(/ \M tip i ! t['t m W 'rsi fl (Ik III' mi. Mm''''-' ■::■ h*'ivV',l •■''''■<■■< Pi l^iii!!^': ^^^^^^ '%.^^^ G^ «s^ ^ '.ISlit' - ^s"^ ^ ■-. Ellis' " .S*^ ^ A^ <> ■^ / ^ ^ s ^ \G~ >. -'/ * rl\\ «» /h, -^ -r^ -u * .n\ K» /k - •:? :S r>>. C.^^ >* o-'-??-^^r ■^V-.:-'/ ^^'^f^^U ^-^\"'/'^. oO^.-r."%% cP^.-^y/'.^ cP^.^U'^ .^ f^ .^;^^^ oi >^ / ft i, > vv O ' ft i, s ' \v ou ' ft « ■> \v "O .#" .?^^ \.^^ ,# -^ 7 .^^ -^ * * ^ ' -A^ ^ ' ' ft * s '^ A*^ , <^ V ft . <^ ^q\ ^ , * ,. ^^ • ^ <&^ % 7^iP- # ^ .^-f-. HAJSTD-BOOK STATE OF GEORGIA ACCOMPANIED BY A GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE STATE. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OP THOMAS P. JAISTES, A.M., M.D., Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia. ATLANTA, GA. 1876. "Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, By THOMAS P. JANES, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, KussELL Brothers, 17 to 23 Rose St., New York City. / C/la^ 9/ STATE OF GEOEGIA, \ Department of Agriculture. V Atlanta, Nov. 26, 1876. ) The law creating this Department (see page 311) requires the Com- missioner to prej)are, under his direction, a Hand-Book of the State, and specifies tliat it sliall contain a description of the geological formation of the various Counties of the Stat€, the general adapta- tion of the Soil for the various productions of the Temperate Zone, and for the purpose of giving a more general and careful estimate of the capacity and character of the soil of the Counties, with a correct analysis of the same. These special features, thus required, in addition to the usual con- tents of a Hand-Book, can not be fully furnished until the State Geologist shall have completed his survey. The outline of the geological and physical features of the State, with a description of the principal Rocks and the Soils derived from them, a description and analysis of some of the Marls, the Eleva- tions, "Water-powers, and a partial account of the Natural Produc- tions of the State, both mineral and vegetable, are furnished ^uy Dr. George Little, State Geologist, in charge of the Geological Survey now in progress. In the preparation of this Hand-Book, two objects have been kept constantly in view : 1. To supply the people of Georgia with correct information of their own State, its condition, resources, and institutions. 3. To supply Immigrants, actual and prospective, with accurate and reliable information on those subjects connected with Georgia in which it is believed they will feel a special interest. The facts in regard to the various Institutions of the State have been furnished mainly by their officers or representatives. It has been necessary to omit much interesting and valuable information, on account of the numerous subjects to be presented, and to prevent swelling the volume to too great a size. THOMAS P. JANES, Commimoner of Agriculture. CONTENTS. Inti'odMctory, ^^'^^ Settlement and Age of Geoegia 1 General View of the Situation and Condition of the State g Effects of the Late War between the States 7 View op THE Future Immigration 9 Wants of Man and the Means of their Supply in Georgia ■< q Suggestions to Immigrants I5 I. The Country. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE STATE 17 1. Outlines of Physical Features I7 2, Geology _ _ jg a, Elements, Minerals, and Rocks 26 b, Geological Formations and those occurring in Ge'oro-'ia 37 c, Special Geology of Counties ^. . 42 3. Elevations. 4. Water-Powers. 59 68 5. Marls q^ 6. Soils IQ5 7. Woods jiq EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL RELATIONS OF GEORGIA 114 Situation — Physical n^ ■ Commercial Situation— best Site on the Continent. 115 • Transportation Lines in Georgia II9 Boundaries of the State 120 Area of Georgia j^2o ~~^-j Topography J33 The Appalachian Chain 124 Great Ridges . . . . , " '_ 1 05 River Systems and River Basins 126 Great Natural Divisions of Georgia ..........', 127 The Mountain or Up-Country. . .". 127 Scenery .'.'.*.'.'.'.'.' .'.'.".".'.'.V.V.V.' 128 Climate jon Mistakes as to the Climate of Georgia 131 Distribution of Heat ..." 139 Temperature Tables 1 qq Rainfall jx? Tables of Rainfall ...".'.'.'...".".". iqq Value of Weather Records ".'....".'.".'.".".".'.'.'.'.'.'.".'. 143 Geological Map of Georgia.. In pocket at end of this volume. VI CONTENTS. II. The M'ooplc. ^""° iiAOE ciiAUAc^rKinsrics. .o in GHARACTKUISTICS OF THE PKOPLK OV (il'X)R(Jl A. . . . lUi ' THE NFa} UH) lis roruLATioN ma Caiwi ri'\ OK liKOiun.v vok ronM,.\TioN 15;! INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE 154 00VK15N>rKNT OF THK StATK — PkKSF.NT CONSTITI'TION. . . 15-i SutVrnjjo 154 Hill of Uig'lits and LimitsUioni^ 154 Taxation 154 Legislative Doyinrtniont. 154 Exfontivo Dopart niout 155 .luilirial DoparinxMit 155 Iloniostoad and Exou\ption. 155 ^Vit•o•s Estato 15(5 Divoivo 15(5 Education 15G li.VWS OK PKKSKiS T GkNKK.M, InTKIUCST 156 ^Vill(^— Pistrihution of Estaloa 156 roU.rtiou of IVbts 157 Lions; 158 Taxos 158 luH'ord of Oonvmauoos 1 58 Arbitration 158 The Land Poi.u y ov (il iooiuha 158 Hoad Pio-hts 150 ~~~ — ■ Tioai ios with tUo Indians 150 Land Loltories 1(50 Banks 1(55 ILVII.KOAPS AND (.\VNA1.S OF GkoKOTA U!5 Westoi-n and Atlantic Railroad ll'H) Cloori^ia Railroad 161) Central Railroad 171 Atlanta and NVot^t IVmt Railroad 17,3 MaoiMi and NN'tstorn Railri>ad 178 Southwi'storn Railroad 173 Macon and Anuiista Railroad 178 Atlantic and Oulf Railroad 173 !Mac(m and Rrunt'wick Railroad 174 Brnnswick and Aibanv Railroad 174 Cherokee Railroad 175 North and South Railroad 175 Northeastern Railroad 176 Athinta and Richmond Air liine Railroad 176 Solma. R(nno, and Dalton Railroad 176 Rome Railroad 176 EUierton Air Line Railroad 177 Angnsta Canal 1 77 • Savannah and Ogeechee Canal 1 78 Public School System op Georgia 179 CONTENTS. Vn PAGE Universities and Colleges 182 University of Georgia 182 Mercer University 186 Emory College 187 Pio Nono College 187 Atlanta University 187 Wesleyan Female College 188 Southern Masonic Female College 189 Benevolent and CnAniTABLE Institutions 191 Georgia Academy for the Blind 191 Deaf and Dumb Academy 192 Lunatic Asylum 198 Georgia Baptist Orphans' Home 194 Methodist Orphans' Home — North Ga. Conf 194 Metliodist Orphans' Home — South Ga. Conf 195 Masonic Fraternity 195 Odd Fellows 196 Good Templars 196 Religious Denominations 197 Baptist Church 197 Methodist Church— South 198 Methodist Church — North 200 Other Methodist Churches 200 Presbyterian Church 200 Protestant Episcopal Church 202 Christian Church 203 Catholic Church 203 Lutheran Church 205 Other Christian Churches 205 Israelites 205 Georgia State Agricultxtral Society 206 State Department of Agricultuhe 209 State Geological Sur\"ey 214 State Hortictxturaj^ Society 21 6 Newspapers in Georgia 217 III. The Productions. AgRICLLTUTRAL and HORTICULTUIiAL PRODUCTS 219 Stock 220 Poultry 220 Forest Products 221 Grasses 221 Areas of Staple Crops 221 Fruits 223 Results showing the Capacity of Georgia Soil under IMPROVED Culture 225 Stock-Raising in Georgia 229 -' Manufacturing in Georgia 233 Fertilization and Fertilizers 236 GEOLOGICAL MAP OF GEORGIA . .In pocket at end of this volume. n^TEODTJOTOET. AGE OF THE STATE AND ITS SETTLEMEISTT. The American Union is the fourth in rank of the great k.nd- owners of the globe, covering a territory of 3,600,000 square miles — nearly equal to the whole of Europe. It is composed of 48 political divisions, quite unequal in size and population, of which 38 are States, with an average population of 1,200,- 000 souls, and an average area of 52,000 square miles — a little larger than England proper. This large territory was gradually acquired. The Union began in 1776, with an area of 827,844 square miles, of which 420,892 were in the States, and 406,952 without them. The French cession of Louisiana in 1803 more than doubled the territory by adding 1,117,931 square miles, at a cost of |23,- 500,000. In 1819, Florida was acquired from Spain; Texas was annexed in 1845 ; California and New Mexico in 1848; the Gadsden purchase from Mexico in 1852 ; and, finally, Alaska in 1867. The imoccupied portions of the original States were gradually ceded to the Union by the States. The acquisition of territory was gradual, and the process of peopling it was slower. Of the centuries (not yet four) since the discovery of America, more than one full century had elapsed before the first permanent settlement in the United States was made — that of Vii-ginia in the year 1607 — 115 years after Columbus crossed the ocean. Before the colonization of South Carolina in 1670, the first settlers of Virginia had grown gray, and a like interval after this elapsed before the settle- 2 HAND-BOOK OF GEOKGIA, ment of Georgia in 1732. The first infant Iborn in Charleston had reached the age of threescore before Oglethorpe landed at Savannah and founded Georgia — the youngest Colony of the original thirteen. Virginia, then at the age of 127, was almost as old as Georgia is now, at the age of 144. So gra- dual is the conquest of space. Tempting as the New World seemed in so many ways, centuries had not sufficed to people it. The United States, with all her vast area and unexampled growth, had not attained in 1860 a population equal to that of Japan, with an area about equal to half of Texas, In 1870, with 11 souls to the square mile, it was less densely peopled by half than the average land surface of the globe, including deserts and all uninhabitable places — the latter average being 27 souls. Dis- tance, poverty, the ocean, the forest, the Indian — all stood between the European and the New World ; even when he reached it and made good his footing, disease, hunger, and hardship were for a long time his attendants. Stringent motives were necessary to induce men to encounter the hard- ships of pioneer life. Among these motives, Religion, Poverty, and Crime had the leading shares. An adventurous disposition added its quota to the people of the colonies ; but a sturdy and vigorous character was evinced by the choice of such a life ; and among the numerous perils which cut off the new colonies, " the survival of the fittest " was constantly illustrated. In the settlement of Georgia, there were two leading aims : 1. The new Colony was intended largely as a sort of buffer to South Carolina, to keep off the hostile Indian tribes ; 2. To furnish a refuge to the poor people of Great Britain especially, though not excluding Europe generally. Her beginnings were humble. Like John Bunyan, she Avas of an inconsiderable generation. The first colonists proved a failure, and better material was found in the immigration of the Salzburgers, the Moravians, and Scotch Highlanders. Yet the character of the early colonists is more a matter of interest historically than by reason of any permanent influence they exerted on the future of the State. By far the largest and most influential element came from the other and older colo- nies — Virginia and the Carolinas. The moulding influence THE SITUATION AND CONDITION" OF GEORGIA. 3 ■whioli formed the j)reseiit Georgia was derived from this internal immigration. Georgia is usually referred to as the youngest of the original thirteen. The word youngest seems to be associated with her age ; bu^t she is fairly to be classed among the older States of the Union. Compare 1676, 1776, 1876. In 1676, all the original colonies except Georgia were fairly under way. In 1776, Georgia was 44 years old, and no new State wag admitted till 1791, after the Revolutionary War. There are 25 States younger than Georgia, and but half that number older. The late war, however, has practically made of the whole South new States. The settlement of the State was a work of time, pa- tience, and hardship. Not until a century after the first colonization, was the final acquisition of her territory from the Indians effected — the Cherokee Country, one of the finest and most populous portions of the State. Before entering upon details, we will give a summary of the present condition of Georgia. GENERAL VIEW OF THE SITUATION AND CONDITION OF THE STATE. Georgia is admirably situated, with a fine ocean front on the South Atlantic coast — Savannah and Brunswick furnishing its chief ports for external commerce. It has several rivers emptying into the ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, which furnish considerable (yet not the best) facilities for inland navigation. The State in all sections is well wooded and watered. The climate is fine for production, health, and comfort. There is of soil, a great diversity, from very poor to very rich, and a remarkable range of agricultural production, embracing both provision and money crops, including among them Cotton, Rice, and Sugar, with all the cereals and grasses, and an immense variety of fruits and vegetables. The ten-itorial dimensions of the State are ample — the area exceeding 58,000 square miles, with an average length of 300 and breadth of 200 miles. The population, however, is rather sparse, being about the average of that of the organized States of the Union — say 22 per square mile. In 1870, the number 4 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA. of inhabitants was 1,184,109, of Avliom 638,926 were whites and 545,183 blacks. The State is divided by nature into three great divisions — Upper, Middle, and Lower Georgia — terms in this case equally applicable to latitude and altitude — the altitude rising with the latitude. The wealth of Georgia in 1860 was relatively large — the aggregate being $645,895,237 — nearly $1,100 to each white inhabitant. In 1870, five years after the wai', the aggregate was reduced to $268,169,207, being $420 to each white, or $268 to each inhabitant. The State debt until recently was far less than the value of the public property of the State, and probably does not now exceed it. About 2,400 miles of railway are in operation, being one Ijiile to every 28 square miles of territory, and one mile to every 500 inhabitants. There is a newly organized system of piiblic schools. The State University was founded in 1801. It is well patronized, and has a fair endowment. There are several denominational and other colleges, male and female. The Capital of the State is Atlanta, a rapidly growing city of about 35,000 inhabitants. The civil divisions are: 137 Coun- ties, 44 State Senatorial Districts, 9 Congressional Districts, and 20 Judicial Circuits. Before the war, Georgia was generally regarded one of the most prospei'ous States of the Union ; and since its close has been one of the most rapid of the Southern States in recupera- tion, and has ever enjoyed a high reputation for independence, vigor, and enterprise. Such is a very brief, general outline of the State. A huge and complex thing is a State ! In this one compre- hensive Avord, what an aggregate is involved of objects natural and social — of land and water, forest and plain, cultivated fields and waste places, climate and soil ; and of yet greater things — people and their ways, constitutions and institutions, laws and customs — all expressed in one short syllable ! To obtain information concerning it requires considerable ma- chinery to collect and arrange the facts of its condition. They ai^e gathered from afar and brought together by means of statistics, which has lately grown up into a science. RANGE OF PRODUCTIOKS. 5 Formerly it was employed almost entirely for taxation, repre- sentat ion, and war ; now for public information and guidance, to provide material for statesmanship and wise administration, and for individual conduct and popular improvement. Only gradually have men worked into the idea that a State is a species of organism, of which the very units — men — are, themselves, the most complex of organisms ; and the relations of the units also, numerous and complex. Properly to repre- sent the whole of the information is to combine the results of the laborers in each department — the historian, geographer, naturalist, statistician, etc. To do this well requires order and co-ordination, and an interlacing of dependent parts, to enable readei's to grasp the whole, by grouping condensed and related statements in brief ; for one may know many facts, and yet have a confused idea of the whole. The present work is intended to embrace three main topics of discussion, or general subjects to be treated : 1. The Country ; 2. The People ; 3. The Productions. These natur- ally and obviously cover the case. The Country — all things natural ; the People — all things social ; the Productions — the use of the country by the people. The most important and practical subject for consideration is the actual development of Georgia, individual and social — that of the social units and the social aggregate — a correct view of our actual stage of progress. In no respect are Georgia's advantages more conspicuous than in the admirable fitness of many portions of the State for ample home comfort. The range of agiicultural productions is remarkable for the following reasons : We reach nearly to the tropics. Our greatest length is from south to north, and the altitude increases with the latitude, thus supplying all the conditions of variety. From the semi-tropical products at the South, we pass above the cotton-belt in the mountain region. At the Soiith, Rice Cane and Cotton are field crojDS, and the Orange and Banana are just reached, among tropical fruits. As we go higher. Cotton is the leading money crop, and we reach the favorite region of the Peach in all its lusciousness. The Pear can be grown everywhere, even to the southern limit, in its greatest perfection. At the Pomological Fair in Boston, it 6 HAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA. was a Georgia Pear whicli took the highest premium, compet- ing with those from California and the whole country. With proj)er judgment and skill, a Georgia farmer should be one of the best off in the Union for wealth and comfort, having abundant supplies and money crops also. The Cereals — especially of Wheat and Indian Corn — as shown by chemical analysis, cannot be surpassed in nutritive value. Of vege- tables, the variety is almost unbounded, including all those named in the Gardens' Calendars — the SAveet-potato, Green Corn, and Okra of a superior sort, added. We have Figs, Pomegranates, Grapes, Muscadines, Apricots, Melons, Quinces and Plums. Apples flourish in all parts of the State except near the coast. All the fruits are of superior flavor. Wild fruits, including Strawberries, Blackberries, Grapes, and Nuts, are abundant. "JSTowhere does a greater variety repay the pains of the husbandman. The mineral wealth of the State is large. Unsurpassed man- ufacturing facilities — w^ater-power, coal, iron, cotton — all together. This interest is beginning rapidly to develop. Another remarkable and unappreciated fact is found in the splendid commercial situation of Georgia. Naturally, and uj)on a noi-mal development and growth of commerce, she has the finest commercial situation on the continent. There are geographical and topographical considerations establishing this fact, which we will hereafter consider. A great commercial future may yet be hers, for it is not too late for the needful improvement. Finally, there are here the most splendid opportunities for diversification of labor — the needed condition of material prosperity. All the great industries can be fully represented : Agri- culture, in its best phases, for profit and comfort; Manufactur- ing and Mining under the most favorable conditions ; and Commerce, including not only her own exchanges, but a remarkable proportion of those of other sections of the country. These industries developed will give rise to profes- sional employment also — thus covering the entire range of the industries of a prosperous people. LOSSES OF GEORGIA BY THE WAR. / EFFECTS OF THE LATE WAR BETWEEIST THE STATES. The prodigious retarding effect of the war is to be observed as one of the great elements which it will require time to over- come. We went foot. We are now spelling up slowly. Population and wealth were both set back, and the relations of all business undermined and revolutionized. One has well remarked that we lost our very business habits, besides our occupation. The wealth of Georgia in 1870 was returned as 20 per cent less than in 1850 — 20 years before. In 1850, she was the 6th State in the Union in wealth, the 9th in population, and the 13th in white population. In 1870, she was the 20th in wealth. No study of any Southern State can be thorough which fails to recognize and examine this huge factor which divides the Old and New South. The changes produced in Georgia by the war were as follows : Population in 1850, 906,185. " 1860, 1,136,692— increase, 230,507, or 25,43 per cent. " 1870, 1,184,109 " 47,417, " 4 " " At the fomaer rate, the increase in 1870 would have been 288,720, instead of 47,417, making a loss of 241,303, by virtue of the 4 years' war, or 60,326 per annum, of persons actually lost by the war and the increase of population prevented — the former being the most active and valuable men of the com- munity, conducting its main business. This throws some light on the losses by the war. The pecuniary losses were as follows. The wealth of Georgia was : In 1850, 1335,426,000. " 1860, 645,895,000— increase, $310,469,000, or 90 per cent. " 1870, 268,169,000— decrease, 377,726,000, "58.5 " " At the former rate, the increase would have been 90 per cent —$581,305,000, making the wealth of 1870, $1,227,200,000; real wealth, 1268,169,000 ; loss, $959,031,000. The loss was more than three times as great as the property left ; and the estimate, at that, in greenbacks, not in gold. 8 HAND-BOOK OF GEOllGIA. The decennial tendency, moreover, was decidedly upward every successive decade ; so that the probable increase from 1860 to 1870, aside from the war, would have exceeded the foregoing ratio, and did exceed it at the North, in spite of the war. The losses by the war have been equivalent to about 7 years' loss of increase in population, and 25 years' loss of wealth, besides the loss of business habits and the disorganization of industry. The effect of all this is to make the Southern States gene- rally — Georgia included — new States, now in their infancy, and have a new development. This carries us forward into a general VIEW OF THE FUTURE. Set back 25 years in the race, we must look forward to a correspondingly long period for a new development — remem- bering, too, that the relative progress of other States will have been going on in geometrical progression. But notwithstanding these discoxiraging circumstances, the future of the State, if no untoward event again occurs to check our natural progress, is full of hope. The progress already made by ourselves, with our own means, gives unmistakable assurance that we will, at no distant day, become opulent as a people and have a grand development of o\ir State. Georgia will come to be known, not merely as an Agricultural, but as a Manu- facturing State. Manufacturing Capital will come to the Cotton- fields, and with it will come denser population, greater general wealth, and higher organization. Her Mining resources will be developed — Gold, Coal, Iron, Lime, etc., etc. — also her immense natural advantages of commercial situation. Middle and Upper Georgia will be sought for the climate as well as for other advantages, and will have a largely increased white population. Georgia has the greatest diversity of resources and powers of adaptation, and is recognized as tne Empire State of the South. Her career is in the future. Her great hope is in her own people. Mr. John C. Reed, in his book, The Old and the New South, says : " The best inhei-itance of the New CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE — IMMIGEATION. 