first house, where he stopped and told the inmates he had "just cut a fellow's head off at the camp, and they had best go down and bury him !" He then drove on, but was pursued and taken back to Waynesborough, and confined in jail. This brought the heroic Nancy to the up-country again. She went to Waynesborough several times, and in a few days after her appear- ance thereabouts, Thompson's prison was one morning found open, and he gone ! Mrs. Hart, speaking of the occurrence, said rather exultingly, " That's the way with them all. Drat'em, when they get into trou ble, they always send for me !" Not long after their removal, Nancy lost her husband. But after paying suitable respect to his memory, she consoled herself, like most other good wives who have the luck, by marrying a young man, with whom she lifted up her stakes, and, in the language of the annexed sketch, set out among the earliest pioneers for the " wilds of the West." The following sketch of this extraordinary woman, which originally appeared in the Yorkville (S. C.) Pioneer, is believed to be the first account of her that ever found its way to the public : — Nancy Hart and her husband settled before the Revolutionary War a few miles above the ford on Broad River, in Elbert County, Georgia. An apple orchard still remains to point out the spot. In altitude, Mrs. Hart was a Patagonian, and remarkably well- limbed and muscular. In a word, she was " lofty and sour." Marked by nature with prominent features, circumstances and accident added, perhaps, not a little to her peculiarities. She was horribly cross-eyed, as well as cross-grained ; but, nevertheless, she was a ELBERT COUNTY. 443 sharp-shooter. Nothing was more common than to see her in full pursuit of the bounding stag. The huge antlers that hung round her cabin, or upheld her trusty gun, gave proof of her skill in gunnery; and the white comb, drained of its honey and hung up for ornament, testified her powers in bee-finding. Many can testify to her magical art in the mazes of cookery — being able to get up a pumpkin in as many forms as there are days in the week. She was extensively known and employed for her pro- found knowledge in the management of all ailments. But she was most remarkable for her military feats. She pro- fessed high-toned ideas of liberty. Not even the marriage knot could restrain her on that subject. Like the " wife of Bath," she received over her tongue-scourged husband " The reins of absolute command, With all the government of house and land, And empire o'er his tongue, and o'er his hand. 7 ' The clouds of war gathered, and burst with a dreadful explosion in this State. Nancy's spirit rose with the tempest. She declared and proved herself a friend to her country, ready "to do or die." All accused of Whiggism had to hide or swing. The lily-livered Mr. Hart was not the last to seek safety in the cane-brake with his neighbours. They kept up a prowling, skulking kind of life, occasion- ally sallying forth in a sort of predatory style. The Tories at length however, gave Mrs. Hart a call, and in true soldier manner ordered a repast. Nancy soon had the necessary materials for a good feast spread before them. The smoking venison, the hasty hoe-cake, and the fresh honeycomb, were sufficient to have provoked the appetite of a gorged epicure ! They simultaneously stacked their arms and seated themselves, when, quick as thought, the dauntless Nancy seized one of the guns, cocked it, and with a blazing oath declared she would blow out the brains of the first mortal that offered to rise, or taste a mouthful ! They all knew her character too well to imagine that she would, say one thing and do another. " Go," said she to one of her sons, " and tell the Whigs that I have taken six base Tories." They sat still, each expecting to be offered up, with doggedly mean countenances, bearing the marks of disap- pointed revenge, shame, and unappeased hunger. Whether the incongruity between Nancy's eyes caused each to imagine himself her immediate object, or whether her commanding attitude, stern and ferocious fixture of countenance, overawed them ; or the powerful idea of their non-soldierlike conduct unnerved them ; or the certainty of death, it is not easy to determine. They were soon relieved, and dealt with according to the rules of the times. This heroine lived to see her country free. She, however, found game and bees decreasing, and the country becoming old so fast, that she sold out her possessions, in spite of the remonstrances of her hus- band, and was " among the first of the pioneers who paved the way to the wilds of the West." 444 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The following, from Mrs. Ellet's " Women of the Revolution," will be read with interest, although it does not coincide exactly with the Yorkville account : — In this county is a stream, formerly known as "War-woman's Creek." Its name was derived from the character of an individual who lived near the entrance of the stream into the river. This per- son was Nancy Hart, a woman ignorant of letters and the civilities of life, but a zealous lover of liberty and the " liberty boys," as she called the Whigs. She had a husband, whom she denominated " a poor stick," because he did not take a decided and active part with the defenders of his country, although she could not conscientiously charge him with the least partiality towards the Tories. This vulgar and illiterate, but hospitable and valorous female patriot, could boast no share of beauty — a fact she herself would have readily acknow- ledged, had she ever enjoyed an opportunity of looking in a mirror. She was cross-eyed, with a broad, angular mouth, ungainly in figure, rude in speech, and awkward in manners, but having a woman's heart for her friends, though that of a Catrine Montour for the ene- mies of her country. She was well known to the Tories, who stood in fear of her revenge for any