{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4266", "width": "2622", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class FlIO\\nBook Ka.7", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4013", "width": "2469", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "1", "height": "4088", "width": "2329", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3997", "width": "2502", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "A BEIEF\\nDESCRIPTIVE AND STATISTICAL SKETCH\\nOF\\nGEORGIA,\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA:\\nDEVELOPING ITS IMMENSE\\nAGRICULTURAL,\\nJBmms ant) iHamtfarturing attoantaflrsi,\\nWITH\\nREMARKS ON EMIGRATION.\\nACCOMPANIED WH\\nA MAP 8? DESCRIPTION OF LANDS FOR SALE\\nIN\\nIRWIN COUNTY, STATE OF GEORGIA.\\nBY Y\\nRICHARD KEILY.\\nENTEBED AT STATIONS KS H ALL,\\nEontion:\\nPUBLISHED BY JAMES CAKRALL, 275, STRAND*\\nAND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.\\n1849,", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "1517", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "141/9\\n1898.\\nt", "height": "4022", "width": "2511", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "A BRIEF\\nDESCRIPTIVE AND STATISTICAL SKETCH\\nOF\\nGEORGIA,\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\\nIt must be apparent to all who have considered the condition and\\nsituation of the farmers, small tradesmen, and labouring classes of\\nthe United Kingdom, that the subject of Emigration has become\\none, not only of expediency, but of urgent necessity. The heavy\\nburthen of a constantly increasing pauper class, and the circumstance\\nthat thousands, able and willing to work, but unable to procure it, are\\nsinking down from independent labourers to swell the ranks of pau-\\nperism, must startle the minds of all those who thoughtfully contem-\\nplate the state of society. In fact, the institutions of the country cannot\\nbe secure while the base of the social edifice is thus unsound. It is\\nright, then, that attention should be directed to those regions in various\\nparts of the world where extensive districts of surpassing beauty and\\nfertility invite the unemployed labour and unproductive capital of this\\ncountry. Is it not, therefore, more in accordance with the designs of\\nProvidence that they should be brought into cultivation and become\\nthe habitations of an industrious and thriving population? It is cer-\\ntain that millions of those who are now pining in want, and seeking\\nin vain for employment, might there find occupation, plenty, and\\nhappiness.\\nOn the necessity of Emigration, as a relief to vast numbers in this\\ncountry, there is scarcely a difference of opinion. The debate arises", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "(4)\\nas to the best means of carrying it on, and as to the fields moat suited\\nfor British enterprise and skill. Public opinion has already marked\\na decided preference for the United States, which has been strength-\\nened by the statement made by Earl Grey, in the House of Lords,\\nFebruary, 1849, recommending that emigrants should not proceed\\nto Canada, but to the United States. When all circumstances are\\ni drly balanced, there is no part of the world more inviting to emigrants\\nof all classes. Over the vast American continent there is every\\nvariety of soil and climate; a people speaking the English language,\\nadopting English habits, living under free institutions, and far ad-\\nvanced in all the arts of civilized life. No nation in the history of\\nthe world ever attained such an eminence in so short a time, nor\\nmade such a rapid advance in arts, literature, and commerce. A large\\nportion of that country is still unexplored, but there are known to us,\\nand within twenty day s sail of England, some of the finest land in\\nthe world. These lands offer a home to the crowded denizens of our\\nlarge towns, and a field for the employment of that energy which is\\nprostrated by the fierce competition going on in this country. It is\\nimpossible to fix the mind upon this empire, so powerful, so prosperous,\\nso fruitful, without seeing that it will become, and that very speedily,\\nthe great outlet for the superabundant population of the European\\nstates.\\nThe rapid growth and amazing resources of the United States\\nmay be gathered from a few general facts. We find from official\\ndocuments that, in 1827, the tonnage of America was 1,620,000 tons;\\nin 1847 it had increased to 2,840,000 tons. The assets in 1827 were\\n82,000,000 dollars; and in 1847, 158,000,000 dollars. The coffee\\nconsumed in 1827 was 28,000,000 lbs.; in 1847, 150,000,000 lbs.\\nTea, in 1827, 3,000,000 lbs.; in 1847, 14,000,000 lbs. The growth\\nof her cities has been equally remarkable. New York contained in\\n1827, 170,000; in 1847, 500,000. Boston, in 1830, contained 44,000\\ninhabitant; in 1847, 120,000. Then, with regard to population,\\nthere can be no fear of a redundancy for centuries to come. There is\\nunlimited scope. If, for example, -the unlocated tracts of fertile land\\nalready explored in the neighbourhood o r navigable rivers were", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "I 3\\npeopled as thickly as England is now, they would support a greater\\npopulation than that of the whole of Europe. If we look again at the\\nrailroads, we find the like progression and expansion of power. Seven-\\nteen years ago there were no railways; now, there are lines to the\\nextent of 6,000 miles. Some few years ago there were no electric\\ntelegraphs; now, there are above 3,000 miles of this communication.\\nWe find, also, in her busy towns the growth of manufactures has kept\\npace with her other improvements, many of the articles vying with\\nthe best products of English skill. It is clear that these astonishing\\nresults could not be produced, except there was great energy, enter-\\nprise, and power, both physical, moral, and intellectual.\\nAs yet, unfortunately, little is understood in this country of this\\nmagnificent continent and this truly great people. It is true that\\nnumerous works have been published, but with few exceptions they\\nare the effusions of superficial and prejudiced observers. They dis-\\nseminate a number of undefined ideas, unfavourable to American in-\\nstitutions, and to America generally. It need not be said that the\\ncultivation of such a feeling is highly injurious to the interests of this\\ncountry; feelings of kindness and reciprocity ought to be extended to\\na people with whom our own interests are so closely intermingled.\\nIt is obviously the true interest of each nation- to cultivate the most\\nfriendly relations, and these can only be founded upon a thorough\\nknowledge of each other,\\nThe fact that slavery is still tolerated and encouraged in some\\nof the States is doubtlessly to be regretted, but the best way\\nof breaking it down is by promoting by every fair means the\\nintroduction of a new population. It is well known that the pro-\\nslavery feeling is declining in many of the States,* and the idea is\\nbecoming more diffused that free labour is the best, cheapest, and\\nmost satisfactory. The Americans are too shrewd a people not\\nto perceive that strength and security are incompatible with the\\nLouisville, Kentucky, 4th Oct., 1848. Extract of a letter from the Koman\\nCatholic Bishop of CharlestowiK As to slavery, it will, it must, ere long, cease\\nSuch will be the inevitable course of tilings.", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "(6)\\ncontinuation of any injustice. At any rate, those who look on from\\nthis side of the Atlantic would do well to consider the best means of\\naccomplishing the extinction of slavery, and that unquestionably is by\\nthe immigration of a fresh people.\\nAmerica will be the great field forJBmigrati on; but in consequence\\nof the general ignorance of the United States, some strange mistakes\\nhave existed in relation to the climate. General conclusions have\\nbeen drawn, founded, perhaps, upon what may be true of one locality.\\nThroughout the States there is every variety of climate, soil, and pro-\\nduction; some portions are known to be unhealthy, while others are\\nsuited to the European constitution, and well adapted to the successful\\ncultivation of every kind of vegetation. There are rich mines, and in\\nits rivers, and lakes, and tributary streams, advantages possessed by\\nno other part of the world.