9 from the Old South is the Southei*n people. . . . There is a gi'eat residuum of progressive energy, of intellectual strength, and moral worth in the people of the Southern States. They need not fear a comparison . . . with the most enlightened communities. Great men . . . such as the South have given birth to, in unbroken succession, are the unmistakable signs of a great people. . . . The rank and file of the Confederate armies have given proof that the men of the South must be classed, in all the elements of complete character, with the best that the world has ever seen. . . . Crime (before the war) was so infrequent that a single morning of the term of a rural court, nearly always sufficed to dispose of every indict- ment ; there was little want or pauperism ; virtue was every- where the rule in private life, and there was seldom even the sus^Dicion of corruption in government or the administration of justice. The history of this people since the war shows that they are possessed of the best Anglo-Saxon mettle." It is the character of a -people which constitutes a State, and in this we have abiding confidence. Not crushed by loss, Georgians are still full of pluck and energy, and think not of succumbing, but only of how to meet the new exigencies. Their resources are great in versatility and power of accommo- dation, and a proper use of their natural advantages will make them a noteworthy people. IMMIGRATION. Georgia presents to immigrants a splendid combination of advantages, natural and social. Many of them are common to the Southern States and some to the Cotton States only ; while others are peculiar to Georgia. So numerous and substantial are these advantages and inducements, as only to stand in need of appreciation to lead to large immigration. They will bear, too, the most attentive study. Few countries can bear so systematic a treatment and so rigorous an appeal to first principles, by a direct comparison, instituted and carried out between 10 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA. THE WANTS OP MAN AND THE MEANS OP SUPPLY. Take all human wants, thoughtfully considered, and compare -"jhem seriatim with the provisions here made for their supply. Bastiat, the French philosopher, sums up the wants of man substantially as follows, beginning with the simplest and advancing to the more complex and artificial : Air, Food, Clothing, Lodging, Health, Locomotion, Sense of Security, Listruction, Diversion, Sense of the Beautiful. Some of these wants are gratified by nature, some by society, and some by the combined action of both. Accepting this summary, com- pare, in Georgia, the supply provided : 1. Air. — Let the air be regarded in a wider sense as the synonym of climate. It is balmy, delicious, and wholesome. It has been said that no finer climate than that of Middle Georgia is enjoyed by any English-speaking people — and they hold one fourth of the habitable globe, scattered over every quarter. Take it year in and year out, it is only surpassed in comfort by some of the " table-land " regions, Avhich, by way of compensation, lack variety. There is, especially in the Southern autumnal season and the Indian Summer, an inde- scribable chai'm, a sense of delicious repose, Avhich makes existence itself an enjoyment. Of many a day, it may be said, " This is a gem — a perfect chrysolite !" With its balmy breath and its absolute freedom from every sense of oppression or exaction, it suits one, even as Sancho Panza said of slee]) : it fits him all over like a garment. 2. Food. — Nowhere can be grown a greater variety of wholesome and delicious food. The range of food crops for man and beast is unsurpassed. The cereals in their perfection, show both to the taste and to chemical analysis a superior composition, quality, and flavor ; " Corn bread," North and South, is not the same thing ; Sugar-cane, Rice, and Field Peas and vegetables of the most varied sort ; the Sweet- Potato through the entire winter and summer — enough of itself to tempt an epicure — substantial and delicious. At a county fair held in November, a gentleman well known to the country sent from his garden for exhibition 24 varieties of vegetables ; and this entirely without special preparation. Fruits of the finest flavor, and in abundance. And such WANTS OF MAN AND THEIR SUPPLY. 11 Peaches ! and, what is not generally supposed, such Pears ! Apples, Plums — domestic and wild; Strawberries ; Raspberries — the flavor of Peaches and Strawberries surpassingly fine. The Figs, after all, regarded by many as the finest fruit we have, abundant, perfectly wholesome, and covering a long season. The Scuppernong Grape is a like resource. For animal food, aside from game and fish, there is no country better adapted to the cheap production of the best meats. Beef — perhaps not quite so cheaply raised at present as in the blue-grass region — may still be had in abundance. So with Mutton, Pork, and Poultry. A large part of the time the animals producing these, can, to a great extent, " find themselves." With our brief winters and light snow, the stock on a farm is largely self-supporting, and no one need want for meat, or for having it fresh the year round. No- where can Poultry be raised better or cheaper, and our dairy facilities, though poorly utilized, are unsurpassed.- In a word, for food-raising we are admirably situated ; nor do we ourselves half appreciate our advantages for abundance and variety of choice food. 3. Clothing. — The South is the home of Cotton — the choicest of clothing material. It may be equally so of Wool. It is capable of Flax and Silk ; and has the best natural facilities for manufacturing all these after their jDroduction. In this respect, Georgia is unsurpassed. 4. Lodging. — There is abundant material, well diffused, for housebuilding, of whatever sort, from the humble and quickly reared cabin to the stateliest mansion. Wood, Brick, Stone, Marble, Slate — material for sills, and plank and shingles — the pine and cypress — abundant. Material for all furniture, for comfort and luxury, abounds. 5. Health. — ISTo greater errors abound abroad than on this subject. Life Insurance Companies have discriminated against some of the healthiest regions of the globe. The character of sickness at the North and South differs ; but the general health at the South and the rates of mortality will compare favorably with that of the North. The conditions of health are perhaps more manageable. Certain low or swampy tracts at the South have given a false impression as to the general and pervading salubrity of the 12 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA. climate. These places are well known and avoidable ; while at the North an all-pervading tendency — say to consumption — cannot be easily escaped. From this disease, the health maps in the Census Atlas show that we have an unusual exemption, especially in lower Georgia. This is also true of the mountain region. In Rabun County, a death from con- sumption has never been known to occur. The softness of our winters is greatly promotive of longevity. 6. Locomotion. — The impediments to this are greatest in a cold country — winter-locked, ice-bound ; or in a tropical country having an excess of heat and rain. In our moderate and delightful climate, comfortable indoors or out, little restraint arises either from heat or cold, snow or ice, or any natural cause. In summer and winter, spring and autumn, ground and water are alike open for use. The air in winter is cold enough for exhilaration, but generally not chilling and repressive. In the autumn, it is a luxury to move in it, and breathe it in. In the summer, sunstrokes seldom ever occur under any circumstances, while they are frequent in moi-e northern latitudes. In summer, the days are shorter and the nights longer. ISTowhere can a pleasanter out-door life be found, for the agricitlturist whose duties require it, or for the sportsman or pleasure-seeker. The character of the soil and surface in Southern Georgia admits of admirable and easily made roads. In the undulating country, they cost more, but there is more A^ariety to invite out into the air and sunshine. 7. A Sense of Security. — Of this sense against molestation by the seasons or natural causes, we have already treated. It is also necessary against social injuries by laAV or by felloAV-men. Here, too, serious misapprehensions prevail. There is an idea of violence and disorder in Southern society. The statistics of crime, like those of health, do not sustain this view ; and this error, too, lias arisen from local and casual disturbances, seldom witnessed, much magnified, and concerning which there is really no practical feeling of apprehension. Indeed, the actual state of Southern society — its quiescence, freedom from danger of outbreaks, combinations, strikes, etc. — is just the contrary. The relation between the white people and the negroes is the most amiable which ever existed between WANTS OP MAN AND THEIR SUPPLY. IS two races so far asunder in external characteristics, cultiva- tion, development of brain, and with like surroundings. No outbreaks occurred during the war. The supposed volcano upon which we lived gave forth no eruption and caused no earthquakes. Considei'ing the fearful tendencies and the bad management, the difficulties at an early period after the war were few and inconsiderable. Nowhere do a larger propor- tion of the population sleep without locks on their doors than in Georgia and the South generally, fearless both of violence and theft. 8. Lutruction. — This, in some sections of Georgia, for some years longer, must depend largely on parents and the habits of the individual. For abundant school advantages, a certain density of population is necessary, and the want of this presents the only difficulty. The needful conditions improve with the increase of population, and as we regain our wealth and prosperity. 9. Diversion could not be omitted from a Frenchman's catalogue of needs, nor could a Sense of the Beautiful. So far as nature goes, variety gratifies both, and we have that of season and climate, of soil and surface, plants and trees, of sky and sunsets, of mountains and plains. For a natural sense of the Beautiful, we have both grand and quiet scenery. The country beautiful enough in itself, but upon which, if the expense devoted to many others had been bestowed, it would indeed be an earthly paradise. Every charm of cultivation, of flowers and shrubbery, can be added mth less cost than in most climates. Of the Southern people, it may be truly said that they are a hospitable people, friendly to strangers and given to hospi- tality ; and a foreigner with ordinary prudence will not fiud them otherwise. If he exhibit good sense and good feeling, he will soon have numerous and attached friends. To one other want we shall refer — viz.. Money. This is the means of procuring, by exchange, those things which money will supply, though not all of the foregoing wants. For making money or the things money will buy — its full equivalent in comfort — the South presents excellent oppor- tunities to those who have skill or capital, or both. Like all other countries, it is subject to " hard times," but no family 14 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. need ever know want. Agriculturally, it has the best of money crops — Cotton, if not abused. For Manufacturing, it presents the finest opening to be found in the world. For Mining industry, also fine facilities. For Trade, good inducements to those who have capital. For Professional work, it is not yet so ri^De. Various conveniences and appliances, also, are necessary, such as Roads, Railroads, Churches, Schools, Court-Houses, and the machinery of Justice and Law. In these respects the advantages over a new country are world-wide. The roughness of a jjioneer life is over, and the advantages of a social and industrial progress already attained. There is land cleared yet woodland convenient, railroad facilities ample for the present and for many years to come, a settled state of society, churches to go to, schools for children, laws established. It is difficult to convey a full idea of the presence of these advantages compared with their absence. The distinction drawn by Bastiat between the laborious supply of human wants and their gratuitous supply by nature, is eminently favorable here. Nature does what elsewhere, by much labor, art must accomplish. Take warmth for example, and compare the necessary provision for our winters and those of a cold country. Take the food of cattle as another illustration, and think of them as gi azing through the winter on barley, oats, or rye in the South, compared with cattle housed through the winter and fed on dry forage in the North. In the spring, the farmer of each section has his ox or his cow, but how different the trouble and exjsense ! So far as natural advantages go, nature has just stopped short of prodigality. The people of the State are (it may be considered as a matter of course) much attached to the country, and accus- tomed to refer to it always in terms of highest appreciation. " The Sunny South," " The Land of the Sun," " The finest land the sun shines on," " The Garden-Spot of the World " — these expressions are not infrequent. Many Northern men have endorsed them. Men who haA-e travelled extensively have said, that taking it all in all, it is one of the finest countries to live in. The land is not so rich as in some sections, but ill SUGGESTIONS TO IMMIGRANTS. 15 health usually accompanies very rich land ; yet one year with another, with good management, there will be a reliable quantity of products, both for suj^plies and for sale. For home comfort and abundance, no country is better suited, if one will but make them a prime object. Germans and other foreigners have frequently remarked on the advan- tage of winter crops, and the ground working for them all the time, and not being ice-bound in winter. Increased population would rapidly lead to diversification of pursuits, which again would rapidly develop the needed capital from within, if not from abroad; and we do not hesitate to say, as the result of observation and experience, that the best immigration, next to that from the neighboring States (of South and North Carolina and Virginia), is the immigration from the Northern States, rather than from abroad. These are soonest assimilated. The best means of harmonizing the sections is by the mutual acquaintance to which such immi- gration will give rise. Sectional antipathies are based on mutual ignorance, and disappear before knowledge. SUGGESTIONS TO IMMIGRANTS. Come and see for yourselves. Do not expect fairy-land, or exemption from labor and care ; but come and comjjare climate, j^roductions, and the general conditions of comfort with those to be had elsewhere, and you will find them to compare favorably. You will quickly see that we have not improved our natural advantages adequately ; bu^t you will find that Nature has done her part well ; and if you but bring with you good habits of painstaking and economy, you will soon build up a delightful home. You will find good sense and good feeling ; and in any considerable community, men of culture and refinement. Still generally they do not show so well at first as on longer acquaintance. You should visit the country, and see the capacities of the soil and climate. Do not regard the present agriculturists as knowing every thing, nor yet fall into the contrary error of supposing they know nothing. In fact, they know much ; yet the present is but a transition state, and they have not fully solved the problem of conformity to the new conditions 16 HAND-BOOK OF GBOKGIA. of life and labor. The young men and the new men are now on aa equal experience level with the old • so you will have a fair start. The inducements generally referred to are agricultural. Those for manufacturers are equally great. For success in these, nothing is needed hut capital and good management; and where will they thrive without both ? All the needful conditions are here for the development of the most profitable manufacturing industry in the whole country. We were just beginning to reach that stage of development when the war arrested it. Again, in Georgia, more rapidly than anywhere else in the South, this progress has begun. There is, too, a large population fit for it, and to be benefited by it. Climate, material, and power, all exist together in an unsurpassed con- dition. Mining can be profitably pursued, under like condi- tions of capital and good management. Professional men we do not need so much as men of science and skill. Our people have, themselves, devoted much more of their time to other subjects than to science or to expertness in labor. We would not overestimate the advantages. There are drawbacks to all good things, and compensations to all evils. We would not encourage Utopian views, but we think Georgia, all things considered, one of the most desirable of all the States open for immigration, and still inadequately popu- lated. In all lands, there are sickness and death, hard times, evil days and evil people, mixed with the blessings and the good things of life. Trouble and discipline, labor and sorrow, are incident to all climes ; yet Nature has been prodigal in her gifts to us, and man needs only average care and skill to make here as hapj)y homes as the world has ever known. The oarth, with its range of productions, the sun and air and con- ditions of climate, the abundant wood and water and water- power, the present settled state of the country and degree of development, and the future promise for one's children of a still higher development— all point to the South as admirably suited for immigration, and to no part of the South more 'dan to Georsfia. 1. THE COUITRY. GEOLOaiOAL SUEVBT OF THE STATE. 