{"1": {"fulltext": "\\\\M\\ntip i\\nt[ t\\nm\\nW\\nrsi fl (Ik\\nIII\\nmi.\\nMm\\nh* ivV ,l\\nPi l^iii!!^", "height": "3517", "width": "2236", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "G^\\n\u00c2\u00abs^ .ISlit ^s Ellis .S*^\\nA^ s \\\\G~\\nrl\\\\\\\\ /h, -r^ -u .n\\\\ K\u00c2\u00bb /k\\n:S r\\nC.^^\\no- -??-^^r \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^V-.:- ^f^^U\\nf,-v;-.% f. i:i f^-i::; cP^\\nOo/^", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "oO^.-r. cP^.-^y/ cP^.^U\\nf^\\noi\\nft i, vv O ft i, s \\\\v ou ft \\\\v O\\n7\\n-A^ ft s A*^\\nV ft ^q\\\\\\n7^iP-\\n.^-f-.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "HAJSTD-BOOK\\nSTATE OF GEORGIA\\nACCOMPANIED BY A\\nGEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE STATE.\\nPREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OP\\nTHOMAS P. JAISTES, A.M., M.D.,\\nCommissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia.\\nATLANTA, GA.\\n1876.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876,\\nBy THOMAS P. JANES,\\nin the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington,\\nKussELL Brothers, 17 to 23 Rose St., New York City.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "C/la^\\n9/\\nSTATE OF GEOEGIA,\\nDepartment of Agriculture. V\\nAtlanta, Nov. 26, 1876.\\nThe law creating this Department (see page 311) requires the Com-\\nmissioner to prej)are, under his direction, a Hand-Book of the State,\\nand specifies tliat it sliall contain a description of the geological\\nformation of the various Counties of the Stat\u00e2\u0082\u00ac, the general adapta-\\ntion of the Soil for the various productions of the Temperate Zone,\\nand for the purpose of giving a more general and careful estimate of\\nthe capacity and character of the soil of the Counties, with a correct\\nanalysis of the same.\\nThese special features, thus required, in addition to the usual con-\\ntents of a Hand-Book, can not be fully furnished until the State\\nGeologist shall have completed his survey.\\nThe outline of the geological and physical features of the State,\\nwith a description of the principal Rocks and the Soils derived from\\nthem, a description and analysis of some of the Marls, the Eleva-\\ntions, Water-powers, and a partial account of the Natural Produc-\\ntions of the State, both mineral and vegetable, are furnished ^uy Dr.\\nGeorge Little, State Geologist, in charge of the Geological Survey\\nnow in progress.\\nIn the preparation of this Hand-Book, two objects have been kept\\nconstantly in view\\n1. To supply the people of Georgia with correct information of\\ntheir own State, its condition, resources, and institutions.\\n3. To supply Immigrants, actual and prospective, with accurate\\nand reliable information on those subjects connected with Georgia\\nin which it is believed they will feel a special interest.\\nThe facts in regard to the various Institutions of the State have\\nbeen furnished mainly by their officers or representatives. It has\\nbeen necessary to omit much interesting and valuable information,\\non account of the numerous subjects to be presented, and to prevent\\nswelling the volume to too great a size.\\nTHOMAS P. JANES,\\nCommimoner of Agriculture.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nInti odMctory,\\nSettlement and Age of Geoegia 1\\nGeneral View of the Situation and Condition of the\\nState g\\nEffects of the Late War between the States 7\\nView op THE Future\\nImmigration 9\\nWants of Man and the Means of their Supply in\\nGeorgia q\\nSuggestions to Immigrants I5\\nI. The Country.\\nGEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE STATE 17\\n1. Outlines of Physical Features I7\\n2, Geology _ _ jg\\na, Elements, Minerals, and Rocks 26\\nb, Geological Formations and those occurring in Ge oro- ia 37\\nc, Special Geology of Counties 42\\n3. Elevations.\\n4. Water-Powers.\\n59\\n68\\n5. Marls q^\\n6. Soils IQ5\\n7. Woods jiq\\nEXTERNAL AND INTERNAL RELATIONS OF GEORGIA 114\\nSituation Physical n^\\nCommercial Situation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 best Site on the Continent. 115\\nTransportation Lines in Georgia II9\\nBoundaries of the State 120\\nArea of Georgia j^2o\\n~~^-j Topography J33\\nThe Appalachian Chain 124\\nGreat Ridges _ 1 05\\nRiver Systems and River Basins 126\\nGreat Natural Divisions of Georgia 127\\nThe Mountain or Up-Country. 127\\nScenery .V.V.V. 128\\nClimate jon\\nMistakes as to the Climate of Georgia 131\\nDistribution of Heat 139\\nTemperature Tables 1 qq\\nRainfall jx?\\nTables of Rainfall iqq\\nValue of Weather Records 143\\nGeological Map of Georgia.. In pocket at end of this volume.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "VI CONTENTS.\\nII. The M ooplc.\\niiAOE ciiAUAc^rKinsrics. .o in\\nGHARACTKUISTICS OF THE PKOPLK OV (il X)R(Jl A. lUi\\nTHE NFa} UH) lis\\nroruLATioN ma\\nCaiwi ri OK liKOiun.v vok ronM,.\\\\TioN 15;!\\nINSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE 154\\n00VK15N rKNT OF THK StATK PkKSF.NT CONSTITI TION. 15-i\\nSutVrnjjo 154\\nHill of Uig lits and LimitsUioni^ 154\\nTaxation 154\\nLegislative Doyinrtniont. 154\\nExfontivo Dopart niout 155\\n.luilirial DoparinxMit 155\\nIloniostoad and Exou\\\\ption. 155\\n^Vit\u00e2\u0080\u00a2o\u00e2\u0080\u00a2s Estato 15(5\\nDivoivo 15(5\\nEducation 15G\\nli.VWS OK PKKSKiS T GkNKK.M, InTKIUCST 156\\n^Vill(^\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pistrihution of Estaloa 156\\nroU.rtiou of IVbts 157\\nLions; 158\\nTaxos 158\\nluH ord of Oonvmauoos 1 58\\nArbitration 158\\nThe Land Poi.u y ov (il iooiuha 158\\nHoad Pio-hts 150\\nTioai ios with tUo Indians 150\\nLand Loltories 1(50\\nBanks 1(55\\nILVII.KOAPS AND (.\\\\VNA1.S OF GkoKOTA U!5\\nWestoi-n and Atlantic Railroad ll H)\\nCloori^ia Railroad 161)\\nCentral Railroad 171\\nAtlanta and NVot^t IVmt Railroad 17,3\\nMaoiMi and NN tstorn Railri ad 178\\nSouthwi storn Railroad 173\\nMacon and Anuiista Railroad 178\\nAtlantic and Oulf Railroad 173\\n!Mac(m and Rrunt wick Railroad 174\\nBrnnswick and Aibanv Railroad 174\\nCherokee Railroad 175\\nNorth and South Railroad 175\\nNortheastern Railroad 176\\nAthinta and Richmond Air liine Railroad 176\\nSolma. R(nno, and Dalton Railroad 176\\nRome Railroad 176\\nEUierton Air Line Railroad 177\\nAngnsta Canal 1 77\\nSavannah and Ogeechee Canal 1 78\\nPublic School System op Georgia 179", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. Vn\\nPAGE\\nUniversities and Colleges 182\\nUniversity of Georgia 182\\nMercer University 186\\nEmory College 187\\nPio Nono College 187\\nAtlanta University 187\\nWesleyan Female College 188\\nSouthern Masonic Female College 189\\nBenevolent and CnAniTABLE Institutions 191\\nGeorgia Academy for the Blind 191\\nDeaf and Dumb Academy 192\\nLunatic Asylum 198\\nGeorgia Baptist Orphans Home 194\\nMethodist Orphans Home North Ga. Conf 194\\nMetliodist Orphans Home South Ga. Conf 195\\nMasonic Fraternity 195\\nOdd Fellows 196\\nGood Templars 196\\nReligious Denominations 197\\nBaptist Church 197\\nMethodist Church\u00e2\u0080\u0094 South 198\\nMethodist Church North 200\\nOther Methodist Churches 200\\nPresbyterian Church 200\\nProtestant Episcopal Church 202\\nChristian Church 203\\nCatholic Church 203\\nLutheran Church 205\\nOther Christian Churches 205\\nIsraelites 205\\nGeorgia State Agricultxtral Society 206\\nState Department of Agricultuhe 209\\nState Geological Sur\\\\ ey 214\\nState Hortictxturaj^ Society 21 6\\nNewspapers in Georgia 217\\nIII. The Productions.\\nAgRICLLTUTRAL and HORTICULTUIiAL PRODUCTS 219\\nStock 220\\nPoultry 220\\nForest Products 221\\nGrasses 221\\nAreas of Staple Crops 221\\nFruits 223\\nResults showing the Capacity of Georgia Soil under\\nIMPROVED Culture 225\\nStock-Raising in Georgia 229\\nManufacturing in Georgia 233\\nFertilization and Fertilizers 236\\nGEOLOGICAL MAP OF GEORGIA .In pocket at end of this volume.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "n^TEODTJOTOET.\\nAGE OF THE STATE AND ITS SETTLEMEISTT.\\nThe American Union is the fourth in rank of the great k.nd-\\nowners of the globe, covering a territory of 3,600,000 square\\nmiles nearly equal to the whole of Europe. It is composed\\nof 48 political divisions, quite unequal in size and population,\\nof which 38 are States, with an average population of 1,200,-\\n000 souls, and an average area of 52,000 square miles a little\\nlarger than England proper.\\nThis large territory was gradually acquired. The Union\\nbegan in 1776, with an area of 827,844 square miles, of which\\n420,892 were in the States, and 406,952 without them. The\\nFrench cession of Louisiana in 1803 more than doubled the\\nterritory by adding 1,117,931 square miles, at a cost of |23,-\\n500,000. In 1819, Florida was acquired from Spain; Texas\\nwas annexed in 1845 California and New Mexico in 1848;\\nthe Gadsden purchase from Mexico in 1852 and, finally, Alaska\\nin 1867. The imoccupied portions of the original States were\\ngradually ceded to the Union by the States.\\nThe acquisition of territory was gradual, and the process of\\npeopling it was slower. Of the centuries (not yet four) since\\nthe discovery of America, more than one full century had\\nelapsed before the first permanent settlement in the United\\nStates was made that of Vii-ginia in the year 1607 115 years\\nafter Columbus crossed the ocean. Before the colonization of\\nSouth Carolina in 1670, the first settlers of Virginia had grown\\ngray, and a like interval after this elapsed before the settle-", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "2 HAND-BOOK OF GEOKGIA,\\nment of Georgia in 1732. The first infant Iborn in Charleston\\nhad reached the age of threescore before Oglethorpe landed\\nat Savannah and founded Georgia the youngest Colony of\\nthe original thirteen. Virginia, then at the age of 127, was\\nalmost as old as Georgia is now, at the age of 144. So gra-\\ndual is the conquest of space.\\nTempting as the New World seemed in so many ways,\\ncenturies had not sufficed to people it. The United States,\\nwith all her vast area and unexampled growth, had not\\nattained in 1860 a population equal to that of Japan, with an\\narea about equal to half of Texas, In 1870, with 11 souls to\\nthe square mile, it was less densely peopled by half than the\\naverage land surface of the globe, including deserts and all\\nuninhabitable places the latter average being 27 souls. Dis-\\ntance, poverty, the ocean, the forest, the Indian all stood\\nbetween the European and the New World even when he\\nreached it and made good his footing, disease, hunger, and\\nhardship were for a long time his attendants. Stringent\\nmotives were necessary to induce men to encounter the hard-\\nships of pioneer life. Among these motives, Religion, Poverty,\\nand Crime had the leading shares.\\nAn adventurous disposition added its quota to the people of\\nthe colonies but a sturdy and vigorous character was evinced\\nby the choice of such a life and among the numerous perils\\nwhich cut off the new colonies, the survival of the fittest\\nwas constantly illustrated.\\nIn the settlement of Georgia, there were two leading aims\\n1. The new Colony was intended largely as a sort of buffer to\\nSouth Carolina, to keep off the hostile Indian tribes 2. To\\nfurnish a refuge to the poor people of Great Britain especially,\\nthough not excluding Europe generally.\\nHer beginnings were humble. Like John Bunyan, she Avas\\nof an inconsiderable generation. The first colonists proved a\\nfailure, and better material was found in the immigration of\\nthe Salzburgers, the Moravians, and Scotch Highlanders.\\nYet the character of the early colonists is more a matter of\\ninterest historically than by reason of any permanent influence\\nthey exerted on the future of the State. By far the largest and\\nmost influential element came from the other and older colo-\\nnies Virginia and the Carolinas. The moulding influence", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "THE SITUATION AND CONDITION OF GEORGIA. 3\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0whioli formed the j)reseiit Georgia was derived from this\\ninternal immigration.\\nGeorgia is usually referred to as the youngest of the original\\nthirteen. The word youngest seems to be associated with her\\nage bu^t she is fairly to be classed among the older States of\\nthe Union. Compare 1676, 1776, 1876. In 1676, all the\\noriginal colonies except Georgia were fairly under way. In\\n1776, Georgia was 44 years old, and no new State wag admitted\\ntill 1791, after the Revolutionary War. There are 25 States\\nyounger than Georgia, and but half that number older. The\\nlate war, however, has practically made of the whole South\\nnew States.\\nThe settlement of the State was a work of time, pa-\\ntience, and hardship. Not until a century after the first\\ncolonization, was the final acquisition of her territory from\\nthe Indians effected the Cherokee Country, one of the finest\\nand most populous portions of the State.\\nBefore entering upon details, we will give a summary of the\\npresent condition of Georgia.\\nGENERAL VIEW OF THE SITUATION AND CONDITION OF THE STATE.\\nGeorgia is admirably situated, with a fine ocean front on\\nthe South Atlantic coast Savannah and Brunswick furnishing\\nits chief ports for external commerce. It has several rivers\\nemptying into the ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, which furnish\\nconsiderable (yet not the best) facilities for inland navigation.\\nThe State in all sections is well wooded and watered. The\\nclimate is fine for production, health, and comfort. There is\\nof soil, a great diversity, from very poor to very rich, and a\\nremarkable range of agricultural production, embracing both\\nprovision and money crops, including among them Cotton,\\nRice, and Sugar, with all the cereals and grasses, and an\\nimmense variety of fruits and vegetables.\\nThe ten-itorial dimensions of the State are ample the area\\nexceeding 58,000 square miles, with an average length of 300\\nand breadth of 200 miles. The population, however, is rather\\nsparse, being about the average of that of the organized States\\nof the Union say 22 per square mile. In 1870, the number", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "4 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nof inhabitants was 1,184,109, of Avliom 638,926 were whites\\nand 545,183 blacks.\\nThe State is divided by nature into three great divisions\\nUpper, Middle, and Lower Georgia terms in this case equally\\napplicable to latitude and altitude the altitude rising with\\nthe latitude.\\nThe wealth of Georgia in 1860 was relatively large the\\naggregate being $645,895,237 nearly $1,100 to each white\\ninhabitant. In 1870, five years after the wai the aggregate\\nwas reduced to $268,169,207, being $420 to each white, or $268\\nto each inhabitant. The State debt until recently was far\\nless than the value of the public property of the State, and\\nprobably does not now exceed it.\\nAbout 2,400 miles of railway are in operation, being one\\nIjiile to every 28 square miles of territory, and one mile to\\nevery 500 inhabitants.\\nThere is a newly organized system of piiblic schools. The\\nState University was founded in 1801. It is well patronized,\\nand has a fair endowment. There are several denominational\\nand other colleges, male and female.\\nThe Capital of the State is Atlanta, a rapidly growing city\\nof about 35,000 inhabitants. The civil divisions are: 137 Coun-\\nties, 44 State Senatorial Districts, 9 Congressional Districts,\\nand 20 Judicial Circuits.\\nBefore the war, Georgia was generally regarded one of the\\nmost prospei ous States of the Union and since its close has\\nbeen one of the most rapid of the Southern States in recupera-\\ntion, and has ever enjoyed a high reputation for independence,\\nvigor, and enterprise. Such is a very brief, general outline of\\nthe State.\\nA huge and complex thing is a State In this one compre-\\nhensive Avord, what an aggregate is involved of objects natural\\nand social of land and water, forest and plain, cultivated\\nfields and waste places, climate and soil and of yet greater\\nthings people and their ways, constitutions and institutions,\\nlaws and customs all expressed in one short syllable To\\nobtain information concerning it requires considerable ma-\\nchinery to collect and arrange the facts of its condition.\\nThey ai^e gathered from afar and brought together by means\\nof statistics, which has lately grown up into a science.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "RANGE OF PRODUCTIOKS. 5\\nFormerly it was employed almost entirely for taxation, repre-\\nsentat ion, and war now for public information and guidance,\\nto provide material for statesmanship and wise administration,\\nand for individual conduct and popular improvement.\\nOnly gradually have men worked into the idea that a State\\nis a species of organism, of which the very units men are,\\nthemselves, the most complex of organisms and the relations\\nof the units also, numerous and complex. Properly to repre-\\nsent the whole of the information is to combine the results of\\nthe laborers in each department the historian, geographer,\\nnaturalist, statistician, etc. To do this well requires order\\nand co-ordination, and an interlacing of dependent parts, to\\nenable readei s to grasp the whole, by grouping condensed and\\nrelated statements in brief for one may know many facts,\\nand yet have a confused idea of the whole.\\nThe present work is intended to embrace three main topics\\nof discussion, or general subjects to be treated 1. The\\nCountry 2. The People 3. The Productions. These natur-\\nally and obviously cover the case. The Country all things\\nnatural the People all things social the Productions\\nthe use of the country by the people.\\nThe most important and practical subject for consideration\\nis the actual development of Georgia, individual and social\\nthat of the social units and the social aggregate a correct\\nview of our actual stage of progress.\\nIn no respect are Georgia s advantages more conspicuous\\nthan in the admirable fitness of many portions of the State\\nfor ample home comfort.\\nThe range of agiicultural productions is remarkable for the\\nfollowing reasons We reach nearly to the tropics. Our\\ngreatest length is from south to north, and the altitude\\nincreases with the latitude, thus supplying all the conditions\\nof variety. From the semi-tropical products at the South, we\\npass above the cotton-belt in the mountain region. At the\\nSoiith, Rice Cane and Cotton are field crojDS, and the Orange\\nand Banana are just reached, among tropical fruits. As we\\ngo higher. Cotton is the leading money crop, and we reach the\\nfavorite region of the Peach in all its lusciousness. The Pear\\ncan be grown everywhere, even to the southern limit, in its\\ngreatest perfection. At the Pomological Fair in Boston, it", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "6 HAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA.\\nwas a Georgia Pear whicli took the highest premium, compet-\\ning with those from California and the whole country. With\\nproj)er judgment and skill, a Georgia farmer should be one of\\nthe best off in the Union for wealth and comfort, having\\nabundant supplies and money crops also. The Cereals\\nespecially of Wheat and Indian Corn as shown by chemical\\nanalysis, cannot be surpassed in nutritive value. Of vege-\\ntables, the variety is almost unbounded, including all those\\nnamed in the Gardens Calendars the SAveet-potato, Green\\nCorn, and Okra of a superior sort, added. We have Figs,\\nPomegranates, Grapes, Muscadines, Apricots, Melons, Quinces\\nand Plums. Apples flourish in all parts of the State except\\nnear the coast. All the fruits are of superior flavor. Wild\\nfruits, including Strawberries, Blackberries, Grapes, and Nuts,\\nare abundant. JSTowhere does a greater variety repay the\\npains of the husbandman.\\nThe mineral wealth of the State is large. Unsurpassed man-\\nufacturing facilities w^ater-power, coal, iron, cotton all\\ntogether. This interest is beginning rapidly to develop.\\nAnother remarkable and unappreciated fact is found in the\\nsplendid commercial situation of Georgia. Naturally, and\\nuj)on a noi-mal development and growth of commerce, she has\\nthe finest commercial situation on the continent.\\nThere are geographical and topographical considerations\\nestablishing this fact, which we will hereafter consider. A\\ngreat commercial future may yet be hers, for it is not too late\\nfor the needful improvement.\\nFinally, there are here the most splendid opportunities for\\ndiversification of labor the needed condition of material\\nprosperity.\\nAll the great industries can be fully represented Agri-\\nculture, in its best phases, for profit and comfort; Manufactur-\\ning and Mining under the most favorable conditions and\\nCommerce, including not only her own exchanges, but a\\nremarkable proportion of those of other sections of the\\ncountry. These industries developed will give rise to profes-\\nsional employment also thus covering the entire range of the\\nindustries of a prosperous people.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "LOSSES OF GEORGIA BY THE WAR.\\nEFFECTS OF THE LATE WAR BETWEEIST THE STATES.\\nThe prodigious retarding effect of the war is to be observed\\nas one of the great elements which it will require time to over-\\ncome. We went foot. We are now spelling up slowly.\\nPopulation and wealth were both set back, and the relations\\nof all business undermined and revolutionized. One has well\\nremarked that we lost our very business habits, besides our\\noccupation.\\nThe wealth of Georgia in 1870 was returned as 20 per cent\\nless than in 1850 20 years before. In 1850, she was the 6th\\nState in the Union in wealth, the 9th in population, and the\\n13th in white population. In 1870, she was the 20th in wealth.\\nNo study of any Southern State can be thorough which fails\\nto recognize and examine this huge factor which divides the\\nOld and New South.\\nThe changes produced in Georgia by the war were as\\nfollows\\nPopulation in 1850, 906,185.\\n1860, 1,136,692\u00e2\u0080\u0094 increase, 230,507, or 25,43 per cent.\\n1870, 1,184,109 47,417, 4\\nAt the fomaer rate, the increase in 1870 would have been\\n288,720, instead of 47,417, making a loss of 241,303, by virtue\\nof the 4 years war, or 60,326 per annum, of persons actually\\nlost by the war and the increase of population prevented the\\nformer being the most active and valuable men of the com-\\nmunity, conducting its main business. This throws some light\\non the losses by the war.\\nThe pecuniary losses were as follows. The wealth of\\nGeorgia was\\nIn 1850, 1335,426,000.\\n1860, 645,895,000\u00e2\u0080\u0094 increase, $310,469,000, or 90 per cent.\\n1870, 268,169,000\u00e2\u0080\u0094 decrease, 377,726,000, 58.5\\nAt the former rate, the increase would have been 90 per cent\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094$581,305,000, making the wealth of 1870, $1,227,200,000;\\nreal wealth, 1268,169,000 loss, $959,031,000. The loss was\\nmore than three times as great as the property left and the\\nestimate, at that, in greenbacks, not in gold.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "8 HAND-BOOK OF GEOllGIA.\\nThe decennial tendency, moreover, was decidedly upward\\nevery successive decade so that the probable increase from\\n1860 to 1870, aside from the war, would have exceeded the\\nforegoing ratio, and did exceed it at the North, in spite of the\\nwar.\\nThe losses by the war have been equivalent to about 7\\nyears loss of increase in population, and 25 years loss of wealth,\\nbesides the loss of business habits and the disorganization of\\nindustry.\\nThe effect of all this is to make the Southern States gene-\\nrally Georgia included new States, now in their infancy,\\nand have a new development.\\nThis carries us forward into a general\\nVIEW OF THE FUTURE.\\nSet back 25 years in the race, we must look forward to a\\ncorrespondingly long period for a new development remem-\\nbering, too, that the relative progress of other States will\\nhave been going on in geometrical progression.\\nBut notwithstanding these discoxiraging circumstances, the\\nfuture of the State, if no untoward event again occurs to check\\nour natural progress, is full of hope. The progress already made\\nby ourselves, with our own means, gives unmistakable assurance\\nthat we will, at no distant day, become opulent as a people and\\nhave a grand development of o\\\\ir State. Georgia will come\\nto be known, not merely as an Agricultural, but as a Manu-\\nfacturing State. Manufacturing Capital will come to the Cotton-\\nfields, and with it will come denser population, greater general\\nwealth, and higher organization. Her Mining resources will\\nbe developed Gold, Coal, Iron, Lime, etc., etc. also her\\nimmense natural advantages of commercial situation. Middle\\nand Upper Georgia will be sought for the climate as well as\\nfor other advantages, and will have a largely increased white\\npopulation.\\nGeorgia has the greatest diversity of resources and powers\\nof adaptation, and is recognized as tne Empire State of the\\nSouth. Her career is in the future. Her great hope is in her\\nown people. Mr. John C. Reed, in his book, The Old and\\nthe New South, says The best inhei-itance of the New", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE IMMIGEATION. 9\\nfrom the Old South is the Southei*n people. There is a\\ngi eat residuum of progressive energy, of intellectual strength,\\nand moral worth in the people of the Southern States. They\\nneed not fear a comparison with the most enlightened\\ncommunities. Great men such as the South have given\\nbirth to, in unbroken succession, are the unmistakable signs\\nof a great people. The rank and file of the Confederate\\narmies have given proof that the men of the South must be\\nclassed, in all the elements of complete character, with the\\nbest that the world has ever seen. Crime (before the\\nwar) was so infrequent that a single morning of the term of\\na rural court, nearly always sufficed to dispose of every indict-\\nment there was little want or pauperism virtue was every-\\nwhere the rule in private life, and there was seldom even the\\nsus^Dicion of corruption in government or the administration\\nof justice. The history of this people since the war shows\\nthat they are possessed of the best Anglo-Saxon mettle.\\nIt is the character of a -people which constitutes a State,\\nand in this we have abiding confidence. Not crushed by loss,\\nGeorgians are still full of pluck and energy, and think not of\\nsuccumbing, but only of how to meet the new exigencies.\\nTheir resources are great in versatility and power of accommo-\\ndation, and a proper use of their natural advantages will make\\nthem a noteworthy people.\\nIMMIGRATION.\\nGeorgia presents to immigrants a splendid combination of\\nadvantages, natural and social. Many of them are common\\nto the Southern States and some to the Cotton States only\\nwhile others are peculiar to Georgia. So numerous and\\nsubstantial are these advantages and inducements, as only to\\nstand in need of appreciation to lead to large immigration.\\nThey will bear, too, the most attentive study. Few countries\\ncan bear so systematic a treatment and so rigorous an appeal\\nto first principles, by a direct comparison, instituted and\\ncarried out between", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "10 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nTHE WANTS OP MAN AND THE MEANS OP SUPPLY.\\nTake all human wants, thoughtfully considered, and compare\\njhem seriatim with the provisions here made for their supply.\\nBastiat, the French philosopher, sums up the wants of man\\nsubstantially as follows, beginning with the simplest and\\nadvancing to the more complex and artificial Air, Food,\\nClothing, Lodging, Health, Locomotion, Sense of Security,\\nListruction, Diversion, Sense of the Beautiful. Some of these\\nwants are gratified by nature, some by society, and some by\\nthe combined action of both. Accepting this summary, com-\\npare, in Georgia, the supply provided\\n1. Air. Let the air be regarded in a wider sense as the\\nsynonym of climate. It is balmy, delicious, and wholesome.\\nIt has been said that no finer climate than that of Middle\\nGeorgia is enjoyed by any English-speaking people and they\\nhold one fourth of the habitable globe, scattered over every\\nquarter. Take it year in and year out, it is only surpassed in\\ncomfort by some of the table-land regions, Avhich, by way\\nof compensation, lack variety. There is, especially in the\\nSouthern autumnal season and the Indian Summer, an inde-\\nscribable chai m, a sense of delicious repose, Avhich makes\\nexistence itself an enjoyment. Of many a day, it may be said,\\nThis is a gem a perfect chrysolite With its balmy breath\\nand its absolute freedom from every sense of oppression or\\nexaction, it suits one, even as Sancho Panza said of slee]) it\\nfits him all over like a garment.\\n2. Food. Nowhere can be grown a greater variety of\\nwholesome and delicious food. The range of food crops for\\nman and beast is unsurpassed. The cereals in their perfection,\\nshow both to the taste and to chemical analysis a superior\\ncomposition, quality, and flavor Corn bread, North and\\nSouth, is not the same thing Sugar-cane, Rice, and Field\\nPeas and vegetables of the most varied sort the Sweet-\\nPotato through the entire winter and summer enough of\\nitself to tempt an epicure substantial and delicious. At a\\ncounty fair held in November, a gentleman well known to the\\ncountry sent from his garden for exhibition 24 varieties of\\nvegetables and this entirely without special preparation.\\nFruits of the finest flavor, and in abundance. And such", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "WANTS OF MAN AND THEIR SUPPLY. 11\\nPeaches and, what is not generally supposed, such Pears\\nApples, Plums domestic and wild; Strawberries Raspberries\\nthe flavor of Peaches and Strawberries surpassingly fine. The\\nFigs, after all, regarded by many as the finest fruit we have,\\nabundant, perfectly wholesome, and covering a long season.\\nThe Scuppernong Grape is a like resource.\\nFor animal food, aside from game and fish, there is no\\ncountry better adapted to the cheap production of the best\\nmeats. Beef perhaps not quite so cheaply raised at present\\nas in the blue-grass region may still be had in abundance.\\nSo with Mutton, Pork, and Poultry. A large part of the\\ntime the animals producing these, can, to a great extent, find\\nthemselves. With our brief winters and light snow, the\\nstock on a farm is largely self-supporting, and no one need\\nwant for meat, or for having it fresh the year round. No-\\nwhere can Poultry be raised better or cheaper, and our dairy\\nfacilities, though poorly utilized, are unsurpassed.-\\nIn a word, for food-raising we are admirably situated nor\\ndo we ourselves half appreciate our advantages for abundance\\nand variety of choice food.\\n3. Clothing. The South is the home of Cotton the choicest\\nof clothing material. It may be equally so of Wool. It is\\ncapable of Flax and Silk and has the best natural facilities\\nfor manufacturing all these after their jDroduction. In this\\nrespect, Georgia is unsurpassed.\\n4. Lodging. There is abundant material, well diffused, for\\nhousebuilding, of whatever sort, from the humble and quickly\\nreared cabin to the stateliest mansion. Wood, Brick, Stone,\\nMarble, Slate material for sills, and plank and shingles the\\npine and cypress abundant. Material for all furniture, for\\ncomfort and luxury, abounds.\\n5. Health. ISTo greater errors abound abroad than on this\\nsubject. Life Insurance Companies have discriminated against\\nsome of the healthiest regions of the globe. The character of\\nsickness at the North and South differs but the general\\nhealth at the South and the rates of mortality will compare\\nfavorably with that of the North.\\nThe conditions of health are perhaps more manageable.\\nCertain low or swampy tracts at the South have given a false\\nimpression as to the general and pervading salubrity of the", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "12 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nclimate. These places are well known and avoidable while\\nat the North an all-pervading tendency say to consumption\\ncannot be easily escaped. From this disease, the health\\nmaps in the Census Atlas show that we have an unusual\\nexemption, especially in lower Georgia. This is also true of\\nthe mountain region. In Rabun County, a death from con-\\nsumption has never been known to occur. The softness of our\\nwinters is greatly promotive of longevity.\\n6. Locomotion. The impediments to this are greatest in a\\ncold country winter-locked, ice-bound or in a tropical\\ncountry having an excess of heat and rain. In our moderate\\nand delightful climate, comfortable indoors or out, little\\nrestraint arises either from heat or cold, snow or ice, or any\\nnatural cause. In summer and winter, spring and autumn,\\nground and water are alike open for use. The air in winter is\\ncold enough for exhilaration, but generally not chilling and\\nrepressive. In the autumn, it is a luxury to move in it, and\\nbreathe it in. In the summer, sunstrokes seldom ever occur\\nunder any circumstances, while they are frequent in moi-e\\nnorthern latitudes. In summer, the days are shorter and the\\nnights longer. ISTowhere can a pleasanter out-door life be\\nfound, for the agricitlturist whose duties require it, or for the\\nsportsman or pleasure-seeker.\\nThe character of the soil and surface in Southern Georgia\\nadmits of admirable and easily made roads. In the undulating\\ncountry, they cost more, but there is more A^ariety to invite\\nout into the air and sunshine.\\n7. A Sense of Security. Of this sense against molestation by\\nthe seasons or natural causes, we have already treated. It is\\nalso necessary against social injuries by laAV or by felloAV-men.\\nHere, too, serious misapprehensions prevail. There is an idea\\nof violence and disorder in Southern society. The statistics\\nof crime, like those of health, do not sustain this view and\\nthis error, too, lias arisen from local and casual disturbances,\\nseldom witnessed, much magnified, and concerning which\\nthere is really no practical feeling of apprehension. Indeed,\\nthe actual state of Southern society its quiescence, freedom\\nfrom danger of outbreaks, combinations, strikes, etc. is just\\nthe contrary. The relation between the white people and\\nthe negroes is the most amiable which ever existed between", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "WANTS OP MAN AND THEIR SUPPLY. IS\\ntwo races so far asunder in external characteristics, cultiva-\\ntion, development of brain, and with like surroundings. No\\noutbreaks occurred during the war. The supposed volcano\\nupon which we lived gave forth no eruption and caused no\\nearthquakes. Considei ing the fearful tendencies and the bad\\nmanagement, the difficulties at an early period after the war\\nwere few and inconsiderable. Nowhere do a larger propor-\\ntion of the population sleep without locks on their doors than\\nin Georgia and the South generally, fearless both of violence\\nand theft.\\n8. Lutruction. This, in some sections of Georgia, for some\\nyears longer, must depend largely on parents and the habits\\nof the individual. For abundant school advantages, a certain\\ndensity of population is necessary, and the want of this\\npresents the only difficulty. The needful conditions improve\\nwith the increase of population, and as we regain our wealth\\nand prosperity.\\n9. Diversion could not be omitted from a Frenchman s\\ncatalogue of needs, nor could a Sense of the Beautiful. So far\\nas nature goes, variety gratifies both, and we have that of\\nseason and climate, of soil and surface, plants and trees, of\\nsky and sunsets, of mountains and plains. For a natural sense\\nof the Beautiful, we have both grand and quiet scenery. The\\ncountry beautiful enough in itself, but upon which, if the\\nexpense devoted to many others had been bestowed, it would\\nindeed be an earthly paradise.\\nEvery charm of cultivation, of flowers and shrubbery, can be\\nadded mth less cost than in most climates.\\nOf the Southern people, it may be truly said that they are a\\nhospitable people, friendly to strangers and given to hospi-\\ntality and a foreigner with ordinary prudence will not fiud\\nthem otherwise. If he exhibit good sense and good feeling,\\nhe will soon have numerous and attached friends.\\nTo one other want we shall refer viz.. Money. This is\\nthe means of procuring, by exchange, those things which\\nmoney will supply, though not all of the foregoing wants.\\nFor making money or the things money will buy its full\\nequivalent in comfort the South presents excellent oppor-\\ntunities to those who have skill or capital, or both. Like all\\nother countries, it is subject to hard times, but no family", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "14 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nneed ever know want. Agriculturally, it has the best of money\\ncrops Cotton, if not abused. For Manufacturing, it presents\\nthe finest opening to be found in the world. For Mining\\nindustry, also fine facilities. For Trade, good inducements to\\nthose who have capital. For Professional work, it is not yet\\nso ri^De.\\nVarious conveniences and appliances, also, are necessary,\\nsuch as Roads, Railroads, Churches, Schools, Court-Houses,\\nand the machinery of Justice and Law. In these respects\\nthe advantages over a new country are world-wide. The\\nroughness of a jjioneer life is over, and the advantages of\\na social and industrial progress already attained. There is\\nland cleared yet woodland convenient, railroad facilities\\nample for the present and for many years to come, a settled\\nstate of society, churches to go to, schools for children, laws\\nestablished.\\nIt is difficult to convey a full idea of the presence of these\\nadvantages compared with their absence.\\nThe distinction drawn by Bastiat between the laborious\\nsupply of human wants and their gratuitous supply by nature,\\nis eminently favorable here. Nature does what elsewhere,\\nby much labor, art must accomplish. Take warmth for\\nexample, and compare the necessary provision for our winters\\nand those of a cold country. Take the food of cattle as\\nanother illustration, and think of them as gi azing through the\\nwinter on barley, oats, or rye in the South, compared with\\ncattle housed through the winter and fed on dry forage in the\\nNorth. In the spring, the farmer of each section has his ox\\nor his cow, but how different the trouble and exjsense So\\nfar as natural advantages go, nature has just stopped short\\nof prodigality.\\nThe people of the State are (it may be considered as a\\nmatter of course) much attached to the country, and accus-\\ntomed to refer to it always in terms of highest appreciation.\\nThe Sunny South, The Land of the Sun, The finest land\\nthe sun shines on, The Garden-Spot of the World these\\nexpressions are not infrequent. Many Northern men have\\nendorsed them. Men who haA-e travelled extensively have\\nsaid, that taking it all in all, it is one of the finest countries to\\nlive in. The land is not so rich as in some sections, but ill", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "SUGGESTIONS TO IMMIGRANTS. 15\\nhealth usually accompanies very rich land yet one year with\\nanother, with good management, there will be a reliable\\nquantity of products, both for suj^plies and for sale.\\nFor home comfort and abundance, no country is better\\nsuited, if one will but make them a prime object. Germans\\nand other foreigners have frequently remarked on the advan-\\ntage of winter crops, and the ground working for them all\\nthe time, and not being ice-bound in winter.\\nIncreased population would rapidly lead to diversification\\nof pursuits, which again would rapidly develop the needed\\ncapital from within, if not from abroad; and we do not hesitate\\nto say, as the result of observation and experience, that the\\nbest immigration, next to that from the neighboring States\\n(of South and North Carolina and Virginia), is the immigration\\nfrom the Northern States, rather than from abroad. These\\nare soonest assimilated. The best means of harmonizing the\\nsections is by the mutual acquaintance to which such immi-\\ngration will give rise. Sectional antipathies are based on\\nmutual ignorance, and disappear before knowledge.\\nSUGGESTIONS TO IMMIGRANTS.\\nCome and see for yourselves. Do not expect fairy-land, or\\nexemption from labor and care but come and comjjare\\nclimate, j^roductions, and the general conditions of comfort\\nwith those to be had elsewhere, and you will find them to\\ncompare favorably. You will quickly see that we have not\\nimproved our natural advantages adequately bu^t you will\\nfind that Nature has done her part well and if you but bring\\nwith you good habits of painstaking and economy, you will\\nsoon build up a delightful home. You will find good sense\\nand good feeling and in any considerable community, men\\nof culture and refinement. Still generally they do not show\\nso well at first as on longer acquaintance.\\nYou should visit the country, and see the capacities of the soil\\nand climate. Do not regard the present agriculturists as\\nknowing every thing, nor yet fall into the contrary error of\\nsupposing they know nothing. In fact, they know much\\nyet the present is but a transition state, and they have not\\nfully solved the problem of conformity to the new conditions", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "16 HAND-BOOK OF GBOKGIA.\\nof life and labor. The young men and the new men are now\\non aa equal experience level with the old so you will have\\na fair start.\\nThe inducements generally referred to are agricultural.\\nThose for manufacturers are equally great. For success in\\nthese, nothing is needed hut capital and good management;\\nand where will they thrive without both All the needful\\nconditions are here for the development of the most profitable\\nmanufacturing industry in the whole country. We were just\\nbeginning to reach that stage of development when the war\\narrested it. Again, in Georgia, more rapidly than anywhere\\nelse in the South, this progress has begun. There is, too, a\\nlarge population fit for it, and to be benefited by it. Climate,\\nmaterial, and power, all exist together in an unsurpassed con-\\ndition. Mining can be profitably pursued, under like condi-\\ntions of capital and good management.\\nProfessional men we do not need so much as men of science\\nand skill. Our people have, themselves, devoted much more\\nof their time to other subjects than to science or to expertness\\nin labor.\\nWe would not overestimate the advantages. There are\\ndrawbacks to all good things, and compensations to all evils.\\nWe would not encourage Utopian views, but we think\\nGeorgia, all things considered, one of the most desirable of all\\nthe States open for immigration, and still inadequately popu-\\nlated. In all lands, there are sickness and death, hard times,\\nevil days and evil people, mixed with the blessings and the\\ngood things of life. Trouble and discipline, labor and sorrow,\\nare incident to all climes yet Nature has been prodigal in\\nher gifts to us, and man needs only average care and skill to\\nmake here as hapj)y homes as the world has ever known. The\\noarth, with its range of productions, the sun and air and con-\\nditions of climate, the abundant wood and water and water-\\npower, the present settled state of the country and degree of\\ndevelopment, and the future promise for one s children of a\\nstill higher development\u00e2\u0080\u0094 all point to the South as admirably\\nsuited for immigration, and to no part of the South more\\ndan to Georsfia.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "1. THE COUITRY.\\nGEOLOaiOAL SUEVBT OF THE STATE.\\n1. OUTLINE OF PHYSICAL FEATURES,\\nLsr the following pages the object will be to convey to the\\nreader a correct outline of the appearance of the surface of the\\nState, and the materials which make up that surface and the\\nunderlying crust of the earth, so far as penetrated either by\\nthe farmer s plough or the miner s pick to describe the drain-\\nage system of the State in its relation to the location of mills\\nand factories the transportation of materials of export and\\nimport, and the natural supply of timber for building or man-\\nufacturing, as they ajjpear to one making a mineralogical, geo-\\nlogical, and physical survey.\\nFrom Lookout Mountain, in Dade County, one can see the\\nlarger part of Cherokee Georgia, From Pine Log Mountain\\nin Bartow, and Stone Mountain in De Kalb, or Mount Airy\\nin Habersham, one sees Northern-Middle Georgia. From\\nBrown s Mountain in Bibb, one can get an idea of Southern-\\nMiddle Georgia. From Paramore s Hill, Scriven County, one\\ninay see the characteristic features of South-eastern Georgia.\\nStanding on Pine Log Moxmtain, on the border of Bartow\\nand Cherokee Counties, one sees in the north-west the High\\nPoint of Lookout Mountain, which is the continuation of the\\nAlleghany or Cumberland Range toward the north. Fort\\nMountain, the southern extremity of the Cohuttas, a prolonga-\\ntion of the Unaka or western branch of the Blue liidge to\\nthe north-east, Gi*assy Mountain, the south-western extremity\\nof the Blue Ridge proper, which extends to the Enota in\\nTowns County, and to the Rabun Bald.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "18 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nA little north of east, a prominent point is Mount Yonali in\\nWhite County, which, with Walker s Mountain in Lumpkin,\\nSawnee Mountain in Forsyth, Sweat, Kenesaw, and Lost\\nMountains in Cobb, and Oak Ridge in Carroll Counties, form\\na line of peaks extending north-east and south-west across\\nalmost the entire State, from South Carolina to Alabama; and\\nthe five last named divide the Chattahoochee waters from those\\nof the Alabama.\\nTo the south-east of Pine Log can be seen Stone Mountain,\\nthe last high point in the Chattahoochee Ridge which extends\\nin a similar manner across the State north-east and south-west,\\nand divides the Chattahoochee from the streams which empty\\ninto the Atlantic east of Atlanta, from those west of this\\nplace which flow into Flint River, and unite with the Chatta-\\nhoochee, just after crossing the Florida line, forming the\\nAppalachicola whicli runs to the Gulf of Mexico.\\nTo the south-west, one sees Pine Mountain, an extension of\\nPine Log and west of that are the Allatoona Hills of Bartow\\nCounty, south of Etowah River and still farther Carnes\\nMountain in Polk, and the Dug Down Mountains which\\nseparate Polk from Haralson, reaching to the Alabama line.\\nThe region in view embraces North-west or Cherokee Georgia,\\nand is the main portion of the mineral territory of the State.\\nLookout is the highest of a series of ridges named Sand\\nMountain, Lookout Mountain, Taylor s Ridge, Johns Moun-\\ntain, and Chattoogata Ridge running north-east and south-\\nwest from Tennessee into Alabama, and containing the Coal\\nand f ossilif erous Iron Ore.\\nThe Cohutta is a continuation of the Unaka Range of Ten-\\nnessee, and runs north and south, ^containing Copper with\\nsome Lead and Silver Ore. On the western border of this\\nrange are the beds of Baryta, Manganese, Brown Hematite\\nIron Ore, and Slate.\\nOn the east, between the Colnitta and the Blue Ridge, is\\none belt of Marble, and adjacent to it the Gold-bearing Schists\\nwhich extend from Nortli Carolina to Alabama and reappear\\non the south side of the Blue Ridge, with a- belt of Serpentine\\nSoapstone and Limestone on the north side of the Chatta-\\nhoochee Ridge, in the rich Gold territory of Habersham,\\nWhite, Liimpkin, Forsyth, and Hall Counties, lying north of", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "PHYSICAL FEATURES. 19\\ntliese calcareous and magnesian carbonates and silicates, and\\nextending from South Carolina to Alabama.\\nSouth of the Chattahoochee Ridge, there is another Soap-\\nstone belt with similar hydromica, micaceous, and chloritic\\nschists, which is also to some extent Gold-bearing. After\\npassing a series of hornblendic Gneisses, there comes still\\nanother belt of steatitic, silicious, and hydromicaceous schists,\\non a line with Graves Mountain in Lincoln County; and after\\npassing another hornblendic belt, the same again recur on the\\nline of Oak and Pine Mountains in Hai-ris County, bounded on\\nthe south by Gneisses and Granite.\\nThe intervals between these Gold-bearing rocks make the\\nBlue, Chattahoochee, and Oak Mountain Ridges, and are at\\nsome points Copper-bearing.\\nThis brings us to the middle of the State, where the Railroad\\nfrom Augusta, via Milledgeville, Macon, and Columbus, marks\\nthe border of the\\nCRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY SEAS.\\nThe Cretaceous extended from Columbus to Butler, and\\nformed deposits from this line south to Pataula Creek, above\\nFort Gaines. The Tertiary covered the rest of the State with\\nMarl-beds, Limestones, etc., as far south as to Chatham County,\\nand thence by the junction of Oconee and Ocmulgee Rivers,\\nand via Quitman on the Withlacoochee, to the Florida line.\\nThe latest tertiary sands and clays cover the remainder of the\\nState, or South-eastern Georgia, and gradually descend to the\\nOkefinokee Swamp, not much more than one hundred feet\\nabove the level of the sea.\\nThe surface of the State shows one other peculiar feature,\\nin the heavy beds of sand, gravel, and pipe clay, which border\\nthe older granitic and gneissoid rocks along the line of railroad\\nreferred to above, and extending generally 10 to 20 miles\\nsouthward, sometimes forming hills capped with ferruginous\\nsandstone. These deposits have been referred to the flooding\\nof the Southern States by the water from melting ice at the\\nclose of the Glacial Period, when the rocks of the Northern\\nStates were grooved and striated by the grinding of the\\nimmense ice-masses which covered the greater portion of the", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "20 HAjSTD-BOO K of GEORGIA.\\ncontinent north of the Ohio River, and, by their melting,\\ndeposited Moraines and drift-beds over the Middle States\\nwhile the floods of water from their extremities poured over\\nthe Atlantic and Gulf States in streams which formed gra-\\nvel-beds at Washington, Richmond, Fayetteville, Columbia,\\nMilledgeville, Tuscaloosa, Jackson, and Vicksburg, laying the\\nfoundations for Capital cities in a soil admirably drained, and\\nwith fine springs of freestone water just at the head of navi-\\ngation of the principal rivers.\\nAfter this Glacial or Drift Period closed, there was a slower\\nflow of the waters; the sediment deposited formed a blue clay,\\nwhich is the characteristic of our rice swamp and tide-water\\nswamps, and this was the last change that the surface under-\\nwent until the period when man began to record his observa-\\ntions in tlie Human A(/e, to mark on trees and rocks and\\nwharves the highest and lowest water-marks, to observe the\\namount of mud and sand deposited each year by the spring-\\nfreshets, and to note the gradual filling up of marshes by the\\nsediment from streams flowing into them, the accumulation of\\nvegetable matter from leaves and branches and moss-beds, and\\nthe building of reefs by the gradual accumulation of oyster-\\nshells along the coasts.\\n2. GEOLOGY.\\nGeology is the science which describes the physical\\nfeatures of the earth, the rocks which compose its crust,\\nthe order of their arrangement, the remains of vegetable\\nand animal life which are buried in the layers accessible to\\nman, and the forces which have in the past made changes in\\nthese layers, or are now doing so. It is interesting to the\\nAgriculturist, the Miner, the Manufacturer, and the Merchant.\\nTo the Farmer, it is of the highest importance to know the\\norigin of -the soil which he cultivates, and the causes of the\\nchanges which it undergoes.\\nTo the Miner, it is essential that he should understand the\\nrelations of the metal-bearing rocks to those which are of no\\nvalue, so that he may expend his labor where profit will result.\\nTo the Manufacturer, the cheapest power that can be\\napplied is furnished by the waterfalls formed by the passage\\nof streams over beds of rocks which resist their Avearing effect.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "OKIGIX OF SOILS CRUST OF THE EARTH. 21\\nTo the merchant, the cost of transportation is a prime factor\\nin estimating his profits and this is regulated by the number\\nand character of the rivers which furnish the cheapest means\\nof conveyance, and the moiintain ranges Avhich impede traffic\\nor limit the range of the market in siipply and demand.\\nLet us inquire, What are soils They are simply the result\\nof the action of the atmosphei e and water, and the heat of the\\nsun, or the disintegrating effect of frost on the rocks which\\nmake up the earth s surface, and the remains of vegetables\\nand animals mingled with these. They consist of the same\\nelements as the rocks from which they are derived and these\\nrocks are made up of minerals, which, in turn, can be separated\\ninto chemical elements or simple bodies which can not be\\nfurther separated in other words, are not compound.\\nThe ancients recognized only four elements of which all natu-\\nral objects were supposed to be composed ^\\\\dz.. Earth, Air,\\nFire, and Water.\\nChemists have been able, by means of the galvanic battery,\\nto separate water into two gases. Hydrogen and Oxygen. The\\nair or atmosphere they have found to be a mixture of two\\ngases. Oxygen and Nitrogen, with a small and variable\\namount of watery vapor, and a still less amount of Carbonic\\nAcid and Ammonia. The Earth, or the rocky crust which, is\\nexposed to view on the surface, and those substances which\\nare dug out of it called Minerals, they find to contain about 69\\nelements of different physical properties.\\nIn digging the deep mines and boring artesian wells, it has\\nbeen found that there is a constant and tolerably regular in-\\ncrease of heat, after passing 50 feet as we descend toward the\\ncentre of the earth, amounting to about 1 per cent for every\\n100 feet. At a depth of 30 miles, this heat would, at this rate,\\nbecome so great as to melt iron, and at 50 miles all the\\nother metals and the rocks, but for the fact that the increase of\\npressure of matter above, raises the m.elting-point of these\\nrocks. It is also known that all bodies give out heat into the\\nair or surrounding bodies in space and hence the conclusion\\nis drawn that, dm-ing the long period which has elapsed since\\nthe earth was created, thei*e has been a gradual diminution of\\nits temperature, and that originally it existed in a gaseous\\ncondition. Then, as it cooled, it became liquid, and finally", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "22 HAISTD-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nthe outer portion or crust became solid, while beneath the\\ncrust, at a depth of 20 or 30 miles, there may still be found\\nliquid matter, such as is thrown out from volcanoes as laA^a,\\nand such as the Trap-rock which we find penetrating the other\\nand stratified rocks. Cooling is accompanied by contraction.\\nAs this has taken place, the figure of the earth has been\\nmodified so as to form two immense troughs, in which the\\nwater has collected, separated by two large bodies of land,\\nthe Western Continent or America, and the Eastern Continent\\nor Old World. The Western Continent has two long ranges\\nof mountains parallel to the borders of the oceans the\\nAppalachians on the Atlantic, and the Rocky Mountains on\\nthe Pacific side.\\nFrom the shells, bones, teeth, etc., of animals found in the\\nrocks, it is inferred that animals to which these parts belonged,\\nlived while the sand, clay, etc., in which we find them were\\nbeing deposited from water. By comparing these relics which\\nwe dig up, and hence call/bsstYs, with the corresponding parts\\nof animals now living, we fi.nd that those dug up near the\\nocean are very nearly of the same kind as those now living.\\nThe oyster-shells found near the line of Chatham and\\nEfiingham Counties are almost exactly like those of the rac-\\ncoon oyster now living in the neighborhood of Savannah.\\nThe shells found at Enoch s Mill, in Effingham County, are\\nsomewhat different from those now living on the sea-coast\\nand the vertebi al bones found there are those of a saurian or\\nlizard-like animal, but not the same as those of the alligator\\nnow living in Okefinokee Swamp.\\nThe shells found in the marl-beds in Scriven County differ\\nstill more from those now living and at Shell Bluff, in Burke\\nCounty, we find oyster-shells a foot long, which no one would\\ntake for the edible Virginia or Savannah oyster.\\nThe corals which we find on Lookout Mountain are entirely\\ndifferent from those found near Thomasville. In the lime-\\nstones of Dade Valley, near Trenton, we find the remains of ani-\\nmals called Orthoceras, entirely different from any now living\\nin any part of the world. In Bartow County, near Adairsville,\\nwe find a remarkable fossil, called by geologists Lingula,\\nfrom its tongue shape, and from its being found in the lowest\\nrocks, JLingula prima^ a form of life which has had repre-", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "EAELIEST LIFE. 23\\nsentatives or relatives in all the rocks which have been formed,\\nfrom the lowest to the highest.\\nThe remains of plants found buried in the shales of Lookout\\nand Sand Mountains are entirely different from any now living,\\nfrom the mountains to the seaboard of Georgia.\\nAgain, we find rocks in which there is no vestige of life ex-\\ncepting a few sea-weed impressions and worm-holes bored by\\nanimals, when the mud and clay were soft and still retained\\nin the rocks after they have been subjected to pressure from\\nhundreds of feet of matter piled in layers above them.\\nFinally, there are rocks in Georgia Avhich show no signs of\\nthere being any thing living at the time they were deposited\\nand these rocks are as hard as if they had baen baked in a\\npottery-furnace for a thousand years, and we find running\\nthrough them veins and wedges of Granite and Trap, which\\nlook almost the same as the lava now pouring from Vesuvius.\\nFrom these and thousands of similar data, geologists have\\nreasoned, that after the earth had cooled enough to form a\\nsolid crust, the water and atmosphere gradually wore away\\nthe exposed rocks, and spread out or, to use a Latin word,\\nstratified the grains of sand and particles of kaolin and frag-\\nments of limestone over the sea-bottom. The sea-weeds which\\ngrew in the warm waters of the ocean were sometimes buried\\nin the layers and on the beach, worms, which could live in\\nwater almost boiling, bored their holes in the soft sand or\\nplastic clay.\\nAs the earth and the waters above the earth cooled still\\nfarther and contracted still more, life in the waters increased\\nand the Brachiopods, or animals with arm-like feet, began to\\nfloat ai ound in seai ch of food, and corals began to grow and\\nform reefs. In the shallow waters hemmed in by these coral\\nreefs, there began to grow a luxuriant swamp vegetation\\ninhaling the superabundant carbonic acid of the atmosphere,\\nand giving off again the oxygen for air-breathing animals,\\nwhile they stored away the cai bon in their own skeletons or\\ntrunks; and when they died formed peat-bogs or marsh-muck-\\nlike that which now covers the Okefinokee Swamp to a depth\\nof four or five feet.\\nBy an oscillation or bending of the earth s crust beneath the\\nswamp, there came an inroad of the sea-water, bringing clay", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "24 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nand sand and pebbles, and covered up the vegetable matter,\\njust as the charcoal-burner does his kiln, in a small way and\\nthen, as the sands accumulated and the bottom of the marsh\\nand the underlying crust bent down beneath the increased\\nweight of deposits, and approached nearer the central heat,\\nthese plants were partially coked and lost a large part of the\\noxygen and hydrogen which they contained as water or\\nsteam; and the portion made of carbon remained partly as\\nfixed cai bon, while some of it united with hydrogen as hydro-\\ncarbon or bitumen, to serve as a source of gas for our modern\\ngas-meters.\\nIn some places, the bending down of the earth s crust was\\nso great that a break occurred, and the heated rocky matter\\nfrom the inteiior escaped in the form of trap dikes, granite\\nveins, etc. and where these came near the coal, the bitumen\\nwas driven out, and left pure carbon as Anthracite Coal, as in\\nPennsylvania.\\nThis has not occurred near enough to the coal deposits in\\nGeorgia to form this kind of coal, though in some of the\\nolder rocks Ave find it in another and still more altered form,\\nas Graphite or Black Lead, which is nearly pure carbon Avith\\na little Iron and in the Itacolumite Sandstones, small quan-\\ntities of carbon have j^erhaps been changed to the purest form,\\nthat of the Diamond since occasionally we find a perfectly\\ncrystallized Diamond in the debris, resulting from the washing\\ndown of this sandstone in White, Hall, and Lumpkin Counties.\\nThree of these are now in the State, one beautiful crystal\\nhaving 24 faces, or reflecting surfaces another having 48\\nfaces, and a third which has been cut and polished by the\\njeweller and set in a ring.\\nOne other form of carbon occurs in Clay County, near Fort\\nGaines, which still shows the woody structure, and is called\\nLignite.\\nThe rivers of the present day are constantly wearing away\\nthe rocks, and deposit at their mouths a fine sediment, and,\\nwhen they overflow, a similar alluvium along the flats outside\\nof their banks.\\nThe land near the mouths is sometimes raised by the\\noscillations of the earth s crust, and land vegetation then\\nbegins. There have been apparently a number of these eleva-", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "GEOLOGIC UPHEAVALS. 25\\ntions in Georgia, wliicli have not only been sufficient to raise\\nthe country about the mouths of rivers, but the whole\\ncoast region, from 15 miles above Savannah, along a curved\\nline to the junction of the Oconee and Ocmulgee where they\\nform the Altamaha, and around to the west, embracing the\\ncountry where the Allapaha and Withlacoochee now have their\\nfeeders in the bi*anches and creeks of Irwin and Colquitt Coun-\\nties, and along the ridge which divides these from the head-\\nwaters of the Ocklockonee and the streams of Thomas County,\\nforming the water-shed which separates the sti-eams emptying\\ninto Appalachee Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, from those tend-\\ning toward the Atlantic.\\nAnother elevation of the land exposed all that portion of\\nthe State lying between this line and one drawn from\\nAugusta, via Macon, to Pataula Creek, above Fort Gaines\\non the Chattahoochee.\\nAnother brought up the old ocean-bed from Macon to\\nColumbus.\\nThe next elevation in point of time brought up all the\\nNorth-west jDortion of the State bounded by the Tennessee\\nand Alabama lines, the Cohutta Mountains in Murray County,\\nthe Allatoona Hills in Bartow, and the Dug Down Mountains\\nin Polk County.\\nBefore this there must have been another which raised\\nLookout Mountain and others parallel to it as far east as\\nRocky Face Ridge, Dalton, and Rome so that the streams\\nhave cut thena through lengthwise from north-east to south-\\nwest.\\nStill another elevation exposed the country lying between\\nthe Selma Rome Dalton Railroad, and the line already\\nmentioned of the Cohutta and Dug Down, so that it has been\\ndenuded lower than any other section of the State and per-\\nhaps at that time the Tennessee River found its way southward\\nto the Gulf. At this period in the history of the state, we find\\nevidence of a very extensive upheaval of the continental mass\\nalong the Atlantic slope.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "26 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nMETAMORPHISM.\\nThe effect of internal heat on the shales, limestones, sand-\\nstones, and iron ores, has been to convert the sandstones into\\nQuartzites, the shales into Slates, the limestones into Marbles,\\nthe mixtures of sand, lime, clay, iron, and carbon into Gneisses,\\nMica schists, Talcose schists, Chloritic and Graphitic schists.\\nIn some cases, the materials have been separated into\\ndistinct crystals, as Quai tz, Rutile, Beryl, Tourmaline, Mag-\\nnetic Iron, Pyrite, Barite, Manganite, Staurolite, etc. Lead,\\nCopper, and Zinc ores have also in some cases been brought\\nup in vapors from the lower or central mass, where, by\\ntheir great specific gravity, they would naturally be col-\\nlected, and disseminated through the stratified rocks, either\\nin layers or veins, or in minute or indiscernible particles\\nscattered through the slates, and afterward, by the aid of steam\\nor dissolved silica and alkalies, have been concenti ated into the\\ncrevices of the rocks, wherever broken, and forming cavities\\nfor their reception. Even Gold, one of the heaviest metals, has\\nthus been found in many counties of the State, either segre-\\ngated or scattered.\\nELEMENTS, MINERALS, AND ROCKS.\\nThe crust of the earth has been compared to a great histo-\\nrical work, which represents the unfolding of creation and\\nbuilding up of our planet. The divisions and chapters of this\\nwork are represented by the Geological Formations the\\nparagraphs and sentences by the Periods and Epochs of each\\nFormation the words of the sentences by the different Rocks,\\nand the single letters of each word by the simple Minerals.\\nFor a thorough understanding of this work, a knowledge of\\nthe minerals which form the rocks, as well as the diffei ent\\nkinds of rocks, is necessary. These minerals are characterized\\n(1) by their chemical composition (2) by their physical prop-\\nerties viz., their specific gravity or weight comi^ared with\\nwater as a standard; their hardness, color, and lustre; and\\n(3) by their cleaving or splitting, giving their common crystal-\\nline forms, as Cubes, having six equal faces or sides e.g.y", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "ELEMENTS OF THE EARTh s CRUST. 27\\nIron Pyrites and Galena; or as Octahedrons, having eight faces\\ne.g.^ Magnetic Iron Ore; and Dodecahedrons, having twelve\\nfaces\u00e2\u0080\u0094 e,^.. Garnet; or as Prisms, with six sides and two ends\\ne.g.^ Beryl; or Pyramids, like those on the ends of Quai-tz,\\nwhich are nsually connected by a six-sided prism or, again,\\nas prisms with faces like Staurolite, Feldspar, or Rutile.\\nELEMENTS.\\nOf the 69 elements which chemical science has recognized,\\nonly 16 are sufficiently common to need further investigation\\nby us and these are found combined and mingled in every\\nsoil that we cultivate.