\\nThe prejudices as to climate have more particularly existed in relation\\nto the Southern States. Some portions of them have a tropical sun,\\nothers are sheltered by the mountains, or fanned by the breezes from\\nthe ocean. Few of them are more unhealthy than New York. We\\nhear of the unhealthiness of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. In\\nreference to these States I cannot do better than give a few extracts\\nfrom a pamphlet, written by David Hoffman, Esq., a citizen of the\\nUnited States, a gentleman of the highest legal acquirements, and\\nwhose knowledge of its climate and internal resources is most\\nextensive*.\\nThere is an extremely common mistake in regard to climate, which\\nought to be, in limine, corrected. We hear of the want of health in\\nmany of the southern States viz., Virginia, the Carolinas, and\\nGeorgia. This is quite true; the water-courses in those states are\\noften decidedly so; but the error lies in this the remark is only true\\nin regard to the eastern section of those States respectively, and is\\nwholly false if at all applied to the western sections. When you reach\\nthe hilly country and the fine valleys of that western portion, the\\nclimcte is not only entirely salubrious, but one of the most charming\\nin the world. It may then be asked, why do not the Virginians,\\nCarolinians, and Georgians themselves emigrate thither? The answer", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "(7)\\nIs at once at hand, and is various; at first, the inhabitants on the\\nAtlantic border do very often establish their country cottages in the\\nmountains and valleys of the western section of their States. There\\nwe find their watering-places, their mineral baths, their places of\\nsummer resort, and greatly in preference to the far north. Secondly:\\nThe Atlantic border was first settled, is now very populous, is full of\\nlands adapted to tobacco, cotton, and rice attractions, certainly, too\\nstrong to be overcome by a few autumnal months of possible bad\\nhealth, for they become greatly acclimated. Thirdly: Such persons\\nas are resident in the western portions of the Atlantic States\\nknow not the real value of the hills and mountains they inhabit; they\\nknow little of wool growing, of cattle raising, of cleaving down forests,\\nof the solid packing of hay, c, which would render these lands of\\ngreat value to all who would thus deal with them.\\nThe lands are fairly good, often excellent, abundant in game;\\nsheep have no enemies of any kind, all dangerous wild beasts being\\nutterly exterminated. Sheep and cattle need no housing in winter.\\nPoultry could be raised in countless numbers; and very many sources\\nof profit could be resorted to, and a ready market be had, were these\\nhills and valleys peopled by an industrious and really experienced\\npopulation.\\nAgain he says;\\nIt may also be stated, with some confidence too, that the very\\niow-priced lands do by no means necessarily imply very inferior\\nlands; for, in Western Virginia, Georgia, the Carolinas, and in\\nEastern Tennessa, c, lands at from 70 cents to 3 dollars might well\\nbe preferred to lands at any price, at all probable to be asked for\\nthem in the quite new States. United States Government lands,\\nsituate in remoter States, may seem very low at 1 dollar 25 cents, and\\nthey may be had in countless abundance; but the pioneer life they\\nlead suits not the European emigrants, especially if with young families.\\nAnd if the emigrant seeks Government lands in the somewhat new,\\nbut settled States, he will find them scarce, or inferior, or situate out\\nof the way, and often the refuse, as being pretty thoroughly picked over.\\nAnd in such States, if they desire to purchase entered lands, they, if", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "(\u00c2\u00ab1\\nat all good, will range from 4 dollars 50 cents to 8 dollars, unless in\\nsome special cases, arising from special cause, none of which, however,\\nmay come to the cognizance of the emigrant.\\nI cannot refrain from adding the following extract, also, from Mr.\\nHoffman s pamphlet:\\nIt really surprises me much to see wealthy men, though still\\nanxious to grow more so, yet looking to two-and-a-half or three per\\ncents., or possibly five or six percent., when, by only a little enterprise\\nand judicious management, ten or twenty times that amount has been\\nand could be realized in terra firma i unaffected by those numerous\\nrisks necessarily attendant upon commerce; and when, also, at\\nthe same time, they may effect a great blessing to the cause of\\nhumanity by converting good or rich lands from a wilderness\\ncondition into territories flourishing in population, in agricultural\\nriches, in thriving hamlets, towns, and cities! In the year\\n1816, I beheld an aged man of wonderful enterprise, ordering\\nthe cleaving-down of a forest for the laying-out of a town. Thousands\\nof stumps of trees were there vines, and bushes, and brambles were\\nyielding to the knife and scythe hundreds flocked there small houses\\narose, as if by magic and now, in 1847, there is a wealthy popula-\\ntion of quite fifty thousand. But no log or wooden house is there to\\nbe seen stately brick or granite buildings abound, lofty fire-proof\\nwarehouses, sumptuous mansions, beautiful Churches, solid bridges,\\nwell-paved streets, gas-lights in abundance, and, in all varieties,\\ndrays, carts, carriages, c, enliven this scene of wonderful prosperity\\nand that is the town of Boch ester and nearly the same may be said\\nof very many other towns. These things are so they are facts not\\nto be controverted and the statistics of the United States, in respect\\nto population, railroads, canals, turnpikes, the growth of towns, the\\ndevelopment of mineral wealth, such as coal, iron, copper, lead, and\\neven gold and silver (not to mention lime, clay, the manufacture of\\nbricks from the mere clay, by steam pressure), were those statistics,\\nI say, carefully collected, they could not fail to unfold sources\\nof solid w r eulth, and reveal to an admiring world no causes of\\nnarrow jealousy, but ample reasons for lively gratitude to Providence/", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "m\\nand of earnest dedication to them all, so that they may be made abun-\\ndantly available in the general cause of humanity, whilst they greatly\\nextend the individual means of sterling wealth to themselves, and of\\ndiffusing over the wide surface of the new world the too dense and\\nsometimes impoverished population of the old world and that this\\nwould prove a signal blessing to both, who can doubt\\nIt being my object more particularly to direct attention and to pro-\\nmote Emigration to the State of Georgia, the portion of which I have\\non sale being highly eligible as a settlement for that cla s of persons\\nwhich have been referred to persons with small means, who find\\ngreat difficulties in this country and wish to lay the basis of future\\nindependence in another, I think it right, and in fact essential for their\\nsatisfaction and information, to lay before them the following official\\nstatement given from the Report of John Maegregor, Esq., M.P. for\\nGlasgow, presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of\\nHer Majesty:\\nGeorgia is bounded north by Tennessee and North Carolina; north-\\neast by South Carolina; east by the Atlantic; south by Florida; and\\nwest by Alabama. It is between 30 deg. 30 min. and 35 deg. north\\nlatitude, and between 80 deg. 50 min. and 86 deg. 6 min. west longi-\\ntude, and between 3 deg. 52 min. and 8 deg. 47 min. west from Wash-\\nington. It is 300 miles long from north to south, and 240 miles broad\\nfrom east to west, The area of this state comprises about 58,000\\nsquare miles, or 37,120,000 British statute acres. The population\\nin 1790, was 82,584; in 1800, 162,686; in 1810, 252,433; in 1820 7\\n348,989; in 1830, 516,567; in 1840, 691,392, of which 280,944 were\\nslaves. There were, in 1840, employed in agriculture, 209,283; in\\ncommerce, 2,428; in manufactures and trades, 7,984; mining, 574;\\nnavigating the ocean, 262; navigating canals, rivers, c.,352; learned\\nprofessions, 1,250.\\nSoil and Agriculture. For an average of about seven miles\\ndistance from the main land, the sea islands, intersected by inlets,\\ncommunicating with each other, form a well-sheltered inland naviga-", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "(10)\\ntion for vessels of 100 tons burden, along the whole coast. These\\nislands consist of salt marsh, and land of a gray rich soil, which pro-\\nduces the well-known sea -island cotton. The natural growth of this\\nsoil is pine, hickory, and live oak. The part of the State above the\\nfalls of the rivers is called the Upper country, and has generally a\\nstrong and fertile soil, often inclining to a red colour, and further\\nback, mixed with a deep black mould, producing cotton, tobacco,\\nIndian corn, wheat, and other kinds of grain. Black walnut and mul-\\nberry trees grow abundantly in this soil. The forests also produce\\noak, pine, hickory, and cedar. The fruits are melons, figs, oranges,\\npomegranates, olives, lemons, limes, citrons, pears, and peaches. The\\npine-barrens produce grapes of a large size and excellent flavour. The\\ncountry on the north, near the boundary of Tennessee, becomes\\nmountainous.