grievance or aggressive act, though they let pass no opportunity of worrying and annoying her, when they could do so with impunity. On the occasion of an excursion from the British camp at Augusta, a party of Tories penetrated into the interior, and having savagely murdered Colonel Dooly in bed, in his own house, they proceeded up the country for the purpose of perpetrating further atrocities. On their way, a detachment of five of the party diverged to the east, and crossed Broad River, to make discoveries about the neighbour- hood, and pay a visit to their old acquaintance, Nancy Hart. On reaching her cabin, they entered it unceremoniously, receiving from her no welcome but a scowl; and informed her they had come to know the truth of a story current respecting her, that she had se- creted a noted rebel from a company of King's men who were pursu- ing him, and who, but for her aid, would have caught and hung him. Nancy undauntedly avowed her agency in the fugitive's escape. She told them she had at first heard the tramp of a horse rapidly ap- proaching, and had then seen a horseman coming towards her cabin. As he came nearer, she knew him to be a Whig, and flying from pur- suit. She let down the bars a few steps from her cabin, and motion- ed him to enter, to pass through both doors, front and rear, of her sin- gle-roomed house ; to take the swamp, and secure himself as well as he could. She then put up the bars, entered her cabin, closed the doors, and went about her business. Presently some Tories rode up to the bars, and called out boisterously to her. She muffled her head and face, and opening the door, inquired why they disturbed a sick, lone woman. They said they had traced a man they wanted to catch, near her house, and asked if any one on horseback had passed that way. She answered no, but said she saw somebody on a sorrel horse ELBERT COUNTY. 445 turn out of the path into the woods some two or three hundred yards back. " That must be the fellow," said the Tories ; and asking her direction as to the way he took, they turned about and went off. " Well fooled !" said Nancy, " in an opposite course to that of my Whig boy ; when, if they had not been so lofty-minded, but had look- ed on the ground inside the bars, they would have seen his horse's tracks up to that door, as plain as vou can see the tracks on this here floor, and out of t'other door down the path to the swamp." This bold story did not much please the Tory party, but they could not wreak their revenge upon the woman who thus unscrupulously avowed her daring aid to a rebel, and the cheat she had put upon his pursuers, otherwise than by ordering her to aid and comfort them by giving them something to eat. She replied, " I never feed King's men if I can help it ; the villains have put it out of my power to feed even my own family and friends, by stealing and killing all my poul- try and pigs, except that one old gobbler you see in the yard." " Well, and that you shall cook for us," said one, who appeared the head of the party ; and raising his musket, he shot down the tur- key, which another of the men brought into the house, and handed to Mrs. Hart, to clean and cook without delay. She stormed and swore awhile — for Nancy occasionally swore — but seeming, at last, resolved to make a merit of necessity, began with alacrity the arrangements for cooking, assisted by her daughter, a little girl some ten or twelve years old, and sometimes by one of the soldiers, with whom she seemed in a tolerably good humour, exchanging rude jests with him. The Tories, pleased with her freedom, invited her to partake of the liquor they had brought with them, an invitation which was accepted with witty thanks. The spring, of which every settlement has one near at hand, was just at the edge of the swamp, and a short distance within it was a high, snag-topped stump, on which was placed a conch-shell. This rude trumpet was used by the family to give information, by means of a variation of notes, to Mr. Hart, or his neighbours, who might be at work in a field or clearing just beyond the swamp, that the " Britishers" or Tories were about ; that the master was wanted at the cabin, or that he was to " keep close," or " make tracks" for another swamp. Pending the operations of cooking, Mrs. Hart had sent her daughter, Sukey, to the spring for water, with directions to blow the conch in such a way as would inform him that there were Tories in the cabin, and that he should " keep close," with his three neighbours who were with him, till he heard the conch again. The party had become merry over their jug, and sat down to feast upon the slaughtered gobbler. They had cautiously stacked their arms where they were in view, and within reach, and Mrs. Hart, as- siduous in her attentions upon the table, and to her guests, occasion- ally passed between them and their muskets. Water was called for, and as there was none in the cabin — Mrs. Hart having so contrived that — Sukey was again sent to the spring, instructed by her mother to blow the conch so as to call up Mr. Hart and his neighbours im- 446 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. mediately. Meanwhile, Mrs. Hart had slipped out one of the pieces of pine which constitutes a " chinking" between the logs of a cabin, and had dexterously put out of the house, through that space, two of the five guns. She was detected in the act of putting out the third. The party sprang to their feet. Quick as thought, Mrs. Hart brought the piece she held to her shoulder, and declared she would kill the first man who approached her. All were terror-struck, for Nancy's obliquity of sight caused each one to imagine her aim was at him. At length one of them made a motion to advance upon her. True to her threat, she fired. He fell dead upon the floor ! Instantly seizing another musket, she brought it to the position in readiness to fire again. By this time Sukey had