1. OUTLINE OF PHYSICAL FEATURES, Lsr the following pages the object will be to convey to the reader a correct outline of the appearance of the surface of the State, and the materials which make up that surface and the underlying crust of the earth, so far as penetrated either by the farmer's plough or the miner's pick ; to describe the drain- age system of the State in its relation to the location of mills and factories ; the transportation of materials of export and import, and the natural supply of timber for building or man- ufacturing, as they ajjpear to one making a mineralogical, geo- logical, and physical survey. From Lookout Mountain, in Dade County, one can see the larger part of Cherokee Georgia, From Pine Log Mountain in Bartow, and Stone Mountain in De Kalb, or Mount Airy in Habersham, one sees Northern-Middle Georgia. From Brown's Mountain in Bibb, one can get an idea of Southern- Middle Georgia. From Paramore's Hill, Scriven County, one inay see the characteristic features of South-eastern Georgia. Standing on Pine Log Moxmtain, on the border of Bartow and Cherokee Counties, one sees in the north-west the High Point of Lookout Mountain, which is the continuation of the Alleghany or Cumberland Range ; toward the north. Fort Mountain, the southern extremity of the Cohuttas, a prolonga- tion of the Unaka or western branch of the Blue liidge ; to the north-east, Gi*assy Mountain, the south-western extremity of the Blue Ridge proper, which extends to the Enota in Towns County, and to the Rabun Bald. 18 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. A little north of east, a prominent point is Mount Yonali in White County, which, with Walker's Mountain in Lumpkin, Sawnee Mountain in Forsyth, Sweat, Kenesaw, and Lost Mountains in Cobb, and Oak Ridge in Carroll Counties, form a line of peaks extending north-east and south-west across almost the entire State, from South Carolina to Alabama; and the five last named divide the Chattahoochee waters from those of the Alabama. To the south-east of Pine Log can be seen Stone Mountain, the last high point in the Chattahoochee Ridge which extends in a similar manner across the State north-east and south-west, and divides the Chattahoochee from the streams which empty into the Atlantic east of Atlanta, from those west of this place which flow into Flint River, and unite with the Chatta- hoochee, just after crossing the Florida line, forming the Appalachicola whicli runs to the Gulf of Mexico. To the south-west, one sees Pine Mountain, an extension of Pine Log ; and west of that are the Allatoona Hills of Bartow County, south of Etowah River ; and still farther Carnes Mountain in Polk, and the Dug Down Mountains which separate Polk from Haralson, reaching to the Alabama line. The region in view embraces North-west or Cherokee Georgia, and is the main portion of the mineral territory of the State. Lookout is the highest of a series of ridges — named Sand Mountain, Lookout Mountain, Taylor's Ridge, Johns Moun- tain, and Chattoogata Ridge — running north-east and south- west from Tennessee into Alabama, and containing the Coal and f ossilif erous Iron Ore. The Cohutta is a continuation of the Unaka Range of Ten- nessee, and runs north and south, ^containing Copper with some Lead and Silver Ore. On the western border of this range are the beds of Baryta, Manganese, Brown Hematite Iron Ore, and Slate. On the east, between the Colnitta and the Blue Ridge, is one belt of Marble, and adjacent to it the Gold-bearing Schists which extend from Nortli Carolina to Alabama and reappear on the south side of the Blue Ridge, with a- belt of Serpentine Soapstone and Limestone on the north side of the Chatta- hoochee Ridge, in the rich Gold territory of Habersham, White, Liimpkin, Forsyth, and Hall Counties, lying north of PHYSICAL FEATURES. 19 tliese calcareous and magnesian carbonates and silicates, and extending from South Carolina to Alabama. South of the Chattahoochee Ridge, there is another Soap- stone belt with similar hydromica, micaceous, and chloritic schists, which is also to some extent Gold-bearing. After passing a series of hornblendic Gneisses, there comes still another belt of steatitic, silicious, and hydromicaceous schists, on a line with Graves' Mountain in Lincoln County; and after passing another hornblendic belt, the same again recur on the line of Oak and Pine Mountains in Hai-ris County, bounded on the south by Gneisses and Granite. The intervals between these Gold-bearing rocks make the Blue, Chattahoochee, and Oak Mountain Ridges, and are at some points Copper-bearing. This brings us to the middle of the State, where the Railroad from Augusta, via Milledgeville, Macon, and Columbus, marks the border of the CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY SEAS. The Cretaceous extended from Columbus to Butler, and formed deposits from this line south to Pataula Creek, above Fort Gaines. The Tertiary covered the rest of the State with Marl-beds, Limestones, etc., as far south as to Chatham County, and thence by the junction of Oconee and Ocmulgee Rivers, and via Quitman on the Withlacoochee, to the Florida line. The latest tertiary sands and clays cover the remainder of the State, or South-eastern Georgia, and gradually descend to the Okefinokee Swamp, not much more than one hundred feet above the level of the sea. The surface of the State shows one other peculiar feature, in the heavy beds of sand, gravel, and pipe clay, which border the older granitic and gneissoid rocks along the line of railroad referred to above, and extending generally 10 to 20 miles southward, sometimes forming hills capped with ferruginous sandstone. These deposits have been referred to the flooding of the Southern States by the water from melting ice at the close of the Glacial Period, when the rocks of the Northern States were grooved and striated by the grinding of the immense ice-masses which covered the greater portion of the 20 HAjSTD-BOO'K of GEORGIA. continent north of the Ohio River, and, by their melting, deposited " Moraines" and drift-beds over the Middle States ; while the floods of water from their extremities poured over the Atlantic and Gulf States in streams which formed gra- vel-beds at Washington, Richmond, Fayetteville, Columbia, Milledgeville, Tuscaloosa, Jackson, and Vicksburg, laying the foundations for Capital cities in a soil admirably drained, and with fine springs of freestone water just at the head of navi- gation of the principal rivers. After this Glacial or Drift Period closed, there was a slower flow of the waters; the sediment deposited formed a blue clay, which is the characteristic of our rice swamp and tide-water swamps, and this was the last change that the surface under- went until the period when man began to record his observa- tions in tlie Human A(/e, to mark on trees and rocks and wharves the highest and lowest water-marks, to observe the amount of mud and sand deposited each year by the spring- freshets, and to note the gradual filling up of marshes by the sediment from streams flowing into them, the accumulation of vegetable matter from leaves and branches and moss-beds, and the building of reefs by the gradual accumulation of oyster- shells along the coasts. 2. GEOLOGY. Geology is the science which describes the physical features of the earth, the rocks which compose its crust, the order of their arrangement, the remains of vegetable and animal life which are buried in the layers accessible to man, and the forces which have in the past made changes in these layers, or are now doing so. It is interesting to the Agriculturist, the Miner, the Manufacturer, and the Merchant. To the Farmer, it is of the highest importance to know the origin of -the soil which he cultivates, and the causes of the changes which it undergoes. To the Miner, it is essential that he should understand the relations of the metal-bearing rocks to those which are of no value, so that he may expend his labor where profit will result. To the Manufacturer, the cheapest power that can be applied is furnished by the waterfalls formed by the passage of streams over beds of rocks which resist their Avearing effect. OKIGIX OF SOILS CRUST OF THE EARTH. 21 To the merchant, the cost of transportation is a prime factor in estimating his profits ; and this is regulated by the number and character of the rivers which furnish the cheapest means of conveyance, and the moiintain ranges Avhich impede traffic or limit the range of the market in siipply and demand. Let us inquire, What are soils ? They are simply the result of the action of the atmosphei'e and water, and the heat of the sun, or the disintegrating effect of frost on the rocks which make up the earth's surface, and the remains of vegetables and animals mingled with these. They consist of the same elements as the rocks from which they are derived ; and these rocks are made up of minerals, which, in turn, can be separated into chemical elements or simple bodies which can not be further separated — in other words, are not compound. The ancients recognized only four elements of which all natu- ral objects were supposed to be composed — ^\dz.. Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. Chemists have been able, by means of the galvanic battery, to separate water into two gases. Hydrogen and Oxygen. The air or atmosphere they have found to be a mixture of two gases. Oxygen and Nitrogen, with a small and variable amount of watery vapor, and a still less amount of Carbonic Acid and Ammonia. The Earth, or the rocky crust which, is exposed to view on the surface, and those substances which are dug out of it called Minerals, they find to contain about 69 elements of different physical properties. In digging the deep mines and boring artesian wells, it has been found that there is a constant and tolerably regular in- crease of heat, after passing 50 feet as we descend toward the centre of the earth, amounting to about 1 per cent for every 100 feet. At a depth of 30 miles, this heat would, at this rate, become so great as to melt iron, and at 50 miles all the other metals and the rocks, but for the fact that the increase of pressure of matter above, raises the m.elting-point of these rocks. It is also known that all bodies give out heat into the air or surrounding bodies in space ; and hence the conclusion is drawn that, dm-ing the long period which has elapsed since the earth was created, thei*e has been a gradual diminution of its temperature, and that originally it existed in a gaseous condition. Then, as it cooled, it became liquid, and finally 22 HAISTD-BOOK OF GEORGIA. the outer portion or crust became solid, while beneath the crust, at a depth of 20 or 30 miles, there may still be found liquid matter, such as is thrown out from volcanoes as laA^a, and such as the Trap-rock which we find penetrating the other and stratified rocks. Cooling is accompanied by contraction. As this has taken place, the figure of the earth has been modified so as to form two immense troughs, in which the water has collected, separated by two large bodies of land, the Western Continent or America, and the Eastern Continent or Old World. The Western Continent has two long ranges of mountains parallel to the borders of the oceans — the Appalachians on the Atlantic, and the Rocky Mountains on the Pacific side. From the shells, bones, teeth, etc., of animals found in the rocks, it is inferred that animals to which these parts belonged, lived while the sand, clay, etc., in which we find them were being deposited from water. By comparing these relics which we dig up, and hence call/bsstYs, with the corresponding parts of animals now living, we fi.nd that those dug up near the ocean are very nearly of the same kind as those now living. The oyster-shells found near the line of Chatham and Efiingham Counties are almost exactly like those of the rac- coon oyster now living in the neighborhood of Savannah. The shells found at Enoch's Mill, in Effingham County, are somewhat different from those now living on the sea-coast ; and the vertebi'al bones found there are those of a saurian or lizard-like animal, but not the same as those of the alligator now living in Okefinokee Swamp. The shells found in the marl-beds in Scriven County differ still more from those now living ; and at Shell Bluff, in Burke County, we find oyster-shells a foot long, which no one would take for the edible Virginia or Savannah oyster. The corals which we find on Lookout Mountain are entirely different from those found near Thomasville. In the lime- stones of Dade Valley, near Trenton, we find the remains of ani- mals called Orthoceras, entirely different from any now living in any part of the world. In Bartow County, near Adairsville, we find a remarkable fossil, called by geologists Lingula, from its tongue shape, and from its being found in the lowest rocks, JLingula prima^ a form of life which has had repre- EAELIEST LIFE. 23 sentatives or relatives in all the rocks which have been formed, from the lowest to the highest. The remains of plants found buried in the shales of Lookout and Sand Mountains are entirely different from any now living, from the mountains to the seaboard of Georgia. Again, we find rocks in which there is no vestige of life ex- cepting a few sea-weed impressions and worm-holes bored by animals, when the mud and clay were soft and still retained in the rocks after they have been subjected to pressure from hundreds of feet of matter piled in layers above them. Finally, there are rocks in Georgia Avhich show no signs of there being any thing living at the time they were deposited ; and these rocks are as hard as if they had baen baked in a pottery-furnace for a thousand years, and we find running through them veins and wedges of Granite and Trap, which look almost the same as the lava now pouring from Vesuvius. From these and thousands of similar data, geologists have reasoned, that after the earth had cooled enough to form a solid crust, the water and atmosphere gradually wore away the exposed rocks, and spread out — or, to use a Latin word, stratified — the grains of sand and particles of kaolin and frag- ments of limestone over the sea-bottom. The sea-weeds which grew in the warm waters of the ocean were sometimes buried in the layers ; and on the beach, worms, which could live in water almost boiling, bored their holes in the soft sand or plastic clay. As the earth and the waters above the earth cooled still farther and contracted still more, life in the waters increased ; and the Brachiopods, or animals with arm-like feet, began to float ai'ound in seai'ch of food, and corals began to grow and form reefs. In the shallow waters hemmed in by these coral reefs, there began to grow a luxuriant swamp vegetation inhaling the superabundant carbonic acid of the atmosphere, and giving off again the oxygen for air-breathing animals, while they stored away the cai'bon in their own skeletons or trunks; and when they died formed peat-bogs or marsh-muck- like that which now covers the Okefinokee Swamp to a depth of four or five feet. By an oscillation or bending of the earth's crust beneath the swamp, there came an inroad of the sea-water, bringing clay 24 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. and sand and pebbles, and covered up the vegetable matter, just as the charcoal-burner does his kiln, in a small way ; and then, as the sands accumulated and the bottom of the marsh and the underlying crust bent down beneath the increased weight of deposits, and approached nearer the central heat, these plants were partially coked and lost a large part of the oxygen and hydrogen which they contained as water or steam; and the portion made of carbon remained partly as fixed cai'bon, while some of it united with hydrogen as hydro- carbon or bitumen, to serve as a source of gas for our modern gas-meters. In some places, the bending down of the earth's crust was so great that a break occurred, and the heated rocky matter from the inteiior escaped in the form of trap dikes, granite veins, etc. ; and where these came near the coal, the bitumen was driven out, and left pure carbon as Anthracite Coal, as in Pennsylvania. This has not occurred near enough to the coal deposits in Georgia to form this kind of coal, though in some of the older rocks Ave find it in another and still more altered form, as Graphite or Black Lead, which is nearly pure carbon Avith a little Iron ; and in the Itacolumite Sandstones, small quan- tities of carbon have j^erhaps been changed to the purest form, that of the Diamond ; since occasionally we find a perfectly crystallized Diamond in the debris, resulting from the washing down of this sandstone in White, Hall, and Lumpkin Counties. Three of these are now in the State, one beautiful crystal having 24 faces, or reflecting surfaces ; another having 48 faces, and a third which has been cut and polished by the jeweller and set in a ring. One other form of carbon occurs in Clay County, near Fort Gaines, which still shows the woody structure, and is called Lignite. The rivers of the present day are constantly wearing away the rocks, and deposit at their mouths a fine sediment, and, when they overflow, a similar alluvium along the flats outside of their banks. The land near the mouths is sometimes raised by the oscillations of the earth's crust, and land vegetation then begins. There have been apparently a number of these eleva- GEOLOGIC UPHEAVALS. 25 tions in Georgia, wliicli have not only been sufficient to raise the country about the mouths of rivers, but the whole coast region, from 15 miles above Savannah, along a curved line to the junction of the Oconee and Ocmulgee where they form the Altamaha, and around to the west, embracing the country where the Allapaha and Withlacoochee now have their feeders in the bi*anches and creeks of Irwin and Colquitt Coun- ties, and along the ridge which divides these from the head- waters of the Ocklockonee and the streams of Thomas County, forming the water-shed which separates the sti-eams emptying into Appalachee Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, from those tend- ing toward the Atlantic. Another elevation of the land exposed all that portion of the State lying between this line and one drawn from Augusta, via Macon, to Pataula Creek, above Fort Gaines on the Chattahoochee. Another brought up the old ocean-bed from Macon to Columbus. The next elevation in point of time brought up all the North-west jDortion of the State bounded by the Tennessee and Alabama lines, the Cohutta Mountains in Murray County, the Allatoona Hills in Bartow, and the Dug Down Mountains in Polk County. Before this there must have been another which raised Lookout Mountain and others parallel to it as far east as Rocky Face Ridge, Dalton, and Rome ; so that the streams have cut thena through lengthwise . from north-east to south- west. Still another elevation exposed the country lying between the Selma Rome & Dalton Railroad, and the line already mentioned of the Cohutta and Dug Down, so that it has been denuded lower than any other section of the State ; and per- haps at that time the Tennessee River found its way southward to the Gulf. At this period in the history of the state, we find evidence of a very extensive upheaval of the continental mass along the Atlantic slope. 26 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. METAMORPHISM. The effect of internal heat on the shales, limestones, sand- stones, and iron ores, has been to convert the sandstones into Quartzites, the shales into Slates, the limestones into Marbles, the mixtures of sand, lime, clay, iron, and carbon into Gneisses, Mica schists, Talcose schists, Chloritic and Graphitic schists. In some cases, the materials have been separated into distinct crystals, as Quai'tz, Rutile, Beryl, Tourmaline, Mag- netic Iron, Pyrite, Barite, Manganite, Staurolite, etc. Lead, Copper, and Zinc ores have also in some cases been brought up in vapors from the lower or central mass, where, by their great specific gravity, they would naturally be col- lected, and disseminated through the stratified rocks, either in layers or veins, or in minute or indiscernible particles scattered through the slates, and afterward, by the aid of steam or dissolved silica and alkalies, have been concenti'ated into the crevices of the rocks, wherever broken, and forming cavities for their reception. Even Gold, one of the heaviest metals, has thus been found in many counties of the State, either segre- gated or scattered. ELEMENTS, MINERALS, AND ROCKS. The crust of the earth has been compared to a great histo- rical work, which represents the unfolding of creation and building up of our planet. The divisions and chapters of this work are represented by the Geological Formations ; the paragraphs and sentences by the Periods and Epochs of each Formation ; the words of the sentences by the different Rocks, and the single letters of each word by the simple Minerals. For a thorough understanding of this work, a knowledge of the minerals which form the rocks, as well as the diffei'ent kinds of rocks, is necessary. These minerals are characterized (1) by their chemical composition ; (2) by their physical prop- erties — viz., their specific gravity or weight comi^ared with water as a standard; their hardness, color, and lustre; and (3) by their cleaving or splitting, giving their common crystal- line forms, as Cubes, having six equal faces or sides — e.g.y ELEMENTS OF THE EARTh's CRUST. 27 Iron Pyrites and Galena; or as Octahedrons, having eight faces — e.g.^ Magnetic Iron Ore; and Dodecahedrons, having twelve faces— e,^.. Garnet; or as Prisms, with six sides and two ends — e.g.