\\nLive Stock and Agricultural Products. In this State there\\nwere, in 1840, 157,540 horses and mules; 884,414 neat cattle; 267,107\\nsheep; 1,457,755 swine; poultry to the value of 449,623 dollars.\\nThere were produced 1,801,830 bushels of wheat; 12,979 bushels of\\nbarley; 1,610,030 bushels of oats; 60,693 bushels of rye; 20,905,122\\nbushels of Indian corn; 371,303 lbs. of wool; 19,799 lbs. of wax;\\n1,211,366 lbs. of potatoes; 16,969 tons of hay; 10 tons of flax and\\nhemp; 162,894 lbs, of tobacco; 12,384,732 lbs. of rice; 163.392,396\\nlbs. of cotton; 2,992 lbs. of silk cocoons; 329,744 lbs. of sugar. The\\nproducts of the dairy were valued at 605,172 dollars; and of the\\norchard, 156,122 dollars; of lumber, 114,050 dollars. There were\\nmade 8,647 gallons of wine. The staple commodities are cotton and\\nrice, of which great quantities are exported. Official Returns.\\nMinerals. Copper and iron have been found in this State, and\\nthere are several valuable mineral springs, but much the most valuable\\nmineral production is gold, which is found in the north part of the\\nState, inconsiderable quantities. U. S. Gaz.\\nTrades. In 1840, there were four commercial and eighty-two\\ncommission houses engaged in foreign trade, with a capital of 1,543,500\\ndollars; 1716 retail dry-goods and other stores, with a capital of\\n7,361,838 dollars; 442 persons were employed in the lumber trade,", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "(11)\\nwith a capital of 75,730 dollars; 194 persons were employed in inter-\\nnal transportation, who, with seventeen butchers, packers, c, em-\\nployed a capittil of 12,885 dollars.\\nManufactures. In 1840, the value of home-made or family goods\\nwas 1,467,630 dollars. There was one woollen manufactory employ-\\ning ten persons, producing articles to the value of 3,000 dollars, with\\na capital of 2,000 dollars; nineteen cotton factories, with 42,589\\nspindles, employing 779 persons, producing articles to the value of\\n304,342 dollars; employing a capital of 573,835 dollars; fourteen\\nfurnaces, producing 494 tons of cast iron, employing forty- one persons,\\nand a capital of 24,000 dollars; 130 smelting houses employed 405\\npersons, and produced gold to the value of 121,881 dollars, with a\\ncapital of 79,343 dollars; fifty-five persons maufactured hats and caps\\nto the value of 22,761 dollars, with a capital of 7,950 dollars; 132\\ntanneries employed 437 persons, and a capital ot 127,739 dollars; 102\\nother leather manufactories, as saddlers, c, produced articles to the\\nvalue of 123,701 dollars, with a capital of 60,932 dollars; six potteries,\\nemploying twelve persons, produced articles to the value of 2,050\\ndollars, with a capital of 790 dollars; 184 persons produced machinery\\nto the value of 131,238 dollars; nineteen persons produced hardware\\nand cutlery to the value of 7,866 dollars; 555 persons produced bricks,\\nand lime to the value of 148,655 dollars; 2,633 persons made 764,528\\nlbs. of soaps, and 111,066 lbs. of tallow candles, with a capital of\\n27,126 dollars; 393 distillers produced 126,746 gallons, which, with\\ntwenty-two breweries, employed 218 persons, and a capital of 28,606\\ndollars; 461 persons manufactured carriages and waggons to the value\\nof 249,065 dollars, with a capital of 93,820 dollars; 114 flouring mills\\nproduced 55,158 barrels of flour, and, with other mills, employed\\n1,581 persons, producing articles to the value of 1,268,715 dollars,\\nwith a capital of 1,491,973 dollars; ninety-five persons manufactured\\nfurniture to the value of 49,780 dollars, with a capital of 29,090 dol-\\nlars; thirty-eight brick or stone houses, and 2,591 wooden houses,\\nwere built by 2,274 persons, at a cost of 693,116 dollars; twenty-four\\nprinting offices, and five binderies, five daily, five semi-weekly, and\\ntwenty-four weekly newspapers and six periodicals, employed 157", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "persons, and a capital of 134,400 dollars. The whole value of capital\\nemployed in manufactures was 2,899,565 dollars. Official Returns.\\nClimate. The climate of Georgia is generally mild. In the low\\ncountry it is unhealthy during the months of July, August, and Sep-\\ntember, excepting portions of the islands but the Upper country is\\nsalubrious and healthy. Snow is seldom seen, and cattle subsist with\\nvery little food but what they obtain from the woods and savannas.\\nU. S. Gaz.\\nRivers. The rivers are the Savannah, 600 miles long, bounding\\nthe State on the north-east, navigable for ships seventeen miles to Sa-\\nvannah, and a part of the year for steamboats, 250 miles to Augusta;\\nthe Altamaha, which is navigable for large vessels, twelve miles, to\\nDarien, is formed by the j unction of the Oconee and the Ocmulgee,\\nand is navigable for sloops of thirty tons, by the former, to Dublin,\\n300 miles from the ocean; the Ogeechee, 2C0 miles long, and naviga-\\nble for sloops for forty miles Flint river, which rises in the north-\\nwest part of the State, and, after a course of more than 200 miles,\\njoins the Chattahoochee, forming the Appalachiocola; the Chatta-\\nhoochee, on the west border of the State, which is navigable 300\\nmiles by steamboat to Columbus the St. Mary s river, in the\\nsouth-west part of the State, rises in Okefinokee swamp, and is\\nnavigable seventy miles for vessels drawing fourteen feet of water.\\nOkefinokee swamp is about 180 miles in circumference, and has\\nwithin it several fertile islands. U. S. Gaz.\\nEducation. The University of Georgia is located at Athens,\\nand is designed to have an academic branch in each county. A\\nfew only of these have been opened. It w r as founded in 1788,\\nand has been well endowed. In this institution and its branches\\nthere were in 1840, 622 students. There were in the State 176\\nacademies or grammar schools, with 7,878 students; and 601 com-\\nmon or primary schools, with 15,561 scholars. There were 30,717\\nfree white persons, over twenty years of age, who could neither\\nread or write.\\nReligion.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians are the\\nmost numerous religious denominations. In 1835, the Baptists had", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "(13\\n583 churches, 298 ministers, and 41,810 communicants; the Metho-\\ndists, 80 travelling preachers, and 25,005 white, and 8,436 coloured\\ncommunicants the Presbyterians, To churches, 45 ministers, and\\n4,882 communicants; the Episcopalians, four ministers; the Protes-\\ntant Methodists, 20 congregations, and 15 ministers. Besides these\\nthere were a number of Christians, Roman Catholics, Lutherans,\\nScotch Presbyterians, Friends, and Jews.\\nBanks. In 1840, this State had thirty-seven banks and branches,\\nw T ith an aggregate capital of 15,119,219 dollars, and a circulation of\\n3,017,348 dollars. At the close of 1840, the state debt amounted to\\n500,000 dollars.\\nPublic Works. This State has several important works of in-\\nternal improvement. The Savannah and Ogeechee canal extends\\nsixteen miles, from Savannah to Ogeechee river, completed in 1829,\\nat an expense of 1 65,000 dollars. The Brunswick canal extends from\\ntide water on the Altamaha, twelve miles to Brunswick, at a cost of\\n500,000 dollars.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 7 S. Gaz.\\nThe Georgia railroad extends from Augusta, 165 miles, to De Kalb\\ncounty. The Athens branch extends from the Georgia railroad\\nthirty-three miles to Athens. Cost of the whole, including the Athens\\nbranch, 3,300,000 dollars. The Western and Atlantic railroad con-\\ntinues the Georgia railroad from the De Kalb county, 140 miles, to\\nChattanooga, on Tennessee river, at a cost of 2,130,000 dollars. The\\nCentral railroad extends from Savannah, 197 miles, to Macon, esti-\\nmated to cost 2,300,000 dollars. The Monroe railroad extends from\\nMacon, 101 miles, to Whitehall. The Ocmulgee and Flint river\\nrailroad, seventy-six miles in length, is designed to connect the navi-\\ngable waters of these rivers, so as to form a communication from the\\nAtlantic to the Gulf of Mexico.", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "(14)\\nPRINCIPAL SEAPORTS AND TOWNS.