returned from the spring, and taking up the remaining gun, carried it out of the house, saying to her mo- ther, " Daddy and them will soon be here." This information in- creased the alarm of the Tories, who understood the necessity of re- covering their arms immediately. But each hesitated, in the confident belief that Mrs. Hart had one eye, at least, upon him for a mark. They proposed a general rush. No time was to be lost by the bold woman ; she fired again, and brought down another Tory. Sukey had another musket in readiness, which her mother took, and, post- ing herself in the doorway, called upon the party to "surrender their d d Tory carcasses to a Whig woman." They agreed to sur- render, and proposed to " shake hands upon the strength of it ;" but the conqueror kept them in their places for a few moments, till her husband and his neighbours came up to the door. They were about to shoot down the Tories, but Mrs. Hart stopped them, saying they had surrendered to her, and, her spirit being up to boiling heat, she swore that " shooting was too good for them." This hint was enough. The dead man was dragged out of the house, the wounded Tory and the others were bound, taken out beyond the bars, and hung. The tree upon which they were hung was pointed out, in 1838, by one who lived in those bloody times, and who also showed the spot once occupied by Mrs. Hart's cabin, accompanying the designation with the emphatic remark, " Poor Nancy — she was a honey of a patriot, but the devil of a wife !" The compiler of this work, during a visit to Elbert, was introduced to Mrs. Wyche, a lady far advanced in years, who was on terms of intimacy with Mrs. Hart. From her he received many anecdotes, among which are the following : — ~ " On one occasion, when information as to what was transpiring on the Carolina side of the river was anxiously desired by the troops on the Georgia side, no one could be induced to cross the river to obtain it. Nancy promptly offered to discharge the perilous duty. Alone, the dauntless heroine made her way to the Savannah River ; but finding no mode of transport across, she procured a few logs, and, tying them together with a grape-vine, constructed a raft, upon which she crossed, obtained the desired intelligence, returned, and communicated it to the Georgia troops. ELBERT COUNTY. 447 On another occasion, having met a Tory on the road, and entering into conversation with him, so as to divert his attention, she seized his gun, and declared that unless he immediately took up the line of march for a fort not far distant, she would shoot him. The dastard was so intimidated, that he actually walked before the brave woman, who delivered him to the commander of the American fort." Nancy, with several other women and a number of small children, were once left in a fort, the men having gone some distance, pro- bably for provisions, when the fort was attacked by a party of Tories and savages. At this critical period, when fear had seized the women and children, to such an extent as to produce an exhibition of indescribable confusion, Mrs. Hart called into action all the energies of her nature. In the fort there was one cannon, and our heroine, after endeavouring in vain to place it in a position so that its fire could reach the enemy, looked about for aid, and discovered a young man hid under a cow-hide ; she immediately drew him from his retreat, and threatened him with immediate death unless he instantly assisted her with the cannon. The young man, who well knew that Nancy would carry her threats into execution unless he obeyed, gave her his assistance, and she fired the cannon, which so frightened the enemy that they took to their heels. Once more, when Augusta was in possession of the British, the American troops in Wilkes, then under the command of Colonel Elijah Clarke, were very anxious to know something of the inten- tions of the British. Nancy assumed the garments of a man, pushed on to Augusta, went boldly into the British camp, pretending to be crazy, and by this means was enabled to obtain much useful informa- tion, which she hastened to lay before the commander, Colonel Clarke. PROMINENT MEN. Captain James Jack died in this county, on the 18th of January, 1823, at the age of eighty-four years. He was born in Pennsylvania, from whence he removed to North Carolina, and settled in the town of Charlotte, where he remained until the end of the Revolutionary War, in which he took a decided and active part. At the close of the war he removed to Georgia. In the spring of '75, he was the bearer of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence to Congress. His claims upon the State of North Carolina, for Revolutionary services, were said to have amounted to £7,646, State currency. Colonel Patrick Jack was his son. Rev. William Davis. — This gentleman was a minister of the Bap- tist Church, and died on the 31st of October, 1831. The following particulars are taken from an excellent book, the "Georgia Baptists," by Rev. Jesse H. Campbell : — 448 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA.' " For several months previous to his death, he had a presentiment that his end was near—often spoke of it, and arranged all his worldly business with reference to it. All his children were invited to make him a last visit, and on their doing so, he required each of his sons to lay their hand on the scar on his head, (the result of a wound he received in his youth, while a soldier of the Eevolution,) and solemnly charged them severally to be faithful to their country's interest." Judge Charles Tait resided in Elbert — a man of fine talents. He had the rectorship of the Richmond Academy, in Augusta, in 1795, and afterwards was a Senator in Congress, and Judge of the Supe- rior Court. General Samuel Blackburn was of Irish descent. He was a clas- sical scholar, and for some time after his removal to Georgia, taught in the academy at