^ Beryl; or Pyramids, like those on the ends of Quai-tz, which are nsually connected by a six-sided prism ; or, again, as prisms with faces like Staurolite, Feldspar, or Rutile. ELEMENTS. Of the 69 elements which chemical science has recognized, only 16 are sufficiently common to need further investigation by us ; and these are found combined and mingled in every soil that we cultivate. These elements are, in their order of abundance and import- ance, (1) Oxygen and (2) Hydrogen, which combined form water. These, with (3) Nitrogen and (4) Carbon, make up the air. These four compose by far the greater part of all Plants and Animals. Oxygen combines with all the other elements, and especially do we find it abundant in union with (5) Silicon, (6) Aluminum, (7) Iron, (8) Manganese, (9) Calcium, (10) Magnesium, (11) Potassium, (12) Sodium, (13) Phosphorus, (14) Sulphur, and (15) Chlorine. Magnesium, Oxygen, and Silicon form Talc, the softest of all minerals, and called in the scale of hardness — 1. Calcium, Sulphur, and Oxygen, with water, form Gypsum, and ranks — 2. Calcium, Carbon, and Oxygen form Calcite, whose hardness is — 3. Calcium and Fluorine form Fluorite, and of hardness is — 4. Calcium, Phosphorus, and Oxygen form Apatite and in hard- ness is — 5. Calcium, Sodium, or Potassium, with Alumimim, united to Silicon and Oxygen, form Feldspar — 6. Silicon and Oxygen or Silica (Flint or Quartz) has hai'dness rated — 7. . Silicon, Aluminum, Oxygen, and Fluorine form Topaz, of hardness — 8. Aluminum and Oxygen form Corundum which is — 9. Carbon, pure and crystallized, is the Diamond, an(^ hardest of all— 10. 2& HAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA. Iron is combined with oxygen in various proportions, and is called Hematite when 2 parts of Iron (Fe) combine with 3 parts of Oxygen (O). Limonite, or Brown Iron Ore, has in addition to FCgO^ of Hematite, 3 parts of water. Magnetite or Magnetic Iron Ore, contains 3 parts of Iron and 4 parts of Oxygen. Iron combines with Sulphur to form Pyrite, whicli by weight contains of Iron 46 per cent, and of Sulphur 53 per cent. Copper Pyrites, or Chalcopyrite, contains in addition to 30 per cent of Iron, and 36 per cent of Sulphur, 34 per cent of Copper. Manganese with Oxygen forms Pyrolusite, from which Mr. W. P. Ward, of Bartow County, is now making ferro-manga- nese, containing 60 per cent of manganese, worth |180 per ton. For smelting Iron from the first three, there have been erected in the State about 20 Furnaces, with a capacity for pro- ducing about 300 tons per day, or 100,000 tons of pig-iron per annum, woi'th now about $20 per ton, or $2,000,000 per annum. Only one of these (it is believed) is now in blast — that at Bartow Station on the W. & A. R.R. For smelting Cop2)er, there were, before the war, extensive works erected at the " Mobile Mine " in Fannin County, but they were burned, and have not yet been rebiiilt. There is a prospect of a company erecting works soon at the " Hiwassee Mine," in Towns County. At the " Waldrop Mine," in Haral- son County, the Tallapoosa Mining Company have cut a vein of chalcopyrite, etc., yielding, on an average, 8 per cent for 125 feet longitudinally, in a drift that has been opened, and the bed of ore found to average 5 feet in thickness for this distance. It is about 80 to 100 feet from the surface. IROK FURNACES CHEMICAL SYMBOLS. 29 LIST OF IRON FURNACES IN GEORGIA. 1. Bartow Furnace, Bartow Station, , Bartow Capacity. Tons per Day. Co. 20 2. Charcoal " " " " 7 3. 4. 5. Rogers " Rogers " Pool's " Stamp Creek. Brown and Thomas Furnace, " " " 7 " 4 4 Out of blast. 6. Cherokee Furnace, Polk " 40 ? Not iu blast. 7. ^tna " " 10 " 8. 9. Ridge Valley Furnace, Rising Fawn " Floyd Dade " 12 " 50 iC IC 10. Ward's Diamond Furnace, Bartow 4 11. 12. Stamp Creek Furnace, Etowah Furnace, „ " 4 4 Not in use. 13. Allatoona " " 4 " 14. 15. PhcBuix " Cherokee " Dade " 40 " 40 Not completed, 248 SYMBOLS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN MINERALS. For the sake of brevity, chemists have adopted the following symbols to represent the different elements and their combina- tions : Oxygen =0. Hydrogen=H. Carbon =C. Sulphur=S. Silicon=Si. Titanium=Ti. Chlorine=Cl. Sodium or Natrium=Na. Potassium or Kalium=K. Calcium or Lime Metal =Ca. Magnesiuin=Mg. Barium =Ba. Clay Metal or Aluminum: Iron or Ferrum=Fe. Manganese=Mn. Cuprum or Copper=Cu. Plumbum or Lead=Pb. Auram or Gold=Au. Bi8muth=Bi. :A1. Tellurium =Te. Arsenic=As. Moly bden urn = Mo. Zinc=Zn. Chromium =Cr. Nickel=Ni. Silica or Sand=S102=Si-f 20. Alumina=Al203=2xil+30. Ferric Oxide =Fe203=2Fe+30. Ferrous Oxide=FeO. Manganic Oxide =Mn203. Manganous Oxide=MnO. Calcic Oxide (Lime)=CaO. Magnesia='MgO. Water=H20=2H+0. Soda=NaO. Potash =K0. Baryta=BaO. Boracic AcidrrBOa. 30 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. MINERALS EOUND IN GEORGIA, GIVING THE PERCENTUM OF THEIR CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. 1 2 3 H C S Si Ti CI 60 Na 40 Al 53 Fe 47 34 30 72 38 23 70 54 ei 90 a '9 63 73 U 35 Pb 86 Au 166 BiTe As 46 Zn Cr 36 Ni Diamond Graphite Coal 100 100 100 166 13 53 20 41 35 52 48 59 •• ia 4 5 6 7 8 Sulphur Gold Tetradymite. . Galena Pyrite 9 10 11 15> Mispickel Molybdenite. . Chalcopyrite.. Halite •• 13 14 15 16 n 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Magnetite Franklinite. . . Chromic Iron. Water Corundum.... Hematite Ilmenite Pyrolusite. , . . Eutile Limonite Quartz Opal Meteoric Iron 37 41 41 89 46 30 31 37 39 37 53 53 il '2 47 47 is 61 io !» 0^ 3 0^ a 28 12 22 i2 '2 33 56 '9 17 18 50 '2 '2 '9 31 25 44 34 10 0" 6 '2 62 .. w "2 '4 '5 19 14 13 2i '6 28 i7 SI '4 '2 'i " io 9 i4 "2 "2 i 82 0" CO 34 46 0" 44 38 18 0° Ph ie 42 35 0" M '8 ;: 66 86 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Pyroxene Rhodonite Hornblende Beryl Chrysolite Garnet Epidote Biotite Muscovite Labradorite Orthoclase Staurolite Kyanite Tourmaline Talc 55 40 50 67 36 36 36 40 46 54 66 49 36 38 62 45 42 31 "3 58 '9 18 18 22 16 33 30 22 38 63 31 '9 17 36 37 ie '5 10 is 14 8 4 ii ■9 'i "5 ■3 53 3i 22 41 42 43 44 46 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Saponite Serpentine Chlorite Barite Gypsum Pyromorphite . . Lazulite... Wavellite Calcite Siderite Malachite Stilbite 70 PHYSICAL CHAEACTEE OF MINERALS. 31 1 Lead pencils. Fuel. Sulphuric acid and gunpowder. 2 3 cs a u Si a, <1 "3 p. £ O Eh 1 "S ■3 Oi t s i o S If Si 1 til sii ".If ? SJII iJii ,1-1 III, 1 1 o "3 OP3 tH|H cqhIWosi^P? ^M O i g n ^ =^" T 7 I* !2 T ;^- 1 . t •fh T-i ci T-I in' o in th m (n lo m m r-i oj 2 i« in ir- • -^t-i-iTjiooeo lo inio o th tA 00 1-^ id ;p Tji rf' oi CO ■*' Tf '"• 1 1 L 1 T i 1 1 III eo (N IN (N in o« »» 00 o -* TH th _ lo co _ oj i-I in t-^ j> •*' so '^ ■*' o» in in ■* r-i co CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. c ' 'i . 2 I .2 1 a- 3 < + ^ a ^ a: c o 4 C c s c 1 c c c 0. C c p4 in 11 .■« ? 5 c 1 1 V. c 1 > 1 ^ 1 fr • i. O II "a . 1 c a, £ c 5 Q 1 a •a s 6 6 a er ■* IT tc i- oc o- c r-l (N 1-4 1-1 CO Tj in cc t- 32 HAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA. •S fi o s P5 ft 5 W Eh n m g ,M .S -S ** •3 a & O OJD "3 Tn S .-5 ^^ £ ^ 60 I •§ 1 2 S K II, H lb r .^ 5 O M aj - Ml » o S « •»N s ^ --=■ »» "? CO a> e S r:; -a ^ fl K ^ O a s= 2 ^ K C! ii lO lO lO >o I- 5o' to ta 2tH JO 00 Tl T T I I IN 7-1 so CO 1-1 CO C^ CO CO CO „« c .9 H S Eh S Q O ao O a5 O O pq O a* -^ 03 a c "S 'a -a g a 0) C w Ph Ph G? C3 O r- (N 04 CO CO CO PHYSICAL CHAEACTEK OF MIIfEEALS. 33 »^ d -^ S ."S a) .IS >> o 05 ."S jS.£3a).ac3cBsj3 I 1 o ■* I T I C\i o ;d t- lO 1-; t- «5 03 00 OD III 11 Ills. ffi oj oi CO TO eo (N o< s* ? 1 12 g 0; 1 £ 0. *? 0, c s "i S 'C a. c £ 1 a a ^ t a) B5 S (J O M M H n< 10 o t- 00 OS TO TO TO TO TO TO " S p. o E-ia302OaOCLii^lg a — 02 S t» O-r-4«<(TO-l'OOt-Q0a>Oi-llN 34 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. CRYSTALLINE ROCKS. 1 Dolerite consists of Labradorite, Augite, and Magnetic Iron. 2 Diabase " " " " Chlorite. 3 Hyperatlienite consists of Labradorite and Hyperstliene. 4 Diorite " Hornblende and Albite. 5 Syenite " " " Ortlioclase. 6 Granite " Quartz, Mica, and Feldspar. 7 Gneiss " " " " " handed. 8 Granulite " " and granular Feldspar. 9 Mica Slate " " Mica, wliicb. is varied by addition of other Minerals. Hydromica Slate or Schist, Quartz, and hydrous Mica, and called Tal- cose when it consists of Quartz, Mica, and Talc. Chloritic Slate consists of Quartz, Mica, and Chlorite. Hornblendic Slate consists of Quartz, Mica, and Hornblende. Graphitic Slate " " << " Graphite. 10 Itacolumite " " and Talc. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE Clayey, as Shales, Slates. Marly, as beds of sand and clay with shells. Calcareous, as limestone, dolomites. Silicious, as laminated sandstones, sand-beds, etc. Conglomerate, as granite conglomerate of Augusta, ferruginous conglom- erate of the Drift. Carbonaceous, as coal-seams, lignite-beds, graphitic slates. ROCKS (crystalline). Dolerite or Trcqy. — ( 1) This is an igneous rock. It came to the surface in a melted state through an opened fissure. The part filling the fissure is called a dike. Trap is a very hard, dark, and heavy rock. The surface is generally yellow or red from decomposition, but its interior is a dark blue. Its weight has caused it to be considered an iron ore by many who know nothing of its constituents. A very large dike of trap extends from a point east of Newman, in Coweta County, passing through Meriwether, over Pine Mountain, near the Chaly- beate Springs, into Talbot County, and on the easterly edge of Hamilton to a point three miles north-east of Geneva. There are many other dikes in the State. The rock is a compound of Labradorite and Augite, and is called Dolerite. COMPOSITION OF ROCKS. 35 Syenite (5). — Some granite rocks contain Hornblende instead of Mica, and the name Syenite is given to them. The rock is generally dark from the color of the Hornblende. Syerdtic Gneiss (5a) is the name given to the gneissoid variety of Syenite, and is a gneiss containing Hornblende instead of Mica, occurring abundantly in the Blue Ridge, etc. Hydromica Schist (9a) contains a hydrous Mica, has a greasy feel, and looks like Talcose Schist, but contains no Talc. This forms a large part of the rocks supposed to be of Quebec age. Marble (10) is a crystalline limestone, and is found of a black color at Tunnel Hill, red at Dalton, pink at Varnell's Station, blue at Rockmart, white near Jasper in a bed 50 feet thick on the bank of Long Swamp Creek, and also blue on the same creek. Another locality of the white is near Buchanan, and still another near Van Wert. All of these are Magnesian or Dolomitic limestones, and probably belong to the Quebec age. Granite (6) is composed of grains of Quartz, Feldspar, and Mica mixed promiscuously together, and bearing no relative proportion to each other. Sometimes the Mica is a biotite, black variety, but is usually muscovite. The color of granite is usually nearly white in this State. It varies in fineness according as the ingredients are coarse or fine-grained. This is the material of Stone Mountain, and covers a large portion of the metamorjjhic region of the State. Gneiss (7) has the same constituents as granite, but they are arranged more or less in planes. It appears banded and often splits into layers. On account of the splitting into layers, it is said to be schistose ; and this character is the only one distinguishing it from granite. This is the jjrevailing rock of the group marked Cincinnati. 3Iica Schist (9) has the same constituents as granite, but the Mica is the most abundant. It divides into thin layers and glistens in the sun, owing to the scales of mica. If the layers are smooth and the scales indistinct, it is called Mica Slate ; this variety contains very little quartz. 36 HAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA. KOCKS (not crystalline). Limestone. — This is of dull shades of color, varying from Avhite through gray to brown and black. It is chiefly composed of Carbonate of Lime in rock form. When burnt, the carbonic acid escapes, leaving the lime in the form of quicklime. Chalk and Marble are varieties of limestone. All of the A^arie- ties together are called calcareous rocks. Sandstone. — This is a rock made of sand, which may be quartz alone, or may contain feldspar grains, clay, limestone, or mica. The colors are varioiis, from white to red and black. It is sometimes flexible, sometimes flinty, and sometimes saccharoidal, like grains of sugar. Conglomerate. — A conglomerate is composed of gravel and sand or other coarse material, cemented together by lime, silica, or iron. If the latter, the rock is called Ferruginous Conglomerate. This latter is very common along the line of the Quaternary, from Columbus to Augusta, and has fre- quently been mistaken for Iron Ore. Shale is a fine mud or clay, consolidated into a rock having a slaty fracture, but less firm and less evenly slaty than true slate. Colors are from gray, through red, yellow, brown, and black. Clay is a fine kind of mud, formed by the decomposi- tion of feldspar, and mixed with more or less sand and other impurities. The purest clay is white, and called Kaolin, used in the manufacture of porcelain wares, and found in abun- dance near Milledgeville, and at other points along the Co- lumbus and Augusta Railroad, formed from the disintegration of the Feldspar in the Granite. Argillaceous Sandstone. — This is a sandstone in which clay forms a large ingredient. When breaking in thin slabs, as it usually does, it is called laminated sandstone. Slate differs from shale in breaking more evenly and being much firmer. Roofing slate is of this kind, of which large quantities are found at Rockmart, in Polk County. This was formed from shale by heavy pressure and heat, by a partial action of the metamorphism previously spoken of. GEOLOGICAL PERIODS. 37 2 J, GEOLOGICAL FOEMATIONfS IK GEORGIA, The Lower Silurian (from the Silures, ancient inhabitants of Wales) age of rock containing fossils of molluscan type {i.e., those having soft bodies like the oysters of our age, protected by a calcareous shell), is represented in two periods. The hydromica schists of the copper-bearing series of the Mobile Mine and Ducktown, and Ocoee Conglomerates and Slates along the Ocoee River on the Tennessee line, and on the Etowah River near Cartersville, are the lowest in position of the rocks in the State, and form a group of (2) Primordial rocks corresponding to what is called the (2a) Acadian epoch in Canada. The Conglomerate is made up of feldspar and a bluish quartz. The slates are hard and silicious. This group of rocks is overlaid in the Cohutta Mountains, and on Pine Log Mountain in Bartow County, by a sandstone called the Chilhowee, from a mountain of that name in Tennessee, cor- responding to the Potsdam sandstone in New York, called from the town of Potsdam in that State, and belongs also to the (2) Primordial period and to the (2^) Potsdam epoch. This sandstone also appears in the north of Haralson and Paulding Counties, and in Yonah Mountain White County, and Tallulah Mountain Habersham County, being at all these places altered into gneiss by metamorphism. The next period called (3) Canadian, embracing the [a) Calciferous or lime-bearing sandstone of New York, the shales, limestones, and sandstone of the {h) Quebec epoch in Canada, and the (c) Chazy limestone of New York, is repre- sented by impure sandstones and cherty dolomitic limestones in the Northwestern counties ; by a sandstone on the western slope of the Cohutta Mountains ; and in the metamorphic region to the Eastward and Southward, by calcareous schists, hydro-mica schists, marble and itacolumite of the Quebec epoch, and by calcareous schists of the [a) Calciferous epoch. The (4) Trenton period embraces the limestones of Bartow, Gordon, and Murray, overlying the dolomitic limestones and cherts and the limestones of the valleys in the north-west por- tion of the State — Lookout Valley, Chicamauga Valley, etc. — of the Trenton epoch in New York. These are followed from Dalton to Rome by the red shales of the (c) Cincinnati epoch, 38 HA?fD-BOOK OP GEORGIA. and ill the raetamorphic region by gneisses and graphitic slates and syenites. The rocks of the Upper Silurian age in this State belong to the Niagara period (5) of New York, and contain a sandstone of the Medina (a) epoch, the fossiliferous iron ores of the Clinton (b) epoch, as represented in Lookout Valley and McLemore's Cove, etc., and a limestone of the Niagara (c) epoch. They appear only in the north-western corner of the State. The next New York period, the Salina (6) or Salt-bearing group, has not been recognized. The Oriskany (8) of the New York survey is not represented in Georgia. The age of Fishes, called Devonian (from Devonshire, Eng- land), is represented in Georgia by the black shale only, near Dalton and elsewhere, often mistaken for coal ; and this belongs to the Genesee (10c) shale of the Hamilton (10) period in New York. The age of coal plants, or Carboniferous age, embraces three periods, two of which are represented in North-west Georgia. Lowest of these is the Subcarboniferous (13) period, including the (13a) Silicious epoch, or cherty group, and the (135) Calcareous epoch or coral-beds of Dade, Walker, Catoosa, Chattooga, and Floyd Counties. Overlying this we have the Carboniferous (14) period, including the (14a) Mill- stone grit of Lookout and Sand Mountains, and the (145) coal-measures of Dade, Walker, and Chattooga Counties. The third or Permian (15) period is not found in the State. These three ages are characterized by fossils, none of which are now living on the earth or in the seas ; and, from their old-fashioned forms, the whole of these rocks formed during the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous ages, are included" in the Palaeozoic time, from the Greek words meaning ancient life — the Primary of early geologists. Li the Mesozoic age, or Secondary of the old geologists, the Triassic and Jurassic periods — represented in other Atlantic States by sandstones, coal and trap dikes — show only the trap dikes of Meriwether, Habersham, and other counties, the sand- stones, if they exist, being buried under the deposits of sand, clay, and sandy marls filled with the shells of various animals AGES, PERIODS, EPOCHS. 3D which lived in the Cretaceous age in the sea- water which washed against the hard granitic cliffs forming the shore-line from Columbus to Butler. The greatest quantity of these remains is found on the banks of Pataula Creek, in Clay County. On examination, these shells prove to be unlike those of animals now living, and also different from those which are found in North-west Georgia, in the rocks made in Palaeozoic time ; and hence, as they are intermediate, the age is called that of Middle Life, from the Greek words mesos (middle) and zoe (life). The forms correspond to those found in the Chalk Cliffs of England ; and hence they belong to the Cretaceous age, from the Latin word creta (chalk). After the sea-bottom of the Cretaceous period was raised above the level of the water, the shore-line extended from Pataula Creek, by Butler, Macon, and Milledgeville, to the Savannah River at Augusta. The oyster-shells found at Shell Bluff, and in Burke, Washington, and other counties, other fossils found in the beds of marl of this region as far south as the line of Chatham County, and the corals found near Thomasville, resemble very much the general forms now living; and hence the time in which they lived has been called the Cenozoic time, from hainos and zoe, Greek words meaning recent life. This time embraced two distinct divisions — viz., the Tertiary or third set, and Quaternary or fourth set of rocks. The Tertiary age is again divided into three periods: 1, that in which only a small per cent of the fossils have representa- tives now living ; 2, an intermediate period recognized in other States when a minority (45 per cent) of the forms found are like those now living ; and, 3, a later part, in which a majority of the species found buried in the rocks are still living. The first is called the Eocene, or dawn of recent life ; the second, Miocene, or less recent (than the next) ; the third, Pliocene, or more recent — from the Greek words, eos (dawn), melon (less), jo^e^o^i (more), and Jcainos (recent). The Quaternary age embraces, 1st, the drift gravels and the clays and sands which border the raetamorj)hic belt from Columbus to Augusta ; 2d, the blue clays of the sea-coast counties ; 3d, the bluff calcareous sand found at Enoch's Mill ; and, 4th, the alluvium of the river-beds now forming. 40 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. The following tions : Ages. Azoic. Eozoic. Silurian Age. F0BMATION8. is the most recent classification of the fomia- Periods. Epochs. Azoic. 1«, Lanrentian. lb, Huronian. Lower Primordial. 2a, Acadian. 2b, Potsdam. Canadian. Trenton. Upper Niagara. Salina. 3a, Calciferous. 36, Quebec. So, Chazy. 4a, Trenton. 46, Utica. 4c, Cincinnati. 5a, Medina. 56, Clinton. 5c, Niagara, 6, Salina. Found in Geor- gia. Acadian. Potsdam. Calciferous. Quebec. Chazy. Trenton. Cincinnati Shales. Taylor's Ridge. Possiliieroua Iron Niagara. [Ore. Lower Helderberg.7, Lower Helderberg. Oriskany. 8, Oriskany. DcTonian Age. Corniferous. 9a, Cauda Galli. 96. Schoharie. 9c, Corniferous. 10a, Marcellus, 106, Hamilton. 10c, Genesee. 11a, Portage. 116, Chemung. 12, Catskill. Carboniferous Age. Subcarboniferous. 13a, Lower. 136, Upper. Carboniferous. 14a, Millstone Grit Black Shale. Silicious. Calcareous. Grit. I ' Reptilian Age. O O o Permian. 16, Triassic. 17, Jurassic. 18, Cretaceous 146, LowerCoalMeasures.Lookout and Sand. 14e, UpperCoalMeasiires. Round Mt. 15, Permian. 