\\nAugusta is situated on the south-west side of Savannah river,\\nninety-six miles from Milledgeville, 120 miles north-west from\\nSavannah. Population, in 1830, 4,000; in 1840, 6,403. It is\\nregularly laid out, and built chiefly of brick. The streets cross each\\nother at right angles, and are ornamented w ith trees. It has a city\\nhall, court house, gaol, theatre, arsenal, hospital, and a female asylum;\\nseven churches one Baptist, one Episcopal, one Methodist, one\\nPresbyterian, one Roman Catholic, one Unitarian, and one African.\\nIt is connected with Charleston and Milledgeville by railway. The\\nback country is fertile. Its trade is active, and it sends a great\\namount of cotton, tobacco, and other produce., down the river to\\nSavannah. In 1840, it contained twelve commission houses in\\nforeign trade, capital 245,000 dollars; 265 stores, capital 1,281,870\\ndollars; two furneces, two printing offices, two daily, four weekly,\\ntwo semi-weekly newspapers, and two periodicals. Capital in\\nmanufactures, 44,500 dollars. Official Returns, U. S. Gaz.\\nColumbus, situated on the banks of the Chattahoochee river, at\\nthe head of steamboat navigation; immediately below the falls on the\\nriver, which descends 111 feet in a distance of four miles above. It\\nis situated 300 miles above the junction of the Chattahoochee with\\nFlint river, and 430 miles above Appalachiocolo bay. The river,\\nunder the falls, is only 354 feet wide, below which it widens to 250\\nyards. The town is elevated sixty feet above the ordinary height of\\nthe river, and covers 1,200 acres. Two streets running parallel with\\nthe river, are 165 feet wide; six others are 132 feet wide. These\\nare intersected by twelve other streets, at right angles, which are\\nninety-nine feet wide. It contained, in 1840, a court house, gaol,\\nmarket house, five churches one Presbyterian, one Episcopal, one\\nBaptist, one Methodist, and one Roman Catholic -100 stores, about\\n700 dwellings. There is a flouring mill, and various mills and\\nmanufactories on the river. From thirteen to fifteen steamboats\\nnavigate the river, and steamboats ply to New Orleans. A steamboat", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "(15)\\ndrawing five feet of water can ascend this place at any season. A\\nbridge from the town crosses the Chattahoochee river to the opposite\\nbank in Alabama. Population, in 1842, about 4,000. There were,\\nin 1840, six foreign commission houses, capital 80,000 dollars; 106\\nretail stores, capital, 473,000 dollars; three printing offices, three\\nweekly newspapers, and one periodical. Capital in manufactures,\\n39,800 dollars. Population, 3,114. Official Returns, U. S. Gaz.\\nDarien, situated on the north side of the Altamaha river, twelve\\nmiles above the bar, at the entrance of St. Simond s sound, It con-\\ntains a court house, a gaol, an academy, a Presbyterian church, a\\nbank, and a printing office. It has an extensive trade in cotton. The\\nbar has over it fourteen feet depth of water. The Oconee branch of the\\nAltamaha has a steamboat navigation to Milledgeville; and the\\nOcmulgee branch is navigable to Macon so that Darien forms the\\nfocus of the trade of the central parts of the State.\\nMacon, situated on the west side of the Ocmulgee river, at the\\nhead of tide navigation. A great quantity of cotton wool is shipped\\nat this town; and about twelve steam- vessels, and several tow-boats,\\nc, employed in the trade. In 1822, there was only one hut in this\\nplace. In 1840, there were nine foreign commission houses, capital\\n75,000 dollars; eighty-two retail stores, capital 785,000 dollars; nine\\ntimber yards, building yards, c. Population, 3,927.\\nMilledgeville, situated on the south-west bank of the Oconee\\nriver, at the head of steam-boat navigation had, in 1840, a population\\nof 2,095 inhabitaats, and some trade.\\nSavannah, port of entry, is situated on the south-west bank of\\nthe Savannah river, seventeen miles from its mouth, in 32 deg. 8\\nmin. north latitude, and 81 deg. 10 min. west longitude from\\nGreenwich, and 4 deg. 10 west from Washington. It is 118 miles\\nsouth-west from Charleston; 123 miles south-east from Augusta;\\n158 miles east- south-east from Milledgeville; 662 miles south-by-\\nwest from Washington. The population, in 1810; was 5,195; in 1820,\\n7,523; in 1830, 7,776; in 1840, 11,214\u00e2\u0080\u0094 of which 4,694 were\\nslaves. There were employed in commerce, 604; in manufactures\\nand trades, 707; navigating the ocean, canals, c, 241; learned\\nprofessions, 13 L", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "(16)\\nThe city is built on a sandy plain, elevated about forty feet above\\nthe level of the tide. It was formerly considered unhealthy, sup-\\nposed to arise chiefly from the rice grounds in the neighbourhood.\\nOn this supposition the citizens subscribed 70,000 dollars to induce\\nthe owners of the plantations to substitute a dry for a wet cultivation,\\nby which the health of the place is said to have been much improved.\\nThis city is regularly laid out in the form of a parallelogram, with\\nstreets, many of them wide, crossing each other at right angles. There\\nare ten public squares, containing two acres each, at equal distances\\nfrom each other. These squares, and many of the streets, are bor-\\ndered with trees, and particularly with the Pride of India. Many\\nof the houses are built of brick. On the east and west are marshes;\\nand a pine-barren extends two miles to the south.\\nIt has a good harbour. Vessels drawing fourteen feet of water\\ncome up to the wharfs of the city, and larger vessels come up to\\nFathom hole, three miles below. The city is defended by Fort\\nWayne on the east side, and by Fort Jackson at Fathom hole, three\\nmiles below. Much of the trade of Georgia centres in Savannah\\nthe principal articles of which are cotton and rice. Twenty steam-\\nboats of a large size, and fifty steam tow-boats, navigate the river.\\nOn Tybee island, at the mouth of the river, is a lighthouse.\\nOne line of packets, consisting of two ships and four brigs, one\\nvessel sailing from each place weekly and another, consisting of six\\nbrigs, ply between this place and New York. The Savannah fur-\\nnishes gceat facilities for internal trade, and this river is connected to\\nthe Ogeechee by a canal sixteen miles long, which terminates at\\nSavannah. U. 8. Gaz.\\nThere are an exchange and two banks. The tonnage of the port,\\nin 1840, amounted to 17,930. There were, in the same year, two\\nforeign commercial and fifty commission houses, with a capital of\\n943,500 dollars; 191 retail stores, capital 855,190 dollars; eight\\nlumber yards, capital 49,000 dollars; paints, drugs, c, capital\\n35,800 dollars; three brick and forty -five wooden houses built, cost\\n138,100 dollars; four printing offices, two binderies, three daily, three\\nweekly, three semi-weekly newspapers, capital 22,000 dollars. Total\\ncapital in manufactures, 105,460 dollars. Official Returns.", "height": "3997", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "07)\\nDESCRIPTION OF THE LANDS IN IRWIN COUNTY,\\nSTATE OF GEORGIA.\\nTo the preceding remarks I beg to append the following\\ndetailed Reports from General Brisbane, with reference to the\\nlands for sale in Irwin County, State of Georgia; reports which I\\nconfidently submit to the perusal of every unprejudiced reader.\\nThe above Lands lie between 31 and 32 degrees North: distant\\nfrom the sea about 100 miles, and from England 18 or 20 days sail.\\nClimate delightful, and locality healthy; bounded by the navi-\\ngable rivers, the Flint and the Ocmulgee; by the former a com-\\nmunication is open with the Gulf of Mexico; and by the latter (the\\nOcmulgee) which falls into the Alatamaha, a direct communication\\nis open to the Atlantic Ocean.\\nA railroad has been commenced which will connect the Ocmulgee\\nand Flint Rivers, and open a transit for freight and passengers from\\nthe Atlantic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico; avoiding the tedious and\\nhazardous voyage around the Cape of Florida. The works on this\\nrailroad have been suspended, in consequence of the financial crisis\\nof 1845, although two-thirds finished, at a cost of 300,000 dollars;\\nbut as the project is a favourite object with the Government of the\\nState, and its completion of the utmost importance to the surrounding\\ncountry, there is no doubt of its being eventually carried out.