Washington, Wilkes County. Whilst thus employ- ed, he prepared himself for the practice of law. His fine voice, ex- pressive features, noble person, perfect self-possession, keen wit, and forcible language, directed by a well-cultivated and powerful intellect, made him one of the most eloquent men of his time. He married Governor Matthews' daughter, and soon after settled in Elbert County, on Broad River. He removed afterwards to Virginia, where he died in 1835. The Rev. Beverly Allen formerly resided in this county. To the Hon. George R. Gilmer our thanks are due for the following interesting particulars, connected with a transaction which is still remembered by some of the older citizens of Elbert : — In the year 179- Beverly Allen and Billy Allen carried on the business of merchandise in the County of Elbert. Their storehouse and residence were on a hill rising from Beaver Dam Creek, on the side of the road leading from Fish Dam ford on Broad River, to the Cherokee ford on the Savannah. They were both young, and belonged to a family which emigrated from Virginia to Georgia soon after the Revolutionary War. Beverly Allen was handsome, with a fine voice and ardent temperament. He was one of the converts of Bishop Asbury. during his tour through Georgia. From public praying he commenced exhort- ing, and, soon after, preaching. Without any of the learning of Whitefield, he had much of his enthusiastic eloquence. Preaching was a rarity when Beverly Allen became a convert. Men pricked up their ears, their souls were stirred within them, when they heard striking exhibitions of the punishments of the lower world for their sins, and the joys of the upper for their repentance. When Beverly Allen held forth upon these subjects, the whole population crowded together to hear him. He became the idol of the people. Some time in the year 1 795, Beverly Allen, with his brother, went to Augusta to buy goods with the money they had, and the credit they could obtain. Whilst there, the foreign merchant of whom they had purchased their first stock of goods found them buying goods of others, instead of first discharging their debt to him. He caused a Ca. Sa. writ to be issued for their arrest, returnable to the United States District Court. The Aliens, being informed of this, armed them- ELBERT COUNTY. 449 selves, and took possession of a room in the public house, and fastened the doors against entrance. The Marshal (Forsyth, the father of the celebrated John For- syth) pursued them, forced open the door, and was, upon his entrance, shot dead by Beverly Allen. The Aliens immediately fled to Elbert County, and were pursued by a warrant for their arrest upon a charge of murder. William Barnett, for a long time afterwards a well-known public man, was the Sheriff of Elbert County. Upon receiving the warrant, he assembled a large force, and went in pursuit. The Aliens had concealed themselves in a high log-house, which stood for a long time after the event alluded to on the side of the road near Beaver Dam. The place of their concealment being communicated to the Sheriff, he sur- rounded it with his guard. The doors were barricaded, so as to prevent entrance. After many fruitless attempts to get the Aliens out, the house was set on fire. Billy Allen, finding resistance in vain, opened the doors and gave himself up. The fire was put out, and search commenced for Beverly Allen, the principal offender. He was at first concealed between the ceiling of the cockloft and the roof. The Aliens were immediately confined in the jail of the county. This became known to the people. The news spread that the servant of God was in jail for resisting an effort to take from him his liberty, to separate him from his home, friends, and flock, by confining him in jail at Augusta, through the pro- cess of the United States Court, the instrument by which the Federalists intended to deprive the people of their rights, and for a debt to one who was not a citizen of the State. In those days, the people were a law unto themselves. The re- straints of Government were very slight during the dominion of Great Britain, and scarcely felt at all, especially on the frontiers of the new States; voluntary associations called Lynch Men afforded some protection against thieves. Personal rights were secured from violation only by the sure aim of a good gun, or a heavy fist and a fearless spirit. Liberty, and especially liberty of person, was, from the habits of speaking, acting, and feeling of the times of the Revolution, and immediately after, considered by many as the chief good. In such times, among such people, operated upon by such causes, the Aliens could not remain prisoners. The Sheriff, finding that their rescue would be attempted, set off with his prisoners for Washington, Wilkes County. He was headed on the road, and considered it safest to return. He increased his guard to sixteen men, but many of these proved to be the friends of the pri- soners. On the night after his return from the attempt to secure the prisoners, in Wilkes jail, the jail of Elbert was attacked by 200 men, the doors forced open, and the Aliens permitted to escape. The friends of the prisoners on guard had, previous to the attack, taken the powder from the locks of the guns of all the guards, from whom any danger was apprehended, except one. Beverly Allen fled to the most distant western frontier of the United States. He lived to old age, apprehensive, during his entire life, that he might be arrested for the killing of Forsyth. Billy Allen, whose crime consisted in being in company with his brother when the act of violence was done, was permitted soon after to return to his home, where he remained unmolested during his life. As soon as search after Beverly Allen had ceased, inquiries began to be made about the persons who were engaged in his rescue. John Rucker, one of the rescuers, 29 450 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. used