16a, Bunter Sandstone. ~| 166, MuschelKalk. I Mammalian Age. 19, Tertiary. 20, Quaternary. 16c, Keuper. 17a, Li as sic. 176, Oolytic. 17c, Wealden. 18a, Lower. 186, Middle. 18c, Upper. 19a, Eocene. 196, Miocene. 19c, Pliocene. 20a, Port Hudson. 206, Bluff. 20c, Drift. 20a, Alluvium. Trap Dikes. Lower. Middle. f Biihrstone or Clai- borne, Jackson, Vicksburg, Lig. nitic. Port Hudson. Drift. Alluvium. FOKMATIONS IN SECTIONS OF GEORGIA, 41 GROUPS OF COUNTIES IN THE DIFFERENT FORMATIONS. Tne Archean (1) or Eozoic rocks are not represented in Georgia, so far as is known at present, although there are some rocks near Columbus, and others near Augusta, which may possibly be of the same age as those described by geologists as occurring along the St. Lawrence River and on the shores of Lake Huron, and hence called Laurentian (la) and Huro- nian (lb). The oldest well-recognized rocks of the Primordial period are the Acadian, or Ocoee (2«), which occur in Fannin, Murray, Gilmer, Pickens, Bartow, and Polk Counties. The Potsdam proper, or Chilhowee Sandstone (2J), is found in Murray, Bar- tow, Rabun, Habersham, White, Lumpkin, Dawson, and Har- ris Counties. Of the Canadian period, we find the three groups represented: Calciferous (3a). Quebec {3b). Cliazy (3c). Chazy metamorpliosed — parts of Rabun, Towns, Union, Fannin, Gilmer, Lumpkin, White, Habersham, Franklin, Banks, Hall, Dawson, Pickens, Bartow, Clierokee, Forsyth, Milton, Cobb, Paulding, Haralson, Carroll, Douglas, Fulton, De Kalb, Gwinnett, Jackson, Madison, Hart, Elbert, Lincoln, Wilkes, Oglethorpe, Clark, Walton, Coweta, Heard, Troup, Meriwether, Pike, Butts, Jasper, Morgan, Green, Taliaferro, McDuffie, Columbia, Hancock, Putnam, Monroe, Harris, and Upson Counties. Trenton Period (4) is represented by the Trenton Epoch (4a), Dade, Walker, Catoosa, Whitefield, Murray, Gor- don, Chattooga, Floyd, Bartow, and Polk Counties. Utica Epoch (46). Cincinnati Epoch (4c), Whitefield, Gordon, Murray, Bartow, Floyd. Cincinnati metamorphosed, same as those in Quebec, besides Clay- ton, Fayette, Spalding, Henry, Rockdale, Jones, Newton. Niagara Period (5). Medina Epoch (5a). Clinton Epoch (56), Whitefield, Catoosa, Dade, Walker, Chattooga,, Floyd. Niagara Epoch (oc). 42 hand-book of georgia. Devonian Age. Hamilton Period (10). Genesee Epocli (10&), Dade, Walker, CatooBa, Wliitefield, Gordon, Floyd, Chattooga. Caeboniferous Age. Subcarboniferous Period (13). Silicious Epoch (13a), Dade, Walker, Catoosa, Wliitefield, Gordon, Floyd, Chattooga. Calcareous Epoch (13&), Catoosa, Dade, Walker, Chattooga, and Floyd, Carbonil'erous Period (14) . Millstone Grit (14a), Dade, Walker, Chattooga. Lower Coal Measures (14&), Dade, Walker, Chattooga. Upper Coal Measures (14c), Walker. Eeptilian Age. Cretaceous (18), Muscogee, Marion, Taylor, Chattahoochee, Stewart, Webster, Schley, Quitman, Randolph. Mammalian Age. Tertiary (19). Eocene Epoch (19a), Clay, Eandolpli, Terrell, Sumter, Macon, Craw- ford, Bibb, Wilkinson, Washington, Glascock, Richmond, Burke, Jefferson, Scriven, Emanuel, Laurens, Pulaski, Dooly, Lee, Dougherty, Calhoun, Early, Miller, Decatur, Thomas, Mitchell, Colquitt, Worth, Irwin, Wilcox, Dodge, Telfair, Montgomery, Tatnall, Bullock, Effingham. Miocene Epoch (19&). Pliocene Epoch (19c), Chatham, Bryant; Liberty, Appling, Coffee, Berrien, Brooks, Lowndes, Echols, Clinch, Ware, Charlton, Camden, Pierce, Wayne, Glynn, Mcintosh. Human Age. Quaternary (30). Drift Epoch, Muscogee, Talbot, Taylor, Crawford, Bibb, Baldwin, Hancock, Warren, McDuffie, Columbia, Richmond. Champlain Epoch, Chatham, Mcintosh, (lilynn, Camden. Terrace Epoch. SPECIAL GEOLOGY OF COUNTIES. As an illustration of the general Geology of the State, typical counties may be selected in the different sections of the State, a detailed description of which will enable the reader better to understand the character of the whole. For the non-nietaraorphic region in the North-west, Dade may serve as a type. COUNTY FORMATIONS. 43 Hciftow represents in its western two thirds the non-meta- moriDhosed, and in the eastern one third the metamorphic. Fulton represents the lower and western portion of the ele- vated Chattahoochee Ridge ; while Habersham is a representa- tive county of the eastern and higher portion, and indeed of all North-east Georgia. JBibb is on the middle ground between the metamorphic, and Granitic in its northern half, and the Tertiary in the southern half, both of these formations being covered at their line of union by the sands and pebble-beds of the Quaternaiy. Muscogee in a similar manner combines the granitic, the Cretaceous, and the Quaternary. Charlton and Ware represent South-east Georgia. Clay County combines Cretaceous and Tertiary, and shows the characteristic features of South-west Georgia. DADE COUNTY. The geological formations of Dade County represent those of all North-west Georgia, which consists of a series of ridges running north-east and south-west, with intervening valleys. These ridges are the remains of the folds which resulted from the earth's contraction at or after the close of the Carbon- iferous age, since we find the coal-beds lying approximately horizontal, or dipping toward the central line of the ridges which contain them; while the edges of the ridges are more elevated, showing, that as a consequence of the strain upon that portion which was most bent and which occupied a posi- tion about the central line of the valleys, breaks occurred, and the eroding effects of water have removed the beds of rock which once filled the valleys ; so that in the middle of the valleys we find now the lowest and oldest rocks exposed to view. The coal-measures remain on Sand and Lookout Mountains only, Avhile they have been removed by denudation, if they ever existed, from Taylor's Ridge, Chattoogata Ridge, John's Mountain, and the ridge extending north-east from Rome, east of and along the S. R. & D. R.R., and the one near Cassville. Dade County embraces within its limits ten different geological deposits. In the north-west corner of the county 44 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. (and of the State) we find Sand Mountain, originally a con- tinuation of Raccoon Mountain in Tennessee, the summit of which is composed of sandstone. Below this lies the coal four or five feet thick; and this again underlaid by clay and shales with other seams of coal ; and beneath these coal-shales, we find the subcarboniferous limestones and cherts. Through this limestone, as well as the beds above, water has found its way through rents and crevices in the rocks, and, in making its passage to the Tennessee River, near Shell Mound, has washed out Nickajack Cave. Near the same station we find the bed of a creek, dry in summer and covered with large boulders of sandstone and limestone ; and, following this up to its source, we come to the brow of the mountain, where the Dade Company's Coal-mine has been opened in one gulf, as it is called, and the Castle Rock Mine in another. There are several of these gulfs, or nearly vertical excava- tions, made by water, in all of which the coal is exposed — the Perry, Boston, Tatum, etc. This coal underlies the wliole of this mountain, and cjfops out again on the eastern side, near Trenton, etc. The Dade Coal Company, consisting of ex-Governor Joseph E. Brown, John T. Grant, Julius L. Brown, "W. C. Morrill, and W. D. Grant, of Atlanta, and Jacob Leaver, of Boston, have built a broad-gauge railroad five miles long, from Shell Mound on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, to their coke-ovens at Cole City (74 in number.) These ovens, as well as the freight-cars which carry the coal to Chattanooga, and even to Port Royal, S. C, are supplied by a narrow-gauge railroad, two miles long, whose cars ascend the mountain to near the summit by steam-power, and then, drawn by mules, enter the tunnel, at a slight inclination. On either side are passages leading to the rooms where 300 con- victs from the State Penitentiary^ are at work, supplying light and warmth and motive-power to the people of the State. There is another track now in construction, from near Cole City, up another gorge or gulf to the Castle Rock Mine, which will soon double the supply of coal, and especially that suitable for grates, being harder, and therefore bearing transportation better, without crumbling. DADE COUiirrY — COAX BEDS. 45 The coke made here compares very favorably with that made at Comiellsville, Pa., and is used in preference at the Chattanooga and Atlanta Rolling Mills and at the Bartow Furnace, for smelting iron, and at Ward's Diamond Furnace for making Ferro-manganese. The company have expended $400,000 in opening and equipping this mine. The eastern side of this mountain presents a higher cliff, the waters of Lookout Creek cutting down, through the beds already mentioned, and also through the black Devonian shale, the Clinton iron ore, Medina sandstone, Cincinnati shale, Trenton limestone, and in the southern end of the valley near the Alabama line, the Chazy shaly limestone, the Quebec dolomite and shale, and the calciferous sandstone. The beds of coal are exj)osed at several places on the eastern side of Sand Mountain, as well as on the western side of Look- out Mountain. Lookout extends from Chattanooga Tenn. to the Alabama line, in a south-west course for 20 miles, having its top nearly level, with the east and west edges somewhat elevated above the middle. A few miles from Chattanooga there is a crescent- shaped elevation, called Round Mountain, in Avhich are found beds oi coal, three or four feet thick, at Le Croy's and Greene's. This fiat region is well adapted to sheep-raising and Irish potatoes, and, with the cool breezes and magnificent views, is especially attractive as a summer resort. Capt. C. W. Howard, celebrated as a scientific agriculturist, has selected this from all the State as the most desirable spot to put in practice his knowledge of sheep husbandry. On the Dade side of this mountain, the coal has been opened near the summit of the cliff in Johnson's Gulf, in a vein four or five feet thick, and an incline built by which the coal is brought down to the foot, and thence by a narrow-gauge railroad carried four miles to Rising Fawn Furnace, where 60 improved Belgian coke-ovens have been constructed for supplying fuel for their 50-ton stack, while the limestone and fossiliferous ore in inexhaustible quantities are in sight of the works, and a broad-gauge track of one mile delivers the pig iron at Rising Fawn Station on the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad. The productive farms of the valley furnish cheap subsist- 46 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA. ence for workmen, and the climate leaves nothing to desire for residence. The thorough preparation and excellent con- struction of these works, furnished with the ve.ry best machinery, mark an era in Iron production in the State. They are owned by four New York gentlemen, who have expended $600,000 in this enterprise; W. S. Wright, New York, President ; Myer Myers, New York, Vice-President ; Algernon S. Jarvis, White Plains, N. Y., Treasurer ; Abram D. Delmars, Rising Fawn, Secretary. The Cherokee IrOn Works, built in 1864-5, by Dr. J. H. McLain, of Louisville, and Mr. Brown, of Philadelphia, are situated one mile' north of Trenton. They were sold in April, 1876, to Mr. Amsby, of Philadelphia. The property embraces 500 acres of land. The " Phoenix Furnace" Co. own 1,600 acres of land, and the foundation of a stack laid by the Empire Co., of which Dr. E. L. Strohecker, of Macon, was President. This j)roperty was sold for $85,000, and is situated on the A. & C. R.R., three miles north of Rising Fawn. There are three tan-yards in this valley, which can secure an unlimited supply of the best oak-bark. Pace's tan-yard is located at Trenton. Col. J. Cooper Nisbit, two miles south of Trenton, had a steam tannery, which was burned in 1873. Mr. Blevins has a tan-yard of 12 vats, one mile from Rising Fawn. Dade Valley is well supplied with flour and grist mills. Mitchell Pope has one on a creek, two miles north of Morgan- ville ; Hook's or Lee's mill, with two run of stone, is at Wild- wood ; Wilkerson's mill, with two run of stone, is at Trenton ; Silton's mill, with two run of stone, is at Trenton ; Cureton's mill, with two run of stone, three miles north of Rising Fawn ; Stevens' mill, with two run of stone, three miles south of Rising Fawn; Blake's mill, with two run of stone, four miles south of Rising Fawn. Besides the opening from which the Rising Fawn Co. obtain coal, it has been found and opened by them on Lot 182. There has also been opened the " Hannah Bank," two feet thick, on Lot 44. The Phoenix Company opened on the Daniel Lot, No. 70 ; also on Lot No. 73. In the Trenton Gulf, one half mile below the union GEOLOGY OP BARTOW COUNTY. 47 of the two creeks, which form here a most beautiful water- fall, coal has been found, 50 feet above the bed of the creek. In Forester's Gulf Creek, good coal is found, three feet thick ; on Mr. Tatum's land is also found coal on Lot 171. Near what is known as the Stevens' trail is another outcrop; and on the Sulphur Springs trail is still another. BAETOW COUNTY. This has been selected as the second typical county of the State, for the reason that the Etowah River, which divides it into two unequal portions, cuts through (in a direction from east to west) the geological formations which strike nearly north and south, giving thus a section which shows, at the mouth of Stamp Creek, the Ocoee conglomerate of Safford's section along the Ocoee River on the Tennessee line, which is equivalent to the Acadian of Canada. Then it crosses the Chilhowee sandstone of Tennessee, of Potsdam age. Next comes the Knox sandstone or Calciferous of New York. Then the Knox dolomite and shales, or Quebec. Then the Maclurea limestone, or Chazy. Next comes the Trenton limestone. Then the Nashville or Cincinnati. The geological structure of Bartow County is peculiar, it being situated on the line of metamorphic action which has given such a variety in the physical features as well as in the soils of Georgia. In the north-western portion of the county we find the cherty ridges of Silurian age, underlaid by lime- stone of the same age, both belonging to the lower division of that formation, and differing remarkably in one important particular as bearing upon the agricultural interest. The chert ridges are very dry, in some portions of them no water being attainable in wells of ordinary depth, so that, during the last summer, farmers in that section were compelled to haul water from a distance. The limestone valleys on the other hand, abound in springs of the largest size ; that at Mr. Lewis's, three miles from Adairsville, furnishing water not only for an excellent spring and milkhouse, but, at a short distance from its source, for a mill or gin. 48 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA, Next in order in the geological series comes the sandstone which not only furnishes the hearths for furnaces and walls for limekilns, but the ores of iron contained in it supply every variety of the best brown hematite for a tough iron, suited to the manufacture of ploiighs and trace-chains, and from which the Atlanta Rolling Mill is now making steel- capped rails to supply the raili'oad transportation needed by this rich county; which has no less than three well-equipped roads traversing it already, while two others are in contemplation. Beds of manganese are also found, which are used, in combi- nation with the iron, for the beautiful white crystalline, mirror-like pig-iron called by the Germans Spiegeleisen. In this belt also we find an immense bed of Baryta used in white paint. Slate also is found within the borders of Bartow, on the slopes of the Pine Log Mountains, which form the dividing ridge between her and Cherokee, and whose rugged summit — Bear Mountain — towers aloft above all the surrounding country, and on which the United States Coast Survey has established a station for the triangulation of the continent. Beyond this high land we find the quartz-veins of the metamorphic region abounding in gold ; also, in the ridges, the Itacolumite or flexible sandstone, the well-known matrix of the Diamond. Rich and rare as these precious jewels are, they do not so reward the laborer as the rolling red lands around Cartersville, or the deep and fertile alluvial soils of the Etowah, from which the inhabitants have always di-awn a bountiful support since the days of the Mound-Builders, who have left their monument and the bones of their forefathers on the choicest of all these farms, that of Lewis Tumlin. Churches and schools and villages are dotted over the surface of this county. The vegetation of this county is varied as the geological formations, and the kinds of soil resulting from the decay of dif- ferent rocks. Of forest growth, we find the Walnut, Hickory, Ash, Elm, " Poplar," Maple, Sycamore, Wild Cherry, Sweet Gum, Oaks (White, Spanish, Black Jack), Chestnut, Pine (short leaf), and Persimmon. This is an incomplete list of the woods of this county, as is that of Fulton which follows. GEOLOGY OF BAKTOW Al^TO HABEKSHAM. 49 EULTON COmSTTY. This county presents little variety in its geology or topog- raphy, having only a small representation of the Cincinnati gneisses and the reddish and gray hydro-mica schists, with some outcrops of the Steatite and Itacolumite of Quebec age. The general surface of the county is hilly and rolling ; though in some places the granite masses pi'oject above the surface. Some of the Quebec rocks in the northern part of the county are gold-bearing ; and in one place in the Cincin- nati group, large quantities of Iron Pyrite with some copper have been found. Asbestus in considerable quantity has been mined within three miles of the city of Atlanta. As a railroad centre, its chief city, and tke Capital of the State (Atlanta), has been located from geological causes. It is the lowest point of the Chattahoochee Ridge which could be conveniently crossed from Cartersville — the termination of the Appalachian range of mountains to the Atlantic. Its position on the water-shed between the Flint and Ocmulgee Rivers, and also on that of the Chattahoochee and the streams flowing into the Atlantic, have made it a great entTepot. The timber supply of this county consists of Red Oak, White Oak, Post Oak, Black Jack Oak, Hickory, Chestnut, Poplar, Dogwood, Sassafras, Beech, Maple, and Red Elm. HABEESHAM COUNTY. Habersham may serve as a characteristic county of the metaraorphic section of the State. It extends from the South Carolina line to the Chattahoochee River from east to west, and from the Blue Ridge to the Chattahoochee Ridge from north to south. Tray Mountain, 4,435 feet in height, is on the northern border, and Currahee, 1,740 feet in height, near the southern. The Tallulah River forms the boundary between Habersham and Rabun, near the mouth of which are the most noted falls in the State. Toccoa Falls are near the Air-Line Railroad in the southern part of the county. 50 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. The Air-Line Railroad traverses the county from east to west, and the Elberton Air-Line Railroad is graded from Toccoa City southward, through Franklin, Hart, and Elbert counties, to Elberton. There are represented in the county three different geolog- ical periods. The Tallulah Mountain consists principally of the sandstone of Potsdam age ; the Blue Ridge and the Chat- tahoochee Ridge are of Cincinnati age ; the valleys between are of Quebec age. ■ The natural growth on the land is generally a good indica- tion of its value for agriculture. It may be, however, that the trees send their roots so deep into the earth that they derive sufficient nourishment from a depth to which the roots of small grain plants may not penetrate, while the surface may be so covered with quartz fragments that no material is fur- nished for the grain sowed upon it. In a large portion of the metamorphic region, the soft hydro-mica schists have been penetrated by veins of quartz ; and, during the long j)eriod of erosion to which they have been subjected, the soft mate- rial has been removed and the insoluble quartz fragments from the vein have fallen down until they finally almost entirely cover the surface. The same result has been reached in other formations, where a hard material, and one not easily decom- posed, is found interstratified with one which is soft and easily disintegrated by atmospheric action. The Itacolumite and sandstones, by their crumbling, furnish a light silicious soil, which produces well, so long as the veg- etable matter which has fallen upon it, by its decay, furnishes the necessary nutriment ; but so soon as this is exhausted, they become quite barren and are easily washed. The limestone rarely comes to the surface in this section ; indeed a few spots in Hall and Habersham are the only places where it has been found. It has, however, once existed on the surface in a band, continuing along the whole northern slope of the Chattahoochee Ridge ; and although now covered up by other rocks, the remains of that portion which has been removed by denudation from this belt have given character to a large portion of the soil, and the approximate locality may be distinguished by a better growth of forest-trees. In some portions of Habersham, the impure limestones of the HABERSHAM COUNTY FORMATIONS. 