\\nIn addition to the foregoing, I beg to add the following description of\\nthe Lands, taken from the letter of General Brisbane, U. S., dated\\nCharleston, 2lst August, 1848:\\nIn the first place, these lands lie within the State of Georgia,", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "(18)\\nand upon the broad tabic situated between the waters of the Ocmulgoe\\nand Flint Rivers, opposite to where they diverge respectively to the\\nAtlantic and Gulf of Mexico.\\nIn the second place, the elevation of this district is some 250 feet\\nabove the level of the above-mentioned rivers, and some 400 feet\\nabove that of the Atlantic Ocean.\\nIn the third place, its surface is sufficiently rolling, from the fact,\\nthat the lesser streams of Georgia, which make into the Gulf of\\nMexico, take their rise in this section of the State, and from their\\nequality in length, present a pretty semicircle of country for a dis-\\ntance of some sixty miles, upon which these lands lie.\\nIn the fourth place, the growth of this section of the State of\\nGeorgia is pi?ie as it belongs to a region situated below the primitive\\nformation.\\nIn the fifth place, its soil is composed of silex, clay and lime; the\\nsiliceous quality generally prevailing, but in very few cases to such\\nan extent as to prevent the most satisfactory returns to a system of\\njudicious husbandry. There are no swamps.\\nIn the sixth place, the climate is salubrious, as seen in its eleva-\\ntion of 250 feet above the tertiary country that lies beyond it. This\\nis proven also by the uninterrupted health of an hundred and odd\\nIrish families, who were employed for three years on the railroad\\nprojected through it, with the view to unite the trades of the Oc-\\nmulgee and Flint rivers above-mentioned; or rather, that of the\\nAtlantic with the trade of the Gulf.\\nIn the seventh place, the production of this district of the United\\nStates are various:\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Indian corn, oats, rye, wheat, rice, the sweet\\npotatoe, Irish potatoe, the ground and bush pea, with beans of all\\ndescriptions, will furnish the grain crop in abundance\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the sugar-\\ncane, cotton, multicahs, and grape wine, the crop for market. For", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "(19)\\nmeats, every variety of animal; and for vegetables and fruits, the\\ncountry is peculiarly adapted.\\nIn the eighth place, the situation of country will expose the\\noccupant to all the difficulties of a new settlement. The lands are\\nin their natural state; but being jree from undergroivth, are brought\\nrapidly into tilth, the plough being applied to them in the first\\nyear. The pine tree dies by being simply girted; and, by decay,\\nis out of the way of the crop before maturity.\\nIn the ninth place, the profit to which the occupant may direct\\nhis labour. In addition to the plant od crop, is the turpentine that\\nthe pine yields in great abundance, and little or no outlay of\\ncapital to prepare it for a ready market.\\nIn the tenth place, where capital is possessed, an equally easy\\nmethod of adding to the production, would be, to stock the un-\\ncultivated land with sheep, the natural grasses forming their pas-\\nturage through the year.\\n1 beg further to add the following particulars, extracted from a\\nletter of General Brisbane s, dated Charleston, 5th January^\\n1849:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nPeriod of Winter, from November to April: varies from 60\\nto 30 degrees; oftener ranging upon the higher degree. Summer\\nvaries from 60 to 90 degrees,\\nStock: Horses, 30 to 75 dollars; an Ox, 12 dollars j Cow\\nand Calf, 10 dollars; Cow, 6 dollars; a Sheep, 1^ dollars; Pig,\\n2 dollars.\\nAgricultural labourer, 1 dollar per day.\\nNote a dollar in our money is about 4s\u00c2\u00bb 2d* 5", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "(20)\\nDETAILED REPORT\\nor\\nGENERAL BRISBANE,\\nDated June 30, 1849.\\nADDRESSED TO RICHARD KEILY, ESQ.\\nCharleston, So. Co. June 30, 1849.\\nSir,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mr. Northrop has sent me certain letters touching the settle-\\nment of certain lands owned by us in Irwin Co., Georgia, now in your\\nhands for sale. I have read them over with care, and, at his request,\\nanswer them, as best acquainted with the conditions of the case. It\\nis the first time that I have had the pleasure of addressing you\\ndirectly, and you must therefore excuse me if I place my views\\ntouching these lands in Georgia, upon such a footing as will satisfy\\nyou clearly, not only as to their value, but of the prominent po-\\nsition which they occupy in any scheme of colonization that shall\\nhave force in the Southern portion of the United States. The best\\nplan that I can devise for this purpose is, to go to the history of the\\npurchase on our part, and the various opinions had on it upon this\\nside of the water, long before we thought of offering it in the Euro-\\npean markets. For the truth of this history and these opinions,\\nyou must of course trust to my veracity. In the year 1840, the State\\nof Georgia had voted an appropriation of 3,000,000 dols. to cut her\\nway through the Alleghany Mountains to the Great Valley of the\\nMississippi; her citizens expending some 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 dols.\\nmore, to accomplish this great end. Having been engaged by the", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "(21)\\nState of Georgia for the location of her portion of this great Western\\nand Atlantic Railway, and having for some three years more been em-\\nployed by her as co7istructing engineer, I became fully acquainted\\nwith her great resources as a State, and her peculiar importance, as\\nthe thoroughfare of the other States of the South in their way, not\\nonly to the Valley of the Mississippi, but to the other Southern States,\\nto wit, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, c. I no sooner found then,\\nthat the great State Road was secured, than I engaged myself, with\\nseveral of the leading men of Georgia and South Carolina, to open, by\\nprivate enterprise, a route to the Western Rivers of the above States,\\nintersecting these rivers at their heads of steam navigation, or, to use\\nthe language of the great Engineer, Bernard, who examined the sub-\\nject beiore me, at the point, where the line, separating the black labour\\nfrom the white labour of the South, must intersect these rivers, or, in\\nother words still, and still more explicit, where the primitive country\\nfalls off into the secondary country of the south. We raised a Com-\\npany of 300,000 dols. and commenced operations on the Ocmulgee\\nand Flint Railroad, securing a Charter for this purpose which had\\nbeen granted years before under the direction of General Bernard,\\nabove referred to, but which Charter, from the delay of the Indians\\nto leave the country, had not been taken advantage of. I have said\\nthat this operation commenced in 1840. You will remember that,\\nat this time, everything was prosperous in the South; cotton held\\nat 12 to 15 cents per pound, and railroad enterprise was exhibiting its\\npowerful influence everywhere. In 1841, a general prostration pre-\\nvailed in every department of industry; cotton fell to 5 cents per\\npound, and the planters of our Company ceased payment on railroad\\nstock. It was at this juncture that every means were resorted to,\\nby which our roads could push forward, and a favourite one, working\\nout subscriptions of stock by labour, and where the labour was free,\\nworking for the stock itself.\\nWhile engaged in bringing our slave-holding subscribers to this\\nState of things, I came in contact with many white labourers, who had\\nbeen acquainted with me upon the State road above, referred to, and\\nwho were now thrown out of employment, and they were willing to", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "(22)\\nundertake with the company for stock, if the then Bishop England, of\\nthe Charleston Diocese would guarantee the value of the stock and\\nvalidity of the Company.