\\nThese elements are, in their order of abundance and import-\\nance, (1) Oxygen and (2) Hydrogen, which combined form\\nwater. These, with (3) Nitrogen and (4) Carbon, make up the\\nair. These four compose by far the greater part of all Plants\\nand Animals. Oxygen combines with all the other elements,\\nand especially do we find it abundant in union with (5) Silicon,\\n(6) Aluminum, (7) Iron, (8) Manganese, (9) Calcium, (10)\\nMagnesium, (11) Potassium, (12) Sodium, (13) Phosphorus,\\n(14) Sulphur, and (15) Chlorine.\\nMagnesium, Oxygen, and Silicon form Talc, the softest of all\\nminerals, and called in the scale of hardness 1.\\nCalcium, Sulphur, and Oxygen, with water, form Gypsum,\\nand ranks 2.\\nCalcium, Carbon, and Oxygen form Calcite, whose hardness\\nis 3.\\nCalcium and Fluorine form Fluorite, and of hardness is 4.\\nCalcium, Phosphorus, and Oxygen form Apatite and in hard-\\nness is 5.\\nCalcium, Sodium, or Potassium, with Alumimim, united to\\nSilicon and Oxygen, form Feldspar 6.\\nSilicon and Oxygen or Silica (Flint or Quartz) has hai dness\\nrated 7.\\nSilicon, Aluminum, Oxygen, and Fluorine form Topaz, of\\nhardness 8.\\nAluminum and Oxygen form Corundum which is 9.\\nCarbon, pure and crystallized, is the Diamond, an(^ hardest\\nof all\u00e2\u0080\u0094 10.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "2 HAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA.\\nIron is combined with oxygen in various proportions, and is\\ncalled Hematite when 2 parts of Iron (Fe) combine with 3\\nparts of Oxygen (O). Limonite, or Brown Iron Ore, has in\\naddition to FCgO^ of Hematite, 3 parts of water. Magnetite\\nor Magnetic Iron Ore, contains 3 parts of Iron and 4 parts of\\nOxygen. Iron combines with Sulphur to form Pyrite, whicli\\nby weight contains of Iron 46 per cent, and of Sulphur 53 per\\ncent.\\nCopper Pyrites, or Chalcopyrite, contains in addition to 30\\nper cent of Iron, and 36 per cent of Sulphur, 34 per cent of\\nCopper.\\nManganese with Oxygen forms Pyrolusite, from which Mr.\\nW. P. Ward, of Bartow County, is now making ferro-manga-\\nnese, containing 60 per cent of manganese, worth |180 per\\nton.\\nFor smelting Iron from the first three, there have been\\nerected in the State about 20 Furnaces, with a capacity for pro-\\nducing about 300 tons per day, or 100,000 tons of pig-iron per\\nannum, woi th now about $20 per ton, or $2,000,000 per\\nannum. Only one of these (it is believed) is now in blast\\nthat at Bartow Station on the W. A. R.R.\\nFor smelting Cop2)er, there were, before the war, extensive\\nworks erected at the Mobile Mine in Fannin County, but\\nthey were burned, and have not yet been rebiiilt. There is a\\nprospect of a company erecting works soon at the Hiwassee\\nMine, in Towns County. At the Waldrop Mine, in Haral-\\nson County, the Tallapoosa Mining Company have cut a\\nvein of chalcopyrite, etc., yielding, on an average, 8 per cent\\nfor 125 feet longitudinally, in a drift that has been opened,\\nand the bed of ore found to average 5 feet in thickness for\\nthis distance. It is about 80 to 100 feet from the surface.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "IROK FURNACES CHEMICAL SYMBOLS.\\n29\\nLIST OF IRON FURNACES IN GEORGIA.\\n1.\\nBartow Furnace, Bartow Station,\\nBartow\\nCapacity.\\nTons per Day.\\nCo. 20\\n2.\\nCharcoal\\n7\\n3.\\n4.\\n5.\\nRogers Rogers\\nPool s Stamp Creek.\\nBrown and Thomas\\nFurnace,\\n7\\n4\\n4\\nOut of blast.\\n6.\\nCherokee Furnace,\\nPolk\\n40 Not iu blast.\\n7.\\n^tna\\n10\\n8.\\n9.\\nRidge Valley Furnace,\\nRising Fawn\\nFloyd\\nDade\\n12\\n50\\niC IC\\n10.\\nWard s Diamond\\nFurnace,\\nBartow\\n4\\n11.\\n12.\\nStamp Creek Furnace,\\nEtowah Furnace,\\n4\\n4\\nNot in use.\\n13.\\nAllatoona\\n4\\n14.\\n15.\\nPhcBuix\\nCherokee\\nDade\\n40\\n40\\nNot completed,\\n248\\nSYMBOLS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN MINERALS.\\nFor the sake of brevity, chemists have adopted the following\\nsymbols to represent the different elements and their combina-\\ntions\\nOxygen =0.\\nHydrogen=H.\\nCarbon =C.\\nSulphur=S.\\nSilicon=Si.\\nTitanium=Ti.\\nChlorine=Cl.\\nSodium or Natrium=Na.\\nPotassium or Kalium=K.\\nCalcium or Lime Metal =Ca.\\nMagnesiuin=Mg.\\nBarium =Ba.\\nClay Metal or Aluminum:\\nIron or Ferrum=Fe.\\nManganese=Mn.\\nCuprum or Copper=Cu.\\nPlumbum or Lead=Pb.\\nAuram or Gold=Au.\\nBi8muth=Bi.\\n:A1.\\nTellurium =Te.\\nArsenic=As.\\nMoly bden urn Mo.\\nZinc=Zn.\\nChromium =Cr.\\nNickel=Ni.\\nSilica or Sand=S102=Si-f 20.\\nAlumina=Al203=2xil+30.\\nFerric Oxide =Fe203=2Fe+30.\\nFerrous Oxide=FeO.\\nManganic Oxide =Mn203.\\nManganous Oxide=MnO.\\nCalcic Oxide (Lime)=CaO.\\nMagnesia= MgO.\\nWater=H20=2H+0.\\nSoda=NaO.\\nPotash =K0.\\nBaryta=BaO.\\nBoracic AcidrrBOa.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "30\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nMINERALS EOUND IN GEORGIA, GIVING THE PERCENTUM OF\\nTHEIR CHEMICAL ELEMENTS.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\nH\\nC\\nS\\nSi\\nTi\\nCI\\n60\\nNa\\n40\\nAl\\n53\\nFe\\n47\\n34\\n30\\n72\\n38\\n23\\n70\\n54\\nei\\n90\\na\\n9\\n63\\n73\\nU\\n35\\nPb\\n86\\nAu\\n166\\nBiTe\\nAs\\n46\\nZn\\nCr\\n36\\nNi\\nDiamond\\nGraphite\\nCoal\\n100\\n100\\n100\\n166\\n13\\n53\\n20\\n41\\n35\\n52\\n48\\n59\\nia\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\nSulphur\\nGold\\nTetradymite.\\nGalena\\nPyrite\\n9\\n10\\n11\\n15\\nMispickel\\nMolybdenite.\\nChalcopyrite..\\nHalite\\n13\\n14\\n15\\n16\\nn\\n18\\n19\\n20\\n21\\n22\\n23\\n24\\n25\\nMagnetite\\nFranklinite.\\nChromic Iron.\\nWater\\nCorundum....\\nHematite\\nIlmenite\\nPyrolusite.\\nEutile\\nLimonite\\nQuartz\\nOpal\\nMeteoric Iron\\n37\\n41\\n41\\n89\\n46\\n30\\n31\\n37\\n39\\n37\\n53\\n53\\nil\\n2\\n47\\n47\\nis\\n61\\nio\\n0^\\n3\\n0^\\na\\n28\\n12\\n22\\ni2\\n2\\n33\\n56\\n9\\n17\\n18\\n50\\n2\\n2\\n9\\n31\\n25\\n44\\n34\\n10\\n0\\n6\\n2\\n62\\nw\\n2\\n4\\n5\\n19\\n14\\n13\\n2i\\n6\\n28\\ni7\\nSI\\n4\\n2\\ni\\nio\\n9\\ni4\\n2\\n2\\ni\\n82\\n0\\nCO\\n34\\n46\\n0\\n44\\n38\\n18\\n0\u00c2\u00b0\\nPh\\nie\\n42\\n35\\n0\\nM\\n8\\n66\\n86\\n27\\n28\\n29\\n30\\n31\\n32\\n33\\n34\\n35\\n36\\n37\\n38\\n39\\n40\\nPyroxene\\nRhodonite\\nHornblende\\nBeryl\\nChrysolite\\nGarnet\\nEpidote\\nBiotite\\nMuscovite\\nLabradorite\\nOrthoclase\\nStaurolite\\nKyanite\\nTourmaline\\nTalc\\n55\\n40\\n50\\n67\\n36\\n36\\n36\\n40\\n46\\n54\\n66\\n49\\n36\\n38\\n62\\n45\\n42\\n31\\n3\\n58\\n9\\n18\\n18\\n22\\n16\\n33\\n30\\n22\\n38\\n63\\n31\\n9\\n17\\n36\\n37\\nie\\n5\\n10\\nis\\n14\\n8\\n4\\nii\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a09\\ni\\n5\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03\\n53\\n3i\\n22\\n41\\n42\\n43\\n44\\n46\\n46\\n47\\n48\\n49\\n50\\n51\\n52\\nSaponite\\nSerpentine\\nChlorite\\nBarite\\nGypsum\\nPyromorphite\\nLazulite...\\nWavellite\\nCalcite\\nSiderite\\nMalachite\\nStilbite\\n70", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "PHYSICAL CHAEACTEE OF MINERALS.\\n31\\n1\\nLead pencils.\\nFuel.\\nSulphuric acid and\\ngunpowder.\\n2\\n3\\ncs\\na\\nu\\nSi\\na,\\n1\\n3\\np.\\nO Eh\\n1\\nS\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03\\nOi\\nt\\ns i\\no\\nS\\nIf Si 1 til sii .If\\nSJII iJii ,1-1 III, 1\\n1\\no\\n3\\nOP3 tH|H cqhIWosi^P? ^M O\\ni\\ng\\nn\\nT 7 I* !2 T 1 t\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2fh T-i ci T-I in o in th m (n lo m m r-i oj\\n2 i\u00c2\u00ab\\nin\\nir- -^t-i-iTjiooeo lo inio o\\nth tA 00 1-^ id ;p Tji rf oi CO Tf\\n1 1 L 1 T i 1 1 III\\neo (N IN (N in o\u00c2\u00ab 00 o TH th _ lo co _ oj\\ni-I in t-^ j so o\u00c2\u00bb in in r-i co\\nCHEMICAL COMPOSITION.\\nc\\ni\\n2\\nI\\n.2\\n1\\na-\\n3\\na\\na:\\nc\\no\\n4\\nC\\nc\\ns\\nc\\n1\\nc\\nc\\nc\\n0.\\nC\\nc\\np4\\nin\\n11\\n5 c\\n1\\n1\\nV.\\nc\\n1\\n1\\n1\\nfr\\ni.\\nO II\\na\\n1\\nc\\na,\\nc\\n5\\nQ\\n1\\na\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\ns\\n6\\n6\\na\\ner\\nIT\\ntc\\ni-\\noc\\no-\\nc\\nr-l (N\\n1-4 1-1\\nCO\\nTj\\nin\\ncc\\nt-", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "32\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S fi\\no s\\nP5 ft\\n5 W\\nEh n\\nm g\\n,M .S -S\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23 a O\\nOJD 3\\nTn S .-5\\n60\\nI 1 2\\nS K II, H\\nlb\\nr 5\\nO M\\naj Ml o S\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00c2\u00bbN\\ns\\nCO\\na e S r:; -a\\nfl\\nK O\\na s=\\n2\\nK C!\\nii\\nlO lO lO o\\nI- 5o to ta\\n2tH\\nJO 00 Tl\\nT T\\nI I\\nIN 7-1\\nso CO 1-1 CO\\nC^ CO CO CO\\nc .9\\nH S Eh\\nS Q\\nO ao O a5\\nO O pq O a*\\n03\\na\\nc\\nS\\na\\n-a\\ng\\na\\n0)\\nC\\nw Ph Ph\\nG?\\nC3 O r- (N\\n04 CO CO CO", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "PHYSICAL CHAEACTEK OF MIIfEEALS.\\n33\\nd\\nS S a) .IS o 05 S\\njS.\u00c2\u00a33a).ac3cBsj3\\nI 1\\no\\nI T\\nI\\nC\\\\i o ;d t- lO\\n1-; t- \u00c2\u00ab5 03 00 OD\\nIII 11 Ills.\\nffi oj oi CO TO eo (N o s* ji J e\u00c2\u00bb to TO N c i CO\\nO\\nM r?\\n15\\nO\\no o, o^ o o^\\ni, i, H i,\\no 2 .9 .9 9\\nC\u00c2\u00bb 02 S CB\\no o o q\\nbj) Ml r-\\ns_ j^ :g^ -1\\no g o _o\\nS 00 02 ffl\\no o p\\nCO CO 5;\\nOOP\\n9\u00c2\u00b0\\ni\u00c2\u00bb W O\\n3 O\\no! rfS\\nO\\n8 o\\nfe O CO\\ne\\n1\\n12\\ng 0;\\n1\\n0.\\n0,\\nc\\ns\\ni\\nS\\nC\\na.\\nc\\n1\\na\\na\\nt\\na)\\nB5 S (J O M M H\\nn 10 o t- 00 OS\\nTO TO TO TO TO TO\\nS p. o\\nE-ia302OaOCLii^lg\\na\\n02 S t\u00c2\u00bb\\nO-r-4\u00c2\u00ab (TO-l OOt-Q0a Oi-llN", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "34 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nCRYSTALLINE ROCKS.\\n1 Dolerite consists of Labradorite, Augite, and Magnetic Iron.\\n2 Diabase Chlorite.\\n3 Hyperatlienite consists of Labradorite and Hyperstliene.\\n4 Diorite Hornblende and Albite.\\n5 Syenite Ortlioclase.\\n6 Granite Quartz, Mica, and Feldspar.\\n7 Gneiss handed.\\n8 Granulite and granular Feldspar.\\n9 Mica Slate Mica, wliicb. is varied by addition of\\nother Minerals.\\nHydromica Slate or Schist, Quartz, and hydrous Mica, and called Tal-\\ncose when it consists of Quartz, Mica, and Talc.\\nChloritic Slate consists of Quartz, Mica, and Chlorite.\\nHornblendic Slate consists of Quartz, Mica, and Hornblende.\\nGraphitic Slate Graphite.\\n10 Itacolumite and Talc.\\nSEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE\\nClayey, as Shales, Slates.\\nMarly, as beds of sand and clay with shells.\\nCalcareous, as limestone, dolomites.\\nSilicious, as laminated sandstones, sand-beds, etc.\\nConglomerate, as granite conglomerate of Augusta, ferruginous conglom-\\nerate of the Drift.\\nCarbonaceous, as coal-seams, lignite-beds, graphitic slates.\\nROCKS (crystalline).\\nDolerite or Trcqy. 1) This is an igneous rock. It came to the\\nsurface in a melted state through an opened fissure. The part\\nfilling the fissure is called a dike. Trap is a very hard, dark,\\nand heavy rock. The surface is generally yellow or red from\\ndecomposition, but its interior is a dark blue. Its weight has\\ncaused it to be considered an iron ore by many who know\\nnothing of its constituents. A very large dike of trap extends\\nfrom a point east of Newman, in Coweta County, passing\\nthrough Meriwether, over Pine Mountain, near the Chaly-\\nbeate Springs, into Talbot County, and on the easterly edge of\\nHamilton to a point three miles north-east of Geneva. There are\\nmany other dikes in the State. The rock is a compound of\\nLabradorite and Augite, and is called Dolerite.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "COMPOSITION OF ROCKS. 35\\nSyenite (5). Some granite rocks contain Hornblende instead\\nof Mica, and the name Syenite is given to them. The rock\\nis generally dark from the color of the Hornblende.\\nSyerdtic Gneiss (5a) is the name given to the gneissoid\\nvariety of Syenite, and is a gneiss containing Hornblende\\ninstead of Mica, occurring abundantly in the Blue Ridge, etc.\\nHydromica Schist (9a) contains a hydrous Mica, has a greasy\\nfeel, and looks like Talcose Schist, but contains no Talc. This\\nforms a large part of the rocks supposed to be of Quebec age.\\nMarble (10) is a crystalline limestone, and is found of a\\nblack color at Tunnel Hill, red at Dalton, pink at Varnell s\\nStation, blue at Rockmart, white near Jasper in a bed 50\\nfeet thick on the bank of Long Swamp Creek, and also blue\\non the same creek. Another locality of the white is near\\nBuchanan, and still another near Van Wert. All of these are\\nMagnesian or Dolomitic limestones, and probably belong to the\\nQuebec age.\\nGranite (6) is composed of grains of Quartz, Feldspar, and\\nMica mixed promiscuously together, and bearing no relative\\nproportion to each other. Sometimes the Mica is a biotite,\\nblack variety, but is usually muscovite. The color of granite\\nis usually nearly white in this State. It varies in fineness\\naccording as the ingredients are coarse or fine-grained. This\\nis the material of Stone Mountain, and covers a large portion\\nof the metamorjjhic region of the State.\\nGneiss (7) has the same constituents as granite, but they are\\narranged more or less in planes. It appears banded and often\\nsplits into layers. On account of the splitting into layers, it\\nis said to be schistose and this character is the only one\\ndistinguishing it from granite. This is the jjrevailing rock\\nof the group marked Cincinnati.\\n3Iica Schist (9) has the same constituents as granite, but\\nthe Mica is the most abundant. It divides into thin layers\\nand glistens in the sun, owing to the scales of mica. If the\\nlayers are smooth and the scales indistinct, it is called Mica\\nSlate this variety contains very little quartz.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "36 HAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA.\\nKOCKS (not crystalline).\\nLimestone. This is of dull shades of color, varying from\\nAvhite through gray to brown and black. It is chiefly composed\\nof Carbonate of Lime in rock form. When burnt, the carbonic\\nacid escapes, leaving the lime in the form of quicklime.\\nChalk and Marble are varieties of limestone. All of the A^arie-\\nties together are called calcareous rocks.\\nSandstone. This is a rock made of sand, which may be\\nquartz alone, or may contain feldspar grains, clay, limestone,\\nor mica. The colors are varioiis, from white to red and black.\\nIt is sometimes flexible, sometimes flinty, and sometimes\\nsaccharoidal, like grains of sugar.\\nConglomerate. A conglomerate is composed of gravel and\\nsand or other coarse material, cemented together by lime,\\nsilica, or iron. If the latter, the rock is called Ferruginous\\nConglomerate. This latter is very common along the line of\\nthe Quaternary, from Columbus to Augusta, and has fre-\\nquently been mistaken for Iron Ore.\\nShale is a fine mud or clay, consolidated into a rock having\\na slaty fracture, but less firm and less evenly slaty than true\\nslate. Colors are from gray, through red, yellow, brown, and\\nblack. Clay is a fine kind of mud, formed by the decomposi-\\ntion of feldspar, and mixed with more or less sand and other\\nimpurities. The purest clay is white, and called Kaolin, used\\nin the manufacture of porcelain wares, and found in abun-\\ndance near Milledgeville, and at other points along the Co-\\nlumbus and Augusta Railroad, formed from the disintegration\\nof the Feldspar in the Granite.\\nArgillaceous Sandstone. This is a sandstone in which clay\\nforms a large ingredient. When breaking in thin slabs, as it\\nusually does, it is called laminated sandstone.\\nSlate differs from shale in breaking more evenly and being\\nmuch firmer. Roofing slate is of this kind, of which large\\nquantities are found at Rockmart, in Polk County. This was\\nformed from shale by heavy pressure and heat, by a partial\\naction of the metamorphism previously spoken of.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "GEOLOGICAL PERIODS. 37\\n2 J, GEOLOGICAL FOEMATIONfS IK GEORGIA,\\nThe Lower Silurian (from the Silures, ancient inhabitants\\nof Wales) age of rock containing fossils of molluscan type\\n{i.e., those having soft bodies like the oysters of our age,\\nprotected by a calcareous shell), is represented in two periods.\\nThe hydromica schists of the copper-bearing series of the\\nMobile Mine and Ducktown, and Ocoee Conglomerates and\\nSlates along the Ocoee River on the Tennessee line, and on\\nthe Etowah River near Cartersville, are the lowest in position\\nof the rocks in the State, and form a group of (2) Primordial\\nrocks corresponding to what is called the (2a) Acadian epoch\\nin Canada. The Conglomerate is made up of feldspar and a\\nbluish quartz. The slates are hard and silicious. This group\\nof rocks is overlaid in the Cohutta Mountains, and on Pine\\nLog Mountain in Bartow County, by a sandstone called the\\nChilhowee, from a mountain of that name in Tennessee, cor-\\nresponding to the Potsdam sandstone in New York, called\\nfrom the town of Potsdam in that State, and belongs also\\nto the (2) Primordial period and to the (2^) Potsdam epoch.\\nThis sandstone also appears in the north of Haralson and\\nPaulding Counties, and in Yonah Mountain White County,\\nand Tallulah Mountain Habersham County, being at all these\\nplaces altered into gneiss by metamorphism.\\nThe next period called (3) Canadian, embracing the [a)\\nCalciferous or lime-bearing sandstone of New York, the\\nshales, limestones, and sandstone of the {h) Quebec epoch in\\nCanada, and the (c) Chazy limestone of New York, is repre-\\nsented by impure sandstones and cherty dolomitic limestones\\nin the Northwestern counties by a sandstone on the western\\nslope of the Cohutta Mountains and in the metamorphic\\nregion to the Eastward and Southward, by calcareous schists,\\nhydro-mica schists, marble and itacolumite of the Quebec\\nepoch, and by calcareous schists of the [a) Calciferous epoch.\\nThe (4) Trenton period embraces the limestones of Bartow,\\nGordon, and Murray, overlying the dolomitic limestones and\\ncherts and the limestones of the valleys in the north-west por-\\ntion of the State Lookout Valley, Chicamauga Valley, etc.\\nof the Trenton epoch in New York. These are followed from\\nDalton to Rome by the red shales of the (c) Cincinnati epoch,", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "38 HA?fD-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nand ill the raetamorphic region by gneisses and graphitic\\nslates and syenites.\\nThe rocks of the Upper Silurian age in this State belong to\\nthe Niagara period (5) of New York, and contain a sandstone of\\nthe Medina (a) epoch, the fossiliferous iron ores of the Clinton\\n(b) epoch, as represented in Lookout Valley and McLemore s\\nCove, etc., and a limestone of the Niagara (c) epoch. They\\nappear only in the north-western corner of the State.\\nThe next New York period, the Salina (6) or Salt-bearing\\ngroup, has not been recognized.\\nThe Oriskany (8) of the New York survey is not represented\\nin Georgia.\\nThe age of Fishes, called Devonian (from Devonshire, Eng-\\nland), is represented in Georgia by the black shale only, near\\nDalton and elsewhere, often mistaken for coal and this\\nbelongs to the Genesee (10c) shale of the Hamilton (10)\\nperiod in New York.\\nThe age of coal plants, or Carboniferous age, embraces\\nthree periods, two of which are represented in North-west\\nGeorgia. Lowest of these is the Subcarboniferous (13) period,\\nincluding the (13a) Silicious epoch, or cherty group, and the\\n(135) Calcareous epoch or coral-beds of Dade, Walker,\\nCatoosa, Chattooga, and Floyd Counties. Overlying this we\\nhave the Carboniferous (14) period, including the (14a) Mill-\\nstone grit of Lookout and Sand Mountains, and the (145)\\ncoal-measures of Dade, Walker, and Chattooga Counties.\\nThe third or Permian (15) period is not found in the State.\\nThese three ages are characterized by fossils, none of which\\nare now living on the earth or in the seas and, from their\\nold-fashioned forms, the whole of these rocks formed during\\nthe Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous ages, are included in\\nthe Palaeozoic time, from the Greek words meaning ancient\\nlife the Primary of early geologists.\\nLi the Mesozoic age, or Secondary of the old geologists,\\nthe Triassic and Jurassic periods represented in other Atlantic\\nStates by sandstones, coal and trap dikes show only the trap\\ndikes of Meriwether, Habersham, and other counties, the sand-\\nstones, if they exist, being buried under the deposits of sand,\\nclay, and sandy marls filled with the shells of various animals", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "AGES, PERIODS, EPOCHS. 3D\\nwhich lived in the Cretaceous age in the sea- water which washed\\nagainst the hard granitic cliffs forming the shore-line from\\nColumbus to Butler. The greatest quantity of these remains\\nis found on the banks of Pataula Creek, in Clay County. On\\nexamination, these shells prove to be unlike those of animals\\nnow living, and also different from those which are found in\\nNorth-west Georgia, in the rocks made in Palaeozoic time and\\nhence, as they are intermediate, the age is called that of\\nMiddle Life, from the Greek words mesos (middle) and zoe\\n(life). The forms correspond to those found in the Chalk\\nCliffs of England and hence they belong to the Cretaceous\\nage, from the Latin word creta (chalk).\\nAfter the sea-bottom of the Cretaceous period was raised\\nabove the level of the water, the shore-line extended from\\nPataula Creek, by Butler, Macon, and Milledgeville, to the\\nSavannah River at Augusta. The oyster-shells found at Shell\\nBluff, and in Burke, Washington, and other counties, other\\nfossils found in the beds of marl of this region as far south as\\nthe line of Chatham County, and the corals found near\\nThomasville, resemble very much the general forms now living;\\nand hence the time in which they lived has been called the\\nCenozoic time, from hainos and zoe, Greek words meaning\\nrecent life. This time embraced two distinct divisions viz.,\\nthe Tertiary or third set, and Quaternary or fourth set of rocks.\\nThe Tertiary age is again divided into three periods: 1, that\\nin which only a small per cent of the fossils have representa-\\ntives now living 2, an intermediate period recognized in\\nother States when a minority (45 per cent) of the forms\\nfound are like those now living and, 3, a later part, in which\\na majority of the species found buried in the rocks are still\\nliving. The first is called the Eocene, or dawn of recent life\\nthe second, Miocene, or less recent (than the next) the third,\\nPliocene, or more recent from the Greek words, eos (dawn),\\nmelon (less), jo^e^o^i (more), and Jcainos (recent).\\nThe Quaternary age embraces, 1st, the drift gravels and\\nthe clays and sands which border the raetamorj)hic belt from\\nColumbus to Augusta 2d, the blue clays of the sea-coast\\ncounties 3d, the bluff calcareous sand found at Enoch s Mill\\nand, 4th, the alluvium of the river-beds now forming.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "40\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nThe following\\ntions\\nAges.\\nAzoic.\\nEozoic.\\nSilurian Age.\\nF0BMATION8.\\nis the most recent classification of the fomia-\\nPeriods. Epochs.\\nAzoic.\\n1\u00c2\u00ab, Lanrentian.\\nlb, Huronian.\\nLower Primordial. 2a, Acadian.\\n2b, Potsdam.\\nCanadian.\\nTrenton.\\nUpper Niagara.\\nSalina.\\n3a, Calciferous.\\n36, Quebec.\\nSo, Chazy.\\n4a, Trenton.\\n46, Utica.\\n4c, Cincinnati.\\n5a, Medina.\\n56, Clinton.\\n5c, Niagara,\\n6, Salina.\\nFound in Geor-\\ngia.\\nAcadian.\\nPotsdam.\\nCalciferous.\\nQuebec.\\nChazy.\\nTrenton.\\nCincinnati Shales.\\nTaylor s Ridge.\\nPossiliieroua Iron\\nNiagara. [Ore.\\nLower Helderberg.7, Lower Helderberg.\\nOriskany. 8, Oriskany.\\nDcTonian Age. Corniferous. 9a, Cauda Galli.\\n96. Schoharie.\\n9c, Corniferous.\\n10a, Marcellus,\\n106, Hamilton.\\n10c, Genesee.\\n11a, Portage.\\n116, Chemung.\\n12, Catskill.\\nCarboniferous Age. Subcarboniferous. 13a, Lower.\\n136, Upper.\\nCarboniferous. 14a, Millstone Grit\\nBlack Shale.\\nSilicious.\\nCalcareous.\\nGrit.\\nI\\nReptilian Age.\\nO\\nO\\no\\nPermian.\\n16, Triassic.\\n17, Jurassic.\\n18, Cretaceous\\n146, LowerCoalMeasures.Lookout and Sand.\\n14e, UpperCoalMeasiires. Round Mt.\\n15, Permian.\\n16a, Bunter Sandstone.\\n166, MuschelKalk. I\\nMammalian Age. 19, Tertiary.\\n20, Quaternary.\\n16c, Keuper.\\n17a, Li as sic.\\n176, Oolytic.\\n17c, Wealden.\\n18a, Lower.\\n186, Middle.\\n18c, Upper.\\n19a, Eocene.\\n196, Miocene.\\n19c, Pliocene.\\n20a, Port Hudson.\\n206, Bluff.\\n20c, Drift.\\n20a, Alluvium.\\nTrap Dikes.\\nLower.\\nMiddle.\\nf Biihrstone or Clai-\\nborne, Jackson,\\nVicksburg, Lig.\\nnitic.\\nPort Hudson.\\nDrift.\\nAlluvium.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "FOKMATIONS IN SECTIONS OF GEORGIA, 41\\nGROUPS OF COUNTIES IN THE DIFFERENT FORMATIONS.\\nTne Archean (1) or Eozoic rocks are not represented in\\nGeorgia, so far as is known at present, although there are some\\nrocks near Columbus, and others near Augusta, which may\\npossibly be of the same age as those described by geologists\\nas occurring along the St. Lawrence River and on the shores\\nof Lake Huron, and hence called Laurentian (la) and Huro-\\nnian (lb).\\nThe oldest well-recognized rocks of the Primordial period\\nare the Acadian, or Ocoee (2\u00c2\u00ab), which occur in Fannin, Murray,\\nGilmer, Pickens, Bartow, and Polk Counties. The Potsdam\\nproper, or Chilhowee Sandstone (2J), is found in Murray, Bar-\\ntow, Rabun, Habersham, White, Lumpkin, Dawson, and Har-\\nris Counties. Of the Canadian period, we find the three\\ngroups represented:\\nCalciferous (3a).\\nQuebec {3b).\\nCliazy (3c).\\nChazy metamorpliosed parts of Rabun, Towns, Union, Fannin,\\nGilmer, Lumpkin, White, Habersham, Franklin, Banks,\\nHall, Dawson, Pickens, Bartow, Clierokee, Forsyth, Milton,\\nCobb, Paulding, Haralson, Carroll, Douglas, Fulton, De\\nKalb, Gwinnett, Jackson, Madison, Hart, Elbert, Lincoln,\\nWilkes, Oglethorpe, Clark, Walton, Coweta, Heard, Troup,\\nMeriwether, Pike, Butts, Jasper, Morgan, Green, Taliaferro,\\nMcDuffie, Columbia, Hancock, Putnam, Monroe, Harris, and\\nUpson Counties.\\nTrenton Period (4) is represented by the\\nTrenton Epoch (4a), Dade, Walker, Catoosa, Whitefield, Murray, Gor-\\ndon, Chattooga, Floyd, Bartow, and Polk Counties.\\nUtica Epoch (46).\\nCincinnati Epoch (4c), Whitefield, Gordon, Murray, Bartow, Floyd.\\nCincinnati metamorphosed, same as those in Quebec, besides Clay-\\nton, Fayette, Spalding, Henry, Rockdale, Jones, Newton.\\nNiagara Period (5).\\nMedina Epoch (5a).\\nClinton Epoch (56), Whitefield, Catoosa, Dade, Walker, Chattooga,,\\nFloyd.\\nNiagara Epoch (oc).", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "42 hand-book of georgia.\\nDevonian Age.\\nHamilton Period (10).\\nGenesee Epocli (10 Dade, Walker, CatooBa, Wliitefield, Gordon,\\nFloyd, Chattooga.\\nCaeboniferous Age.\\nSubcarboniferous Period (13).\\nSilicious Epoch (13a), Dade, Walker, Catoosa, Wliitefield, Gordon,\\nFloyd, Chattooga.\\nCalcareous Epoch (13 Catoosa, Dade, Walker, Chattooga, and Floyd,\\nCarbonil erous Period (14)\\nMillstone Grit (14a), Dade, Walker, Chattooga.\\nLower Coal Measures (14 Dade, Walker, Chattooga.\\nUpper Coal Measures (14c), Walker.\\nEeptilian Age.\\nCretaceous (18), Muscogee, Marion, Taylor, Chattahoochee, Stewart,\\nWebster, Schley, Quitman, Randolph.\\nMammalian Age.\\nTertiary (19).\\nEocene Epoch (19a), Clay, Eandolpli, Terrell, Sumter, Macon, Craw-\\nford, Bibb, Wilkinson, Washington, Glascock, Richmond,\\nBurke, Jefferson, Scriven, Emanuel, Laurens, Pulaski,\\nDooly, Lee, Dougherty, Calhoun, Early, Miller, Decatur,\\nThomas, Mitchell, Colquitt, Worth, Irwin, Wilcox, Dodge,\\nTelfair, Montgomery, Tatnall, Bullock, Effingham.\\nMiocene Epoch (19\\nPliocene Epoch (19c), Chatham, Bryant; Liberty, Appling, Coffee,\\nBerrien, Brooks, Lowndes, Echols, Clinch, Ware, Charlton,\\nCamden, Pierce, Wayne, Glynn, Mcintosh.\\nHuman Age.\\nQuaternary (30).\\nDrift Epoch, Muscogee, Talbot, Taylor, Crawford, Bibb, Baldwin,\\nHancock, Warren, McDuffie, Columbia, Richmond.\\nChamplain Epoch, Chatham, Mcintosh, (lilynn, Camden.\\nTerrace Epoch.\\nSPECIAL GEOLOGY OF COUNTIES.\\nAs an illustration of the general Geology of the State,\\ntypical counties may be selected in the different sections of\\nthe State, a detailed description of which will enable the\\nreader better to understand the character of the whole.\\nFor the non-nietaraorphic region in the North-west, Dade\\nmay serve as a type.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "COUNTY FORMATIONS. 43\\nHciftow represents in its western two thirds the non-meta-\\nmoriDhosed, and in the eastern one third the metamorphic.\\nFulton represents the lower and western portion of the ele-\\nvated Chattahoochee Ridge while Habersham is a representa-\\ntive county of the eastern and higher portion, and indeed of\\nall North-east Georgia.\\nJBibb is on the middle ground between the metamorphic, and\\nGranitic in its northern half, and the Tertiary in the southern\\nhalf, both of these formations being covered at their line of\\nunion by the sands and pebble-beds of the Quaternaiy.\\nMuscogee in a similar manner combines the granitic, the\\nCretaceous, and the Quaternary.\\nCharlton and Ware represent South-east Georgia.\\nClay County combines Cretaceous and Tertiary, and shows\\nthe characteristic features of South-west Georgia.\\nDADE COUNTY.\\nThe geological formations of Dade County represent those\\nof all North-west Georgia, which consists of a series of ridges\\nrunning north-east and south-west, with intervening valleys.\\nThese ridges are the remains of the folds which resulted from\\nthe earth s contraction at or after the close of the Carbon-\\niferous age, since we find the coal-beds lying approximately\\nhorizontal, or dipping toward the central line of the ridges\\nwhich contain them; while the edges of the ridges are more\\nelevated, showing, that as a consequence of the strain upon\\nthat portion which was most bent and which occupied a posi-\\ntion about the central line of the valleys, breaks occurred, and\\nthe eroding effects of water have removed the beds of rock\\nwhich once filled the valleys so that in the middle of the\\nvalleys we find now the lowest and oldest rocks exposed\\nto view.\\nThe coal-measures remain on Sand and Lookout Mountains\\nonly, Avhile they have been removed by denudation, if they\\never existed, from Taylor s Ridge, Chattoogata Ridge, John s\\nMountain, and the ridge extending north-east from Rome, east\\nof and along the S. R. D. R.R., and the one near Cassville.\\nDade County embraces within its limits ten different\\ngeological deposits. In the north-west corner of the county", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "44 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\n(and of the State) we find Sand Mountain, originally a con-\\ntinuation of Raccoon Mountain in Tennessee, the summit of\\nwhich is composed of sandstone. Below this lies the coal\\nfour or five feet thick; and this again underlaid by clay\\nand shales with other seams of coal and beneath these\\ncoal-shales, we find the subcarboniferous limestones and\\ncherts. Through this limestone, as well as the beds above,\\nwater has found its way through rents and crevices in the\\nrocks, and, in making its passage to the Tennessee River, near\\nShell Mound, has washed out Nickajack Cave.\\nNear the same station we find the bed of a creek, dry in\\nsummer and covered with large boulders of sandstone and\\nlimestone and, following this up to its source, we come to\\nthe brow of the mountain, where the Dade Company s Coal-mine\\nhas been opened in one gulf, as it is called, and the Castle\\nRock Mine in another.\\nThere are several of these gulfs, or nearly vertical excava-\\ntions, made by water, in all of which the coal is exposed\\nthe Perry, Boston, Tatum, etc. This coal underlies the\\nwliole of this mountain, and cjfops out again on the eastern\\nside, near Trenton, etc.\\nThe Dade Coal Company, consisting of ex-Governor Joseph\\nE. Brown, John T. Grant, Julius L. Brown, W. C. Morrill, and\\nW. D. Grant, of Atlanta, and Jacob Leaver, of Boston, have\\nbuilt a broad-gauge railroad five miles long, from Shell Mound\\non the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, to their coke-ovens\\nat Cole City (74 in number.)\\nThese ovens, as well as the freight-cars which carry the coal\\nto Chattanooga, and even to Port Royal, S. C, are supplied\\nby a narrow-gauge railroad, two miles long, whose cars ascend\\nthe mountain to near the summit by steam-power, and then,\\ndrawn by mules, enter the tunnel, at a slight inclination. On\\neither side are passages leading to the rooms where 300 con-\\nvicts from the State Penitentiary^ are at work, supplying light\\nand warmth and motive-power to the people of the State.\\nThere is another track now in construction, from near Cole\\nCity, up another gorge or gulf to the Castle Rock Mine, which\\nwill soon double the supply of coal, and especially that suitable\\nfor grates, being harder, and therefore bearing transportation\\nbetter, without crumbling.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "DADE COUiirrY COAX BEDS. 45\\nThe coke made here compares very favorably with that\\nmade at Comiellsville, Pa., and is used in preference at the\\nChattanooga and Atlanta Rolling Mills and at the Bartow\\nFurnace, for smelting iron, and at Ward s Diamond Furnace\\nfor making Ferro-manganese. The company have expended\\n$400,000 in opening and equipping this mine.\\nThe eastern side of this mountain presents a higher cliff, the\\nwaters of Lookout Creek cutting down, through the beds\\nalready mentioned, and also through the black Devonian shale,\\nthe Clinton iron ore, Medina sandstone, Cincinnati shale,\\nTrenton limestone, and in the southern end of the valley near\\nthe Alabama line, the Chazy shaly limestone, the Quebec\\ndolomite and shale, and the calciferous sandstone.\\nThe beds of coal are exj)osed at several places on the eastern\\nside of Sand Mountain, as well as on the western side of Look-\\nout Mountain.\\nLookout extends from Chattanooga Tenn. to the Alabama\\nline, in a south-west course for 20 miles, having its top nearly\\nlevel, with the east and west edges somewhat elevated above\\nthe middle. A few miles from Chattanooga there is a crescent-\\nshaped elevation, called Round Mountain, in Avhich are found\\nbeds oi coal, three or four feet thick, at Le Croy s and\\nGreene s.\\nThis fiat region is well adapted to sheep-raising and Irish\\npotatoes, and, with the cool breezes and magnificent views, is\\nespecially attractive as a summer resort. Capt. C. W. Howard,\\ncelebrated as a scientific agriculturist, has selected this from\\nall the State as the most desirable spot to put in practice his\\nknowledge of sheep husbandry.\\nOn the Dade side of this mountain, the coal has been opened\\nnear the summit of the cliff in Johnson s Gulf, in a vein four or\\nfive feet thick, and an incline built by which the coal is brought\\ndown to the foot, and thence by a narrow-gauge railroad\\ncarried four miles to Rising Fawn Furnace, where 60 improved\\nBelgian coke-ovens have been constructed for supplying fuel\\nfor their 50-ton stack, while the limestone and fossiliferous\\nore in inexhaustible quantities are in sight of the works, and\\na broad-gauge track of one mile delivers the pig iron at Rising\\nFawn Station on the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad.\\nThe productive farms of the valley furnish cheap subsist-", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "46 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nence for workmen, and the climate leaves nothing to desire\\nfor residence. The thorough preparation and excellent con-\\nstruction of these works, furnished with the ve.ry best\\nmachinery, mark an era in Iron production in the State.\\nThey are owned by four New York gentlemen, who have\\nexpended $600,000 in this enterprise; W. S. Wright, New\\nYork, President Myer Myers, New York, Vice-President\\nAlgernon S. Jarvis, White Plains, N. Y., Treasurer Abram D.\\nDelmars, Rising Fawn, Secretary.\\nThe Cherokee IrOn Works, built in 1864-5, by Dr. J. H.\\nMcLain, of Louisville, and Mr. Brown, of Philadelphia, are\\nsituated one mile north of Trenton. They were sold in\\nApril, 1876, to Mr. Amsby, of Philadelphia. The property\\nembraces 500 acres of land.\\nThe Phoenix Furnace Co. own 1,600 acres of land, and\\nthe foundation of a stack laid by the Empire Co., of which\\nDr. E. L. Strohecker, of Macon, was President. This j)roperty\\nwas sold for $85,000, and is situated on the A. C. R.R.,\\nthree miles north of Rising Fawn.\\nThere are three tan-yards in this valley, which can secure an\\nunlimited supply of the best oak-bark. Pace s tan-yard is\\nlocated at Trenton. Col. J. Cooper Nisbit, two miles south of\\nTrenton, had a steam tannery, which was burned in 1873.\\nMr. Blevins has a tan-yard of 12 vats, one mile from Rising\\nFawn.\\nDade Valley is well supplied with flour and grist mills.\\nMitchell Pope has one on a creek, two miles north of Morgan-\\nville Hook s or Lee s mill, with two run of stone, is at Wild-\\nwood Wilkerson s mill, with two run of stone, is at Trenton\\nSilton s mill, with two run of stone, is at Trenton Cureton s mill,\\nwith two run of stone, three miles north of Rising Fawn Stevens\\nmill, with two run of stone, three miles south of Rising Fawn;\\nBlake s mill, with two run of stone, four miles south of Rising\\nFawn.\\nBesides the opening from which the Rising Fawn Co.\\nobtain coal, it has been found and opened by them on Lot 182.\\nThere has also been opened the Hannah Bank, two feet thick,\\non Lot 44. The Phoenix Company opened on the Daniel Lot,\\nNo. 70 also on Lot No. 73.\\nIn the Trenton Gulf, one half mile below the union", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "GEOLOGY OP BARTOW COUNTY. 47\\nof the two creeks, which form here a most beautiful water-\\nfall, coal has been found, 50 feet above the bed of the creek.\\nIn Forester s Gulf Creek, good coal is found, three feet thick\\non Mr. Tatum s land is also found coal on Lot 171.\\nNear what is known as the Stevens trail is another outcrop;\\nand on the Sulphur Springs trail is still another.\\nBAETOW COUNTY.\\nThis has been selected as the second typical county of the\\nState, for the reason that the Etowah River, which divides it\\ninto two unequal portions, cuts through (in a direction from\\neast to west) the geological formations which strike nearly\\nnorth and south, giving thus a section which shows, at the\\nmouth of Stamp Creek, the Ocoee conglomerate of Safford s\\nsection along the Ocoee River on the Tennessee line, which is\\nequivalent to the Acadian of Canada. Then it crosses the\\nChilhowee sandstone of Tennessee, of Potsdam age.\\nNext comes the Knox sandstone or Calciferous of New\\nYork.\\nThen the Knox dolomite and shales, or Quebec.\\nThen the Maclurea limestone, or Chazy.\\nNext comes the Trenton limestone.\\nThen the Nashville or Cincinnati.\\nThe geological structure of Bartow County is peculiar, it\\nbeing situated on the line of metamorphic action which has\\ngiven such a variety in the physical features as well as in the\\nsoils of Georgia. In the north-western portion of the county\\nwe find the cherty ridges of Silurian age, underlaid by lime-\\nstone of the same age, both belonging to the lower division\\nof that formation, and differing remarkably in one important\\nparticular as bearing upon the agricultural interest. The\\nchert ridges are very dry, in some portions of them no water\\nbeing attainable in wells of ordinary depth, so that, during\\nthe last summer, farmers in that section were compelled to\\nhaul water from a distance. The limestone valleys on the\\nother hand, abound in springs of the largest size that at\\nMr. Lewis s, three miles from Adairsville, furnishing water not\\nonly for an excellent spring and milkhouse, but, at a short\\ndistance from its source, for a mill or gin.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "48 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA,\\nNext in order in the geological series comes the sandstone\\nwhich not only furnishes the hearths for furnaces and walls\\nfor limekilns, but the ores of iron contained in it supply\\nevery variety of the best brown hematite for a tough iron,\\nsuited to the manufacture of ploiighs and trace-chains, and\\nfrom which the Atlanta Rolling Mill is now making steel-\\ncapped rails to supply the raili oad transportation needed by this\\nrich county; which has no less than three well-equipped roads\\ntraversing it already, while two others are in contemplation.\\nBeds of manganese are also found, which are used, in combi-\\nnation with the iron, for the beautiful white crystalline,\\nmirror-like pig-iron called by the Germans Spiegeleisen. In\\nthis belt also we find an immense bed of Baryta used in white\\npaint. Slate also is found within the borders of Bartow, on\\nthe slopes of the Pine Log Mountains, which form the dividing\\nridge between her and Cherokee, and whose rugged summit\\nBear Mountain towers aloft above all the surrounding country,\\nand on which the United States Coast Survey has established\\na station for the triangulation of the continent.\\nBeyond this high land we find the quartz-veins of the\\nmetamorphic region abounding in gold also, in the ridges,\\nthe Itacolumite or flexible sandstone, the well-known matrix\\nof the Diamond. Rich and rare as these precious jewels are,\\nthey do not so reward the laborer as the rolling red lands\\naround Cartersville, or the deep and fertile alluvial soils of the\\nEtowah, from which the inhabitants have always di-awn a\\nbountiful support since the days of the Mound-Builders, who\\nhave left their monument and the bones of their forefathers\\non the choicest of all these farms, that of Lewis Tumlin.\\nChurches and schools and villages are dotted over the surface\\nof this county.\\nThe vegetation of this county is varied as the geological\\nformations, and the kinds of soil resulting from the decay of dif-\\nferent rocks. Of forest growth, we find the Walnut, Hickory,\\nAsh, Elm, Poplar, Maple, Sycamore, Wild Cherry, Sweet\\nGum, Oaks (White, Spanish, Black Jack), Chestnut, Pine\\n(short leaf), and Persimmon.\\nThis is an incomplete list of the woods of this county, as is\\nthat of Fulton which follows.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "GEOLOGY OF BAKTOW Al^TO HABEKSHAM. 49\\nEULTON COmSTTY.\\nThis county presents little variety in its geology or topog-\\nraphy, having only a small representation of the Cincinnati\\ngneisses and the reddish and gray hydro-mica schists, with\\nsome outcrops of the Steatite and Itacolumite of Quebec age.\\nThe general surface of the county is hilly and rolling\\nthough in some places the granite masses pi oject above the\\nsurface. Some of the Quebec rocks in the northern part of\\nthe county are gold-bearing and in one place in the Cincin-\\nnati group, large quantities of Iron Pyrite with some copper\\nhave been found. Asbestus in considerable quantity has been\\nmined within three miles of the city of Atlanta.\\nAs a railroad centre, its chief city, and tke Capital of the\\nState (Atlanta), has been located from geological causes. It\\nis the lowest point of the Chattahoochee Ridge which could\\nbe conveniently crossed from Cartersville the termination of\\nthe Appalachian range of mountains to the Atlantic. Its\\nposition on the water-shed between the Flint and Ocmulgee\\nRivers, and also on that of the Chattahoochee and the streams\\nflowing into the Atlantic, have made it a great entTepot. The\\ntimber supply of this county consists of Red Oak, White\\nOak, Post Oak, Black Jack Oak, Hickory, Chestnut, Poplar,\\nDogwood, Sassafras, Beech, Maple, and Red Elm.\\nHABEESHAM COUNTY.\\nHabersham may serve as a characteristic county of the\\nmetaraorphic section of the State. It extends from the South\\nCarolina line to the Chattahoochee River from east to west,\\nand from the Blue Ridge to the Chattahoochee Ridge from\\nnorth to south.\\nTray Mountain, 4,435 feet in height, is on the northern\\nborder, and Currahee, 1,740 feet in height, near the southern.\\nThe Tallulah River forms the boundary between Habersham\\nand Rabun, near the mouth of which are the most noted falls\\nin the State.\\nToccoa Falls are near the Air-Line Railroad in the southern\\npart of the county.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "50 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nThe Air-Line Railroad traverses the county from east to\\nwest, and the Elberton Air-Line Railroad is graded from\\nToccoa City southward, through Franklin, Hart, and Elbert\\ncounties, to Elberton.\\nThere are represented in the county three different geolog-\\nical periods. The Tallulah Mountain consists principally of\\nthe sandstone of Potsdam age the Blue Ridge and the Chat-\\ntahoochee Ridge are of Cincinnati age the valleys between\\nare of Quebec age.\\nThe natural growth on the land is generally a good indica-\\ntion of its value for agriculture. It may be, however, that\\nthe trees send their roots so deep into the earth that they\\nderive sufficient nourishment from a depth to which the roots\\nof small grain plants may not penetrate, while the surface may\\nbe so covered with quartz fragments that no material is fur-\\nnished for the grain sowed upon it. In a large portion of the\\nmetamorphic region, the soft hydro-mica schists have been\\npenetrated by veins of quartz and, during the long j)eriod\\nof erosion to which they have been subjected, the soft mate-\\nrial has been removed and the insoluble quartz fragments from\\nthe vein have fallen down until they finally almost entirely cover\\nthe surface. The same result has been reached in other\\nformations, where a hard material, and one not easily decom-\\nposed, is found interstratified with one which is soft and easily\\ndisintegrated by atmospheric action.\\nThe Itacolumite and sandstones, by their crumbling, furnish\\na light silicious soil, which produces well, so long as the veg-\\netable matter which has fallen upon it, by its decay, furnishes\\nthe necessary nutriment but so soon as this is exhausted,\\nthey become quite barren and are easily washed.\\nThe limestone rarely comes to the surface in this section\\nindeed a few spots in Hall and Habersham are the only\\nplaces where it has been found. It has, however, once existed\\non the surface in a band, continuing along the whole northern\\nslope of the Chattahoochee Ridge and although now covered\\nup by other rocks, the remains of that portion which has been\\nremoved by denudation from this belt have given character to\\na large portion of the soil, and the approximate locality may\\nbe distinguished by a better growth of forest-trees.\\nIn some portions of Habersham, the impure limestones of the", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "HABERSHAM COUNTY FORMATIONS. 51\\nQuebec group generally dolomitic ^liave been converted by\\nthe metamorphism which has affected this whole region into\\nsoapstone and serpentine, and sometimes into calcareous mica\\nschists and, in the decomposition of all these rocks, an\\nabundance of lime and magnesia is furnished to the soil.\\nIn the eastern part of Habersham, a great portion of the\\nsurface consists of large granite veins and these by their\\ndecomposition furnish a soil rich in potash, having the proper\\nproportion of sand and clay.\\nThe Hornblende schists decompose into a reddish clay soil\\nwhich is quite fertile and lasts well.\\nTrap dikes occur near Toccoa City, generally in the form of\\nexceedingly hard and tough, very dark and heavy rounded\\nmasses, which it is difficult to break with the hammer some-\\ntimes these seem to be less perfectly solidified, and are gradu-\\nally acted upon by the atmosphere, so that the iron in them is\\nconverted into the peroxide on the outside, and the change\\nmay be seen gradually progressing toward the centre of the\\nmass, until finally the whole becomes soft and gradually\\nbreaks down into a rich red soil, containing a good proportion\\nof potash.\\nWhile Potash, Lime, and Phosphoric acid are recognized as\\nthe constituents which contribute most to the fertility of the\\nsoil, and Alumina and Silica are looked upon as the basis of all\\ndurable soils, it is a noticeable fact in Georgia that the red\\nsoils ^those containing a large percentage of hydrated per-\\noxide of iron are among the most fertile and durable. This\\nis partly due to the fact that these red soils always con-\\ntain a good proportion of clay, which acts as a retainer of\\nnioistui e and an absorbent of ammonia and other soluble salts.\\nThere is also usually a good su^^ply of lime in such soils.\\nStilL it seems that the iron itself, although entering only to a\\nslight degree into the composition of the ash of plants, exerts a\\nbeneficial influence, physically, on the soil, by its absorbent\\nproperties like those of alumina, and, by reason of its dark\\ncolor, is an absorbent of the sun s rays, and hence promotes\\ngermination. In addition, it may exert some influence on\\nplants similar to that which it is known to have on animals.\\nAlthough but a small amount of iron is found in the human\\nframe, and that princijially in the blood, yet no fact is more", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "52 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nclearly recognized by physicians than that there can be no\\nhealth so long as the blood is wanting in the red corpuscles\\nwhich give color to the blood and no medicines are more\\nfrequently used for their tonic effect than the various prepara-\\ntions of ii-on.\\nMUSCOGEE COUNTY.\\nThe Indian nation whose name is perpetuated in that of\\nthis county, according to tradition, gave the name, meaning\\nCreek, to the country north and east of the Chattahoochee (or\\nflowered stone, Chatto-hoche, from a. rock said to be found\\nabove the falls in the river), on account of the number of\\nstreams in that country. The whites have well located the\\nname in this county, as the water-power furnished by the\\nfalls near Columbus is as important to them as were the creeks\\nto the Aborigines.\\nThe soils of the county are not generally fertile, since the\\nupper portion is hilly and made of very old and hard rocks.\\nBelow these, the surface is covered with the sand of the\\nnewest or drift formation. In the southern portion of the\\ncounty, sandy marls are found in the banks of the creeks.\\nThere may be distinguished four kinds of soil in the county\\nPost Oak lands, with Hickory, White Oak, and Pine, produc-\\ning per acre 15 bushels of Corn, 7 to 10 of Wheat, 800 to 1,000\\nlbs. of Cotton Ked uplands, 12 to 15 bushels of Corn and\\n500 to 800 lbs, of Cotton, with a growth of Hickory, Red\\nOak, and Pine Bottom lands are timbered with Hickory,\\nWhite Oak, Red Oak, Poplar, Gum, Beech, and Walnut and\\nPiney woods with the long-leaf Pine, producing five to seven\\nbushels of Corn, and 300 to 700 lbs. of Cotton per acre.\\nESTIMATED AGGREGATE OF WATEE-POWEKS OF MUSCOGEE\\nCOUNTY.\\nChattahoochee River, from the top of Clapp s Dam to the\\nboat-landing in Columbus, has, at low water, about 30,000\\nhorse-powers. Above this point to Harris County, there is prob-\\nably 12,000 horse-powers. This stream represents the water-\\npowers of the county. Upatoi and Bull Creeks each have\\na considerable flow of water in them, but their natural fall is", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "OKEFINOKEE SWAMP. 63\\nvery little, and they fill with sand so rapidly that it makes\\nthem undesirable for manufacturing purposes.\\nOn the north side of the county, there are numerous\\nbranches, which descend rapidly from the metamorphic forma-\\ntions into the level sandy or post-tertiary country below.\\nThese can be used to advantage for driving light machinery\\nrequiring from two to twelve or eighteen horse-power. The\\naggregate available horse-power of this county is between\\n40,000 and 50,000.\\nCHARLTON AND WARE OOUNTIES.\\nThese counties, in the south-eastern corner of the State,\\npresent features entirely different from those of the four coun-\\nties already described. They are bounded by the Suwanee,\\nSatilla, and St. Mary s Rivers and tjpie Florida line, and embrace\\nnearly the whole of the Okefinokee Swamp, besides large\\nareas of sandy land covered in part with wire-grass, and in\\npart by long-leaf pine and palmetto. The upper portion is\\ncrossed by two railroads which intersect near Tebeauville\\nviz., the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, extending from Savan-\\nnah, to Bainbridge in the south-western corner of the State,\\nand the Brunswick and Albany Railroad, extending from the\\nfine harbor of Brunswick, west to Albany on the Flint River.\\nThese roads depend mainly for their freight on the boundless\\nforests of long-leaf pine which lie on either side of them along\\nthe whole extent. Immense quantities of lumber are yearly\\ncarried to the seaports by these roads, and thence shipped to\\nNorthern, European, and South American markets. Turpen-\\ntine plantations have been opened near most of the stations,\\nand the distilleries produce thousands of barrels of turpentine\\nand resin.\\nThe Satilla and St. Mary s Rivers also furnish outlets for\\ngreat rafts of lumber of every size, from whole trunks for\\nmasts, down to the smallest timber for shingles and laths.\\nSteam mills are at almost every railroad-station, and quite a\\nnumber along tKe rivers.\\nThere are three well-marked and characteristic soils in this\\nsection (1) a light, sandy, thin, poor soil, covered with saw\\npalmetto, and full of roots (2) the loose, dark, sandy soil,", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "64 HAND-BOOK OF GEOKGIA.\\ncontaining a large amount of vegetalble matter and (3) the\\nreddish, clayey soil. The first is adapted to the production\\nof Potatoes and Ground Peas Cotton is successfully culti-\\nvated in the second while the third excels in the Sugar-\\nCane. Corn yields wonderfully on the darkest soils, especially\\nwhen fertilized by the black swamp-muck, which is found in\\ninexhaustible quantities in the ponds and small swamps scat-\\ntered here and there throughout the section. The Okefinokee\\ncontains, over a large j^ortion of its bed, this rich vegetable\\nmould, sometimes to the depth of four feet. Along the banks\\nof the Satilla River, there Qi ops out a pure white marl, almost\\nentirely consisting of carbonate of lime, which readily decom-\\nposes this muck, and fits it for plant food.\\nA considerable area in the swamp bears cypress-trees, which\\nare nowhere excelled in size, one of which would yield thou-\\nsands of shingles and theije is the Pine and the white and red\\nBays. The last of these take a fine polish, and would ajopar-\\nently be valuable for furniture and cabinet-making. The\\nislands in the swamp Floyd s, Billy s, Honey, and Black Jack\\nare covered with pine and palmetto on their higher portions,\\nwhere the soil is white and sandy, but still produces a luxu-\\nriant growth of long, tender grass, on which deer and wild\\ncattle keep fat the year round.\\nOn the borders of these islands there is a low hammock land\\nwhich sustains a vigorous growth of Magnolia, Oak, etc., in a\\nrich, sandy soil. Outside of this are dense thickets of small\\nshrubs, almost impenetrable, except where wildcats and bears\\nhave made their trails and beyond these thickets which\\nsometimes give place to a perfect mat of bamboo briers\\n10 feet high, many of them an inch in diameter and armed\\nwith thorns which stick like daggers, we find an open marsh\\nfilled with long rushes and water-lilies, whose thick roots\\nafford the only support for the feet in wading through the soft\\nooze and mud, which yields to the weight of a man, so that he\\nsinks to the arm-pits in many places. Many small islands and\\nclumps of trees dot these prairies, as they are called and\\nthese are generally surrounded by a floor of moss, which is\\nsometimes firm enough to hold one s weight, and again forms\\na floating surface over the water and while it does not break\\nthrough beneath the feet, one can see it sink and rise for 10 or", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "OKEFIKOKEE SAVAMP. 55\\n20 feet around at every step hence its name Oke-fi-no-kee,\\nor Trembling Earth, The Cassino, Holly, etc, are the principal\\ntrees. In some portions, Live Oak is found on drier spots.\\nIn the prairies are many open holes, free from vegetation\\nand several feet in depth and in these are found alliga-\\ntors, sometimes 10 to 12 feet in length while otters are\\nmore numerous along the streams which connect the main\\nopen prairies with Billy s Lake and the Suwanee River. This\\nlake is about four miles in length, from 100 to 300 feet in\\nwidth, and from four to eight feet in depth, perfectly clear (at\\nthe time of our visit in November), and abounding in the\\nfinest trout and jack fish, which even spring into the boat at\\nnight when a light is carried. In summer, hundreds of alligators\\nmay be seen sporting their unwieldy forms, while ducks and\\nother water-fowl are found in the greatest numbers. Just at\\ndusk, white herons may be seen settling in the trees on\\nthe banks of the small lakes, until they look like a solid white\\nwall. Occasionally a goose is heard, uttering his melancholy\\ncroak as he flaps his broad wings just out of reach of the\\nhunter s shot. A few squirrels are seen in the more open\\nwoods on the islands, while owls make the night hideous\\nwith their hooting. Some large moccasins are found in the\\nmorass.\\nThe general level of the swamp is from 114 to 120 feet\\nabove tide-water at Trader s Hill on the St. Mary s, and the\\nlevel on the line seen by Mr. Locke directly across the swamp,\\nfrom Mixon s Ferry on Suwanee River to Trader s Hill, shows\\nthat almost all of the fall from the swamp to the river is\\nwithin two miles of the eastern border. Indeed, there is only\\na narrow ridge running for miles between the swamp and\\nSpanish Creek, and it is reported by the citizens that in times\\nof very high water in the swamp, it actually empties a part\\nof the excess of water across the ridge into the creek named.\\nA partial survey shows that there would be no engineering\\ndifficulty in draining the whole swamp perfectly, and rendering\\navailable the enormous amount of cypress timber as well as\\nthousands of tons of muck, which, with the aid of the Satilla\\nmarls, would convert the sandy as well as the red-clay lands in\\nthe border, into market-gardens.\\nOranges and Bananas are produced to some extent, but the", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "56 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nsame care has not been devoted to them as in the neighboring\\ncounties of Florida.\\nNear Waycross, experiments have been made showing that\\nthe soils of that region are admirably adapted to the culture\\nof fruits, figs and grapes. Watermelons can be grown in any\\nquantity desired, and of any size that the consumer may\\nchoose.\\nThis region of country was formerly looked upon as utterly\\nworthless, so hat when the citizens of Savannah projected a\\nroad through it to the Gulf, the name of Cuyler s Desert was\\napplied to it.\\nI have seen no section of Georgia in which the people seem\\nto secure a comfortable supply of food with less effort, and\\ncan see no reason why the whole country may not be made\\nequal, if not superior, to that section of Prussia where Fred-\\nerick the Great founded the city of Berlin, from which capital,\\nwithin this decade, terms have been dictated to the continent\\nof Europe. There is the greatest similarity in the soil and\\ntopography of the two sections, and shoixld the tide of German\\nemigration be turned hither, there would soon be realized to\\nthem the comforts and pleasui-es of the Fatherland.\\nIn the continixation of this sandy belt toward the west, near\\nThomasville, a German, Mr. John Stark, has made, in one\\nyear* 1,800 gallons of wine, which, to my taste, equals the\\nfamed vintage of 1857 on the Rhine, and his sparkling wines\\nwill bear favorable comparison with Longworth s Catawba\\nfrom the vine-clad hills of the Ohio.\\nNowhere in Louisiana have I seen the Sugar-Cane grow\\nmore luxuriantly, or yield a greater amount of saccharine juice\\nthan in this same belt of country.\\nFor sheep farms, the grazing is naturally supplied, and no\\nshelter would be needed in winter.\\nAs an evidence of the healthfulness of the region, the State\\nBoard of Health has searched in vain for a practising pliysi-\\ncian in a whole county.\\nSURVEY OP OKEFINOKEE SWAMP.\\nColonel R. L. Hunter, on October 21st, 1857, made a\\nreport to Governor H. V\u00c2\u00bb Johnson, of a survey of Okefino-", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "OKEFESrOKEE SWAMP. 57\\nkee Swamp, with a view to ascertain the practicability of its\\ndrainage, the cost of the same, etc.\\nThis survey began on December 3d, 1856, and ended April\\n3d, 1857, and was conducted with the assistance of M. B. Grant\\nand G. M. Forsyth, and cost $3,260, including partial pay\\nof the engineer in charge. There was furnished to the\\nGovernor a map of the swamp, with the elevation around the\\nwhole swamp and lines of ditches, which it was estimated\\nwould drain the swamp at a cost of $1,067,250. This map\\nwas lost during the war, and it is only due to the enterprise\\nof Colonel E. Y. Clarke, editor of the Atlanta Constitution,\\nthat a copy of Colonel Hunter s report has been hunted up and\\npreserved, which, with verbal information furnished by Colonel\\nHunter himself, has materially aided the preparation of a\\nmap of the swamp.\\nOn November 4th, .1875, by direction of Governor J. M.\\nSmith, the party of the Geological Survey operating in Southern\\nGeorgia, joined the Constitution Expedition organized by\\nthe proprietors of the paper of that name in Atlanta, and\\nremained until December 14th. A line of levels was run by\\nMr. C. A. Locke, Engineer of the Survey, from Mixon s\\nFerry on Suwanee River to Trader s Hill on St. Mary s, show-\\ning the following elevations referred to ebb tide\\nFeet.\\nTrader s Hill, on St. Mary s Eiver\\nWater Surface at Mixon s Ferry 107.30G\\nBench B, in Pocket 122.097\\nD, 120.373\\nF, 121.269\\nSwamp between Pocket and Jones Mand 116.517\\nJones Island 121.401\\nSwamp between Jones Island and Billy s Island 116.416\\nBilly s Island 118.009\\nBench J, Billy s Island 123.839\\nCamp Lee, Billy s Bench 125.637\\nBilly s Lake, Water Surface 115.991\\nSwamp E of Billy s Island 118.995\\nTwo miles from Billy s Island on Little Trail 119.326\\nPrairie West, Side-water Surface 121.241\\nRoddenberry s House, East side 153.351\\nLong Branch, two miles from Eoddenberry s House 55.093\\nTrader s Hill 79.045\\nWater Surface, St. Mary s River 5.000/", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "58 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nA map was prepared by Mr. M. T. Singleton, Assistant\\nEngineer of the Geological Survey, showing the location of\\nthis line, as well as of other lines run by the compass and\\nmeasured through the swamp by Mr. Locke and Mr. Pendleton,\\nfrom Black Jack Island in the southern portion to Honey\\nIsland south of Billy s Island then to Billy s Island (called\\nPendleton s trail, from Mr. Charles Pendleton, of Valdosta, who\\naccompanied the party); thence to Floyd s Island north-east\\nand thence north-west to Hickory Hammock, near the northern\\nborder, by Mr. Singleton and Mr. Loughridge, called Haines\\ntrail from Mr. George Haines of Jesup, who furnished the\\nlaborers who cut out the way.\\nOn this map are also entered the lines run by Colonel Hunter,\\nand the residences around the swamp, so far as ascertained.\\nI am indebted to Colonel Hunter for the following facts\\nfrom his survey\\nThe line of levels which was run around the whole swamp,\\nand connected with the water in the St. Mary s Elver near\\nTrader s rfill, furnishes the following information in regard to\\nthe elevation of the surface at different points\\nThe highest part of the swamp is its northern extremity,\\nwhere it is 126-^ feet above tide-water. Coming south, in six\\nmiles it descends five feet, and then in thirteen miles from\\nthe last point it descends only one and a half feet on the east\\nsi^e it being at that point (Mr. Mattox s) 120 feet above tide-\\nwater while at an opposite point on the west side (the mouth\\nof Surveyor s Creek) it is only 11 6| feet.\\nA nearly uniform descent continues from Mr. Mattox s to\\nthe south-east corner of the swamp, where the elevation is 116^\\nfeet, while near Ellicott s Mound, where the branch of the St.\\nMary s runs out of the swamp it is only 111| feet.\\nFrom the mouth of Surveyor s Creek to the extreme\\nwestern angle of the swamp, it falls scarcely any, but on turn-\\ning eastward toward the Suwanee River, it gradually descends,\\nand where that stream comes out of the swamp it is only about\\n110^ feet above tide. At the north-east point of the Pocket\\nit is 114^ feet. From that point it falls toward the place\\nwhere Cypress Creek runs out, where it is about lll|-feet.\\nThen it rises to 118| feet when half way to the St. Mary s, and\\ngradually falls again to it.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "AGE AND HEIGHT OF CERTAIN MOmSTTAINS. 59\\nELEVATIONS.\\nThe mountains of Georgia are of different geological ages,\\nand composed of different rocks on their summits.\\nThe most ancient and the least known are of Potsdam age,\\nand consist of heavy sandstone masses, the Cohutta being a\\nrepresentative of the western prong of the Blue Ridge chain,\\nand Tallulah and Yonah of the Eastern prong.\\nSecond in age we have Bell, Sawnee, Graves Jack s,\\nAlcova, Pine, and Oak Mountains of Quebec age, and con-\\nsisting largely of Quartzite, Itacolumite, and Sandstone.\\nThird- in age are the Blue Ridge proper, represented by\\nthe high points of Rabun Bald, Enota, Blood, Amicalola,\\nand Grassy Mountains, and the Chattahoochee Ridge, with\\nits highest peaks at Mount Airy and Currahee, and consisting\\non their tops of hard hornblendic Gneiss of Cincinnati age.\\nFourth in age are Sand, Lookout, and Pigeon Mountains,\\nwhich are covered with a heavy bed of sandstone of carboni-\\nferous age. Missionary, Taylor s, John s, and Chattoogata\\nRidges are of Quebec cherts.\\nThe following are the elevations (by U. S. Coast-Survey\\nmeasurements) of urominent mountains in North Georgia\\nEnota, in Towns County, is 4,796 feet hicrh.\\nRabun Bald, in Rabun, is ...4,718\\nBlood, in Union, is 4,468\\nTray, in Habersliam, is.. 4,435\\nCohutta, in Fannin, is 4,155\\nYonah, in White, is 3,168\\nGrassy, in Pickens, is 3,090\\nWalker s, in Lumpkin, is 2,614\\nPine Log, in Bartow, is 2,347\\nSawnee, in Forsyth, is 1,968\\nKennesaw, in Cobb, is 1,809\\nStone Mountain, in De Kalb, is 1,686\\nThe Capitol Tower in Atlanta, Fulton County, is 1,164\\nAcademy Hill, in Gwinnett, is 1,139\\nAlcova, in Walton, is 1,088\\nBesides these easily recognized mountain ranges, there are\\nother elevated ridges which form the water-sheds, separating\\nthe drainage areas of the different rivers.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "60 HAKT)-T500X OF GEOEGTA.