51 Quebec group — generally dolomitic — ^liave been converted by the metamorphism which has affected this whole region into soapstone and serpentine, and sometimes into calcareous mica schists ; and, in the decomposition of all these rocks, an abundance of lime and magnesia is furnished to the soil. In the eastern part of Habersham, a great portion of the surface consists of large granite veins ; and these by their decomposition furnish a soil rich in potash, having the proper proportion of sand and clay. The Hornblende schists decompose into a reddish clay soil which is quite fertile and lasts well. Trap dikes occur near Toccoa City, generally in the form of exceedingly hard and tough, very dark and heavy rounded masses, which it is difficult to break with the hammer ; some- times these seem to be less perfectly solidified, and are gradu- ally acted upon by the atmosphere, so that the iron in them is converted into the peroxide on the outside, and the change may be seen gradually progressing toward the centre of the mass, until finally the whole becomes soft and gradually breaks down into a rich red soil, containing a good proportion of potash. While Potash, Lime, and Phosphoric acid are recognized as the constituents which contribute most to the fertility of the soil, and Alumina and Silica are looked upon as the basis of all durable soils, it is a noticeable fact in Georgia that the red soils — ^those containing a large percentage of hydrated per- oxide of iron — are among the most fertile and durable. This is partly due to the fact that these red soils always con- tain a good proportion of clay, which acts as a retainer of nioistui"e and an absorbent of ammonia and other soluble salts. There is also usually a good su^^ply of lime in such soils. StilL it seems that the iron itself, although entering only to a slight degree into the composition of the ash of plants, exerts a beneficial influence, physically, on the soil, by its absorbent properties like those of alumina, and, by reason of its dark color, is an absorbent of the sun's rays, and hence promotes germination. In addition, it may exert some influence on plants similar to that which it is known to have on animals. Although but a small amount of iron is found in the human frame, and that princijially in the blood, yet no fact is more 52 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. clearly recognized by physicians than that there can be no health so long as the blood is wanting in the red corpuscles which give color to the blood ; and no medicines are more frequently used for their tonic effect than the various prepara- tions of ii-on. MUSCOGEE COUNTY. The Indian nation whose name is perpetuated in that of this county, according to tradition, gave the name, meaning Creek, to the country north and east of the Chattahoochee (or flowered stone, Chatto-hoche, from a. rock said to be found above the falls in the river), on account of the number of streams in that country. The whites have well located the name in this county, as the water-power furnished by the falls near Columbus is as important to them as were the creeks to the Aborigines. The soils of the county are not generally fertile, since the upper portion is hilly and made of very old and hard rocks. Below these, the surface is covered with the sand of the newest or drift formation. In the southern portion of the county, sandy marls are found in the banks of the creeks. There may be distinguished four kinds of soil in the county : Post Oak lands, with Hickory, White Oak, and Pine, produc- ing per acre 15 bushels of Corn, 7 to 10 of Wheat, 800 to 1,000 lbs. of Cotton ; Ked uplands, 12 to 15 bushels of Corn and 500 to 800 lbs, of Cotton, with a growth of Hickory, Red Oak, and Pine ; Bottom lands are timbered with Hickory, White Oak, Red Oak, Poplar, Gum, Beech, and Walnut ; and Piney woods with the long-leaf Pine, producing five to seven bushels of Corn, and 300 to 700 lbs. of Cotton per acre. ESTIMATED AGGREGATE OF WATEE-POWEKS OF MUSCOGEE COUNTY. Chattahoochee River, from the top of Clapp's Dam to the boat-landing in Columbus, has, at low water, about 30,000 horse-powers. Above this point to Harris County, there is prob- ably 12,000 horse-powers. This stream represents the water- powers of the county. Upatoi and Bull Creeks each have a considerable flow of water in them, but their natural fall is OKEFINOKEE SWAMP. 63 very little, and they fill with sand so rapidly that it makes them undesirable for manufacturing purposes. On the north side of the county, there are numerous branches, which descend rapidly from the metamorphic forma- tions into the level sandy or post-tertiary country below. These can be used to advantage for driving light machinery requiring from two to twelve or eighteen horse-power. The aggregate available horse-power of this county is between 40,000 and 50,000. CHARLTON AND WARE OOUNTIES. These counties, in the south-eastern corner of the State, present features entirely different from those of the four coun- ties already described. They are bounded by the Suwanee, Satilla, and St. Mary's Rivers and tjpie Florida line, and embrace nearly the whole of the Okefinokee Swamp, besides large areas of sandy land covered in part with wire-grass, and in part by long-leaf pine and palmetto. The upper portion is crossed by two railroads which intersect near Tebeauville — viz., the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, extending from Savan- nah, to Bainbridge in the south-western corner of the State, and the Brunswick and Albany Railroad, extending from the fine harbor of Brunswick, west to Albany on the Flint River. These roads depend mainly for their freight on the boundless forests of long-leaf pine which lie on either side of them along the whole extent. Immense quantities of lumber are yearly carried to the seaports by these roads, and thence shipped to Northern, European, and South American markets. Turpen- tine plantations have been opened near most of the stations, and the distilleries produce thousands of barrels of turpentine and resin. The Satilla and St. Mary's Rivers also furnish outlets for great rafts of lumber of every size, from whole trunks for masts, down to the smallest timber for shingles and laths. Steam mills are at almost every railroad-station, and quite a number along tKe rivers. There are three well-marked and characteristic soils in this section : (1) a light, sandy, thin, poor soil, covered with saw palmetto, and full of roots ; (2) the loose, dark, sandy soil, 64 HAND-BOOK OF GEOKGIA. containing a large amount of vegetalble matter ; and (3) the reddish, clayey soil. The first is adapted to the production of Potatoes and Ground Peas ; Cotton is successfully culti- vated in the second ; while the third excels in the Sugar- Cane. Corn yields wonderfully on the darkest soils, especially when fertilized by the black swamp-muck, which is found in inexhaustible quantities in the ponds and small swamps scat- tered here and there throughout the section. The Okefinokee contains, over a large j^ortion of its bed, this rich vegetable mould, sometimes to the depth of four feet. Along the banks of the Satilla River, there Qi'ops out a pure white marl, almost entirely consisting of carbonate of lime, which readily decom- poses this muck, and fits it for plant food. A considerable area in the swamp bears cypress-trees, which are nowhere excelled in size, one of which would yield thou- sands of shingles ; and theije is the Pine and the white and red Bays. The last of these take a fine polish, and would ajopar- ently be valuable for furniture and cabinet-making. The islands in the swamp — Floyd's, Billy's, Honey, and Black Jack — are covered with pine and palmetto on their higher portions, where the soil is white and sandy, but still produces a luxu- riant growth of long, tender grass, on which deer and wild cattle keep fat the year round. On the borders of these islands there is a low hammock land which sustains a vigorous growth of Magnolia, Oak, etc., in a rich, sandy soil. Outside of this are dense thickets of small shrubs, almost impenetrable, except where wildcats and bears have made their trails ; and beyond these thickets which sometimes give place to a perfect mat of bamboo briers 10 feet high, many of them an inch in diameter and armed with thorns which stick like daggers, we find an open marsh filled with long rushes and water-lilies, whose thick roots afford the only support for the feet in wading through the soft ooze and mud, which yields to the weight of a man, so that he sinks to the arm-pits in many places. Many small islands and clumps of trees dot these " prairies," as they are called ; and these are generally surrounded by a floor of moss, which is sometimes firm enough to hold one's weight, and again forms a floating surface over the water ; and while it does not break through beneath the feet, one can see it sink and rise for 10 or OKEFIKOKEE SAVAMP. 55 20 feet around at every step ; hence its name — Oke-fi-no-kee, or Trembling Earth, The Cassino, Holly, etc, are the principal trees. In some portions, Live Oak is found on drier spots. In the prairies are many open holes, free from vegetation and several feet in depth ; and in these are found alliga- tors, sometimes 10 to 12 feet in length ; while otters are more numerous along the streams which connect the main open prairies with Billy's Lake and the Suwanee River. This lake is about four miles in length, from 100 to 300 feet in width, and from four to eight feet in depth, perfectly clear (at the time of our visit in November), and abounding in the finest trout and jack fish, which even spring into the boat at night when a light is carried. In summer, hundreds of alligators may be seen sporting their unwieldy forms, while ducks and other water-fowl are found in the greatest numbers. Just at dusk, white herons may be seen settling in the trees on the banks of the small lakes, until they look like a solid white wall. Occasionally a goose is heard, uttering his melancholy croak as he flaps his broad wings just out of reach of the hunter's shot. A few squirrels are seen in the more open woods on the islands, while owls make the night hideous with their hooting. Some large moccasins are found in the morass. The general level of the swamp is from 114 to 120 feet above tide-water at Trader's Hill on the St. Mary's, and the level on the line seen by Mr. Locke directly across the swamp, from Mixon's Ferry on Suwanee River to Trader's Hill, shows that almost all of the fall from the swamp to the river is within two miles of the eastern border. Indeed, there is only a narrow ridge running for miles between the swamp and Spanish Creek, and it is reported by the citizens that in times of very high water in the swamp, it actually empties a part of the excess of water across the ridge into the creek named. A partial survey shows that there would be no engineering difficulty in draining the whole swamp perfectly, and rendering . available the enormous amount of cypress timber as well as thousands of tons of muck, which, with the aid of the Satilla marls, would convert the sandy as well as the red-clay lands in the border, into market-gardens. Oranges and Bananas are produced to some extent, but the 56 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA. same care has not been devoted to them as in the neighboring counties of Florida. Near Waycross, experiments have been made showing that the soils of that region are admirably adapted to the culture of fruits, figs and grapes. Watermelons can be grown in any quantity desired, and of any size that the consumer may choose. This region of country was formerly looked upon as utterly worthless, so hat when the citizens of Savannah projected a road through it to the Gulf, the name of " Cuyler's Desert" was applied to it. I have seen no section of Georgia in which the people seem to secure a comfortable supply of food with less effort, and can see no reason why the whole country may not be made equal, if not superior, to that section of Prussia where Fred- erick the Great founded the city of Berlin, from which capital, within this decade, terms have been dictated to the continent of Europe. There is the greatest similarity in the soil and topography of the two sections, and shoixld the tide of German emigration be turned hither, there would soon be realized to them the comforts and pleasui-es of the Fatherland. In the continixation of this sandy belt toward the west, near Thomasville, a German, Mr. John Stark, has made, in one year* 1,800 gallons of wine, which, to , my taste, equals the famed vintage of 1857 on the Rhine, and his sparkling wines will bear favorable comparison with Longworth's Catawba from the vine-clad hills of the Ohio. Nowhere in Louisiana have I seen the Sugar-Cane grow more luxuriantly, or yield a greater amount of saccharine juice than in this same belt of country. For sheep farms, the grazing is naturally supplied, and no shelter would be needed in winter. As an evidence of the healthfulness of the region, the State Board of Health has searched in vain for a practising pliysi- cian in a whole county. SURVEY OP OKEFINOKEE SWAMP. Colonel R. L. Hunter, on October 21st, 1857, made a report to Governor H. V» Johnson, of a " survey of Okefino- OKEFESrOKEE SWAMP. 57 kee Swamp, with a view to ascertain the practicability of its drainage, the cost of the same, etc." This survey began on December 3d, 1856, and ended April 3d, 1857, and was conducted with the assistance of M. B. Grant and G. M. Forsyth, and cost $3,260, including partial pay of the engineer in charge. There was furnished to the Governor a map of the swamp, with the elevation around the whole swamp and lines of ditches, which it was estimated would drain the swamp at a cost of $1,067,250. This map was lost during the war, and it is only due to the enterprise of Colonel E. Y. Clarke, editor of the Atlanta Constitution, that a copy of Colonel Hunter's report has been hunted up and preserved, which, with verbal information furnished by Colonel Hunter himself, has materially aided the preparation of a map of the swamp. On November 4th, .1875, by direction of Governor J. M. Smith, the party of the Geological Survey operating in Southern Georgia, joined the " Constitution Expedition" organized by the proprietors of the paper of that name in Atlanta, and remained until December 14th. A line of levels was run by Mr. C. A. Locke, Engineer of the " Survey," from Mixon's Ferry on Suwanee River to Trader's Hill on St. Mary's, show- ing the following elevations referred to ebb tide : Feet. Trader's Hill, on St. Mary's Eiver Water Surface at Mixon's Ferry 107.30G Bench B, in Pocket 122.097 ♦' D, " 120.373 " F, " 121.269 Swamp between Pocket and Jones' Mand 116.517 Jones' Island 121.401 Swamp between Jones' Island and Billy's Island 116.416 Billy's Island 118.009 Bench J, Billy's Island 123.839 Camp Lee, Billy's Bench 125.637 Billy's Lake, Water Surface 115.991 Swamp E of Billy's Island 118.995 Two miles from Billy's Island on Little Trail 119.326 Prairie West, Side-water Surface 121.241 Roddenberry's House, East side 153.351 Long Branch, two miles from Eoddenberry's House 55.093' Trader's Hill 79.045 Water Surface, St. Mary's River 5.000/ 58 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. A map was prepared by Mr. M. T. Singleton, Assistant Engineer of the Geological Survey, showing the location of this line, as well as of other lines run by the compass and measured through the swamp by Mr. Locke and Mr. Pendleton, from Black Jack Island in the southern portion to Honey Island south of Billy's Island ; then to Billy's Island (called Pendleton's trail, from Mr. Charles Pendleton, of Valdosta, who accompanied the party); thence to Floyd's Island north-east ; and thence north-west to Hickory Hammock, near the northern border, by Mr. Singleton and Mr. Loughridge, called Haines' trail from Mr. George Haines of Jesup, who furnished the laborers who cut out the way. On this map are also entered the lines run by Colonel Hunter, and the residences around the swamp, so far as ascertained. I am indebted to Colonel Hunter for the following facts from his survey : The line of levels which was run around the whole swamp, and connected with the water in the St. Mary's Elver near Trader's rfill, furnishes the following information in regard to the elevation of the surface at different points : The highest part of the swamp is its northern extremity, where it is 126-^ feet above tide-water. Coming south, in six miles it descends five feet, and then in thirteen miles from the last point it descends only one and a half feet on the east si^e — it being at that point (Mr. Mattox's) 120 feet above tide- water ; while at an opposite point on the west side (the mouth of Surveyor's Creek) it is only 11 6| feet. A nearly uniform descent continues from Mr. Mattox's to the south-east corner of the swamp, where the elevation is 116^ feet, while near Ellicott's Mound, where the branch of the St. Mary's runs out of the swamp it is only 111| feet. From the mouth of Surveyor's Creek to the extreme western angle of the swamp, it falls scarcely any, but on turn- ing eastward toward the Suwanee River, it gradually descends, and where that stream comes out of the swamp it is only about 110^ feet above tide. At the north-east point of the Pocket it is 114^ feet. From that point it falls toward the place where Cypress Creek runs out, where it is about lll|-feet. Then it rises to 118| feet when half way to the St. Mary's, and gradually falls again to it. AGE AND HEIGHT OF CERTAIN MOmSTTAINS. 59 ELEVATIONS. The mountains of Georgia are of different geological ages, and composed of different rocks on their summits. The most ancient and the least known are of Potsdam age, and consist of heavy sandstone masses, the Cohutta being a representative of the western prong of the Blue Ridge chain, and Tallulah and Yonah of the Eastern prong. Second in age we have Bell, Sawnee, Graves', Jack's, Alcova, Pine, and Oak Mountains of Quebec age, and con- sisting largely of Quartzite, Itacolumite, and Sandstone. Third- in age are the Blue Ridge proper, represented by the high points of Rabun Bald, Enota, Blood, Amicalola, and Grassy Mountains, and the Chattahoochee Ridge, with its highest peaks at Mount Airy and Currahee, and consisting on their tops of hard hornblendic Gneiss of Cincinnati age. Fourth in age are Sand, Lookout, and Pigeon Mountains, which are covered with a heavy bed of sandstone of carboni- ferous age. Missionary, Taylor's, John's, and Chattoogata Ridges are of Quebec cherts. The following are the elevations (by U. S. Coast-Survey measurements) of urominent mountains in North Georgia : Enota, in Towns County, is 4,796 feet hicrh. Rabun Bald, in Rabun, is ...4,718 " " Blood, in Union, is 4,468 " Tray, in Habersliam, is.. . . , 4,435 " " Cohutta, in Fannin, is , 4,155 " " Yonah, in White, is 3,168 " Grassy, in Pickens, is 3,090 " " Walker's, in Lumpkin, is 2,614 " " Pine Log, in Bartow, is 2,347 " " Sawnee, in Forsyth, is 1,968 " " Kennesaw, in Cobb, is 1,809 " " Stone Mountain, in De Kalb, is 1,686 " . " The Capitol Tower in Atlanta, Fulton County, is 1,164 " " Academy Hill, in Gwinnett, is 1,139 " " Alcova, in Walton, is 1,088 ' ' * Besides these easily recognized mountain ranges, there are other elevated ridges which form the water-sheds, separating the drainage areas of the different rivers. 60 HAKT)-T500X OF GEOEGTA. The Blue Ridge — the highest mountain chain — divides the waters flowing into the Tennessee from those of the Savannah flowing to the Atlantic, on the one hand, and those flowing to the Chattahoochee and the Gulf of Mexico on the other, ^he Cohutta Mountains separate the Tennessee waters from those forming the Coosa, and the Dug Down Mountains sep- arate these latter from those of the Tallapoosa, which, in Alabama, unites to form the river of that name ; and in like manner the Kennesaw range separates those of the Etowah from the Chattahoochee. Another ridge on which is built the Atlanta and West Point Railroad separates the Flint from the Chattahoochee; and still another, on which the Atlanta and Macon Railroad runs for 100 miles, separates the Flint from the Ocmulgee, and divides near Vienna into two prongs, one of which separates the Flint from the Withlacoochee, Allapaha, and Suwanee ; the other separating these from the Satilla and St. Mary's, and extends south-east in the direction of the peninsula of Florida. It is noteworthy here that the actual water-shed has not been determined ; for the line of direction which no doubt once was continuous by the south-west corner of the Okefi- nokee Swamp is not now the water-shed, but a great curve is made, embracing the whole of the swamp in the Suwanee drainage, excepting a small portion in the south-east, Avhich furnishes one feeder to the St. Mary's River. It then returns to a point in the line of the main direction near the Florida line, and continues south-east into that State. The Georgia Railroad from Augusta to Union Point is on another ridge dividing the Ogeechee (a tributary of the Altamaha), and Brier Creek (a tributary of the Savannah), from Little River, another tributary of the Savannah ; while from Union Point to Athens and Bellton the Air-LiTie Railroad divides the Broad River of the Savannah system from the Oconee of the Altamaha system. The Altamaha River system has for its tributaries the Ogeechee, Oconee, and Ocmulgee ; and these three receive, above the line of railroad from Augusta to Macon which runs along the southern border of the metamorphic rocks, a multi- tude of tributaries, which form a perfect network south of AVATER-POWEES — DEAIN"AGE SYSTEM. 