\\nAfter a consultation with Bishop England, which lasted for three\\ndays, and when the minutest examination was had into the state of\\naffairs, the guarantee on his part was given on the condition that a\\nwhite man should be provided, with his free labour, for every black\\nman who should be furnished by his master in place of the instal-\\nments which he owed on his stock. This arrangement was had, and\\nthe work in a short time, presented an operation through its entire\\nextent (77 miles) in which one hundred whites, (Irish) and one\\nhundred blacks were employed. For two years we pushed forward\\nin handsome style, not a case of disaffection on the part of the whites\\nnot a case of sickness where their wives and families were with them\\nduring the whole time, not an instance of doubt as to the successful\\ntermination of the enterprise, took place to derange our plans. At\\nthis juncture, the State of Georgia determined to bring her vacant\\nlands into market at a descending scale of prices, and the first thing we\\nknew was the employment of persons, who acted for the Capitalists of\\nthe State, in tracing out our line of railroad, thereby locating on the\\nmap of the country those lots which lay contiguous to the railroad,\\nand particularly those through which it passed. You may easily\\nimagine the state into which it threw us. We had been then two\\nyears in the country, (the Irishmen and myself,) we had become\\nperfectly acquainted with its character, and had fully arranged to\\nlocate ourselves for life upon it. We had been working for stock,\\nand therefore had no common fund that we could put in for a\\npurchase from the State, and we knew the devouring character of\\nthe land speculators upon our heels, who would have purchased from\\nthe State, and then made us expend our whole road, or our interest in\\nits stock for the fee simple. It was then that our mind was made\\nup. I had the map prepared by my assistant engineers, a copy of\\nwhich, Bishop Eeynolds has furnished you, and with it hastened to\\nCharleston to Bishop England, to raise if we could the funds necessary\\ni\u00c2\u00bb the purchase. On my arrival in Charleston, I found Bishop", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "(23)\\nEngland, the father of the whole works, as we then regarded him, on his\\nbed of death. Disappointed in the aid of this great man, I had a\\nmeeting of Dr. Bellinger and the two Messrs. Northrop, and by our\\njoint means procured such funds as we thought would at least secure\\nthe lands through which the road passed. One of the Messrs.\\nNorthrop (the Dr.) accompanied me back to Georgia to examine in\\nperson the character of the lands and determine the price we should\\ngive. Knowing, as I before stated, that the capitalists of Georgia\\nwere on our track, I took the precaution of visiting the seat of\\nGovernment in person, and finding that, if I suspended purchase\\nuntil the lands fell to the minimum, I should lose all; I at once laid\\nout two-thirds of our fund at the then price; securing the right of\\nway at least, and enough for a handsome estate for each of my men\\nto settle upon for life. I waited to the last to contest for the minimum\\nprices. The report in the meantime got abroad that I had purchased\\nup all that was in the neighbourhood of the road, and when the rate\\nfell to the minimum, a friend, whom I had at the seat of Government,\\nimmediately seized the advantage which this report produced, and\\npurchased up to the full amount of our remaining funds. We now\\nowned, not only our road, but a handsome district of country.\\nFor a year more we struggled on, Sir, and against every other\\nobstacle, promised fair to achieve our object. But a road of seventy-\\nodd miles is not easily graded, built, and provided with horse cars\\neven, on mere stock payments. Our expenditures began to increase\\nupon us, and the situation of our cotton planters not improving, extra-\\nordinary means, were thought necessary to secure our ends.\\nI repaired to New York, and after a careful examination into our\\nentire interest, road, lands, c, c., Bishop Hughes made arrange-\\nments to fill the place of the vacant Bishopric till the new appoint-\\nment, and made the necessary advances in funds. But who can\\nforesee difficulties. No sooner did Bishop Hughes begin to pay out\\nmoney for the advancement of the Ocmulgee and Flint B-ailroad, than\\nthe entire credit system broke down, and cash was demanded for\\neverything. And I here again come to the main subject of this letter,\\nour lands, and the test of their value. I have before stated that Dr.", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "(24)\\nNorthrop, a brother of the lawyer, accompanied me to examine the\\nlands, before purchase. This gentlemen had seen much of the terri-\\ntory of the United States, and was, therefore, a good judge. After\\na fair examination, which lasted some weeks, Dr. Northrop came to\\nthe conclusion to sanction the purchase, but only on the supposition\\nthat they should be occupied by persons who could take every ad-\\nvantage of the resources of the country, grazing, timber- cutting,\\nturpentine- curing, and such other appointments, as would give the\\nsettlers time to prepare as farmers for improving the lands by severe\\neulture. r. Northrop believed that the lands would never come\\ninto, what we call, the negro market, never be opened by slave\\nlabour. As this had never been our object, we purchased, as I before\\nstated, with his approbation, and after full examination had personally.\\nBut a second scrutiny must be instituted at the point at which I left\\nthe history of the road. Bishop Hughes s aid having proved injurious\\nthe next step was to organise a Colonization Company, and take up\\nat certain prices such portions of the land as would provide adequate\\nfunds for the prosecution of the road. This was done in Philadelphia,\\nand here, a most careful agent appointed, by the persons constituting\\nthe embryo Company, to visit Irwin County in the very midst of\\nsummer for the purpose of examining it with its various crops on\\nthe ground, and in fact all such subjects as would enter into the\\ninterests of a colony. But they were more particular still; the agent\\nwas selected from their most experienced railroad contractors\u00e2\u0080\u0094 an\\n\u00c2\u00a3rish farmer originally and he was to report upon the character of\\nthe road leading through the lands, as well as the lands themselves.\\nThis old gentleman spent about a week in the country, visited a dozen\\nfarms, and put a hundred questions On his return to Philadelphia^\\nhis report was as favourable as was required, and nothing could\\nhave prevented the operation proposed^ but the entire rupture of the\\nCompany, which took place at the time, or even before he reached\\nPhiladelphia. A false report was put in circulation that they (the\\nIrish labourers) were to lose the road by a sale by the Company, and\\na general row took place. The party who wanted to dispel the Irish\\na railroad company who thought that they could buy the **oad for a", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "(25)\\nsong and who made the report, failed of their object, but we were\\nno better-off. All operations were suspended, and the enterprise re-\\ngarded a failure. It has remained so till now.\\nNow, Sir, I have given you a full account of the whole enterprise\\nin which you and your friends are embarked. You know now who\\nI am; how I came to engage in the work; what it proposes to accom-\\nplish,* how the lands were purchased by us and our object; how they\\nwere examined before purchase, and what was the opinion; how\\nthey were a second time examined, and the result; and you are privy\\nto the cause of our failure to complete the road, and settle the lands\\nourselves.\\nSo much before placing the business of the lands in your hands,\\nor before any interest was taken in them by Bishop Reynolds, who\\nplaced them in your hands. When this able Ecclesiastic took charge\\nof our diocese {after the entire failure of the enterprise) I waited on\\nhim and submitted the case of our Irish labourers, who were deprived\\nof their earnings and prospects in life, earnings wrought for, and\\nprospects indulged in for three years, and closed by proposing to make\\nthe Church a part owner of our landed interest, and to sell him such\\na remaining portion as would repay him for the trouble he would be\\nplaced-at to put us upon our feet again. Bishop Reynolds entered,\\nas a third Bishop, into the examination of the question, and after full\\ndeliberation, made the purchase on his own part, settled the property\\non the Church, and, before he left for Europe, satisfied himself of the\\nentire subject by inquiries from such as had been employed with us on\\nthe road, and were fully acquainted with the lands, the health of the\\ncountry, and opinion of the means.\\nThis brings me thus to the point, when I trust that I have a right\\nto criticise the letter written by Mr. Smyth s agent, Mr. Mulhern.