to amuse his friends, after the alarm had passed away, by telling some of the incidents which happened to him, whilst concealed to avoid arrest, and which became a sort of sing-song among ail the little boys of the country for a long time afterwards. Middleton was Barnett's deputy. They were small, ac- tive, quick-spoken men. One of the guard, Thomas Gilmer, was a very fat man, weighing three hundred pounds. Rucker said he had fled to the Savannah River, and concealed himself under its bank. Whilst hid, he heard a great many small frogs crying, " Middleton and Bamett! Middleton and Barnett!" and imitating what he was describing, he would compress his lips, and drawing his voice only from his teeth, very quickly, make a sound like that of the frogs. He said he stood this cry without flinching, but after a while he heard a big bullfrog cry out, "T-o-m G-i-l-m-o-r-e ! T-o-M G-i-l-m-o-r-e !" and this he would repeat with swelled cheeks, and full voice, which he said he could not stand. He then plunged into the water, and made for the Carolina side of the river. EMANUEL COUNTY. Laid out from Bulloch and Montgomery in 1812, and named after the Hon. David Emanuel. Length, 45 m. ; breadth, 41 m.; area square miles, 1,845. The rivers are the Ogeechee, separating the county from Burke, the Big Cannouchee, the Little Cannouchee, Great Ohoopee, &c. The creeks are Yamgrandee, Sartain's, Pendleton's, &c. Paris now is the county site, 80 miles S. E. of Milledgeville. The face of the country is level. On the rivers, good lands may be found. The productions are cotton, corn, sugar-cane, &c. The climate is salubrious. Instances of great longevity are not rare. Extract from the Census of 1850.— Families, 605; dwellings, 605. White males, 1,846; white females, 1,745. Free coloured males, 14; free coloured females, 10. Total free population, 3,615; slaves, 962. Deaths, 25. Farms, 511 ; value of real estate, $413,712; value of personal estate, $743,463. Among the first persons who settled in this part of the State were, James Moore, Wm. Stephens, Henry Durden, Geo. Rotjndtree, Richard Edinfield, M. Thigpin, A. Gardner, N. Rowland, E. Swain, James Tapley, John Snell, James Hicks, Wm. Phillips, J. Sutton, E. Lane, B. Johnston, John Wiggins, P. Newton, Wm. Rowland, Wm. and J. Norris, Wm. Douglass, S. Powell, John Rhiner, M. Curl, S. Kennedy, E. Colman, D. E. Rich, E. Wilks, S. Williamson, B. Key, J. C. Summer. FAYETTE COUNTY. 451 Several years ago a very singular robbery was committed m this county. A physician had been attending on the daughter of a Mr. and Mrs. Gregory. After the recovery of the patient, her father paid the doctor for his professional services the sum of forty-five dollars, which, with other collections he had made about the same time, amounted to seventy or eighty dollars. While on his way home, and passing by a swamp, this infirm and aged son of Esculapius was accosted by a foe clad in no ordinary ter- rors. It was no less than Mrs. Gregory, the mother of his late patient, as the doctor declared under the solemnity of an oath before a civil tribunal, habited in the attire of a warrior, her face well blacked, a musket upon her shoulder, and two or three pieces of pipe-stem thrust in her mouth. She advanced with the intrepidity of Joan of Arc, seized his bridle rein with one hand, and with the other laid hold of the pocket which contained the money, and never relaxed her grasp till she tore away the pocket and secured its contents. We are un- able to inform the reader whether Mrs. Gregory was tried for this f *Fence. FAYETTE COUNTY. This county is a portion of the territory acquired by the United States for the use of the State of Georgia, from the Creek Indians, by a treaty made at the Indian Springs. Organized in 1821. Named after the Marquis De La Fayette. Length, 27 m. ; breadth, 18 m. ; area square miles, 486. The Flint River passes along the eastern part of the county. Fayetteville is the county town, 107 miles from Milledgeville. Jonesborough is a thriving place, situated on the Macon and Western Railroad. Rough and Ready, and Fairburne, are small places. The face of the country is level. The lands are of the gray quality, adapted to cotton, corn, &c. The climate is healthy. We insert a few cases of longevity. Mr. Waldroup died at 104; Mr. Graves, over 80; Wm. Gay, over 80 ; Mr. Hanes, 87 ; Mr. Grey, 80 ; John Fuller, 96 ; Mr. Moses, 80; Mrs. Atkinson, 80 ; E. Knowles, 80; Wm. Powell, 90; John Cooke, 95; Wm. Abercrombie, 85; Mr. S. Speights, 85. General David Dickson died in this county in 1830, aged 79 years. He joined the standard of American Independence in February, 1775, at the Snow Camps, on Reedy River, at the takingof Colonel Cunning- ham and his Tories. In 1776, he commanded a volunteer company, under Gen. Williamson, in the Cherokee Nation, against the Chero- kees and Tories. In 1777, he brought a company of minute-men to 452 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Georgia, and was stationed on the frontiers. In 1778, he and his company went with the American army to take St. Augustine, and served in the artillery. The taking of St. Augustine miscarried ; the minute-men were discharged, and he returned to South Carolina, joined the standard of Independence, and continued in the service of his country to the end of the war. Samuel Parsons died in 1832, aged 70 years. He was a native of the State of Virginia. At the age of fifteen he entered the army of the Revolution, was engaged in the battle of Guilford Court- House, at the siege of Little York, and witnessed the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. Extract from the Census of 1850. — Dwellings, 1,196; families, 1,206; white males, 3,450; white females, 3,290; free coloured males, 3 ; 1 free coloured female. Total free population, 6,744 ; slaves, 1,965. Deaths, 99. Farms, 818; manufacturing establish- ments, 6. Value of real