61 the Chattahoochee Ridge, between the Atlanta and Macon liidge, and the Bellton, Athens, and Union Point Ridge. As the difference of level between the two limits north and south, mentioned above, will average 700 feet, and the distance not much over 70 miles, and the streams run directly across the different formations alternately made of hard gneisses and granites and soft hydromica schists and friable sandstones, numberless waterfalls are produced, and an almost incalculable water-power is furnished. This indeed is the case across this whole central belt of the State ; limited by the Chattahoochee Ridge, on which the Air Line and the Atlanta and West Point Railroads run, on the north ; and Columbus, Macon, and Augusta roads on the south limit of the meta- mor^Dhic region, embracing a territory 200 miles long and 70 miles wide, or 14,000 squai'e miles, with a slope averaging 10 feet per mile, and in a region where the rainfall averages 50 inches per annum, and where the climate is mild and equable the whole year. No country in the world offers greater natural advantages than this section of Georgia for manufacturing establishments, especially for Cotton, which grows in abundance, and in easy reach of railroad transportation at any point — no less than 10 different railroads crossing this territory, north and south, and east and west. Another remarkable feature in the drainage system is noticeable on the southern slope of the Blue Ridge, where the range averages 3,000 feet, and declines to an average of 600 feet in the Chattahoochee Valley ; and the streams run directly across the gold-belt, which is continuous and inexhaustible, only needing the supply of water from the ridge, properly directed and controlled, to return a yield of the precious metal which should satisfy the most avaricious stockholder in a mining company. The following are elevations of points on the lines of rail- roads in Georgia : 62 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. Western and Atlantic (State) Bailroad from Atlanta to Chattanooga. „„. „ Distance. Elevation. Station. Miosis. Feet. Atlanta 1,050 Chattaboocliee Eiver 8 762 Bridge 8 832 Marietta 30 1,132 Eailroad Summit 33 1,156 Kennesaw Mountain 23 1,838 Acwortb. 34 932 Allatoona Creek 805 (about) Allatoona 875 (about) Etowali Eiver 47 696 Bridge 771 Kingston 60 721 Adairsville 70 72a Calhoun -^ 80 653 Oostenaula Eiver 85 633 " Bridge 655 Dalton 100 773 Tunnel Hill 107 850 ' Summit Eidge 032 Eiuggold 114' 776 Tennessee Line 714 Chattanooga 138 663 Macon and Western Bailroad (Atlanta to Macon), Miles. Feet. Atlanta 1^050 Eougli and Eeady H 1.004 Jonesboro 31^ 905 Fosterville 28 960 Griffin 48 975 Milner 54 863 Barnesville 61 875 Forsyth 77 73? Prattsville 85 625 Depot at Macon 102 414 Low Water, Ocmulgee Eiver 363 ELEVATIONS ON RAILROAD LINES. 63 Central Railroad (Macon to Savannah). Statton Distance. Elevation. STATION. Miles. Feet. Ocmulgee, low water 263 East Macon Depot 297 Griswold lOJ 464 Gordon ^ 20i 343 MacDonald 30i 245 Emmit 38i 210 Oconee Eiver 186 Oconee 42^ 221 Tennille 55^ Davisborough 67f 291 Spears 78f 238 Sebastopol..*. 90i 190 Herndon lOOJ 174 Millen IIOJ 158 Paramore's Hill 233 Scarborough 120i 148 Ogeecliee 129 106 Halcyondale 140i 110 Little Ogeecliee, in Scriven County 106 Egypt 150^ 126 Guyton 160J 77 Eden 170^ 34 Station No. 1 181i 19 Depot at Savannah 32 Macon and Brunswick Railroad. A profile of this road could not be obtained, the original notes having been lost. Atlanta and West Point Railroad. Elevation. Feet. Atlanta 1,050 East Point 1,063 Fairburn 1,048 Palmetto 1,039 Newnan 985 Grantville 892 Hogansville 768 Lagrange 778 West Point 620 Chattahoochee River 600 64 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. Atlanta and Richmond Air Line Railroad (from Atlanta to Tugalo River), Station Distance. Elevation. Miles. Feet. Atlanta 1,050 Doraville 15 , 1,070 Norcross , 20 1,050 Suwanee , 31 1,027 Buford 37 1,307 Flowery Brancli 44 1,122 Gainesville 53 1,222 Bellton 67 1,342 Mt. Airy. ..- 80 1,588 " (by TJ. S. Coast Survey) If 610 Toccoa 93 1,040 Georgia Railroad (Atlanta to Augusta). Station Distance. Elevation. STATION. Miles. Feet. Atlanta 1,050 Decatur %\ 1,049 StoneMt 15f 1,055 Lithonia 34^ 954 Conyers 30f 909 Yellow River 670 (about) Covington 41 763 Ulcofauliatcliee 674 (about) Social Circle 51f 890 Rutledge 59 728 Madison 68 696 Buckbead 75i 642 Oconee River 514 (about) Greensboro 88 637 Union Point 95 674 Crawfordville 106f 618 Gumming 114J 647 Camak 124 613 Thomson. 133^ 531 Bearing 142 489 Berzelia 150i 517 Bel-air 161 324 Augusta Depot 147 Savannah River 119 Hamburg Depot 153 ELEVATIONS ON RAILROAD LUSTES. 65 South Western Railroad (Macon to Albany and Fort Gaines). Station. Feet. Macon Depot 332 Tobesofkee Creek Swamp 275 " Track 290 " Bridge 295 Bridge between Tobesofkee and Echaconnee Summit 379 Bridge proper 390 Seago's 360 1^ Byron's 513 2 Powersville 385 Fort Valley 528 Ridge at Stapp's Quarter beyond Indian Creek 505 Uniform Table-land to Marsballville 491 Winchester 463 Gradual descent to Flint River Bridge 290 Oglethorpe 299 Camp Creek Bridge 306 Anderson ville 394 White Water Creek Culvert. 361 Stewart's Turnout 474 Americus 360 Smitbville 333 Kinchafoonee Bridge 275 Brown's Station 369 Dawson 352 Grave's Turnout 350 Nochway Bridge " 292 Ward's Station. 392 Bridge beyond Ward's 415 Pachitla Creek Bridge 342 Cutbbert Depot 446 Junction 484 Morris Station 242 Colman's 391 Fort Gaines Depot 163| " Bridge 190 (about) Macon and Atigusta Railroad. Cm . m,^»T Elevation. Station. p^.^^^ E. Macon 285 Low water, Ocmulgee River 241 Wolf Creek 415 66 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. Station. "^^V^l^t.'""- Surface Elevation. Feet. Commissioner's Creek 432 Summit betweea Com. and Fisliing Creek 493 Fortville 459 Fishing Creek 373 McCrary's 380 Camp 231 Milledgeville 264 Tobler's Creek 255 285 Oconee River 269 214 RockyCreek 350 315 Dry Pond Smnmit 593 648 Town Creek 575 540 Sparta 545 Two Mile Branch 488 458 Little Ogeechee 485 440 Culverton 537 Dry Creek 488 453 Fulsom's Creek 375 365 Ogeechee River 375 Long Creek 348 313 School-house Summit 525 550 Rocky Comfort 455 415 Golden Creek 453 428 Warreuton Depot , 488 Elevations in Georgia, ascertained by John E. Thomes, C.E., in making a United States Railway Survey, from THE Tennessee River through Fisher's Gap, in Sand Mountain, Alabama, to the Atlantic Coast of Georgia, in 1875. The line of this survey enters Georgia in the neighborhood of the Old Burnt Village in Troup County, crosses the Thom- aston branch of the M. & W. R.R., passes through Culloden in Monroe, Knoxville in Crawford, crosses the Ocmulgee above Hawkinsville, and passes through Eastman in Dodge County, and from there nearly follows the line of the M. & B. R.R, to Brunswick. The length of this line from the Tennes- see River to Brunswick is 412 miles, over 250 of which is in Georgia. The elevations in feet above the sea level are as fol- lows : ELEVATIONS ON KAILROAD LINES. 67 Elevation. Stations. Feet. Chattalioocliee River 674 Maple Creek 745 Mountain Creek . 743 St. Cloud Road 861 A. & W. P. R.R 930 Flint River 697 Concord 804 Elkins' Creek 711 Powder Creek 734 Potato Creek 669 Thomaston Branch R.R 804 Tobler's Creek 661 Culloden 696 Kuoxville 640 Rich Hill 619 Mill Creek 504 Muscogee &S. W. R.R 478 Ocmulgee River (low water) 214 Hawkinsville Branch M. & B. R.R 336 Limestone Creek 250 M. & B. R.R., 134th mile P 391 Eastman 356 McRae Station 224 Sugar Creek 103 Lumber City 147 Ocmulgee River (low water) 98 Hazlehurst 259 Carter's Creek 152 Coleman's Creek 146 Boggy Creek 93 Satilla 87 Atlantic and G. R.R 118 Pinholloway River 39 Buffalo Swamp 25 Ten-mile Creek 25 Brunswick Depot 16 On this line, Eastman is 112 miles, and Culloden 212 miles from Brunswick. 68 HAND-BOOK OF GEOKGIA. 5 ^ S ^ "S 5 H i> ■paiaAjns inoqAV jfg; ^ ^ 6 -i IJ JO uoiifipnoo & a •jSep qoua jo sjuoq ^S Su[5[I0jli. pi39ll stq; ii4iA\ UIU8J1S }'o j8A\6d 8[qBireAV 1-1 H O - ^ s ^ < ^ Nog >? O PM < W Ph O o a ^ •S ® _ g^ g Ph cc O "J? .g , ma) o tn O O fe WATBE-POWEES IN GEOEGIA. 69 S - 5 S -5 p= a ^ 5S ° -* T-i (N 00 oo oi 00 CO CD C» CO CO CO CO CO O O CO 00 t- lO lO J> CD 05 Tj Tji 00 tr g o o o T-c lO •!-< O "^ O CO CD 00 1-1 o 00 o lo »o rr 1-1 T-1 -^ 00 -^ CD o o o »j o i> £* t- Oi CO Tj in lo o o o o o o 00 CO in Ti( «o in 'i' o o o o o o o o o 00 i> O. 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CO ^ « S a a 02 £; ^ li° ^ I fl" -a W s WATER-POWEBS IN GEOEGIA. 83 s= - o o o o lO O sO lO rf' 5o' 00 ■^' ■* at CO SB g 5g lO 05 o (M >o in t-( CO ■'a* JO CO 00 t- t- :0 Tf o id o lO c o o O -* O lO n lo o =o in TJi ^ 00 -^ Tf CO CO o CO i- »o J.~ o (ri ■*" CO t- O 00 CD in o o o CO C! O CO Tf ^ t- CO o CO id ■*' 1"< Oi -T* T-H o p o o O t- CO O O CO CO o o o T-t 00 CO o S & - O J3 o g « 6 '^ g i^pt I-:! n O S ^, JM 1 5 S I «< C3 -a M ° ° ii O o fu u h) Tl O hii n ^ H < O o 2 <1 1 Q o o r-i 1^ o m t, ^ > cS =-> n M M 84 HAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA. _2 ID k> a c: a >3 s ^ Q 1 1 •psjfaAjns TnoiiA\. £q 0' p ■3 • ' ^^ _K f^ ~ aaAvod iBOi^sJoaqx '" •»38J 01 JO p^^q c = g 8 c s paumssB UB jo (m' c OC a C c c (N IC c d pB9q ajBraixo-iddv r-i T- ^~^ ^ "^ *"* cc a M !> t- C} c c- 05 'ptjsq 00 c o- CC (N Oi (N la ^ooj-ouo JO .iaA\od d 1- t^ c C Oi rn' a d -asjoq 8[qBiiBAV •peaq in « 0: ^ -* 00 <= (N ■* 0: CJ i- 00 Oi c 0- 1-; }ooj-8tio JO laAYOd r-i i- 0- c (N (N T^ 0- d -asjoq iB0i;8JO3qj;, C c c c c c cc •pno -oas .TOd ;99j oiquo O) C. c c c c cf in OD '> cc £- CO ^ d IT oc d 125 '3 3 f^ S t/2 03 CD C 03 D 1 5 ) § > C Eh " ' .a ' ^' H fq S 1 c CS 5 ■^ i 1 _tt 1 Ph ^''^ .ii e - ; i :: - II > • E- 1 5 cc CO in oc 1^' si p ta EH ■ 1 Ph D P 0. c "a C a ■a 1 -H - O t- (N CO -rf o o o f~ CO CO 1-1 T-^ CO ca 00 1-i 00 o o Cs OS O iO 00 ^ lO 00 CO L~ 03 O O £>^ OO CO 03 lO t' CO O (C^ '3< 00 CT O CT J:- lO (N 00 CO 00 (N 00 -^ O O O lO o 00 O 1-1 1-1 CO CO 1-1 o o lO o o o o ^ CO O C3 a .1 '^ o ^ ^ ( " cinerea. Butternut. 177 128 Cupuliferse. Quercus pbellos. Willow Oak. 178 128 " " cinerea. High-ground Oak 179 128 " " virens. Live Oak. 180 128 " " aquatica. Water Oak. 181 128 " " nigra. Black Jack, 182 128 " " catesbsei. Turkey Oak. 183 128 " " tinctoria. Black Oak. Whitefleld. 184 128 " " coccinea. Scarlet Oak. 185 " " rubra. Red Oak. Whitefleld. 186 128 " " Georgiana. Stone Mt. Oak. 187 128 " " falcata. Spanish Oak. 188- 128 " ilicifolia. Bear Oak. 189 128 " " obtusiloba. Post Oak. Whitefleld. 190 128 " " alba. White Oak. " 191 128 " " lyrata. Overcup Oak. 192 128 " ^ " prinus. Swamp Chestnut 193 128 " ' " priuug. Chestnut Oak. 194 128 " " prinoides. Chinquapin Oak. 195 " " Castanea Americana ,. Chestnut. Whitefleld. 196 " Castanea pumila. Chinquapin. 197 " Fagus ferrugiuea. Beech. Murray. 198 " Coryllus Americana. Hazel-nut. 199 " " rostrata. BeakedHazel-nut 200 " Carpinas Americana. Hornbeam. Whitefleld. 201 " Ostrya Virginica. Hop Hornbeam. 202 129 Myricaceae. Myrica cerifera. Was Myrtle. 203 129 " " inodora. 204 130 Eetulacese, Betula nigra. Black Birch. 205 130 " " lenta. Cherry Birch. 206 130 " Alnus serrulata. Alder. 207 131 Salicaceas. Salix tristis. Sage Willow. 208 131 " " humilis. 209 131 " " nigra. Whitefleld. 210 " Populus angulata. 211 " " grandidentata. 212 (I " heterophylla. Cotton-wood. 313 132 Coniferge. Pinus pungens. 214 132 " " inops. Scrub Pine. 215 132 " " glabra. Spruce Pine. Murray. 114. HAXD-BOOK OP GEORGIA, LIST OF WOODY PLANTS OF GEORGIA. — {Continued,) NO. ?!m'v. — • BOTANICAL NAME, GENUS. SPECIES. COMMON NAME. COUNTY. 316 217 132 132 Com ferae. Pinus mitis. " rigida. Short-leavedPiue.Murray. Pitch Pine. 218 132 " serotina. Pond Pine. 219 220 132 132 " tseda. " australis. Loblolly Pine. Whitefleld. Long-leaved Pine. 221 132 " strobua. White Pine. Murray. 223 132 Abies Canadensis. Hemlock Spruce. 223 224 225 132 132 132 Juniperus Virginiana. Cupressus thyoides. Taxodium distichum. Ked Cedar. White Cedar Cypress. 226 " Torreya taxifolia. 227 228 134 134 Palmaccse. Sabal palmetto. " serrnlata. 229 330 134 134 " Chamffirops hystris. Prunus spinosa. BnllacePlum,Sloe. EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL RELATIONS GEORGIA. OF SITUATION. The exact situation of Georgia (or any other State), either in the Union or on the earth's surface, is not often compre- hended by readers. The bare statement of latitude and longi- tude makes but little impression, especially of the relative situ- ation. The figures for Georgia, however, are as follows — viz. : Between latitude 30° 21' 39" and 35° north, and longitude 80° 50' 9" and 85° 44" west of Greenwich— nearly one fourth of a full circumference west of England. The National Observatory in Washington City is 77° 02' 48" west of Green- wich, and the longitude of Georgia referred to Washington is between 3° 47' 21" and 8° 42' west. The difference in time between the eastern and western extremities of the State is not quite 20 minutes. The latitude and longitude of Atlanta, ascertained by the United States Coast Survey for the flagstaff on the Capitol, are, latitude 33° 45' 19.8" ; longitude, 84° 23' 29.7". THE BEST COMMERCIAL SITE. 115 The latitude and longitude of several well-known mountains in Georgia are as follows : LATITUDE. LONGITUDK. Stone Mountain 33° 48' 32.5" 84° 08' 46.3" Kennesaw " 33° 58' 34.8" 84° 34' 46.4" Sweat " 34° 04' 01.9" 84° 37' 23.2" Sawnee " 34° 14' 13.7" 84° 09' 39.3" Lost " 33° 56' 53.3" 84° 41' 51.5" Games " 33° 59' 36.3" 85° 00' 50.9" Pine " 34° 10' 37.1" 84° 44' 43.4" Pine Log " 34° 19' 18.9" 84° 38' 14.4" Lavender " 34° 19' 20.0" 85° 17' 19.4" Blood " 34° 44' 34.1' 83° 56' 13.6" Currahee " 34° 31' 45.9" 83° 33' 83.4" Latitude is much more significant in its bearings than longi- tude, largely affecting climate and productions. Georgia lying between 30° and 35° north, the sun, at the summer solstice, lacks but 8° of being vertical on her southern border. The difference of latitude between the two borders — say 4^° ■■ — is greater than in most of the States, the greatest length being north and south ; and the corresponding difference of climate and productions is augmented by the fact that the most northern part of the State is also the most elevated. These circumstances taken together make a remarkable range of pro- duction. The Southern States occupy the south-east conier of the United States, and Georgia is nearly in their south-east corner — Florida occupying it exactly. COMMERCIAL SITUATIOlSr ^BEST SITE ON THE CONTINENT. Georgia, it will be observed, is the keystone of the arch formed by the grand curve of the Atlantic States on the one side, and the Gulf States on the other. The best commercial site on the continent is undoubtedly in North America — not South. It must be found on the Atlantic — not on the Pacific, which is too remote. It must not be on the Gulf Coast, which has a difficult navigation, but on the Atlantic, fully open to the sea. The determining criterion is the trade of the Great Mississippi Valley. Every Atlantic State has ample facilities for its own immediate trade. 116 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA. The decisive criterion of the best commercial site is the rela- tive adaptation for the trade of the Great Valley. Georgia occupies this position. Geographically, she is on the shortest line ; topographically, on the most feasible ; climatically, on the line least obstructed by ice. This fine position nature has assigned her by placing her below the great Appalachian chain, which more than a Chinese Wall separates the ocean from the Gi-eat Valley. This " back- bone of the Continent" rising in Canada, terminates in Alabama and Georgia. Here for the first time the " endless" — the Indian meaning of Alleghany — finds an end and opens a gate for commerce on the shortest line from the heart of the Valley. Take the Mississippi Valley as the centre of the Continent, and the junction of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers at St. Louis as the heart of the Valley : from this centre the nearest Atlantic coast is the sea-coast of Georgia. With one end of the compasses at the junction, the arc with the least radius will touch the Georgia coast. Or take Cairo, at the mouth of the Ohio River, and the case is still more marked. Even from Louisville the observation is still true ; while from Cin- cinnati the length of the line is nearly the same, and really, in view of the intervening obstacles, the shortest practicable line. The critical position of Georgia becomes more and more manifest by careful study of the map. Of the three great slopes, the Atlantic, the Gulf, and the Valley slope, Georgia is the only State of the Union which impinges upon each. The head-waters of the Savannah, the Chattahoochee, and the Ten- nessee flow from a point within her borders. Nearly all the rivers of all the other Atlantic States flow in parallel directions south-east into the ocean. Georgia rivers from the central point first referred to, flow as radii south-east, south, and south-west (and, as if nature were not content to do things by halves, the Tennessee River, emptying into the Mississippi, bends, with an elbow almost projecting into Georgia, accommodating itself to the natural opening). The immense importance of the Valley trade has been long and fully appreciated. In eveiy part of the course of the long mountain chain, every weak point has been carefully examined as a passway for the trade. Beginning in New York and BEST SITE ON THE CONTINENT, 117 coming south through Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina to South Carolina and Georgia, every opening has been criticised and essayed. The success of De Witt Clinton, in opening this navigation at heavy expense, laid tlie foundation of the commercial pi*osperity of New York, which sprung immediately ahead of Philadelphia and other rivals. General Washington made strenuous and protracted efforts to make the Potomac the connecting link, and was himself the president of a company incorporated for that purpose. In North Carolina, Judge Murphy made similar efforts. Indeed, there is a long history to it all — various States knock- ing at the door for passage thi'ough the mountain-chain. It was thoroughly understood and appreciated by Mr. Calhoun, of South Carolina, in its relations to railroad communication, the only method applicable to that State. But the natural and easiest vent of the commerce of the Mississippi Valley is on the coast of Georgia. By observing the course of the Missouri RiA^er in a south- easterly direction to its junction with the Mississippi, and following the same direction to the ocean, it would terminate on the Georgia coast ; and the water communication via the Mississippi, Ohio, and Tennessee, and then by canal and the rivers of Georgia to the coast, would require no greater varia- tion of direction than actually occurs in the course of the Missouri or other great rivers. A line from the head-waters of the Missouri to St. Louis continued, would strike the coast of Georgia ; and the water communication above indicated would have the same general direction. The magnificent natural position of Georgia was understood by Governor Troup, who recommended practical measures for taking advantage of it. Those who have regarded Governor Troup rather as a man of vigor and will than a man of thought, will find in his messages and speeches the traces of a deliber- ate and well-balanced judgment. The invention of railroads, as a new means of transportation, diverted attention from the canal system, which was just to be practically inaugurated under his administration with his warm support. It was sup- posed that these would more thoroughly displace canals than has proved true in fact. 118 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. In his annual message of 1824, Governor Troup said : " The period has arrived when Georgia can no longer post- pone the great work of internal impi-overaent. If considera- tions of the highest order could not prevail, State pride should be a motive sufficiently strong to determine her. Some of her sisters are already far in advance of her. Almost all of them have to a greater or less extent embarked in it. She sees the most enterprising and persevering among them, already deriv- ing advantage from it, which jilaces them in the first rank of opulence and power. A State, therefore, like Georgia, blessed by Providence with the means of reaching the highest commer- cial prosperity by a road plain, direct, and practicable, will no longer linger in the rear. She will begin, and, with a little patience and perseverance, instead of decaying cities and a vacillating trade, and, what is most humiliating, that trade seek- ing an emporium elsewhere than within her own limits, she will witness the proud and animated spectacle of maritime towns restored and flourishing, new ones rising up — her trade steady and increasing — her lands augmented in value and improved in ciiltivation — the face of the country beautified and adorned ; and she may witness — what was once deemed impossible to human efforts — the western waters mingling with her own, and the trade of Missouri and Mississippi floated through her own territory to her own seaports; and all this within the compass of her own resources, provided the ordinary economy, prudence, and foresight be employed to husband, cherish, and improve them." The making of a great canal through Georgia, connecting the western and eastern waters, has been actively canvassed of late years, and its feasibility is endorsed by the highest engineering authority. The scheme has been warmly and ably supported by Col. B. W. Frobel, who has thoroughly studied all its details. So great is the interest of the entire West and North-west in such a work, that it can not be permanently neglected. If there were a proposition made to close the mouth of the Mississippi to the commerce of the Great Valley, how would it be received ? Practically, for commercial purposes, a new* mouth can be opened and made available to this great ti-ade. The roTite has been surveyed by order of Congress — the survey THEOUOH LINES OF RAILWAY. 