\\nThe Blue Ridge the highest mountain chain divides the\\nwaters flowing into the Tennessee from those of the Savannah\\nflowing to the Atlantic, on the one hand, and those flowing\\nto the Chattahoochee and the Gulf of Mexico on the other,\\n^he Cohutta Mountains separate the Tennessee waters from\\nthose forming the Coosa, and the Dug Down Mountains sep-\\narate these latter from those of the Tallapoosa, which, in\\nAlabama, unites to form the river of that name and in like\\nmanner the Kennesaw range separates those of the Etowah\\nfrom the Chattahoochee.\\nAnother ridge on which is built the Atlanta and West Point\\nRailroad separates the Flint from the Chattahoochee; and\\nstill another, on which the Atlanta and Macon Railroad runs\\nfor 100 miles, separates the Flint from the Ocmulgee, and\\ndivides near Vienna into two prongs, one of which separates\\nthe Flint from the Withlacoochee, Allapaha, and Suwanee the\\nother separating these from the Satilla and St. Mary s, and\\nextends south-east in the direction of the peninsula of\\nFlorida.\\nIt is noteworthy here that the actual water-shed has not\\nbeen determined for the line of direction which no doubt\\nonce was continuous by the south-west corner of the Okefi-\\nnokee Swamp is not now the water-shed, but a great curve is\\nmade, embracing the whole of the swamp in the Suwanee\\ndrainage, excepting a small portion in the south-east, Avhich\\nfurnishes one feeder to the St. Mary s River. It then returns\\nto a point in the line of the main direction near the Florida\\nline, and continues south-east into that State.\\nThe Georgia Railroad from Augusta to Union Point is\\non another ridge dividing the Ogeechee (a tributary of the\\nAltamaha), and Brier Creek (a tributary of the Savannah),\\nfrom Little River, another tributary of the Savannah while\\nfrom Union Point to Athens and Bellton the Air-LiTie Railroad\\ndivides the Broad River of the Savannah system from the\\nOconee of the Altamaha system.\\nThe Altamaha River system has for its tributaries the\\nOgeechee, Oconee, and Ocmulgee and these three receive,\\nabove the line of railroad from Augusta to Macon which runs\\nalong the southern border of the metamorphic rocks, a multi-\\ntude of tributaries, which form a perfect network south of", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "AVATER-POWEES DEAIN AGE SYSTEM. 61\\nthe Chattahoochee Ridge, between the Atlanta and Macon\\nliidge, and the Bellton, Athens, and Union Point Ridge.\\nAs the difference of level between the two limits north\\nand south, mentioned above, will average 700 feet, and the\\ndistance not much over 70 miles, and the streams run directly\\nacross the different formations alternately made of hard\\ngneisses and granites and soft hydromica schists and friable\\nsandstones, numberless waterfalls are produced, and an almost\\nincalculable water-power is furnished. This indeed is the case\\nacross this whole central belt of the State limited by the\\nChattahoochee Ridge, on which the Air Line and the Atlanta\\nand West Point Railroads run, on the north and Columbus,\\nMacon, and Augusta roads on the south limit of the meta-\\nmor^Dhic region, embracing a territory 200 miles long and 70\\nmiles wide, or 14,000 squai e miles, with a slope averaging 10\\nfeet per mile, and in a region where the rainfall averages 50\\ninches per annum, and where the climate is mild and equable\\nthe whole year.\\nNo country in the world offers greater natural advantages\\nthan this section of Georgia for manufacturing establishments,\\nespecially for Cotton, which grows in abundance, and in easy\\nreach of railroad transportation at any point no less than 10\\ndifferent railroads crossing this territory, north and south,\\nand east and west.\\nAnother remarkable feature in the drainage system is\\nnoticeable on the southern slope of the Blue Ridge, where the\\nrange averages 3,000 feet, and declines to an average of 600\\nfeet in the Chattahoochee Valley and the streams run directly\\nacross the gold-belt, which is continuous and inexhaustible,\\nonly needing the supply of water from the ridge, properly\\ndirected and controlled, to return a yield of the precious metal\\nwhich should satisfy the most avaricious stockholder in a\\nmining company.\\nThe following are elevations of points on the lines of rail-\\nroads in Georgia", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "62\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nWestern and Atlantic (State) Bailroad from Atlanta to\\nChattanooga.\\nDistance. Elevation.\\nStation. Miosis. Feet.\\nAtlanta 1,050\\nChattaboocliee Eiver 8 762\\nBridge 8 832\\nMarietta 30 1,132\\nEailroad Summit 33 1,156\\nKennesaw Mountain 23 1,838\\nAcwortb. 34 932\\nAllatoona Creek 805 (about)\\nAllatoona 875 (about)\\nEtowali Eiver 47 696\\nBridge 771\\nKingston 60 721\\nAdairsville 70 72a\\nCalhoun 80 653\\nOostenaula Eiver 85 633\\nBridge 655\\nDalton 100 773\\nTunnel Hill 107 850\\nSummit Eidge 032\\nEiuggold 114 776\\nTennessee Line 714\\nChattanooga 138 663\\nMacon and Western Bailroad (Atlanta to Macon),\\nMiles. Feet.\\nAtlanta 1^050\\nEougli and Eeady H 1.004\\nJonesboro 31^ 905\\nFosterville 28 960\\nGriffin 48 975\\nMilner 54 863\\nBarnesville 61 875\\nForsyth 77 73?\\nPrattsville 85 625\\nDepot at Macon 102 414\\nLow Water, Ocmulgee Eiver 363", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "ELEVATIONS ON RAILROAD LINES. 63\\nCentral Railroad (Macon to Savannah).\\nStatton Distance. Elevation.\\nSTATION. Miles. Feet.\\nOcmulgee, low water 263\\nEast Macon Depot 297\\nGriswold lOJ 464\\nGordon 20i 343\\nMacDonald 30i 245\\nEmmit 38i 210\\nOconee Eiver 186\\nOconee 42^ 221\\nTennille 55^\\nDavisborough 67f 291\\nSpears 78f 238\\nSebastopol..*. 90i 190\\nHerndon lOOJ 174\\nMillen IIOJ 158\\nParamore s Hill 233\\nScarborough 120i 148\\nOgeecliee 129 106\\nHalcyondale 140i 110\\nLittle Ogeecliee, in Scriven County 106\\nEgypt 150^ 126\\nGuyton 160J 77\\nEden 170^ 34\\nStation No. 1 181i 19\\nDepot at Savannah 32\\nMacon and Brunswick Railroad.\\nA profile of this road could not be obtained, the original\\nnotes having been lost.\\nAtlanta and West Point Railroad.\\nElevation.\\nFeet.\\nAtlanta 1,050\\nEast Point 1,063\\nFairburn 1,048\\nPalmetto 1,039\\nNewnan 985\\nGrantville 892\\nHogansville 768\\nLagrange 778\\nWest Point 620\\nChattahoochee River 600", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "64\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nAtlanta and Richmond Air Line Railroad (from Atlanta to\\nTugalo River),\\nStation Distance. Elevation.\\nMiles. Feet.\\nAtlanta 1,050\\nDoraville 15 1,070\\nNorcross 20 1,050\\nSuwanee 31 1,027\\nBuford 37 1,307\\nFlowery Brancli 44 1,122\\nGainesville 53 1,222\\nBellton 67 1,342\\nMt. Airy. 80 1,588\\n(by TJ. S. Coast Survey) If 610\\nToccoa 93 1,040\\nGeorgia Railroad (Atlanta to Augusta).\\nStation Distance. Elevation.\\nSTATION. Miles. Feet.\\nAtlanta 1,050\\nDecatur 1,049\\nStoneMt 15f 1,055\\nLithonia 34^ 954\\nConyers 30f 909\\nYellow River 670 (about)\\nCovington 41 763\\nUlcofauliatcliee 674 (about)\\nSocial Circle 51f 890\\nRutledge 59 728\\nMadison 68 696\\nBuckbead 75i 642\\nOconee River 514 (about)\\nGreensboro 88 637\\nUnion Point 95 674\\nCrawfordville 106f 618\\nGumming 114J 647\\nCamak 124 613\\nThomson. 133^ 531\\nBearing 142 489\\nBerzelia 150i 517\\nBel-air 161 324\\nAugusta Depot 147\\nSavannah River 119\\nHamburg Depot 153", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "ELEVATIONS ON RAILROAD LUSTES. 65\\nSouth Western Railroad (Macon to Albany and Fort Gaines).\\nStation. Feet.\\nMacon Depot 332\\nTobesofkee Creek Swamp 275\\nTrack 290\\nBridge 295\\nBridge between Tobesofkee and Echaconnee Summit 379\\nBridge proper 390\\nSeago s 360\\n1^ Byron s 513\\n2 Powersville 385\\nFort Valley 528\\nRidge at Stapp s Quarter beyond Indian Creek 505\\nUniform Table-land to Marsballville 491\\nWinchester 463\\nGradual descent to Flint River Bridge 290\\nOglethorpe 299\\nCamp Creek Bridge 306\\nAnderson ville 394\\nWhite Water Creek Culvert. 361\\nStewart s Turnout 474\\nAmericus 360\\nSmitbville 333\\nKinchafoonee Bridge 275\\nBrown s Station 369\\nDawson 352\\nGrave s Turnout 350\\nNochway Bridge 292\\nWard s Station. 392\\nBridge beyond Ward s 415\\nPachitla Creek Bridge 342\\nCutbbert Depot 446\\nJunction 484\\nMorris Station 242\\nColman s 391\\nFort Gaines Depot 163|\\nBridge 190 (about)\\nMacon and Atigusta Railroad.\\nCm m,^\u00c2\u00bbT Elevation.\\nStation. p^.^^^\\nE. Macon 285\\nLow water, Ocmulgee River 241\\nWolf Creek 415", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "66 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nStation. ^^V^l^t. Surface\\nElevation.\\nFeet.\\nCommissioner s Creek 432\\nSummit betweea Com. and Fisliing Creek 493\\nFortville 459\\nFishing Creek 373\\nMcCrary s 380\\nCamp 231\\nMilledgeville 264\\nTobler s Creek 255 285\\nOconee River 269 214\\nRockyCreek 350 315\\nDry Pond Smnmit 593 648\\nTown Creek 575 540\\nSparta 545\\nTwo Mile Branch 488 458\\nLittle Ogeechee 485 440\\nCulverton 537\\nDry Creek 488 453\\nFulsom s Creek 375 365\\nOgeechee River 375\\nLong Creek 348 313\\nSchool-house Summit 525 550\\nRocky Comfort 455 415\\nGolden Creek 453 428\\nWarreuton Depot 488\\nElevations in Georgia, ascertained by John E. Thomes,\\nC.E., in making a United States Railway Survey, from\\nTHE Tennessee River through Fisher s Gap, in Sand\\nMountain, Alabama, to the Atlantic Coast of Georgia,\\nin 1875.\\nThe line of this survey enters Georgia in the neighborhood\\nof the Old Burnt Village in Troup County, crosses the Thom-\\naston branch of the M. W. R.R., passes through Culloden\\nin Monroe, Knoxville in Crawford, crosses the Ocmulgee\\nabove Hawkinsville, and passes through Eastman in Dodge\\nCounty, and from there nearly follows the line of the M. B.\\nR.R, to Brunswick. The length of this line from the Tennes-\\nsee River to Brunswick is 412 miles, over 250 of which is in\\nGeorgia. The elevations in feet above the sea level are as fol-\\nlows", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "ELEVATIONS ON KAILROAD LINES. 67\\nElevation.\\nStations. Feet.\\nChattalioocliee River 674\\nMaple Creek 745\\nMountain Creek 743\\nSt. Cloud Road 861\\nA. W. P. R.R 930\\nFlint River 697\\nConcord 804\\nElkins Creek 711\\nPowder Creek 734\\nPotato Creek 669\\nThomaston Branch R.R 804\\nTobler s Creek 661\\nCulloden 696\\nKuoxville 640\\nRich Hill 619\\nMill Creek 504\\nMuscogee S. W. R.R 478\\nOcmulgee River (low water) 214\\nHawkinsville Branch M. B. R.R 336\\nLimestone Creek 250\\nM. B. R.R., 134th mile P 391\\nEastman 356\\nMcRae Station 224\\nSugar Creek 103\\nLumber City 147\\nOcmulgee River (low water) 98\\nHazlehurst 259\\nCarter s Creek 152\\nColeman s Creek 146\\nBoggy Creek 93\\nSatilla 87\\nAtlantic and G. R.R 118\\nPinholloway River 39\\nBuffalo Swamp 25\\nTen-mile Creek 25\\nBrunswick Depot 16\\nOn this line, Eastman is 112 miles, and Culloden 212 miles\\nfrom Brunswick.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "68\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEOKGIA.\\n5\\nS\\nS 5\\nH i\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0paiaAjns inoqAV jfg;\\n6 -i\\nIJ\\nJO uoiifipnoo\\na\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jSep qoua jo sjuoq\\n^S Su[5[I0jli. pi39ll\\nstq; ii4iA\\\\ UIU8J1S\\no j8A\\\\6d 8[qBireAV\\n1-1 M\\no o 00 c\u00c2\u00ab in o t-\\n00 oi OJ CO N CO\\nCO T l CD a Tjl\\nSJlloq\\nSuianna pBoq siqj\\nasMod |i!oi;ajoaqx\\no o o o o\\n1-1 in\\n5 S(\\nlO iv T} O\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0599J 01 JO ptJaq\\npamnssB ms lo\\npBaq e^Btnixo-iddv\\nQOOOOOOO\\nOOOOOOOO\\nodeioidoooo\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0i-(T-l(N-^55l?J(MOi\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0pijgq\\na00J-9n0 JO J9M0d\\n-asjoq 8[q\u00c2\u00abire-^V\\nCO 00 1-1 ;c\\n!0 IN CO O -r-l CO\\ntH r1 n 0\u00c2\u00ab\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2p^aq\\n}00J-8U0 JO JDMOd\\n-asjoq iBopsaoaqx\\n7-1 \u00c2\u00bb0\\n00 O rjl O t^-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2puo\\n-oas J3d ;88j OTqno\\no o\\no o\\no\\nlO\\no o\\no o\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\n8\\n8\\nL- 00\\nCi\\n00 00\\ng\\n(N\\ns\\n1\\n1\\no\\nt-l\\na.\\nt-l\\nc -3 o rt\\nw\\no\\nH O\\ns\\nNog O PM\\nW Ph\\nO o\\na\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S _\\ng^ g Ph\\ncc O J?\\n.g ma)\\no tn\\nO O fe", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "WATBE-POWEES IN GEOEGIA.\\n69\\nS\\n5 S -5\\np= a\\n5S\\nT-i (N 00\\noo oi 00 CO\\nCD C\u00c2\u00bb\\nCO CO CO CO\\nCO O O CO 00\\nt- lO lO J CD\\n05 Tj Tji 00 tr\\ng o o o\\nT-c lO\\nO O CO CD\\n00 1-1 o 00 o lo \u00c2\u00bbo\\nrr 1-1 T-1 00 CD\\no o o \u00c2\u00bbj o\\ni t- Oi CO\\nTj in lo o o\\no o o o\\n00 CO in Ti(\\n\u00c2\u00abo in i o\\no o o o\\no o o o\\n00 i O. O (N\\nCO O O CO\\n8 8 8\\n8 8 8 8\\nd d d d\\n3; O i-H CO TJ\\n00 CO 00\\n5J co CO d\\ng ^_ g\\no d d d CO\\nCO\\nCO CO\\nd T-I\\nCO 10 10\\nCO 10 llfS C5 05\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2r-I d d d t-^\\n1- T-1 K\\n10 T-i (N\\n3\\nO O O (N\\nCD in ir5 10 o o\\ni~ in 10 00 o\\nCD in 00\\nS\\nB ti\\nr- go t-1\\nII\\n-S -g i I J\\nj-c tl aj 01 i\\n6 5\\n3 cc\\nt- c] w fli r^\\nh 0) fcH bD\\no el\\n(1h ;zi\\no a s 3\\nO PQ 5 Pi\\n5i -e\\nw\\nS s 2 o\\nB O 02 O! Eh\\n(3\\no -g o tc\\nOS 03\\nH S CK\\nO S M y!\\nO 2\\nW .2 fi W\\nW M", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "70\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA,\\nC3 u\\nS g\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pe^CaAJtis raoqAi ^Cg\\nJO tioTiipuoo\\nI-\\n1-1\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0/tcpHOBB JO siiioq\\n:gu!Jj.ioAv peaii\\nsiij} ti4iAV uiBo.i:)s I\\nJO jsAio d a[qt jt BAY I\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sjiioq fg\\nSuuiuiu puaii siqj\\nq;iAv uiBajjs JO\\nJ3Avod itioijajoanx\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0?88J 01 JO pB8q\\npaiunssB UB .lo\\npB8q ejBtnisoaddy\\nCO -rl\\nCO 00 iO Ci\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a01-1 r-( to 1-1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ptsatt\\n500J-9aO JO .I9M0d\\n-asaoq 8iq B[ii3Ay\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pi39q\\n^ooj-auo JO .i8Avod\\n-asioq [B3ij3ao3qjj\\nO 00 tH\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pno\\n-09S J9d :)99j oiqno\\n8 S\\nTO tH\\n1 O\\n(J\\nEh g\\nS m\\n1^\\npq K p:\\ns\\ng\\n1\\nM\\na\\n0.\\ntu\\nS\\n6\\nD n 0!\\nPh\\nft O\\n^e-\\no", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "WATEK-rOWEES IN GEORGIA.\\n71\\n6 -S\\nS\\n.a\\nO O i-;\\n3f 00 CO\\nO (N 00\\n00 to rH\\nO CO\\n3 s\\no o o o\\no o o o\\nO xji lO C^ T-H\\nCO T-t T-^ 2i (?i\\nO O 00 5\u00c2\u00ab\\nCO 00 t-\\nai at 03\\nin 00 lo\\nOO T-(\\n3 S\\nT*\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a02 5 =1\\na cc\\ns\\nWi^i-apjoo tiH 1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2So O\\na\\nO g\\nS\\nS B S\\nM o\\no\\na\\na g\\n3 O ft\\ntc\\nW Szi\\n-g\\nO B M", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "72\\nHA]SrD-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nbert-\\nicos.\\nS\\ni\\nn3 c\\ns\\nc\\nH\\no rS\\nK\\ni\\ni -pojCaAins raoqAi. jJg\\ni\\na\\nc\\nc\\ns\\ns\\nPQ\\nt\\nm\\na\\ntab\\np\\nc\\nii\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2mTOjqg\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a\\nFU\\nJO uoijipuoo\\nc\\nc\\nh-\\n1-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Xtjp qoi?8 JO sjnoq\\nM\\nO\\no\\nc\\n(W\\no\\nc\\nS\\nfZ ^gm^ioM. pt 9n\\nCO\\nsiqj q}iM mB3j:)8\\n05\\n?i\\nfe\\nS-?i\\nTf\\ni\\nr-\\nJO .laMod g^q^iraAV\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0sjnoq fz\\no\\nc\\no\\na\\nc\\n\u00c2\u00abc\\no\\nOS\\nSuinnn.! puaq siq:)\\na\\nvm,i\\\\ mTsaits JO\\nf?\\ns f^\\ns;\\nfe\\njaA\\\\od iB0i:)ajo8qj|\\n-fl\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0jaBJ 01 JO pxsaq\\ns\\no\\no\\no c\\no c\\nc\\nc\\ns\\ng\\ns s\\npsraiissB ire JO\\nr-\\no\\nr-\\nt~\\nc-\\no\\nc\\nr^\\nc\\npB8q gitjraixojddv\\nz\\n(T\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pBaq\\nc-\\nff\\n-!t\\nir\\nan\\nc\\nr l\\nt- c\\nQ\\nt-\\n;OOJ-3nO JO J8Ai.0d\\ner\\nt-\\nff*\\nf\\nOJ\\n05\\n!J-\\no\\n-ssioq 8iqi3ireAV\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pBsq\\n5\\nfo\\nOC\\nc\\nIT\\nc\\n5?\\nBe\\ns\\nO\\n00\\ns\\nss\\n^ooj-ono jojaMod\\nr-\\nIM\\nsf\\nCT\\nCO\\no-\\no-\\no\\n-9SJ0q [Bopajoaqx\\npuo\\n-oag jod ^90j oiqno\\no c\\ns\\n5\\ng\\ns\\nc\\no\\nto\\ng\\ns\\nin\\ng\\ns\\ns\\ni\\na\\n(N\\nT)\\nIz;\\n;m\\no\\nPi\\nf?\\nc\\n_a\\n1\\n1\\n1\\np-\\no\\n1\\n1\\n1\\nc\\nc\\ni\\nc\\nP\\na:\\n1\\nn\\n1\\n1\\na.\\na\\ns\\n1\\n0-\\na.\\nfi\\nc\\nc\\n1\\nB\\na:\\n1\\ns\\nEm\\n4\u00c2\u00ab\\na)\\no\\nO\\nP-\\ntr\\n15\\np.\\ntE\\nM\\na\\nte\\n,M\\n(1!\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00c2\u00abi\\ns\\nO\\ntH*\\nQ\\no\\nS\\n1\\n8\\nw\\ng\\ne\\nC\\nd\\n3\\n3\\ni\\nc\\ni\\n6J\\n1\\n2\\n0.\\n1\\n0)\\nEh\\no\\n4)\\n3\\no\\nO\\n1\\nm\\n1\\nc\\n,1^\\na\\nc\\nC\\n1\\n5\\ns\\n8\\n1\\n5\\na;\\no\\nII", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "WATEE-POWEES IN GEOEGIA.\\n73\\nT3 03 p\\na\\na f\\nO 03 t- 00 (N O\\nv-t in CO o 03\\nlo Tf i-i OT -i\\nQ M cj\\nCOrHt-^C^QO C5C^\\nT-H tH CO CD 05 T-i CTa\\nin\u00c2\u00a3:-\u00c2\u00bbraTH- j(i coco\\no o o o _ _\\no o o o o o\\nin o 00 tx) o\\nCO t- :j3 00 O\\nCO t- CO ro 1-1 Tt\\nS\u00c2\u00ab CO T-4 N CD\\nO f- i- CO O\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0!\u00c2\u00bbl CD f- i O\\nin *i lo -1-1 K 00\\n00 in 00\\nlA T-i 00 in\\nS SJ\\na i a\\nS 02\\no\\nO J4\\nO\\no\\nSo\\na Pj\\nSal\\nS\u00c2\u00ab CD rf\\na\\no fl\\n3 S M\\na rS\\na o\\nID\\nn\\n1\\n3\\nO\\nO\\nw", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "74\\nHAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pajfgAjns raoqAV Kq^\\nb t n\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2mB9JJS\\nJO Tioi;ipuoo\\no\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0X^p qoB8 JO sjnoq\\nfZ Sui5{jOA\\\\ psan\\nSim rails Jis\\nJO .tOMod siqBH BAy\\nto 05 CO ^H\\nSniuanjL puaq siij}\\nqjiw raisg.ns jo\\njaMod [BOi^gjoaqx I\\no o o\\nO Oi O L-\\nCO ca -i-H\\nt- c5 2* in\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0139J 01 JO piJaii\\nparanssB ire jo\\npB8q 8;^raixoiddv\\nS 8\\nO t- 00 lO\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0pBoq\\n500J atio JO jaAvci\\n-asaoq aiq^ijeAV\\nD OJ M (N\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pBaij\\n:)ooj auo jo .iaA\\\\od\\n-03.ioq it oijajoaqj,\\nla at o at\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2O Tl Tfi\\n00 CO 00 OS\\nT-i lO o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pno\\n-09S jad jaaj oiqno\\n8 8 8\\nin o o2 o\\n5 2 3 3\\nS W fe di\\ns\\no\\n-3\\nO\\n3\\n.2\\nC\\nt\u00c2\u00bb\\nh\\nIx,\\nN\\nJ\\no\\n15\\n,c\\nfl\\nC\\ng\\no\\ng g s\\nW O h3\\nIS\\no\\nj3", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "WATEK-POWERS IN GEORGIA.\\n75\\n1-1 O CO o\\noooogooo\\nCO oi CO 00 J OS T-1 \u00c2\u00bbo CO ro r-i\\nO T-1 T-H\\nlO 2 Tf O QO CO\\nO CiD O\\nO c: c^\\nCO* o: CO CO\\nM o o\\n1-1 -a\\nCO o s\u00c2\u00ab t- o o\\no o o o o o o\\nCO iH 00\\n(NTHooinioiN05coTt cotoco-*\\nQ 1-1 tH\\nO CO i-\\noj 1-1 lo co o\\nT-1 CO T-t CO\\no o o o\\nO O OOOOOOOQ\\noooooopoooooo\\noioijJOOOOCDOOOOCD\\no o o o o o\\no c o o o o\\no o o 00\\no o o o\\n00 O N o\\n5\\nCOOOTflOCDCOtMOOJ-^COi-ITtl\\nt-C010 ^COJ t-Oi\\nin CO CO T-i\\nCOi0000^0500tHOtHOtH\\n00 OS t- 1-1\\n00 03 (T* O\\nC* O O 1-i\\niHOQO! OOTHCOi-l03t-aiCO\\nC-iHCOOt-OiOSCOTjlCOCOCO*^\\noj o o\\nCi O CO iH o\\nO 00 t^ CO CO\\nCO CO lO CO CO c?\\nO iH iH O\\no Tt\\nO O p O CO\\nC CO O\\n1-1 CO CO lO\\n00 O (N CO\\nCO CO 1-1\\n00 00 O lO\\n3 !S\\nC\\nO\\nS\\n1\\nX\\no\\ncc\\nc3\\n\u00c2\u00abc\\nCO\\nCO\\nPQ\\nS s\\n3 5\\n12J o K-i\\nS ii o\\nK 1-?\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a02 5 S S\\nCO S ^J.5_M\\nii 3 g 3\\nS S P o\\nOOP \u00c2\u00abJ\\n3 2 S\\n4^ 4^\\n5 o o\\no 4\\nO) (U o\\no 2 o 2\\nOOt5aoc3^^ 3o.2HOo\\n5 S\\ni -3\\nW Hi M\\nO M\\nO \u00e2\u0080\u009eMxi\\nm 1 o\\nK S =5 5\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03 W M M H", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "76\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0paXsAans raoq.w Aq^\\n2\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ni Baj:)g\\nJO uoi;ipnoo\\nB 5\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jf^p H0B8 JO sjnoq\\nfZ SaiJ[.IOAV pB3It\\nsiqi ifjiM uiBaais\\nJO J8A\\\\6d a[qT![IBAy\\nC^OOOOOOOOOOIOCDOOOO?\\nCQ iO 00 O CO C5D\\nM t-CDinc \u00c2\u00ablOD-*t-MOO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sjnoq fz\\nSuiuuai PB911 siq;\\nq^iAV niTjaj^s jo\\nj9A\\\\od iBDijajoaqx\\nCOOOOOOOOOOOi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COCDOOQOOO\\n;DQOOCC OOCDO\u00c2\u00a3 ^OO^Ot-OiOC?t-CO(r\u00c2\u00ab\\nT-t M CO\\ntH ffi r-1\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0J38J 01 JO pi3aq\\npamnssB we jo\\npeaq 8:) Bniixojddv\\no\\no\\no\\no\\ng\\ng\\ng\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\ng\\no\\no\\ng\\ng\\n8\\n8\\no\\no\\n8\\ns\\no\\no\\no\\no\\ng\\no\\no\\no\\nOl\\ns\\ng\\no\\no\\no\\nin\\ng\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2p^aq\\n:)ooj-9uo jo jaiViod\\n-asaoq aiqisiiBAV\\ng s\\ng\\n8\\nin\\n00\\nCO\\no\\ns\\nJ^\\nCO\\n9\\n1-H\\nlO\\ns\\n8\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0rH O\\nO\\nCO\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0r^\\n(N\\nO\\no\\nCO\\nTH\\nCO\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2p^aq\\n!jooj-ano JO jaMod\\n-asioq [BDijaaoaqx\\nel\\nS\\ng\\nCO\\ng\\no\\nCO\\no\\no\\nCO\\nCO\\ns\\n(N\\nO\\nr-i\\nCO\\nu\\nCO\\no\\no\\na\\no\\no o\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pno\\n-Das .lad }aaj oiqiiQ\\ntjOlOOOlOOO\\neoooooot-cfoo\\n000000500C*iO\\nlOOlOlOOJOOOCOt-\\nOCOOOCOOCOIOO\\ntH in N (M CO o\\n\u00c2\u00a9OHO\\na\\ns\\nfe\\nM (/J\\nfe id\\npp\\n12;\\ng S 5\\no J tj t fc. S\\ncj cS c3 cs S\\nK !zi jg; g\\n1^\\n1\\nii S\\nM\\n-f, a.\\nfi w S 3\\nbjo S\\n4 i\\n(S\\nO\\n,y\\nM\\nB\\nft 5\\nEh g Q g\\nO h!", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "WATEE-POWEES IN GBOEGIA.\\n77\\no .o\\n(-1\\no o o o\\nO lO T\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CX)\\nr) M r-I CO\\n00000000\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abMOO-r)\\n10000CO\u00c2\u00a3-OOCOi-ICO\u00c2\u00a3~00 *U3\\nCO tH iHQOOOOQDCOr-l-rHQOS^THOOO\\nTT (Ti\\nc o o o\\no\\nCO\\no\\no\\no\\nin\\no\\no\\no\\n05\\nS g\\n03 CO\\ns\\nCO\\n?5\\no\\nCO\\n3\\n21\\nCO\\ng\\nin\\nat\\nin\\nO\\n5\u00c2\u00ab CO\\nJS\\nCO\\no\\no o o o\\nooooooooooooo\\nooooooooooooo\\nooooooooo(Noocn\\nO T-l o -rl\\nintr-ocgt-oooo-i-i -^ffsaoTfco\\nCO O 1H 1-1 T-l T-l Tt\\n00 00 1-1 T-l Til s\u00c2\u00ab tH\\n00 CT ii\\nin GO -i-H T-\\nO 1-1 O CD\\noco CO cj 3;^-o-^050co^- t-oococoo\\noo) CO j4 i^oio^nlnlHc\u00c2\u00abco3 (^^(?iln(^i\\n03 O iH\\nco(Neonoi-ii-ioo(n\\no o in CO\\n1-1 O (N CO\\nin co 1-1 co\\n1-1 in\\ni oooo- liooojco\\ncoincoc^oininoioin\\nc\u00c2\u00bbt-o;c*THo-. iN Nin!Ne\u00c2\u00abi^(o\\no\\no\\nO\\no\\no\\nO\\nis\\nt\\nXI\\n,a\\nCS\\n03\\n0)\\na)\\nh^l\\nh:?\\ni-^l\\ntJ)\\n-d .s\\ni\\n3\\n|3\\n-C!\\ng\\nrH\\n-H\\nc3\\nfe 3 in ci 2\\nc3 2 03 J3 O ft\\nO g O C3 fci 03 IB\\n2 r? -2 rS -S O =3 ft S\\n.5 fR\\n^2;\\n,5 H\\n7. a\\n3 S\\nn zD O goM^ og\\nCO 03 QQ\\ng\\n5\\n5 8 5\\n1 I g\\nP^ H W Ph\\nO l 05\\n2\\no .a -a o 3 o\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0L 7 pR P5 CO\\no o\\nW\\n|x,o!zi cifi,oPWW P4\\nj Eh", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "18\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\no\\n_g\\nca\\nbil\\nqn\\n1\\na\\nf^\\no\\nS\\n=2\\n1^\\n3\\no\\n1\\ng\\nrd\\nlU\\n1\\ng\\na\\n1\\n1\\n1\\n03\\n-a\\no\\no\\no\\n.a\\nc\u00c2\u00ab\\n03\\na\\nm\\nd\\no\\nw\\no\\ni\\n9\\nO\\nO\\nbe\\nft\\n.3\\ns\\n03\\n1\\n3\\no\\nj3\\n1\\nCO\\n5\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2paXaAjns raoqAi. S.Q\\ni\\nj\\nO\\nu\\no\\nh^\\npp.\\nd c\\nbe\\nbb\\n-d\\nbb\\nV\\na u\\na\\n53 Ij\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uiBaiJS\\nJO uopipnoo\\n0)\\nll\\nI-\\na (-1\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a02\\no\\nen\\no\\no\\no\\nO\\no\\n1 h^l\\nl\\niJ\\n1-1\\niJ\\ni-:i\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2iCfc[jqoi39 josanoq\\nc\\no\\no\\n00\\no o o\\no\\nCO\\nfZ SupiJOM. pBOll\\nt-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\n00\\nid\\nsu iiJiAi areaj is\\nt-\\n00\\nT)\\nd in co\\nITJ !N CT\\no\\nCO\\nJO jaMod aiqtsiiBAY\\noi\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0sjnoq pz\\np\\no\\nQ\\no o o\\no\\nc\u00c2\u00bb\\n\u00c2\u00a7uiuan.i p?8q siqj\\no.\\nT-1\\nCO\\nCO\\nS\u00c2\u00ab 00 o\\nTl\\nq}m ra^ajjs jo\\nCO\\nCO\\n4\\ni\\ns\\nCO\\nd\\n.I8A\\\\0d IB0!;8.IO8qX\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0198J 01 JO p^aq\\ns\\no\\no\\n8\\n8\\nc\\nS 8 S\\no\\no\\npauiussB uB JO\\nc\\no\\no\\nd\\nc\\nodd\\nd\\n00\\npBaq ajBiuixojddv\\nCO\\nO)\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pcaq\\ns\\ns\\na\\nS 5\\nCD\\ng\\n?ooj-3no joaaAvod\\nai\\n0\\nIf\\n(N IN (N\\no-\\nd\\n-asjoq aiq B[reAV\\ns5\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2peaq\\nCO\\noc\\n(N 00 O\\nlO CO 00\\ns\\nS\\n?ooj-9no JO J8Ai0d\\n(N\\nCO\\nco\\nJ\\n!N r\\nd\\n-asjoq |B3[:)ajo8qx\\ncc\\no\\no\\nG\\nO 0-\\nQ\\nc\\nc\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pno\\nTf\\nlO\\nC\\no c\\nC\\no\\n-08S J3d \u00e2\u0096\u00a0JG9J oiqno\\nc\\nS\\nCO\\n(TJ O-\\ng\\n1\\nCO\\nS\\nd\\no\\ni\\n3\\np\\ns\\nO\\nE-i\\ns\\na\\na\\no\\n6\\no\\n1\\n1\\nc\\np:\\n.s\\ni-:i E\\nc\\ns\\ntq\\na\\nb\\nc\\n1\\np\\n03\\na\\no:\\n1 E\\n03\\nc\\no\\n0)\\no\\nc\\nG.\\n(D\\ns\\nW\\np:\\nO\\nh-^\\n1\\no\\n.w\\n,i\\na\\ntH\\n03\\n1\\n6\\n0,\\na.\\nh\\nH\\na\\nC\\ntH\\nOJ\\ns\\nX\\ns\\nO\\npi)\\no\\nO\\n(3\\no\\n5\\n3\\n1^\\nP\\nC\\nIs\\no\\nK\\nPi\\no\\no\\nJ=\\nc\\nO\\ntr\\n1\\n.J\\nIz;\\nO\\n1\\nw\\nw\\nffl", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "WATEK-POWEKS IN GEOEGIA.\\n79\\n,Q\\nN O !0\\nt* t^ 00 OS\\n00\\nt- 1-1 -r-l lO\\n05 O CO O\\nO *n CO CO\\nCO CO CO t-\\no o o o\\nO O lO o\\n1-1 T-1\\no o o o\\nCO T-t CO o\\n1-1 00 Ti 00\\nCO 00 lO\\nt- CO Tl^ Oi\\n0* O tH\\nCO lO CO U3\\no o o o\\nCO T-t CO Oi\\nO O 03\\n00 00 CO o\\nCO CO 00 in\\nOi Oi CO\\nT-1 1-1 7-1 5*\\n1-1 (NO\\nOi Gi Oi Oi\\no o o o\\nin ir5 lO lo\\nCO CO :o CO\\nIT! IN (N Oi\\nCD\\nla (N\\nT) oo\\no o o t-\\nCO O 00 CO\\nco co O 1-i\\nCO CO\\nN (N tH CO\\n00 CO Ir-\\ni^ t- E; \u00c2\u00a3r\\nCO CO CO CO\\nCO CO CO CO\\nCO CO CO CO\\nCO CO CO i\\nCO CO tH 1-1\\n7-1 1-1 Tjl Ol\\no o o o\\no o o\\ni L- L- t-\\ny\u00e2\u0080\u0094 T-t 1-1 T-i\\nyi Oi Oi Oi\\n01 lyi CT tM\\n02\\nla -5 m\\n5 s 1\\n-5\\n3 M eg M\\ng M 5\\nr.- S\\nH w\\n03\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03 i\\n5\\n3 -5 -3\\nO K O!\\nfi\\nCO -S C3 1^,\\nw g a o\\n5 S S\\np.\\no o\\nP3 P^\\nO\\nS o\\n5\\no3\\na", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "80\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nn\\nc\\nc:\\nq\\ni\\na\\nc\\ni\\nC\\n-a\\no\\n1\\na (1,\\nr! O\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0s,\\nc:\\nsn\\nP\\no\\ng\\nu\\n^1\\n1\\n3\\n_^\\nje\\n_ec\\nPh\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pajCaAJtis raoqAi. iCg;\\no\\n01\\nt-\\nu\\no\\n(s\\no\\n(5\\n_ff\\njJ\\nfe\\n^H\\ntb\\nM iT\\n1.\\nfl a)\\n_g 03 S\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S t^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2tmiaais\\n1\\nC\\now spi\\nor mo\\now wa\\nJO uoi:npuoo\\n_\u00c2\u00a7\\n1-^\\nhJ h^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jt\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 qona jo sanoq\\nfJi 3U151.I0AV pi38q\\nC\\noc\\nc\\nc\\nc o\\no o\\no\\nTt\\n(N O\\niq CO\\nsiq; qjiAv nit38Jis\\ng\\ng\\no\\nJO 13^6(1 aiq^ireAV\\n1-. T-1\\nla\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0sjnoq fz\\nc\\n5-\\nc\\no Q\\no o\\nSmuTiiu pB8q siqj\\ntc\\n5\\n(M\\no -S\\nt-\\nl-\\nqjui tuBOJis jo\\no:\\nt-\\nOS lO\\nOJ TO\\n00\\nj8A\\\\od poi^sjosqx\\nco\\no\\nC\\nO\\nc\\no o\\no o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2189J 01 JO pBaq\\no\\nc\\nc\\nc\\no o\\nO\\npamnssB uu jo\\nc\\ns\\nX\\nc\\ni\\no o\\no in\\npB8q a^BUitxojddv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pBaq\\n3\\ng\\ns\\no\\nCO 00\\njooj-oiio JO jaAvod\\no:\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a\\ntc\\nCM\\no o\\nd lO\\n-asjoq aiqcitBAV\\nffj\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ptjaq\\n:jooj3uo JO .i9Moa\\ncc\\nlO\\nN\\n00\\nlO -r-C\\nI-\\nIr-\\nlO\\nC 3\\nCO\\n03 iO\\nIT\\nco\\nlO\\nt-\\nIN\\nn CO\\nth\\n-3S.ioq xB3i;8Joaqj,\\nTH\\ns\\nc\\nC\\nq\\nC5 O\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2puo\\n-083 .lad ^aoj oiqiio\\nc\\nC\\nio\\nCO o\\no\\nE\\nS\\nTf OJ\\nil-\\nrH r-l\\ni\\na\\no\\nB\\nS\\no\\nH\\no\\nt\\nc\\nX\\n1\\n1\\nla\\no\\n1\\nJ\\np\\nC\\n1\\nc\\nc\\n1\\ni\\nc\\nit\\n0) M\\na\\n1\\nP\\nc\\na\\n_5\\nEh\\ntu\\ng\\nJ2\\ns\\ng\\nS^\\na;\\nO\\nH\\nSi\\n02\\nO\\nH\\na\\ns\\nK\\nO\\nt^\\nS\\n1\\nd\\nO\\nt-5\\ng\\nO\\nQ\\nc\\nc\\nc\\nt3\\no\\nO\\nR\\no\\nQ,\\nD\\nO\\n0)\\no\\nfc\\na\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\nD\\n02\\nt2\\no\\nO\\nt-.\\n01\\nM J:\\nC\\no\\nB\\nc\\nCS\\no\\n01\\n01\\nO\\ns\\n0)\\nC\\nS\\ng\\nS\\ng", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "WATER-POWERS IN GEORGIA.\\n81\\nbX)\\n,Q\\nO\\nn\\nei\\nO\\n5\\nIn\\nN\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ffl 00 00 o\\nth c5 03 00\\nO CO CJ CO\\nlO 1-1 00\\n05 05\\no o o o\\nt- cs o c^\\ne6 ai CD\\no o o o\\nCO CD o c; 00\\nlO 05 O O lO\\nO i.~ T-l (N r)(\\nO O O O\\nl^ CO CO lO\\nCO 05 m o\\no o o o\\n03 Tf 00 00\\nio t- oj e*\\nO O O O Q\\no o o o o\\no CO CO ra\\n(N 05 at at f\\nO C5 1-1 CO lO\\nT-l O O\\n1-, CO CO in\\ni-i CO lO 03\\nO O O O\\no o o o\\no o o o\\nn-( O\\nCD m t-\\nCD (N OO 03 (N\\nN (N 1-1 CO\\n03 0)0^0\\no o o o\\niO lO in w\\nI- i~ t-\\nCO CO CO CO\\nCO CO CO CO\\nCO CO CO CO\\nI- 05 O O\\nCO DO 00\\nO tH tH -rH\\no o o\\no c o\\nlo lo in in in\\nCO CO CD CD CD\\no o o o o\\nCO\\nSo\\nCO\\nCO\\nm\\n00\\n00\\noo\\n00\\n1-1\\n00\\nin 1-1 1-1 1-1 ii\\no\\nS\\nO\\no\\n(N CO\\n1-\\n1\\nin in\\nCD ZO\\no\\n03\\n02\\nto\\nSf)\\nQQ\\nCI\\n3\\na\\nC3\\n1\\nB\\nh\\nfi\\nu\\nPL,\\nC\\nr\\nrC\\ncS\\nC\\nXi\\na\\nIN OJ 0N( Oi\\n03 m O\\nJS fe aj J3\\ni h-i n\\nQ o\\nPh cc S K u pq\\nO M\\nO Ph\\nS S\\n5 e 1^ M", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "82\\nHANDBOOK OF GEORGIA.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2p3;{aAjng luonAi ^fji\\nJO uoi:npuoo\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Bp noTja JO sjnoi}\\nfZ Sui I.lOM PB911\\nJO JBA\\\\6d 9[qBll13AV\\nooooooocous\\nT-* 1-1 tH CO\\n\u00c2\u00abo m 02 o 00\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SJIlOll fZ\\nSiiiiiuiu pijaq siq;\\nmm raxjajjs jo\\njaAiod ieoi}8.Tonqx\\noooooooooo\\niOT-i(rJcocc oo-^(NO\\n(N in lo T) lo CO 1-1 o i-(\\n1-1 1-1 T-l Tj( UJ rt\\n53 S\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jasj 01 JO pB8q\\npamussB UB jo\\npBaq 9}Biuixoad(Jv\\no o o o o o\\no o o o o o\\nOOOG0OOOO(N\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pBaq\\n:)ooj-8ao JO .laAvod\\n-8SJoq giqiqiBAy\\nO TT CD\\n1-1 03 CO\\nin 05 o t-\\no CO o o (M o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2p^aq\\n?00J-9U0 JO J8A\\\\0d\\n-8SJoq iBOnaJoaqx\\nlOi-llMOitOOT-^JNOJ\\n(Ninini-incoi-icDo:\\ni-Ioi- 0 !}ioi- (NO\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0pno\\n-oas aad :jaaj oiquQ\\nOOCOOOOOOt-\\noincooooooi-t\\nT--^eoi-o\u00c2\u00aboc coo6\\n0.\\nb\\nc\\nd\\nO\\nM\\na,\\ng 1\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0r\\nw\\n03\\no\\n-a\\nta\\nO M -S\\nW S\\n(N W\\n0)\\nQ\\nfl o\\n03\\ni? CO\\nS\\na a\\n02\\nli\u00c2\u00b0 I fl -a\\nW s", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "WATER-POWEBS IN GEOEGIA.\\n83\\ns=\\no o o o\\nlO O sO lO\\nrf 5o 00\\nat\\nCO\\nSB\\ng\\n5g\\nlO\\n05\\no\\n(M\\no\\nin\\nt-( CO a* JO\\nCO 00 t-\\nt- :0 Tf\\no id o\\nlO c o o\\nO O lO\\nN 1-1 t- o:\\nT-1 U3 O\\no o c:s o\\no o o o\\no o o o\\no o n\\nlo o =o in\\nTJi 00\\nTf CO CO o\\nCO i- \u00c2\u00bbo J.~\\no (ri CO\\nt- O 00 CD\\nin o o o\\nCO C! O CO\\nTf t- CO\\no CO id\\n1 Oi -T* T-H\\no p o o\\nO t- CO N\\nin c- OS t-\\nJ O O CO\\nCO o o o\\nT-t 00 CO\\no S\\nO J3\\no g\\n6\\ng\\ni^pt\\nI-:! n O\\nS JM 1\\n5 S I\\nC3 -a\\nM\\nii\\nO\\no\\nfu\\nu\\nh)\\nTl\\nO\\nhii\\nn\\nH\\nO o\\n2 1\\n1\\nQ\\no\\no\\nr-i\\n1^\\no\\nm\\nt,\\ncS\\nn\\nM\\nM", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "84\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA.\\n_2\\nID\\nk\\na\\nc:\\na\\n3\\ns\\nQ\\n1\\n1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2psjfaAjns TnoiiA\\\\. \u00c2\u00a3q\\n0\\np\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03\\n_K\\nf^\\nu\\nH\\n6\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2niBaijs\\nJO UOI41PUOO\\nJ\\n1-1\\nj^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Xbp TI0B3 JO sjnoq\\nC\\n00\\n8\\nc\\nSniuuiu pBaq\\nCO 00\\nc-\\nt-\\nt-\\n00\\nCO\\nin\\nsiq; lUfAv I^ B^J:^s\\noi C\\nCO\\ne\\ng\\nc*\\ns\\nJO jaAvod sjqexiBAV\\ntH\\ns-inon ^g\\nc\\nas\\n1=\\nSiiinuni peaq siq:)\\nIT\\n0-\\nTf\\nCO\\nc\\nc\\nq;iAV raB9a5s jo\\noj a\\ng\\nCO\\nS\\ngi\\na-\\na-\\naaAvod iBOi^sJoaqx\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00c2\u00bb38J 01 JO p^^q\\nc\\ng\\n8\\nc\\ns\\npaumssB UB jo\\n(m c\\nOC\\na\\nC\\nc\\nc\\n(N\\nIC\\nc\\nd\\npB9q ajBraixo-iddv\\nr-i T-\\ncc\\na\\nM\\nt-\\nC}\\nc\\nc-\\n05\\nptjsq\\n00 c\\no-\\nCC\\n(N\\nOi\\n(N\\nla\\n^ooj-ouo JO .iaA\\\\od\\nd 1-\\nt^\\nc\\nC\\nOi\\nrn\\na\\nd\\n-asjoq 8[qBiiBAV\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2peaq\\nin\\n0:\\n00\\n(N\\n0:\\nCJ\\ni-\\n00\\nOi\\nc\\n0-\\n1-;\\n}ooj-8tio JO laAYOd\\nr-i i-\\n0-\\nc\\n(N\\n(N\\nT^\\n0-\\nd\\n-asjoq iB0i;8JO3qj;,\\nC\\nc\\nc\\nc\\nc\\nc\\ncc\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pno\\n-oas .TOd ;99j oiquo\\nO) C.\\nc\\nc\\nc\\nc\\ncf\\nin\\nOD\\ncc\\nCO\\nd\\nIT\\noc\\nd\\n125\\n3\\n3\\nf^\\nS\\nt/2\\n03\\nCD\\nC\\n03\\nD\\n1\\n5\\nC\\nEh\\n.a\\nH\\nfq S\\n1\\nc\\nCS\\n5\\ni\\n1\\n_tt\\n1\\nPh\\n.ii\\ne\\ni\\nII\\nE-\\n1\\n5\\ncc\\nCO\\nin\\noc\\n1^\\nsi\\nl\\nM\\nH\\n02\\n1\\nEh\\nQ\\npq\\nrr. 0-\\na.\\nII\\np\\nK\\np\\nta\\nEH\\n1\\nPh\\nD P\\n0.\\nc\\na\\nC\\na\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a\\n1\\nL\\nP^\\n5\\ni\\n1\\n(1\\nZ\\nP\\n1\\nM\\nEh\\nEh", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "WATEK-POWEES IN GEORGIA.\\n85\\nFQ 5\\n3\\n-H O\\nN ;D M\\no o o p o\\nO QO TT i.^\\nt~ OJ CO\\nCO aD Tf\\n(N CO (N 00\\no o o o o\\nO 05 O iO 00\\nO O rn\\nCO 1-1 1-1 r-l\\nO O O O O\\nO C? O O O\\n00 CO CO in CO\\no o o o\\nO CO CO Ol\\n1-1 CO lO o\\no o o o o\\n(N lO 00\\nCO 00 00\\nCO T-l T-1 7-1\\no o o o o\\no o o o o\\no o o o o\\ntH -tH (O i-t C5\\no o o o\\no o o o\\nO O CO o\\nO 1-1 1-1 tH\\no o o o o\\no o o o o\\no o o o o\\nO 00\\nt- (N CO -rf\\no o o\\nf~ CO CO 1-1\\nT-^ CO ca 00\\n1-i 00 o o\\nCs OS O iO 00\\nlO 00\\nCO L~ 03\\nO O\\nOO CO 03 lO\\nt CO O (C^\\n3 00 CT O\\nCT J:- lO (N 00\\nCO 00 (N 00\\nO O O lO o\\n00 O 1-1 1-1 CO\\nCO 1-1 o o\\nlO o o o o\\nCO\\nO C3\\na\\n.1\\no\\ni s i\\nS\\nO tH o CS\\nQ Pli O\\nEH\\n3 P\\n2 r2 CO O\\no h^ :g 3 o\\nS S g\\no o\\nc3\\n60\\n03\\n0)\\nw o\\nQ O -S\\nh! fq o\\nfi\\nn fi\\npq M C 5\\nW O t\u00c2\u00bb o", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "86 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nMINERAL WATERS.\\nThere is a great abundance of Chalybeate or Iron waters\\nin the State in different geological formations. Limestone\\nsprings in the northwestern portion are numerous. Sulphur\\nsprings do not occur in great numbers.\\nThe circumstances of the preparation of this outline do not\\nallow more than an enumeration of those springs which have\\nfor years been resorted to for their medicinal properties.\\nCatoosa Springs, Catoosa Co.,\\nGordon Springs, Wliitefield Co.,\\nColiutta Springs, Murray Co.,\\nRowland Springs, Bartow Co.,\\nDouglierty s Spring, Polk Co.,\\nCamp s Spring, Fulton Co.,\\nPonce de Leon Spring, Fulton Co.,\\nAtlanta Mineral Spring, Fulton Co.,\\nNew Holland Spring, Hall Co.,\\nSulphur Spring, Hall Co.,\\nPorter s Springs, Lumpkin Co.,\\nMadison Springs, Madison Co.,\\nHelicon Springs, Clarke Co.,\\nIndian Springs, Butts Co.,\\nMineral Spring, Coweta Co.,\\nNewnau Spring, Coweta Co.,\\nSulphur Spring, Meriwether Co.,\\nWarm Spring, Meriwether Co.,\\nChalybeate Spring, Meriwether Co.\\nGlenn s Spring, Early Co.,\\nSpringfield Spring, Effingham Co.,\\nHeard s Spring, Wilkes Co.,\\nFranklin Springs, Franklin Co.\\nAnalysis of Camp s Mineral Spring at West End^ 1\\\\ miles\\nfrom Union Depot, iji Atlanta\\nGrains.\\nSulphuretted Hydrogen Gas. 0.1720\\nProtocarbonate of Iron 2.0320\\nSesquicarbonate of Iron 3520\\nProtocarbonate of Manganese 0050\\nCarbonate of Manganese 0520\\nCarbonate of Lime 3020\\nChloride of Calcium 1190\\nChloride of Sodium 1320\\nSilicate of Soda and Lime 4300\\nCrenic and Apocrenic Acids 0180\\nFree Carbonic Acid 1.0370\\n4.8660\\nTotal solid matter dried at 212 F. 3.5324.\\nAnalyzed by W. J. Land, CJumid.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "MAEL-BKDS OF GEORGIA, Si\\nMARLS.\\nMr. Ruffin, in his Essay on Calcareous Manures, has\\ndescribed the introduction in Virginia of the use of marl (so\\nabundant in the southern half of Georgia), and has shown\\nthe great advantages to be derived from its use.\\nThe experiments of Governor Hammond of South Carolina,\\nAvith the marl from Shell Bluff, were described by him in a\\nletter to the Agricultural Society as eminently satis-\\nfactory.\\nProf. Hilgard, in his Report on the Geology and Agriculture\\nof Mississippi, has shown the very great importance of the\\nmarls of that State, which correspond closely with those in\\nGeorgia.\\nProf. Cooke, in the New Jersey Report, devotes much atten-\\ntion to the green-sand marls of that State, as does Kerr in his\\nReport on North Carolina geology.\\nMany years ago. Dr. Joseph Jones, in a Report to the Agri-\\ncultural Society of Georgia, gave many analyses of our marls,\\nand urged the free use of them by the planters.\\nIt has been ascertained that there is scarcely a limit to the\\namount of this fertilizer so highly commended by these men,\\neminent in science and in agriculture. About 30 samples have\\nbeen analyzed for the Geological Survey of Georgia, by Prof.\\nH. C. White, of the State Agricultural College at Athens, and\\na report made on the projjerties of lime and marls. TJiis\\nreport is herewith submitted for the information and guidance\\nof such farmers as may have sufficient enterprise to make use\\nof this means provided to their hands, for the regeneration\\nand stimulation of their soils.\\nIt is fortunate for the people of this State that limestone is\\nso abundant in North-west Georgia as to be readily accessible\\neverywhere and of excellent quality; while a belt of limestone\\ncrops out or appears on the surface, north of the Chattahoo-\\nchee Ridge, in Hall and Habersham Counties, in North-east\\nGeorgia.\\nThe map indicates the limits of the cretaceous and tertiary\\nmarls in the southern portion of the State,\\nI have seen in Effingham County, the effects last year of marl\\napplied twenty years ago on Mrs, Longstreet s land, and could", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "b8 IIAN^D-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\ndistinguish by the fresh rich green color of the blades of corn,\\ncontrasting with the yellow, dry, and burnt leaves on adjacent\\nland, the portion of the farm to which the shell marl had been\\napplied, as pointed out by the gentleman who had spread it.\\nActual experience and practice have demonstrated, that Avith\\njudicious rotation of crops, the application of lime not only\\npermanently improves soil, but causes a uniformly increased\\nproduction for as many as thirty years.\\nEEPORT OF H. C. WHITE,\\nProfessor of Chemistry in the State College of Agriculture\\nand the Mechanic Arts, upon the Agricultural uses and\\nvalue of Marls and Peats, vnth Analyses of a number of\\nsamples obtained in Georgia:\\nAthens, Ga., June 1, 1876.\\nDr. George Little, Btate Geologist, Atlanta, Ga.\\nDear Sir At your request, I have examined a number of\\nspecimens of marls and peats obtained during the progress of\\nthe Geological Survey, and have the honor herewith to present\\nanalyses of the same, with a few remarks concerning their\\ncharacter, and their economic value and importance to the\\nState.\\n{A) Marls. Strictly sjieaking, the term marl should per-\\nhaps be only applied to such masses or deposits of earth as are\\ncalcareous in nature. In general nse, however, it has come to\\nhave a much more extensive application, and to include within\\nits meaning, earthy pulverulent masses of various sorts and\\ncompositions, many of which contain little or no lime. The\\nnecessity has therefore arisen for the classification of marl\\ndeposits, and for the qualification of the term by prefixed\\nnames, in the order of adjectives, generally suggested by\\nand distinguishing some characteristic or peculiar property of\\nthe deposit. Thus, the green-sand marls of New Jersey are\\nmasses of loose, jaulverulent earth, distinguished by the\\npresence of numerous small particles of what appears to be\\ngreen sand, the composition of which is chiefly silicate of iron\\nand potash. Many of these marls contain very little lime.\\nClay marls contain much clay silicious or sandy marls much", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "PROF. WHITE OlSr MAEL AND ITS USES. 89\\nsand. In either of these cases, the second prominent constit-\\nuent should be carbonate of lime; sometimes, however, these\\nnames are applied to deposits which contain little or none of\\nthis last-named substance. Shell marl is a true marl, and\\nhas been formed by the disintegration and comminution of\\nthe larger shells from which it was derived.\\nIt is but proper to say that the ultimate origin of all true\\ncalcareous marls was, perhaps, the shells or other secretions of\\nmarine animals. In shell marl, these shells are compara-\\ntively very large, are generally discernible to the eye in some\\njjart of the mass, and consequently leave no doubt as to the\\norigin in this case. Frequently, however, during the disinte-\\ngration or breaking up of the shells, the finely divided portion\\nhas become mixed with clay, sand, and other matters, so that\\nthe material does not retain the composition of the pure shell.\\nYery often, also, the disintegration of the shell is by no means\\ncomplete, so that large fragments, and even entire shells,\\nremain mixed with the mass.\\nThe specimens of marls examined, and which represent per-\\nhaps the general character of much the larger part of the great\\nmarl deposits of Georgia, belong, with few exceptions, to the\\nclass of shell marls.\\nThe peculiar properties and composition of marl render it\\na material capable of useful api^lication in several industrial\\npursuits but the one great industry in which it has, up to\\nthis time, mainly found application, and been esteemed\\nvaluable in the use, is agriculture. In treating of the uses and\\nvalue of marl, therefore, we would naturally be led chiefly to\\nconsider its relations to fertility, and those of its properties\\nwhich fit it for the use of the husbandman.\\nAs an inspection will show, the analyses given herewith ex-\\nhibit a great uniformity in the qualitative character of the speci-\\nmens examined. The main differences indicated are in the\\nrelative proportion of the constituent substances. Of the sub-\\nstances named in the analyses, those which mainly give to the\\nmarls their agricultural value, are Lime, Magnesia, and Phos-\\nphoric Acid, to which may perhaps be added, as possessing\\nsome value, soluble Silica and organic matter.\\n(a) Lime. The value of lime as a fertilizing agent, especially\\nefficaceous in the restoration of worn-out lands to a condition", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "90 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nof fertility, has been known for many years, and its use in this\\nconnection dates far back into antiquity. The main sources\\nof the lime used in agriculture are, and have always been,\\nlimestones, marl, and marine shells not yet broken up and\\naggregated even to the condition of marl. Limestone differs\\nfrom marl, in that the former is generally more or less compact\\nand hard while the latter, even when exceedingly rich in\\nlime, is generally pulverulent, ci umbly, and soft. Limestone\\nor shells are rarely ever used in their original, natural forms\\ngenerally they are burned in kilns, which effect a radical\\nchange in their composition and properties.\\nAs is well known, the lime in limestone (and in shells also)\\nis combined with carbonic acid, forming carbonate of lime.\\nOn burning, the carbonic acid is driven away in the f oi m of\\ngas, and the lime is left behind. This burnt lime differs\\nessentially from the carbonate of lime from which it was\\nderived. The hard and compact limestone is changed to a\\nloose, friable, and soft mass of lime. The mild, inactive\\nlimestone is transformed by the loss of its carbonic acid to\\ncaustic or quick lime, which must be handled with care\\nlest it burn the flesh, and which exhibits a most powerfiil\\ntendency to combine with water so strong is this attraction,\\nthat when quicklime is slaked by treatment with water, a\\ngreat heat is developed by the energy of the combination,\\nwhich manifests itself in the bubbling and steaming of the\\nmass.\\nMoreover, caustic lime, if exposed, will attract to itself\\nwater from its surroundings, as the air (when it becomes air-\\nslaked lime) or the soil upon Avhich it may be applied. But\\nwater is not the only substance with which caustic lime exhibits\\na tendency to unite. It is what in chemical language is\\ntermed a strong hase\u00e2\u0080\u0094i.e, it has a great disposition to combine\\nwith acids and even though the acid be already imited to\\nother bases, it will frequently replace the latter by the superior\\nstrength of its attraction. The slaking of lime\u00e2\u0080\u0094 either by the\\naddition of water or exposure to air while it diminishes its\\ncausticity and quickness, does not impair its basicity; on\\nthe contrary, it may be said to increase it. Slaked lime there-\\nfore possesses the power of attracting to itself and uniting with\\nacids.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "PROP. WHITE 0:N^ MAKL AND ITS USES. 91\\nIt is usually in the caustic or slaked form that our agricul-\\nturists have been accustomed to apply lime to their soils in\\norder to increase fertility. A knowledge of those properties\\ndiscussed above may heljj us to understand something of its\\naction in this connection. The action had by lime when\\napplied to soils, as generally ascribed, may be briefly enumer-\\nated as follows\\n1. Lime is a necessary article of food for all plants. Soils\\ndeficient in lime will, therefore, not produce good crops.\\nAnalysis shows, also, that it is one of the substances required\\nin largest quantity by most plants for food. Continued culti-\\nvation would, therefore, exhaust a soil of its lime more quickly\\nthan of many other constituents.\\n2. Lime, by reason of its basicity, attacks and decomposes\\ncertain mineral salts in the soils, uniting with the acids and\\nliberating the bases. Chief among the salts so decomposed\\nare certain alkaline silicates compounds of silicic acid with\\npotash, etc. which are, in themselves, not in a condition to\\nbe assimilated by plants, but which, when so decomposed,\\nyield potash (especially) and other substances in an assimilable\\nform, which are important articles of plant-food. The appli-\\ncation of lime, therefore, to soils which contain such unavaila-\\nble silicates (and nearly all soils do contain them in con-\\nsiderable quantity) is indirectly the ajsplication to the crop\\nof available food from the soil, of which it otherwise would\\nnot have the advantage.\\nIt may be noted that the soil would of itself, in course of\\ntime, present this food to the plant, since the disintegration and\\ndecomposition of the refractory silicates would in time be effect-\\ned by weather and other natural agencies. The lime merely\\ndoes in one season what the ordinary course of nature would\\nrequire yeai s to perform. It has, therefore, in some localities,\\ncome to be a proverb (based, it may be said, upon an experi-\\nence which a proper forethought and a knowledge of the\\nnatural principles involved would have rendered less disastrous\\nthan it has many times unfortunately been) that the use of\\nlime enriches the fathers and impoverishes the sons meaning\\nthat the drain made upon the soil by the forcing of its stored-\\nup plant-food into a condition at once ready to be taken up\\nand appropriated by the growing crops, tends to exhaust the", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "92 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nland in a few years of all its power to produce and siipport\\nvegetation and so it does.\\nIf the ai^plication of lime alone, lavishly, indiscriminately,\\nand without a knowledge and understanding of its action, its\\nvaliie, and danger, were all the farmer did to keejj his land,\\nthen the truth of the proverb would be very soon attested.\\nWe take it that the agriculturist is perfectly justifiable in\\nseeking to obtain as large a yield for any given crop as his\\nland will possibly afford. Indeed, it would seem that the true\\nidea of agriculture should be to make the comparatively small\\nportion of the soil that is concerned in plant-feeding do as\\nmuch and as active service as possible. If all can be made\\navailable in one season, and the crop be proportionately\\nincreased, so much the better is it for the farmer and he is\\nnot only justified in his prosperity, but is worthy of commend-\\nation for cleverly and wisely taking advantage of the best\\nservice which nature and his land can render him. He is a\\nthrifty, shrewd, and successful agriculturist who keeps his\\ncapital i.e., the plant-food of his soil in active circulation.\\nOf a certainty if this were all the soil, thus deprived of\\nits plant-feeding substance, would become worn out and bar-\\nren but so it would, in course of time, if no forced produc-\\ntion were had, and there were taken each season, only just so\\nmuch as the soil, under its natural condition, was pleased to\\ngive. The difference is only one of time. In the latter case,\\nthe land, after yielding small probably unremunerative crops\\nfor several 10, 20, perhaps 30 years, would then fail to pro-\\nduce. In the former, abundant remunerative yields for tAVO,\\nthree, or four seasons effect the same result.\\nJudged of from this consideration alone, it would appear\\nthat the more speedily the lands were rendered barren, the\\nbetter. But it is well known that there is a remedy by which\\nthe barrenness incident to the continued gathering of small\\ncrops may be prevented, and that, by proper treatment, any\\ngiven soil may be retained indefinitely in a condition of\\nnormal fertility. What is true of ordinary cropping applies\\nwith equal truth to extraordinary yields.\\nThe Golden Rule of Agriculture, the prescriptive antidote\\nto exhaustion, of universal application whether the yield\\nfrom the soil be great or small, whether it be normal or", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "PROF. WHITE ON MAEL AND ITS USES. 93\\nabnormal, natural or forced, is this Return to the soil each\\nseason as much plant-food as the previous crop carried away.\\nThe value of this rule is universally acknowledged, and its\\nteaching followed in cases of ordinary production. It is\\nequally applicable in cases of excessive yield induced by the\\nuse of lime. Where the yield is small, the matter returned to\\nthe soil need be but small where the yield is large, the\\nreturn must be correspondingly great.\\nNor need it be feared that the increased return made neces-\\nsary^, will tax heavily the profits of the large yield. A moment s\\nconsideration only is necessary to show that the valuable por-\\ntion of the crop that for which the crop was raised whether\\nthe grain of the cereals or the lint of the cotton constitutes,\\ngenerally^ but a small portion of the total vegetation pro-\\nduced. Only this portion that which is desired for sale or\\nconsumption should be removed from the soil. All else\\nshould be at once returned; and the drain upon the soil\\nsmall, even with large crops thus legitimately made can\\ncertainly, in these days of Charleston Phosphates and German\\nPotash Salts (not to mention numerous commercial fertilizers\\nof various names and grades), be readily and cheaply com-\\npensated.\\nThe farmer is therefore wise in stimulating production from\\nhis land by the use of lime, and his wisdom will lead him to\\nretain unimpaired the productiveness of his land, by repaying\\nthe liberality of its increased yields by equally liberal applica-\\ntions of the elements of fertility. So, when j^roperly studied and\\nunderstood, it would appear that the observed facts which\\ngave rise to the proverb quoted, are but testimony to the\\nvalue of lime, when properly applied, as an agent in increasing\\nthe fertility of the soil.\\n3. Lime expedites and powerfully aids the decomposition of\\norganic matter, of which all soils contain a greater or less pro-\\nportion, probably through its great attraction for the carbonic\\nand other acids formed during this process. In this respect, it\\nis held bj^ some that the action of lime is rather injurious than\\nof advantage to the average soil. Whenever the organic\\nmatters are of a highly nitrogenous character, this is doubtless\\ntrue whether it is so in other cases may perhaps be doubted.\\nIt is certain that lime renders a portion of the organic", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "94 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nmatter soluble, and thereby improves its character the service\\nthus rendered would, perhaps, at least counterbalance the ill\\neffects of the destruction of a part of the organic matter.\\n4. By reason of its attraction for water, lime tends to\\nabstract moisture from the soil to which it is applied. This\\naction can, perhaps, hardly be put down to its credit, unless,\\nindeed, in the case of soils containing an undue amount of\\nwater, the removal of which would go to their improvement.\\nThe evil, however, can in great part be corrected by the\\nthorough slaking of the lime before application.\\n5. There are several minor actions of lime upon the soil\\nwhich need not here be discussed at length. It is supposed,\\nfor instance, to increase the power of the soil to absorb\\nammonia from the atmosphere, though its value, perhaj)s, in\\nthis respect is but slight. Again, it sometimes happens that\\ncertain soils are barren because of the presence of certain\\nsubstances, such as j^rotosulphate of iron (copperas), vfhichare\\npoisons to plants. The application of lime will correct this\\npoisonous character and restore fertility to the soil.\\nIt would appear, from the foregoing discussion, that the\\nclaim of lime to rank high in value as an economical agricul-\\ntural agent, is well sustained and must be considered beyond\\ndoubt.\\nIt remains to be determined how far the marls, such as\\nthose, the analyses of which will be given in this paper, are\\ncapable of replacing the burnt lime of ordinary use, and to\\nwhat extent their actions and values differ.\\nIn marls, as in the original unburnt limestones, the lime is\\ncombined with carbonic acid, forming carbonate of lime.\\nMarls, therefore, lack the basicity and causticity of burnt\\nlime, and, so far as the value of the latter depends upon these\\nproperties, it can not be fully replaced by the former. Car-\\nbonic acid, however although caustic and slaked lime have\\nfor it a great attraction is an acid that can be driven from\\nits combination with comparative ease. The carbonate of\\nlime is, therefore, in some respects, not wholly without the\\nproperties of caustic lime. It possesses these, however, in a\\nmuch less intense and active form. Thus the application of\\ncarbonate of lime to the soil would, in course of time, effect\\nthe disintegration and decomposition of unavailable silicates in", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "PROP. WHITE ON MARL AND ITS USES. 95\\nmuch the same manner as caustic lime would act in the same\\nconnection. The action would, however, he much slower, and\\nwould require a much greater length of time. The tendency\\non the j)art of marl, therefore, to exhaust the soil by stimulat-\\ning increased production, would be much less rapidly exerted.\\nSo far as the furnishing of lime as an article of food to\\nplants is concerned, the marl is of equal value with the caustic\\nlime. The lime is, perhaps, as available in one case as the\\nother, or, at least, speedily becomes so. Marl has not the\\nattraction for water that caustic lime possesses, and hence has\\nno tendency to deprive the soil of its moisture. The availa-\\nble property possessed by slaked lime of improving the\\nphysical condition of the soil, by lightening it, rendering it\\nporous and open to the effects of the air and rains, is shared\\nto almost an equal extent by marl.\\nWe may therefore conclude that it is perhaps doubtful if all\\nthe advantages to be derived from the use of caustic or burnt\\nlime can be had by the use in its stead, of marl but that all\\nthe dangers which are incident to its application can be\\navoided, is certain.\\nIt may be well to note the fact that burnt or slaked lime,\\non exposure or on application to land, does not long retain its\\ncaustic character, but, by absorbing carbonic acid from the\\nair, it rapidly passes to the condition again of carbonate of\\nlime. A consideration of this noteworthy fact has, indeed, led\\nsome to conclude that the increased value of burnt lime over\\nlimestone, was not due entirely to the causticity of the former,\\nbut, in considerable part, to the fact, that as a result of the\\nburning, compact limestone was reduced to a loose, pulverulent,\\nfinely divided condition, better suited to act upon the soil. In\\nother words, that the difference in action between limestone\\nand burnt lime applied to the soil, is more physical than\\nchemical.\\nIt has accordingly been suggested that limestone finely\\npowdered by mechanical means would possess much of the\\nvalue of burnt lime.\\nExperiments made in accordance with this suggestion have,\\nwe believe, been attended with good results. The value which\\ntheoretical considerations of its composition and properties\\nhave assigned to marl as a fertilizing agent, is well attested", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "96 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nby the results of practical experiments. Wherever it has been\\nemployed, the increased fertility of the land has been well\\nmarked, and excellent results have been obtained.\\nThe use of marl is not of recent introduction. Its value has\\nbeen for many years recognized and turned to good account.\\nShell-marl especially is perhaj)s at this time more generally\\nused, and in larger quantities, for agricultural purposes in Eng-\\nland and Europe, than any other one article employed for\\nfertilization. The causticity of burnt lime and its tendency\\nto disorganize matter render caution in its use necessary,\\nsince a great excess might even attack and burn up the\\ngrowing crop. With marl, mild and harmless, no such danger\\nneed be apprehended, if judiciously applied.\\nThe amount used in practice varies very much. In different\\nlocalities, from 10 to as much as 200 or 300 bushels per acre\\nhave been applied with profit, and on soils abundantly sup-\\nplied with vegetable matter but the quantity depends upon\\nthe condition of the soil and the quality of the marl. The\\ncharacter of the soil and various economical considerations\\nmust guide the farmer in his estimate of the amount he may\\nwith propriety employ.\\nIn this State, marl has not yet come into general use it has\\nfound local application only, but always with good results.\\nWe are not at this time in possession of statistics to the extent\\nto which it is dug and used. No doubt when the true value\\nof the great marl-beds within the borders of the State are\\nproperly understood, they will be more generously estimated\\nas sources of agricultural wealth.\\n(b) 3\u00c2\u00a3agnesia. The action of Magnesia in the soil is very\\nsimilar to that of lime. It possesses much of the value, but\\nwhen present in large excess, has- more than all the danger of\\ncommon lime. When such excess is present, its effect is more\\ninjurious than valuable. We need not now detail the rea-\\nsons for this action hence certain magnesian limestones\\nproduce burnt lime which is not suitable for agricultural pur-\\nposes. The amount found in the marls examined is so small\\nthat it adds somewhat to, while it detracts nothing from, their\\nvalue as fertilizers.\\n(c) Phosphoric Acid. This is the article of plant-food\\nwhich, perhaps above all others, should claim the farjner s", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "white s analyses of GEORGIA MAELS.\\n97\\nmost careful attention. It is absolutely necessary to the life\\nand growth of plants it is appropriated by them in large\\nquantities, and is unfortunately furnislted by the average soil\\nin very small proportion. The soil is therefore very speedily\\nexhausted of its supply, and it behooves the farmer to carefully\\nand continually return phosphoric acid to his soil, lest it\\nbecome barren through dearth of this ingredient. Phosphoric\\nacid, in one form or another, is therefore made the basis of all\\ngood commercial fertilizers.\\nMarls generally contain a small proj)ortion of phosphoric\\nacid, and their value is much enhanced thereby so much so,\\nindeed, that the comparative value of two marls may be said\\nto be in direct ratio to their proportion of phosphoric acid.\\nThe importance of the matter is such that the estimation of\\nthe phosphoric acid alone in the various mai-ls of Georgia, is a\\nwork that would be well worthy the attention of the State.\\n{d) Sohible Silica and Organic Matter add something, per-\\nhaps, to the value of marls, when present. In the specimens\\nexamined, the quantities of both are so small that they perhaps\\ninfluence their action to a very slight degree only.\\nWe present the analyses of the samples of marls examined\\nNo, 1. From Washington County, two miles north of No.\\n1 3, Central Railroad of nearly pure white appearance, coarsely\\ngranular, friable, and dry.\\nLime. 49.873\\nMagnesia 0.120\\nCarbonic Acid 39.215\\nPhosphoric Acid 0.782\\nSilica (soluble) 0.984\\nSand.... 5.330\\nOxide of Iron 1.654\\nAlumina 0.406\\nOrganic Matter a trace\\nWater 1.638\\nTotal 99.981\\nNo. 2. From Sapp s Mill, Big Spring, Burke County: of\\nliglit yellowish brown color, containing clay; sandy texture,\\nfriable, and pulverulent.\\nLime 47.331\\nMagnesia 0.083\\nCarbonic Acid 36.979\\nPhosphoric Acid 0.351\\nSilica (soluble) 0. 128\\nSand 9.680\\nOxide of Iron 3.140\\nAlumina 1.450\\nOrganic Matter a trace\\nWater 1.784\\nTotal 99.735", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "98\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA.\\nNo. 3. From Effingham County, Mrs. Longstreet s a mass\\nof coarsely comminuted sliells mixed with sand, pebbles, etc.\\nfrugmental, and of daric brown color.\\nLime 15.948\\nMagnesia a tract;\\nCarbonic Acid 13.453\\nPliosplioric Acid 0.075\\nSilica (soluble) 0.813\\nSand 65.630\\nOxide of Iron 2.380\\nAlumina 1.354\\nOrganic Matter 0.256\\nWater 1.168\\nTotal 99.865\\nNo. 4. From Crockett s Spring, Scriven County pure\\nwhite rather compact of very fine granular structure crush-\\ning readily to impalpable powder.\\nLime 50.136 Oxide of Iron 1.341\\nMagnesia 0.035 Alumina 0.215\\nCarbonic Acid 39.451 Organic Matter 0. 134\\nPhospboric Acid 0.045 Water 1.026\\nSilica (soluble) 1 .106\\nSand 6.638 Total 99.997\\nNo. 5. From Reddick Quarry, Scriven County nearly\\npure white; coarsely granular and friable, showing fragments\\nand impressions of shell very dry.\\nOxide of Iron 3.218\\nAlumina 0.549\\nLime 50.136\\nMagnesia 0.054\\nCarbonic Acid 37.054\\nPbosplioric Acid 0.132\\nSilica (soluble) 1 583\\nSand.. 7.331\\nOrganic Matter 0.658\\nWater 1.331\\nTotal 100.130\\nOxide of Iron 4.310\\nAlumina 0.631\\nOrganic Matter 0.753\\nWater 1.314\\nNo. 6. From Burke County, Shell Bluff: of faint brownish\\ntinge otherwise similar to preceding.\\nLime 46.763\\nMagnesia. 0.046\\nCarbonic Acid 36.531\\nPbosplioric Acid 0.135\\nSilica (soluble) 1.216\\nSand 8.413 Total 100.080\\nNo. 7. From Clay County Narrows, Pataula Creek dark,\\nbluish gray color; hence sometimes called Blue Marl; a\\nfriable mass of shells and calcareous fragments, mixed with\\nfine, dark-colored earth micaceous, the small particles of\\nmica giving it a glistening appearance; slightly acid in reac-", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "WHITE S ANALYSES OF GEORGIA MARLS.\\n99\\nlion, hence dangerous to use alone should be mixed with\\nsmall amount of caustic lime or purer marl before application.\\nLime 4.891\\nMagnesia 0.158\\nCarbonic Acid 3.740\\nPhosphoric Acid 0.315\\nSulphuric Acid 0.543\\nSilica (soluble) 3.313\\nSand 71.113\\nOxide of Iron 5.108\\nAlumina 3.143\\nPotash and Soda 0. 146\\nOrganic Matter 7.313\\nWater 3.450\\nTotal 100.130\\nNitrogen (yielded by Or-\\nganic Matter) 0.058\\nNo. 8. Clay County, above Brown s Mill, north of Fort\\nGaines: coarsely broken shells mixed with earthy and or-\\nganic matter of a dark color fragmentary and friable.\\nLime 19.003\\nMagnesia 0.035\\nCarbonic Acid 15.040\\nPhosphoric Acid 0.031\\nSilica (soluble) 0.833\\nSand 57.330\\nOxide of Iron 3.413\\nAlumina 1.106\\nOrganic Matter 3.563\\nWater 1.573\\nTotal 99.884\\nNitrogen (in Organic Mat-\\nter) 0,013\\nNo. 9. From Clay County, Fort Gaines, Chattahoochee\\nRiver light yellowish tinge (nearly white), coarsely granu-\\nlar and friable forms and impressions of small shells and\\nfragments distinctly visible.\\nLime 44.943 Oxide of Iron. 3.186\\nMagnesia a trace Alumina 3.450\\nCarbonic Acid 35.316 Organic Matter 1.306\\nPhosphoric Acid 0.019 Water 1.338\\nSilica (soluble) 1.016\\nSand 10.463\\nTotal 99.935\\nNo. 10. From Chattahoochee County, Bagby s Mill in\\ngeneral appearance and properties very similar to No. V.\\nLime 5.551\\nMagnesia 0.163\\nCarbonic Acid. 4.363\\nPhosphoric Acid 0.331\\nSulphuric Acid 0.430\\nSilica (soluble) 0.313\\nSand 70.919\\nOxide of Iron 4.983\\nAlumina 3.331\\nPotash and Soda 0.158\\nOrganic Matter 8.131\\nWater 3.560\\nT ot.\\n100.109\\nNitrogen 0.037", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "100\\nHAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nNo. 11. A fossiliferous joint clay from Smith s Summit R. R.\\ncut, ten miles north-east of Macon, Jones County: a clay\\ncontaining fragments of shells.\\nLime 10.128\\nCarbonic Acid 7.264\\nPhosplioric Acid a trace\\nSilica (soluble) 2. 320\\nSand.. 