*\\nBut let the criticism grow out of what is here put down as the\\nThis alludes to the letter of Mulhern, a labouring man, who, with his wife\\nand three or four others, were sent out by Mr. Smyth, of Publin, the purchaser\\nof 1000 acres of lands. Mulhern s great complaint was, no communication, no\\npublic roads, and the few inhabitants he saw looked like savages, or Wild Indians;\\nfurther, their chief food is Indian corn bread, bact.ii, and coffee without sugar/*\\nHe finished by saying, I don t think that sort of food will agioe with Irish\\nwomen, that is so fond of sweet tea/", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "(26)\\nfaithful history of the country. 1st. We did ourselves occupy the\\ncountry? and for nearly four years. We were an hundred a goodly\\ncolony. During that time not a physician visited the work; we had\\nI think seven children born on it during the time, and no finer chil-\\ndren could have been furnished in any country. Our men were\\nperfectly satisfied to make it their homes for life, and the completion\\nof the road would have given us one hundred farms, opened the first\\nyear. Nor were these the mere labouring Irish; -Bishop England sent\\nout at least forty, with their families, many of them from among the\\ngenteelest of Charleston; Bishop Hughes sent out as many as twenty\\nfrom New York, most mechanics, and we invariably found the most\\nintelligent, the most sanguine of their future occupation of the entire\\ncountry. The man Dumphy, whom it is contended, would not go back\\non any pretence, Was one of our labourers, and did go hack the week\\nafter Mulhern returned, with Nealon and party and is now absent;\\nand more, while Mulhern was in Charleston, he, Dumphy, endeavoured\\nto purchase a lot adjoining Mulhern s intending if they returned to\\nbecome a settler with them. This, Dumphy told me before Mulhern,\\nand not only Dumphy, but most of the men who worked on the road\\nwould hasten back and settle there if put in operation again. As to\\nthe occupancy of the squatter, who might have built on the ot\\nSmyth purchased, that was nothing. I told him- Mulhern to go\\nto Mr. Northrop, and as a lawyer, he would furnish Dumphy with\\npapers to eject him the squatter on the instant,\\nAs to the appearance of the people, and their cows and hogs, I can\\nonly say that they are the spontaneous growth of the country. For\\ntwenty-one years before we entered the country they had been living\\nwith the Indians and had imbibed most of their singular habits.\\nThey say little, despise to be encroached upon by settlement, live on\\ntheir flocks, and, as you may suppose, exhibit many of the traits of\\nthe savage. But on this ground, did we not live among them for\\nnearly four years? Did not some five or six of our best young Irish-\\nmen marry their daughters? Did they not, many of them, become\\nwarm friends of our Irish people, and when our roadbroke-up, showed\\nthem much sympathy? I will confess that these were exceptions, for", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "(27)\\nas I said, the great majority despise the idea of having settlers encroach\\nupon them, and when the road was in danger, threw their weight in\\nthe scale against it. And this, Sir, is the great cause why all those\\nwho visit Irwin County must not for an instant, listen to the people in\\ntheir descriptions of the country.\\nI will go further on this head, Sir, and here I must beg you to hear\\nme distinctly; Savannah is our dire enemy. She owns the great\\ncentral road of Georgia, and our road is in direct conflict with it.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nOur river debouches in a noble bay, (Sapello) far superior for trade\\nto her s, and she is afraid of the country, laying to the south-west of\\nthe State, being opened out before her central road has topped it with\\nits branches, which she is now attempting to do. It is a matter of\\nhistory that Savannah was instrumental in the reports that broke up\\nour road, and so long as your people write from there, you may\\nexpect to hear all that can be urged against Irwin county; I do not\\neven except Father O Neal, who is straining every nerve to settle a\\ncolony on the line of road of which I first spoke the Cherokee\\ncountry. But these are mere trifles to an enterprise which asks\\nnothing of any interest but its own. Irwin county, in a word, is\\ndestined to be the great White workshop, to make up the raw\\nmaterial that is grown by the plantations around it, for a scope of\\n300 miles, and on a district of malaria country whose soil is not sur-\\npassed by any in the world. Hundreds of thousands of bales of\\ncotton are now made on these plantations by the slaves who can\\nalone work on the malaria soil and all this cotton must be worked up\\nin Irwin county, which belongs to the extreme end of the blue ridge\\nspurs, 300 feet above the malaria plantations, and offering the\\nhealthiest settlement in the world for white colonies of cotton manu-\\nfacturers. You may not be keeping pace with the march of cotton\\nfactory on this side of the Atlantic, but it is distinctly as follows.\\nBy the force of our tariffs passed by Congress, such encouragement was\\ngiven to the Eastern States that they have been enabled to take from\\nyour English mills some 600,000 bales of the raw Soutkern staple.\\nOut of this work they make at least two prices more than we make\\n\u00c2\u00a9n the raw staple itself- and with this increase to their means, are in-", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "(28\\ncreasing rapidly their population, for you know that population follows\\ncapital. The effect of this increase is felt in Congress, and the great\\nbalance of political power is being injured by it. This has alarmed\\nthe Southern States, and they are determined, if the working-up of\\nthe cotton staple is to be effected in this country, it shall yield its\\nprofit to the section in which the cotton grows. Besides, from the\\nsaving on transportation to the foreign factories, they find that they\\ncan produce the wrought material much cheaper, and are therefore\\nurged forward by the double inducement of gain and political policy.\\nIn this new order of things the State of Georgia has taken the lead,\\nand we already boast in this Southern State to have settled the policy.\\nWithin the last three years she has banked up her rivers at the heads\\nof Steam navigation (the points above referred to) and, in Columbus,\\non the Chattahoochee river, for example, has now at least a half dozen\\nof the noblest factories for cotton. On this ground I plant the great\\nimportance of the extremity of the great blue ridge chain of mountains\\nin Irwin county. It is reduced here to a compass of some 60 miles,\\nand for three hundred around, is in the neighbourhood of the richest\\nland in the world the rotten limestone of the south, or malaria\\ndistrict. It is here that the best cotton (raw) can be always got, and\\nwhere it can be worked-up with perfect impunity by English, Scotch,\\nor Irish factory labourers; its blue ridge mountain character, render-\\ning it perfectly healthy for them, while the surrounding rich lands\\nproduce the raw staple by negro labour. This is the view, Sir, which\\nshould be entertained by any Colonization Company acting on the lands\\nof Irwin county. I am aware that your capitalists may demur at this\\nsort of colonization, in direct opposition, as it would seem, to their own\\nEnglish interest which now works-up this cotton; but let me refer you\\nto your own history. In the time of Cromwell, England was situated\\nto Holland as we are now to you. She (England) determined to\\nwork w th machinery herself, and in a few years, Holland was glad\\nto make any compromise, but too late, only those who saw the\\npower of the little Island in the sea, and transferred their interest to\\nher, saved themselves. It is so now with us. The sectional jealousy\\nof the American states is beginning to exhibit itself on the score of", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "(29)\\ncomparative wealth, and this jealousy will induce them to spare no\\nexpense to eclipse each other. On the part of the south, the chance\\nof success turns on the raw staple cotton being grown and manu-\\nfactured by her, and the south is determined to improve this chance\\nto the uttermost. Let me here refer you for illustration to your\\nown section, Scotland. She was rich in wool as a raw staple, and by\\nimporting machinery into Glasgow, Aberdeen, Inverness, c, see\\nhow rapidly she developed their importance and her own in the scale\\nof nations.