estate, $2,185,835 ; value of personal estate, $1,162,169. The first Superior Court for this county was held on the 22d of April, 1824. His Honor Eli Shorter, Judge. grand jurors. James Strawn, Wm. Gilleland, Wm. Morgan, Wm. Powell, Matthew Burge, L. Landrijm, Wm. Watts, John Chambers, Joseph H. Shaw, Stephen Smith, John Levi, Wm. Harkins, Charles Lisles, James Garratt, John Hamilton, M. Glass, James Head, R. Barrow. A. Tilghnuaw, FLOYD C OUNTY. This county was laid out from Cherokee in 1832. The principal streams are the Oostenaula and Etowah, which unite their waters at Rome, forming the Coosa. Rome is the county town, at the junction of the Etowah and Ooste- naula rivers, situated upon several high hills, and commands a fine view of the mountains. Distant from Milledgeville 176 miles. Rome, in the opinion of Colonel A. J. Pickett, whose researches into the early history of Georgia and Alabama are highly interesting, occupies the site of an Indian town formerly called Chiaha. De Soto took up his quarters in this town in 1540, according to the following FLOYD COUNTY. 453 statement, which is extracted from an account of De Soto's travels, written " by a Portugall gentleman of Eluas emploied in all the action, and translated out of Portugese by Richard Hacklvyt. 1609." The Gouernour departed from Guaxule, and in two daies iournie came to a towne called Canasagua. There met him on the way twenty Indians, euery one loaden with a basket ful of mulberries ; for there be many, and those very good, from Cutifa-chiqui thither and so forward in other Prouinces, and also nuts and plummes. And the trees grow in the fields without planting or dressing them, and as big and as rancke as though they grew in gardens digged and watered. From the time that the Gouernour departed from Canasagua, hee iournied hue daies through a desert; and two leagues before he came to Chiaha, there met him 15 Indians loaden with maiz, which the Cacique had sent; and they told him on his behalfe that he waited his comming with twenty barnes full of it; and farther that himselfe, his Countrieand subiects, and al things els, were at his ser- uice. On the 5 day of June the Gouernour entred into Chiaha: The Cacique voided his owne houses in which he lodged, and receiued him with much ioy, saying these words following : — " Mightie and excellent Lord, I hold myself e for so happie a man in that it hath •pleased your Lordship to vse me, that nothing could haue happened vnto me of more contentment, nor Unit I would haue esteemed so much. From Guaxule your Lord- ship sent vnto me that L should prepare maiz for you in this towne for two months. Here I haue for you 20 barnes full of the choicest that in all the Countrie could be found. Lf your Lordship bee not entertained by me in such sort as is fit for so hie a Prince, respect my tender age, which excuseth me from blame, and receuve my good wil, which with much loyaltie, truth and sincerities I will alwaies shew in anything which shall concerne your Lordship 's seruiceP The Gouernour answered him that he thanked him very much for his sendee and offer, and that he would alwaies account him as his brother. There was in this towne much butter in gourds, melted like oile; they said it was the fat of beares. There was found also great store of oile of walnuts, which was cleare as butter, and of a good taste, and a pot ful of honie of bees, which neither before nor afterward was seene in all the Countrie. The towne was an Island betweene two armes of a Riuer, and was seated nigh one of them. The Riuer diudeth itselfe into those two branches, two crosse-bow shot aboue the towne, and meeteth againe a league beneath the same. The plain betweene both the branches is sometimes one crosse-bow shot, sometimes two crosse-bow shot ouer. The branches are very broad, and both of them may be waded ouer. There were along them verie good meadows, and manie fields sowne with maiz ; and because the Indians staied in their towne, the Gouernour only lodged in the houses of the Cacique, and his people in the fields; where there was euer a tree euerie one tooke one for himselfe. Thus the Camp lay separated one from another, and out of order. The Gouernour winked at it, be- cause the Indians were in peace; and because it was very hot, and the people should haue suffered great extremitie if it had not bin so. The horses came thither so weake. that for feeblenesse they were not able to carrie their masters; because that from Cutifa-chiqui they alwaies trauelled with verie little prouender, 454 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. and were hunger starued and tired euer since they came from the desert of Ocute; and because the most of them were not in case to vse in battell, though need should require they sent them to feed in the night a quarter of a league from the Camp. The Christians were there in great danger, because that if, at this time, the Indians had set upon them, they had been in euill case to haue defended themselues. The Gouernour rested there thirtie daies, in which time, because the Countrie was very fruitful!, the horses grew fat. At the time of his depar- ture, by the importunitie of some, which would haue more than was reason, hee demanded of the Cacique 30 women to make slaues of. Hee answered that he would conferre with his chiefe men. And before hee returned an answere, one night all of them, with their wiues and children, forsooke the towne and fled away. The next day, the Gouernour purposing to goe to seeke them, the Ca- cique came vnto him, and at his comming vsed these words vnto the Goueinour: "Mightie Lord, with shame and feare of your Lordship, because my subiects, against my will, haue done amisse in absenting themselues, I went my way without your license; and knowing the errour which I have committed, like a loyall subiect I come to yeeld myselfe into your power, to dispose of mee at your owne pleasure. For my subiects doe