57.021\\nOxide of Iron 3.284\\nAlumina 14.321\\nOrganic Matter 0.131\\nWater 5.616\\nTotal 100.085\\nNo, 12. From Quitman County, near Hatchy s Station a\\nblue marl of light bluish gray color, coarsely granular and fri-\\nable contains sand and pebbles slightly acid reaction.\\nLime 7.740\\nMagnesia a trace\\nCarbonic Acid 6.081\\nPhosphoric Acid 0.121\\nSulphnric Acid 0.312\\nSilica (soluble) 0.123\\nSand 72.191\\nOxide of Iron 4.106\\nAlumina 1.541\\nPotash and Soda 0.108\\nOrganic Matter 5.352\\nWater 2.421\\nTotal 100.090\\nNitroffen 0.020\\nNo. 13. From plantation of J. S. Odom, Montezuma, Macon\\nCounty, Ga. a light-colored, friable, coarsely granular shell\\nmarl.\\nLime 43.672\\nMagnesia 0.035\\nCarbonic Acid 34.122\\nPhosphoric Acid 0. 028\\nSilica (soluble) 1.215\\nSand 12.642\\nOxide of Iron 3.025\\nAlumina 1.756\\nOrganic Matter 2. 105\\nWater 1.450\\nTotal 99.952\\nNo. 14. From same locality as No. 13 a light yellow,\\nloose, pulverulent marl.\\nLime 46.212\\nMagnesia 0.108\\nCarbonic Acid 34.731\\nPhosphoric Acid 0.875\\nSilica (soluble) 0.140\\nSand 10.532\\nOxide of Iron 2.420\\nAlumina 2.586\\nOrganic Matter. 0.291\\nWater 2.105\\nTotal 100.000", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "GEORGIA PEATS. 101\\nNos. 15, 16 and 11. Three samples of light, hui\u00c2\u00a5-colored .shell\\nmarls from Houston County.\\n15.\\nLime 45.384\\nMagnesia 0.213\\nCarbonic Acid 34.986\\nPhosphoric Acid 0.758\\nSilica (soluble) 0.354\\nSand ..13.451\\nOxide of Iron 2.105\\nAlumina 1.354\\nOrganic Matter 0.075\\nWater 1.320\\n16.\\n17.\\n46.732\\n45.654\\n0.098\\n0.075\\n35.431\\n84.874\\n0.894\\n1.012\\n0.218\\n0.314\\n11.963\\n13.551\\n2.346\\n2.082\\n0.987\\n1.114\\n0.113\\n0.130\\n1.218\\n1.194\\n100.000 100.000 100.000\\nNo. 18. From the neighborhood of Albany, Dougherty\\nCounty dark-colored, loose, and pulverulent contains an\\nunusual amount of jDhosphoric acid, no doubt associated with\\na local deposit perhaps recent of animal bones.\\nLime 42.876\\nMagnesia 0.145\\nCarbonic Acid 31 .958\\nPhosphoric Acid 2.574\\nSilica (soluble) 0.435\\nSand 14.008\\nOxide of Iron 2.654\\nAlumina 1.328\\nOrganic Matter 2 394\\nWater 1.628\\nTotal 100. OOa\\nWhile a perfect acquaintance with the character and true\\nagricultural value of the vast marl deposits found within the\\nborders of the State, is to be had only after careful and\\nextended examination (involving searching and critical analy-\\nses), the above stated results and remarks Avill j)erhaps serve\\nto clearly indicate that such examination is well worthy the\\nattention of the State, and that the labor thus bestowed, it\\nmight confidently be expected, would be productive of inter-\\nesting and valuable results.\\n(jB) Peats. Peat is an accumulation of organic with a\\nvarying proportion of earthy matter, that is found in swamps\\nand marshes, or in localities where the land was at one time\\nof a marshy character. Its production is the result of the\\npartial decomposition and decay of leaves, twigs, and other\\nvegetable bodies. To it are closely allied, in character and\\ncomposition, such substances as muck, bog-earth, swamp-mud,\\netc. In peat, the decay of the organic matter has stopped", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "102 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nshort of total decomposition. It is therefore largely carbo-\\nnaceous, and is consequently generally of a black or dark\\nbrown color. Peat has hitherto found, in general, but two\\nuseful applications viz., as fuel and as a fertilizer.\\nThe specimens thus far found in this State, of which analyses\\nare to be herein given, possess very little value as fuel, because\\nof the small proportion of organic matter their fertilizing\\nproperties are, however, probably of considerable importance.\\nAs the analyses indicate, they contain a considerable propor-\\ntion of mineral matter such as is valuable to plants for food.\\nThere can, perhaps, be no question that the association of this\\nmineral matter with the organic matter of the peat, improves\\nits condition to a considerable degree, and renders it more\\nassimilable to plants than it otherwise would be. In order to\\nestimate the extent of this improvement, it will be observed\\nthat experiments have been made (the results of which are\\nhereafter recorded) to determine the solubility of the speci-\\nmens and their constituents in a dilute solution of ammonium\\ncarbonate, which may be taken to represent the natural\\nsolvent of the soil through the agency of which plants receive\\ntheir food. These experiments were, in fact, the application of\\nthe Grandeau i^rocess of soil analysis to the samples of peat\\nexamined.\\nPeat is rarely, perhaps never, used alone in its application\\nto land. It is generally comj)OSted with other substances,\\nwhich greatly improve its character. The best substances for\\ncomposting with peat are caustic lime, or lime that has been\\nslaked by a strong solution of common salt in water. We have\\nno doubt that many of our ordinary marls could be substituted\\nfor lime with good effects. Peat in its natural condition con-\\ntains more or less nitrogen a valuable fertilizing element\\nwhich it yields to the soil. Composting with burnt lime\\ncauses the escape and loss of this element. It is probable the\\nuse of marl would not be attended with this disadvantage.\\nThere are doubtless a great number of deposits of peat, muck,\\netc., in the State, many of which would be found very useful\\nfor agricultural purposes. Opportunity has not yet been\\npresented, however, for a full and careful examination of\\nthese, so as to present at this time, a complete report upon\\ntheir character and value. This will no doubt form a part of", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "ANALYSIS OF GEORGIA PEATS.\\n103\\nthe valuable and interesting work the Geological Survey has\\nyet to perform.\\nWe present the analyses of the samj)les examined\\nNo. 1. From Muscogee County, eight miles north-east of\\nColumbus found at a depth of three feet below the surface\\nof a light gray color heavy, dry, and friable specific\\ngravity, 1.963.\\nWater... 6.115\\nOrganic Matter 16 314\\nLime.,.. 0.652\\nMagnesia 0.134\\nPotash 0.055\\nSoda 0.020\\nPhosphoric Acid 245\\nSulphuric Acid 0.218\\nCarbonic Acid 0.587\\nOxide of Iron 4 145\\nAlumina 3.420\\nSilica (soluble) 2.593\\nSand 63.359\\nTotal 99.850\\nTreated with a dilute solution of ammonium carbonate, the\\nfollowing Avere extracted from the peat\\nOrganic Matter 6 .223\\nLime 0.247\\nMagnesia 0.091\\nAlkalies 0.042\\nPhosphoric Acid 136\\nSilica, Iron Oxide, etc 5.274\\nTotal 12.013\\nNo. 2. From same locality on the surface, in bed or layer\\n18 inches deep; of dark gray color; rather compact, but\\nfriable; specific gravity, 1.195.\\nWater 7.340\\nOrganic Matter 21 .531\\nLime 0.923\\nMagnesia 152\\nPotash 0.086\\nSoda 0.018\\nPhosphoric Acid 0.218\\nSulphuric Acid 0.117\\nCarbonic Acid 0.432\\nOxide of Iron 3.847\\nAlumina 1.642\\nSilica (soluble) 7 431\\nSand 46.383\\nTotal 100.120\\nTreatment with ammonium carbonate extracted the follow-\\ning:\\nOrganic Matter 7.658\\nLime 0.352\\nMagnesia 0.065\\nAlkalies 0.054\\nPhosphoric Acid 0. 125\\nSilica, etc 10.132\\nTotal.... 18.386", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "104\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nNo. 3. From same locality found on the surface in bed\\n18 inches deep; of black color; spongy and compact; specific\\ngravity, 1.637.\\nWater 8.512\\nOrganic Matter 30.808\\nLime 0.920\\nMagnesia 0.111\\nPotash 0.105\\nSoda 0.017\\nPhosphoric Acid 239\\nSulphuric Acid 0.214\\nCarbonic Acid 0.675\\nOxide of Iron 2.568\\nAlumina 0.874\\nSilica (soluble) 3.216\\nSand 51.475\\nTotal 99.729\\nTreatment with ammonium carbonate extracts the f ollowino-\\nOrganic Matter 12.563\\nLime 0.415\\nMagnesia 0.027\\nAlkalies 075\\nPhosphoric Acid 0.141\\nSilica 6.452\\nTotal.\\n19.673\\nNo. 4. Donghei ty County, vicinity of Albany a black\\nmuck from a cypress swamp spongy, light, and of black\\ncolor.\\nWater 11.321\\nOrganic Matter 22.450\\nLime 1.312\\nMagnesia 0.129\\nPotash and Soda 0.152\\nPhosphoric Acid 0.241\\nSulphuric Acid 0.106\\nCarbonic Acid 0.914\\nOxide of Iron 3.224\\nAlumina 2.415\\nSilica (soluble) 4.621\\nSand 53.115\\nTotal\\n100.000\\nThis specimen was not treated with ammonium carbonate.\\nAnalysis of a specimen of clay slate from Cob Seaboi n\\nJones s land, Rockmart, Polk County, of a red color said to\\nbe used to some extent as a paint.\\nWater 14.973\\nOxide of Iron 11.321\\nAlumina 30.381\\nSilica 48.325\\nTotal 100.000\\nTrusting that the above report will be found satisfactory to\\nyourself, and of some interest to the people of the State at\\nlarge, and wishing you every success for the very valuable\\nwork in which you are engaged, I am.\\nVery truly yours,\\nH. C. WHITE.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "COMPOSITION OF TYPICAL SOILS. 105\\nSOILS.\\nTypical Counties Illustrating the Geological formation of\\nthe various Counties of the State, %oith infortnation as to\\nthe general adaptation of the soil of said Counties for the\\nvarious products of the Temperate Zone.\\n1. Dade County. Trenton and subcarboniferous Limestones give cal-\\ncareous soil.\\nCliazy and Quebec and Devonian Shales give aluminous soil.\\nSubcarboniferous Cherts and Millstone Grit give silicious soil.\\nClinton Iron ore gives ferruginous soil.\\nAlluvial bottoms along Lookout Creek give humus soil.\\n2. Bartow County. Trenton and Quebec Limestones give calcareous\\nsoils.\\nChazy and Quebec Shales give aluminous soils.\\nChilliowee Sandstones and Quebec Cherts give silicious soils.\\nLimonite Iron ores give ferruginous soils.\\nAlluvial bottoms of Etowah, etc., give humus soils.\\n3. Fulton County. Quebec Steatites, Serpentine, and Asbestus give\\nmagnesian and calcareous soils.\\nQuebec Granites give alkaline and aluminous soils.\\nQuebec, Itacolumite, and micaceous Schists give silicious soils.\\nCincinnati, liornblendic Gneisses, and Schists give ferruginous\\nsoils.\\nAlluvial bottoms of Chattahoochee give humus soils.\\n4. IIabeesham County. Quebec Limestones, Steatites, and Tremolites\\ngive calcareous soils.\\n__ Potsdam, Cincinnati, and Qiiebec Gneisses give aluminous soils.\\nPotsdam and Quebec Sandstones give silicious soils.\\nCincinnati hornblendic Gneisses give ferruginous soils.\\nAlluvial bottoms of Souquee and Chattahoochee give humus\\nsoils.\\n5. Muscogee County. Cretaceous marls give calcareous soils.\\nCretaceous Quaternary clays give aluminous soils.\\nCretaceous and Quaternary sands give silicious soils.\\nHornblendic Gneisses and ferruginous Sandstones give /errjf^i/iotM\\nsoils.\\nAlluvial bottoms of Chattahoochee give 7ium,us soils.\\n6. Charlton and Ware Counties. Tertiary marls give calcareous\\nsoils.\\nQuaternary swamps give aluminous soils.\\nLater Tertiary sands give silicious soils.\\nQuaternary clays give ferruginous soils.\\nRecent swamps give humus soils.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "106 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nIn Fulton County, the limestone is wanting, but we have\\na substitute in the magnesian minerals and rocks of Quebec\\nage viz., the serpentines, soapstones, and asbestus beds\\nand hence they give a soil similar to the calcareous of Dade\\nand Bartow. Some of the Gneisses also contain lime in\\nlimited quantity.\\nThe aluminous or clay soils are abundant from the decayed\\ngranite which covers so large an extent of the county, as well\\nas from the hornblendic Gneisses, and these soils also contain\\na large per cent of alkaline matter, both potash and soda,\\nthough the preponderance of the Feldspar and Kaolin entitle\\nthem to be designated as above.\\nThe Itacolumite bordering the Chattahoochee furnishes the\\nsandy beds and silicious soils.\\nThe ferruginous or red soils originate in the hornblende of\\nthe Gneiss, which is largely represented around Altanta,\\nThere is very little vegetable matter, except such as is\\nyearly deposited by the trees now growing and hence they\\nrequire ammoniated manures home-made stable composts,\\nand commercial.\\nTroup County, Virgin Soil (104). As an example of the\\nred clay soils of Middle Georgia, this will serve for a good\\nrepresentative. Only 69 per cent is insoluble, so that nearly\\none third of the whole is in a condition to be utilized by plants\\nfor their growth. Of this 31 per cent, there is soluble silica\\nnearly 6 per cent, and hence wheat, oats, etc., find abundant\\nmatei ial for strengthening their stalks. The amount of potash\\nis small, only .083, and heads woidd not be well filled unless\\nthey received their material from the organic matter, which is\\npresent in great abundance nearly 7 per cent. Phosphoric\\nacid is almost entirely wanting only .012 per cent. The\\norganic matter would supply both of these, however, for some\\nyears.\\nThe proportion of iron and alumina is very large 8.5 per\\ncent of one, and 8.9 of the other; so that any fertilizer applied\\nto this soil would be absorbed and retained. By thorough\\nculture, exposing a large amount of these to the air, and allow-\\ning them to absorb ammonia from it, or by the addition of\\nammoniated phosphates, this important plant-food would be\\nprepared for the use of the plants as they need it.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "SOILS OF TYPICAL COUNTIES. 107\\nThe proportion of lime is very good .596 per cent, ample\\nfor supplying what is needed by the plant as food, but not\\nsufficient to exert much influence in decomposing and disinte-\\ngrating the insoluble matter and releasing from it potash and\\nphosphoric acid when needed.\\nTkoup County, Virgin Subsoil (105). This subsoil contains\\ntwice as much potash and phosphoric acid, and 50 per cent\\nmore lime, than the soil, and the same proportion of soluble\\nsilica so that deep ploughing and subsoiling would exert a\\nvery favorable influence on this land, especially as the amount\\nof organic matter in the subsoil seems to be almost two thirds\\nas great as in the soil.\\nWith proper care and judicioiis treatment, this soil should\\nl^roduce well from the first, could be improved in character\\nconstantly, bids fair to last for many generations, and can be\\nmade indefinitely fruitful by the addition of stable-manure,\\nashes, jDOudrette, liquid manures, or commercial phosphates\\nand potash salts, and by keeping up a supply of organic\\nmatter.\\nBurke County, Virgin Soil (135). The analysis of this soil\\nshows a large excess of insoluble matter, less than 5 per cent\\nbeing soluble or available for plant-food. Of this 5 per cent,\\nthere is found a remarkable absence of the two ingredients\\nwhich are so essential to the formation of the fruit and seed\\nviz., potash and phosphoric acid, there being only (.016)\\nsixteen thousandths of one per cent of. the former, and (.018)\\neighteen thousandths of one per cent of the latter. To com-\\nplete the sterility of this soil, there is only .089 per cent of lime.\\nThe proportion of organic matter is tolerably good, being\\n3.185 per cent, or about -3^ of the whole.\\nThis would indicate that the soil might produce a fair crop\\nfor a short time until this organic matter was exhausted, and\\nthen would relapse into hopeless barrenness especially as\\nthe analysis shows less than 1 per cent of alumina and iron,\\nwhich are useful in absorbing ammonia from the air when\\nthey exist in moderate quantities. For an unpromising soil,\\nthis may be entered for the premium.\\nBurke County, Virgin Subsoil (136). This subsoil, accord-\\ning to the analysis, takes away the last hope of the owner of\\never having a productive farm, for it is almost identically the", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "108 HAJSTD-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nsame as the soil to the depth of 15 inches, with the difference\\nthat it contains almost no organic matter, there heing less\\nthan 1 per cent of organic matter and water together, and\\nprobably most of this is water. The inference from the\\nanalysis would be that this soil has been formed from the\\nbuhrstone, which is almost pure silica or from a bed of drift\\nsand which had been very thoroughly washed by glacial\\nwaters.\\nNo soil from this formation having been analyzed, this has\\nbeen taken as the nearest representative from the same\\ngeological formation i.e., of the poor sandy soils of the\\ncounty.\\nThere is, however, a large amount of land in this county\\noverlying the limestone portion of the Eocene formation,\\nwhich foi ms a striking contrast with the soil above given.\\nThe pine soils of this county are among the best in the State.\\nIn Chaeltok County, the Satilla marls furnish almost the\\nonly calcareous matter for soils. The larger portion of the dry\\nland consists of the sands of the pine woods, and hence silicious\\nsoils predominate. On some of the ridges, this sand gives place\\nto, or is mingled Avith, a red or mottled clay which furnishes\\na good subsoil, sufficiently alummous to be retentive of\\nmoisture and manures, and these lands can be highly improved\\nby the addition of the humus which is everywhere accessible\\nin the smaller ponds and marshes, and exists in almost limitless\\nsupply in the great swamp. For the decomposition of this\\nhwiJius, and rendering it immediately available for plants,\\nthere is ready at hand, in the marls on the Satilla, the very\\nbest material.\\nAnalyses op Okepinokee Swamp Soils peom Hunter s\\nReport, by Dr. Daniel Lee, of the State University,\\nAT Athens.\\nNos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 are from the north-eastern and eastern\\npart of the swamp No. 5 near middle Nos. 6, 7, and 8\\ninterior, north of the centre.\\n1. 2. 3.\\nSilica 90.00 92.74 89.00\\nAlumina 5.60 2.11 4.25\\nOxide of Iron. 2.80 1.88 3.44\\n4.\\n5.\\n6.\\n7.\\n8.\\n90.00\\n86.20\\n87.20\\n84.23\\n82.17\\n2.63\\n2.48\\n2.74\\n2.33\\n5.34\\n5.04\\n4.47\\n5.30\\n8.00\\n7.36", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "Lime\\nMagnesia\\nPotash\\nSoda\\nSulpliuric Acid\\nLinae\\nPli spli ricAcid\\n-Loss\\nSOILS OP TYPICAL COUNTIES. 109\\nAnalyses of Okefinokee Swamp Soils, etc.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 continued.\\n1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. T. 8.\\no3 .27 .87 .45 1.31 .87 .67 1.68\\n3;j .31 .36 ,08 .85 .63 .38 .23\\n17 .12 1.11 .83 1.67 .10 1.15 1.45\\n54 .36 .03 .16 .74 .41 1.09 .47\\n47 .31 .25 .26 .67 .70 .38 .31\\n38 .19 .21 .18 .38 .17 .56 .34\\n09 .33 .18 .30 .46 .19 .87 .42\\nCO 1.48 .31 .07 .17 .69 3.34 .33\\n100.00 iOO.OO 100.00 lOO.OO 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00\\n(Organic 53.47 93.75 8S.00 80.42 90.25 88.90 93.92 93.53\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0j Inorganic 46.53 6.25 12.00 19.58 9.75 11.10 6.08 6.48\\n(HumicAcid. 35.83 39.14 31.18 43.18 40.67 37.41 33.18 37.15\\n(HumicAcid. 35.8iJ 89.14 31.18 43.18 40.67 37.41 33.18 37.15)\\ni Ins l. Humus 64.17 60.86 68.82 66.88 59.33 62.59 66.82 62.85 f\\nBartow County, Soil (8). This soil shows by analysis 35\\nper cent available for plant-food. Of this nearly one fifth is\\nsoluble silica, ensuring good stalks for corn and small grain\\nthat will not be beaten down or bent by any ordinary rain.\\nPotash is present almost to the amount of 1 per cent\\nviz., .947. Phosphoric acid is .391 a very unusual amount.\\nThese two principal elements indicate the soil to be very\\nvaluable.\\nLime and Magnesia are found to mate up over 1 per cent\\nample for any plants.\\nOxide of Iron and Alumina aggregate over 11 per cent, so\\nthat by deep culture an abundance of moisture will always be\\nsupplied to the plant.\\nOrganic matter amounts to 10 per cent, so that no fertilizer\\nwould be needed for very many years.\\nThis test has actually been made, and the analysis of\\nsimilar soils one in its virgin state, and another sample\\nsubjected to a century of constant cultivation proves that\\nthere has been removed by crops one half of the suluble\\nsilica, two thii ds of the potash, one fourth of the lime, one\\nthird of the phosphoric acid, and one third of the organic\\nmatter and still there is left a fair sup])ly of all the im-\\nportant ingredients of plants, and far more than in many soils\\nconsidered good and rewarding the laborer for tilling them.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "110\\nHAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nLIST OP WOODY PLANTS OP GEORGIA.\\nNO.\\nFAM Y. FAMILY.\\n1\\n2\\nMagnoliaceae.\\n2\\n2\\n3\\n2\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\n3\\nAnonaceae.\\n11\\n3\\n13\\n24\\nTiliacese.\\n13\\n14\\n25\\nCamilliaceffi.\\n15\\nIG\\n17\\n18\\n34\\nRutacese.\\n19\\n20\\n37\\nAnacardiaceae.\\n31\\n37\\n23\\n37\\n23\\n37\\n34\\n37\\n25\\n37\\n26\\n37\\n27\\n33\\nVilacese.\\n28\\n38\\n29\\n38\\n30\\n38\\n31\\n38\\n33\\n39\\nRhamnaceffi.\\n33\\n39\\n34\\n35\\n40\\nCelastracese.\\n86\\n40\\n37\\n41\\nStaphylaceas.\\n38\\n42\\nSapindaceae.\\n39\\n42\\n40\\n42\\n41\\n42\\nSapindacefe.\\n42\\n42\\n43\\n43\\nAceracese.\\n44\\n45\\n46\\n47\\n48\\n49\\n47\\nLegiiminocese.\\n50\\n47\\n51\\n47\\n53\\n47\\n53\\n47\\nBOTANICAL NAME.\\nGENUS. SPECIES.\\nIllicium Floridanum.\\nMagnolia grandiflora.\\nglauca.\\numbrella.\\nacuminata.\\ncordata.\\nFraseri.\\nMacrophylla.\\nLirlodendron tulipefera.\\nAsinima triloba.\\ngrandiflora.\\nTilia Americana.\\npubescens.\\nGordonia lasianthus.\\npubescens.\\nStuartia Virginica.\\npentagyna.\\nXanthoxylum Carolinianum.\\nPtilea trifoliata.\\nRhus typhina.\\nglabra.\\ncopallina.\\npumilla.\\nvenenata i\\nI toxicodendron, j\\nAromatica.\\nVitis labrusca.\\nfestivatis.\\ncordifolia.\\nvulpina.\\nAmpelopsis qninquefolia.\\nBirchimia volubilis.\\nRhamnus lanceolatus.\\nTrangula Caroliniana.\\nEuonymus Americanus.\\natropurpuria.\\nStaphyla tri folia.\\nSapindus marginatns.\\n^sculiis glabra.\\npavia.\\nSapindus flora.\\nAsculus pariflora.\\nAcer Pennsylvanicura.\\nspicatum.\\nsaccharinum.\\ndasycarpum.\\naubrum.\\nNegund accroides.\\nAmorpha herbacia.\\ncancscens.\\nRobinia pseudacaia.\\nviscosa.\\nhispida.\\nMurray.\\nMurray.\\nCOMMON NAME.\\nAnise Tree.\\nMagnolia.\\nSweet Bay.\\nWhite Poplar.\\nPapaw.\\nAmerican Lirte.\\nLoblolly Bay.\\n[Toothache Tree.\\nPrickly Ash or\\nHop Tree.\\nSumach. Murray.\\nPoison Elder.\\nPoison Oak.\\nFox Grape.\\nSummer Grape.\\nFrost Grape. Murray.\\nMuscadine or Bullace.\\nVirginia Creeper.\\nSupple Jack.\\nBuckthorn.\\nCarolina Buckthorn.\\nStrawberry Bush.\\nBladder-nut.\\nSoapberry.\\nHorse-chestnut.\\nBuckeye.\\nWhitefield\\nStriped Maple.\\nMountain Maple.\\nSugar Maple.\\nSilver Maple. Murray.\\nRed or Swamp Maple.\\nAsh-leaved Maple.\\nLocust.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "WOODY PLANTS OF GEOEGIA.\\nIll\\nLIST OF WOODY PLANTS OF GEORGIA. {Continued.)\\nKO.\\nll^l\\nBOTANICAL NAME.\\nGENUS. SPECIES.\\nCOMMON NAME.\\nCOUNTY\\n54\\n47\\nLegumiuocese.\\nWhistaria frutescens.\\n55\\n47\\nErythrina herbacia.\\n56\\n47\\nCladrustis tinctoria.\\nYellow Wood.\\n57\\n47\\nCircis Canadensis.\\nEed Bud.\\nMurray.\\n58\\n47\\nGleditschia triacantbos.\\n59\\n47\\nmonosperma.\\n60\\n48\\nEosacese.\\nChrysobalaniis oblorigifoliue\\n61\\n48\\nPrunus Americana.\\nC2\\n48\\nnmbellata.\\n63\\n48\\nserotina.\\nWild Cherry.\\nMurray.\\n64\\n48\\nVirginiana.\\n65\\n48\\nCaroliuacana.\\nMock Orange.\\n66\\n48\\nCrataegus spathulata.\\nHawthorn.\\n67\\n48\\noestiyalis.\\nSummer or Eed Haw.\\n68\\n48\\n69\\n48\\n7 other species.\\n70\\n48\\nPyrus coronaria.\\n71\\n48\\nangustifolia.\\n72\\n48\\nanaibulifolia.\\n73\\nAmericana.\\n74\\nAmelancbier Canadensis.\\n75\\n49\\nCalycanthacese. Calycanthus Floridus.\\n76\\n49\\nIsevigatus.\\n77\\n49\\nglaucus.\\n78\\n53\\nLythraceas.\\nNeseae verticillata.\\n79\\n57\\nGrossulaceae.\\nEibes.\\n80\\n64\\nSaxifragacese.\\nHydrangea arborescens.\\n81\\n64\\nradiata.\\n83\\n64\\nqiiercifolia.\\n83\\n64\\nDecumaria Barbara.\\n84\\nPbUadelphus gi-andiflorus.\\nSyringa.\\n85\\n65\\nHamamalacese\\nHamamelis Virginica.\\nWitch Hazel.\\nMurray.\\n86\\n65\\nFothergilla alnifolia.\\n87\\n65\\nLiquidambar styraciflua.\\nSweet Gum.\\nMurray.\\n88\\n68\\nCornacese.\\nComus alterniflora.\\n89\\n68\\nstricta.\\n90\\n68\\npaniculata.\\n91\\n68\\nsericea.\\n93\\n68\\nasperifolia.\\n93\\n68\\nFlorida.\\nDogwood.\\nWhitefleld\\n94\\n68\\nNyssa multiflora.\\nSour Gum.\\nMurray.\\n95\\n68\\nagnatica.\\n96\\n68\\nuniflora.\\n97\\n68\\ncapitata.\\nOgeechee Lime.\\n98\\n69\\nCapsifoliacese.\\nSymphoricarpns vulgaris.\\nSnowberry.\\n99\\n69\\nSambucus Canadensis.\\nElder.\\n100\\n69\\nVibernum pmnifolium.\\n101\\nlentago.\\n103\\nobovatum.\\n103\\nacerifolium.\\n104\\n69\\nnudum.\\n105\\n69\\ndentatum.\\n106\\n69\\nscabrellum.\\n107\\n70\\nRubiacese.\\nCephalanthus occidentalis.\\nButton-bush.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "112\\nHAND BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nLIST OP WOODY PLANTS OF GEORGIA. {Continued.)\\nNO.\\nTAMttT.\\nNO. OP\\nfam y.\\n108 70 Eubiaceae.\\n109 70\\n110 76 Ericaceae.\\n111 76\\n112 76\\n113 76\\n114 76\\n115 76\\n116 76\\n117 76\\n118 76\\n119 76\\n120 76\\n121 76\\n122 76\\n123 76\\n124 76\\n125 76\\n126 76\\n127 76\\n128 76\\n129 76\\n130 76\\n131 76\\n132 78 Aquifoliaceoe.\\n133 78\\n134 78\\n135 78\\n136 79 Styracacese.\\n137 79\\n138 79\\n139 79\\n140 79\\n141 79\\n142 80 Cyrillacese.\\n143 80\\n144 80\\n145 81 Ebenacese.\\n146 82 Sapotacene.\\n147 89 Bignoniaces.\\n148 89\\n149 89\\n150 93 Verbeiiacere.\\n151 S3\\n152 104 Oleacese.\\n153 104\\n154 104\\n155 104\\n156 104\\n157 104\\n158 104\\n159 111 Lanracess.\\n160 111\\n161 111\\nBOTANICAL NAME.\\nGENUS. SPECIES.\\nPinckneya pubeus.\\nGelsemium sempervireus.\\nGaylussacise frondosa.\\ndumosa.\\nresinosa.\\nVaccinium crassifoliuni.\\nstamineum.\\narboreum.\\nnitidum.\\nmyrsiuites.\\ntenellum.\\nEUiottii.\\ncorymbosam.\\nLeucothoe axillaris.\\ncatesbaei.\\nacuminala.\\nracemosa.\\nAndromeda ferruginea.\\nOxydendrum arboreum.\\nClethra.\\nEalmia latifolia.\\nangustlfolia.\\nRhododendron arborescens.\\nmaximum.\\nIlex opaca.\\ndahoon.\\ncassine.\\nambigua.\\nStyras pulverulentum.\\ngrandifolium.\\nAmericanum.\\nHalesia diptera.\\ntetraptera.\\nSymplocos tinctoria.\\nCyrilla racemiflora.\\nCliftonia ligastrina.\\nElliottia racemosa.\\nDyospyros Virginiana.\\nBumelia canuginosa.\\nBignonia capreolata.\\nTecomia radicans.\\nCatalpa bignonioides.\\nLantana camara.\\nOalicarpa Americana.\\nOlea Americana.\\nChionanthus Virginica,\\nFraxinus Americana.\\npubescens.\\nviridis.\\nplatycarpa.\\nForestiera ligustrina.\\nPersea Carolinensis.\\nSassafras officinale.\\nBenzoin odoriferum.\\nCOMMON NAME.\\nGeorgia Bark.\\nYellow Jessamine.\\nHuckleberry.\\nHuckleb ry, Blue-\\n[berry.\\nSour Wood or Sor-\\n[rel Tree. Murray.\\nCalico Bush.\\nSheep Laurel. Murray.\\nKoseboy Honey-\\ntsuckle.\\nHolly. Murray.\\nStorax.\\nSnowdrop Tree.\\nTiti.\\nPersimmon.\\nMurray.\\nCrossvine.\\nMurray.\\nTrumpet Flower\\nFrench Mulberry Murray.\\nOlive.\\nFringe Tree.\\nWhite Ash.\\nMurray.\\nRed Ash.\\nGreen Ash.\\nWater Ash.\\nRed Bay.\\nSassafras.\\nSpice Bush.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "WOODY PLANTS OF GEOEGIA.\\n113\\nLIST OF WOODY PLANTS OP GEORGIA. {Continued.)\\nNO.\\nT..Z\\nBOTANICAL NAME.\\nGENUS. SPECIES.\\nCOMMON NAME.\\nCOUNl T.\\n162\\n111\\nLauracese.\\nTetranthera geniculata.\\n163\\n112\\nThymeleacese.\\nDirca palustris.\\nLeatherwood.\\nMurray.\\n164\\n124\\nMoraceae.\\nMorus rubra.\\nMulberry.\\nMurray.\\n165\\n1-25\\nUlmaceie.\\nUlmus fulva.\\nSlippery Elm.\\nMurray.\\n166\\n125\\nAmericana.\\nElm.\\n167\\n125\\nalata.\\nWahoo.\\n168\\n125\\nPlanera aquatica.\\nPlaner Tree.\\n169\\n125\\nCeltis occidentalis.\\nNettle Tree.\\nITO\\n126\\nPlatanacese.\\nPlatamis occidentalis.\\nSycamore.\\nWhitefleld.\\n171\\n127\\nJnglandacese.\\nCarya alba.\\nShell-bark Ilicli\\n172\\ntomentosa.\\nHickory. [ory\\n173\\nglabra.\\nPig-nut.\\n174\\namara.\\nButternut.\\n175\\nJuglans nigra.\\nBlack Walnut.\\n176\\ncinerea.\\nButternut.\\n177\\n128\\nCupuliferse.\\nQuercus pbellos.\\nWillow Oak.\\n178\\n128\\ncinerea.\\nHigh-ground Oak\\n179\\n128\\nvirens.\\nLive Oak.\\n180\\n128\\naquatica.\\nWater Oak.\\n181\\n128\\nnigra.\\nBlack Jack,\\n182\\n128\\ncatesbsei.\\nTurkey Oak.\\n183\\n128\\ntinctoria.\\nBlack Oak.\\nWhitefleld.\\n184\\n128\\ncoccinea.\\nScarlet Oak.\\n185\\nrubra.\\nRed Oak.\\nWhitefleld.\\n186\\n128\\nGeorgiana.\\nStone Mt. Oak.\\n187\\n128\\nfalcata.\\nSpanish Oak.\\n188-\\n128\\nilicifolia.\\nBear Oak.\\n189\\n128\\nobtusiloba.\\nPost Oak.\\nWhitefleld.\\n190\\n128\\nalba.\\nWhite Oak.\\n191\\n128\\nlyrata.\\nOvercup Oak.\\n192\\n128\\nprinus.\\nSwamp Chestnut\\n193\\n128\\npriuug.\\nChestnut Oak.\\n194\\n128\\nprinoides.\\nChinquapin Oak.\\n195\\nCastanea Americana\\nChestnut.\\nWhitefleld.\\n196\\nCastanea pumila.\\nChinquapin.\\n197\\nFagus ferrugiuea.\\nBeech.\\nMurray.\\n198\\nCoryllus Americana.\\nHazel-nut.\\n199\\nrostrata.\\nBeakedHazel-nut\\n200\\nCarpinas Americana.\\nHornbeam.\\nWhitefleld.\\n201\\nOstrya Virginica.\\nHop Hornbeam.\\n202\\n129\\nMyricaceae.\\nMyrica cerifera.\\nWas Myrtle.\\n203\\n129\\ninodora.\\n204\\n130\\nEetulacese,\\nBetula nigra.\\nBlack Birch.\\n205\\n130\\nlenta.\\nCherry Birch.\\n206\\n130\\nAlnus serrulata.\\nAlder.\\n207\\n131\\nSalicaceas.\\nSalix tristis.\\nSage Willow.\\n208\\n131\\nhumilis.\\n209\\n131\\nnigra.\\nWhitefleld.\\n210\\nPopulus angulata.\\n211\\ngrandidentata.\\n212\\n(I\\nheterophylla.\\nCotton-wood.\\n313\\n132\\nConiferge.\\nPinus pungens.\\n214\\n132\\ninops.\\nScrub Pine.\\n215\\n132\\nglabra.\\nSpruce Pine.\\nMurray.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "114. HAXD-BOOK OP GEORGIA,\\nLIST OF WOODY PLANTS OF GEORGIA. {Continued,)\\nNO.\\n?!m v.\\nBOTANICAL NAME,\\nGENUS. SPECIES.\\nCOMMON NAME. COUNTY.\\n316\\n217\\n132\\n132\\nCom\\nferae.\\nPinus mitis.\\nrigida.\\nShort-leavedPiue.Murray.\\nPitch Pine.\\n218\\n132\\nserotina.\\nPond Pine.\\n219\\n220\\n132\\n132\\ntseda.\\naustralis.\\nLoblolly Pine. Whitefleld.\\nLong-leaved Pine.\\n221\\n132\\nstrobua.\\nWhite Pine. Murray.\\n223\\n132\\nAbies Canadensis.\\nHemlock Spruce.\\n223\\n224\\n225\\n132\\n132\\n132\\nJuniperus Virginiana.\\nCupressus thyoides.\\nTaxodium distichum.\\nKed Cedar.\\nWhite Cedar\\nCypress.\\n226\\nTorreya taxifolia.\\n227\\n228\\n134\\n134\\nPalmaccse.\\nSabal palmetto.\\nserrnlata.\\n229\\n330\\n134\\n134\\nChamffirops hystris.\\nPrunus spinosa.\\nBnllacePlum,Sloe.\\nEXTERNAL AND INTERNAL RELATIONS\\nGEORGIA.\\nOF\\nSITUATION.\\nThe exact situation of Georgia (or any other State), either\\nin the Union or on the earth s surface, is not often compre-\\nhended by readers. The bare statement of latitude and longi-\\ntude makes but little impression, especially of the relative situ-\\nation. The figures for Georgia, however, are as follows viz.\\nBetween latitude 30\u00c2\u00b0 21 39 and 35\u00c2\u00b0 north, and longitude\\n80\u00c2\u00b0 50 9 and 85\u00c2\u00b0 44 west of Greenwich\u00e2\u0080\u0094 nearly one fourth\\nof a full circumference west of England. The National\\nObservatory in Washington City is 77\u00c2\u00b0 02 48 west of Green-\\nwich, and the longitude of Georgia referred to Washington is\\nbetween 3\u00c2\u00b0 47 21 and 8\u00c2\u00b0 42 west. The difference in time\\nbetween the eastern and western extremities of the State\\nis not quite 20 minutes. The latitude and longitude of\\nAtlanta, ascertained by the United States Coast Survey for the\\nflagstaff on the Capitol, are, latitude 33\u00c2\u00b0 45 19.8 longitude,\\n84\u00c2\u00b0 23 29.7", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "THE BEST COMMERCIAL SITE. 115\\nThe latitude and longitude of several well-known mountains\\nin Georgia are as follows\\nLATITUDE. LONGITUDK.\\nStone Mountain 33\u00c2\u00b0 48 32.5 84\u00c2\u00b0 08 46.3\\nKennesaw 33\u00c2\u00b0 58 34.8 84\u00c2\u00b0 34 46.4\\nSweat 34\u00c2\u00b0 04 01.9 84\u00c2\u00b0 37 23.2\\nSawnee 34\u00c2\u00b0 14 13.7 84\u00c2\u00b0 09 39.3\\nLost 33\u00c2\u00b0 56 53.3 84\u00c2\u00b0 41 51.5\\nGames 33\u00c2\u00b0 59 36.3 85\u00c2\u00b0 00 50.9\\nPine 34\u00c2\u00b0 10 37.1 84\u00c2\u00b0 44 43.4\\nPine Log 34\u00c2\u00b0 19 18.9 84\u00c2\u00b0 38 14.4\\nLavender 34\u00c2\u00b0 19 20.0 85\u00c2\u00b0 17 19.4\\nBlood 34\u00c2\u00b0 44 34.1 83\u00c2\u00b0 56 13.6\\nCurrahee 34\u00c2\u00b0 31 45.9 83\u00c2\u00b0 33 83.4\\nLatitude is much more significant in its bearings than longi-\\ntude, largely affecting climate and productions. Georgia lying\\nbetween 30\u00c2\u00b0 and 35\u00c2\u00b0 north, the sun, at the summer solstice,\\nlacks but 8\u00c2\u00b0 of being vertical on her southern border. The\\ndifference of latitude between the two borders say 4^\u00c2\u00b0\\nis greater than in most of the States, the greatest length\\nbeing north and south and the corresponding difference of\\nclimate and productions is augmented by the fact that the most\\nnorthern part of the State is also the most elevated. These\\ncircumstances taken together make a remarkable range of pro-\\nduction.\\nThe Southern States occupy the south-east conier of the\\nUnited States, and Georgia is nearly in their south-east corner\\nFlorida occupying it exactly.\\nCOMMERCIAL SITUATIOlSr ^BEST SITE ON THE CONTINENT.\\nGeorgia, it will be observed, is the keystone of the arch\\nformed by the grand curve of the Atlantic States on the one\\nside, and the Gulf States on the other.\\nThe best commercial site on the continent is undoubtedly\\nin North America not South. It must be found on the\\nAtlantic not on the Pacific, which is too remote. It must\\nnot be on the Gulf Coast, which has a difficult navigation,\\nbut on the Atlantic, fully open to the sea. The determining\\ncriterion is the trade of the Great Mississippi Valley. Every\\nAtlantic State has ample facilities for its own immediate trade.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "116 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nThe decisive criterion of the best commercial site is the rela-\\ntive adaptation for the trade of the Great Valley. Georgia\\noccupies this position. Geographically, she is on the shortest\\nline topographically, on the most feasible climatically, on\\nthe line least obstructed by ice.\\nThis fine position nature has assigned her by placing her\\nbelow the great Appalachian chain, which more than a Chinese\\nWall separates the ocean from the Gi-eat Valley. This back-\\nbone of the Continent rising in Canada, terminates in Alabama\\nand Georgia. Here for the first time the endless the\\nIndian meaning of Alleghany finds an end and opens a gate\\nfor commerce on the shortest line from the heart of the\\nValley.\\nTake the Mississippi Valley as the centre of the Continent,\\nand the junction of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers at St.\\nLouis as the heart of the Valley from this centre the\\nnearest Atlantic coast is the sea-coast of Georgia. With one\\nend of the compasses at the junction, the arc with the least radius\\nwill touch the Georgia coast. Or take Cairo, at the mouth\\nof the Ohio River, and the case is still more marked. Even\\nfrom Louisville the observation is still true while from Cin-\\ncinnati the length of the line is nearly the same, and really, in\\nview of the intervening obstacles, the shortest practicable line.\\nThe critical position of Georgia becomes more and more\\nmanifest by careful study of the map. Of the three great\\nslopes, the Atlantic, the Gulf, and the Valley slope, Georgia is\\nthe only State of the Union which impinges upon each. The\\nhead-waters of the Savannah, the Chattahoochee, and the Ten-\\nnessee flow from a point within her borders.\\nNearly all the rivers of all the other Atlantic States flow in\\nparallel directions south-east into the ocean. Georgia rivers\\nfrom the central point first referred to, flow as radii south-east,\\nsouth, and south-west (and, as if nature were not content to do\\nthings by halves, the Tennessee River, emptying into the\\nMississippi, bends, with an elbow almost projecting into\\nGeorgia, accommodating itself to the natural opening).\\nThe immense importance of the Valley trade has been long\\nand fully appreciated. In eveiy part of the course of the long\\nmountain chain, every weak point has been carefully examined\\nas a passway for the trade. Beginning in New York and", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "BEST SITE ON THE CONTINENT, 117\\ncoming south through Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and\\nNorth Carolina to South Carolina and Georgia, every opening\\nhas been criticised and essayed. The success of De Witt\\nClinton, in opening this navigation at heavy expense, laid tlie\\nfoundation of the commercial pi*osperity of New York, which\\nsprung immediately ahead of Philadelphia and other rivals.\\nGeneral Washington made strenuous and protracted efforts\\nto make the Potomac the connecting link, and was himself the\\npresident of a company incorporated for that purpose.\\nIn North Carolina, Judge Murphy made similar efforts.\\nIndeed, there is a long history to it all various States knock-\\ning at the door for passage thi ough the mountain-chain. It\\nwas thoroughly understood and appreciated by Mr. Calhoun,\\nof South Carolina, in its relations to railroad communication,\\nthe only method applicable to that State. But the natural\\nand easiest vent of the commerce of the Mississippi Valley is\\non the coast of Georgia.\\nBy observing the course of the Missouri RiA^er in a south-\\neasterly direction to its junction with the Mississippi, and\\nfollowing the same direction to the ocean, it would terminate\\non the Georgia coast and the water communication via the\\nMississippi, Ohio, and Tennessee, and then by canal and the\\nrivers of Georgia to the coast, would require no greater varia-\\ntion of direction than actually occurs in the course of the\\nMissouri or other great rivers. A line from the head-waters\\nof the Missouri to St. Louis continued, would strike the coast\\nof Georgia and the water communication above indicated\\nwould have the same general direction.\\nThe magnificent natural position of Georgia was understood\\nby Governor Troup, who recommended practical measures for\\ntaking advantage of it. Those who have regarded Governor\\nTroup rather as a man of vigor and will than a man of thought,\\nwill find in his messages and speeches the traces of a deliber-\\nate and well-balanced judgment. The invention of railroads,\\nas a new means of transportation, diverted attention from the\\ncanal system, which was just to be practically inaugurated\\nunder his administration with his warm support. It was sup-\\nposed that these would more thoroughly displace canals than\\nhas proved true in fact.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "118 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nIn his annual message of 1824, Governor Troup said\\nThe period has arrived when Georgia can no longer post-\\npone the great work of internal impi-overaent. If considera-\\ntions of the highest order could not prevail, State pride should\\nbe a motive sufficiently strong to determine her. Some of her\\nsisters are already far in advance of her. Almost all of them\\nhave to a greater or less extent embarked in it. She sees the\\nmost enterprising and persevering among them, already deriv-\\ning advantage from it, which jilaces them in the first rank of\\nopulence and power. A State, therefore, like Georgia, blessed\\nby Providence with the means of reaching the highest commer-\\ncial prosperity by a road plain, direct, and practicable, will no\\nlonger linger in the rear. She will begin, and, with a little\\npatience and perseverance, instead of decaying cities and a\\nvacillating trade, and, what is most humiliating, that trade seek-\\ning an emporium elsewhere than within her own limits, she will\\nwitness the proud and animated spectacle of maritime towns\\nrestored and flourishing, new ones rising up her trade steady\\nand increasing her lands augmented in value and improved\\nin ciiltivation the face of the country beautified and adorned\\nand she may witness what was once deemed impossible to\\nhuman efforts the western waters mingling with her own,\\nand the trade of Missouri and Mississippi floated through her\\nown territory to her own seaports; and all this within the\\ncompass of her own resources, provided the ordinary economy,\\nprudence, and foresight be employed to husband, cherish, and\\nimprove them.\\nThe making of a great canal through Georgia, connecting\\nthe western and eastern waters, has been actively canvassed\\nof late years, and its feasibility is endorsed by the highest\\nengineering authority. The scheme has been warmly and ably\\nsupported by Col. B. W. Frobel, who has thoroughly studied\\nall its details. So great is the interest of the entire West and\\nNorth-west in such a work, that it can not be permanently\\nneglected.\\nIf there were a proposition made to close the mouth of the\\nMississippi to the commerce of the Great Valley, how would\\nit be received Practically, for commercial purposes, a new*\\nmouth can be opened and made available to this great ti-ade.\\nThe roTite has been surveyed by order of Congress the survey", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "THEOUOH LINES OF RAILWAY. 119\\ndemonstrating that the project is undout)tedly practicable\\nand the line was adopted by the Senate Committee on Trans-\\nportation as one of the gi-eat water-lines of the country.\\nThe work has been practi-eally commenced in improving the\\nrivers, under appropriations -by Congress, which are to form\\nparts of this great artery of traffic.\\nAs this is the shortest line of water commnnication, so also\\nfor rail. This first easy gap between the valley and ocean\\nis penetrated by the Georgia State Road, or Western and\\nAtlantic Railroad, from Chattanooga to Atlanta a single\\nconnecting link fed by several roads from the North, and\\nfeeding several toward the South.\\nA second opening passes through the Rabun Gap in the\\nnorth-eastern corner of the State, and the valley of the Hi-\\nwassee River, of which South Carolina was availing herself\\nbefore the late war.\\nGeorgia is thus the direct and afcaost necessary channel\\nfrom the heart of the continent to the sea the great highway\\nof commerce.\\nThe importance of the commercial situation of Georgia is fur-\\nther shown as the eastern terminns of a Great Pacific Railroad.\\nN^o other portion of the sea-coast is so favorably situated as hers.\\nThe road passing substantially along the 32d parallel of lati-\\ntude, by its Avestern terminus near San Diego and its eastern\\nin Georgia, is the route indicated by nature as best subserving\\ntravel and transportation, free from winter obstructions and\\nthe numerous impediments of circuity and natural obstacles.\\nOf the Cotton-Belt Cotton being the leading article of\\nexport Georgia furnishes the proper Atlantic outlet.\\nSuch are some of the advantages jDeculiar to her commercial\\nsituation.\\nTEANSPORTATIOIS LINES IN THE STATE.\\nShe has her full share of other advantages common to her\\nwith other States. In the Shore line of Railroads, she forms\\none link so also in the Piedmont line of roads connecting the\\nAtlantic and Gulf States. She has three or four separate\\nlinks passing through the State from west to east viz.\\nthe line from Eufaula by way of Macon and Millen to", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "120 HAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA.\\nAugusta another from Columbus ma Macon to Savannah\\na line from West Point via Atlanta to Augusta; and one from\\nAtlanta to Charlotte, N. C. She avails herself also of the\\nmountain valley route by means of the Selma, Rome, and\\nDalton Road, and the East Tennessee and Georgia Road.\\nUpon an impartial comparison of natural advantages, the\\nposition of Georgia, her external relations to commerce, and her\\nfacilities for intercourse, trade, and travel, are unsurpassed.\\nTo their complete development, a less expenditure of funds,\\npublic or private, than has been required lor other develop-\\nments incapable of the same completeness, would suffice. By\\nnature, neither the Erie Canal nor the Chesapeake and Ohio,\\nneither the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio,\\nnor the Chesapeake and Ohio, possesses such admirable ad-\\nvantages yet these artificial channels, prepared at enormous\\nexpense, have given the advantages of prepossession to other\\nStates and sections. Tihe natural advantages may yet assert\\nthemselves, when the whole country is filled Avith j)opulation\\nand capita], and when competition for trade becomes close\\nand keen.\\nResting upon the Atlantic, Gulf, and Mississippi slopes, Geor-\\ngia, were her resources properly developed, occupies the mouth\\nof the great funnel through which might pour the wealth of\\nthe continent herself capable, by the finest combination of\\nnatural gifts, of a most perfect and systematical internal\\ndevelopment.\\nSo much for the external relations of Georgia as to\\ngeographical and topographical situation.\\nBOUNDARIES.\\nThe boundaries of the State form the subject of a voluminous\\ncorrespondence in the State archives. The following are the\\noutlines, given as by notes of a surveyor\\n1. Beginning at the mouth of the Savannah River along\\nthe river to the junction of the Kiowee, and along the\\nTugaloo to the junction of the Tallulah and Chattooga\\nthence along the Chattooga to a j)oint on the 35th parallel of\\nnorth latitude, at the union of the northern boundary of South\\nCaiolina and the southern boundaiy of North Carolina. The", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "BOUNDAEIES. 121\\ngeneral course is about north 35\u00c2\u00b0 west, and the length, in a\\ndirect line, about 247 miles. It terminates at Ellicott s Rock,\\non the Chattooga River, marked,\\nLat. 35 A.D. 1 8 1 3, N. C, S. C.\\nThis line, in conformity with the Treaty of Beaufort,\\nseparates Georgia from South Carolina (all the islands of the\\nrivers Savannah, Tugaloo, and Chattooga being reserved to\\nGeorgia).\\n2. Thence on the 35th parallel of north latitude, due west\\nto Nickajack on the northern boundary of Alabama. This\\nline separates Georgia from North Carolina for VSf miles to\\nthe junction of ISToi th Carolina and Tennessee and thence\\nfor 73^ miles separates Georgia from Tennessee.\\n3. From Nickajack, the line between Georgia and Alabama\\nruns south 9\u00c2\u00b0 30 east, to Miller s Bend on the Chattahoochee\\nRiver, about 146 miles.\\n4. Thence down the western bank of the river at high-water\\nmark to its junction with Flint River, at a i^oint now four chains\\nbelow the actual junction latitude 30\u00c2\u00b0 42 42 longitude, 80\u00c2\u00b0\\n53 15 The average direction of this line is about south 6\u00c2\u00b0\\neast, and distance about 150 miles direct. About 130 miles,-\\nit separates Georgia from Alabama, and the remaining 20\\nmiles from Florida.\\n5. Thence along Orr and Whitner s line, south 87\u00c2\u00b0 17 22\\neast (average direction), 158|f miles, to a point 37 links north\\nof Ellicott s Mound, on St. Mary s River. This line is marked\\nby a succession of mounds about 10 feet at the base and 5\\nfeet high a very permanent form of landmark and sepa-\\nrates Georgia from Florida. It continues approximately and\\non an average as follows\\n6. From Ellicott s Mound, south 10\u00c2\u00b0 east, about 10 miles\\nthence east 8 miles; thence north 24 miles; thence east\\n33 miles, following the St. Mary s River in its tortuous wind--\\nings to the Atlantic Ocean.\\n7. Thence along the coast to the point of beginning at.r\\nthe mouth of the Savannah River including all the lands,\\nwater, islands, and jurisdictional rights within said limits, and,\\nalso all the islands within 20 marine leagues of the sea-coast.\\nTybee Island Beacon is in latitude 32\u00c2\u00b0 1 16 and Jongitudej\\n80\u00c2\u00b0 50 9", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0122 HAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA.\\nAEEA OF THE STATE.\\nGeorgia (with the exception of Florida) is the largest State\\neast of the Mississippi and since the dismemberment of\\nVirginia, the largest of the original 13.\\nThe area of the State, prior to 1802, when she ceded her\\nwestern territory to the general government, exceeded 150,000\\nsquare miles, including the greater portions of the States of\\nAlabama and Mississippi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 viz., 46,200 square miles of the\\nformer, and 41,856 square miles of the latter. The precise\\npresent area is not accurately known the coast and river lines\\nbeing very irregular. It is generally given as 58,000 square\\nmiles, or 37,120,000 acres, which is probably below the true\\narea.\\nThe greatest length of the State is from north to south,\\n320 miles and breadth, from east to west, 254 miles.\\nThe geographical centre of- the State is in Twiggs County,\\nnear Jeffersonville, about 20 miles south-east of Macon.\\nTOPOGRAPHY.\\nAny fundamental study of a country and any thorough\\ninformation as to its resources, must be based upon a knowl-\\nedge of its topography and natural features. This is informa-\\ntion as to the way in which God has made the country, upon\\nwhich man can impress only slight and superficial changes\\nmerely scratches upon the surface of nature.\\nFor a real understanding of the topography of a country, a\\npreliminary knowledge is necessary of certain principles, which\\nexplain the exa43t relations of ridges and slopes to valleys and\\nwatercourses. To the ordinary observer, these seem a mighty\\nmaze, and all without a plan yet they have a plan governed\\nby strict law, and have been reduced to well-understood\\nprinciples which are universal in their application, extending\\nto the whole surface of the earth, and embracing the smallest\\ndetails of each separate division each State, county, farm,\\nand yard, even to the pettiest mole-hill or depression on the\\nsurface.\\nWater supplies the unerring test of relative elevation. The", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "SYSTEM OF EIDGES, SLOPES VALLEYS, STREAMS. 123\\ntendency of water under the force of gravity is simply to\\ndescend toward the earth s centre by the shortest course. If\\ninterrupted, yet QOt arrested, it takes the shortest course\\npracticable. It not only goes down hill, but goes down the\\nsteepest way e., it follows the line of greatest slope.\\nEach individual drop of water pursues what, to it, is the\\nimmediate line of greatest slope, till it finds some level at\\nwhich all forces countei balance each other and here only it\\nremains at rest. The greatest slope for it the one drop\\nmay not be the line of greatest general slope but the drop is\\ninfallible in selecting the greatest immediate slope from its\\nown exact position.\\nThe ocean is the great basin at which water usually finds its\\nultimate level. If the communication is obstructed, however,\\na lake or a pond or a puddle may furnish a resting-place its\\nbanks giving the necessary reaction for an equilibrium of\\nforces.\\nFrom the ocean, and from any considerable lake into which\\nstreams flow, there is a regular system of ramifications extend-\\ning from this level, back to the remotest places, which form\\npart of the water-shed flowing into the basin. The surface of\\nthe watercourses defines the lines of greatest slope in each\\nprincipal stream, and in each confluent which empties into it.\\nEach smaller stream, in its turn, defines another line uniting\\nwith the superior lines, and when at length no running stream,\\nexists, the course of each rill which carries off the rain, con-\\ntinues and completes the system. These lesser rills have their\\nsubordinate systems till the final irregularity is reached, which\\nguides the single drop of rain along its devious course\\nfollowing but one principle as modified by the impediments it\\nencounters.\\nRemarkable it is, that instead of thousands of depressions,\\neach constituting a lake or reservoir, the great mass of all the\\nrunning water on the globe finds its way to the sea to a single\\ngreat reservoir. One conduit after another leads to it each\\nlittle drain finds its way into a larger sluice or duct, and\\nthis into a larger, till accumulated into rivers, the whole\\nwater-shed is drained at one mouth into the ocean.\\nThe system of ridges and slopes is the exact counterpart of", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "124 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nthe system of valleys and streams. The one system is the\\nglove, the other is the hand, and the Jit is exact.\\n7 he Appalachian Chain. The leading feature on a grand\\nscale of the toj^ography of the country east of the Mississippi,\\nis the Appalachian Chain of Mountains a spinal column\\nstretching from the promontory of Gaspe at the mouth of the\\nSt. Lawrence at the north, and melting away in Georgia and\\nAlabama at the south.\\nThe general line of the Atlantic coast, beginning at the\\nsouth, is about north 35 east while the general direction of\\nthis great chain of mountains is more to the east of north say\\nnorth 38\u00c2\u00b0 or 40\u00c2\u00b0 east, approaching nearer to the ocean at the\\nnorthern end. The length of the chain is about 1,300 miles.\\nThe highest mountain-peaks are toward the extremities, north\\nand south. At the north, the White Mountains an outlying\\nrange present the greatest elevation Mount Washington,\\n6,288 feet. The culminating point of the entire chain, however,\\nis at the south in North Carolina, the summit of the Black\\nDome being 6,760 feet and numerous peaks exceed 6,000\\nfeet.\\nThe apparent height of the White Mountains rising from\\na base of but 500 or 600 feet is greater than that of the\\nNorth Carolina group, the base of which is about 2,000 feet\\nabove the sea-level.\\nThe leading topographical features of all the Atlantic\\nStates, and indeed of most of the States east of the Mississippi,\\nare determined by their relations to this great chain.\\nWhere our special interest as Georgians begins in the chain,\\na decided change has taken place in some of its features. A\\ngreat and final bend has occurred in its easternmost range, which\\nbecomes with us a cross range, running at right angles to the\\ngeneral course of the mountains.\\nThis great chain has a western range of mountains which has\\nthe same characteristics of parallelism and uniform elevation,\\nterminating in North-west Georgia. Lookout Mountain and\\nthe ranges near it Raccoon Mountain, Missionary Ridge,\\nTaylor s Ridge, and John s Mountain are pai ts of this range\\nall having the same general direction, and the hog-back\\nform. The north-east mountains are quite different in form\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nthe ranges consisting more of a succession of peaks.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "GBEAT CONTIIfEISrTAL KIDGES WATER-SHEDS. 125\\nAcross the whole northern boundary of Georgia, these ranges\\nextend, reaching into South Carolina on the east, where Table\\nRock and Caesar s Head rear their elevated peaks, to Alabama\\non the west, where the Lookout Mountain and others extend\\nto the terminus near Guntersville. The whole northern border-\\nline of Georgia, with its length of 150 miles, is among these\\nmountains.\\nGreat Ridges. The chain of mountains which separates the\\nAtlantic from the Gulf slopes is of various widths, exteuding\\neven to 100 miles across but there is a narrow, absolute line,\\nirregular and tortuous, yet never broken, which is the culmi-\\nnating ridge, and which winds its way at different levels and\\nin different directions, from Cape Gaspe in Canada to Cape\\nSable at the southern extremity of Florida. This long, un-\\nbroken line, without width, separates the waters flowing into\\nthe Atlantic direct, from those flowing into the St. Lawrence\\nand the Gulf.\\nFrom this long ridge two other dividing ridges run out\\none at the north, separating the waters of the St. Lawrence\\nfrom those of the Mississippi the other at the south separat-\\ning those of the Mississippi from those which flow in the Gulf\\ndirect. These several long ridges constitute part of the\\ntortuous rim of the great basin of the Mississippi.\\nThe principal ridge entering Georgia from North Carolina,\\npasses through the very heart of the State and runs to the\\nsouthern extremity of Florida all the waters east of it flowing\\ninto the Atlantic those west, into the Gulf. The Gulf slope\\nitself is divided by a ridge separating the general slope from\\nthat of the great valley. The point where these two ridges\\nmeet is in I^orth-east Georgia. Upon this critical point, a man\\nwith an umbrella in a shower will shed the water in three\\nwidely different directions. One part would reach the Atlantic\\nat Savannah a second, the Gulf at Appalachicola Avhile the\\nthird, after a long circuit, would reach the Gulf at the mouth\\nof the Mississippi. This point is near the corner of Rabun,\\nTowns, and White Counties, on Land lot No. 20 in the 6th\\nDistrict of the old Habersham County Survey Land lot No.\\n100, 19th District, 1st Section, New Survey.\\nOn the east of the great ridge in Georgia, called the Chatta\\nhoochee Ridge in its most elevated portion, lies the Atlantic", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "136 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nslope of Georgia, constituting over half of the State about\\n30,000 square miles, or more. On the west, the Gulf slope,\\nabout 27,000 square miles more than 40 per cent of the\\nState.\\nAcross the lines of greatest slope run another set the lines\\nof no slope, or perfectly level lines. The two together consti-\\ntute the warp and woof of the surface. The former run nearly\\nat right angles to the coast the latter set of lines nearly\\nparallel to it.\\nThese level lines often mark old coast-lines, as the ocean\\nreceded from its former level. The retreat of the ocean has,\\nin many places, left its actual marks. If we suppose the\\nformer water-levels gradually restored, marking the shore-\\nlines accurately, we will best illustrate the actual lines upon\\nland. The present leA^el the actual shore-line is perfectly\\njagged and irregular. It runs in and out a thousand times.\\nNot less but more so would be the other successive shore-lines\\nby successive rises. Several successive plateaus would be\\ndeveloped, each cut by streams, and each preserving a rude\\nparallelism to the present general shore-lines. As the ocean\\nwould rise into Middle Georgia, these plateaus would cease to\\npreserve any generality of level, and the surface would be more\\nbroken and dotted with peninsulas and islands. With still\\nsucceeding rises, long and narrow tongues of land would run\\nout between the intervening waters, irregular, yet rudely\\nparallel to each other, and perpendicular to the general shore-\\nline.\\nRwer Systems and River-Basins. Upon the Atlantic slope,\\nnorth of the Georgia coast, the course of the rivers and\\nvalleys is usually south-east. The rivers of Georgia which rise\\nat the end of the mountain-chain, and not at its side, flow\\nsouth-east, south, and south-west.\\nThe river-basins of Georgia, and of the Atlantic coast\\ngenerally, as also of the Gulf coast east of the Mississippi, are\\nusually long and nai row from 100 to 250 miles from the\\nsource to the sea, and fi om 30 to 50 miles wide, draining\\nbasins of from 3,000 to 10,000 square miles. The streams do\\nnot usually lie centrally in their basins, but to the west and\\ns6utli of the centres the tributaries on the eastern side being\\nmuch longer than in the western.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "NATUEAL DIVISIOKS HIGHEST MOUNTAINS. 127\\nGreat Natural Divisions of Georgia. These are deter-\\nmined, not so much by ridges as by coast-lines. These\\nindicate relative altitudes the leading feature which affects\\nclimate and productions. By these lines, running nearly\\nparallel to the present coast, the State is divided into three\\ngreat divisions viz., the Mountain Region, the Hill Country,\\nand the Low Country.\\nLower Georgia lies below the line joining the heads of navi-\\ngation of the rivers, and is much the larger part of the State,\\nwith an area of about 35,000 square miles. It is below the\\nlevel of 300 feet above the ocean.\\nMiddle Georgia lies between the heads of navigation and\\nthe elevation of 1,000 or 1,100 feet, and has an area of about\\n15,000 square miles.\\nAbove this is Upper Georgia, with an area of about 10,000\\nsquare miles, embracing nearly all the mountains of the State\\nand much hill country.\\nThe average elevation of the surface of Georgia, above the\\nsea, is between 600 and 700 feet..\\nThe Mountain or Up- Country. The character of the moun-\\ntains in North-eastern Georgia is quite distinct from those\\nin North-west Georgia. In the north-east they constitute lines\\nof separate peaks in the north-west, long, parallel ranges.\\nThe Blue Ridge, which attains its maximum height of 6,760\\nfeet in North Carolina in the peak of Black Dome, enters\\nGeorgia in the north-east corner, in Rabun County, having\\nlost about 2,000 feet of its elevation, the Rabun Bald being\\n4,698 feet.\\nAnother and longer chain (the Western Range of the Appala-\\nchian Chain, or Cumberland Range) enters Georgia between\\nRabun and Towns Counties cuts off Towns, Union, and\\nFannin, and recrosses the State line into Tennessee. This\\nembraces Tray Mountain, an elevation of 4,437 feet.\\nAside from the main ridge is the Brasstown Bald Mountain,\\nor Mount Enotah the highest peak in the State 4,802 feet,\\nsituated a few miles west of Hiwassee in Towns County.\\nBlood Mountain in Union County attains a height of 4,460\\nfeet.\\nFrom this long and curved chain strike out two other\\nshorter chains one extending into Union and Fannin Counties;", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "128 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA..\\nthe Other forming the Tallulah Mountains, and its extension,\\nthe Chattahoochee Ridge.\\nSouth of Tray Mountain lies Mount Yonah, a fine separate\\npeak of 3,171 feet elevation. Another separate peak is the\\nCurrahee Mountain of 1,740 feet about 800 feet above the\\nsurrounding country.\\nThe general level of the counties forming the base of the\\nmountains is qxiite elevated Clarkesville in Habersham\\nCounty having an elevation nearly equal to that of the Cur-\\nrahee Mountain. Every sort of surface is to be found\\nmountainous, hilly, broken, and knobby. The valleys are not\\nusually wide. Between Tray and Mount Yonah lies the beau-\\ntiful and fertile valley of Nacoochee.\\nScenery. The finest scenery of the State is to be found in\\nNorth-eastern Georgia though much that is very fine is also\\nfound in the North-western section. A view from one of the\\npeaks in the midst of the mountains is magnificent. To one\\nimaccustomed to such scenery, it surpasses even his imagina-\\ntion. From* the summit of Tray Mountain, for example, there\\nare literally many hundreds of j^eaks in full view. The earth\\nseems to have risen in huge billows, and suddenly hardened,\\nleaving them standing. From the summit, reached after many\\narduous steps up and down (for, as a guide said with some\\nsimplicity, You have to g6 down as much as up certainly\\nas often to reach the top), a half dozen or more long spurs\\nreach off like buttresses, suppoi ting the peak. Over and be-\\ntween these, you see other mountains seeing the spurs also of\\nthose next to you of the others seeing only the peaks. By\\ndistinctness of outline and by relative clearness and dimness,\\nyou distinguish distances. The buttresses and nearer moun-\\ntains show the trees in bold outline, the foliage distinct, the\\ncoloring deep green. Dimmer grows the green and less dis-\\ntinct the outline, till in the dim distance only the blue slopes\\nare discernible yet these assume all varieties of form, Nice\\nshades of coloring enable you to distinguish the nearer ranges\\nwith no other relief than these delicate shades. The horizon\\nseems afar off and ever receding as you rise.\\nIt is a lonely view. No sign of human habitation or human\\nculture disturbs the grand serenity. To witness the sun rise\\nis a solemn spectacle. In the presence of the majestic earth", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "SUBLIME SCENERY. 129\\nand this ball of fire, man feels himself to be nothing. Another\\npresence is felt to be here even greater than these.\\nFrom Mount Yonah, a noble summit, separated from other\\nmountains, a different and quite unique view is to be had.\\nYou see mountains as before on the one side though more\\nremote and on the other, hill and plain, and the far-distant\\nlevel horizon. So beautiful is the view, including the lovely\\nvalley of Nacoochee, that you scarcely could chpose between\\nthe view from Yonah and Tray.\\nA lady from the low country, who had never seen a moun-\\ntain before, made the ascent. Her friends requested her not\\nto look round as she went np, that she might get the whole\\nof the novel view at once. It was too much for her when she\\nopened her eyes upon it all, and she wept like a child. It\\nis paradise she exclaimed It is heaven itself. And no\\nwonder, for the earth so seen is very fair to see.\\nIn North-western Georgia, the mountain-ranges have another\\naspect widely varying the character of the view. The view\\nfrom Point Lookout, on Lookout Mountain, in Tennessee, just\\nacross the line, is noted. From this point, 7 States are\\nvisible with a long stretch of the Tennessee River, the city\\nof Chattanooga, and much cultivated country. A yet more\\nelevated summit in Georgia, on this mountain, is called High\\nPoint. The mountain extends for more than forty miles,\\nwith a road upon its crest as level as the ordinary roads of the\\ncountry. In many places, a traveller would not suspect him-\\nself to be upon a mountain.\\nCLIMATE.\\nClimate is in the air. Of all the powers near us, the air is\\nthe least manageable of our surroundings. It comes to us\\nfrom afar, and goes when and as it pleases. We can partially\\nisolate ourselves in houses, but the great mass of the atmo-\\nsphere is beyond our control. We adajDt ourselves to it not it\\nto us; and so we have to go to climate it will not come to us.\\nOf the changes which take place in it, the sun s heat is the\\nprimary cause. The earth and sea are secondary causes by the\\nabsorption and radiation of heat but this heat affects us only\\nthrough the air. The sun, the earth, the ocean, latitude,", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "180 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\naltitude, topography, all affect climate, and climate affects us\\nbut only through the air so that the science of climate is the\\nscience of the atmosphere, and the conditions which affect it,\\nas temperature, humidity, movement, etc. The circulation of\\nwater and the circulation of air are the leading conditions.\\nEvaporation affects the humidity, the cloudiness of the\\natmosphere, and the rainfall from it.\\nComparatively few as are the elements, they are on so grand\\na scale and so subtle as to have defied prediction. The atten-\\ntion paid to its laws has just begun to assume scientific form.