\\nIn view of these truths I would advise you to look on the value of\\nIrwin county. Mr Northrop wrote to you as to the safety the greater\\nsafety of European capital vested in south than north, from the\\nfirm character of our Agricultural interests. Worked by negroes,\\nwho can alone stand the climate of the richer soils; the proprietors\\nof these soils, or planters, with our slave organisation, are like your\\nhereditary nobility of England; they constitute, as Lord Wellington\\nonce said, a well organised army, to keep down mobs, revolutions of\\nall kinds, and as long as they exist, England is safe. So say we of the\\nSouth. But you will *ask, What! establish cotton factories at once?\\nWhy we cannot command capital. Not so. In spite of Mulhern s\\nremonstrance against coffee without sugar, I will say that Irwin\\ncounty with due care is one^of the best sugar-cane countries I know;\\nand he must be a poor squatter even, who does not raise his field of\\ncane, and they do do it. Now in view of this crop, I would pre-\\npare for erecting at each point on the road, adapted for villages, a\\nsugar factory (price about 2000 dols.) Here the cane of the country\\n(now made) would be hauled for grinding and boiling, a process, not\\nunderstood by the people generally. The pine timber of Irwin county\\nis celebrated for its turpentine; I would have at each village a turpen-\\ntine factory, (price 1200 dols.) This is an interesting business, and\\nwith the road for transportation (but even without) would be a\\nhandsome interest. But the people around haul their grain sometimes\\nforty miles to be ground. These factories could have attached to\\nthem grinding stones, c. But I mean merely to show how the factory\\ncharacter could be at once introduced, and thus gradually prepare for", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "(30)\\ncotton operations. Again, I said that the people of Irwin County\\ntraded to a little town, Hawkinsville, some twenty miles from the\\nroad (I find by the map that it is a little more? but I did not direct\\nemigrants to go to Irwin by way of Hawkinsville it is quite above\\nthe county, and, by the bye, Dumphy told Mulhern this before leaving\\nSavannah, but he persisted that the direction said so, and started for\\nHawkinsville) j\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I would advise in view of this trading so far, that\\ncapital in goods be provided at the road villages above referred to.\\nThis would yield a handsome profit from the surrounding country,\\nand tend greatly to build up the villages. Of course this trade would\\nbe limited, for as Mr. Mulhern says, there are but a few people, some\\n300. Truly Did he come here to find an overstocked country, or an\\nunoccupied one that he might settle? If the former, he will be mis-\\ntaken. We offer none such. We offer a high, dry, Virgin soil, not\\nrich to Kill, as the neighbouring malaria country is (I have known\\n40 German families die in one summer in attempting to settle our\\nrichest land), but rich enough to make a lovely farming country. If it\\nhas sand, it has clay and lime also, and industry will make manure\\nbut I must end.\\nI have written with a free pen, Sir, but I felt that the character of\\nmyself and those, too sacred to be tampered with, was assailed, and\\nI deemed this full excuse. With sentiments of great regard,\\nYour obedient servant,\\nRichard Keily Esq. A. H. BRISBANE.\\nI have I trust satisfactorily shewn by the preceding observations,\\nby the statistical report of Mr. Macgregor, one of the present re-\\npresentatives of Glasgow in Parliament, by the extracts from the\\npamphlet of Mr. Hoffman and by the reports of General Brisbane,\\nboth the latter being citizens of the United States and gentlemen of\\nacknowledged and undoubted honour, that the prejudice respecting\\nthe insalubrity of the climate of the southern states is partly unfounded,\\nand where it exists is confined to particular localities well known\\nand easily avoided. In regard to the salubrity of the climate of Irwin", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "(31)\\nCounty, in that portion of Georgia wherein is situated the land now-\\noffered for sale, no doubt exists; its healthful character is that which\\ninvariably belongs to elevated table land in temperate latitudes, and\\nis vouched for by the concurrent testimony of persons who have long\\nbeen residents, of purchasers who have visited the district, and of\\nthe agent sent out to inspect and report upon it. Convinced by all\\nthis evidence, I do not hesitate to recommend the situation and posi-\\ntion as most desirable for the settlement of a large colony. It is true,\\nas General Brisbane says, the land is not rich to kill, but it is rich\\nenough to make a lovely farming country, and in point of geogra-\\nphical position (equi-distant and accessible from the Atlantic and\\nGulf of Mexico) not surpassed by any in the United States,\\ni At the same time I cannot conceal from myself the futility of\\nattempting to locate a few isolated families, a fact I have fully\\nproved by the experience of the last year. The emigrants who\\nwere purchasers of land, unreasonably fearful on their arrival of\\nbeing deprived of some of the comforts and conveniences which\\nhabit had made necessary to them at home, and without pausing\\nto consider the ample substitutes which a new country affords,\\nin opening a comparatively easy road to independence, were dis-\\npleased with everything, even with their newly purchased lands,\\nbefore they had seen them, although they had the privilege of\\nchoosing, in lieu of those purchases, any other lots more suitable to\\ntheir interests, through a length of 60 and a breadth of 20 miles\\nof territory. Influenced by the feelings I have referred to, and\\nalarmed by the exaggerated and interested representations of parties*\\nThe citizens of Savannah, in particular, regardless of the welfare of the State\\nat large, when their own narrow and selfish interests are concerned, lose no op-\\nportunity of giving currency to reports however unfounded, calculated to impress\\na stranger with the belief that the lands in Irwin County are valueless, and the\\nwhole scheme of attempting to found a colony there perfectly impracticable.\\nThis is easily accounted for. The settlement of the lands will necessarily and at\\nan early period secure the completion of the railroad between the Ocmulgee and\\nElint Rivers, and thus open an uninterrupted line of internal communication\\nbetween the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. This railroad will materially interfere\\nwith the Georgian Railroad, in which most of the Savannah people have invested\\ncapital. Hinc ilke lachrymal!!", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "(32)\\nhostile to the proposed colony, they never availed themselves of these\\nprivileges. Such representations will always influence isolated settlers,\\nwho are prone to listen on landing to the accounts they receive, and\\nmould their impressions accordingly without testing their truth or\\nfalsehood. The only remedy for this is, the adoption of the German\\nsystem of emigrating in bodies of at least 50 or 100 families, who, on\\ntheir arrival at the port of debarcation, at once proceed to their\\nlocation, found a township or village, form a community amongst\\nthemselves, where they can talk of Father land, and by social in-\\ntercourse, banish from their dwellings the Spirit of Loneliness\\nwhich haunts the solitary emigrant in the wild districts of foreign\\nlands. This desirable consummation can only be effected by a well\\norganized company, with a capital sufficiently large to secure the\\nfacilities and advantages, of a regular system of emigration to the\\nhonest and industrial classes, from which their own limited resources\\nwould otherwise preclude them.\\nThose friends in America whom I have the honour to represent,\\nconcur m the propriety and recognise the necessity of forming such\\na company. I shall therefore in accordance with their wishes be most\\nhappy to co-operate with any gentlemen in effecting this object, being\\nwell assured that union is strength, and that it is only by the com-\\nbined energy and exertions of the many, the difficulties attending an\\ninfant colony can be successfully combated and eventually overcome.\\nRICHARD KEILY,\\n1, Royal Exchange Buildings,\\nLondon.\\nJ. Carrall, Printer, 275, Strand, London.", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3931", "width": "2321", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "Library of Congress\\nBranch Bindery, 1902", "height": "3841", "width": "2313", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "014 418 9061", "height": "4341", "width": "2610", "jp2-path": "briefdescriptive00keil_0048.jp2"}}