not obey mee, nor doe anything but what an Vncle of mine commandeth which gouerneth this Countrie for me, vntill I be of a perfect age. If your Lordship will pursue them and execute on them that which for their disobedience they deserue, I will be your guide, since at this present my fortune will not suffer me to performe any more.'' Presently the Goueinour with 30 horsemen and as many footemen went to seeke the Indians; and passing by some townes of the principall Indians which had absented themselues, hee cut and destroyed great fields of maiz; and went v}) the Riuer, where the Indians were in an Island, where the horsemen could not come at them. There he sent them word by an Indian to retume to their towne and leare nothing, and that they should giue him men to carrie burdens, as al those behind had done ; for he would haue no Indian women, seeing they were so loth to part with them. The Indians accepted his request, and came to the Gouernour to excuse them- selues; and so all of them returned to their towne. A Cacique of a Prouince called Coste came to this towne to visit the Gouernour. After hee had offered himselfe, and passed with him some words, of tendring his seruice and curtesie. the Gouernour asking him whether he had notice of any rich Countrie, he said yea; to wit, that toward the North there was a Prouince named Chisca; and there was a melting of copper and of another -metall of the same colour, saue that it was finer and of a fane more perfect colour, and farre better to the sight : and that they vsed it not so much because it was softer. And the selfe-same thing was told the Goueinour in Cutifa-chiqui ; where we saw some little hatchets of copper which were said to haue a mixture of gold. But in that part the countrie was not well peopled, and they said there were mountaines which the horses could not passe ; and for that cause, the Gouernour would not goe from Cutifa-chiqui directly hither. And hee made account that trauelling through a peopled countrie, when his men and horses should bee in better plight, and hee were better certified of the truth of the thing, he would returne toward it by mountaines and a better inhabited countrie, whereby hee FLOYD COUNTY. 455 might haue a better passage. He sent two Christians from CJiiaha, with certaine Indians which knew the countrie of Chisca, and the language thereof, to view it, and to make report. De Soto then broke up his camp, recrossed the Oostenaula, and marched down the west side of the Coosa, leaving the generous people of Chiaha well satisfied with presents. Rome has a number of handsome private dwellings. The Etowah House is eligibly situated near the railroad and steam- boat landing, and is conducted by an obliging gentleman. At the last session of the Legislature, a town opposite to Rome was incorporated by the name of De Soto. Hillsborough is opposite to Rome. The town of Cave Springs is in the southern portion of the county, near the Alabama line. [lisii m\m a DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM. The Georgia Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, of which the above is a view, is located here. The Legislature of the State, at different times, have made liberal appropriations for the support and education of the deaf and dumb. Formerly, a commissioner was appointed to receive applications in behalf of indigent deaf and dumb inhabitants of this State, and to make all necessary arrangements for conveying such beneficiaries to the American Asylum at Hartford, Connecticut ; but that office is now abolished. In 1847, the Legislature passed an act authorizing the Governor to appoint five commissioners, who were required ' o make all necessary arrangements for the erection of an asylum. 456 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Extract from the Ce?isus of 1850. — Dwellings, 866 ; families, 866 ; white males, 2,781 ; white females, 2,421 ; free coloured males, 2 ; free coloured females, 2. Total free population, 5,206 ; slaves, 2,999. Deaths, 49. Farms, 397 ; manufacturing establish- ments, 15. Value of real estate, $1,581,400; value of personal estate, $1,673,691. SHisnllaHMiDB, In the fork of the Etowah and Oostenaula rivers, near Rome, human bones have been found. In September, 1793, an engagement took place here between the whites and Indians, the particulars of which are thus given by Breazeale : — Battle with the Indians. — In September, 1793, the Cherokee Indians, amounting, it is believed, to about one thousand, made an incursion into the set- tlements of Tennessee, and attacked and took Cavit's Station, eight miles below Knoxville, murdering the whole family, thirteen in number. After the mas- sacre of the inmates of the fort, they made a precipitate retreat, turning across the country towards the Clinch River, which they crossed in a few hours after- wards. It was supposed at the time that the Indians intended to attack the town of Knoxville, and were only prevented by daylight breaking upon them sooner than they expected. General Sevier was then at John Ish's, on the south side of Hoiston, having arrived a few days before with four hundred men. He im- mediately raised additional troops, and marched into the Cherokee country, hoping to overtake the party who had murdered Cavit's family. His force con- sisted of about seven or eight hundred men. They crossed Tennessee at the Coyetee ford, Hiwassee, at the mouth of Ocoee, and marched directly to a town called Oostenaula. At this place he remained three days, on account of sickness among his troops. The first night after Sevier's soldiers crossed Coosawattee, the Indians fired upon them, and wounded one man. The second night, Sevier caused a breast- work of logs and brush to be erected. On the next morning, John Lowiy (now Colonel John Lowry) and others went to the river to water their horses, and were fired on by the Indians, and Lowry received a shot in his arm. On the third