\\nThe law of storms has only of late begun to be understood.\\nThe ability to predict the weather, even for a brief season, is\\na very recent acquisition. Now, mankind have gained a clue\\nto the lav/s of the weather, and they have many facilities for\\nfollowing it, which they are not slow to use. Air, the Mercury\\nof weather the messenger of its influences to us is being\\nclosely studied. The influences affecting it are everywhere\\ntoo complex for any other mode of study except that of direct\\nobservation especially so in Georgia, lying between two seas\\nand below the mountains.\\nThe three great points of interest in climate are (1)\\nTemperature (2) Rainfall (3) Winds. The sun, directly or\\nindirectly, is the origin of all. The sun s heat causes evapora-\\ntion, clouds, dampness and rainfall. It affects relative pres-\\nsure, and so promotes currents and creates the wind. The\\nocean-currents convey heat to the atmosphere above and\\ntemper the northern climates with warmth from the tropics.\\nThe moisture received into the atmosphere by evaporation,\\nand returned in rain to the earth, would cover its whole surface\\nwith a sheet, at the equator, measuring annually 10 feet in\\ndepth at the tropics, about 6 feet in the latitude of\\nGeorgia, 4 feet at 45\u00c2\u00b0, 3 feet at the poles, 1 foot. Thus\\nboth temperature and moisture are carried from the tropical\\nto the higher latitudes.\\nThe temperature of the air falls, on an average, 1\u00c2\u00b0 Fahr. for\\nevery 300 feet of elevation. This would make a difference in\\nGeorgia of 16\u00c2\u00b0 by reason of relative elevation, between the\\nshore-level and the highest summit. Latitude affects tempera-\\nture, and there being 4^\u00c2\u00b0 difference of latitude between the", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "GEORGIA CLIMATE, AS IT IS. 131\\nnorthern and southern limits of the State, this would make a\\ndifference of about 9\u00c2\u00b0 by the thermometer.\\nMistakes as to our Climate. How hot does it get. though\\nasked a tourist, finding the winter climate very delightful, and\\nsupposing it would be hard to express how hot the summer\\nmust be to pay for it all, Not so hot as with you in your\\ncities, at all events. The warm weather begins earlier in the\\nyear with us than with you, and continues later; but the range\\nof the thermometer is not so high in summer.\\nSuch was the reply. To a stranger, the information about\\nclimate meets one of his points of greatest interest. These\\npoints are three the negro, cotton, the climate.\\nFor the year round, the climate is fine, especially of Middle\\nand Upper Georgia. It is fine for out-door work or in-door\\nwork for winter crojjs and summer crops.\\nOn the temperature map, the mean annual temperature for\\nthe year round, below a line joining Augusta and Columbus,\\nwould be between 68\u00c2\u00b0 and 64\u00c2\u00b0; between the same line and\\na line nearly parallel to it, passing about 20 miles below\\nAtlanta, between 64\u00c2\u00b0 and 60\u00c2\u00b0; another strip of territory, in-\\ncluding Atlanta, between 60\u00c2\u00b0 and 56\u00c2\u00b0; Upper Georgia,\\nbetween 56\u00c2\u00b0 and 52\u00c2\u00b0 the mountains, below 52\u00c2\u00b0,\\nThe entire range of mean temperature, not including the\\nmountains, is, therefore, about 16\u00c2\u00b0 including them, perhaps\\n20\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThe line through the United States marking a mean annual\\ntemperature of 60\u00c2\u00b0 begins in South-east Virginia, above Nor-\\nfolk, in latitude 37^\u00c2\u00b0, passes above Raleigh in North Carolina,\\nbelow Greenville in South Carolina, below Atlanta in Georgia,\\nand leaves Georgia in latitude 33\u00c2\u00b0, In Alabama it takes a\\nturn upward, runs into Tennessee below Nashville, passes\\nfrom Tennessee above Memphis, and runs with many curves\\nto the Pacific, about latitude 34\u00c2\u00b0 the same with Atlanta,\\nThis is one of the choicest of all climates that which ranges\\nabout 60\u00c2\u00b0, The mean annual temperature of Atlanta is the\\nsame with that of Washington City, Louisville, and St. Louis.\\nThe winters of course are warmer in Atlanta, but the summers\\nnot so hot. These temperatures are derived from the reports\\nof the Smithsonian Institute,\\nThe mean climate of Clarkesville and Gamesville in Upper", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "132 HA]\u00c2\u00bbfD-BOO]i OF GEORGIA.\\nGeorgia, corresponds with that of Central Ohio, Indiana,\\nIllinois, UpiDer- Missouri, and Lower Nebraska.\\nIt must be remembered all the while that the winter climate\\nin Georgia is warmer, and the summer range is lower to com-\\npensate the difference in length of days increasing the sum-\\nmer range in the more northern latitudes referred to.\\nAt New York, in midsummer, the days are very nearly one\\nhour longer than at Savannah, and at Quebec one hour and a\\nhalf longer, and the nights correspondingly shorter conse-\\nquently at New York there is one hour longer for heat to\\naccumulate from the direct rays of the sun, and one hour less\\ntime in the xiight for the accumulated heat to be carried off\\nby radiation. This is the main cause of northern latitudes\\nbeing hotter in summer than southern latitudes.\\nThe mean annual isotherm of 60\u00c2\u00b0 on the other continent,\\njaasses through Spain, Italy, and Greece in Europe and in\\nAsia, through Persia into China.\\nDistribution of Heat. This is more important than the\\nmean annual temperature. The latter may be very raoderate\\nand promising, but composed of elements of excessive heat in\\nsummer, and excessive cold in winter. These diversities, how-\\never, do not characterize the climate of Georgia. The extreme\\nrange is nearer to the mean than in more northern climates.\\nAnother feature of distribution is in the diurnal changes as\\nwell as in changes of the season. Very sudden rises or falls\\nof temperature are hui-tful both to health and comfort. In\\nthis respect also our climate is favorable.\\nThe winter weather at the north is usually the more import-\\nant the summer weather at the south the January mean\\ntemperature at the north the July mean temperature at the\\nsouth. But this importance at the south is not because the\\nthermometer rises to so high an extreme as because of its\\nrange through the 24 hours. That extreme heat which causes\\nsun-strokes, seeming to melt the brain, seldom occurs.\\nThe isotherm of 50\u00c2\u00b0 January temj)erature, passes through\\nGeorgia and on the Eastern Continent through Spain, Italy,\\nGreece, Palestine, Russia, Thibet, and China. The isotherm\\nof 82\u00c2\u00b0 July temperature, passes also through Georgia, and\\nthrough North Africa, Carthage, above Egypt, into Palestine\\nabout Jerusalem. This would make a range of 32\u00c2\u00b0 between", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "ISOTHEElVrAL LIXES. 133\\nthe mean temperatures of January and July. We have the\\nwinter climate of Rome the summer climate (yet more\\nimportant to agriculture) of Jerusalem.\\nThe United States Signal Service Chart shows the mean\\ntemperature of the hottest week of 1872, at 4.35 p.m., and of\\nthe coldest week of the following Avinter, 1872, at 7.35 a.m.\\nThe hottest temperature indicated in Upper Florida and\\nLower Georgia was 94\u00c2\u00b0. The same temperatui e was marked\\nat the junction of the Arkansas and Mississippi at Vicksburg,\\nand at Jackson considerably higher latitudes. The next\\nhighest temperature, 93\u00c2\u00b0, embraced Wilmington, N. C, and\\nEastern South Carolina. That of 90\u00c2\u00b0 passed through Upper\\nGeorgia and then into much higher latitudes, including\\nVirginia and Ohio, and reaching to Fort Benton on the\\nMissouri River, in latitude 48\u00c2\u00b0. The temperature of the\\ncoldest week in Middle Georgia was 30\u00c2\u00b0.\\nTempeeatuee Tables. The following tables indicate the\\ntemperature at the places and for the times named\\n4", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "134\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\n4\\no\\nt3\\n1-1\\nO\\nM\\nH\\nrt\\nP4\\nPh\\nH\\nW\\nO\\nK\\nfa\\nt3\\no\\nw\\nH\\nH\\nJ\\nU\\n\u00c2\u00abii\\nK\\nO\\nW\\nr\\nPh\\nO\\nr^\\nH\\nW\\n(M\\nH\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\nt\\n00\\na\\nK\\nH\\no\\nW\\n00\\no\\nO\\nti\\nK\\nS\\nt3\\nt^\\no\\nH\\nt^\\nO\\nu^\\n3\\n3\\n1\\no\\n;4\\nrj\\nW\\nfn\\nH\\nft\\n-A\\na\\n1^\\nh^\\ni^i\\n1\\nt\\nI\\ni-s\\no\\nhH\\nX\\nO\\nH\\nCfi\\nP\\nH\\nm\\nB\\nH\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0f^\\n3\\ntH\\nH\\nM\\nt/j\\nf^\\nP\\nO\\nH\\nO\\nM\\nt=)\\nl=\\n*N\\nW\\nw\\no\\nO\\nlit\\nt3\\no\\n33\\nH\\n!/J\\nM\\nH\\nM\\nO\\nt3\\n1 T\\nS\\ntl\\nH\\nft\\nH\\nK\\no\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\nw\\nHi\\nA\\no\\nw\\n\u00c2\u00bbo\\nw\\nj^\\nK\\n00\\nr-H\\n02\\nm to i^\\nM T-i 02 CO\\n00 OD L- 50\\n-^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^oot-coooi-t-^in\\nto I- 05 T-H\\nt- CO iO irt\\nt\\nm S a-\\ns\\na\\nl-B |i( S S 1-5\\nHn 1 t\u00c2\u00bb O S fl\\niooooooo5(NoO(r\u00c2\u00bbco-*tO(jj\\n00 OS lO t- cj Ir- ffi t-^ T-( 1-1 t-^\\nNC-OOCOM500i \u00c2\u00a3-(N\u00c2\u00bbOOTti\\n(N o OS o^ lo CO a; T+H Oi Q oi o* CO o\u00c2\u00bb\\nm in 00 i-\\nei rj 00 00\\nC- 00 f t-\\ng s\\ni-l OS OS OS O CO\\nOS CO lO O CO\\nI* TP in CO t\u00c2\u00ab i-\\n\u00c2\u00a71\\nS5\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a05i ti\\nS\\nt^\\nCO 10\\nCO\\nS !5\\n1^ t^\\na Sf-sl Ssjo\\naj o^ ft I? |x, S S", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "TEMPEEATUEE TABLES.\\n135\\nH ,s\\na w\\nf\\nA\\nhJ\\no\\np.\\np\\nS cd\\nJ !i-\\ns\\ng\\nW o\\n3 H\\nO\\nH O\\nSg\\no\\n02 ,-1\\nH\\n00\\nI-H\\n02\\nH\\nW M\\nU.\\nH 1:3\\n;zi\\nK\\nH 1^\\n(L,\\nrH M\\nfH\\na\\nt= J\\nM o\\n5\\nO\\n\u00c2\u00a71\\nO\\ns\\nS\\ng^\\nI2;\\n\u00c2\u00ab1\\nfp\\nyi\\na\\nH M\\nrt\\n12; M\\no\\n1-5\\nW\\no\\nM\\nM\\n15^\\nK ft\\nH 5\\nH\\nti\\nW\\n^i\\nr\\nH\\n1\\nM\\ny S\\nA\\nN\\nH\\nM\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2nt!8H l^-ranao S S\\nCO^-^ ^COOOCOOJlOlfl\\nia O t- t- 00 QO L\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ran juK U133K\\nccs\u00c2\u00abcocomirtomi-o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ranuiiniK\\n(:O5D=Di*GO00OtG0Q000\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ranmixnH\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2UBaH IB.iaU3Q\\nI\\nTnn^xtJK u-GBK I 55\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0~lOCDL--00G0O5G0i.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ;oco\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2raniatuti\\\\[\\nO GO O CD 00 CO\\n:x: t- CO CO GO\\nCOCO^COt^COlOCOCOT-H\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2rauniisB]^\\noooc3sOoaoooGO(r t-GOt-\\ni. -L-t-QOGOCTiOSOaOi.-t-tr-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2UB8IH pj8uaf)\\ng\\ns\\n5\\n1\\n1\\n1:\\nt-\\nh\\ng2\\nCD\\nas\\n10\\n1\\nCO\\nCD\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2nm^niK urs9j/i\\nCO\\n00\\ns\\n1\\n1\\ng\\ns\\nin\\nCD\\n1\\ns\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ran.xBH uT?3i\\\\[\\nfe\\n5\\n1\\nt-\\n1\\nJ-\\n1\\nc\u00c2\u00bb\\n00\\nii\\nCD\\nCO\\n00\\n10\\nii\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2raniuinim\\no\u00c2\u00ab\\nk\\n1\\nk\\ng\\nk\\ng\\nCO\\nk\\nJi\\n10\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ranrarsBj^i\\ng\\nb\\nh\\n1\\n1\\n1\\nk\\n1;\\nfe\\ns\\n05\\n1:\\n00\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2nBajf FJ9t[ao\\nin\\n10\\ns\\nt-\\nE:\\ng\\ng\\ns\\n\u00c2\u00bbn\\n00\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ranjOjn nT39j\\\\[\\nCO\\nCO\\ni\u00c2\u00a33\\nCO\\nt-\\nfj\\nt-\\n1\\ns\\n1\\ns\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ranjXBiv[ uc3i\\\\[\\ns\\n(35\\nCO\\nCO\\nL-\\ng\\nco\\n00\\nCO\\n00\\n10\\n00\\n00\\nt^\\n1\\nS5\\n10\\ng\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ranratuij;^\\nCO\\nCD\\nCD\\ng\\n1\\nCO\\n00\\n1\\n1\\nCO\\nCO\\n1\\nOS\\nCO\\nOi\\nOS\\nCO\\ni\\nll\\nh\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2raumixuni\\n00\\nfe\\nk\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2nB8J\\\\[ lT3J9n90\\nk\\n1\\n1:\\ne\\n1\\ni2\\nh\\n1\\n10\\nCO\\nCO\\nCO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2raiijniH IIB9W\\ng\\ng\\nI2\\n1\\ns?\\n(N\\n10\\nCO\\nk\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ran^x^H TI139IH\\nk\\ns\\nk\\n10\\ns\\n1\\n1\\nt^\\n00\\n1\\nin\\n1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ratiraiaTK\\nk\\nk\\n1\\n1\\nk\\n(N\\nco\\n05\\ng\\nCO\\n05\\nCO\\n1\\n1;\\n1\\nk\\n1\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ranraixBK\\n1\\n1\\ng\\n8\\n03\\n1\\n1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2UCapi lBJ9n9\u00c2\u00a3)\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ratijnipi n B9i^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2raniXBH UB9j^\\nranunuiK\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ranrapx Biii:\\nCO Tt CO 00 S* OD O\\no 00 in 10\\nTuincDcot-t-ooooi-coiOTi\\nCDQ0m ?lTt CDlOCDt- rJ 0000\\ncOTtiincocot-c-i:-inco-*co\\nCD O O Tt\\nCO in CD CO (Ti C? tH\\n00 00 CO 00 i- CD in\\n050i-li-IOO\u00c2\u00bbOCDQrH\\ncoininint-t-Ti Tt *(rj\\npini-H^T-i.-.TfinincocDcD\\nt-t-0D00030JroO00C0l-C0\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0OiS 5 i2 an o", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "136\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2nooj^\\n9X1% -loj nB9K\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ramniuij*!\\nO 1X3 O CO\\nOS CO 00 C3\\nOa5(NOJ\u00c2\u00ab5(NOOOt-\\nojT-ioirfrfOcDl-ioco\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2nimmsBi\\\\[\\ni-i-^ioOi-m eoi\u00c2\u00abi-ioo\\n!:-t-\u00c2\u00a3 ooaoo\u00c2\u00bbcno5cni.\u00c2\u00bb\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2noojii\\n9qj aoj uBai^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0nmrainij^\\nt-COt^CDCDC0rf*COO5m\\niO5Ot-000000t-5O\u00c2\u00bbOlO\\nT-H-rJHtMWOCOlOCDOCOO\u00c2\u00a9*\\n,Hi-(coeo\u00c2\u00bbntot-50ic3cooiT-i\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2tunniiXBjtt\\nMt-tOQOt-OTlOOOt-t-T-l\\n:DOi \u00c2\u00bbt*QOOiCsoiOa\u00c2\u00a3-t*t*\\nH g 1^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uooj^\\n9q:j joj uBajt\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2rantmniK\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2rannnxBj^\\n03 T-l i T-l C\u00c2\u00bb\\n\u00c2\u00bba lO CO t-\\nlO ia 00 Oi -iH OS\\n00 00 i SO CO Ttl\\nOOCOTfiOSOOCtCOOOODOi\\nT-l(NCOOT10C*i-CO\u00c2\u00bbOTll(N(U\\nOSdCOt-COinOeOt-T-ITf-rH\\nCDi f-i-O3O5O5OS0000t-i\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2noojii\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2umTniuipi\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2tnnraixBpt\\n(Ni-iint-t-OTco-^iOcoin\\nTfJOiOtoi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Qooooot-coin\\nOOOOtJIOOJOJOOOCDOOOO\\ni-lr-lTClOCOi-CDinCT\\nss s\\nooTj s!os} *(no(Noo\\ncocozr*aoososo3oso3aot*x\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2mnraiaij\\\\[\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ranuiiXBK\\nioo-*QOOQcocoooo-*eo\\n(MQOOOOCO-^ ^OOOJOOCOO T-l\\nmioOi2cQijjT) ei 3i r\u00c2\u00aboo-4 -i-i\\ncocoi aoaDc 0309aioococo t-\\nIz; fl\\n0) S", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "WHAT IS AN IISrCH OF RAIN? 137\\nRainfall. The prodigality of nature is illustrated in the\\nenormous quantity of water which falls upon the earth s\\nsurface.\\nWhat is an inch of rain\\nAn English acre consists of 6,272,640 square inches, and an\\ninch deep of rain on an acre yields 6,272,640 cubic inches of\\nwater, which at 231 cubic inches to the gallon makes 27,154\\ngallons and as a gallon of distilled water weighs 10 lbs., the\\nrainfall on an acre is 271,540 lbs. avoirdupois counting 2,240\\nlbs. as a ton, an inch deep of rain weighs over 121 tons per\\nacre. For every 100th of an inch in depth, 1.2 tons of water\\nfalls on an acre and for every 10th of an inch, 12 tons.\\nIt would require, therefore, a good wagon-load for 2 or\\n3 horses, to carry the water necessary for the 100th part of\\nan inch in depth of rain on an acre.\\nOn an average in Georgia, from 46 to 50 inches of rain falls\\nin a year, making the equivalent of 5,600 tons or more of\\nwater on a single acre. Some idea may be thus obtained of\\nthe enormous supply nature furnishes. It would take 10\\nloads a day, every day in the year, to supply, on a single acre,\\nthe quantity of water which nature furnishes gratuitously.\\nWhat would it cost to water a farm thus a plantation even\\na square in a garden These facts give some idea of the\\nimpossibility of the irrigation of crops, except when water can\\nbe cheaply conveyed by natural forces to where it is needed.\\nIrrigation also is intended only to supplement an insufficient\\nrainfall. In the best situated countries for irrigation, an\\nenormous system of canals and ditching is necessary. In the\\nScriptures, mention is made of watering with the foot, and\\nhe will understand the expression who passes back and forth\\nto a vessel, even to water a bed of strawberries.\\nClimate is essential. It must furnish us, free.\\nWhat becomes of it all Much passes by streams into the\\nocean much permeates into the ground much is evaporated.\\nThe distribution of rainfall, as that of temperature, is far\\nmore important than the actual quantity. The season at which\\nit falls, and the intervals between rains, are the leading condi-\\ntions affecting production. Excess and defect are alike inju-\\nrious to crops. The distribution in Georgia is such as to", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "138\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nsecure a good general a\\\\ erage of croj)s, and the climate in\\nthis respect may be regarded as favorable.\\nThere is seldom a failure such as often occurs in countries\\nexcessively dry or excessively wet. June, July, and August\\nare the most important months as affecting the main cultivated\\ncrops.\\nThe following tables exhibit rainfall at the places and for the\\ntimes expressed:\\nMONTHLY RAINFALL AT MACON, GA., FROM JANUARY 187l, TO\\nOCTOBER ISIQ, INCLUSIVE. TAKEN BY MR. .1. M. BOARDMAN.\\nMonths.\\n1871.\\n1872.\\n1873.\\n1874.\\n1875.\\n1876.\\n4.27\\n6.2r\\n6.01\\n5.58\\n4.73\\n5.91\\n1.64\\n5.52\\n11.96\\n2.50\\n8.85\\n5.95\\n3.34\\n6.72\\n11.90\\n5.58\\n0.95\\n1.58\\n5.43\\n4.61\\n1.47\\n0.40\\n5.34\\n3.38\\n3.43\\n4.54\\n3.66\\n3.25\\n7.26\\n7.61\\n4.70\\n5.33\\n3.58\\n0.26\\n3.90\\n2.96\\n1.77\\n6.80\\n7.88\\n9.26\\n1.45\\n3.48\\n5.60\\n5.23\\n1.27\\n1.42\\n2.03\\n4.09\\n5.33\\n4.37\\n12.95\\n5.56\\n3.43\\n3.16\\n1.61\\n7.68\\n3.94\\n0.67\\n4.48\\n1.63\\n1.46\\n4.23\\n4.06\\n7.10\\n1.85\\nJune\\nJuly\\n5.88\\n8.67\\n2.47\\nSeptember\\n2.93\\n2.96\\nTotals\\n69.19\\n50.70\\n50.48\\n50.28\\n53.81", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "RAINFALL TABLES.\\n139\\nA\\nn\\nt1\\nQ\\nH\\nn\\nO\\nW\\no\\nCO\\nO\\n3\\nH\\nH\\n(y\\n(_\\nP^\\n00\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\nH\\nrs\\nM\\n1\\nft\\n|2!\\n1-5\\nii^\\nM\\no\\nH\\nt3\\nHi\\no\\nt\\nu\\nr/)\\nH\\nHi\\nw\\na\\nft\\nHi\\no\\n5)\\n;25\\nM\\nCO\\nkh\\nGQ\\n00\\niJ\\nw\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\nH\\nM\\nO\\ns\\ng2\\nCD\\nO\\n00\\ns\\nCO\\nto\\nen\\nc\\nTjl\\nOS\\nCO\\no\\no\\nCO\\nO lO\\nCO\\nfe 8\\no\\nOJ\\no\\n05\\nCO\\nCO\\nCO\\n00\\niO lO\\ns*\\nS*\\n(N\\nOT\\nCO\\nCO\\nin\\nCO\\nO tH OS OS O tH\\nin (T* th CO lO\\nO -r-i S O 0* CO\\nSi CO\\nH\\n1\\nt3\\np\\nt-J\\nCJ\\nM\\n12;\\no\\nM\\nH\\n02\\na\\n1=\\ni:-\\nyy\\nOJ\\nH\\ns\\n1\\nH\\n1^\\nd\\no\\npr:i\\n02\\nt5\\nM\\nH\\no\\nPh\\n1\\nOJ\\nt3\\nO\\nH\\nr/3\\n1\\n1-1\\na\\nt3\\n02\\nt\\n1-1\\no\\nJ5\\nU)\\nu\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u0094*\\npa\\nH\\n|2i\\nO\\nH\\nr^\\n00\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\ninooocoiOT-i(Ntoco *coc\u00c2\u00ab\\nincoosiNccTHOT-itNinTi -i-i\\nCO lO -rH tH 1-i CD CO CD ed 1-1 Co\\nlOiOTjioooseJQcgTHQCDTHOO\\nooooiH ooOT) ooSooin35i-iiNT-i\\no CO 00 T-( rt -i-I 00 CO CO in CO\\nOiinT-iinos-r-i ^t^T-iQOf-Hoos\\n00 (N CO 00 QD\\nCO CO in CO in\\noo It- tH\\nei Tj CO in th\\n2 S p g\\nfe S\\nq5 CO 00 \u00e2\u0080\u00a2S -9\\nhS\\nao |G in J2\\nS)\\no a a ^K c3\\na20^fil-5feS SH8", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "140\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\neS\\nCO\\n:5^\\nW^\\n4^ li\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i r-l\\na;\\n+J _^ rQ\\nn3\\nO 1-1\\nCS 00 .Th\\nO f\\nS o s=i\\nc. CO\\nO c3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Ife\\nO o\\n4-1\\nO)\\n-e a\\n,c| be\\nd O\\nfee.\\n1=1 c3\\nO\\nCZ2\\n+i\\ng^\\nTS o\\nS CO\\nCO\\n-nrea JO ^unouiv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2119 J mui qoiqAi.\\nui sivd JO -o^\\nCOCOIOOOIN-^OTOOOO\\nCO in in CO 10 CO \u00c2\u00abj io o i-i\\n-urea JO ^nnomv\\nipj urej qoiqAi\\nni sIbcj jo o^\\no Nt-05M oo-*ej *Qin-*\\nsDOiOJt-ooinooTticoiOTjiT-i\\nin \u00c2\u00ab0 O IH CO CO Tl CO !0\\nT-(l -rl! incOQ0! tDint-i-l\\n-urejj JO ^nnoniv\\nipj nrej qoTqM\\nUI SjCbq; jo -oiii\\n-*C00D0JOT-lOOt-OO5Q\\nTHQOeOTl Ot-i-O-^QOi-lO\\ncocot- ocoi ooococo\\nTj inO(No*coo50sincoo3TH\\n-urea JO :)unoray\\n\\\\\\\\9f UIBJ TJOiqAV\\nUI sXbq; jo oj^\\nCD ^Q0t0inc0t-CX)OC010-1-l\\ncooino:oaDooOT) r*i-i-*\\neo (N (N i-i to to CO M in T-i CO N\\ncotoin-^osososinTj^c^toin\\n-urea JO ^unouiy\\n{[9} VLIBI HOIIJAV\\nUI sX Ba; JO om\\nT\u00c2\u00bbioQtocnioc\u00c2\u00ab -i-ri o-*e\u00c2\u00aboQ\\n030*tOO! Q00500 Nt-TH^^\\n(Nini-^coco-rtCoincJoWTiJ\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0*o tDi-\u00c2\u00a3-in-*in- i *ioin\\n-uiBa JO [junoury\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\\\\\9} uvei qoiqAV\\nUI siBo; JO Oil\\ncooi-iot-t-(N\u00c2\u00bbT)Hg5T-!CO\\noc^i-i(?\u00c2\u00abt-aiTHTj4-^0 ^co\\n(?\u00c2\u00abtotoint-inT- tdTi (j4coco\\nT)icDj i-ocoinm-*tDoocn\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2II^J\\n-urea JO ^unouiv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2[pj urei t#)iqM\\nUI SAB2 JO -o^\\nIQ OS O t- N\\nCT to to t-\\n(m t) oi o in CO\\no !N 10 Tf 00 in\\n5^ o)", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "SNOW AND RAIN.\\n141\\njVotes by Major Wight:\\nThe largest amount of rain that fell in any one clay, during\\nthis period, was September 29, 1870, 6.30 inches. The rainfall\\nfor several other days was as follows August 27, 1871, 5.30\\ninches; August 16, 1872, 3.52 inches February 7, 1873, 2.24\\ninches February 12, 1873, 3.44 inches February 16, 1873,\\n3.68 inches; August 29, 1874, 4.08 inches.\\nSnow. 1870 December, 2 days. 1871 ]!\u00c2\u00abJ ovember, 1\\nday December, 2 days total for 1871, 3 days. 1872\\nJanuary, 1 day; February, 3 days; March, 2 days; December,\\n1 day Total, 7 days. [IsT.B. This record shows that there\\nwere 9 snows in the winter 1871-2.] 1873 February, 1 day.\\n1874 no snow. 1875 no snow.\\nThe heaviest rains came generally from the south-west. The\\nslow, steady rains were generally from the south-east. Prevail-\\ning winds were from the north-west. The average depth of\\n30 wells in the vicinity of these observations is 27 feet.\\nRAINFALL AT ATHENS, GA., IN THE MONTHS OF JUNE, JITLT,\\nAND AUGUST, DURING FOUR YEARS. FURNISHED BY DR. E.\\nM. PENDLETON, PROFESSOR OF PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE IN\\nTHE GEORGIA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND THE\\nMECHANIC ARTS.\\n1873.\\n1874.\\n1875.\\n1876.\\nMonths.\\n.s-s\\n03 S\\n.5 5\\nA IS\\n.s-s\\nJune\\nJuly\\nAugust\\n12\\n8\\n10\\n2.22\\n3.14\\n3.58\\n8.94\\n14\\n13\\n8\\n3.85\\n4.09\\n3.82\\n10\\n8\\n9\\n3.90\\n2.12\\n6.95\\n14\\n11\\n12\\n9.12\\n4.49\\n6.16\\nTotals\\n30\\n35\\n11.76\\n27\\n12.97\\n37\\n19.77", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "142\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\no\\n1\\nto g\\na\\nq I\\nApril\\nMay\\nJune\\n1\\nl g i 1 i i 2\\n3D rfi.\\n.O cm\\nMasimum.\\nH\\nv(^ OS 1-^ t-* -7 CO 00\\nCD ?0 l-i OC tn l-t\\n30 CO\\nMinimum.\\nK 1^\\no o o o o o o\\no o\\nCO\\nCO\\nMean.\\nCD -5 05 (5 3 ro O\\n3S OI\\nMaximum.\\nhi\\nM CO \u00c2\u00bbf^ Ut UT tJ^ w\\nS o o eg o OT 1^\\nH\\nd\\n3\\nCO\\nMinimum.\\nO\\nCO ht^ OT OS Oi CT UT\\ni3 Is O JO eg CD ig\\nCO\\nOS 00\\nMean.\\nCO\\ng\\nOD\\nOD CO CO CO CO CO\\njO 00 -q\\n30 o ai\\nMaximum.\\n1\\ni| g s g g 1\\nfe !f\\nMinimum.\\n\u00c2\u00a34\\n!i- 00 O O 00 00\\nO i-i OI\\nMean.\\nO\\n-I ifk CO GO i(^ CO\\nyo\\no o o o\\ni-A i-\u00c2\u00bb o O O O i-^\\nMaximum Height.\\no oi So\\nOi o 03 iSk 05 o a\\nM\\nMinimum Height.\\nj UT ao ts CO -a 05\\nO O CO\\ni g g g s\\ng\\nMean Height.\\n1\\ni Oi or 4^ ^s io -J\\nl4^ ~1 b^ ht^ 1^ CO\\nIS 5!\\nGreatest Velocity per hour\\ni CO -5 or hS OS or\\nGO\\n{milei:).\\n1\\n1\\n03 en CO CO *k\\nOS CO OI\\nAverage Velocity per hour\\ni 1\\ni g g S S 3\\nO 1*^ OI\\n{miles).\\ni z! H\\nH g\\n1\\nPrevailing Direction.\\nM- M. 1-i 1-1 i_i l-J.\\nMaximum per cent in the\\no\\n8 2 8 8 8 8 8\\nCO C=J CO\\nCO O OS\\nair.\\nMinimum per cent in the\\n-J tS O O O C3 o\\nMl M- k-t w M M. m\\n00\\n1-1 CD\\nair.\\nw\\ni-i\\nTotal Kainfall expressed in in\\nches.\\nOS t-i OS Hi CO 05 if\\nCD\\na -5 c N) CO OT ai\\no t-L io ,-3 O or CO\\nS 2\\nPer cent of clear weather.\\nn\\nSo\\nw to\\nOI\\ncjT M) ifiw --T as j:^ tfi.\\nO 00 00 M CO CT -3\\nIf^ iCk OI\\nCO OS OI\\nPer cent of cloudy weather.\\nw\\no\\nOS\\non\\n1\\ng\\no\\n!2!\\nH\\nH\\nH\\nE\\no\\nUl\\nfe!\\n(/J\\no\\nw\\n1\\ni-i\\nW\\nf^\\ntr\\nO\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\nI\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nm\\no\\nr\\ni\\nCXI\\n-P\\nH\\no\\no\\nH\\no\\nUl\\no\\nj\\no\\nH\\nw\\nrl\\ni^\\nf^i\\nt^\\nW\\nH\\nf?;\\no\\nw\\nE3\\n2;\\nH\\n5\\nH\\nO\\nr-i\\ny\\nP\\nC/J\\nw\\nH\\nc\\nb\\nt^\\n05\\nH\\nrfs. el\\na\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nft\\nCO\\nbo\\nH\\nH\\nO\\nf\\nM\\nI d\\no\\nH\\nH\\nQ\\na\\nH\\n00\\nN\\nITJ\\nbO\\nU^\\nP-\\n2\\n05_\\nft\\nt-H\\no\\nH\\nto\\nw\\nH\\n51\\nG\\nH\\nft\\nW\\nft\\nO\\nH\\nM\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2=1\\nt\\nft\\nW\\nd\\nO\\n(1*\\nJ\\nft\\nH\\nK|", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "CONDITIONS AFFECTING CLIMATE. 143\\nValue of Weather Mecords. A record enabling ns to review\\nthe weather for half a century or more, if faithfully kept in\\nall portions of a territory as large as Georgia, would be very\\ninteresting and highly valuable. From such a record, we\\ncould draw reasonable probabilities. The Georgia State\\nDepartment of Agriculture has tried to induce men in every\\nsection of the State to keep and furnish records of the weather\\nwith partial success. It is still pressing the matter.\\nThe great facts which we wish to know agriculturally, are\\nthe distribution of heat, cold, and rainfalls the seasons in\\nwhich it rains, the way it rains as to gentleness or rapidity,\\nthe intervals between rains or length of drought, etc. We\\nmay have much information, and yet not know the most\\nimportant facts.\\nIn the two months of June and July of the present year,\\n1876, the number of days on which rain has fallen in the\\ngreater portion of Georgia has been sufficient, and so has the\\nnumber of inches of rain yet it has been so distributed, or\\nrather so concentrated, that many things have suffered by\\nexcess of rain small grain being damaged and the crops get-\\nting grassy and since these rains a drought still more injuri-\\nous. This illustrates well the necessity of dates, number, and\\namounts.\\nThe general conditions affecting the climate of Georgia are\\nwell known, though exact details are imperfect. We have\\ntwo exposures to the sea the Atlantic and the Gulf both\\naffecting temperature and moisture. In mountain exposure\\ntoward the north, with small obstacles to the wind in other\\ndirections, there is a large quantity of woodland, well diffused.\\nThere is a marked distinction in the soil of the northern and\\nsouthern parts of the State, both as to texture and color, and\\nso in power of absorption and radiation of heat. We have\\nslopes to the south-east and south-west inclining to the sun,\\nand a considerable variety of altitudes. These conditions are\\nquite complex, and render numerous observations necessary.\\nLocal variations of temperature and rainfall are numerous and\\nconsiderable.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "II. THE PEOPLE.\\nRACE CHARACTERISTICS.\\nThe second great division of this work, and by far the most\\nimportant, is The People.\\nWe propose to treat of the People as to Race and Inherited\\nCharacteristics, and of the effect upon them of their circum-\\nstances and surroundings, for which the specific word now\\nused is Environment.\\nThe People constitute the great element in the determina-\\ntion of their own destiny. There is more in the Man than\\nthere is in the Land more in the Man than in all else of\\nNature and of Art.\\nNo country better illustrates this truth than America as it\\nis under the White, and as it was under the Red Man. Look\\nagain at California as a part of Mexico, and at the same\\ncountry with its new population as part of the United States\\nLook at Liberty or Mcintosh County in Georgia as it was\\nunder the control of the White man, and as it is now under\\nthe control of the Black\\nOf the prodigious importance of Race and its permanent in-\\nfluences upon the destinies of the country, it is hard to form\\nan overestimate. The slow, long process of race development\\nor retrogression covers long periods, almost like the Geological\\nAges. The constitution of a race, with its corresponding eleva-\\ntion or depression, is the inheritance of successive generations\\nof good or bad environment and culture. It is the transmis-\\nsion of induced qualities a species of wealth of slow accumu-\\nlation, and fortunately of slow waste.\\nThe broad range of race peculiarities, and the time it", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "EACB CHARACTERISTICS. 145\\nrequires to develop them, or the depth of the marks this time\\nimpresses, are not less striking. They are illustrated in the\\nsimpler organisms, by the difference in the varieties of plants\\nand vegetables. One species of wheat is bearded, one of oats\\nis rust-pi opf. They are susceptible of structural changes in\\nthe lapse of time yet have great permanence of type. They\\ncan be changed by intermixture, but by any other method the\\nchange of variety is very slow.\\nRace features are intensified by continuance of natural con-\\nditions, and by constant social assimilation. The changes in\\na People are analogous to the changes in an individual. In\\nthe periods of an individual life, what a difference between the\\nundeveloped infant, the active man in the maturity of his\\npowers, and the infirm man in his decay Yet while these broad\\ngeneral differences characterize each individual, each has still\\nhis own peculiarities, and can only be developed accordingly.\\nSo with a People the difference between a People at any stage\\nof progress or development being as marked as between indi-\\nviduals.\\nIt is remarkable how widely the rule of variation amid uni-\\nformity extends. In the same race, with all the common\\nfeatu.res of resemblance, each people has its j)eculiarities, dis-\\ntinguishing it from others of the same race. Note the differ-\\nence between the English people and their descendants in the\\nUnited States also between these descendants in different\\nsections yet each knows its own, and each of the others is\\nrecognized in his variations. These differences among the\\nsame race extend to counties and communities, and can be\\nrecognized by experts and those who habitually observe such\\nthings, and can be largely traced to their origin.\\nLeading men with their peculiarities modify the ways and\\nmanners of the common people. This law of assimilation\\nprevails toward those Avho are admired the opposite to those\\nwho are not admired. The Negro imitates the white man the\\nlatter avoids the peculiarities of the Negro.\\nThe American People are substantially an English stock,\\ntransplanted into a new environment, with the lesser race\\nstocks engrafted upon it.\\nThe Southern People are more unmixed English than those\\nof any other section of the Union. Chiefly the descendants", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "146 HAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA.\\nof the English and the people of the Northern and Middle\\nStates themselves descended from the English neither the\\ndirect immigration from countries other than England, nor\\ntheir descendants, have largely affected the Southern States.\\nThe main influential race elements of the white population\\nin the South are English and Scotch-Irish. This is especially-\\ntrue of Georgia.\\nCHAEACTEEISTICS OF THE PEOPLE OF GEOEGIA.\\nThe prevailing civilization of Georgia is similar to that of\\nVirginia, from which a large pai t of our population was derived\\ngreatest in influence, if not largest in number. North Caro-\\nlina added the next largest element of influence in the Scotch-\\nIrish, which also came partly from Pennsylvania and New\\nJersey.\\nThe early settlements were upon the coast and large streams;\\nand by degrees the country was populated inland. Savannah\\nand Augusta are the oldest two cities. The youth of the\\nState was thrifty. She grew up under easy circumstances.\\nThe contest with nature was comparatively small, and the\\nactive powers of men found occupation in the study of\\npolitics and human relations, more than science or nature.\\nThey Avere remarkably well infoi-med upon the principles of\\ngovei-nment. The history of Georgia of her State and\\nFederal relations her attachment to State Rights and the\\nfrequent bold and successful assertion of the same are re-\\nmarkable. The constitution of 1798 lasted till 1861 and the\\nJudiciary Act of 1*799 contains features which, after being\\nlaw in Georgia for half a century, were adopted into the laws\\nof Great Britain.\\nThe social bonds which unite the people of Georgia are\\nunusually close and complete. The great divisions of White\\nand Black swallow up minor divisions to a very great extent\\nbut in Georgia there is less separation than in the older and\\nmore settled South. There is no caste-ridden population in the\\nState and even in most of the cities, the circles are less defined\\nthan elsewhere. Society is firmly bound together upon a Just\\nrather than an artificial basis. The true philosophy of society\\nis not caste, which separates, but union, which unites not", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEOPLE OF GEORGIA. 14*7\\nseparation, but combination the association of the really fit\\nnot of those designated by convention and included within\\nartificial lines.\\nThe effect on character of the contact of an inferior race\\nwith a superior, whether as slav^es or as mere population, is\\nalways marked. Its tendency is to develop good or evil traits\\naccording to the peculiarities of the superior.\\nOf the Southern people, Georgians are regarded as the most\\npractical and enterprising. In Northern prisons, during the\\nlate war, they were sometimes characterized as Southern\\nYankees. They really possess many of the good elements of\\nboth North and South. The Georgian has much common-\\nsense and power of adaptation to circumstances. His specu-\\nlative views yield readily to the practical. Put him on his\\nmettle and he is apt to succeed. There is a good deal of candor\\nin his composition, and he is generally sensible, observant, and\\nenergetic. Georgians, in the general aspect of all qualities\\ncombined, are unsurpassed. They may be lacking in some\\nqualities possessed by others, but they have a just and balanced\\ncharacter, and their judgment of men and conduct is excellent.\\nOn the whole, the English People are not to be surjjassed\\nfor manliness. In the United States, no finer type of English\\nmanhood is to be found than in Virginia. Her statesmen\\nand people have evinced this in many ways. They have a just,\\nhonest character manly, noble, generous, and able. Their\\nmanners are natural, expressing their true character not sharp\\nnor narrow, but broad, open, collected, practical, and thought-\\nful.\\nThe dominant element of the population and civilization\\nof Georgia was derived from- Virginia. Our representative\\nmen have had this bias. Public honesty till reconstruction\\nafter the war brought the di cgs to the top was untarnished,\\nexcept in one corrupt act, deeply repented of, the Yazoo\\nfraud. No attempt on the public purse was made. During\\nthe present century up to the end of the war, there were no\\ndefalcations in high ofiice, and not even a provision made for\\nso inconceivable and unlooked-for an offence. There was little\\npublic debt, and no peculation.\\nAny account of the character of Georgians would be greatly\\nlacking in individuality, which did not refer to a somewhat", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "148 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nrude and blunt independence, persistent perseverance, and self-\\nreliance, which characterize them peculiarly. They are con-\\ntent with their own convictions, with little regard to authority\\nor precedents, and proceed to put them into action.\\nTHE NEGRO.\\nThe early history of the Negro race is but little understood.\\nIn the ordinary sense, they can scarcely be said to have any\\nhistory but their constitution and nature their habits and\\nmodes of life have been studied.\\nMuch of the recent information obtained by exploring the\\ninterior of Africa, is not applicable to them as we know them.\\nThe ancestors of the Negro in the Southern States werQ\\nnearly all brought from the west coast of Africa, from Upper\\nand Lower Guinea, the region of Congo, and the slave coast\\njust south of the equator, and rank among the lowest of\\nthis lowest race of mankind.\\nThe works of Monteiro and the missionary to Africa, Rev.\\nMr. Bowen, supply valuable information. The former was a\\ndecided believer in the Evolution doctrine, while Mr. Bowen,\\nbeing a missionary, entertained a different view but whether\\nfrom the religious or the scientific standpoint, the conclusions\\nof these two fair-minded men are remarkably coincident.\\nNo one supposes that he understands the Chinese, Japanese,\\nPersian, or other distant race, except by personal observation or\\nby reading the books of observers but too many imagine they\\nunderstand the Negro, who is far more remote in organization\\nand civilization. It would benefit the world if those who\\nthink they understand the Negro character, without opportunity\\nof learning, could be led to suspect the correctness of their\\nviews. Even the modifications of English character by change\\nof country, require contact to be understood.\\nImmense interest has been felt in the Negro population of\\nthe Southern States. If any thing is to be prized by what it\\nhas cost, the Negro of the South may properly be considered\\none of prime regard and in the study of no other subject has\\nthere been manifested in so high a degree that beautiful ease", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "THE NEGKO AS HE WAS, AND AS HE IS. 149\\nand confidence which belong to the speculative philosopher,\\nwhose course is but little obstructed by facts. Men will listen\\nto and endorse speculations on the JSTegro, who will turn an\\ninstant deaf ear to witnesses who testify the facts of his con-\\ndition. It is often the case that the less one hnows of the con-\\ndition of this race, the greater is his confidence in his opinions.\\nTo understand the Negro aright, it is necessary to know\\nwhat he was in his native country, and what he is noio, after\\ncontact for some generations with a civilized and superior race.\\nToo frequently the facts of his low organization and coarse\\nnature are turned from with distaste, and the facts of his con-\\ndition studied by the aid of imagination and romance, instead\\nof observation and correct testimony. Yet the prejudices of\\nthe most determined in their foregone conclusions, usually\\ngive way rapidly as they come into any real actual contact\\nwith the Negro and they usually have far less ]3atience with\\nhim than those who really understand him.\\nTo appreciate the changes wrought by contact with the\\nwhites, we must, as before said, understand him as he was in\\nAfrica. Perhaps the most fully informed writer on the con-\\ndition of the race in their native country is Monteiro, a Portu-\\nguese, who has recently published the results of a number of\\nyears of experience and observation among the Negroes of\\nLower Guinea, He thinks the climate accounts for many of\\nhis physical and mental characteristics. He says\\nIt would be very singular indeed if a peculiar adaptation for resist-\\ning so perfectly tlie malignant influences of the climate of tropical\\nAfrica the result of an inferior physical organization was unaccom-\\npanied by a corresponding inferiority of mental constitution. It is only\\nby the theory of natural selection/ or the survival of the fittest, to\\nresist the baleful influences of the climate through successive and\\nthousands of generations the fittest being those of greatest physical\\ninsensibility that the present fever-resisting, miasma-proof Negro has\\nbeen produced and his character can only be explained in the corre-\\nsponding retardation or arrest of development of his intellect.\\nAgain he says\\nIt is really astonishing to see the naked Negro without a particle of\\ncovering on his head (often shaved), in the full blaze of the fierce sun\\nhis daily food a few handfuls of ground-nuts, beans, or mandioca roots,\\nand often the most unwholesome water to drink. At night he throws\\nhimself on the ground anywhere without a pillow, and wakes in the", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "150 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nmorning generally wet with tlie heavy dew, and does not suffer the least\\npain or inconvenience.\\nThese extracts give a faint idea of the Negro in his native\\nwild. Others might be given which would show more fully\\nhis normal savage condition, but this is deemed unnecessary to\\nthe intelligent reader. The proper criterion by which to com-\\npare the Negro in African slavery (for it was from that class\\nof Negroes in Africa that the importations to America were\\nmade), is the condition of the Negro slave in Africa with the\\nNegro as seen to-day in America. Those imported into\\nAmerica were transferred from slavery to savages, to slavery\\nto civilized white men.\\nThe condition of 4,000,000 of Negroes in the Southern\\nStates^ civilized, clothed, and to a great extent Christianized\\npresents a marked contrast with that of their brethren in\\nAfrica, notwithstanding the efforts of zealous missionaries to\\nChristianize and civilize the natives in their own country.\\nThe improvement in comfort, happiness, and civilization\\nbetween the present Negro in America, and the native African,\\neither when the first importation was made or at the present\\ntime, is too great to admit of comparison. More Negroes are\\nbrought under the influence of the Christian religion in Georgia\\nin one year than in both the Guineas in 1,000 years.\\nThus much for the advantage derived by the Negro from\\nbeing transplanted from African to American slavery the\\nonly way in which such a transformation of character could\\nhave been effected, since by no other means could he have\\nbeen thrown in such immediate, friendly, and constant contact\\nwith a superior race.\\nMarked and astonishing as the improvement has been from\\nthe African savage to the present Negro of Georgia, many\\nof his native characteristics have not been extirpated. Among\\nthese mny be mentioned his superstition extending into secular\\nand religious matters, his want of respect for the truth, disre-\\ngard of the rights of property, and peculiar absence of reason-\\ning faculties. In his new role of citizenship, these peculiar\\ncharacteristics have been somewhat augmented.\\nAs an element of production the freedman involves a diffi-\\ncult problem. As a laborer, under proper control, he is perhaj)s\\nthe best that can be had at present, for the culture of cotton,", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "THRIFTLESS AND IMPEOVIDENT. 151\\nsugar-cane, and rice but when the present generation of\\ntrained laborers passes away the rising generation being\\nreared without control and in habits of idleness fears are\\nentertained by the most thoughtful and observant, that the\\nNegro will cease to be an element of production.\\nThere is a tendency on their part to collect around towns\\nand cities, where a precarious subsistence is secured by menial\\nservices, which they generally perform by the job, being\\nusually unwilling to contract for full and regular employment.\\nThe same disposition is manifested by them in the rural dis-\\ntricts, where they insist upon working for a share of the\\ncrop in preference to hiring for wages, either by the month\\nor year, because it gives the employer less control of their time.\\nThere is also a tendency with some to remove to the South-\\nwest, under the influence of higher wages offered for farm\\nlabor. This emigration is mainly from among the unsteady\\nand least industrious of the race, while the more thoughtful,\\nstable, and respectable, generally refuse to leave the j)lace of\\ntheir nativity.\\nV_ They are an improvident people, both by nature and habit,\\nand, even now that they are free, need daily direction and\\nsupervision by a superior mind. A few of the more intelli-\\ngent and prudent among them, conscious of this necessity,\\nemploy white men of experience to supervise and direct them\\nin their own work, when they rent lands on their own contract.\\nThe females are fast withdrawing from field labor, and becom-\\ning a burden upon the labor of the males though, when\\nslaves, they were an important element of production.\\nIt is even now a debatable question with the thoughtful\\npolitical economist, whether the Negro population of Georgia\\nis self-sustaining even the intelligent ISTegi-oes themselves,\\nwho, having been trained as slaves to regular systematic labor,\\nand now are comparatively industrious from habit, look for-\\nward with forebodin^js to the future of their race, when ^hey\\ncontemplate the rising generation growing up in ignorance of\\nuseful and available arts, or knowledge of the methods of\\nperforming any work, and generally withoiit parental control.\\nYery few are learning trades less than during the existence\\nof slavery; and there will therefore be fewer of the next gene-\\nration of laborers receiving wages as skilled employes than now.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "152 HAJJiTD-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nThere were, last year, admitted to the public free schools of\\nthe State of Georgia 55,268 Negroes, many of whom have\\nmade remarkable progress in those branches which require an\\nexercise of the memory but generally fail in those branches\\nof learning which require the exercise of the reasoning facul-\\nties. The State makes an annual donation of $8,000 to a\\ncollege located in Atlanta, and devoted to the education of\\nNegroes.\\nThe change in the relations of capital and labor by emanci-\\npation was so sudden and radical, that the equilibrium of those\\nforces was completely destroyed. Old ideas and the practice\\nand experience of a century were necessarily revolutionized, and\\nmen old in years and experience had to begin the world anew.\\nThe new relations are now beginning to assume some stability,\\nand both Negroes and Whites seem to have accepted the situ-\\nation in good faith, and, in Georgia at least, are working, each\\nin the sphere so plainly indicated by the Creator in the physical,\\nmental, and moral characteristics of the two races.\\nWhatever romance writers and universal philanthropists,\\nwho are totally ignorant of Negro character, may say or\\nwrite to the contrary, their inferiority to the white race in the\\nhigher elements of manhood is a fact too well established by\\nhistory and observation to admit of question.\\nThe future of the Negro in America is a problem which\\ntim\u00c2\u00a3_alone can decide.\\nAs an element in politics, his career is virtually at an end,\\nexcept to increase the number of representatives from the\\nSouthern States in the Federal Congress.\\nAs an element of consumption and destruction, he is destined\\nto play an important part.\\nAs an element of progress and higher development, those\\nwho know him best assign him a low position.\\nAs a factor in the increase of population, his race must of\\nnecessity decline in ratio to the whole, since he is confined to\\nnatural increase, which is checked by defective moral re-\\nstraint, but not by prudential motives while the white man\\nhas both the sources of natural increase and immigration, from\\nwhich to draw recruits for his swelling multitudes, aided by\\nintelligence and prudence.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "POPULATION AND CAPACITY OF GEORGIA. 153\\nPOPULATION.\\nThe population of Georgia in 1870 was 1,184,109. Of these\\n638,926 were white, and 595,192 black. Only 11,127 were\\nforeign born.\\nThe number of families in the State was 237,850, and the\\naverage was 5 persons to a family.\\nThe number of dwellings was about the same as families,\\n236,436.\\nOf persons in Georgia, 48.9 per cent are males, and 51.1 per\\ncent females 54 per cent are Whites and 46 per cent\\nNegroes. Of militia, between 18 and 45 years of age, 9.1 per\\ncent are Whites and 7.9 per cent Negroes. Of voters over 21,\\n10.9 per cent are Whites and 9.1 per cent Negroes.\\nThe centre of population of Georgia is in Monroe County\\nnear the Ocmulgee River, about 10 miles a little north of\\neast from Forsyth.\\nThe centre of lohite population is on the border of Monroe\\nand Butts Counties (near Dublin, Butts County), and about 12\\nor 13 miles north-east of Forsyth.\\nThe centre of population is about 40 miles north-west of the\\ngeographical centre. The centre of total population differs\\nonly about 10 miles from the centre of white population.\\nOf the people of Georgia, 6 per cent are engaged in manu-\\nfacturing 4 jDer cent in trade and commerce 15 per cent\\nin professional and personal services and 75 per cent in\\nagriculture.\\nCAPACITY OF GEORGIA FOR POPULATION:.\\nJapan, with 30,000,000 of acres in cultivation, sustains a\\npopulation of 33,000,000 without importation of food. The\\nland, however, is fine, splendidly cultivated, highly manured,\\nirrigated, and improves in value.\\nThe agricultural population of Georgia is 888,000, and there\\nare about 500,000 acres in cultivation. Upon a system of in-\\ntensive cultivation, it might perhaps sustain a population 3\\ntimes as great on the same land. Were Georgia as thickly\\nsettled as Massachusetts, the population would exceed 10,-\\n000,000.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "154 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nINSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE.\\nGOVERNMENT OP THE STATE THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION\\nOP 1868.\\nSuffrage. A voter must be a male person, 21 years old,\\nborn in the United States or naturalized or one who has\\ndeclared his intention to be naturalized, or a resident at the\\ntime of the adoption of the Constitution. He must have\\nresided in the State 6 months, and 1 month in the county\\nin which he votes, and must have paid his taxes for the pre-\\nceding year. Residence as a soldier or sailor of the United\\nStates is not sufficient. The disqualifications are treason,\\nmalfeasance in office, duelling, and any penitentiary offense.\\nIt declares the right of suffrage to be inalienable.\\nBill op Rights and Limitations in Legislation. The social\\nstatus of a citizen is declared to be not a subject of legislation.\\nThere shall be no imprisonment for debt no whipping as a\\npunishment for crime.\\nState Taxation. A poll tax not exceeding one dollar shall\\nbe collected, and devoted to educational purposes. Taxation\\nshall be uniform on all sorts of property, and ad valorem.\\nPower to tax may be given to counties and municipal corpora-\\ntions for their purposes.\\nLegislative Department. This consists of 2 houses\\nthe Senate and House of Representatives called the General\\nAssembly. It meets annually on the second Wednesday in\\nJanuary, and the session is 40 days, unless prolonged by\\nvote of two-thirds of each house. Disqualifications for either\\nhouse are wrought by felony, larceny, duelling, or removal\\nfrom the district.\\nThe Senate consists of 44 members, each elected for\\n4 years 22 going out every 2 years. The districts\\nwere fixed by the Constitution to consist of 3 counties\\neach, the State then having only 132 counties. Since that\\ntime 5 new counties have been created, and each of these by\\nthe act creating it was attached to the senatorial district of\\nwhich it was a part before being set off as a new county.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "EXECUTIVE AND JUDICIAL DEPAETMENT HOMESTEAD. 155\\nThe House of Representatives is composed of 175 members,\\nas follows 3 representatives each from the 6 most populous\\ncounties 2 each from the 26 next most populous and 1 each\\nfrom the remaining 105 counties. A change in the apportion-\\nment may be made after each federal census, but the number\\nof members can not be inci eased beyond 175.\\nExecutive Depaetment. The Governor is elected for 4\\nyears. He has the veto power, the pardoning power, and the\\nappointment (with the concurrence of the Senate) of the\\nfollowing officers viz. Judges of the Supreme Court, Judges\\nof the Superior Courts, Attorney-General, Commissioner of\\nAgriculture, State School Commissioner, State Geologist,\\nSolicitors-General, Judges of County and City Courts where\\nestablished by special law, and Notaries Public.\\nThe Secretary of State and Surveyor-General (the two offices\\nbeing consolidated), the Comptroller-General, and State Treas-\\nurer, are elected by the General Assembly every 4 years.\\nJudicial Depaetment. The Judicial Department of the\\nGovernment consists of the following courts viz. the\\nSupreme Court, Superior Courts, Courts of Ordinary, Justices\\n(of the Peace) Courts, and such other courts as may be\\nestablished by law. In conformity with this provision. County\\nCourts have been established in several counties, and City\\nCourts in some cities.\\nThe Supreme Court is for the correction of errors, and con-\\nsists of 3 Justices appointed at first for 4, 8, and 12 years, and\\neach subsequent appointment for 12 years. Its sessions are in\\nAtlanta.\\nThe Superior Courts are held in every county of the State.\\nEach Judge has a judicial district or circuit, composed of a\\ncertain number of counties, there being 20 circuits and 20\\nJudges in the State. These Judges are appointed by the\\nGovernor for 8 years. Neai-ly all important matters of contro-\\nversy come within their jurisdiction.\\nThe Constitution provides that Jurors shall be upright and\\nintelligent citizens.\\nHomestead and Exemption. The Constitution provides\\nthat each head of a family, or guardian or trustee of a family\\nof minor children, shall be entitled to a homestead of realty\\nto the value of $2,000 in specie, and personal property to the", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "156 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nvalue of $1,000 in specie and no court or ministerial officer\\nin this State shall ever have jurisdiction or authority to\\nenforce any decree or judgment or execution against any\\nproperty so set apart, except for taxes, purchase money unpaid,\\nor expenses incurred in its improvement. The Supreme Court\\nof the State has held that this exemption or homestead is not\\ngood against contracts made before the adoption of the Con-\\nstitution, and the Supreme Court of the United States has con-\\nfirmed this decision of our State Supreme Court.\\nThe Supreme Court of this State has also defined the right\\nof minor children under this pi ovision, and held that property\\nmortgaged by the father in his lifetime can not, after his\\ndeath, deprive his minor children of a homestead in the\\nmortgaged premises.\\nThe Supreme Court of this State has, however, held that the\\nhead of a family can, as such, loaive his right to a homestead\\nin a specific property, and the right to claim and obtain such\\nhomestead as the agent of his wife that the right to claim a\\nhomestead does not compel a man to do so, and he can do so or\\nnot, as he chooses. He is entitled to it if he desires it, and not\\notherwise.\\nWife s Estate. A wife, notwithstanding marriage, con-\\ntinues to be the legal owner of the property she possessed at\\nthe time of marriage, and of any that accrues to her by gift,\\nbequest, or her own acquisition after marriage.\\nDivorce. No total divorce shall be granted except upon\\nthe concurrent verdicts of two juries. When a divorce is\\ngranted, the jury rendering the final verdict shall determine\\nthe rights and disabilities of the parties, subject to the provi-\\nsion of the Court.\\nEducation. The Constitution requires the establishment of\\na thorough system of general education, forever free to all the\\nchildren of the State. The Public Schools of the State, and\\nthe distribution of the fund for the support of the same, are\\nunder the control of the State School Commissioner.\\nDAWS OF PRESENT GENERAL INTEREST.\\nWills, Distribution of Estates, etc, A testator may do\\nwhat he will with his own, not to the prejudice of his credi-", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "LAWS OF DESCENT COLLECTION OF DEBTS. 157\\ntors and his wife is so far a creditor tliat he can not defeat\\ndower excej)t by consent nor can he entail property.\\nIn case of Intestacy the distribution of an estate is made as\\nfollows After payment of expenses of administration, of a\\nyear s support to the family, and the debts of the intestate, the\\nremaining property goes 1. To the husband, or husband s\\nchildren, if any, of a deceased wife 2. To the wife, or wife s\\nchildren of a deceased husband the wife having the one fifth\\npart if there are more than 4 children 3. To the children 4.\\nTo the father, mother, brothers, and sisters of the intestate.\\nThe children or grandchildren represent a deceased distri-\\nbutee this rule not extending beyond the grandchildren of a\\nbrother or sister.\\nUpon the death of an intestate, his widow may elect to take\\na dower or one third interest for life, in the lands of her\\ndeceased husband, and share and share alike with the children\\nin the personal property or she may relinquish her right of\\ndower and take a child s part, share and share alike, in all\\nthe property, to be her own absolutely.\\nCollection OF Debts. A Justice of the Peace has jurisdic-\\ntion in all civil cases where the principal sum involved does\\nnot exceed $100 and 10 days residence in a Justice s district\\nis sufficient to give jurisdiction. If the amount is under |50,\\nsuit can be brought and trial ]h.ad in 15 days if over |50, in\\n20 days. If either j^arty is not ready, the Justice may con-\\ntinue the case upon a sufficient legal showing for a reasonable\\ntime, not more than 10 days but neither party shall have\\nmore than one continuance except for providential cause.\\nWhen a case is tried, the Justice renders judgment enforced\\nby execution. The execution must be issued in 4 days, and\\nthe sale of property advertised 10 days, if the property levied\\nupon is personal. No lands can be levied upon to satisfy a\\nJustice Court execution, unless no personal property can be\\nfound liable thereto. If land is levied upon, the levy must be\\nmade, and the execution turned over to the Sheriff, who shall\\nadvertise the sale 4 weeks before the first Tuesday in the\\nmonth, and sell at the court-house door.\\nEither party dissatisfied with the decision of a Justice of\\nthe Peace, can carry the case to the Superior Court upon\\nappeal, if the sum is over |50 or by certiorari if $50 or less.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "158 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nLiens. These are established by law and attach to property\\nfor taxes, for judgment or decree of court, and in favor of\\nlaborers, landlords, mortgagees, merchants, factors and others\\nfurnishing svipplies, mechanics, contractors, innkeepers, and\\na few other cases.\\nLiens for taxes have the highest rank, and must be satisfied\\nbefore all others. Laborers liens are next, and attach for\\nlabor performed, to the general propei ty of their employers.\\nThey are superior to all other liens except for taxes and the\\nspecial liens of landlords on yearly crops, and the special liens\\nof factors for supplies furnished. The landlord s lien for rent\\non the crop produced, is superior to all others against the crop\\nexcept for taxes. Factors, merchants, landlords, dealers m\\nfertilizers, and all who furnish necessary supplies with which\\nto make a crop, have a superior lien upon the crop except for\\ntaxes and labor.\\nAll mechanics of every sort, who have taken no personal\\nsecurity, shall have a lien upon the property upon which they\\nwork (including the real estate upon which it is located), for\\nwork done or material furnished, in building, repairing, or\\nimproving any property. To make good such a lien, it must\\nbe recorded in 30 days, and suit brought for the recovery of\\nthe money in 12 months.\\nTaxes. The rate of taxation for State and county purposes\\nvaries from year to year, from 80 cents to $1 on each $100\\nworth of propei ty. Church and school property is not taxed\\nand all money invested in the manufacture of cotton, wool, and\\niron, is exempt from taxation for 10 years from the date of the\\ninvestment.\\nRecord op ConveyajStces. All titles to land and mortgages\\non land, must be recorded within 12 months from their date.\\nAkbitrations. The laws provide for parties having disa-\\ngreements to submit their case to arbitrators whose awards\\nare binding. This affords a speedy and satisfactory method\\nof settling controversies without the expense of a trial before\\nthe courts.\\nTHE LAND POLICY OP GEORGIA.\\nThe tenure of land is, in every country, one of the most\\nimportant features of its policy, and one which has, accordingly,", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "LAKD POLICY HEAD EIGHTS. 159\\nattracted much of the attention of statesmen and the discus-\\nsion of political economists. The policy in England, in\\nFrance, and in the United States has been quite various.\\nIn the United States it has become more uniform. In Eng-\\nland, nearly nine tenths of the land is held by 12,000 persons.\\nIn France there ai e many small holdings.\\nIn Georgia, the doctrine of many of the political economists\\nthat land is worth only lohat is put %ipo)i it, has been more\\nthoroughly practiced than, perhaps, in many other States.\\nHead Rights. Originally in Georgia, land was held in what\\nwas called in law tail male, but this policy was changed at\\nan early period. An Act was passed in 1777, shortly after\\nthe Declaration of Independence, for opening a Land Office,\\nand for the better settling and strengthening the State, and to\\nencourage immigration, granting to every free Avhite person\\n(the head of a family) 200 acres of land, and 50 acres for each\\nmember of the family (including Negroes) not exceeding 10\\nin number. This was the first Head Right law but the war\\nof the Revolution being then in progress, it failed of its pur-\\nposes.\\nIn 1780, it was renewed, and the Land Office located in\\nAugusta, because the low country was in British occupation,\\nthe Act reciting that the rich and healthy lands in Wilkes\\nCounty and elsewhere remain unsettled, to the great detriment\\nof commerce and strength of the same, while many of the\\ncitizens of this State are suffering by their lands being in the\\nhands of the enemy. After the close of the war, much of\\nthe legislation had reference to thus settling the State.\\nThe Head Right country includes all the territory south of\\nFranklin, Banks, and Jackson Counties, and east of the Oconee\\nRiver, and was all acquired from the Indians before the\\nDeclaration of Independence.\\nIndian Treaties. After the Revolutionary War, the remain-\\ning portions of the State were acquired by successive treaties\\nmade by the Federal Government. The land thus acquired\\nwas distributed by successive Lotteries among the free white\\nmale citizens of the State over 18 years of age. Every such\\ncitizen, who had not previously di-awn, was entitled to one\\nticket if a husband or father, to two tickets; certain officers", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "160 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nand soldiers to two widows and orphans were included in\\nthe distribution.\\nThe lands taken up by Head Rights were wholly irregular\\nin form, each man pursuing his own taste in shaping the land\\nselected, and varying the lines to include the best lands. The\\nremaining portions of the State, distributed under the lottery\\nsystem, were regularly surveyed.\\nLand Lotteries of the State. There have been 8 distribu-\\ntions of land by Lottery, as follows\\n1st Lottery. Lands acquired from the Creek Indians by\\nTreaty of Fort Wilkinson, June 16th, 1802, disposed of by the\\nLottery of 1805, under Act of May 11th, 1803. It consisted of\\ntwo separate bodies of land in different sections of the State\\nthe first a long strip of country on the West side of the Oconee\\nRiver, from High 3hoals on the North to the mouth of\\nPalmetto Creek on the South, and was then designated as\\nBaldwin and Wilkinson Counties. The line began at the\\nupper extremity of High Shoals on the South bank of the\\nAppalachee River, and ran nearly South to a noted ford on\\nChatto-chucco-hatchee now called Murder Creek thence\\ninclining slightly to the East to a point where a noted path\\n(leading from Rock Landing to Ocmulgee Old Towns) crossed\\nCommissioner s Creek; thence inclining still more to the East,\\nto where the Uchee path crossed Palmetto Creek and thence\\ndown the creek to its mouth. This territory now includes\\nparts of Morgan, Putnam, Baldwin, Jones, Wilkinson, and\\nLaurens Counties. It was divided into 10 Land Districts 5 in\\nBaldwin and 5 in Wilkinson and the Districts were divided\\ninto Lots of 202^ acres each.\\nThe second portion of this Lottery was then called Wayne\\nCounty. It began at the mouth of Goose Creek on the south\\nbank of the Altamaha River, running south 3\u00c2\u00b0 west, a direct\\nline, to Ellicott s Mound on the Florida line, and included all\\neastward of that line to Mcintosh, Glynn, and Camden\\nCounties, the lower end of this body being defined by the\\ntortuous course of the St. Mary s Rivei*. It was divided into\\n3 land districts, and these into lots of 490 acres each. It now\\nincludes parts of Wayne and Charlton Counties.\\nId Lottery. Lands acquired from the Creek Indians by\\nTreaty of Washington of November 14th, 1805, and, under Act", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "THIKD LAND LOTTERY. 161\\n9\\nof June 26th, 1806, was distributed by Lottery in 1807, and\\nembraced all the territory between the Oconee and Ocmulgee\\nRivers not included in the first Lottery, and South of (the pres-\\nent) Walton and Newton Counties. This territory was added\\nto Baldwin and Wilkinson, by which these two counties then\\nconstituted all the land South of the present lines of Walton and\\nNiewton, and between the Oconee and Ocmulgee. The divid-\\ning line between the two counties as then constituted began\\nat Fort Wilkinson on the Oconee, a short distance below\\nMilledgeville, and ran South 45\u00c2\u00b0 West to the Ocmulgee River.\\nAll above this line was Baldwin, and all below was Wilkinson.\\nThe territory included in this second Lottery was divided into\\n38 Land Districts, and these into lots of 202|- acres each. It\\nnow includes, either in whole or in part, the Counties of Mor-\\ngan, Jasper, Putnam, Jones, Wilkinson, Twiggs, Pulaski,\\nLaurens, Telfair, and Montgomery.\\n^d Lottery. Lands acquired from the Creek Lidians by\\nTreaties of Fort Jackson, August 9th, 1814, and the Creek\\nAgency on Flint River, of January 22d, 1818, comprising most\\nof the southern and south-western portions of the State and\\nland acquired from the Cherokees by Treaty of the Cherokee\\nAgency, July 8th, 1817, and situated in the northern portion of\\nthe State all distributed by Lottery of 1820 under Act of\\nDecember 15th, 1818. The southern part of this Lottery was\\ndivided into Early, L win, and Appling Counties. It embraced\\nthe entire southern portion of the State West of Wayne, and\\nincluded the present Counties of Decatur, Thomas, Brooks,\\nLowndes, Echols, Clinch, Ware, Pierce, Appling, Coffee,\\nIrwin, Berrien, Colquitt, Dougherty, Mitchell, Baker, Cal-\\nhoun, Early, and Miller and parts of Charlton, Wayne,\\nWilcox, Worth, and Clay. This territory was defined on the\\nNorth by a line commencing at the mouth of Sommochichi\\nCreek on the East side of the Chattahoochee River, and run-\\nning due East on the line which divides Randolph, Terrell, and\\nLee Counties from Calhoun and Dougherty, to a point 2f\\nmiles East of Flint River. A line from thence due South\\nto Florida, marked the eastern line of Early County, which\\nthen occupied the whole south-west corner of the State.\\nThen continuing the above-named Northern boundary-line\\nfrom the corner of Early County, due east, to a point near the", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "162 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nttiiddle of (now) Worth County, and from thence North 45\\nEast, to the Ocmulgee River, a little South of the mouth of\\nCypress Creek in Dodge County thence down the Ocmulgee\\nand Altamaha to the mouth of Goose Creek on the Wayne\\nCounty line. All this large tract between Wayne County on\\nthe East and Early on the West, was divided by a line begin-\\nning on the South side of the Ocmulgee at Blackshear s Foi d\\n(nearly South of Jacksonville, Telfair County), and running due\\nSouth to Florida West of this line being Irwin and East of it\\nAppling County. Early County was divided into 12 Land\\nDistricts, and these into lots of 250 acres each; Irwin into 16\\nDistricts and Appling into 12 the Districts in the last two\\ncounties being divided into lots of 490 acres each.\\nThe territory in the northern portion of the State included\\nin this Lottery was designated as Walton, Gwinnett, Hall, and\\nHabersham Counties. Its boundaries were strangely irregular.\\nBeginning at High Shoals, the line ran South-west along the\\nupper line of Morgan and Jasper Counties to the Ulcofauhat-\\nchee (or Alcovy) River thence up said river to a point a few\\nmiles North of the Georgia Railroad; thence following the old\\nHightower Trail to the Chattahoochee River thence up the\\nriver to the mouth of the Souquee thence by a line North to\\nthe Tallulah River thence down Tallulah to its junction with\\nthe Chattooga thence South to the Chattahoochee Ridge\\nthence South-west along said Ridge to Hog Mountain and\\nthence down the Appalachee River to High Shoals. Walton\\nand Gwinnett Counties were then defined by lines very nearly\\nas they are now. Hall was a very narrow strip on the South-\\neast side of the Chattahoochee, between Gwinnett and Ha-\\nbersham. All this territory was divided into 13 Land Districts\\nwhose lines were parallel to the dividing lines of Walton and\\nGwinnett. The Districts were divided into lots of 250 acres\\neach.\\nAth Lottery. ^This was of a small portion of the lands\\nacquired from the Cherokee Indians by Treaty of Washington\\nof February 2Yth, 1819, and distributed about December or\\nJanuary, 1820-21, under Act of December 19th, 1819. It con-\\nsisted of additions to Hall and Habersham Counties and all\\nof Rabun County. It was defined by the Chestatee River,\\ncommencing at its junction with the Chattahoochee, and", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "FIFTH AND SIXTH LAND LOTTERIES. 163\\nfollowing very nearly its course to the Blue Ridge then follow-\\ning the Ridge to the North Carolina line; then following the\\nlines dividing Georgia from North and South Carolina to the\\njunction of Chattooga and Tallulah Rivers. It included all of\\n(the present) Rabun and White Counties, small portions of\\nHabersham and Lumjikin, and all of Hall North of the Chat-\\ntahoochee. The territory by this Act added to Hall was\\ndivided into 3 Land Districts, and the lots having 250 acres\\neach. The part added to Habersham was divided into 6 Dis-\\ntricts, and Rabun County into 5 Districts. The 6th and 6th\\nDistricts of Habersham, and the 1st, 3d, 4th, and 5th of Rabun,\\nwere divided into lots of 490 acres; and the 1st, 2d, 3d, and\\n4th of Habersham, and the 2d of Rabun, into lots of 250 acres\\neach.\\nbth Lottery. This Lottery was of lands acquired from the\\nCreek Indians by Treaty of Indian Springs, January 8th, 1821,\\nand distributed under Act of May 15th, 1821, by Lottery drawn\\nnear the close of that year, and was then divided into Dooly,\\nHouston, Monroe, Fayette, and Henry Counties. It consisted\\nof all the territory between the Ocmulgee and Flint Rivers,\\nand extended from the Chattahoochee River on the North to\\nthe line of the third Lottery on the South. It embraced the\\npresent Counties of Dooly, Houston, Crawford, Monroe, Upson,\\nPike, Butts, Spalding, Fayette, Clayton, Henry, De Kalb,\\nFulton, and Campbell, and parts of Newton, Coweta, Macon,\\nWorth, Wilcox, Pulaski, and Bibb. Each of the 5 original\\nCounties named in the Act was divided into Land Districts 9\\nmiles square, and these into lots of 202^ acres each.\\n^th Lottery. This Lottery was of land acquired from the\\nCreek Indians by Treaty of Indian Springs, February 12th, 1825,\\nand was distributed by Lottery of 1827, under Act of June 9th,\\n1825. It consisted of all the territory between the Flint and\\nChattahoochee Rivers North of the 3d Lottery line, and\\nextended North beyond the Chattahoochee to the Cherokee\\nIndian boundary. The criminal jurisdiction of the Counties\\nof Dooly, Houston, Fayette, and Pike was extended to coA^er\\nall this territory. It consists of the pi-esent Counties of Quit-\\nman, Randolph, Terrell, Lee, Sumter, Webster, Stewart, Chat-\\ntahoochee, Marion, Schley, Taylor, Talbot, Muscogee, Harris,\\nMeriwether, Troup, Heard, and Carroll, and parts of Haralson,", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "164 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nDouglas, Coweta, Macon, and Clay. It was divided into 5\\nSections, the 1st being attached to the criminal jurisdiction of\\nDooly, the 2d to Houston, the 3d to Pike, the 4th to Fayette,\\nand the 5th to Pike Counties. The Sections were divided into\\nLand Districts 9 miles square, and these into lots of 202|- acres\\neach.\\n1th Lottery. This was of lands acquired from the Cherokee\\nIndians by Treaty of Washington, February 27th, 1819, com-\\nprising the entire north-western portion of the State, or all\\nthe territory of Georgia not included in the Head Right Coun-\\ntry, and previous Lotteries. It was known that Gold existed\\nin paying quantities in this territory, and on December 2d,\\n1830, the Legislature authorized the Governor to take posses-\\nsion of the Gold Lands and punish all who should trespass upon\\nthem.\\nThe entire teri itory was called Cherokee County, and was\\ndivided into 4 Sections. The 1st was all East of a line begin-\\nning 36 miles West of the north-west corner of Rabun County\\non the line of Noi-th Carolina, and running due South to the\\nChattahoochee River. The 2d was all to the West of the fore-\\ngoing line, and East of a line beginning on the line of Tennessee,\\n27 miles West of 1st Section, and running due Sou.th to the\\nSouthern Cherokee boundary in what is now Douglas County.\\nThe 3d was defined by a line commencing 27 miles further\\nWest and running due South to the southern Cherokee bound-\\nary in what is now Haralson County and the 4th was the\\nremainder of the Cherokee country between that line and the\\nState of Alabama. The Act of December 15th, 1830, author-\\nized its survey and distribution. The 4 Sections were divided\\ninto Land Districts 9 miles square, and the lots into 160 acres\\neach, and distributed by Lottery of March, 1833 (except the\\nGold region, which was distributed by the next lottery).\\nQth. The Gold Lottery. That portion of the Cherokee Pur-\\nchase which was known or supposed to contain Gold, was\\ndivided into 40-acre lots under Act of December 24th, 1831, the\\ndrawing taking place in July, 1833. It consisted of the follow-\\ning Land Districts in then Cherokee County viz.: In the 1st\\nSection, Districts No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. In\\nthe 2d Section, Districts No. 1, 2, 3, 15, 16, 18, 19, and 21.\\nIn the 3d Section, Districts No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 17, 18, 19, 20,", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "BANKS RAILEOADS CANALS. 165\\nand 21 and in the 4th Section, Districts No. 1, 2, 3, 16,\\nand 17.\\nThese several Lotteries are defined on the map accompanying\\n,this work by red lines, and are properly numbered.\\nBANKS.\\nIn 1860 there were 25 Banks in Georgia, with an actual\\ncapital of $9,028,078.\\nDuring the war, the Banks invested their funds in Confede-\\nrate bonds and securities to a very large extent. One of the\\nresults of the war, therefore, was to make a clean sweep of the\\nBanks only two surviving the wreck. These were the Georgia\\nRailroad and the Central Railroad Banks. Being connected\\nwith strong and wealthy corporations, whose hanking capital\\nconstituted only a small portion of their entire capital, they\\nsurvived.\\nAt this time (1876), there are 37 banking institutions having\\nState Charters. These have no circulation, and do only a dis-\\ncount and deposit business. The reports of their condition at\\nthis writing (November, 1876) have not been received, and can\\nnot be given.\\nThere are in the State 12 National Banks, having, on Octo-\\nber 1st, 1876, a Capital of $2,334,540; Surplus, $460,901; Circu-\\nlation, $1,803,753 Individual Deposits, $1,653,150; Govern-\\nment Deposits, $80,124 and their Loans and Discounts were\\n$2,719,204. For this information, we are indebted to the\\ncourtesy of Hon. John Jay Knox, Comptroller of the Currency,\\nWashington, D. C.\\nTHE RAILROADS AND CANALS OF GEORGIA.\\nThe following pages contain a brief statement of the loca-\\ntion, condition, etc., of all the railroads in Georgia also the\\nmost prominent features of the history of railroad-making in\\nthe State. As before stated, there are about 2,400 miles of\\nroad within the State s limits, or about one mile of road to every\\n500 inhabitants. If uniformly distributed, an average county\\nwould have about 18 miles of road the average distance of", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "166 HAND-BOOK OP GEOEGIA.\\nevery farm from a railroad would be 6 miles, and the greatest\\ndistance 12 miles.\\nThe Westerk axd ATLA:NrTic Railroad, or State Road.\\nThis important line is wholly a State enterprise, built with\\nmoney from the Treasury, and entirely owned by the State.\\nIt was undertaken by Act of December 21st, 1836, after a severe\\nstruggle and a greatly prolonged debate extending through\\nseveral days a thing then almost unprecedented in Georgia,\\nin which a number of the first minds of the State particij^ated.\\nThe Railroad Fever, if it may be so termed, was then at\\nfull heat.\\nThe Georgia Railroad Avas chartered December 27th, 1831, as\\nThe Augxista and Eatonton Turninke and Railroad Co., to\\nbtiild a road from Augusta to Eatonton. In 1833, it was author-\\nized to construct branches of the road to Eatonton, Madison,\\nand Athens. In 1835, banking privileges were given the Com-\\npany by an Act still further amending the Charter (the work of\\nbuilding the road being then in progress). A few extracts\\nwill show that our people then (as they do now) regarded a\\nline of transjDortation through Georgia to its coast, the most\\npracticable natural outlet for the sixrplus products of the West\\nand ISTorth-west and for which the State road was finally built.\\nThis amendment, and the privilege of carrying on a Banking\\nbusiness by the Georgia Railroad, were granted with the view\\nof connecting the Athens branch thereof with a railroad\\nwhich the people of the West have in contemplation, to make\\na communication between the city of Cincinnati and the\\nSouthern Atlantic Coast; and as the best route for said\\ncommunication is believed to be through the State of Georgia,\\nand the building of the said Georgia Railroad is now in prog-\\nress, and will be an important link in said connection and\\nthis condition was annexed: provided \\\\hQ continuation of said\\nroad beyond Athens, so as to connect with the Cincinnati road,\\nshall be steadily prosecuted.\\nThe Central Railroad was chartered December 20th, 1833, as\\nThe Central Railroad and Canal Company of Georgia,\\nauthorizing the construction of a Railroad and Canal, or either,\\nfrom Savannah to Macon. This charter was also amended in\\n1835, by granting banking privileges, the road being under\\nconstruction at the time.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "EAELT E.E, HISTORY IN GEORGIA. 167\\nThe people of Georgia were then in a more prosperous con-\\ndition than they ever were before but iiotMdthstanding\\nmoney was abundant for all ordinary purposes, and the people\\ncomparatively free from debt, it was difficult to find enough\\npersons having sufficient confidence in the success of new and\\nuntried enterprises to invest their money to the extent of\\nseveral millions of dollars. The Georgia and the Central\\nroads were making rather slow, though steady progi-ess, not\\nbeing rapidly pushed forward to completion.\\nThe advantages of easy and rapid travel, and transportation\\nof produce and merchandise, were well understood and a\\nshort cut to the great West, without going round by Philadel-\\nphia or New York or New Orleans, was a grand object at\\nwhich the statesmen of Georgia aimed. Those who keenly\\nfelt the importance of this direct communication with the\\nWest, after carefully considering the subject, determined\\nupon making it a State enterprise, and the matter was pre-\\nsented to the Georgia Legislature in 1836.\\nIt was earnestly supported by William W. Gordon, Charles\\nJ. Jenkins, Andrew J. Miller, Edward Young Hill, Iverson L.\\nHarris, and, last, but not least, Alexander H. Stephens, who\\nclosed the debate in the House. It was his first session in the\\nGeorgia Legislature, and his speech on this measure was his\\ndebut his first effort in that body.\\nThe bill passed the House by a majority of only 3 votes.\\nIts declared object was to establish a Railroad communica-\\ntion as a State work, and with the funds of the State, to be\\nmade from some point on the Tennessee River, commencing\\nat or near Rossville, in the most direct and practicable route,\\nto some point on the south-eastern bank of the Chattahoochee\\nRiver, which shall be the most eligible for the extension of\\nbranch roads thence to Athens, Madison, MilledgeA ille,\\nForsyth, and Columbus.\\nIt was declared that said road shall be known and dis-\\ntinguished as the Western and Atlantic Railroad of the State\\nof Georgia, signifying that it was intended to connect the\\nWest with the Atlantic coast and the Act appropriated\\n1290,000 to be expended in the work during the year 1837.\\nThus was commenced this great State enterprise.\\nIt was estimated at the time that it would cost $4,500,000.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "168 HAKD-BOOK OF GEOEGIA.\\nThe means of ascertaining what it has cost the State are not\\nattainable. The Comptroller-General in 1859 made an effort\\nto do so, and found that $4,441,532.15 had been appropriated\\nfrom the State Treasury, besides large sums of its own earn-\\nings paid out for construction that never came into the\\nState Treasury. A committee of the Legislature in 1865,\\nafter investigating the matter as far as convenient, reported it\\nhad cost $7,849,224.68. Its cost is generally set down at\\n$8,000,000. During the year 1860, its net earnings paid into\\nthe State Treasury were $450,000.\\nBut like all property owned and operated by a State or any\\ngovernment, it has, a part of the time, been abused and mis-\\nmanaged, and caused dissatisfaction and contention in the\\nLegislature and the people have several times been exercised\\nupon the question of what to do with the road. The panic\\nand crash of 1840, followed by hard times, caused many to\\nfavor its sale and abandonment altogether as a State enter-\\nprise. This proposition was distinctly made in both Houses of\\nthe Legislature in 1843, and very neai ly succeeded. The\\nSenate passed resolutions by a majority of 14, declaring that\\nit is expedient and jjroper to sell and disj)Ose of the Western\\nand Atlantic Railroad, and specified the terms upon which\\nthe sale should be effected one of which was that it should be\\nsold for $1,000,000, to be paid in annual instalments. A bill\\nto continue the work was passed in the House by a majority\\nof one only which measure finally passed the Seaate and\\nbecame a law.\\nAt that time, there had been expended $2,916,008.28 the\\nroad had been finished and the cars were running 33 miles,\\nbeginning at Atlanta (then Marthasville) the cross-ties laid\\n52 miles from Marthasville the iron was ready to lay\\nthat distance and the grading its whole length was nearly\\ncomplete. The Georgia Railroad was then finished and in\\noperation from Augusta beyond Madison, more than 100\\nmiles the Athens branch entirely finished and in operation,\\nthe work being energetically pushed to make the junction\\nwith the State Road at Marthasville, now Atlanta and the\\nMonroe Railroad, now the Macon and Western, was being\\npressed to completion from Macon to Atlanta.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "GEORGIA EAILKOAD. 169\\nThus narrowly was this enterprise saved to the State in the\\nface of these prospects.\\nIn- compliance with an Act of the Legislature, the road and\\nall of its j^roperty were leased to a Company for 20 years for\\n$300,000 per annum, in December, 18*70 and this Company\\nnow have possession of and are operating it. The rental has\\nbeen promptly paid at the end of every month. Its receipts\\nfor the year 1872 were $1,590,245,37 and operating expenses,\\n$1,440,687.31. Ex-Governor Joseph E. Brown is President of\\nthe Company, and General William McRae Superintendent.\\nThe office of the Company is in Atlanta. The road has ex-\\ntensive eastern and western connections. Its length is 138\\nmiles from Atlanta, Ga., to Chattanooga, Tenn.\\nThe Georgia Railroad. This important road from Augusta\\nto Atlanta, 170 miles long, with branches 1 from Barnett\\nStation to Washington, 18 miles and 1 from Union Point\\nto Athens, 39 miles in all 228 miles was the first road char-\\ntered in the State that was actually built viz. on D ecember\\n27th, 1831, as the Augusta and Eatonton Turnpike and Rail-\\nroad Company.\\nOn December 21st, 1833, the charter was amended, by which\\nthe Company was authorized to construct a Railroad or Turn-\\npike road from Augusta, with branches to Eatonton, Madison,\\nand Athens and if the Company herein specified should\\ndeem it profitable to construct common roads, and use steam,\\ncarriages thereon, they shall have the power to do so.\\nThe charter was amended on December 1 8th, 1835. The pre-\\namble to this Act recites\\nWhereas, the people of the West have in contemplation to\\nmake a communication between the city of Cincinnati and the\\nSouthern Atlantic coast by means of a Railroad and,\\nWhereas, the best route for said communication is believed\\nto be through the State of Georgia and,\\nWhereas, the building of the Georgia Railroad is now in\\nprogress, and will be an important link in said communication,\\netc., etc., therefore banking privileges were granted the\\nCompany,\\nProvided, however, that the continuation of said road\\nbeyond Athens so as to connect with the Cincinnati Road", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "170 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA..\\nshall be steadily prosecuted, so soon as the Company shall have\\nsatisfactory evidence that the said connection can be formed.\\nThis connection was never made. The Legislature, at its\\nnext session in 1836, undertook to build the Western and\\nAtlantic Railroad on the part of the State to form this very\\ndesirable connecting link therefore that portion of the\\nGeorgia Railroad between Union Point and Athens became\\nthe Athens Branch, and the main line was dii-ected to the\\nplace where Atlanta now stands, to form a junction with this\\nconnecting link.\\nWork was commenced on the Georgia Railroad early in\\n1835. It was finished to Crawfordville, July 1st, 1838 to\\nGreensboro, May 10th, 1839 to Madison in 1841 to Coving-\\nton in the Spring of 1845 and to Atlanta in September, 1845.\\nThe first passenger-train on this road reached Atlanta Septem-\\nber 15th, 1845.\\nThe branch of the road to Athens was completed in Decem-\\nber, 1841 and the branch to Washington in 1854.\\nThe road was prosperous from the first. J. Edgar Thomson,\\nlate President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, was the chief\\nEngineer, and in its construction showed his great ability, and\\nbegan the reputation which finally called him to the head of\\nthe greatest railroad corporation in America. In 1858, 13\\nyears after the road and its branches were completed, it had a\\nsurplus of more than half a million of dollars.\\nMr. Richard Peters, now of Atlanta, came from Phila-\\ndelphia soon after Mr. Thomson, and was Locating Engineer,\\nlocating the road from Augusta to Greensboro, and was after-\\nward the General Superintendent.\\nThis road has a large interest in the IS ashville and Chat-\\ntanooga Road in Tennessee, and the road from Port Royal\\nin South Carolina to Augusta, and by its connections greatly\\nfacilitates transportation and travel between St. Louis and\\nthe Atlantic coast, which is 235 miles shorter than from St.\\nLouis to New York and Port Royal is one of the best sea-\\nports on the continent. It can be entered at all times by the\\nlargest ships without a pilot. Tliere is no expense, inconveni-\\nence or delay of drayage at Port Royal, All freights are\\ntransferred directly from the cars into the ships, and vice\\nversa.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL RAILROAD. 171\\nThe Georgia also controls and operates the Macon and\\nAugusta Railroad from Macon to Camak, 74 miles.\\nThe cost of Building the Road is $4,253,048 40\\nCapital Stock 4,200,000 00\\nFunded Debt 615,500 00\\nAverage Gross Receipts per annum 1,300,000 00\\nAverage Operating Expenses 800,000 00\\nAnnual Dividend 8 per cent.\\nHon. John P. King is President, He has filled this office\\ncontinuously since 1841. S. K. Johnson is Superintendent\\nand Carlton Hillyer, Auditor. The principal office is at\\nAugusta.\\nThe Central Railroad of Georgia, This important rail-\\nway was built about the same time as that of the Georgia. It\\nwas chartered December 20th, 1833; work commenced Novem-\\nber, 1836, and was completed to Macon, October 13th, 1843,\\nnearly 2 years before the Georgia was finished to Atlanta. It\\nis a strong corporation, with extensive connections, and is one\\nof the most important roads in the country.\\nIts length from Savannah to Macon is 192 miles. This was\\nthe original chartered line of road. It also built a branch\\nfrom Gordon to Milledgeville, 17,25 miles. In 1872, the Macon\\nand Western Railroad, from Macon to Atlanta, 103 miles, in-\\ncluding the branch f rom Barnesville to Thomaston, 16.5 miles,\\nwas consolidated with the Central. During the j^resent year\\n(1876), the Savannah, Griffin, and ISTorth Alabama Railroad,\\nfrom Griffin, on the Macon and Western, to Carrollton, Carroll\\nCounty, 59,29 miles long, has become the property of the\\nCentral, thus making a total length of 388,29 miles actually\\nowned by the ComjDany.\\nIn 1852, it leased the road from Milledgeville to Eatonton,\\n22 miles, and operates and controls it, virtually making a\\nbranch of the Central from Gordon, via MilledgCAdlle to\\nEatonton, 39.25 miles.\\nIn 1862, it leased the Augusta and Savannah Railroad, from\\nAugusta to Millen, on the Central Road, 53 miles, which it\\ncontrols and operates.\\nIn 1871, it leased the South-western Railroad and branches\\nas follows Main line, Macon to Albany, 104 miles Branch,", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "17 -2 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nFort Yalley to Columbus, 71 miles Branch, Fort Valley to\\nPeny, 11 miles Branch, Smith ville to Eufaula, Ala., 61\\nmiles Branch, Cuthbert to Fort Gaines, 22 miles Branch,\\nAlbany to Arlington, 37 miles making a total of 306\\nmiles.\\nIt also leased the Vicksburg and Clayton Road from Eufaula,\\nAla., to Clayton, Ala., 21 miles. It also owns a half interest in\\nthe Western Railroad of Alabama, from West Point, Ga., to\\nSelma, Ala., 138 miles, with branch from Columbus, Ga,, to Ope-\\nlika, Ala., 28 miles, or 166 miles in all. This road is owned\\njointly by the Central and the Georgia, obtained by joint pur-\\nchase at public sale, in April, 1875.\\nIt has also leased the Mobile and Girard Railroad, from\\nColumbus, Ala., to Ti-oy, Ala., 84 miles. It also owns a\\nsteamer on the Tombigbee River, plying between Columbus,\\nMississippi, and Demopolis, Ala.\\nIt also owns a line of steamers on the Chattahoochee River,\\nplying between Columbus, Ga., and Appalachicola, Fla. These\\nboats are worth $97,000.\\nIt also owns 6 steamships plying between New York and\\nSavannah, involving a capital of $800,000.\\nThe income of the road for the year ending September 1st,\\n1876, was $2,657,096.97, and its operating expenses, $1,635,-\\n131.10.\\nIts President is Wm. M. Wadley, and Superintendent Wm.\\nRogers principal office in Savannah. The principal office\\nof the New York Steamship Line is in New York, Wm. R.\\nGarretson being the Agent.\\nThe Capital Stock of the Central Railroad Company is $7,-\\n500,000 its Bonded Indebtedness, $3,772,000.\\nThe Atlanta and West Point Railroad. From Atlanta\\nto West Point on the Alabama line, connecting with the roads\\nto Montgomery, Mobile, and New Orleans, 86.74 miles long.\\nIt was chartered and work commenced in 1851, and completed\\nto West Point in 1857. Its cost was $1,200,129; Capital Stock,\\n$1,232,200; Bonded Debt, $27,000; average gross earnings per\\nannum, $407,000 and operating expenses, $304,000. Its\\ndividends are 8 per cent per annum. Hon. John P. King,\\nPresident of the Georgia Railroad, is also President of this\\nCompany, the Georgia Railroad owning a considerable share", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS. 173\\nof the stock. L. P. Grant is Superintendent, and W. P. Orme,\\nTreasurer. Its office is in Atlanta.\\nThe Macon and Western Railroad. This road was\\nchartered in 1833 as the Monroe Raiboad Company, to run\\nfrom Macon to Forsyth, in Monroe County.\\nIt was afterward extended to Atlanta, and its name changed\\nto that of the Macon and Western. It is 102.5 miles long,\\nwith branch from Barnesville to Thomaston in Upson County,\\n16.5 miles, 119 miles in all. Bordering on the line of this road\\nis the most populous part of Georgia. Its Cost and Capital is\\n$2,500,000 Funded Debt, 1150,000.\\nIn 1871, it was leased by the Central Railroad, and in 1872\\nwas consolidated with that Company.\\nThe South- Western Railroad. This important road,\\nwith its several branches, extends from Macon through South-\\nwest Georgia to Columbus, Perry, Albany, Arlington, Cuth-\\nbert, and Fort Gaines in Georgia, and Eufaula in Alabama\\nin all, 306 miles long. It was chartered December, 1845\\nwork commenced in 1847, and completed to Oglethorpe, 50\\nmiles, July 4th, 1851 since which, extensions and branches\\nhave been made from time to time. The branch from Albany\\nto Blakely is now under way, being finished to Arlington.\\nThe Capital Stock of the road is $4,587,313. In 1871, the\\nentire road, with its equipments, was leased to the Central for a\\nlong term of years. For further particulars, see Central Rail-\\nroad.\\nThe Macon and Augusta Railroad. This road extends\\nfrom Macon, through Milledgeville, to Camak on the Georgia\\nRailroad, 74 miles. It was chax tered, and work commenced\\nbefore the late war, which suspended operations with only a\\nsmall portion of the track graded. It was completed March\\n30th, 1871. Its cost was 12,678,717.09 Capital Stock, $1,971,-\\n741; Bonded Debt, $770,000; average gross receipts per annum,\\n$110,000 and average operating expenses, $100,000. It is\\ncontrolled and operated by the Georgia Railroad.\\nThe Atlantic and Gulp Railroad. The main line of\\nthis road is from Savannah to Bainb ridge, 237 miles, with\\nbranches from Lawton, Ga., to Live Oak, Fla., 48 miles, and\\nfrom Thomasville to Albany, 60 miles 345 miles in all. It\\nis a consolidation of several roads. The oldest charter was", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "174 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\ngranted in December, 1847, and the road was completed in\\n1868. Cost, $7,592,283 Capital, 83,693,200 Bonded Debt,\\n$4,081,177 average gross earnings per annum, $922,000 and\\noperating expenses, $624,000. Colonel John Screven is Presi-\\ndent office at Savannah.\\nMacok and Bkukswick Railroad. This line is from\\nBrunswick to Macon, 187.5 miles, with a branch from Cochran s\\nDepot to Hawldnsville, 10 miles total, 197.5 miles. Its cost\\nwas $7,250,000; Capital Stock, $3,500,000; Bonded Debt, $3,-\\n750,000, It was chartered, and 50 miles constructed before\\nthe war. The Legislature in 1866 authorized the Governor to\\nendorse its bonds to the extent of $10,000 per mile of finished\\nroad, by which endorsements were made to the amount of\\n$1,900,000. In 1870 a further endorsement of $600,000 was\\nauthorized and made, but a subsequent Legislature rej)udiated\\nit because it was illegally made. The road defaulted in\\npayment of interest upon the endorsed bonds, was seized by\\nthe Governor in July, 1873, and sold in June, 1875, the State\\nbecoming the purchaser at tlie price of $1,000,000 and it is\\nnow owned and operated by the State.\\nIts average gross earnings are $324,528 per annum, and\\noperating expenses, $282,063. It is located through a sparsely\\npopulated countiy, and the port of Brunswick is not a place\\nof large trade. Its cost was nearly $37,000 per mile, making\\na debt and capital upon which no road through that section\\ncan pay interest. Its cost to the State is $9,645 per mile, upon\\nwhich it pays well. It is well equipi^ed, and the road and\\nrolling stock are kept in fine condition.\\nThe State has provided for its private sale by Commissioners,\\nappointed for that purpose. Dr. E, A. Flewellen is the Man-\\nager; the office is in Macon.\\nThe Brunswick and Albany Railroad. This road ex-\\ntends from Brunswick to Albany, 172 miles. It was char-\\ntered, a considerable portion of the grading done, and some\\nof the track laid, previous to the war.\\nAfter the war, very heavy State endorsements (to the\\namount of $23,000 per mile) of its bonds were jarocured, and\\nthe work commenced anew. It was projected to go to Eu-\\nfaula, Ala., completed to Albany, and most of the grading\\ndone for the entire length of the road.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "EAILEOADS. l75\\nIts Capital is $4,898,000, and Funded Debt $5,980,000, thus\\ncosting more than $63,000 per mile. It was built very largely\\nwith the proceeds of the sale of the bonds, which were en-\\ndorsed by Governor Rufus B. Bullock. It was afterward\\nproved that the endorsements were all made in plain violation\\nof the law authorizing the same, and the bonds were repudi-\\nated by the State. It defaulted in paying interest, was seized\\nand sold, and was purchased by the foreign holders of the\\nbonds, mostly residents of Germany, and now operated by\\nthem.\\nMr. Charles L. Schlatter is the Suj^erintendent his office is\\nat Brunswick.\\nThe Cherokee Railroad. ^This road was chartered in\\n1866, to run West from Cartersville on the W. A. R.R. to\\nPryor, Ala., on the S. R. D. R.R., 45 miles, as the Carters-\\nville and Van Wert Railroad. In 1869, the Legislature au-\\nthorized the endorsement of the bonds of the Company to the\\nextent of $12,500 per mile, and changed its name. It was\\ncompleted to Taylorsville, 15 miles; and from there to Rock-\\nmart a narrow-gauge track of 8 miles was laid, and thus it has\\nbeen operated for several years.\\nThe endorsed bonds being issued in violation of the law\\nwere repudiated by the State, and parties at interest are con-\\ntending in the courts for their several claims. It is in regular\\noperation, and pays expenses and repairs. Its terminus is very\\nnear the great slate quarries of Polk County. Dr. S. F.\\nStephens, of Cartersville, is the Receiver and Superintendent.\\nNorth and South Railroad. This road was chartered to\\nrun from Columbus via La Grange to Rome, 135 miles, in\\nOctober, 1870, and organized to build a narrow-gauge road,\\nthe State agreeing to endorse its bonds to the amount of $12,-\\n000 per mile.\\nThe first 20 miles were completed from Columbus to Kings-\\nton, in Harris County, January, 1873, and 40 miles more\\ngraded. The State endorsed its bonds to the amount of $240,-\\n000, on which it failed to pay the interest and it was seized\\nby the State April, 1874, and is still held and operated by it.\\nThe avei-age gross receipts are $11,535.39 per annum, and\\naverage operating expenses $9,825.05 per annum. Its au-\\nthorized capital was $5,000,000, of which $386,319.14 was paid", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "176 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nin, and it had a floating debt of some $200,000 before its fail-\\nure. This first attempt to construct a narrow-gauge road in\\nthe State has, so far, resulted unfavorably. Dr. E. A. Flew-\\nellen is Receiver, whose office is in Macon.\\nThe IsToeth-Easteen Raileoad of Geoegia. This road is\\nprojected from Athens, Ga., through Rabun Gap to Knoxville,\\nTenn. It is completed and equipped from Athens to Lulu on\\nthe Atlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railroad, 40 miles.\\nWork was commenced on it September, 1872, and completed\\nto Lulu in September, 1876. Its President is A. K, Childs,\\nand Superintendent James M. Edwards, the office being in\\nAthens. The Company intend continuing the work next\\nseason.\\nThe Atlanta and Richmond Aie-Line Railroad. This\\nroad was chartered in 1857, surveys made, and a very small\\namount of grading done before the late war, but nothing fur-\\nther till 1868, when work was resumed, and the road com-\\npleted to Charlotte, K C, in 1673. Length, 265 miles\u00e2\u0080\u0094 100\\nmiles of Avhich is in Georgia. It passes, much of the way,\\nthrough a region which was previously cut off from railroad\\nfacilities.\\nIt considerably shortens the length of the line from New\\nYork to New Orleans. Its Bonded Indebtedness is $6,868,000,\\nand Capital Stock $7,500,000. It failed to pay the interest on\\nits bonds, passed into the hands of a receiver, and is to be sold\\nDecember 5th, 1876. Its office is in Atlanta. John H. Fisher,\\nReceiver, and John B. Peck, Master of Transportation. It has\\nonly a limited supply of rolling-stock of its own, and has been\\noperated by hiring cars, engines, etc., from other roads. Its\\nearnings have been from $65,000 to $80,000 per month, and\\noperating expenses $43,000 to $50,000 per month, including,\\nthe hire of rolling-stock and repairs of the road.\\nThe Selma, Rome, and Dalton Raileoad. This road ex-\\ntends from Dalton, Ga., to Selma, Ala., 237 miles, only 75 or\\n80 miles being in Georgia.\\nIt passes through one of the richest sections of the State.\\nIts office is in Selma, Ala.\\nThe Rome Railroad. This road is from Kingston, on the\\nWestern and Atlantic Railroad, to Rome, 20 miles, passing", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS. 177\\nalong the Etowah Valley, a rich and highly productive sec-\\ntion. Its Capital Stock is $250,843, It is economically\\nmanaged, pays good dividends, and is out of debt. The office\\nof the Company is at Rome. C. M. Pennington, Superintend-\\nent.\\nThe ElbertojST Air-Line Railroad. This line is 51 miles\\nlong, from Toccoa City on the Atlanta and Richmond Air-\\nLine Railroad to Elberton, in Elbert County. It is graded\\nand the cross-ties ready, but the iron, track-laying, and equip-\\nments are yet to be supplied. It has no State endorsement,\\nand does not owe any thing, all the work thus far done being-\\npaid for in full. Efforts are being made to have it equipped\\nduring the coming season. It passes through a productive and\\nwealthy portion of the State.\\nSavannah is the leading distributing centre of supplies from\\nthe East, and the leading point for exports Atlanta the cen-\\ntre of supplies from the West, such as stock and provisions,\\netc., and is a great inland distributing point.\\nAnd thus it appears that the activity and enterprise excited\\nby Governor Troup s schemes of internal improvement by a\\nsystem of canals, were transferred to the new mode of trans-\\nportation by rail.\\nA liberal policy toward the agricultural interests has been\\npursued by all the railroads in the State in giving low rates on\\nfertilizers, and a wise liberality in the free passage of dele-\\ngates to the semi-annual conventions of the State Agricultural\\nSociety, an institution which greatly contributes to the intelli-\\ngent industry of farmers, and, by thus aiding production, in-\\ncreases transportation.\\nThe Augusta Canal. This is a great work performed by\\nthe city of Augusta for the purpose of afPording sufficient facili-\\nties for making it a prominent manufacturing point, especiall}\\nof cotton.\\nThe city is a great inland cotton mart, has 21,000 inhabit-\\nants, and real and personal estate to the amount of $20,000,000.\\nA few public-spirited citizens projected it. Among them\\nHon. John P. King, Colonel H. H. Cumming, and Wm. M.\\nD Autignac. A canal was commenced in 1845, and completed\\nin 1847, having 40 feet surface width, 20 feet bottom, and 5", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "178 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nfeet depth, with a total mechanical effect of about 600 horse-\\npower. It was soon found to be entirely too small to supply\\nthe demand, and in process of time its enlargement was de-\\ntermined upon.\\nWork for this purpose was commenced in March, 1872, and\\nthe enlarged canal completed July, 1875.\\nIt is 9 miles long, drawing an inexhaustible supply of\\nwater from the Savannah River. It is 150 feet wide at the\\ntop, 106 feet wide at the bottom, and 11 feet depth of\\nwater. Its mechanical minimum is 14,000 horse-power. It is\\navailable in different localities for water-power from 13 to 40\\nfeet fall.\\nThe plan of the city is to lease this power to manufacturers\\nof any kind who desire to use it. A number of enterprises\\nare already located and at work upon it, such as Cotton and\\nFlour Mills, Fertilizer Manufactory, Machine Works, etc. It is\\none of the most convenient manufacturing sites in the whole\\nSouth, furnishing unsurpassed facilities for water-power and\\nconvenience of transportation.\\nThe Savannah and Ogechee Canal. This was the first\\nwork of internal improvement, or of any inland transporta-\\ntion, constructed in Georgia.\\nOn December 20th, 1824, the Legislature authorized its\\nconstruction, and work was soon commenced, but did not\\nprogress rapidly. After 4 years, in December, 1828, the\\nLegislature paissed an Act reciting, that Georgia is deeply in-\\nterested in carrying into effect every enterprise having for its\\nobject internal improvement and giving facility to the com-\\nmerce and transportation of the products of the different\\ncounties in this State; and whereas the laudable efforts\\nmade for this purpose by the Savannah, Ogechee, and Alta-\\nmaha Canal Company, are likely, as appears by their memorial,\\nto prove abortive; and whei-eas the interest and\\nhonor of the State demand that this first attempt at internal\\nimprovement should not fail for want of means to carry it\\non therefore, the Governor was authorized to subscribe\\n$44,000 to the stock of the Company. It was finished to the\\nOgechee River, 16 miles, and is still in operation. It is\\npaying property and very useful to the city of ^avannah.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "EDUCATIOJf IN GEORGIA. 179\\nPUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM OP GEORGIA.\\nGeorgia has, from her earliest history, as her records will\\nshow, been alive to the importance of educating the children\\nof the State, and has always (previous to the late war) made\\nevery necessary provision for this purpose.\\nFor many years there were no public schools or free educa-\\ntion to all. It was not needed. Nearly all of our people\\nwere fully able and willing to educate their children, and did\\nso and the Legislature made provision for paying for the tui-\\ntion of all who were not thus able, and did so regularly and\\npromptly, to the satisfaction of the public.\\nThe fund out of which this was paid was derived from\\ndividends on stock, which the State owned in a number of the\\nbanks in Georgia. The war swept away the banks, and thus\\nthe entire source of this income was utterly lost.\\nOur j)eople, before the war, were beginning to feel the need\\nof and were looking to the establishment of public or free\\nschools, and had taken the first steps in that direction. On\\nDecember 11th, 1858, the Legislature set apart $100,000\\nannually of the net earnings of the Western and Atlantic\\nRailroad (State property) for educational purposes. It also\\nj)rovided that when any portion of the public debt of the\\nState was paid, bonds of the State of a like amount as those\\ntaken up should be executed by the Governor and dej^osited\\nwith the Secretary of State, who should hold them as\\nTrustee of the Educational Fund, the interest thereon at 6\\nper cent to be appropriated to school purposes.\\nThese measures contemplated at no distant day a fund suffi-\\ncient to establish free schools thi oughout the State and it\\nwould undoubtedly have so resulted long since, but for the war.\\nThe provisions of the law went so far as to allow the people\\nof any County to establish free schools and use its share of\\nthe funds for this purpose; and in 1860 in one county\\n(Forsyth), free schools were established and successfully car-\\nried on.\\nThe Constitution of 1868 (the present Constitution) requires\\nthat the General Assembly, at its first session after the\\nadoption of this Constitution, shall provide a thorough system", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "180 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nof general education to be forever free to all the children of\\nthe State. For an Educational Fund, it sets apart the poll\\ntax, a special tax on shows and exhibitions and the sale of\\nspirituous and malt liquors, and the proceeds from the commu-\\ntation for military service and if these sources prove insuffi-\\ncient, the General Assembly shall have power to levy such\\ngeneral tax upon the property of the State as may be neces-\\nsary and there shall be established as soon as practicable\\none or more schools in each school district in the State. Such\\nare the provisions of the Constitution.\\nAlthough the State Government, including the Legislature,\\nwas in the hands of that class of men who made the present\\nConstitution with the foregoing provisions, the Legislature\\ndid not at its first session, provide for the thorough system\\nof free education as the Constitution required. It was not till\\nOctober 13th, 1870, that a school law was enacted. This Act\\nestablished a State Board of Education, to be composed of\\nthe Governor, the Attorney-General, the Secretary of State,\\nComptroller-General, and State School Commissioner. It re-\\nquired the Trustees of schools in their respective districts to\\nmake all necessary arrangements for the instruction of all the\\nyouth of the district the Whites and Blacks to be in separate\\nschools. They were to provide the same facilities for each\\nbut the children of the white and colored races shall not be\\ntaught together.\\nIt provided as an Educational Fund, in addition to the items\\nnamed in the Constitution, one half the net earnings of the\\nWestern and Atlantic Railroad, and required the State Board\\nof Education to ascertain and report annually what amount in\\naddition to the foregoing, should be raised annually by taxa-\\ntion.\\nThe year following (1871) the State School Commissioner\\nproceeded to establish public schools in the State.\\nDuring this time the taxes arising from polls, shows, etc.,\\nwas paid into the State Treasury. On October 1st, 1871, the\\nfund from this source alone amounted to $327,083.09.\\nThe Legislature, on July 28th, appropriated this money to\\nother purposes, and caused bonds of the State to be depos-\\nited with the State Treasurer in lieu thereof, which were to be\\nsold, and the proceeds of their sale to be used to meet ap-", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "PUBLIC SCHOOL FUND. 181\\npropriations for school j^urposes. These bonds proved to be\\nof a woi thless issue, which had, for some time, been on the\\nmarket for sale, but could not be sold, because they were\\nknown to have been illegally issued. Thus this fund was lost\\nto the cause of education.\\nIn January, 1872, the present State School Commissioner,\\nHon. Gustavus J. Orr, was inducted into his office under these\\nembarrassing circumstances. He could not establish any\\nschools that yeai for the means were wanting but in 1873,\\nfunds sufficient had accumulated to establish schools for three\\nmonths, and the same has been done every year since.\\nIn 1875, the attendance was 169,916, of which 114,648 were\\nwhite and 55,268 black. The School Fund for 1875 was |291,-\\n319. The Fund for 1876 is about the same.\\nThe school population for 1875 was 394,037 of whom 218,-\\n733 were white and 175,304 black.\\nThe present sources of the School Fund, under existing law,\\nare\\n1. All Poll Tax. This, for the year 1875, if all collected, would\\nhave amounted to $199,550; but there was collected only\\nabout $130,000.\\n2. Tax on Shows, Exhibitions, etc. This for 1874 was\\n$2,069.50; for 1875,13,139.91. (No tax has yet been levied\\nupon the sale of liquors.)\\n3. One half the net earnings of the Western and Atlantic\\nRailroad. This, at present, is $150,000 per annum.\\nThe Constitution authorizes a general tax upon all the prop-\\nerty of the State, to make up a sufficient fund. This has not\\nyet been done.\\nThe present law requires that when any school fund is re-\\nceived, from whatever source derived, it shall be kept sepa-\\nrate and distinct from other funds, and be used for edu-\\ncational purposes and none other, and shall not be invested in\\nbonds of the State or in any other stock.\\nThere are public schools established under local laws in 1\\ncounties, embracing the cities of Savannah, Atlanta, Augusta,\\nMacon, Columbus, Griffin, and Brunswick, which are kept up\\ncontinuously. In these there are 68 ungraded schools, 70\\ngraded, and 9 high schools. There were in 1875 admitted to\\nthese schools, whites males, 4,330 females, 4,428 blacks\u00e2\u0080\u0094", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "182 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nmales, 3,324 females, 3,633. The average monthly cost of\\ntuition per scholar in these schools was $1.23.\\nIn Georgia, in 1875, there were 820 private elementary\\nschools, having the following attendance whites males, 11,-\\n186; females, 10,089: blacks males, 2,118 females, 2,058.\\nTotal whites, 21,2*75 Macks, 4,1*76. The average monthly\\ncost per scholar of tuition in these schools Avas $1.88.\\nIn 1875 there were 104 private high schools, having l7l tu-\\ntors and 5,379 pupils; of which 3,087 were males and 2,292\\nfemales all white. The average monthly cost of tuition per\\nscholar in these was $3.13.\\nUNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES.\\nA short history and statement of the condition of some of\\nthe Colleges of the State ai c here given. These are not only\\ninteresting, but show what Georgia has done and is doing for\\nthe higher education of her youth male and female white\\nand black.\\nUniversity op Georgia. On July 8th, 1783, the Leg-\\nislature of Georgia assembled in Augusta. The Governor,\\nHon. Lyman Hall, in his message on that occasion, said\\nIn addition, therefore, to wholesome laws restraining vice, every en-\\ncouragement ought to be given to introduce religion and lea rned clergy\\nto perform divine worship in honor to God, and to cultivate principles of\\nreligion and virtue among our citizens. For this purpose, it will be your\\nwisdom to lay an early foundation for endowing seminaries of learning\\nnor can you, 1 conceive, lay in a better than by a grant of a sufficient\\ntract of land that may, as in other governments, hereafter, by lease or\\notherwise, raise a revenue sufficient to support such valuable institu-\\ntions.\\nThis idea or suggestion of granting land to endow such\\nvaluable institutions was the germ from which the University\\nof Georgia was developed. This was less than three months\\nafter the close of the Revolutionary War.\\nEarly the next year 1784 the Legislature assembled in\\nSavannah, and on February 25th, less than one year after the\\nwar, passed an Act to lay out 2 new counties, to be called\\nWashington and Franklin, and required the County Sur-\\nveyors thereof to lay off 20,000 acres in each of these counties", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "FOUNDING THE STATE UNIVERSITY. 183\\nin 5,000 acre tracts, or 40,000 acres in all, for the endow-\\nment of a college or seminary of learning, said land to be of\\nthe first quality, and to be exempt from taxation.\\nOn January 27th, 1785, the Legislature at Savannah passed\\nan Act by the Re23resentatives of the Freemen of the State\\nof Georgia in General Assembly met, and by the authority\\nof the same, for the more full and complete es-\\ntablishment of a public seat of learning in this State. The\\npreamble recites that a free government can only be happy\\nwhere the public principles and opinions are properly direct-\\ned that among the first objects should be to encour-\\nage and support the principles of religion and morality, and\\nearly to place the youth under the forming hand of society,\\nthat by instruction they may be moulded to the love of virtue\\nand good order. They therefore enacted that the general\\nsuperintendence of the public seat of learning be com-\\nmitted and entrusted to a Board of Visitors and a Board of\\nTrustees, which two Boards united shall compose the\\nSenatus Academicics of the University of Georgia.\\nAll the officers of the University were required to be of\\nthe Christian religion, and to publicly take the oath of al-\\nlegiance and fidelity and the Trustees were prohibited from\\nexcluding any person of any religious denomination what-\\never from the free and equal liberty and advantages of edu-\\ncation, and that no one shall be excluded from any\\nof the privileges and immunities of the University on account\\nof his sentiments in religion or being of a different religious\\nprofession.\\nOn the 11th day of March following, it was ordered that\\nthe Secretary of State do immediately make out 8 warrants\\nfor the same that is to say, 4 for 5,000 acres each in Franklin\\nCounty, and 4 for 5,000 acres each in Washington Count}\\nthus setting apart the 40,000 acres to found and endow a State\\nUniversity.\\nOn February 3d, 1786, an Act was passed by the Legis-\\nlature at Augusta, for laying out Greene County within the\\nlimits of Franklin County, and including a portion of the Uni-\\nversity land. It authorized the Trustees to lay out the town\\nof Greensboro and sell off lots, the proceeds to be applied to\\nthe University, the intention being to locate it at that place", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "184 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nbut it did not meet with entire favor. The lands were sold\\nas opportunity offered, and the money invested, and in June,\\n1801, the funds were sufficient to pay a President of the Uni-\\nversity. Josiah Meigs was chosen, and at once entered upon\\nthe duties of his position, though no building had been erect-\\ned and the site not even fixed.\\nIn November, 1801, a committee of the Trustees appointed\\nfor the purpose reported the selection of the site where the\\ncollege now stands; Hon. John Milledge had conveyed to them\\n700 acres of land, on which the town of Athens is princi-\\npally located, which were sold off in lots for the benefit of the\\ncollege. The site was then on the Western borders of civili-\\nzation, but results show that the selection was a wise one.\\nThe first commencement exercises took place in May, 1804,\\nupon the campus, under an arbor formed of the branches of\\ntrees. Here the first class, 10 in number, graduated, the scene\\nbeing witnessed by some friends of the Institution, and a\\nnumber of spectators.\\nThe University lands were sold largely for notes secured\\nby mortgage on the land but by authority of an Act of\\nDecember I6th, 1815, the Legislature took all these notes as a\\nconsideration for $100,000, and bound the State to pay the\\nUniversity perpetually an annuity of $8,000 interest at 8\\nper cent on this endowment, which has been continued till\\nthis time. Thus was the University, through much patient\\nlabor, perseverance, and devotion to the great end in view,\\nestablished.\\nRt. Rev. Wm. Bacon Stevens, Protestant Episcopal Bishop\\nof Pennsylvania, justly remarks that Georgia, the last settled\\nand the feeblest of the original 13, exposed by an extensive\\nfrontier to the incursions of Indians, French, and Spaniards,\\nand\\nLooking upon the broad scope on which the University was planned,\\nthe sound principles on which it was based, the zealous efforts of its founders\\nto make it stable and eflBcient, we must say that Georgia merits peculiar\\nhonor in being among the first of the States to make provision for a State\\nUniversity, and in passing most wholesome laws for securing to her sons\\nthe blessing of a liberal education on her own soil.\\nIts presiding officers have been Josiah Meigs, LL.D., Presi-\\ndent, 1801 to 1811; John Brown, D.D., President, 1811 to\\n1816 Robert Finley, D.D., President, 1816 to 181Y; Moses", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "ENDOWMEISTT OP THE UNIVEESITY. 1S5\\nWaddell, D.D., President, 1819 to 1829; Alonzo Church,\\nD.D., President, 1829 to 1859 Andrew A. Lipscomb, D.D.,\\nLL.D., Chancellor, 1860 to 1874; Henry H. Tucker, D.D.,\\nChancellor, 18Y4 to the present.\\nIt has now 5 Departments, 13 professors, and over 200\\nstudents. These are exclusive of the Medical Department of\\nthe college, which is at Augusta, having over 60, and the North\\nGeorgia Agricultural College at Dahlonega, with nearly 250\\nstudents. In the latter, tuition is entirely free.\\nThe college proper at Athens admits 50 meritorious\\nyoung men of limited means to the college course without\\nptayment of tviition fees also young men who design to enter\\nthe ministry of any denomination whatever, provided they\\nare in need of this aid to complete their education. A num-\\nber of the most eminent men of the country were educated at\\nthis Institution, which is justly ranked among the best in the\\ncountry.\\nThe total value of property of the University is |228,000.\\nThe college has over 13,000 volumes in its Library; also the\\nGilmer Library, containing about 1000 volumes of valuable\\nbooks, bequeathed by Hon. George R. Gilmer for 4 years\\nGovernor of the State, and a very ardent friend of the Univer-\\nsity. The two college societies also have fine libraries, con-\\ntaining over 3000 volumes each.\\nThe endowment of the University is $128,350, besides the\\nspecial endowment of the State College of Agriculture and\\nthe Mechanic Arts, which has an endowment derived from the\\nsale of the Agriculture Land Scrip donated to the State by\\nCongress, of 12*42,202.17, making the total endowment of the\\nUniversity $370,552.17.\\nThe State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts has\\nprovided for educating as many young men, residents of the\\nState, as there are members of the Georgia Legislature (both\\nSenators and Representatives), free of charge for tuition fees.\\nEach student before entering this College must have a fair\\nknowledge of English Grammar, Arithmetic, and Geography.\\nThere are three Departments of study viz. Agriculture,. En-\\ngineering, and Applied Chemistry. Each of these Departments\\nhas its regular course.\\nThere is also a Law School at Athens connected with, the\\nUniversity.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "186 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nMercer University. In 1828, Josiah Penfielcl, a Deacon\\nof the Baptist Church in Savannah, left a bequest of\\n12,500 to the Baptist Convention of the State of Georgia,\\nprovided that body would add to it a like sum, to establish a_\\nliterary and theological institution in Georgia. This was an-\\nnounced to the Convention at its session at Milledgeville in\\nMarch, 1829, and several prominent members at once contri-\\nbuted and raised over |3,000 to secure this legacy.\\nIn 1832, the site for the school was selected in Greene\\nCounty, and named Penfield, in honor of the donor of the\\n|2,500 and in 1833 the school was opened as a manual-labor\\nschool, by the name of Mercer Institute, in honor of Rev. Jesse\\nMercer, with Rev. B. M. Sanders as Principal, and Rev. John F.\\nHillyer, now of Texas, and Mr. I. O. McDaniel, now of Bar-\\ntow County, Ga., as assistants. The school began with 100\\nyoung men as students and an endowment of nearly |6,000.\\nThis was the beginning of Mercer University.\\nA charter was obtained from the Legislature, December 29th,\\n1836, to establish a college for the Baptist Denomination, at\\nWashington, Ga. After due consideration, it was deemed\\nbest to concentrate the funds and efforts of the friends of\\neducation in the Baptist Church, and to raise Mercer Institute\\ninto a University and this policy was adopted. The college\\nwas opened in 1838. The manual -labor feature was continued\\ntill 1842. The first class, consisting of 3, graduated in 1841.\\nBy direction of the Convention in 1870, the University was\\nremoved to Macon, as a more eligible locality, where they\\nhave ei-ected what is regarded as one of the finest college\\nbuildings south of the Potomac. The present building and\\nthe grounds (10 acres) cost $150,000. Two other large build-\\nings are yet to be constructed. The University has an endow-\\nment of $160,000. Its Library consists of over 6,000 volumes.\\nThe Ciceronian and Phi Delta Societies each have Libraries,\\namounting in all to about the same number of volumes. Rev.\\nA. J. Battle, D.D., is President.\\nSince the beginning of the College course in 1838 till the\\npresent, 390 have graduated. The number of students at\\npresent is about 135.\\nIt has 9 Professors. Besides the regular College course, it\\nhas a Law and Theological School at Macon. Connected with\\nthe University are Mercer High School at Penfield, occupying", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "COLLEGES IN GEORGIA. 187\\nthe former buildings and property of the University at that\\nplace, and has 120 students; and Crawford High School,\\nrecently established atDalton, having 125 students both for\\nthe purpose of more readily preparing young men for the\\ncollege. These are schools of high order.\\nRev. Jesse Mercer, in whose honor the University was\\nnamed, was not only a leading man and a minister of his\\ndenomination, but a highly talented, greatly respected, and\\ninfluential citizen. But few such men exist in any single age\\nin any country. He was born in Halifax, N. C, in 1769,\\nand brought to Wilkes County, Ga., by his father when\\na child. He commenced preaching before he was 20 years\\nold, and continued his ministry for over 50 years. He died\\nSeptember 6th, 1841.\\nEmory College. This College, located at Oxford, in New-\\nton County, 40 miles east of Atlanta, was chartered December\\n29th, 1836. From the first, it belonged to the Methodist\\nChurch, and is now the joint property of the North Georgia,\\nSouth Georgia, and Florida Conferences.\\nThe first class of 3 graduated in 1841. It has up to this\\ntime graduated 590, a very considerable number of whom are\\nprominent in Church and State. It has now 156 students.\\nThe President is Rev. Atticus G. Haygood, D.D. It has a\\nvaluable college apparatus, and several thousand volumes in\\nits Library.\\nThe Literary Societies have large and valuable libraries.\\nPig Nono College. This is a Catholic College, located in\\nMacon, and established mainly through the efforts of Right\\nRev. William H. Gross, Bishop of Savannah, since his conse-\\ncration in 1873. He very soon determined to erect a college\\nwithin his diocese, and was cordially aided by the denomina-\\ntion and by many who were not Catholics. The present col-\\nlege edifice was commenced May, 1874, and completed, ready\\nfor occupation, in October following a handsome brick costing\\n$50,000. It has a regular college cui riculum, classical and\\nscientific courses, and a theological course, and employs 10\\nprofessors and tutors. Rev. C. P. Gaboury is President. It bids\\nfair to take high rank among the institutions of learning in\\nGeorgia. Last term (ending Jime, 1876) it had 86 students.\\nThe Atlanta University. This is a school located in\\nAtlanta for the higher education of Negroes in Georgia and", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "188 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nadjoining States. It was established by the Freedmen s\\nBureau and various ISTortheni Aid Societies, the most promi-\\nnent being the American Missionary Association.\\nThe Charter was obtained in October, 1867, and about 50\\nacres of land pui-chased on the western border of the city.\\nThe building was commenced June, 1869, and in August,\\n1870, tAVO large buildings were completed. The whole prop-\\nerty (including 60 acres of land) is worth about $100,000.\\nAnother building is contemplated to supply chapel, library,\\nlaboratory, etc.\\nThe first building (begun in June, 1869) was occupied as a\\nschool in October following. The first year 1869-70 there\\nwere 89 pupils and the present year 1875-6 240, 21 of\\nwhom are in the College course, 29 in the Preparatory course,\\n113 in the Normal course, 68 in the Higher Normal course,\\nand a few in Scientific courses and 6 graduated from the\\nCollege course with the degree of B.A., and one with the\\ndegree of B.S.\\nThe Institution has a Library of 3,000 volumes, and a Library\\nendowment of $5,000, the interest of which is used yearly to\\nadd to the Library. Besides this, it has no other endowment.\\nIts support is derived entirely from tuition fees, from contri-\\nbutions by the American Missionary Association, from the\\nPeabody School Fund, and from $8,000 per annum donated to\\nit by the Legislature of the State of Georgia. It aids from 40\\nto 50 pupils either partly or wholly according to circumstances.\\nIt has a President, 3 Professors, and 11 Instructors in\\nvarious branches. Rev. Edmund A. Ware is President.\\nWesleyan Female College. Georgia claims the honor\\n(and it is no doubt due) of establishing the first Female\\nCollege in the woi ld, for the higher education of women and\\nconferring degrees upon its graduates and this honor is\\nspecially due to the Methodists of Georgia. It is a denomi-\\nnational Institution, conceived and founded mainly by the\\nefforts of leading ministers of that Church for the purpose\\nnamed. It was not, at first, the property of the Church,\\nthough it was chiefly indebted to prominent Methodists for its\\ninception and establishment.\\nThe College is beautifully located and well supplied with all\\nnecessary buildings and apparatus, at Macon, and many of the\\nprime movers were citizens of that place. It was chartered\\nDecember 10th, 1836.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "COIiLEGES IN GEORGIA. 189\\nThe charter authorized the President, by and with the con-\\nsent of the Trustees, to confer all such honors, degrees, and\\nlicenses as are usually conferred in colleges and universities.\\nThe College was built by general subscription Methodist\\nministers acting as agents for the collection of funds, by\\nappointment of the Bishops at the Conferences, and thus had\\na denominational cast from the first.\\nIn 1845, James A. Everett, of Houston Coimty, paid off a\\nmortgage of $10,000 against the College, and presented it to the\\nGeorgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.\\nFrom this time, it became the sole property of the Georgia\\nConference, and is now the joint property of the North and\\nSouth Georgia Conferences.\\nThe first class of 11 graduated in 1840, and a number have\\ngraduated every year since that time. The degree of A.B.\\nhas been conferred on 678, and of A.M. on 402 of its gradu-\\nates, besides some honorary degrees. This year 1876\\nthere are 40 students in the Senior Class, 64 in the\\nJunior, 55 in the Sophomore, and 55 in the Preparatory Classes.\\nIt has a President Rev. W, C. Bass and 7 Professors, besides\\nTeachers and Assistants, and is a justly popular institution.