day after the army crossed the Coosawattee, General Sevier ordered Colonel Kelly to march with his army up the river to the Coosawattee village, and destroy it, which he accordingly did, and returned to Sevier's encampment the same even- ing. On the next morning, General Sevier marched the army down the river. When he came within half a mile of the junction of the Oostenaula and Etowah, the paths forked, one leading to the Hightower towns, and the other to the Ooste- naula, and leading down it, on the northern or eastern side ; and here he divided his army, and placed one detachment under the command of Colonel Kelly, and took command of the other himself. He ordered Colonel Kelly to cross the Etowah, and proceed down on the southern side, and destroy all the Indian towns as he marched ; while he (General Sevier) would march down on the other side of the river, and lay waste the country there. Carey and Findleston had been em- FLOYD COUNTY. 457 ployed as pilots, well acquainted with the country. Upon arriving at the ford of the Etowah, it was discovered that the Indians had fortified themselves on the ford on the opposite side. They had dug holes in the river and bank in which to secrete themselves, and had cut saplings, and fell them down the bank, where the path went out of the river. Upon making this discovery, Colonel Kelly concerted a plan with Major Evans to draw the Indians out of their strongholds, and compel them to fight on open ground, and he succeeded most admirably. He marched the army down the river, a few hundred yards below the ford, to a canoe-landing, where the water was deep enough for swimming, and himself, Findleston, and a few others, plunged in, and swam across. Major Evans instantly ordered the detachment to halt, and, seeing the Indians running down on the other side of the river to meet Kelly and his comrades, he faced the men about, all being horsemen, and dashed up to the ford in full gallop, and crossed the river at half speed. The Indians, seeing the main party crossing at the ford, ran back, leaving Colonel Kelly and his friends to escape from the water in safety. A hot and furious battle ensued, which lasted about twenty minutes. When the front of the detachment had crossed the river and reached the bank, they were obliged to alight, and cut the saplings and brush with their hatchets, and remove them out of their way, before they could ascend the bank ; and while this was doing, the Indians fired upon them, and killed one man ; but the little army succeeded in ascending very quickly, and returned the fire of the Indians with so much alacrity, that they soon retreated, carrying with them all their killed and wounded, except one, which they could not get away. They were seen by the whites dragging their killed and wounded over logs and into the cane-brake. Judge Hugh L. White was in this engagement, then a very young man, and was among the first that ascended the bank of the river, under the fire of the enemy. Evans had two men killed, Wear and Prewitt. John Wallace, who was wounded, died the night after the battle. General Sevier, hearing the firing, wheeled his detachment about, and pushed with all possible speed to the assistance of Evans, and came up just as the In- dians had retreated. The two men, Wear and Prewitt, that were killed, were taken down the river to an Indian village, buried in a cellar in an Indian cabin, and the cabin burnt over them, to prevent the Indians from finding and mangling their bodies, as was their custom. General Sevier then marched the whole army back across the Etowah, crossed the Coosawattee, and moved down the river, destroying all the towns as he went. Floyd County was originally settled by persons from the older parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Cave Spring is situated on Little Cedar Creek, in Vann's Valley. This spring issues from a mountain east of the valley. The force of the water is sufficient to turn an overshot mill. There is a cave fifty yards from the spring. You descend into it at an angle of ninety degrees. Beautiful stalactites are in the different apartments of the cave. The creek formed by the spring runs off with great swiftness, almost as i swift as the mountain stream, until it enters 458 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. into Big Cedar. There are several other springs in this vicinity, the water of which is just as good as that of the Cave Spring About a mile and a half northeast of Rome, near Mr. Mitchell's plan- tation, is Nix's Cave. The interior is filled with stalactites. Mr. Nix resides near this cave, and is always ready to guide visitors through its numerous apartments. On Mr. Mitchell's plantation is Woodward's Cave, formerly notorious as a depository for stolen goods. The entrance is through a large rock, which is nearly one^ hundred feet perpendicular. There are a great many small caves in various parts of the county. FORSYTH COUNTY. Laid out from Cherokee in 1832; named after the Hon. John Forsyth. The lands on the rivers and creeks are fertile. The climate is healthy. Cumming, named after Colonel William dimming, is the county town, 145 miles from Milledgeville ; it is surrounded by beautiful scenery. The public places are Big Creek, Hartford, High Tower, Vickery's Creek, and Warsaw. This section lies in the gold region. The mineral resources are supposed to be great. The principal streams are the Chattahoochee and Etowah. There are several creeks, such as Vickery's, Dick's, John's, &c. According to the census of 1850, there were in this county — Dwell- ings, 1,334; families, 1,334; white males, 3,950; white females, 3,862 ; free coloured males, 6 ; free coloured females, 5. Total free population, 7,823. Slaves, 1,027. Deaths, 39. Farms, 765 ; manufacturing establishments, 8. Value of real estate, $672,978 ; value of personal estate, $700,426. The first persons who made settlements in this county were,