\\nSouthern Masonic Female College. This institution is\\nlocated in the town of Covington, Newton County, on the\\nGeorgia Railroad. It was first erected by the people of the\\nplace for a female school of high order, in 1851, and called\\nthe Southern Female College. In 1852, it was transferred to\\nthe Grand Lodge of the Masonic Fraternity in Georgia, a\\nnew charter obtained, and its name changed. The Grand\\nLodge of the State appoints the Board of Trustees, of which\\nthe Grand Master is President. It is the sole property of the\\nOrder, and was procured for the purpose of educating the\\nfemale orphans of Masons. It has a collegiate curriculum,\\nand confers a full Baccalaureate degree upon its graduates.\\nIt has an average attendance of 90, and has graduated over\\n350 up to this time. It is largely patronized outside of the\\nbeneficiaries of the fraternity. Rev. J. N. Bradshaw has been\\nits President for a number of years.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "190\\nHAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\ns\\no\\nu\\nlj\\no\\no\\nffi\\nu\\nm\\nW\\nH\\nH\\nC/J\\nW\\nW\\nH\\n1^\\nO\\nH\\nM\\naj\\nn\\nM\\nPh\\nO\\nS\\nM\\nPh\\nC=\\nO\\n\u00c2\u00ab2\\nH\\nH\\nJ\\nO\\nH\\nQ\\nn\\nIC\\nK\\nCO\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\nW\\no\\nM\\npq\\n1\\nH\\nW\\nH\\nd5 ShS\\nOt3\\n^5\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SJ0SS8J\\n-Old; jo ojsL\\n1^ K\\nocDOioooomoooo\\nlO-^OG^OOOMOOiOO\\ntJ o\\no\\nbe g\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0-3 o a\\nbD\\nS .2 i\\n-s s S\\nhfi -H fcn hn\\nC3 QD\\nhr ID\\na 6\\n1-^ f\\no\\nI 2\\nM\\nt. O f^ fH\\nS S S 5 g\\nC dj i\\nM pq .P\\nS =3\\nf= Q\\nts i= Q\\n;:H\\nqj\\n6n\\n;:5\\nCI\\na\\nflj\\ncf\\nC!\\na\\no\\np\\nM\\nO\\nU\\nS Q ;::3 ,-H\\naoj C3 O 03 c3\\nni a a 13 3 B\\npq p a P\\nt-tDi-iOCO\u00c2\u00ab0r-ITl \u00c2\u00bb000O NTllQ0t010t-\\no\\ncj\\n(D -f^ a\\nFQ O S O\\nfi; g\\ni d i-B hj\\nW\\nHi\\nO Q\\nB m O S\\nd g\\ni Hi p4\\np4 f^\\nH l^ i\\nbU (U\\n1^ O\\nhJ\\n_a\\nbD ha O O bfi\\n2600\\no\\ntX)\\na o\\nS S 2 r i3\\nP g\\n!3 Eu\\n3 S ^i\\n.2 o o\\nPh Ph O W\\nS !2;\\n01 Fr,\\na d\\na g S\\nO O) o o t, =1\\no iJ H 03 1-1 l Q\\na a\\ng 5\\nticicjc3ooS^ :3\\n!aggp^p^(iHHsn\\nM O O oS 03 c3\\nO O O E-i Eh Hi H^", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "BENEVOLENT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 191\\nBENEVOLENT AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.\\nThe Georgia Academy for the Blind. This Institution\\nwas incorporated by Act of the Legislature of January 19th,\\n1852. It originated in a movement made by the citizens of\\nMacon at a meeting for this purpose on April 15tli, 1851.\\nIn January following, it was chartered, and 7 eminent men\\nnamed as Trustees. The Act required them to select the in-\\ndigent blind of the State between the ages of 12 and\\n20 years, and maintain and educate them gratuitously, and\\nappropriated |5,000 per annum for the years 1852 and 1853 to\\naid in supporting the Institution. The school was opened in\\nJuly, 1851. Mr. W. S. Fortescue was the first Principal, and\\nMiss Hannah Guillan the female teacher.\\nOn February 18th, 1854, the Legislature appropriated $10,000\\nto erect a suitable building. Further apj^ropriations were\\nafterward made and the building completed in 1860. Its total\\ncost is about $65,000.\\nThis year (18 76) there are 56 pupils in the Academy. Since\\nits opening, 145 have been admitted of these, 75 have been\\ndischarged as educated in one or more of the departments\\nmany of them with trades by which they can earn their sup-\\nport.\\nPupils are now admitted between the ages of 8 and 20\\nbut males over 20 are taken into the workshop to learn\\ntrades.\\nThe appropriation for 1876 for supporting the Institution\\nwas 113,000 about an average of the yearly appropriations.\\nThe value of the buildings, grounds, and property is\\n$75,000. There are about 1000 volumes in the Library, includ-\\ning those in embossed print.\\nThe present Principal of the Academy, Rev. W. D. Wil-\\nliams, was elected to his position in August, 1858.\\nMiss Hannah Guillan, the first instructress, still occupies the\\nsame post. Hon. James Mercer Green, the President of the\\nBoard of Trustees from the beginning, deserves honor for his\\nfaithful discharge of duty. He is one of Georgia s best citi-\\nzens. Preparations are now being made for receiving some", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "192 HAND-BOOK OF GEOJRGIA.\\nblind Negro children into the workshop. As yet there is no\\ngeneral provision made for educating the colored blind.\\nThe Georgia Institute foe the Education op the\\nDeaf and Dumb. At the session of the Legislature in 1833,\\nJohn J. Flournoy presented a memorial praying the establish-\\nment of an Institution for the education of deaf mutes. It\\nwas referred to the Governor with a request to obtain full in-\\nformation and report to the next meeting of the General\\nAssembly. At the next session in November, 1834, His Excel-\\nlency (Hon. Wilson Lumpkin) laid all the information he had\\nobtained, before the Legislature, expressing himself particularly\\nindebted to Governor Foot, of Connecticut, and Lewis Weld,\\nthe Principal of the Deaf and Dumb Academy at Hartford, In\\nconsequence of this correspondence, Mr. Weld came to Georgia\\nwith a class of deaf mutes, and gave an exhibition before the\\nLegislature. That body appropriated $3,000 for the education\\nof the indigent deaf and dumb of the State between the\\nages of 12 and 20 years, at the Asylum at Hartford.\\nRev. Elijah Sinclair was appointed in March, 1835, by\\nGovernor Lumpkin, State Commissioner to look up the indigent\\ndeaf and dumb children of the State, convey them to Hart-\\nford, and have them supported and educated there at the ex-\\npense of the State. He was faithful and zealous, being reap-\\npointed to the same work by 2 of the successors of Gov-\\nernor Lumpkin, and was complimented by the Legislature for\\nhis efficiency and integrity. He travelled extensively over the\\nState searching for deaf mutes, but succeeded in sending only\\n6 to Hartford. In 1836, he found 16 in the State who\\ncame within the provisions of the law but only 3 could be\\ninduced to go. In 1842 and 1843, Cedar Valley Academy, in\\nPaulding County, made successful experiments in teaching\\ndeaf mutes. In December, 1845, the Legislature required all\\nthe State s beneficiaries to be withdrawn from Hartford and\\neducated in Georgia.\\nRev. Jesse H. Campbell, who was then State Commissioner,\\nmade an arrangement with the Hearn Manual-Labor School at\\nCave Spring, Floyd County, to make the education of the\\ndeaf mutes a Department of their school. Mr. 0. P. Fannin,", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "LUNATIC ASYLUM. 193\\nthen associate teacher in that school, was sent to Hartford,\\nwhere he learned the method of teaching deaf mutes, and\\nbrought back the Georgia pupils, entering them in the deaf\\nmute DejDartment of the Hearn School. He opened in a log-\\ncabin May 15th, 1846, with 4 pupils.\\nIn 1847, the Legislature provided the means for erecting a\\nsuitable building. Cave Spring was selected, and the building\\ncompleted in June, 1849, and occupied July 1st following. In\\nthe Spring of 1862, the Trustees suspended the operations of\\nthe Institution, and sent the pupils to their homes till after the\\nwar. It was reopened in February, 1867.\\nThe average number of pupils is about 50. The whole\\nnumber received up to this time is 253.\\nThe appropi iation for 1876 is $16,500 about the annual\\naverage.\\nThe Board of Trustees, in their i-eport to the Governor for\\n1875, recommended that the Legislature make provision for\\nreceiving Negro children into the Institution, which that body\\nat its last session adopted and carried into effect.\\nA suitable building located at Cave Spring, with 10 acres\\nof land attached, was purchased for this purpose, and will soon\\nbe ready. Pupils are to be admitted to it, and provided for\\nunder the same rules as have heretofore existed, only they will\\nbe separate from the white pupils.\\nThe value of the property at present is about $25,000.\\nThere are about 1000 volumes in the Library. Prof. W. O.\\nConnor is the Princii^al.\\nThe Lunatic Asylum op the State of Georgia. The\\nState of Georgia commenced this work in 1837. It was open\\nfor the reception of patients in October, 1842.\\nIt had on December 1st, 1875, 587 patients. Of these there\\nwere of whites, 260 males and 237 females; and blacks 45 of\\neach, or 497 whites and 90 blacks. The Asylum has 3,000 acres\\nof land which is used for raising stock, vegetables, and other\\nproduce, to partly supply the Institution. In 1874, there were\\nover $13,000 worth of products raised, consisting mostly of\\nvegetables and 5,635 garments were made in the Matron s\\nDepartment.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "194 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA,\\nThe Institution is under the general supervision of a Board\\nof Trustees, aj^pointed by the Governor. Its officers are a\\nSuperintendent and Resident Physician, 2 Assistant Phy-\\nsicians, 1 Steward and 1 Assistant, Treasurer, Secretary,\\nApothecary, Chaplain, and Matron. The salaries of these\\nofficers amount to $12,800 per annum. The cost of its main-\\ntenance is in tlie neighborhood of $100,000 a year. The cost\\nof the Institiition and grounds attached, and repairs and im-\\nprovements from the beginning, amounts to over $500,000.\\nDr. Thomas F. Green is the Superintendent and Resident\\nPhysician, who has occupied this position for 30 years. It is\\nlocated at Milledgeville.\\nThe Georgia Baptist Orphans Home. This is a Home\\nfor Orphans of the State of Georgia, located 2^ miles north of\\nAtlanta. It was established by the Georgia Baptist Conven-\\ntion, iu April, 1871. Hon. John H. James and Ex-Governor\\nJosej)h E. Brown, of Atlanta, Ga., were the prime movers in\\nthis benevolent enterprise, each contributing $1,000. It has no\\nendowments, and is supported by voluntary contributions. It\\nhas 10 acres of land and a good building with 10 rooms,\\nwhich cost $4,100. It has on hand over $20,000 of assets, con-\\nsisting of cash $2,000, and obligations to contribute certain\\namounts, nearly $20,000. The average number of orphans in\\nthe Institution is 25, receiving and discharging about 5 a year.\\nThe children are educated and taught to work, and good\\nhomes are sought out for them when they are 14 to 15 years of\\nage, where they will be cared for and further educated.\\nOrphans Home of the North Georgia Conference.\\nThis Home for Orphans was established by the North Georgia\\nConference, M. E. Church, South, in 1867. The venerable Dr.\\nJesse Boring, a member of the Conference, originated the\\nplan, and it was established mainly by his effiDrts. It is located\\nnear Decatur, De Kalb County, 6 miles from. Atlanta has 22\\nacres of land and improvements worth about $6,000, and has\\nnearly that amount of assets besides the property. It has an\\naverage of 30 orphans in the Home, who are under the super-\\nintendence of Rev. J. S. Lupo. They are educated and are\\nalso taught to work. They keep up a handsome farm by their\\nlabor. Only 3 of the boys are large enough to plough, but", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "OEPHANS HOMES MASONIC FRATERNITY. 195\\nthis year they made 10 bales of cotton and 300 bushels of\\noats, besides other products, almost a full support for the\\nHome. It has a Board of 12 Trustees 6 Ministers and 6 Lay-\\nmen all chosen by the Conference. The Governor-elect is\\none of the Board. V. R. Tommey, of Decatur, is Treasurer.\\nOrphans Home, South Georgia Conference. This is\\nlocated in Bibb County, near Macon. It was first founded by\\nMr. Maxwell, of Macon, as a private benevolent enterprise of\\nhis own, in 1857, and so continued until 1873, when it passed\\ninto the hands of the South Georgia Conference, M. E. Church,\\nSouth,\\nFrom the beginning till now, 67 orphans have been received\\n29 of tliem since it became the property of the Conference\\nthe present number being 1 7.\\nThe Home has 100 acres of land, and the property is worth\\n|8,000, and out of debt. The children are taught in the ele-\\nmentary branches, and are brought up in the practice of farm\\nand household work, and are kept till good homes can be\\nsecured for them. Rev. J. B. Wardlaw is the Superintendent.\\nThe Masonic Fraternity of Georgia. This ancient\\nOrder was brought into Georgia w^ith the first colonists. Gen-\\neral Oglethorpe opened the first Lodge under a live-oak tree,\\nat Sunbury, That tree died but a few years ago, and from it\\nhave been made Masonic tools, implements, and other articles,\\nwhich are preserved as relics. A chair made of its wood is\\nkept in Solomon s Lodge, No. 1, at Savannah.\\nThe Provincial Grand Lodge of the State was established\\nas early as 1735, if not before, by authority from the Grand\\nMaster of England, and so continued till February 6th, 1796,\\nwhen the Grand Lodge of the State was incorporated by Act\\nof the Legislature, and thus became an independent body.\\nThe first Grand Master was Roger Lacey, by appointment\\nof the Grand Master of England, whose service terminated in\\n1735. He was succeeded by Grey Eliot, who served from\\n1735 to 1786, and Samuel Elbert till 1787. From this time,\\nthe Grand Masters of the State were elected by the Grand\\nLodge. Rev. David E. Butler, of Madison, is the present\\nGrand Master, and Dr. J. Emmett Blackshear, of Macon,\\nGrand Secretary.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "196 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nIn 1820, there were 20 subordinate Lodges in the State, now\\nthere are over 300. In 1875, there were 15,168 Masons on the\\nrolls of the Lodges that reported to the Grand Lodge, besides\\nnon-affiliated Masons and members of a few Lodges that did\\nnot report. The Order own the Southern Masonic Female\\nCollege at Covington, Newton County.\\nLsTDEPENDENT Order OP OoD Fellows. Tliis Order was\\nintroduced into Georgia by the establishment of Oglethorpe\\nLodge No. 1, at Savannah, in 1842, the charter being granted\\nby John A. Kennedy, Grand Sire of the Grand Lodge of the\\nUnited States, to Alvin N. Miller, John Dorsett, Gilbert But-\\nler, and others.\\nThe Grand Lodge of the State was organized November\\n13th, 1844 Alvin N. Miller the first Grand Master.\\nThere are now 90 subordinate Lodges in the State, with\\nnearly 3,000 members in good standing. Over 30 Lodges have\\nbeen established in the last 5 yeai s, and the Order is increasing\\nrapidly. C, A. Robbie, of Augusta, is the j)resent Grand\\nMaster W, S. Graniling, of Atlanta, Deputy Grand Master\\nand John G. Deitz, of Macon, Grand Secretary.\\nThere is also a Grand Encampment of the Order, and 17\\nsubordinate Encampments in the State.\\nIndependent Order op Good Templars. ^This Order was\\nfirst introduced into this State, at Atlanta, on October 28th,\\n1867, by Mr. J. G. Thrower. The Grand Lodge of the State\\nwas organized November 22d, 1869. There are 355 working\\nLodges in the State, having a membership of over 20,000. The\\naverage additions to the membership amount to more than\\n2,000 per annum.\\nJ. G. Thrower, of Atlanta, is the Grand Worthy Chief\\nTemplar, and W. U. C. Shepherd, of Marietta, Grand Worthy\\nSecretary.\\nThe Grand Lodge of Georgia, 4 years ago, established the\\nIndependent Order of True Reformers, especially for the\\ncolored people, which has a large membership in this and the\\nadjoining Southern States. The Georgia Grand Lodge of\\nGood Templars at its last session (October, 1876) authorized\\nthe establishment of a separate Lodge of Good Templars\\nexclusively for Negroes. This will be carried out without", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "BAPTISTS IN GEORGIA. 197\\ndelay, and the True Reformers will, no doubt, be merged with\\nthe Good Templars. The Good Templars of Georgia were the\\nfirst in the South to move in this matter.\\nEELIGIOUS DENOMIKATIONS IN GEORGIA.\\nThe Baptist Church. This denomination is more numerous\\nthan any other in Georgia. There are 114 Associations, over\\n2,300 Churches, and 193,662 members nearly 1 to every 6\\npersons in the State. About 81,000 of the members are\\nNegroes.\\nOf the Associations, 34 are organized into what is known as\\nthe Baptist Convention of the State of Georgia and all\\nhave the privilege of uniting with it at any time.\\nThe first Baptist in Georgia of which there is any history\\nwas Nicholas Begewood, in 1757. He was employed as an\\nagent of Whitefield s Orj)han House, near Savannah. Enter-\\ntaining Baptist sentiments, he went to Charleston to unite with\\nthe Church and receive baptism. In 1759, he became a minis-\\nter, and in 1763 baptized several persons about the Orphan\\nHouse, to whom he administered the first Baptist Communion\\nin the Province.\\nThe first Baptist Church organized in Georgia was in 1772,\\nat Kiokee Meeting-House the spot on which Appling in\\nColumbia County now stands under the ministry of Rev.\\nDaniel Marshall, who was then the only ordained Baptist\\nminister in Georgia.\\nThe second was in 1773, at a place then called New Savannah,\\nafterward Botsford s Old Church, 25 miles below Augusta,\\nunder the ministry of Rev. Edmund Botsford.\\nThe Baptist Convention of the State was organized in 1822\\nat Powelton, Hancock County. Its objects, among othei s,\\nare\\nTo aid in giving effect to useful plans of the several Associa-\\ntions\\nTo raise funds for the education of pious young men for the\\nChristian Ministry; and\\nTo promote pious useful education in the Baptist denomi-\\nnation.\\nRev. Jesse Meroer was Moderator of the first meeting of", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "198 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nthe Convention, and was successively chosen to that position\\nevery year, up to the last year of his life his period of service\\n.being from 1822 to 1840 inclusive.\\nRev. D. E. Butler, of Madison, is the present Moderator,\\nand Rev. G. R. McCall, of Hawkinsville, is Secretary. The\\nConvention has charge of all the educational and charitable\\ninstitutions belonging to the denomination in the State. It\\nhas a permanent fund of its own, of nearly $34,000, the interest\\nonly of which is used annually in its appropriate work. This\\nConvention is a highly respected and influential body. The\\neducational institutions which are the property of the\\ndenomination in Georgia, and under the control of the Baptist\\nState Convention, are Mercer University, Macon Mercer\\nHigh School, Penfield Crawford High School, Dalton\\nHearn School, Cave Springs.\\nThis denomination has 702 Sunday-schools, 4,138 officers\\nand teachers, and 31,389 scholars in the State, of which 105\\nschools and 6,700 scholars are composed- of Negroes.\\nThe Methodist Episcopal Church, South. John Wesley,\\nthe founder of Methodism, came to Georgia, and commenced\\npreaching in Savannah, early in 1736, followed by George\\nWhitefield in 1738. This may be properly regarded as the\\nintroduction of Methodism into America, though the Church\\nby that name was not formally established in this country till\\nmany years afterward. Mr. Wesley, in his writings, refers\\nto this date as the second rise of Methodism.\\nThe Methodist Episcopal Church in America was formally\\norganized in Baltimore in 1784, in consequence of the separa-\\ntion of the colonies from Great Britain.\\nMethodist i^reachers entered Georgia in 1785 at Augusta,\\nfrom North Carolina and Virginia and the territory of\\nGeorgia was soon after included in the South Carolina Con-\\nference. Conspicuous among these pioneers are the names of\\nThomas Humphries and John Majors volunteers from a\\nconference in Virginia who preached on a circuit extending\\nfrom Savannah to Wilkes County. They reported 450 mem-\\nbers in Georgia in 1786.\\nAmong the active Methodist ministers in Georgia of the\\nearly period were Hope Hull, John Gavin, Stith Mead, and\\nLevi Garretson and as early as 1806, Lovick Pierce, father", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "METHODIST CHURCH SOUTH. 199\\nof Bishop George F, Pierce, was a preacher in active work,\\nand is still living now in his 92d year, possessing all his\\nfaculties, and preaches with remarkable vigor.\\nUp to 1830, Georgia was included in the South Carolina\\nConference, but that year the Georgia Conference was\\nformed. For the year 1831, the membership of the Georgia\\nConference was 21,385 whites and 6,167 blacks and 95\\nitinerant preachers.\\nIn 1866, the Georgia Conference was divided into the North\\nGeorgia and the South Georgia Conferences. At the time of\\nthe division, there were in Georgia 215 itinerant ministers,\\nand 51,219 white members.\\nThe following shows the condition of the two Conferences\\nat the end of the year 1875\\nNorth Georgia Co7iference. Number of church-buildings,\\n643 capable of seating 171,000 persons itinerant preachers,\\n168 local preachers, 425; number of members, 53,754; Sun-\\nday-school scholars, 27,171 number of Sunday-schools, 527;\\nvalue of church property, 1700,000.\\nSouth Georgia Conference. Number of church-buildings,\\n406; capable of seating 99,157 persons itinerant preachers,\\n123 local preachers, 221 number of members, 29,304\\nSunday-school scholars, 12,332 value of church property,\\n$412,640.\\nIn 1871, the Negro membership of the Methodist Church\\nin the South was set up as an independent organization, and\\ndesignated The Colored Methodist EpiscojDal Church of\\nAmerica. The first general conference of this body was held\\nat Jackson, Tenn., in that year, at which Bishops Paine\\nand McTyeiere, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South,\\nordained two colored Bishops, The strength of this organi-\\nzation in Georgia, in 1875, was 13,752 members.\\nThe Methodist Episcopal Church, South, have several institu-\\ntions of learning in Georgia. Emory College at Oxford, and\\nWesleyan Female College at Macon, are both colleges of a high\\norder. Besides these, there is La Grange Female College at\\nLa Grange Dalton Female College, Dalton Andrew Female\\nCollege, Cuthbert and Collingsworth Institute, near Talbot-\\nton all the property of the two Conferences in Georgia, and\\nare of long standing and established reputation, having pro-", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "200 HANB-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nfessors of ability, and are well patronized. The educational\\nfacilities of this denomination in Georgia ai-e ample.\\nBesides these, there are two Houses for Orphans belonging\\nto the Church one located near Atlanta, the other near\\nMacon both of which are well sustained.\\nThe Methodist Episcopal Church, North. In January,\\n1866, Bishop Clark, of Cincinnati, with 10 ministers, all white,\\norganized this Church in Georgia at Atlanta. Nearly all the\\nmembers then enrolled were white.\\nThe first regular Conference was held in Atlanta, m October,\\n1867, Bishop Clark presiding.\\nThere were present 28 white and 9 colored preachers. The\\nwork of the Church has been largely among the Negroes.\\nIn 1875, there were in Georgia 193 church-buildings, worth\\n$118,065. The membership numbers about 15,000, about\\n12,000 being colored. There are 395 preachers, 101 of whom\\nare itinerants, the others local 194 Sunday-schools, 716\\noflScers and teachers, and 8,738 scholars. There are now two\\nConferences of this denomination in Georgia, one for the\\nWhites and the other for the Negroes.\\nIn Atlanta, there is an incipient University (called Clark\\nUniversity) with 125,000 worth of property, besides 450 acres\\nof land near the city.\\nThe Church has academies for the education of Negro chil-\\ndren at La Grange and Waynesboro, and church-schools at\\nRome, Newnan, and Grantville.\\nA white school of high grade, called the Ellijay Seminary,\\nand belonging to the Church, has been established at Ellijay,\\nGilmer County. It is a handsome, well-constructed brick edi-\\nfice, costing $8,000. The school is well patronized.\\nOther Methodist Churches. Besides the Southern and\\nNorthern branches of the Methodist Church in Georgia, there\\nare the Protestant Methodist Church membership, 2,500; the\\nColored Methodist Episcopal Church of America member-\\nship, 13,752; and the African Methodist Episcopal Church\\nmembership, 40,153.\\nThe PRESBTTERiAisr Church. This element in Georgia was\\nlargely derived from Scotch-Irish immigrants from North\\nCarolina and other States, and their descendants.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "PEESBYTEEIAN CHUECH. 201\\nPresbyterianism was introduced into Georgia at quite an\\nearly date. A few churches are known to have existed one\\nin St. Paul s Parish (Augusta), one at Brier Creek, and\\none at Queensborough, the last two supposed to have been\\nin Burke County. In 1735, a colony of Scotch Presbyterians\\nlocated at New Inverness, now Darien, in Mcintosh Comity,\\nat the mouth of the Altamaha River. Rev. John McLeod was\\ntheir pastor till 1741. The Independent Presbyterian Church\\nof Savannah was organized about the year 1765 or before.\\nThe early churches were necessarily weak and remained so\\nfor some time, being dependent upon visiting ministers from\\nCarolina and the older colonies or States. It was not till 1796\\nthat the Church was organized and established in Georgia.\\nAt that time, the Presbytery of Hopewell was set off from\\nthat of South Carolina. It consisted of only 5 ministers and\\nabout 16 churches, located principally in the eastern-middle\\nportion of the State, now embraced in the Counties of Wilkes,\\nOglethorpe, Greene, Hancock, Burke, and others. The first\\nPresbytery was held in Wilkes County, at Liberty Church,\\nMarch 16th, 1797. The names of the ministers constituting it\\nwere John Newton, John Springer, Robert M. Cunningham,\\nMoses Waddell, and William Montgomery.\\nFrom this small beginning, it has steadily grown till it is a\\nSynod, embracing 5 Presbyteries and extending all over the\\nState. There are, at present, 74 ministers, 8 licentiates, 8\\ncandidates, 143 churches, 135 church-edifices, 51,610 sittings,\\n8,103 members, 76 Sabbath-schools, 4,485 Sabbath-school\\nscholars, and the value of church property $578,450. Contri-\\nbutions for all purposes during the jDast year amounted to\\n$87,277, averaging $10.75 for each member.\\nPrevious to the war, the denomination had a flourishing\\ncollege at Midway, Baldwin County, known as Oglethorj)e\\nUniversity, but it had the misfortune to have its funds swept\\naway by the war. It grew out of a manual-labor school,\\nwhich was suggested by Rev. C. W. Howard, the pastor of\\nthe Presbyterian Church at Milledgeville, and whose exertions\\nsecured its establishment about 1836, under the auspices and\\npatronage of Hopewell Presbytery. Afterward, through\\nMr. Howard s exertions, it was changed to a college, under\\nthe name of Oglethorpe University. Mr. Howard proposed", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "202 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nthe name, and he raised in Georgia in one year, subscriptions\\nto endow it to the amount of $120,000. Since the war, it was\\nremoved to Atlanta, and an effort made to resuscitate and\\nre-endow it, but it was unsuccessful and the Synod has\\nabandoned the effort for the present. The apparatus and\\nother property have been returned to Midway, and, with the\\nformer buildings of the college, are used and occupied by\\nTalmage High School, which is well patronized. The prop-\\nerty is worth $25,000.\\nThere are several other Presbyterian organizations in the\\nState. The Independent Presbyterian Church of Savannah is\\na large, wealthy, and influential body.\\nThe Associated Reformed Presbyterians consist of 6 churches,\\n6 church-edifices valued at $8,000, having 2,000 sittings, 530\\nmembers, 6 Sunday-schools and 300 scholars, and 5 ministers.\\nThe colored people have a Presbytery of their own, styled\\nKnox Presbytery, consisting of 6 churches and church-\\nedifices, 6 ministers, and 1,000 members.\\nThe Presbyterian element in Georgia may be set down as\\n157 church organizations, 146 church-edifices, 56,000 sittings,\\n86 ministers, 9,403 members, 88 Sabbath-schools and 5,085\\nscholars, with church property amounting to $653,450.\\nThe Protestant Episcopal Church in Georgia. This\\nChurch commenced its work in Georgia in 1732, through Rev.\\nHenry Herbert, who came over with the first emigrants. He\\nwas followed by Rev. Samuel Quincy in 1733, John Wesley\\nin 1736, and George Whitefield iu 1738. The only parish of\\nwhich John Wesley and George Whitefield Avere ever rectors\\nwas Christ Church, Savannah.\\nBoth John Wesley and George Whitefield established\\nSunday-schools in Georgia, nearly 50 years before Robert\\nRaikes originated the scheme of Sunday instruction in Glouces-\\nter in England, and 80 years before a Sunday-school on his\\nplan was established in New York.\\nIn 1758, the Colonial Assembly divided the Colony into\\nparishes.\\nThe first Episcopal Bishop who ever visited Georgia was\\nBishop Dehon, of South Carolina, in 1815, to consecrate the\\nnew church-building for Christ Church, Savannah, where he", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "EPISCOPAL CHRISTIAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES. 203\\nconfirmed a class of 60, the first confirmation ever held in\\nGeorgia.\\nThe first Convention of the Diocese of Georgia was held in\\nAugusta, 1828.\\nRev. Stephen Elliott was elected the first Bishop of the\\nDiocese in 1840, and consecrated in 1841. He held the posi-\\ntion until his death, nearly 25 years, and was succeeded by\\nRev. John W. Beckwith in 1867, who is the present Bishop.\\nThe Journal of the Convention of the Diocese in 1876\\nshows 29 churches and stations, having 11,000 sittings;\\nchurch property amounting to 1350,600 4,500 communicants,\\nand 39 clergymen. There are 25 Sunday-schools, having 366\\nteachers and 2,613 scholars. Total contributions for all pur-\\nposes for the year ending May, 1876, $695,542.22, or about\\n$15 for each member.\\nThe Christian Church. This denomination being strictly\\nCongregational in its government, and having no organization\\nsimilar to a Synod, Conference, or State Convention, its statis-\\ntics from year to year in Georgia have never been compiled\\nand we have been unable to obtain information showing its\\nintroduction into the State or its progress since that time.\\nThe figures, showing its present status, are estimates by one\\nwho is most familiar with it, and are approximately correct\\nand reliable as such.\\nThere are say 50 churches, 5,000 members, and 40 ministers.\\nThe churches have about 20,000 sittings, and the value of the\\nchurch property is about $150,000. Several of Georgia s emi-\\nnent divines are connected with this Church.\\nThe Catholic Church in Georgia. In the Charter grant-\\ned by George II. to the Trustees of the Colony of Georgia,\\nthe King said We do, by these presents, for us, our heirs,\\nand successors, grant, establish, and ordain, that forever, here-\\nafter, there shall be a liberty of conscience allowed in the\\nworshij) of God to all persons inhabiting, or which shall in-\\nhabit or be resident within our said province, and that all\\nsuch persons, except papists, shall have a free exercise of\\nreligion so they be contented with the quiet and peaceable\\nenjoyment of the same, not giving ofllense or scandal to the\\nGovernment.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "204 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nThe exception of papists was swept away in the Consti-\\ntution of 1777, after the Declaration of Independence, as not\\nin accordance with the sentiments of a free people indeed,\\nCatholics were never molested in Georgia on account of their\\nreligious faith, either during the colonial history or since.\\nThe first Catholic Church established in Georgia was at\\nLocust Grove, in Taliaferro County, 7 miles from Crawford-*\\nville, by a colony of Catholics fi om Maryland in 1794. Soon\\nafter, a number of Catholics, refugees from the horrible mas-\\nsacres of San Domingo, came to America. Numbers of them\\nsettled in Savannah and Augusta, where they were most\\nkindly received. A priest of these refugees went to Locust\\nGrove, and was the first Catholic clergyman that ever officiated\\nin Georgia.\\nAt that time, Georgia and both the Carolinas were subject\\nto the See of Baltimore Bishop Carroll and so continued\\ntill July 11th, 1820, when the Carolinas and Georgia were\\nraised to a distinct Diocese by the appointment of Dr. John\\nEngland, who was the first Bishop of Charleston, with the\\nthree States as his field.\\nAt that time there was only one church in Georgia (in\\nAugusta) which was occupied, the congregations at Locust\\nGrove and Savannah being without pastors.\\nBishop England was a man of great learning, a wonderful\\npreacher, very zealous and laborious, and very liberal toward\\nother denominations. He often preached in their churches,\\nand in court-houses or school-houses where he travelled, leav-\\ning a most favorable impression upon all persons, whether\\nCatholic or Protestant. He died in April, 1 842, and was suc-\\nceeded by Rev. Ignatius Reynolds till November 10th, 1850,\\nwhen the State of Georgia was erected into a distinct Diocese,\\nand Rev. Dr. Gartland appointed the first Bishop of Savannah.\\nAfter his death, he was succeeded by Bishops Barry, Verot,\\nand Persico and on April 27th, 1873, the present Bishop, Rt.\\nRev. Wm. H. Gross, was appointed.\\nSince his episcopate, the Church in Georgia has founded and\\nbuilt Pio Nono College at Macon, a splendid Cathedral at\\nSavannah, and an Orphan Asylum at Washington. The order\\nof Jesuits has also been introduced at Augusta.\\nConvents of the Sisters of Mercy are at Savannah, Augusta,", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "LUTHERANS AND OTHERS ISRAELITES. 205\\nMacon, Columbus, Atlanta, and Dalton. This order was in-\\ntroduced into Georgia at Savannah in 1845.\\nIn 1836, there were about 5,000 Catholics in Georgia. Now\\nthere are 25,000 to 30,000. There are 25 churches, 35 chapels,\\n24 priests, 3 male and 7 female religious institutions, 1 col-\\nlege of high order, 1 Orphan Asylum, church property val-\\nued at from |400,000 to 1500,000, and convent property about\\n$150,000 to $200,000.\\nThe Lutherans. This Church in Georgia lacks two years\\nof beinoj as old as the State. The Salzberp-ers landed in\\nSavannah March 12th, 1734, and settled in Eben-Ezer, in\\nEffingham County, where lands were allotted to them by Gen-\\neral Oglethorpe. Here they built Ebenezer Church, the first\\nLutheran Church in Georgia, There are now 4 Lutheran\\nchurches in Effingham County. The Lutheran Church in\\nSavannah was established in 1759 or before. This denomina-\\ntion had in Georgia, in 1870, according to the United States\\nCensus, 11 church organizations, 10 church-edifices, 3,000 sit-\\ntings, and church property valued at $57,100.\\nOther Churches, We have been unable to obtain par-\\nticulars of the Congregational and Universalist Churches in\\nGeorgia other than what are contained in the United States\\nCensus of 1870, and can only present the statistics therein\\ngiven as follows viz.:\\nCongregationalists 10 churches, 2,800 sittings, and church\\nproperty valued at $16,550,\\nUniversalists 5 church organizations, 3 church-edifices,\\n900 sittings, and church property valued at $900.\\nIsraelites. The number of Israelites in Georgia is about\\n2,620 souls, distributed as follows Atlanta, about 550 Savan-\\nnah, about 750 Macon, 300 Columbus, 200 Rome, 90\\nAugusta, 250; Americus, 80; Albany, 100, In other towns,\\n300.\\nThe larger cities have synagogues some of them very\\nelegant and all newly erected. Those at Savannah, Macon,\\nand Atlanta are collectively worth about $100,000. There are\\nonly 3 priests or Hebrew ministers in the State Rev, H.\\nGersoni, in Atlanta Rev. M, Harris, of Savannah and Rev.\\nS, Levinsohn, of Ausrusta.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "206 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nIn other communities, the Israelites are united in congrega-\\ntions and hold services, inviting ministers from the cities named\\nto perform such special religious rites as marriages, burials,\\ncircumcisions, etc.\\nThere are lodges of the Jewish orders of Bnai Berith, and\\nKesher-Shel-Barzel or Free Sons of Israel, in almost every city\\nin the State.\\nEvery Jewish community keeps up benevolent societies for\\nthe assistance of the needy and the occasional poor who pass.\\nIn the larger cities, female benevolent societies are formed,\\nbesides those maintained by the males.\\nIn Georgia, the Israelites have no educational institutions\\nof their own except Sabbath-schools, which are devoted to\\nreligious instruction only. They patronize the public schools\\nfor secular education.\\nTHE GEORGIA STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.\\nHon. Mark A. Cooper, now residing in Bartow County, near\\nCartersville, first suggested the formation of this Society,\\nand a general plan or method of proceeding so as to insure\\nsuccess. As the result of his suggestion, early in the summer\\nof 1846 there appeared in the newspapers of the State, a call\\nsigned by 44 prominent men, for an Agricultural Fair and\\nI^iternal Improvement Jubilee at Stone Mountain, in De Kalb\\nCounty, 18 miles from Atlanta. Three of these, George W.\\nCrawford, Charles J. McDonald, and Wilson Lumpkin, have\\nbeen Governors of the State. In the call, they express the be-\\nlief that great good may result to the planting interest of\\nGeorgia, Carolina, Alabama, and Tennessee, from a personal\\ninterchange of the results of their experience, accompanied by\\nan exhibition of the products of their farms, and suggest\\nthe propriety of those engaged in Agricultural pursuits, and\\nsuch others as may feel an interest in the subject, meeting at\\nsome central point in the up-country for that purpose. They\\nnamed Stone Mountain as the place most suitable, and\\nfixed the time near the 1st of August, because by that time\\nthe several railroads in Georgia will be finished, at least from\\nOostenaula to the seaboard.\\nThe meeting assembled August 7th, 1846. Mark A. Cooper", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "GEORGIA STATE AGEICULTUEAL SOCIETY. 207\\nwas Chairman, and David W. Lewis, of Hancock, Secre-\\ntary. They formed a Society for developing and illus-\\ntrating the resources of the country, and 51 gentlemen\\nsubscribed their names as members, paying the membership\\nfee of $1 each. They then elected permanent officers as\\nfollows\\nHon. Thomas Stocks, of Greene, President; David W.\\nLewis, of Hancock, Secretary and Wm. M. D Autignac, of\\nRichmond, Ti-easurer and resolved to hold a Fair annually\\nfor the exhibition and sale of all such products of Agriculture\\nand Horticulture as may be contributed by members and\\ncitizens, to include animal and vegetable products of\\nPlantations, Farms, Gardens, Orchards, and Dairies; Agricul-\\ntural Implements and Articles of Domestic Manufacture, use-\\nful to the farmer or planter.\\nSuch was the beginning of the Society, which has become\\nfamous and useful in the State and the whole country.\\nFairs were held in 1847, 48, and 49, at Stone Mountain\\n1850 at Atlanta, and 1851 at Macon,\\nWhen it was organized, it was called The Southern Cen-\\ntral Agricultural Society, the aim being to include the peo-\\nple of adjoining States, and it Avas chartered by that name\\nFebruary 17th, 1854.\\nIn 1860 (December 20th), its name was changed to that of the\\nGeorgia State Agricultural Society, and a new charter ob-\\ntained, in which the sum of $2,500 per annum was appropri-\\nated from the State Treasury, in aid of the Society,\\nDuring the v\\\\ ar, its operations were suspended, but in 1868\\nit was reorganized, and a Fair held in Macon in 1869, and con-\\ntinuously every year since, alternately at Macon and Atlanta,\\nexcept the present year 1876, it being postponed till 1877, on\\naccount of the Centennial Exhibition.\\nThe Society is a representative body, composed of prominent\\nand intelligent men elected annually by local organizations.\\nIt also has a number of life-members, and justly has large\\ninfluence in the State. Through its earnest recommendation,\\nthe office of State Geologist and the Department of Agriculture\\nwere established by the Legislature in 1874, and it had much\\nto do in procuring the passage of a law for the inspection and\\nanalysis of commercial fertilizers.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "208 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nThe exhibitions at its Fairs are always superior and very\\nlargely attended, not only by the people of Georgia, but of\\nthe States, North and South.\\nThe essays and addresses delivered at its semi-annual Con-\\nventions are not excelled in ability, learning, instruction, and\\npractical usefulness by those of any similer organization in\\nthe United States, and are truly occasions of very great\\ninterest.\\nThe Spring Convention is held annually in February, in the\\nsouthern portion, and the Summer Convention in August, in\\nthe northern portion of the State.\\nThe Presidents of the Society have been as follows\\nHon. TLomas Stocks 1846 to 1854\\nHon. Mark A. Cooper 1854 to 1856\\nDr. L. B. Mercer 1856 to 1858\\nHon. D. W. Lewis 1858 to 1860\\nand was President up to the time of its reorganization\\nin 1868, after tlie war.\\nCol. B. C. Yancy 1868 to 1871\\nGen. A. H. Colquitt (Governor-elect) 1871 to 1876\\nHon. T. F. Hardeman, President-elect term to commence\\nin February next.\\nThe office of the Society is in the State House, Atlanta\\nMr. Malcolm Johnson, Secretary. It has a Library of about\\n3,500 volumes.\\nIn this connection, it is not inappropriate to give a passing\\ntribute to Hon. Thomas Stocks, the first President of the\\nSociety. He died October 6th last (1876), at his home in\\nGreene County, near the spot where he was born, at the\\nadvanced age of nearly 91 years. He was born in a fort,\\nFebruary 1st, I TSG, where his parents were living, as a\\nprotection against hostile Indians, and was the first white\\nchild born in Greene County. In the year 1820, he was\\nelected to the Georgia State Senate, and held that position\\nby successive elections for more than 20 years, and was\\nfor several terms the President of that body. He voluntarily\\nretired, and never afterward in any way entered the arena\\nof politics further than to cast his vote at elections. He was\\na consistent member of the Baptist Church for nearly 50\\nyears, and a prominent man in that denomination, active and", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 209\\nuseful in all the educational and benevolent enterprises of the\\nChurch.\\nHe succeeded Dr. Jesse Mercer as the President of the\\nBoard of Trustees of Merce r University, in 1840, from which\\nhe voluntarily retired in 1866. He was an active member of\\nthe Executive Committee of the Baptist Convention of the\\nState of Georgia, from 1830 to 1847, Avhen he was chosen\\nModerator of that body, to which position he was successively\\nchosen for 10 years. In 1846, as before stated, he was\\nchosen President of the State Agricultural Society, and held\\nthat office till 1854, when he voluntarily retired.\\nWhen his friends and fellow-citizens gathered around his\\nbier to pay the last tribute to his honored ashes, no incident\\noccurred more touching than a procession of 40 or 50 of\\nhis former slaves, now laboring upon his plantation, who had\\ncome to take a last look at the face of their old master, who\\nhad been their best earthly friend. Unrestrainedly they gave\\nevidence of the profound sorrow of their simple hearts, at the\\nloss of their benefactor.\\nTHE DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE OP THE STATE OP\\nGEORGIA.\\nNearly all the States of the Union give encouragement to\\nagriculture in some way, generally by the appointment of a\\nState Board of Agriculture, which superintends the holding of\\na State Fair, and the State paying for the publication of a cer-\\ntain number of copies of the transactions of the Board, and\\nthe essays or addresses produced on Agriculture or cognate\\nsubjects.\\nGeorgia has not been listless, but has been foremost, in\\nsome respects, in measures to improve the Agriculture of her\\npeople.\\nThe State Agricultural Society was formed in 1846, and, in\\n1860, the Legislature appropriated $2,500 per annum to aid in\\nholding its annual Fairs and for other purposes. This is an able,\\ninfluential, and highly respected association, which has accom-\\nplished an untold amount of good. The assistance given it by\\nthe State has been repaid many-fold.\\nThis Society, at its session in Atlanta, in August, 18*70, adopt-", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "210 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\ned resolutions calling upon the Legislature to establish a State\\nDepartment of Agriculture, which would be commensurate\\nwith the interests to be subserved, upon such a\\nbasis as will largely and liberally provide for all purposes of\\ninformation, improvement, and guidance of the Agricultural in-\\nterests of the State and include the devising of\\nimproved methods of estimating the probable acreage and\\ncrops of the country, and of making a virtual census annually,\\nembracing all crop topics capable of reasonable and probable\\nanticipation, as well as of actual results and declared that\\nthe great object of the Department should be to give intelli-\\ngent direction to the practical industry of the State to dis-\\nseminate information which will tend to increase the pi oduc-\\ntion, and to the not less important matter of the judicious and\\nprofitable sale of products to place the producer on a level\\nwith the speculator and consumer in his knowledge of the ele-\\nments of price and to adopt the most improved method of\\npreserving, on a large scale, observations on the weather,\\nseasons, temperature, and other phenomena, to increase the\\nmeans of anticipating results and that, in connection with it,\\nthere should be established an experimental farm, a place for\\nthe exhibition of tools and implements, a museum, cabinet, and\\nsuch other means and appliances as shall subserve the impor-\\ntant purposes of its foundation.\\nAt the meeting at Columbus in February, 1874, similar res-\\nolutions were adopted. These declare that our thrift and\\nwell-being require that the farming and material interests\\nshould have a State Agricultural Department established.\\nThe Georgia State Grange, at its session in Macon, in the\\nwinter of 1873, passed similar resolutions.\\nHis Excellency J. M. Smith, the present Governor of Geor-\\ngia, in his annual message to the Legislature, January, 1874,\\nstrongly recommended the establishment of a Department of\\nAgriculture for the State. He said\\nMen now distrust analyses and experiments which are\\ngiven to the world on unofficial endorsement. Could the in-\\nformation, so much needed in the every-day operations of field\\nand shop, be sent forth from such a department, it\\nwould carry with it a weight and sanction rendering it accept-\\nable to the public. Here could be gathered from every source", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 211\\ntlie most advanced ideas and metliods affecting the great inter-\\nests committed to this Department.\\nThe result was the passage of a bill, approved February\\n28th, 874, to establish a Department of Agriculture for the\\nState of Georgia.\\nThis Act requii-ed the Department to be under the control\\nand management of one officer, Avho shall be known as the\\nCommissioner of Agriculture, to be appointed by the Gov-\\nernor, with the advice and consent of the Senate, and appro-\\npriated $10,000 per annum to pay necessary employes and ex-\\npenses and carry on the work of the Department.\\nThe creating Act prescribed the following as the duties of\\nthe Commissioner\\nSec. IV. That tlie duties of said Commissioner sliall be\\n1. He shall prepare, under his own direction, a hand-book describing\\nthe geological formation of the various counties of thi s State, with infor-\\nmation as to the general adaptation of the soil of said counties for the vari-\\nous products of the temperate zone, and for the purpose of giving a more\\ngeneral and careful estimate of the capacity and character of the soil of\\nthe counties of this State to obtain a correct analysis of the same, he\\nshall be furnished by the Executive of this State, from the State Treas-\\nury, -with a sum of not more than one thousand ($1,000) dollars, with\\nAvhich to furnish a sufficient chemical apparatus to use in connection with\\nsaid office, for the purpose of analyzing the soils and minerals of this\\nState, as he may deem of importance. Information upon the above sub-\\njects, and others of interest to those who till the soil of this State, shall be\\ngiven in circular or pamphlet form, to the Ordinaries and to the Agricul-\\ntural Associations of the vai-ious counties in this State, for distribution\\nat such times as the Commissioner may be prepared to do so.\\n2. Said Commissioner shall provide for the proper and careful distribu-\\ntion of any seeds that the Government of the United States may desire\\nto introduce into the State of Georgia, and shall make arrangements for\\nthe importation of seeds that he may deem of value to this State, and for\\nthe proper, careful, and judicious distribution of the same also, for the\\nexchange of seeds with foreign countries or adjoining States, for seed\\nfrom this State and their distribution in a proper manner shall be en-\\ntirely under his supervision and control.\\n3. Said Commissioner shall have imder his especial charge the study of\\nthe various insects that are injurious to the crops, plants, and fruits of\\nthis State, their habits and propagation and he shall, a;t various times,\\nas he may deem proper, issue circulars for distribution as aforesaid in\\nthis State, as to the proper mode for their destruction, and any informa-\\ntion upon said subject that he may deem of interest to the planters,\\nfarmers, and horticulturists of this State.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "212 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\n4. Said Commissioner sliall examine into any question tliat may be of\\ninterest to tlie horticulturists and fruit-growers of this State, and in all\\nendeavors that he may deem proper toward encouraging these impor-\\ntant industries.\\n5. Said Commissioner shall have under his especial charge the diseases\\nof the grain, fruit, and other crops of this State, and he shall, at various\\ntimes, report upon any remedy for said diseases, or any useful informa-\\ntion upon said subject, and he sliall employ, in a manner that he may\\ndeem fit, a chemist to assist him in his researches, and a geologist to\\nassist him in preparing a geological survey of the State, and other\\nbusiness that he may deem of importance to advance the purpose for\\nwhich this Department is created.\\n6. Said Commissioner shall have under his especial charge the analy-\\nsis of fertilizers. A fair sample of all fertilizers sold in this State shall\\nbe first submitted to said Commissioner, and the same shall be thor-\\noughly tested by him, and if any brand of fertilizers so tested by said\\nCommissioner is pronounced of no practical value, the sale of the same\\nshall be prohibited in this State and any person violating the provisions\\nof this Act, or selling any fertilizer in this State without first submitting\\na fair sample of the same to said Commissioner, under rules to be\\nprescribed by him, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be liable\\nto be prosecuted and punished for the same, as is now provided in para-\\ngraph 4,310 of the Code of Georgia as last revised.\\n7. Said Commissioner shall report, as is hereinbefore set forth, upon\\nany matter of interest in connection with the dairy that he may deem of\\ninterest to the people of this State.\\n8. It shall be the especial duty of said Commissioner to investigate\\nand report, as is hereinbefore set forth, upon the culture of wool, the\\nutility and profits of sheep-raising, and all the information upon this im-\\nportant subject that he may deem of interest to the people of this State.\\n9. Said Commissioner shall investigate the subject of irrigation, and\\nwhat portion of this State can be most benefited thereby, and all infor-\\nmation upon this subject that he may deem important to the people of\\nthis State.\\n10. Said Commissioner shall give attention to the subject of fencing,\\nand shall report at such times as he may deem proper upon said subject,\\nas is hereinbefore set forth.\\n11. Said Commissioner may report, in the manner as is hereinbefore\\nset forth, upon any matter or subject that he may deem of interest to the\\nagriculture of this State.\\nThe Department was established in September, 1874, the\\nGovernor appointing Dr. Thomas P. Janes, of Greene County,\\nthe Commissioner, a practical and successful farmer who never\\nbefore held any office, and who at once entered upon the dis-\\ncharge of his duties.\\nThus the State of Georgia was the first in the Union to", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. 213\\nestablish a State Department of Agriculture as a branch of the\\nState Government, and with a salaried State House officer at\\nits head, having prescribed duties requiring continual services.\\nAlready (in two years) much good has been accomplished.\\nDuring the crop seasons of 1875 and 1876, circulars, showing\\nthe condition of the crops and seasons in nearly every county\\nin the State, have been published, which are much sought for,\\nand are partly or wholly published by most of the papers in\\nthe State.\\nA large amount of valuable information upon labor and\\nvarious features of farm economy, stock-raising, the cultiva-\\ntion of the grasses, forage, and other crops, upon which the\\nfarmers of Georgia have not hitherto been generally well in-\\nformed, is gathered up by the Department and published,\\nwhich has made a decided impression upon the farming in-\\nterests of the State. It has compiled and published a small\\nManual of Sheep-Husbandry in Georgia, which has largely\\ninfluenced numbers of persons in the State to embark in the\\nbusiness many of them quite extensively. It is preparing\\nsimilar Manuals on Hog-raising and Cattle-raising in Georgia,\\nwhich will be followed by Manuals on other subjects affecting\\nAgricultural and Home Interests.\\nThe most important demonstrated results for good have been\\nshown in the supervision which the Department has exercised\\nover the insiDection, analysis, and sale of commercial fertilizers\\nin the State. Before it was established, there was a law requir-\\ning the inspection and analysis of fertilizers, but there was no\\none officer designated to prescribe uniform rules and enforce\\nthe law, which was not only defective, but was thus inefficiently\\nexecuted hence our farmers were much imposed upon by the\\nsale of spurious or worthless compounds, of whose value they\\nwere wholly unable to form any correct estimate.\\nThe Commissioner, at the end of the first season after the\\nDepartment was established, published the Analysis, Price,\\nand actual Commercial Value, of every fertilizer sold in the\\nState. This was in June, 1875. It made a decided impres-\\nsion. Every person was able to see these facts concerning\\nevery fertilizer sold in Georgia put in print, side by side, for\\ncomparison.\\nThe Commissioner also required 600 lbs. of each brand", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "214 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nsold, to be jDlaced in the hands of experienced and careful\\nfarmers in different sections of the State, to be subjected to a\\ncareful soil test.\\nIn January, 1876, early in the fertilizer season, the Analyses\\nand Prices with Commercial Values of the fertilizers then on\\nsale were published, and to this was annexed the result of the\\nexperiments or practical soil tests made the season before and\\nin June following, the Analyses, Prices, etc., of the whole sea-\\nson were published.\\nFrom these publications, the farmers of Georgia have the\\nmeans of ascertaining the agricultural value of any brand of\\nfertilizer offered for sale and the enforcement of the Inspec-\\ntion Laws has been such that no poor article of fertilizer can\\ngo to sale in the State. No farmer can buy a worthless fer-\\ntilizer in Georgia, for it will not be admitted to sale.\\nThis supervision has, in one single season, saved to the\\nfarmers of Georgia in actual cash not less than $1,500,000, as\\ndemonstrated by the increased actual value of the fertilizers\\nsold over those of the preceding year, and the decreased price\\nat which they were sold also, the more intelligent and judi-\\ncious purchase of commercial fertilizers, and a more scientific\\nand economical use of home manures all resulting fi om this\\nsupervision. This saving amounts to |1.27 per annum for\\nevery individual in Georgia while the entire expense to the\\nState of the Department is only one cent and one sixth of a\\ncent per annum to each individual.\\nSTATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.\\nGovernor William Schley, in his Annual Message to the Leg-\\nislature, November 8th, 1836, strongly urged the Legislature\\nto provide for a Geological Survey of the State. After giving\\nreasons why it should be done, he said I suggest the pro-\\npriety of employing a competent geologist to make a thorough\\nsurvey of the State, with a view to the ascertainment of its\\nmineral and agricultural resources, and the proper location of\\nworks of internal improvement.\\nIn compliance with this recommendation, the Legislature\\nadopted a resolution authorizing the Governor to employ a\\nsuitable and well-qualified person to undertake the work of a", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 215\\ncareful and scientific survey of all the Counties in Georgia,\\nand appropriated $10,000 to carry it on.\\nOn January 6th, 1837, the Governor appointed Dr. John\\nR. Cotting State Geologist. On December 11th, 1840, the\\nLegislature abolished the office, Avliich discontinued the survey.\\nThis disappointment to the public to secure the expected\\nbenefits operated greatly against the success of future efforts\\nto put a State Geologist into the field.\\nThe State Agricultui al Society, which has been prominent\\nin leading off in favor of important measures affecting our\\ngreat interests, sev^eral times ui ged this matter upon the atten-\\ntion of the Legislature. In November, 1851, at the great Fair\\nheld that year in Macon, a committee, consisting of Dr. W. C.\\nDaniell, Benjamin E. Stiles, and James M. Davison, was ap-\\npointed to memorialize the Legislature for an appropriation\\nfor a Geological Survey of the State. It showed great research\\nand acquaintance with the advanced sciences of the day, pre-\\nsented the advantages of such a survey, and was a strong doc-\\nument, but was ineffectual.\\nThe Convention at its session at Griffin, in August, 1872,\\nresolved, as the sense of this Convention, that the Legisla-\\nture should provide for a Geological Survey of the State and\\nthe Convention at Augusta in 18 73, resolved, that it is the sense\\nof this Convention, that the present General Assembly of the\\nState of Georgia ought to pass the Bill now pending before it\\ncreating the office of State Geologist. The Bill did not pass\\nat that session, but at the session of 1874 an Act was passed\\n(approved February 27th) creating the office of State Geologist\\nof the State of Georgia, authorizing the Governor to nomi-\\nnate a competent person to this office to be confirmed by the\\nSenate. The Act requires the State Geologist to make a\\ncareful and complete geological, mineralogical, and physical\\nsurvey of the State to enter upon records to be kept for that\\npurpose in his office, an accurate statement of the locality and\\nextent of all water-powers, woods, roads, springs, and water-\\ncourses, and the climate and the general physical character of\\nthe country to collect, analyze, and classify specimens of\\nminerals, plants, and soils, and enter the same of record to\\ncause to be preserved in a museum, specimens illustrating the\\ngeology, mineralogy, soils, plants, valuable woods, and what-", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "216 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\never else may be discovered in Georgia of scientific or econom-\\nical value.\\nIn compliance with this Act, His Excellency Gov. James M.\\nSmith appointed Dr. George Little, Professor of Mineralogy\\nand Geology in the State University of Mississippi, who\\norganized the Department in Sej^tember, 1874, and is still\\nprosecuting this highly important work. The appropriation\\nfor it is $10,000 per annum.\\nGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.\\nThis Society was chartered on July 14th, 1876, and organized\\non August 16th following, on a solid basis of stock subscribed,\\nand with a membership of many of the most active and intelli-\\ngent Horticulturists in the State.\\nIts officers are a President, a Vice-President for each Con-\\ngressional District, a Secretary, and a Treasurer. The Presi-\\ndent, Secretary, Treasurer, and half the Vice-Presidents are\\nelected annually.\\nIts membership consists of stockholders and annual mem-\\nbers. The shares are $10 each, 10 per cent of which is paid\\nin at present. Authorized stock, $10,000, with a margin of\\nextension of $50,000.\\nStockholders have exclusive control of all questions of\\nfinance.\\nAnnual members pay an annual fee of $2.00 each, and have\\nfull pi-ivileges of membership except in matters relating to\\nfinance.\\nThe meetings of the Society may be annual or semi-annual\\nat the option of the Society. At present, it holds an annual\\nconvention and exhibition during the first week in August.\\nThe office of the Society, under the charter, may be either\\nat Atlanta, Macon, or Augusta, or at either of them alter-\\nnately,\\nP. J. Berkmans, of Augusta, is President J. S. Newman,\\nAtlanta, Secretary and H. J. Peter, Macon, Treasurer.\\nThis organization represents a very important interest,\\nwhich needs only proper direction to be developed into a\\nCommercial and Domestic importance of no mean consider-\\nation.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "NEWSPAPERS. 217\\nNEWSPAPERS IN GEORGIA.\\nThere are 9 daily, 91 weekly, and 4 monthly newspapers\\nand periodicals in Georgia, having an aggregate circulation of\\nabout 150,000 copies, classified as follows\\nDaily.- 9, News and Political aggregate circulation,\\n35,900. (This includes the daily, tri- weekly, and weekly edi-\\ntions of these papers and these weeklies are not counted\\nwith the other weeklies of the State.)\\nWeekly. 84, News and Political aggregate circulation,\\n74,500.\\nWeehly. 4, Religious aggregate circulation, 19,500.\\nWeekly. 2, Literary aggregate circulation, 11,500.\\nWeekly. 1, Agricultural aggregate circulation, 4,500.\\nMonthly. 2, Medical aggregate circulation, 1,550.\\nMonthly. 2, Agricultural aggregate circulation, 2,850.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "III. THE PRODUCTIONS.\\nThe third and last great division of our subject is Peoduc-\\nTiojsr.\\nWe have treated of the Couisttry and the People it\\nremains to treat of the results of the labor of the People\\napplied to the Country.\\nThis takes two forms viz., wealth, or the accumulation of\\npast Production, and current or annual Production. Both are\\nthe results of Man s work applied to Nature.\\nPrevious to 1861, Georgia compared very favorably with\\nthe other States of the Union in wealth, ranking 6th in\\n1850 and 8th in 1860.\\nThe results of the war, however, destroyed the accumula-\\ntions of half a century, reducing the aggregate wealth of the\\npeople of the State from $672,322,777 in 1860 to $191,235,520\\nin 1868. It would therefore be unjust to compare the wealth\\nof Georgia now with that of States Avhich did not suffer similar\\nlosses as the result of the war neither would it be just to\\ncompare the wealth of Georgia before the war with her wealth\\nsince, without giving due consideration to the true cause of the\\nreduction shown by the statistical reports since that time.\\nThe only just terms of comparison, therefore, between\\nGeorgia and one of the Northern States, is the progress made\\nduring a given period since the close of the war. Even in\\nthis comjDarison, due allowance must be made for the dis-\\norganization of the entire labor system, the radical and abrupt\\nchange in the relations of labor and capital, and the difficulties\\nattending the readjustment of those elements of production in\\nthe face of external interference with the functions of State", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "PRODUCTIONS THEIR VARIETY. 219\\nGovernment, as well as the social and business relations of\\nlabor and capital.\\nNotwithstanding all these difficulties, Georgia compares\\nvery favorably with the most prosperous of her Northern\\nsisters, in the percentage of increase of wealth for the 7 years\\nending with 1875.\\nDuring that period, the wealth of Georgia increased 52 per\\ncent, while that of Ohio increased only 39 per cent. While\\nGeorgia is poor compared with States not injuriously affected\\nby the war, she has taken the lead of those which suffered\\nserious loss by the destruction or depreciation of values, and\\nis contesting closely the ratio of progress with the most pros-\\nperous.\\nPerhaps the best evidence of what may be done under any\\ngiven set of circumstances, is what has already been done. It\\nis proposed, therefore, to give well-authenticated facts in the\\nhistory of Georgia production, rather than mere speculative\\nstatements of what may be done. The mere opinion of any\\none man or set of men may be controverted by the opinion\\nof others who are cognizant of the same facts but when facts\\nestablished by affidavit of disinterested parties are presented,\\nthe reader is supplied with the highest possible evidence,\\nexcept his own j)ersonal observation. Results thus established\\nwill be hereafter introduced.\\nVARIETY OF PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL AJSTD HORTICULTURAL.\\nThere is no single State in the Union with such variety of\\nclimate and production as Georgia possesses. There is nothing\\ngrown in any of the States except Florida which can not be\\nprofitably grown in Georgia. A few tropical fruits grow in\\nSouthern Florida which can not be raised in Georgia.\\nThe following products grow successfully in the State viz.\\nCerecds. Corn, Wheat, Oats, Rye, Barley, and Rice all\\nthe cereals are grown on a large scale except Rye and Barley,\\nwhich are grown principally for winter and early spring\\npasturage.\\nThe Textiles. Cotton, Wool, Flax, Hemp, Jute, Ramie, and\\nSilk all grow well in Georgia, but the culture of Cotton has\\nlargely overshadowed the others.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "220 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA.\\nSugar, Syrup, and Molasses are made on a considerable\\nscale in the southern part of this State from tropical Cane,\\nand Sorghum Syrup in the middle and northern sections.\\nTobacco of very fine quality is grown in any portion of the\\nState, where proper attention is given to it, but it is not\\nextensively cultivated for market, though many farms produce\\na home supply.\\nPeas and JBeans of every description are grown with little\\ndifficulty in every county in the State, and what is known as\\nthe Cow or Field Pea is a crop of great importance in all the\\nCotton-belt of the State, both as a source of forage and soil\\nfertilization.\\nThe Ground Niits Pindars, Goobers, and Chufas are\\ngrown very cheaply, yielding largely, principally to be\\ngathered by hogs.\\nHoots and Tubers of every kind grow finely, and are receiving\\nmore attention each succeeding year. Among those principally\\nraised are Sweet and Irish Potatoes, Turnips, Carrots, Pars-\\nnips, and Mangel-Wurzel.\\nAn excellent article of Tea has been grown in the south-\\neastern part of the State, and succeeds well in other portions.\\nIndigo grows wild in the lower part of the State, and was,\\nat one time, cultivated to some extent, but has been over-\\nshadowed by Cotton culture.\\nM uits. Every variety of fruit known to the temperate zone\\nsucceeds in Georgia, except the Cranberry and Sweet Cherry.\\nVegetables. Every variety of Vegetables is cultivated suc-\\ncessfully. In the larger portion of the State, fresh Vegetables\\nin great variety may be gathered from the garden throughout\\nthe winter.\\nStock. There has been but little attention to stock-raising,\\nexcept in individual instances, in consequence of the absorbing\\ninterest felt in Cotton-culture, which has left little time or\\narea for successful stock-raising. The results attained by\\nthose who have given attention to it, show that Georgia is\\nadmirably adapted to stock of every kind especially so to\\nSheep,\\nPoultry. Poultry of every kind are raised with perfect\\nsuccess the Turkey and Duck being found wild in our forests\\nand streams.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "FOREST PRODUCTS AREAS OP STAPLE CROPS. 221\\nForest Products. In the older parts of the State, much\\nof the finest forests have been destroyed to make room for\\ncultivation, but in portions of Middle and Northern Georgia,\\nthere is still an abundant supply of hard-wood lumber, suitable\\nfor manufacturing Railroad-Cars, Wagons, and Agricultural\\nImplements, besides a great variety suitable for manufacturing\\nfurniture also forests of soft yellow pine in North-west\\nGeorgia while in Southern Georgia there are millions of\\nacres of magnificent yellow-pine forests suitable for general\\nbuilding purposes, shipbuilding, etc. Within the last few\\nyears, Turpentine Plantations have been opened in these\\nforests, for the purpose of manufacturing naval stores. Large\\nquantities of timber and lumber are being annually shipped\\nfrom Brunswick and Darien, to Northern, European, and South\\nAmerican ports. In the south-eastern portion of the State,\\nthe Live Oak a valuable wood for shipbuilding abounds.\\nGrasses. There are grasses adapted to every section of the\\nState, both for pasturage and hay, surpassing in annual pro-\\nduction, under careful culture, the heaviest yield per acre, those\\nportions of the United States in which Hay is a staple crop,\\nas will be shown under the results of Improved Culture, which\\nare to follow.\\nAREAS OF PRODUCTION OP STAPLE CROPS.\\nWhile there are general outlines of the production of the\\nvarious crops, each sometimes crosses the general line under\\nfavorable circumstances of soil and altitude.\\nCorn and Oats are cultivated in every county in the State.\\nThe Wheat area proper extends from the northern border of\\nthe State to the general line of division between the Primary\\nand Tertiary, and Primary and Cretaceous formations, which\\nconforms roughly to the falls of the rivers, reaching from the\\nSavannah River above Augusta, following generally the line\\nof the Georgia Railroad to Warrenton, the Macon and Augusta\\nRailroad to Macon, thence north of the line of the South-\\nwestern Railroad to Butler, and thence to the falls of the\\nChattahoochee at Columbus. By rather a strange coincidence\\nthe area of Sugar-Cane culture extends from the southern", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "222 HAKD-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nboundary of the State to the above general limit of the Wheat\\narea, each seeming to be generally controlled by the combina-\\ntion of elevation and soil the Wheat selecting greater eleva-\\ntion and stiff er soils; the Cane the lower elevation and\\nsilicious soils each occasionally passing over the general line\\nwhen the above conditions are favorable Wheat being suc-\\ncessfully grown even to the southern boundary, in localities\\nof unusual elevation and on soils having a considerable admix-\\nture of clay, or with a clay subsoil. Sorghum covers the\\nsame general area as Wheat, but encroaches more uniformly\\nupon the Cane area than does Wheat.\\nThe area of iipland Cotton culture proper, reaches from a\\nline on the North, extending from the Savannah River through\\nAthens and Atlanta to the Alabama line, to the Florida luie\\non the South, and to the head of tide-water on the South-east.\\nThis area has been practically extended 50 miles further\\nNorth, by the use of stimulating fertilizers.\\nThe most productive part of the Cotton area is Middle\\nGeorgia proper and South-west Georgia.\\nThe area of Sea Island or long staple Cotton proper, extends\\nfrom the head of tide-water to the ocean, and includes the\\nIslands, being the same as that of lowland Rice. The latter\\nhas been very successfully cultivated, however, as far into the\\ninterior as Pike County, more than 100 miles from the\\nocean, under favorable circumstances of alluvial soil suscep-\\ntible of irrigation, from Avhich it appears that the essential\\nconditions of its successful growth are rather alluvial soil and\\nirrigation, than proximity to the sea or a very low elevation.\\nUpland Rice is grown on a small scale in all the Cotton-belt\\nproper, and would be grown more extensively if the process\\nof hulling it could be rendered less tedious by the invention of\\nsome simple and cheap machine for that purpose.\\nClover grows well on any fei tile clay or clay-loam soil in\\nthe Wheat-belt proper. Lucerne succeeds well on any soil in\\nany locality in the State, if it is made rich and properly pre-\\npared.\\nThe Field Pea is grown in every section of the State, but is\\ncultivated principally in Middle and Lower Georgia as a field\\ncrop. The usual manner of its culture is between the rows of\\ncorn the peas being planted at the second working of the", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "POTATOES FKUITS. 223\\ncorn, and ploiighed once, when the coi-n is cultivated the last\\ntime. The peas usually make but little growth until the corn\\nhas nearly reached maturity, when they take possession of the\\nsoil and make a very rapid growth. It is a very cheap and\\nvaluable crop, being valuable as food for man and beast, as\\nwell as a fertilizer of the soil nearly equal in value, as such,\\nto Clover or Lucerne,\\nSweet Potatoes are grown in nearly every county in the\\nState (a small portion of North-east Georgia being the excep-\\ntion), and Tai-nips in all parts the former succeeding best on\\nsandy soil, the latter on rich sandy loam.\\nThe Irish Potato produces well in every section of the\\nState, but the first crop matures too early in Middle and\\nLower Georgia to be easily preserved through the following-\\nwinter. A second crop may be raised in these sections by\\nplanting the product of the Spring crop in July or August,\\nand projjerly mulching them to retain suflScient moisture to\\ncause them to germinate. The second crop, from reproduction,\\nis, in favorable seasons, often as good as the first, and keeps\\nwell through the winter. The mountain region of North\\nGeorgia is the best adajited to the production of the Irish\\nPotato for market, since, at that elevation, the crop does not\\nmature so early that it may not be easily kept through the\\nwinter. They are profitably cultivated on the coast for an\\nearly supply of Northern markets.\\nFeuits. The Apple succeeds well in every portion of the\\nState where there is an elevation of 400 or 500 feet, and a clay\\nsoil or subsoil, both of which are generally found combined in\\nUpper-Middle and Northern Georgia. The trees do not attain\\nsuch size in LoAver-Middle and South-west Georgia as in the\\nMountain regions, nor do they live so long but the coloring\\nand flavor of the fruit in the Cotton-belt are superior to that\\ngrown in the more elevated regions of the northern part of the\\nState. Near the coast and in many other parts of Southern\\nGeorgia, the soil is too sandy and the elevation insufficient\\nto sustain healthy trees.\\nThe Pear grows well in every section of the State where\\nproper attention is given to the preparation and fertilization of\\nthe soil the only difficulty being in the prevalence of the\\nblight of the trees. Thomas County, Ga., has, thus far,", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "224 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nalmost escaped this scourge. With the exception of a few\\nlocalities, its culture is confined to Northern and Middle\\nGeorgia, The latter section, though producing smaller trees,\\nfar surpasses the former in quality of fruit.\\nOne reason for the short Duration of the Life of Apple and\\nPear Trees in Middle and Southern Georgia, is found in the\\nfact, that owing to the long growing season the trees make\\na second growth in August and September, in which the\\ntendency is more to the production of fruit-buds than wood-\\nbuds the Spring growth being devoted mainly, in a thrifty\\ntree, to the production of wood-buds for the next year s\\ngrowth. This being the case, trees not unfrequently produce\\ncrops of fruit annually for 10 years in Middle and Southern\\nGeorgia, while biennial production is the rule farther North.\\nThe annual fruitage produces an unusual drain upon the vital\\npower of the tree, which requires extraordinary fertilization.\\nThe necessity of this has not been recognized generally by\\nfruit-growers, and the necessary food has not been supplied.\\nTrees grown in proximity to dwellings or horse-lots, where\\nthey receive an accidental supply of manure, are found to\\npossess unusual longevity.\\nMiddle Georgia and the elevated plateaus of the South-\\nwestern portion of the State seem to be the home of the\\nPeach, which fact needs only to be sufficiently appreciated by\\nthe people of those sections to induce them to embark in its\\nculture on a large scale, to make it a prominent source of\\nrevenue. Some parties who have cultivated on a siifficient\\nscale to ship by the car-load, have found it a lucrative business.\\nBy cultivating the early varieties, we have a monopoly of the\\nmarkets of the Northern cities for a month, while prices are\\nranging highest. The same may be said of Pears, Our whole\\ncrop of Bartlett and Duchess Pears could be sold in New York\\nbefore those of Virginia even, are ripe.\\nGrapes grow well in every section of the State, and in suffi-\\ncient variety for every purpose, though but little attention\\nhas thus far been paid to wine-making. The Scuppernong is\\npeculiarly adapted to Middle and Southern Georgia, seldom\\nfailing to produce a good crop, never killed by frost, and\\nentirely free from all disease and insect pests. All that it\\nneeds is room enough in which to spread itself,", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "FRUITS MELONS RESULTS OF HIGH CULTURE. 225\\nMgs and Pomegranates grow admirably in Middle and\\nSouthern Georgia, needing no protection in winter except in\\nthe upper part of the middle belt.\\nThe Olive succeeds well on the coast, and was formerly-\\ncultivated, but is now quite abandoned.\\nThe Pecan and English Walnut succeed well, and are being\\nplanted to some extent.\\nRaspberries, Strawberries, Mulberries, Cherries, and Plums\\nare grown in profusion in every part of the State.\\nThe semi-tropical fruits Oranges, Lemons, and Banaiias\\nare successfully grown in the southern and coast tiers of\\nCounties.\\nThe Watermelons and Cantaloupes of portions of Middle\\nGeorgia are quite celebrated for their quality, and are becom-\\ning a source of considerable revenue. Within a few years, the\\nWatermelon crop of Richmond County has grown to consid-\\nerable commercial importance. In 1874, 316,450 Melons were\\nsold in or shipped from Augusta. The soil of Richmond and\\nseveral adjoining counties seems to be j)eculiarly adapted, to\\nthe production of Watermelons and Cantaloupes though\\nthey grow to great perfection on sandy soils, in many parts of\\nthe State.\\nIn Thomas County may be seen, in addition to all the agri-\\ncultural productions of the temperate and semi-tropical zones,\\nthe Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Pomegranate, Fig, Quince,\\nCherry, Grape, Raspberry, Blackberry, Strawberry, Mulberry,\\nOrange, Lemon, and Banana all growing within the same\\norchard. There are few countries thus favored by such a\\ncombination of soil and climate.\\nIn less than a score of years, the fruit crop of Georgia will\\nbe second only to Cotton in commercial importance, if proper\\nattention is given in aid of natural advantages.\\nRESULTS, SHOWING THE CAPACITY OF GEORGIA SOIL UNDER\\nIMPROVED CULTURE.\\nIn order to illustrate the capacity of the soil of Georgia under\\nproper preparation and fertilization, such as is given in the\\nmore densely settled portions of the world, a few results are\\ntaken from the Transactions of the State and County Fairs", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "226 HAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA.\\nduring the last few years all on affidavit of disinterested\\njDarties.\\nIn 1873, Mr. E,. H. Hardaway in Thomas County, produced\\non upland, 119 hushels of Corn on 1 acre, which yielded a\\nnet profit of $77.17.\\nThis year (1876), Mr. G. J. Drake, of Spalding County, pro-\\nduced 74 bushels of Corn on 1 acre of upland.\\nIn 1873, Mr. S. W. Leak, of Spalding County, produced on\\n1 acre, 40^ bushels of Wheat, worth 180.50; cost, $14.50\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nnet profit, $66.00.\\nTo illustrate the fertilizing effects of a Bermuda Grass sod\\nof long standing, the following results obtained by CoL A. J.\\nLane in Hancock County are given.\\nThe first year after the Bermuda sod was broken, he\\nharvested 1,800 lbs. of Seed-cotton per acre the second year\\n2,800 lbs. per acre. The third crop was Corn, manured with\\nCotton-seed in the usual way and quantity yield, 65 bushels\\nper acre. The fourth year he harvested 42 bushels of Wheat\\nper acre. Neither the Cotton nor Wheat was fertilized.\\nMr. J. F. Madden, this year (1876), produced on 1 acre, in\\nSpalding County, 137 bushels of Oats.\\nCapt. E. T. Davis, of Thomas County, produced in 1873, 96|\\nbushels of rust-proof Oats per acre. After the Oats were har-\\nvested, he planted the same land in cotton, and gathered 800\\nlbs. Seed-cotton per acre.\\nMr. T. C. Warthen, of Washington County, produced in\\n1873, on 1.1125 acres, 6,917 pounds of Seed-cotton, equivalent\\nto 5 bales of 461 pounds each, worth at the average price\\nthat year 17^ cents $403.37 which, less the cost $148.58-\\ngives a net profit of $254.79 for the above area a very small\\nfraction over one acre.\\nMr. R. M. Brooks, of Pike County, produced in 1873, on 5\\nacres of bottom-land, 500 bushels of Rice, at a total cost of\\n$75.00, giving a net income of $300.00 on 5 acres.\\nMr. John J. Parker, of Thomas County, produced in 1874, on\\n1 acre, 694^ gallons of Cane Syrup, worth, at 75 cents per\\ngallon, $520.87; total cost of production, $77.50 net profit,\\n$443.37.\\nMr. J. R. Winters, of Cobb County, j^ i oduced in 1873, on", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "RESULTS OF IMPEOVED FARMING. 227\\n1.15 acres, 6,575 pounds of dry Clover Hay at the first cutting\\nof second year s crop.\\nMr. R. B. Baxter, of Hancock County, harvested at the first\\ncutting, first year s crop, 1872, from land which had been\\ncovered with a complete sod of Bermuda Grass for many years\\nuntil a few years before seeding to clover, 4,862 pounds dry\\nClover Hay j)er acre.\\nDr. T. P. Janes, of Greene County, produced in 1871, 5 tons\\nof Clover Hay per acre in one season two cuttings.\\nMr. Patrick Long, of Bibb County, harvested in August,\\n1873, on an acre of land from which he had gathered a crop\\nof Cabbages in June of the same year, 8,646 jDOunds of native\\nCrab-grass Hay.\\nMr. S. W. Leak, of Spalding County, gathered, in the fall of\\n1873, on an acre of land from which he had harvested in June\\n40 bushels of Wheat, 10,726 pounds of Pea- Vine Hay. This\\nacre yielded in Wheat a net profit of $66.00 in June, and the\\nfollowing fall in Pea-Vine Hay, 1233.08 makmg in one year\\na net profit from 1 acre of $299.08.\\nMr. L. B. Willis, of Greene County, harvested, in June, 1873,\\nfrom 1^ acres of land, 20 bushels of Wheat, and the following\\nOctober, 27,130 pounds of Corn-Forage. From the Forage\\nhe received a net profit per acre of $159.22.\\nMr. R. Peters, Jr., of Gordon County, harvested in 1874,\\nfrom 3 acres of Lucerne, 4 years old, 14 tons and 200 pounds\\nof Hay, or 9,400 pounds per acre. This land was mowed 4\\ntimes A^iz., May 1 7th, July 6th, August 3d, and September 30th.\\nDr. W. Moody, of Greene County, harvested at one cutting,\\nfrom an acre of Oconee River bottom in 1874, 13,953 pounds\\nof Bermuda Grass Hay, at a total cost of $12.87; worth, at l-J-\\ncents j)er poimd, $209.29 a net profit per acre of $196.42.\\nCapt. C. W. Howard produced on Lookout Mountain,\\nWalker County, in 1874, on fresh land which cost him 25\\ncents per acre, 108|- bushels of very fine Lish Potatoes, with\\none hoeiagand one ploughing, the whole cost of production per\\nacre being $11.25 net proceeds of 108^ bushels sold in\\nAtlanta for $97.25. While, this was not a large yield under\\nfavorable circumstances, it was a very fine yield for freshly\\ncleared, unmanured land, and the expense incurred in their\\nproduction, and illustrates the feasibility of Northern Georgia", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "228 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\n(a large portion of which equals Lake County, Ohio, for the\\nproduction of the Irish Potato, without the risks of the\\nnorthern section) producing potatoes enough to supply all of\\nour markets during the winter. The mountains and valleys\\nof ivTorthern Georgia are admirably adapted to the production of\\nIrish Potatoes and Cabbages, with which our cities have\\ngenerally been supplied from States north of us.\\nMr. John Dyer, of Bibb County, produced in 1873, on 1\\nacre, at a cost of $8.00, 398.7 bushels of Sweet Potatoes,\\nwhich, at 75 cents per bushel, gave a net profit per acre of\\n$290.92.\\nDr. J. S. Lavender, of Pike County, in 1873, produced on\\n1 acre 1,552 bushels of turnips.\\nThe following illustrates what may be made by diversified\\nfarming properly conducted.\\nAt the Fair of the Georgia State Agricultural Society in\\n1874, a premium of $50.00 was awarded to Mr. Wiley W.\\nGroover, of Brooks County, for best results from a 2-horse\\nfarm. His farm consisted of 126^ acres, on which crops to\\nthe value of $3,258.25 were produced that year. Total cost of\\nproduction, $1,045.00 net proceeds, $2,213.25. No guano\\nor other commercial fertilizers were used on this farm that\\nyear, or for 5 years preceding. The crops cultivated were\\nOats, Corn, Peas, Ground Peas, Sweet Potatoes, Sugai--Cane,\\nand Cotton. The stock reared on the farm that year were\\nnot included in the schedule of products.\\nWhile the foregoing are exceptional cases, far exceeding\\nthe usual results, they serve to illustrate the capacity of\\nGeorgia soil when fertilized and properly cultivated, with\\nbrains applied under the guidance of Science.\\nAgriculture was formerly regarded as a mere Art empiric\\nin all its branches. Now, it is generally recognized in Georgia\\nas an Applied Science. The old prejudice against book-\\nfarming, as that to which science has been applied is called,\\nis rapidly giving way to enlightened progress. The truths\\neliminated by scientific research are now eagerly appropriated\\nby the advanced Agriculturists. Our agriculture is on the\\nascending scale, and the time is not far distant when such\\nresults as those given will be common occurrences.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "EAISING HOESES, MULES, AND CVTTLE. 229\\nSTOCK-EAISING IN GEOEGIA\\nThe same obstacle which has been in the way of every other\\ndiversified interest in Georgia viz., Cotton culture has\\nseriously militated against the bestowal of proper attention\\nupon raising Stock. It is true Stock has been, all things\\nconsidered, successfully raised in every section of Georgia\\nnot because proper attention has been bestowed upon them,\\nbut because the climate and vegetation have so favored their\\ngrowth as to make them profitable in spite of gross neglect.\\nThe results given under the head of Improved Culture,\\ndemonstrate the fact that in all sections of the State abundant\\nforage crops can be raised for every description of Stock.\\nHoESES AND Mules. The results of inquiry made of the\\nfarmers in 1875, demonstrate the fact that horses and mules\\ncan be raised in Georgia at half what they cost when purchased\\nfrom the West. Not only this, but those raised in Georgia\\nare notoriously more hardy and serviceable than those bred\\nfurther North.\\nBut little attention has been given to breeding horses and\\nmules, because of the absorbing influence of Cotton culture,\\nwhich prevented attention to pasture-lands indeed, Georgia,\\nwith the exception of the Northern portion, has always been\\nessentially a planting region. The difficulties of the labor\\nproblem are now compelling land-owners to look to Stock as\\na solution to this knotty question, since less hired labor is\\nrequii-ed, and consequently less expense and vexation attend\\nit than planting.\\nCattle. ^There has been but little attention given to the\\nimprovement of the breed of Cattle in the State, and insuffi-\\ncient care given even to the common Stock. The whole available\\nforce of the larger portion of the State has been engaged in\\nthe destruction of grass for the last century, and yet it still\\ngrows. One tithe of the effort that has been bestowed upon\\nthe destruction of grass would clothe our fields with such a\\ncarpet of verdure as would render Georgia the finest Stock\\nregion on the globe.\\nThe very large breeds of Cattle are not adapted to the\\nMiddle and Southern portions of Georgia, but the smaller", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "230 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nbreeds Jersey, Ayrshire, and Devon are admirably adapted\\nto all sections of the State. The cross of the Shorthorn on\\nthe native Stock does well, where suiRcient pasturage is\\nafforded but the above breeds all succeed well, either pure\\nor as grades resulting from their cross upon the native.\\nIn much the larger portion of the State, Cattle may subsist\\nupon green food throughout the year. In many sections there\\nare cane swamps which afford excellent natural pasture all\\nwinter. Small grain sown early in the fall affords abundant\\npasturage through the winter, and is not materially injui ed by\\nbeing grazed during moderately dry weather. Oats, Rye, and\\nBarley, may be thus pastured, if sown in August or Septem-\\nber, and yet produce abundant harvests the following summer.\\nThey may be pastured until the middle of February or jEirst\\nof March, according to the latitude and elevation. The\\nheaviest crops of Oats that have been made have generally\\nsucceeded winter grazing. Any farm, by proper management,\\nmay afford green pasturage for Stock during the larger por-\\ntion of winter.\\nBesides the pasturage which small grain crops afford, there is\\nno difficulty in securing abundant crops of cultivated or\\nnatural grass for hay or pastui e. The Field Pea, which grows\\nso luxuriantly on all of the sandy soils of the Primary, Creta-\\nceous, and Tertiary formations, supplies the place of Clover\\nwhich thrives on the more elevated clay and clay loams of\\nMiddle and Northern Georgia.\\nThe most valuable and reliable grass, and one which is\\ndestined to aid largely in revolutionizing the system of agri-\\nculture in the Cotton-belt of Georgia, as well as to renovate\\nthe worn hills, is the Bermuda perhaps the most valuable\\npasture grass in the world, surpassing, in nutritive properties\\nand compactness of sod, the famous Blue Grass of Kentucky,\\nhaving, according to the analysis of Dr. Ravenel, 14 per\\ncent of the albuminoids. A Bermuda Grass sod, properly\\nmanaged, will afford excellent pasture for Cattle for 9 months\\nand for sheep the entire year. There will be but little demand\\nfor dry forage in Middle and Lower Georgia such is the\\nmildness of the climate and the character of the spontaneous\\ngrowth but there is no difficitlty in siipplying excellent dry\\nforage in any desired quantity and at very small cost.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "SHEEP-EAISING. 231\\nLucerne, being perennial, is perhaps the most economical\\nfor green soiling or for hay, since it can be cut so early in the\\nspring, and so frequently, and ranks so high in nutrition and\\nin soil improvement; but Corn forage, the various Millets,\\nClover, native Grasses, and Pea- Vine Hay, as well as Ber-\\nmuda Grass Hay, can all be saved, of excellent quality and in\\nlarge qiiantity, for winter use, when necessary.\\nCotton-seed, steamed or boiled, and mixed with cut hay and\\nturnips, affords a cheap and excellent food for milch cows.\\nThere is no market, as yet, for milk, except for that pro-\\nduced in the vicinity of cities but the manufacture of butter\\nis very profitable to the extent of supjjlying the demand of\\nnon-producers in the State. What is known as Wiregrass\\naffords fine spring jsasture in the pine forests of Southern\\nGeorgia, where the largest herds of cattle and sheep are kept,\\nlittle more care being taken than to gather them up once a\\nyear for marking.\\nSheep. There are few sections of the world in which Sheep\\ncan be raised more profitably than in Georgia. When the\\nvalue of Bermuda Grass is appreciated by the farmers, and the\\nthin and rolling portions of their farms are clothed with it\\nwhich seems to have been intended especially for Sheep\\nGeorgia will sustain a sheep for every acre of territory; and\\n37,000,000 of Sheep would be worth to their owners, in the\\naggregate, $37,000,000 net per annum nearly double the\\npresent gross value of the Cotton crop of the State.\\nLike other Stock, Sheep have, thus far, received very little\\nattention, but have been so favored by climate and vegetation\\nas to pay, even under our neglectful system, an average of 63\\nper cent per annum net profit on the investment the average\\ncost of raising a pound of wool in the State being only 6 cents*\\nand the net profit on each pound being 27-^ cents.\\nMr, David Ayres, with 3,500 Sheep, of common stock, which\\nrange on the wiregrass of Southern Georgia without a shep-\\nherd, makes an annual profit of 90 per cent on his investment\\nand labor the latter consisting only in marking and shearing.\\nMr. Robert C. Humber, with the cross of the Merino on the\\ncommon stock, makes a clear profit per annum of 100 per cent\\non his investment and labor. His Sheep have a Bermuda Grass\\npasture, and receive no attention, except regular salting.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "232 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nThe sources of pasturage mentioned under the head of\\nCattle are equally available for Sheep.\\nOnly a few experiments have been made with soiling Sheep\\non turnips. Mr. David Dickson herded his Sheep on several\\nacres of turnips, and gathered the next year 4,000 pounds of\\nSeed-cotton per acre an increase of 3,000 pounds per acre as\\nthe effect of folding.\\nThere has never been a fair experiment in sheep-raising in\\nSouthern Georgia, combining proper attention to the flOck, a\\njudicious selection and crossing, with a reasonable provision\\nfor the best development of frame and fleece. There has been\\nbut one in North Georgia. Mr. R. Peters has given stock-\\nraising generally very thorough attention with satisfactory\\nresults, both as to the stock and the incidental improvement of\\nthe soil, the capacity of which for pasturing purposes has in-\\ncreased tenfold in 20 years. Mr. P. is now breeding with most\\nsatisfactory results the pure Angora Goat, which will, when\\nproperly understood and apj)reciated, be extensively bred in\\nall the mountain and hill country of the State.\\nHogs. The peculiar adaptation of our climate and soil for\\nthe production of roots, tubers, and other crops that may be\\nharvested by the Hog, renders the raising of this important\\nfood-animal both easy and cheap. The only difficulties in the\\nway of the production of an abundant supply of Pork in Geor-\\ngia, are found in the ravages of cholera and thieves, and the in-\\ndisposition of the farmers to plant crops for the especial benefit\\nof the Hog, and to give other proper attention. The removal\\nof the last two obstacles would, to a large extent, if not\\nentirely, remove the first two. With proper attention to the\\nproduction of such crops as the Field Pea, Ground Pea, Chufa,\\nSweet Potato, and small grain, with the addition of Clover on\\nsoils suited to its growth, Pork can be raised in Georgia as\\ncheaply as in any part of the United States, and almost with-\\nout the consumption of Corn, except to harden the flesh for a\\nshort time before killing.\\nPoultry. There are no obstacles to successful Poultry-\\nraising in Georgia, except the indisposition of the people to\\ngive proper attention to food and range. With Bermuda Grass\\nfor summer and small grain pasture for winter, they can have\\nthe necessary green food throughout the year. The Field Pea", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "MANUFACTURING. 233\\nand Chufa, with a small admixture of the varieties of small\\ngrain will afford ample supply of grain, while there is, with the\\nexception of a few months, an abundant supply of animal food\\ngathered from the range in the form of bugs and worms.\\nThere has been some cholera, but this has been generally pre-\\nvented by equalizing the supply of animal and vegetable food\\nconsumed by the fowls throughout the year. This is easily\\ndone by supplying grain in spring and summer to neutralize\\nthe effects of a surplus of animal food, and meat in winter to\\nsupply its deficiency.\\nNature has liberally supplied every thing that climate and\\nsoil can contribute to successful Stock or Poultry-raising in\\nGeorgia. The difficulties to be overcome do not arise from\\nthe country^ but from the hahits of the people.\\nMANUFACTURING PRODUCTION.\\nThe various manufactui-ing interests of Georgia are yet in\\ntheir infancy, but are destined to play no insignificant part in\\nher future destiny.\\nDuring the existence of Slavery, the surplus capital and\\nannual net earnings of her people were invested in slaves and\\nland, and the whole energies of the people devoted to primary\\nproduction. The habits of the people were thus formed, and\\nthought and production directed in a peculiar channel from\\nwhich it is difficult to divert them.\\nThere has been but little surplus capital for investment\\nwithin the last decade, in consequence of the want of a proper\\nequilibrium of the jjroductive forces of the State. When this\\nequilibrium is finally adjusted, on such a basis that there will\\nbe an annual surplus capital for investment, it will naturallj^\\nseek manufacturing industry, either for converting our ex-\\nhaustless beds of ore into metals, or the metals into machinery\\nor for converting our cotton and wool into yarns or cloth.\\nThe value and extent of our mineral wealth will be demon-\\nstrated by the Geological Survey now in progress, and\\nattention drawn to the immense water-power the cheapest\\nin the world now running waste to the ocean.\\nThere are now 36 Cotton Factories in the State, with 123,-", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "234 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\n233 spindles and 2,125 looms. These mills v^consume 50,000\\nbales annually, or aboiit 10 per cent of the crop of the State.\\n(There are 14 Woollen Factories, with 4,200 spindles and 135\\nlooms.\\nNearly all these Factories Cotton and Woollen are run\\nby water-power.\\nThere are 1,375 grain-mills, of which 1,262 are run by water.\\nThere are in these 1,453 run of stones for corn, and 556 for\\nwheat.\\nThere are 734 saw-mills, of which 539 use water-power.\\nIn addition to the above, there are Wagon and Cai-riage\\nFactories, Iron Foundries and Furnaces, Potteries, Tanneries,\\nSash and Blind Factories, Turpentine Distilleries, etc.\\nThe following extracts from an address of Hon. E. Stead-\\nman, read before the Convention of the Ceorgia State Agri-\\ncultural Society which met in Gainesville in August, 1876,\\nset forth the advantages of the South for the manufacture of\\nCotton. Mr. Steadman bas had large experience in manufac-\\nturing Cotton in Georgia, and is thoroughly familiar with the\\nsubject. The general principles of these extracts apply with\\nalmost equal foi-ce to other manufactures.\\n1, We, having cotton at hand, our facto: ies can be supplied at one\\ncent less per pound than any Northern or European cotton-mill.\\n2. By manufacturing a class of goods that are adapted to our home\\nconsumption, the advantages over foreign and Northern cotton-mills, in\\nour home market, is equaL to one cent per pound on every pound of\\ncotton so manufactured and sold. The two items of purchase of cotton,\\nand sale of fabrics, at home, will give us a profit of two cents per pound\\nupon the cotton so consumed.\\nThe amount of cotton manufactured with a capital of $100,000, being-\\n2,286 pounds, on sheetings, per day, amounts to $45.73, and, per annum,\\nto $12,616, making, in this item alone, Vi,\\\\ per cent on the capital\\ninvested.\\n3. The wages paid to operatives in cotton factories in the Southern\\nStates, compared to the New England States, is 34 per cent less.\\n4. The cost of water or steam power is much less.\\n5. The cost of material for building mills and operatives houses is\\nmuch less.\\n6. The cost of subsistence is much less.\\n7. Our climate is more favorable for the business.\\n8. Cotton factories can now be constructed so as to use seed-cotton, by\\nthe use of a roller-gin (which obviates all the danger from fire incident", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "MA^TUPACTURING COTTOK. 235\\nto saw-gins), tliiis saving- over factories using bale cotton, in tlie South,\\n12| to 15 per cent, while goods thus manufactured will be more valu-\\nable.\\nI claim that cotton-mills built now, with the latest improvements in\\nmachinery (in the South), can manufacture goods at a less cost than at\\nthe North, leaving out the advantages of cotton and a home market.\\nI claim that a cotton factory can be built here, of the same capacity,\\nfor less money than in New England the cost of location and building\\nmaterial being as uuich less as will pay freight and charges on the\\nmachinery. To present my ideas practically, for your consideration, I\\nwill give an estimate for a small factory, and its operations lor one year,\\nalso the data to substantiate the results claimed by me.\\nThe sum of |100, 000 properly expended in houses, power (water or\\nsteam), and improved machinery, would put in operation 4,000 spindles\\nand 100 looms, to manufacture 4-4 sheetings. Such goods are saleable at\\nall seasons of the year, never being out of fashion, and as staple as the\\ncotton from which they are made. They are the plainest goods made by\\nmachinery, requiring less skill than many other goods, and their market\\nvalue is as well known as that of the raw material, hence all can learn\\nthe facts, as well as a practical manufacturer. Such a cotton factory\\nwould produce, per day, under proper management, 6,000 yards of 4-4\\nsheetings, now worth 7^ cents per yard, making the product of the fac-\\ntory $450 as the gross earnings per day and per annum, of 300 days,\\n$135,000.\\nThe cost of manufacturing that quantity and quality of goods (6,000\\nyards, or 2,000 pounds of standard sheetings) would be, at this time, as\\nfollows viz. 3,286 pounds of low middling cotton, worth now 9| cents\\nper pound, per day $217.17.\\nWages of 100 men, women, and children, an average of $1 per\\nday $100 00\\nSundry expenses^viz. repairs, supplies, etc 30 00\\nCost of selling the goods, worth $450, at 7^ per cent 33 75\\nTotal gross expenses $380 ^2\\nMultiplied by 300 days (per annum), we have the sum of 114,276 00\\nDeducted from the gross earnings, leaves the sum of 21,724 00\\nas the net earnings per annum, or 21f per cent on the capital invested\\nto do the above amount of work viz. $100,000.\\nThe same amount of money invested in diversified machinery, so as to\\nproduce a variety of fabrics, to suit the demands of the community where\\nlocated, would be proportionately more remunerative, froni the fact that\\nsome other fabrics, the prices of which not being so universally known,\\nwill command a larger price in market, while the cost of manufacture\\nmay not be more than that of staple cotton goods.\\nThe first proof I shall offer is the operations of the Augusta factory.\\nFrom their published reports, for the six months ending June, 1875, run-", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "236 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.\\nning 717 looms, tliey made over 20 per cent on tlie cost of their factories,\\nwhich was the sum of $838,567.39 an average of $1,169.55 per loom.\\nAnd the above profits were made after paying all expenses, including an\\nitem of interest of $11,834.04.\\nThe second fact I will give, is the action of the Eagle and Phoenix\\nManufacturing Company, of Columbus, who are building an additional\\nfactory with the accumulated profits of their factories, after paying good\\nannual dividends to their stockholders. I will take opportunity to refer\\nthe doubting and croaking, wlio claim that we can not do any thing, to\\nthe Presidents and Superintendents of the above manufacturing compa-\\nnies, as samples of what can be done by others. I will also add, that the\\nsalaries paid by these companies to their presidents and superintendents\\n(who can not be excelled in point of business capacity) are higher than\\nany railroad, banking, or other corporation in this State. After paying\\nsuch salaries, these corporations have made and paid to their stockholders\\nlarger dividends than any other corporation in this State.\\nFERTILIZATION.\\nGeorgia soil has shared the fate of that of all new countries.\\nSo long as virgin soil is abundant and cheap, no care is taken\\nto perpetuate its virgin fertility. On the contrary, the system\\nformerly pursued in the Atlantic and Gulf States, and now\\npursued in the new States of thfe West, seemed to be based\\nupon the impression that the fertility of the soil was inex-\\nhaustible.\\nThe thin soils of the Eastern States first reached the point\\nof approximate exhaustion, and there the recuperative system\\nwas first adopted. The Tobacco-fields of the Middle Atlantic\\nStates next followed, and finally the Cotton-belt, where the\\np\u00c2\u00bbincipal staple was less exhausting than the cereals and\\ntobacco of their Northern sisters.\\nThe scale has now turned in Georgia, from the exhausting\\nto the restoring process. Her farmers are now building up\\ntheir waste jDlaces by an improved system of agricultui al art,\\nguided by the light of applied science. Both natural and\\nartificial Fertilizers are now brought into requisition by the\\nprudent farmer.\\nThe reaction, however, from the exhaustive to the restora-\\ntive policy was violent, injudicious, and extravagant. Many\\nsupposing a liberal application of Commercial Fertilizers all\\nthat was necessary to restore their worn fields, expended vast", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "FERTILIZING MATERIALS. 237\\nsums for them, and applied large quantities per acre to their\\nsoils vtnder the impression that a restoration of the mineral\\nelements, which had been exhausted by injudicious culture,\\nwas all that was necessary.\\nExperience soon taught, hovv^ever, that vegetable as well as\\nmineral matter was needed after so many years of clean\\nculture. No question has so occupied the minds of Georgia\\nfarmers for the last decade as the principles of fertilization\\nnor has their research been in vain. They have rapidly\\nimproved in their knowledge of the principles as well as the\\nmost advanced practice of plant and soil fertilization.\\nThey are as yet confining their attention mainly to plant\\nfertilization but the more advanced and ijrogressive are grad-\\nually availing themselves of the numerous resources which the\\nmineral and vegetable kingdoms afford for permanent soil\\nimprovement. The rich and abundant deposits of lime and\\nmarl, combined with the facility with which various legumi-\\nnous plants grow in our soil and climate, together with the\\ngreat accessibility of the sources of supply of the phosphates\\nin South Carolina, render the problem, both of plant and\\nsoil fertilization, easy and simple.\\nContrary to the generally received opinion. Cotton culture,\\nproperly conducted, is less injurious to the soil than any other\\nhoe crop, since the seed and plant are returned to the soil\\nonly the lint being entirely removed. While an average crop\\nof wheat (10 bushels) removes from the farm on which it is\\ngrown 32.36 pounds of plant food per acre, embracing nitro-\\ngen, potash, lime, magnesia, and phosphoric acid, an average\\ncrop of Cotton (450 pounds of Seed Cotton) removes in the\\nlint only 2.75 pounds of the above elements of plant food per\\nacre.\\nThe abundance and accessibility of Marl in the Tertiary and\\nCretaceous formations of the State, is destined to revolutionize\\nthe agriculture of all that section, as well as vastly improve\\nthe healthfulness of neighborhoods in the vicinity of swamps\\nand ponds.\\nThe laws require the Inspection and Analysis of all Com-\\nmercial Fertilizers sold in the State. The Commissioner of\\nAgriculture is authorized to forbid the sale of any fertilizer\\nwhich does not contain a reasonable amount of plant-food.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "238 HANDBOOK OF GEORGIA,\\nThe farmers are thus entirely protected from hnposition by the\\nsale of spurious articles. For the informat ion and protection\\nof farmers, the Analyses and Commercial Values, calculated\\nfrom the value of the elements of plant-food actually con-\\ntained in each brand, are published annually, under the direc-\\ntion of the Commissioner.\\nBesides the Chemical test by Analysis, a practical soil test of\\neach brand is made under rules prescribed by the Commis-\\nsioner, by intelligent farmers throughout the State. The\\nresults of these tests are reported in writing, and i^ublished for\\nthe information of the farmers.\\nPrevious to the enforcement of the Inspection Laws, litiga-\\ntion, arising from the refusal of farmers to pay for fertilizers,\\non the ground that they were valueless (which was sometimes\\nthe case), was not uncommon. Now, such cases of litigation\\nare almost unheard of.\\nValuable scientific experiments with the different elements\\nof plant-food and various combinations of the same, are con-\\nducted by Dr. E. M. Pendleton, Professor of Practical Agri-\\nculture in the State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic\\nArts, on the Experimental Farm connected with the College.\\nDuring the season of 1874-5, between September 1st, 1874,\\nand May 1st, 1875, there were 48,648 tons of Commercial\\nFertilizers inspected for the Georgia market. These, at the\\naverage rate of |51.00 per ton, cost $2,481,048.\\nDuring the season of 1875-6, 56,596 tons were inspected.\\nThese cost $2,640,203.\\nThrough the influence of the Inspection Laws, executed\\nunder the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture, the\\nFertilizers offered for sale in Georgia in 1875-6 averaged 16 per\\ncent better in quality than did those of the j^revious year j\\nwhile during the same period there was an average reduction\\nva. price of 7 per cent.\\nThe use of stimulating Fertilizers has extended the area of\\nCotton culture about 50 miles further Noi-th than before their\\nintroduction, by hastening the maturity of the staple, and thus\\npractically lengthening the season.\\nNearly half the Commercial Fertilizers j)urchased in Georgia\\nthis year were used for composting with some home material,\\nsuch as animal manures, marl, muck, and cotton-seed, which", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "COTTON-SEED. 239\\nhas been found, by repeated exiieriment, more efficacious than\\nthe Commercial Fertilizers alone. The compost system is\\nbeing more generally adojated each succeeding year, and is\\nmaterially reducing the cost of fertilization and at the same\\ntime largely increasing the supply of home manures by stimu-\\nlating the saving and protection under shelter, of all the\\nmanurial resources of the farm.\\nA cotton-producing region has peculiar advantages in the\\nproduction of manure, since, for every pound of lint produced,\\nthere is necessarily tioo pounds of seed, which is a very valua-\\nble article, whether utilized as food for stock or in the manu-\\nfacture of oil, or used as a Fertilizer.\\nThe average annual crop of Cotton produced in Georgia is\\n525,000 bales, worth, at present prices, $21,000,000. In order\\nto produce that amount of lint, 262,500 tons of seed must be\\njDroduced. These are worth, as a Fertilizer, |3,499,125.\\nWhen the State becomes more densely settled, the oil will\\ngenerally be expressed and sold, leaving in the hull and\\ncake all the fertilizing elements of the seed for agricultural\\npurposes.\\nTHE END.", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nA\\nPAGE\\nAcademy for tlie Blind 191\\nAcquisitions of Territory by tlie United States 1\\nAfrican Methodist Church 300\\nAge (and settlement) of Georgia 2\\nAges, Periods, Epochs, etc 19,30, 37 to 43\\nAgricultural Society, State of Georgia 306, 309, 315, 338\\nAgricultural Productions, Eange of, in Georgia 5\\nAgricultural Population of Georgia 153\\nAgricultural College, North Georgia 185\\nAgricultural College, State 88, 185\\nAgricultural Products, Variety of 319\\nAgricultural Department 207, 309, 213\\nAir 10\\nAnalysis of Fertilizers 312, 213, 214, 237\\nAnalyses of Marls 97 to 101\\nAnalyses of Peats 103, 104\\nAnalysis of Soils 106, 107, 109, 311, 313, 214\\nAndrew Female College 199\\nAngora Goats 233\\nAppalachian Chain 134\\nApples 11, 323, 224\\nApple-Trees, Duration of their Life 234\\nArea of the United States 1\\nArea of Georgia 3, 122\\nAreas of Production of Staple Crops 231\\nArbitrations 158\\nAsbestus 49\\nAtlanta 4, 49, 136, 140, 143\\nAtlanta and Richmond Air Line Railway 50, 64, 176\\nAtlanta and West Point Railroad 60, 63, 172\\nAtlanta University 187\\nAtlantic and Gulf Railroad 53, 173\\nAugusta 134, 139, 146\\nAugusta Canal 83, 178\\nAugusta and Savannah Railroad 171\\nAyres, David 231", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "242\\nINDEX.\\nB\\nBananas. 225\\nBanks in Georgia Ig5\\nBanks County gg\\nBaptist Cliurcli I97\\nBaptist Convention of the State of Georgia 186, 197\\nBaptist Institutions of Learning 198\\nBaptist Orphans Home 194\\nBarley. 14, 219\\nBartow County 43, 47, 48, 105, 109\\nBaryta 18\\nBass, W. C 189\\nBattle, A. J 186\\nBaxter, R. B 227\\nBeans 220\\nBeautiful sense of the. 13\\nBeckwith, John W 203\\nBenevolent Institutions 191 to 197\\nBerkmans, P. J 216\\nBermuda Grass 236, 237, 230, 231, 232\\nBibb County 43, 69, 228\\nBlack Lead 24\\nBlackshear, J. Emmett 195\\nBlhid Academy 191\\nBlue Eidge 49, 50, 59, 60\\nBoardman, J. M 135, 138\\nBoring, Jesse 194\\nBoundaries of Georgia 130\\nBradshaw, J. N 189\\nBrooks County 238\\nBrooks, E. M 236\\nBrown, Joseph E 169, 194\\nBrunswick 3\\nBrunswick and Albany Eailroad 53, 174\\nBurke County. 69, 97, 98, 107\\nButler, David E 195, 198\\nC\\nCatholic Church 303\\nCalhoun, John C 117\\nCamp s Spring 86\\nCanadian Period 37\\nCanal, Great Western 117, 118, 119\\nCanals of Georgia 177, 178\\nCantaloupes 225\\nCapacity of Georgia for Population 153", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 243\\nCapacity of Georgia soil, shown by Results 225 to 228\\nCarboniferous Age 38, 42\\nCarroll County 69\\nCattle 229\\nCentral Eailroad 63, 166, 171\\nCentres of Population coco........ 153\\nCereals 219\\nCivilization, Prevailing, of tbe People of Georgia 146 to 148\\nCharacter of the first Colonists 2\\nCharacter of the People of Georgia 13, 146, 147, 148\\nChattahoochee County 70, 99\\nCliattahoochee Ridge 49, 50, 59, 60, 61\\nCharlton County 43, 53 to 58, 105, 108\\nCharitable (Benevolent and) Institutions 191 to 197\\nChattooga County 70\\nChemical Elements of Minerals 29, 30\\nCherokee County 71\\nCherokee Baptist Female College 190\\nCherokee Railroad 175\\nChilds, A. K .176\\nChristian Church 203\\nChuf as 220\\nClarkesville 131\\nClay County 43, 71, 98, 99\\nClay Slate 104\\nClimate 10, 129, 131\\nClinch County 71\\nClinton, De Witt 117\\nClothing 11\\nClover 222, 223, 227\\nCoal 24, 44 to 46\\nCoal Company, Dade 44\\nCobb County 71\\nCohutta Mountains 18, 60\\nCole City 44\\nCollection of Debts 157\\nCollege of Agriculture, Georgia State. 88, 185\\nCollege of Agriculture, North Georgia 185\\nColleges in Georgia 182 to 190\\nCollingsworth Institute 199\\nColored Methodist Episcopal Church of America 199, 200\\nColquitt, A. H 208\\nColumbia County 73\\nColumbus 52, 134, 139\\nCommercial Situation of Georgia 6, 115 to 120\\nCommercial Centre of the Continent 11(5\\nCommercial Site, Best, on the Continent 115", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "244 INDEX.\\nCommissioner of Agriculture 155, 211, 237\\nComposting Fertilizers 238\\nCongregational Church 205\\nConnor, W. 193\\nConglomerate 36\\nConveyances, Record of 158\\nConyers Female College 190\\nConstitution and Laws of Georgia 154 to 158\\nContinental Ridges and Slopes 60, 61, 116\\nCopper 18, 28\\nCooper, Mark A 206, 208\\nCoral (Fossil) 22\\nCorn 219, 221, 226\\nCorn Forage 237\\nCotton 11, 222, 226, 237\\nCotton, Sea Island 222\\nCotton Crop of Georgia 239\\nCotton Factories 233 to 236\\nCotton Seed as a Fertilizer 239\\nCountry, The 17\\nCourts of Georgia. 155\\nCounties, Special Geology of 42 to 58\\nCrab Grass Hay 227\\nCrawford High School 198\\nCretaceous and Tertiary Seas 19\\nCrust of the Earth 21, 23, 24\\nCrust of the Earth, Oscillations or Elevations of. 23, 24, 25\\nCumming, H. H 177\\nCypress Trees 54\\nr\\nDade County 42, 43 to 47, 105\\nDal ton Female College 190\\nDavis, E. T 226\\nDawson County, 72\\nDeaf and Dumb Academy 192\\nDecatur County 73\\nDebts, Collection of 157\\nDeKalb County 73\\nDepartment of Agriculture 207, 209, 212\\nDevonian Age. 38, 42\\nDiamond 24, 48\\nDickson, David 232\\nDimensions of Georgia 3\\nDistribution of Estates, Law of 156\\nDiversion. 13\\nDrainage System of the State 59 to 61", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 245\\nDrake, G. J 226\\nDrift Period 20\\nDolerite 34\\nDougherty County 101, 104\\nDuration of the Life of Apple and Pear Treea 224\\nDyer, John 228\\nE\\nEarliest Life 23\\nEarly County 73\\nEducation. 13, 156\\nEducation of Negroes 153 180, 181, 187, 188, 193, 200\\nEdwards, James M 176\\nEffects of the War (Losses by) in Georgia 7, 218, 219\\nEffingham County 98\\nElbert County 73\\nElberton Air Line Kailroad 50, 177\\nElements Composing a State 4\\nElements of Matter 27\\nElevation, Relative, Test of 123\\nElevation (Height) of Noted Mountains in Georgia 59\\nElevations of Okefinokee Swamp 57\\nElliott, Stephen 203\\nEmory College 187\\nEpochs, Ages, Periods, etc 19, 20, 37 to 42\\nEstates, Distribution of 156\\nExecutive Department of Georgia 155\\nExemptions of Property from Levy and Sale 155\\nExperiments, Agricultural {See Soil Tests) 238\\nExternal and Internal Relations of Geargia 114\\nP\\nFactories 233, 234, 235, 236\\nFemale Colleges in Georgia 188, 189, 190\\nFertilizers, Analysis of 212, 213, 214\\nFertilizers, Amount Sold in Georgia 238\\nFertilizers, Inspection of 207, 214\\nFertilizers, Lime, Marl, etc 87 to 104\\nFertilizers, Soil, Test of 212, 213, 214, 238\\nFertilization 236 to 239\\nField Peas 222, 230, 233\\nFigs 11,235\\nFirst Settlement of Georgia 3\\nFirst Colonists, Character of 2\\nFisher, John H 176\\nFlewellen, E. A 174, 176\\nFlora of Georgia (Woody Plants) 110 to 114\\nFloyd County 78\\nFood 10", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "246 INDEX.\\nFood for Cattle 14\\nForest Trees of Georgia 110 to 114\\nForest Products of Georgia 231\\nForsyth County 74\\nFormations, Geological 37 to 43\\nFossils 23\\nFranklin County 74\\nFrobel, B. W 118\\nFruits 5, 10, 11, 316, 330, 333 to 335\\nFulton County 43, 49, 74, 105, lOB\\nFuture of Georgia, View of 8\\nG\\nG;dnesville 131\\nGaboury, C. P 187\\nGeology 30, 37 to 58\\nGeology of Counties 43 to 58\\nGeological Ages and Periods 19, 30, 37, 38, 39\\nGeological Formations in Georgia 37 to 43\\nGeological Map of Georgia In pocket at end of this volume.\\nGeological Survey 17, 314\\nGeologist, State, of Georgia 155, 307, 314\\nGeorgia State College of Agriculture 88, 185\\nGeorgia Soil, Capacity of, shown by Results 225 to 838\\nGeorgia Eailroad 60, 64, 166, 169\\nGeorgia State Agricultural Society 306, 209, 315, 338\\nGeorgia and Ohio, Ratio of increase in Wealth in each compared ,319\\nGeorgia, Commercial Situation 115 to 130\\nGeorgia, Civilization of her People 146 to 148\\nGeorgia, Boundaries 130\\nGeorgia, Character of Immigrants from different States 3, 146 to 148\\nGeorgia, Losses by the War 7, 818, 819\\nGefirgia, Natural Divisions 3, 137\\nGeorgia, Area, Topography 3, 133\\nGeorgia, Climate 10, 139, 131\\nGlacial Period 19, 20\\nGlnscock County 4\\nGneiss\\nGoats, Angora\\nGold 18,19,36,48,61\\nGoobers ^^0\\nGordon, W. W 167\\nGordon County 75, 327\\nGood Templars, Order of 19\\nGovernment, Constitution, Laws, etc., of Georgia 154 to 158\\nGwinnett County\\n231", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 247\\nGrapes ......234,266\\nGrant, L.P 172\\nGranite 35\\nGraphite 24\\nGreat Ridges 125\\nGreat Western Canal o 117, 118, 119\\nGreen, James Mercer 191\\nGreene County 227\\nGroover, W. W 228\\nGross, W. H 187, 204\\nGround Nuts and Ground Peas 220\\nGuillan, Hannah 191\\nH\\nHabersham County 43, 49 to 52, 75, 76, 105\\nHall County 77\\nHall, Lyman. 182\\nHand-Book of Georgia 211\\nHaralson County 77\\nHarris County 78\\nHarris, Iverson L. 167\\nHardaway, R H 226\\nHardeman, Thomas, Jr 208\\nHay 227, 231\\nHaygood, A. G 187\\nHeat, Distribution of 132\\nHeat of the Earth 21, 22\\nHealth 11, 56\\nHead Rights. 159\\nHeard County 78\\nHearn Manual Labor School 193, 198\\nHebrews 205\\nHill, Edward Young 167\\nHillyer, Carlton 171\\nHome Comfort 5, 15\\nHomestead 155\\nHood, E. C 134, 139\\nHot Summers in the North, Cause of 132\\nHorticultural Society, State 216\\nHorticultural Products, Variety of 219\\nHogs 232\\nHorses and Mules 229\\nHo.-pitality of Georgians 13\\nHouse of Representatives 154\\nHouston County 101\\nHouston Fi male College 190\\nHoward, C. W 45, 201, 227", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "248 INDEX.\\nHuman Age 30, 40, 43\\nHuman Wants 10, 14\\nHumber, E. C 331\\nHunter, R. L 56, 108\\nI\\nImmigrants, Advantages to, presented by Georgia 9, 16\\nImmigrants, Suggestions to 15\\nImproved Culture, Results of 335 to 338\\nIndian Treaties 159\\nIndustries of Georgia 6\\nIndigo 330\\nInstitutions of tlie People 154\\nInspection of Fertilizers 307, 337\\nInstruction 13\\nInternal and External Relations of Georgia 114\\nIntroductory 1\\nIrrigation 137\\nIron Furnaces in Georgia 39, 46\\nIron Ore 18\\nIrisli Potatoes 333, 337\\nIsothermal Lines 131, 133\\nIsraelites 305\\nJ\\nJackson County 78, 79\\nJames, Jolin H 194\\nJanes, Thomas P 312, 237\\nJefferson County 79\\nJenkins, Charles J 167\\nJews 205\\nJones County 79, 100\\nJones, Joseph 87\\nJohnson, S. K 171\\nJohnston, Malcolm 208\\nJudicial Department 155\\nK\\nKing, John P 171, 173, 177\\nL\\nLabor Problem of the South 150, 153, 329, 233\\nLaud Policy of Georgia 158\\nLand Titles Record of 158\\nLatitudes and Longitudes 114, 115, 121\\nLavender, J. S 238\\nLa Grange Female College 190\\nLaw Schools 185, 186", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 249\\nLaws of Georgia of Special Interest 156 to 158\\nLeak, S. W 226, 227\\nLead iq\\nLee, Daniel 108\\nLegislative Department of Georgia 154\\nLemons 225\\nLevert Female College 190\\nLewis, D. W 207, 208\\nLiens 158\\nLife (Earliest) 23\\nLignite 24\\nLime as a Fertilizer 89 to 96, 237\\nLimestone 36, 50, 87\\nLincoln County 79\\nLittle, George 216\\nLocomotion 12\\nLodging 11\\nLong, Patrick 227\\nLosses of Georgia by the War 7, 218, 219\\nLotteries of Land in Georgia 160 to 165\\nLucerne.... 223, 227, 231\\nLunatic Asylum 193\\nLutheran Church 205\\nLumber and Lumber Trade 53, 54, 221\\nLumpkin County 79\\nM\\nMacon 135, 138\\nMacon County 100\\nMacon and Augusta Eailroad 65, 171, 173\\nMacon and Brunswick Eailroad 63, 174\\nMacon and Western Railroad 62, 171, 173\\nMcCall, G. R 198\\nMcDuffie County 80\\nMcRae, William 169\\nMadden, J. F.. 226\\nMagnesia as a Fertilizer 96\\nMammalian Age 42\\nManganese Ig\\nManufactures 158, 233 to 236\\nMap of Georgia, Geological In pocket at end of this volume.\\nMarble 18, 35\\nMarls in Georgia 87 to 101, 237\\nMarried Women, their Rights of Property 156, 157\\nMartin Institute 190\\nMarthasville 168\\nMasonic Fraternity in Georgia 189 to 195", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "250 INDEX.\\nMell, P. H., Jr 142\\nMelons 325\\nMeigs, Josiah 184\\nMercer, Jesse 186, 187, 197, 209\\nMercer Higli Scliool 198\\nMercer University 186, 198\\nMercer, L. B 208\\nMeteorological Observations and Eecords 130 to 142\\nMethodist Episcopal Church, South 198\\nMethodist (South) Institutions of Learning 199\\nMethodist Episcopal Church, North 200\\nMethodist (North) Institutions of Learning 200\\nMethodist Episcopal Church of America, Colored 199\\nMethodists, other Branches of. 200\\nMethodist Orphans Homes 194, 195\\nMetamoi-phism 26\\nMica Schist 35\\nMiller, Andrew J 167\\nMiller County 80\\nMilton County 80\\nMills in Georgia 234\\nMilledgeville Railroad 171\\nMineral Wealth of Georgia 6\\nMinerals, Rocks, Elements 26\\nMinerals, Chemical Elements of 29, 30\\nMinerals, Physical Characteristics 30, 32, 33\\nMineral Springs 86\\nMistakes as to the Southern Climate 131\\nMolasses 220\\nMonroe County 80\\nMoody, W 227\\nMoraines 20\\nMoravians 2\\nMountain Country, The 127, 128\\nMountain Systems 124, 125\\nMountains, Height of 124, 127\\nMountains, Latitude and Longitude of, Noted 115\\nMountains, Elevations of 59\\nMountains and Ridges, System of 59 to 61\\nMountains, View from several noted 17\\nMules, Horses and. 229\\nMurray County 81\\nMuscogee County 52, 53, 81, 103, 104, 105\\nN\\nNatural Divisions of Georgia 3, 127\\nNaval Stores 221", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "IISTDEX. 251\\nNegro, The 148 to 152\\nNegroes, Means provided for their Education 153, 180, 181, 187, 188,\\n193, 300\\nNewman, J. S 216\\nNewton County 81\\nNewspapers in Georgia 317\\nNortlieastern Eailroad. 176\\nNorth Georgia Agricultural College 185\\nNorth Georgia Conference 199\\nNorth and South Railroad 175\\nNorthern Summer, Heat of. Cause 133\\nO\\nOats 14, 219, 221, 226, 230\\nOdd Fellows, Order of 193\\nOglethorpe County 81\\nOkefinokee Swamp 53 to 58, 60, 108\\nOlives 335\\nOranges 335\\nOrganic Matter 97\\nOrganism, The State a Species of 4\\nOrigin of Soils 31\\nOrme, W. P 173\\nOrphans Homes 104, 105\\nOscillations and Elevations of the Earth s Crust 33, 34, 35\\nP\\nParker, John J 326\\nPaulding County 81\\nPeats 101 to 104\\nPeas, Field Peas, Peavine Hay 220, 333, 327, 230, 232\\nPeaches 11, 334\\nPecans 335\\nPears 11, 333, 324\\nPeck, John B 176\\nPear Trees, Duration of their Life 334\\nPendleton, E. M 141, 338\\nPermian Period 38\\nPenfield 186\\nPennington, CM 177\\nPeriods, Ages, Epochs, etc 19, 30, 37 to 43\\nPeter, H. J 316\\nPeters, Richard 170, 332\\nPeters, Richard, Jr 337\\nPeople, The 144\\nPeople, The Southern 145\\nPeople of Georgia, Characteristics of 13, 146, 147, 148", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "262\\nINDEX.\\nPlants (Woody) of Georgia 110 to 114\\nPhysical Features of Georgia, Outlines of 17\\nPliosplioric Acid gg\\nPickens County gg\\nP|\u00c2\u00ab iers 220\\nPierce, George F I99\\nPierce, Lovick 198\\nPike County 336^ 333\\nPio Nono College 187\\nPolk County 82, 104\\nPomegranates 335\\nPopulation of Georgia, Capacity for 7, 153\\nPopulation, Centres of 153\\nPotatoes, Sweet and Irisli 223, 227, 228\\nPoultry 220, 232\\nPremium Crop on a Two-Horse Farm 228\\nPresbyterian Clmrcli 200\\nProducts, Agricultural and Horticultural, Variety of 219\\nProducts of the Forest 221\\nProductions, The 218\\nProductions, Results from Improved Culture 225 to 228\\nProtestant Episcopal Church 202\\nPublic Schools 4, 156, 179 to 182\\nQ\\nQuaternary Age 39\\nQuitman County 83, 100\\nR\\nRabun County 83\\nRace Characteristics 144\\nRailroad History in Georgia 166 to 171\\nRailroads in Georgia 165 to 177\\nRailroad Elevations 62 to 67\\nRailway Survey, U. S 66\\nRailways, Miles of, in Georgia 4\\nRain, An Inch of 137\\nRainfall 130, 137 to 142\\nRandolph County 83\\nRaspberries 11, 225\\nRecord of Conveyances 158\\nReed, John C 8\\nReptilian Age 42\\nResults of Improved Culture 235 to 228\\nRice 219, 222, 226\\nRichmond County 83", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 253\\nRidges and Slopes 60, 61, 116, 123, 125\\nEiver Systems and Eiver Basins 60, 126\\nEivers, their General Course 116\\nRocks, their Characteristics 26\\nRocks, Crystalline 34\\nRocks, Sedimentary 34\\nRocks, not Crystalline 36\\nRogers, William 173\\nRome Female College 190\\nRome Railroad 176\\nRye 14, 219\\nSalzbergers 3\\nSandstone 36\\nSavannah 134,139, 146\\nSavannah, Griifin, and North Alabama Railroad 171\\nSavannah and Ogeechee Canal 178\\nScenery 128\\nSchlatter, Charles L 175\\nScreven, John 174\\nScreven County 83, 89\\nScotch Highlanders 3\\nSchools 13\\nSchool Commissioner of Georgia 155, 156\\nSchool Laws of Georgia 13, 156, 179 to 183\\nScuppernong Grape 11, 124\\nSeas, Cretaceous and Tertiary 19\\nSecurity, Sense of. 13\\nSenate of Georgia 154\\nSense of the Beautiful 13\\nSelma, Rome, and Dalton Railroad 176\\nShale 36\\nShells 23\\nSheep Husbandry 56, 313, 313, 331\\nShore Lines (Ancient) 126\\nSlate 18, 36\\nSlopes and Ridges 60, 61, 116, 123, 143\\nSilver jg\\nSignal Service (U. S.) Weather Reports 134, 139\\nSilurian Age 37\\nSituation of Georgia, Physical and Commercial 3, 114, 115 to 130\\nSmith, James M 210 215\\nSoils, Analysis of 106, 107, 109, 211\\nSoils, Origin of 21 51\\nSoils, Process of Exhaustion and Renovation 91, 92, 93, 236, 237\\nSoils, Typical, of several Counties 105", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "254 INDEX.\\nSoil Test of Fertilizers 311\\nSoil of Georgia, Capacity of, under High Culture 225 to 238\\nSoluble Silica 97\\nSorghum 223\\nSouth Georgia Conference 199\\nSouthwestern Railroad 65, 171, 173\\nSouthern Masonic Female College 189\\nSouthern People 145\\nSpecial Geology of Counties 43 to 58\\nSprings, Mineral 86\\nSpalding County 336, 327\\nStark, John 56\\nState\u00e2\u0080\u0094 What is a State 4\\nState Agricultural Society 206, 209, 315, 228\\nState College of Agriculture 88, 185\\nState Geologist 155, 307\\nState (Rail) Road of Georgia 166\\nState Horticultural Society 216\\nSteamships of the Central Railroad 172\\nStephens, Alexander H 167\\nStephens, S. F 175\\nStewart County 84\\nStocks, Thomas 208\\nStock-raising 220, 229 to 282\\nStrawberries -11, 225\\nSuffrage. 154\\nSummer Heat in the North 132\\nSugar-cane, Syrup, Sugar, etc 56, 230, 221, 226\\nSunday Schools 198, 199, 202, 203, 206\\nSunday Schools, First ever Established, 202\\nSweet Potatoes 323, 228\\nT\\nTallulah Falls 49\\nTaxation 154, 158\\nTea: 220\\nTextiles 219\\nTertiary Age\\nTertiary and Cretaceous Seas 1\\nTitle to Land, Record thereof 15c\\nTemperature 1^0, 132 to 136\\nThe Country -i ^o V ko\\n,vy 148 to 152\\nThe Negro\\n144\\n^!;^^^f v :;;:.223, 225: 226\\nThomas County\\nThomson, J. Edgar\\nTobacco", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 255\\nToccoa Falls 49\\nTopography 122 to 139\\nTrap-rocks or Dykes 34\\nTrausportatiou Lines through Georgia 119\\nTray Mountain 49\\nTrees and Woody Plants of Georgia 48, 49, 52, 53, 59, 110 to 114\\nTrenton Period 37\\nTroup County 84, 106, 107\\nTroup, George M 117, 118\\nTubers and Eoots 220\\nTucker, H. H 185\\nTurnips 228\\nTurpentine 221\\nTwiggs County 84\\nTybee Island 134, 139\\nTypical Counties (Geological) 105\\nTypical Soils of tlie State 105\\nU\\nUni versalist Church 205\\nUniversity of Georgia 13, 182\\nUniversities and Colleges 182 to 190\\nU. S. Railvray Survey Elevations 66\\nV\\nValleys and Streams 116, 124\\nVegetables 10, 220\\nViews from noted Mountains 17\\nW\\nWadley, William M 172\\nWalker County 84, 227\\nWalnuts, English 225\\nWants of Man, Means of their Supply in Georgia 10, 14\\nWar, Losses of Georgia by the late 7, 218, 219\\nWare County 43, 53 to 58, 105\\nWare, E. A 188\\nWarmth 14\\nWarthen, T. C 226\\nWashington County 85, 97, 226\\nWashington, George 117\\nWater-melons 225\\nWater Powers of Georgia .52, 61, 68 to 85\\nWater Powers of Muscogee County 52\\nWater Sheds in Georgia 59 to 61, 125\\nWaters, Mineral, in Georgia 86\\nWealth of Georgia 4, 7", "height": "3316", "width": "1937", "jp2-path": "handbookofstateo01geor_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "256 INDEX.\\nWealth, Loss of, by the late War. 7, 318\\nWeather Reports 1 34 to 143\\nWeather Records, Value of 143\\nWesleyau Female College 188\\nWestern and Atlantic Railroad 63, 166\\nWest Point Female College 190\\nWheat 319, 831, 336, 337\\nWhite County 85\\nWhite, H. C 87, 88 to 104\\nWhitefield County 85\\nWife s Estate 156, 157\\nWight, S. B 136,140, 141\\nWilliams, W. D 191\\nWillis, L.B 237\\nWills 156\\nWine-naaking 56\\nWinter Grazing Crops 14, 319, 230\\nWinters, J. R 226\\nWoody Plants and Trees of Georgia 48, 49, 52, 53, 59, 110 to 114\\nWool Factories 234\\nY\\nYancey, B. 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