119 demonstrating that the project is undout)tedly practicable ; and the line was adopted by the Senate Committee on Trans- portation as one of the gi-eat water-lines of the country. The work has been practi-eally commenced in improving the rivers, under appropriations -by Congress, which are to form parts of this great artery of traffic. As this is the shortest line of water commnnication, so also for rail. This first easy gap between the valley and ocean is penetrated by the Georgia State Road, or Western and Atlantic Railroad, from Chattanooga to Atlanta — a single connecting link fed by several roads from the North, and feeding several toward the South. A second opening passes through the Rabun Gap in the north-eastern corner of the State, and the valley of the Hi- wassee River, of which South Carolina was availing herself before the late war. Georgia is thus the direct and afcaost necessary channel from the heart of the continent to the sea — the great highway of commerce. The importance of the commercial situation of Georgia is fur- ther shown as the eastern terminns of a Great Pacific Railroad. N^o other portion of the sea-coast is so favorably situated as hers. The road passing substantially along the 32d parallel of lati- tude, by its Avestern terminus near San Diego and its eastern in Georgia, is the route indicated by nature as best subserving travel and transportation, free from winter obstructions and the numerous impediments of circuity and natural obstacles. Of the Cotton-Belt — Cotton being the leading article of export — Georgia furnishes the proper Atlantic outlet. Such are some of the advantages jDeculiar to her commercial situation. TEANSPORTATIOIS' LINES IN THE STATE. She has her full share of other advantages common to her with other States. In the Shore line of Railroads, she forms one link ; so also in the Piedmont line of roads connecting the Atlantic and Gulf States. She has three or four separate links passing through the State from west to east — viz. : the line from Eufaula by way of Macon and Millen to 120 HAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA. Augusta ; another from Columbus ma Macon to Savannah ; a line from West Point via Atlanta to Augusta; and one from Atlanta to Charlotte, N. C. She avails herself also of the mountain valley route by means of the Selma, Rome, and Dalton Road, and the East Tennessee and Georgia Road. Upon an impartial comparison of natural advantages, the position of Georgia, her external relations to commerce, and her facilities for intercourse, trade, and travel, are unsurpassed. To their complete development, a less expenditure of funds, public or private, than has been required lor other develop- ments incapable of the same completeness, would suffice. By nature, neither the Erie Canal nor the Chesapeake and Ohio, neither the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio, nor the Chesapeake and Ohio, possesses such admirable ad- vantages ; yet these artificial channels, prepared at enormous expense, have given the advantages of prepossession to other States and sections. Tihe natural advantages may yet assert themselves, when the whole country is filled Avith j)opulation and capita], and when competition for trade becomes close and keen. Resting upon the Atlantic, Gulf, and Mississippi slopes, Geor- gia, were her resources properly developed, occupies the mouth of the great funnel through which might pour the wealth of the continent — herself capable, by the finest combination of natural gifts, of a most perfect and systematical internal development. So much for the external relations of Georgia as to geographical and topographical situation. BOUNDARIES. The boundaries of the State form the subject of a voluminous correspondence in the State archives. The following are the outlines, given as by notes of a surveyor : 1. Beginning at the mouth of the Savannah River ; along the river to the junction of the Kiowee, and along the Tugaloo to the junction of the Tallulah and Chattooga ; thence along the Chattooga to a j)oint on the 35th parallel of north latitude, at the union of the northern boundary of South Caiolina and the southern boundaiy of North Carolina. The BOUNDAEIES. 121 , general course is about north 35° west, and the length, in a direct line, about 247 miles. It terminates at Ellicott's Rock, on the Chattooga River, marked, " Lat. 35 , A.D. 1 8 1 3, N. C, S. C." This line, in conformity with the Treaty of Beaufort, separates Georgia from South Carolina (all the islands of the rivers Savannah, Tugaloo, and Chattooga being reserved to Georgia). 2. Thence on the 35th parallel of north latitude, due west to Nickajack on the northern boundary of Alabama. This line separates Georgia from North Carolina for VSf miles to the junction of ISToi'th Carolina and Tennessee ; and thence for 73^ miles separates Georgia from Tennessee. 3. From Nickajack, the line between Georgia and Alabama runs south 9° 30' east, to Miller's Bend on the Chattahoochee River, about 146 miles. 4. Thence down the western bank of the river at high-water mark to its junction with Flint River, at a i^oint now four chains below the actual junction — latitude 30° 42' 42"; longitude, 80° 53' 15". The average direction of this line is about south 6° east, and distance about 150 miles direct. About 130 miles,- it separates Georgia from Alabama, and the remaining 20 miles from Florida. 5. Thence along Orr and Whitner's line, south 87° 17' 22'^ east (average direction), 158|f miles, to a point 37 links north of Ellicott's Mound, on St. Mary's River. This line is marked by a succession of mounds about 10 feet at the base and 5 feet high — a very permanent form of landmark — and sepa- rates Georgia from Florida. It continues approximately and on an average as follows : 6. From Ellicott's Mound, south 10° east, about 10 miles ;, thence east 8 miles; thence north 24 miles; thence east 33 miles, following the St. Mary's River in its tortuous wind-- ings to the Atlantic Ocean. 7. Thence along the coast to the point of beginning at.r the mouth of the Savannah River ; including all the lands, ^ water, islands, and jurisdictional rights within said limits, and, also all the islands within 20 marine leagues of the sea-coast. Tybee Island Beacon is in latitude 32° 1' 16", and Jongitudej 80° 50' 9". ■122 HAND-BOOK OF GEOEGIA. AEEA OF THE STATE. Georgia (with the exception of Florida) is the largest State east of the Mississippi ; and since the dismemberment of Virginia, the largest of the original 13. The area of the State, prior to 1802, when she ceded her western territory to the general government, exceeded 150,000 square miles, including the greater portions of the States of Alabama and Mississippi— viz., 46,200 square miles of the former, and 41,856 square miles of the latter. The precise present area is not accurately known — the coast and river lines being very irregular. It is generally given as 58,000 square miles, or 37,120,000 acres, which is probably below the true area. The greatest length of the State is from north to south, 320 miles ; and breadth, from east to west, 254 miles. The geographical centre of- the State is in Twiggs County, near Jeffersonville, about 20 miles south-east of Macon. TOPOGRAPHY. Any fundamental study of a country and any thorough information as to its resources, must be based upon a knowl- edge of its topography and natural features. This is informa- tion as to the way in which God has made the country, upon which man can impress only slight and superficial changes — merely scratches upon the surface of nature. For a real understanding of the topography of a country, a preliminary knowledge is necessary of certain principles, which explain the exa43t relations of ridges and slopes to valleys and watercourses. To the ordinary observer, these seem a mighty maze, and all without a plan ; yet they have a plan governed by strict law, and have been reduced to well-understood principles which are universal in their application, extending to the whole surface of the earth, and embracing the smallest details of each separate division — each State, county, farm, and yard, even to the pettiest mole-hill or depression on the surface. Water supplies the unerring test of relative elevation. The SYSTEM OF EIDGES, SLOPES — VALLEYS, STREAMS. 123 tendency of water under the force of gravity is simply to descend toward the earth's centre by the shortest course. If interrupted, yet QOt arrested, it takes the shortest course practicable. It not only goes down hill, but goes down the steepest way — ^. e., it follows the line of greatest slope. Each individual drop of water pursues what, to it, is the immediate line of greatest slope, till it finds some level at which all forces countei'balance each other ; and here only it remains at rest. The greatest slope for it — the one drop — may not be the line of greatest general slope ; but the drop is infallible in selecting the greatest immediate slope from its own exact position. The ocean is the great basin at which water usually finds its ultimate level. If the communication is obstructed, however, a lake or a pond or a puddle may furnish a resting-place ; its banks giving the necessary reaction for an equilibrium of forces. From the ocean, and from any considerable lake into which streams flow, there is a regular system of ramifications extend- ing from this level, back to the remotest places, which form part of the water-shed flowing into the basin. The surface of the watercourses defines the lines of greatest slope in each principal stream, and in each confluent which empties into it. Each smaller stream, in its turn, defines another line uniting with the superior lines, and when at length no running stream, exists, the course of each rill which carries off the rain, con- tinues and completes the system. These lesser rills have their subordinate systems till the final irregularity is reached, which guides the single drop of rain along its devious course — following but one principle as modified by the impediments it encounters. Remarkable it is, that instead of thousands of depressions, each constituting a lake or reservoir, the great mass of all the running water on the globe finds its way to the sea — to a single great reservoir. One conduit after another leads to it ; each little drain finds its way into a larger sluice or duct, and this into a larger, till accumulated into rivers, the whole water-shed is drained at one mouth into the ocean. The system of ridges and slopes is the exact counterpart of 124 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. the system of valleys and streams. The one system is the glove, the other is the hand, and the Jit is exact. 7 he Appalachian Chain. — The leading feature on a grand scale of the toj^ography of the country east of the Mississippi, is the Appalachian Chain of Mountains — a spinal column stretching from the promontory of Gaspe at the mouth of the St. Lawrence at the north, and melting away in Georgia and Alabama at the south. The general line of the Atlantic coast, beginning at the south, is about north 35 '^ east ; while the general direction of this great chain of mountains is more to the east of north — say north 38° or 40° east, approaching nearer to the ocean at the northern end. The length of the chain is about 1,300 miles. The highest mountain-peaks are toward the extremities, north and south. At the north, the White Mountains — an outlying range — present the greatest elevation — Mount "Washington, 6,288 feet. The culminating point of the entire chain, however, is at the south in North Carolina, the summit of the Black Dome being 6,760 feet \ and numerous peaks exceed 6,000 feet. The apparent height of the White Mountains — rising from a base of but 500 or 600 feet — is greater than that of the North Carolina group, the base of which is about 2,000 feet above the sea-level. The leading topographical features of all the Atlantic States, and indeed of most of the States east of the Mississippi, are determined by their relations to this great chain. Where our special interest as Georgians begins in the chain, a decided change has taken place in some of its features. A great and final bend has occurred in its easternmost range, which becomes with us a cross range, running at right angles to the general course of the mountains. This great chain has a western range of mountains which has the same characteristics of parallelism and uniform elevation, terminating in North-west Georgia. Lookout Mountain and the ranges near it — Raccoon Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Taylor's Ridge, and John's Mountain — are pai'ts of this range — all having the same general direction, and the hog-back form. The north-east mountains are quite different in form— - the ranges consisting more of a succession of peaks. GBEAT CONTIIfEISrTAL KIDGES — WATER-SHEDS. 125 Across the whole northern boundary of Georgia, these ranges extend, reaching into South Carolina on the east, where Table Rock and Caesar's Head rear their elevated peaks, to Alabama . on the west, where the Lookout Mountain and others extend to the terminus near Guntersville. The whole northern border- line of Georgia, with its length of 150 miles, is among these mountains. Great Ridges. — The chain of mountains which separates the Atlantic from the Gulf slopes is of various widths, exteuding even to 100 miles across ; but there is a narrow, absolute line, irregular and tortuous, yet never broken, which is the culmi- nating ridge, and which winds its way at different levels and in different directions, from Cape Gaspe in Canada to Cape Sable at the southern extremity of Florida. This long, un- broken line, without width, separates the waters flowing into the Atlantic direct, from those flowing into the St. Lawrence and the Gulf. From this long ridge two other dividing ridges run out — one at the north, separating the waters of the St. Lawrence from those of the Mississippi ; the other at the south separat- ing those of the Mississippi from those which flow in the Gulf direct. These several long ridges constitute part of the tortuous rim of the great basin of the Mississippi. The principal ridge entering Georgia from North Carolina, passes through the very heart of the State and runs to the southern extremity of Florida — all the waters east of it flowing into the Atlantic ; those west, into the Gulf. The Gulf slope itself is divided by a ridge separating the general slope from that of the great valley. The point where these two ridges meet is in I^orth-east Georgia. Upon this critical point, a man with an umbrella in a shower will shed the water in three widely different directions. One part would reach the Atlantic at Savannah ; a second, the Gulf at Appalachicola ; Avhile the third, after a long circuit, would reach the Gulf at the mouth of the Mississippi. This point is near the corner of Rabun, Towns, and White Counties, on Land lot No. 20 in the 6th District of the old Habersham County Survey — Land lot No. 100, 19th District, 1st Section, New Survey. On the east of the great ridge in Georgia, called the Chatta'- hoochee Ridge in its most elevated portion, lies the Atlantic 136 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. slope of Georgia, constituting over half of the State — about 30,000 square miles, or more. On the west, the Gulf slope, about 27,000 square miles — more than 40 per cent of the State. Across the lines of greatest slope run another set — the lines of no slope, or perfectly level lines. The two together consti- tute the warp and woof of the surface. The former run nearly at right angles to the coast ; the latter set of lines nearly parallel to it. These level lines often mark old coast-lines, as the ocean receded from its former level. The retreat of the ocean has, in many places, left its actual marks. If we suppose the former water-levels gradually restored, marking the shore- lines accurately, we will best illustrate the actual lines upon land. The present leA^el — the actual shore-line — is perfectly jagged and irregular. It runs in and out a thousand times. Not less but more so would be the other successive shore-lines by successive rises. Several successive plateaus would be developed, each cut by streams, and each preserving a rude parallelism to the present general shore-lines. As the ocean would rise into Middle Georgia, these plateaus would cease to preserve any generality of level, and the surface would be more broken and dotted with peninsulas and islands. With still succeeding rises, long and narrow tongues of land would run out between the intervening waters, irregular, yet rudely parallel to each other, and perpendicular to the general shore- line. Rwer Systems and River-Basins. — Upon the Atlantic slope, north of the Georgia coast, the course of the rivers and valleys is usually south-east. The rivers of Georgia which rise at the end of the mountain-chain, and not at its side, flow south-east, south, and south-west. The river-basins of Georgia, and of the Atlantic coast generally, as also of the Gulf coast east of the Mississippi, are usually long and nai'row — from 100 to 250 miles from the source to the sea, and fi'om 30 to 50 miles wide, draining basins of from 3,000 to 10,000 square miles. The streams do not usually lie centrally in their basins, but to the west and s6utli of the centres ; the tributaries on the eastern side being much longer than in the western. NATUEAL DIVISIOKS — HIGHEST MOUNTAINS. 127 Great Natural Divisions of Georgia. — These are deter- mined, not so much by ridges as by coast-lines. These indicate relative altitudes — the leading feature which affects climate and productions. By these lines, running nearly parallel to the present coast, the State is divided into three great divisions — viz., the Mountain Region, the Hill Country, and the Low Country. Lower Georgia lies below the line joining the heads of navi- gation of the rivers, and is much the larger part of the State, with an area of about 35,000 square miles. It is below the level of 300 feet above the ocean. , Middle Georgia lies between the heads of navigation and the elevation of 1,000 or 1,100 feet, and has an area of about 15,000 square' miles. Above this is Upper Georgia, with an area of about 10,000 square miles, embracing nearly all the mountains of the State and much hill country. The average elevation of the surface of Georgia, above the sea, is between 600 and 700 feet.. The Mountain or Up- Country. — The character of the moun- tains in North-eastern Georgia is quite distinct from those in North-west Georgia. In the north-east they constitute lines of separate peaks ; in the north-west, long, parallel ranges. The Blue Ridge, which attains its maximum height of 6,760 feet in North Carolina in the peak of Black Dome, enters Georgia in the north-east corner, in Rabun County, having lost about 2,000 feet of its elevation, the Rabun Bald being 4,698 feet. Another and longer chain (the Western Range of the Appala- chian Chain, or Cumberland Range) enters Georgia between Rabun and Towns Counties ; cuts off Towns, Union, and Fannin, and recrosses the State line into Tennessee. This embraces Tray Mountain, an elevation of 4,437 feet. Aside from the main ridge is the Brasstown Bald Mountain, or Mount Enotah — the highest peak in the State — 4,802 feet, situated a few miles west of Hiwassee in Towns County. Blood Mountain in Union County attains a height of 4,460 feet. From this long and curved chain strike out two other shorter chains — one extending into Union and Fannin Counties; 128 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA.. the Other forming the Tallulah Mountains, and its extension, the "Chattahoochee Ridge. South of Tray Mountain lies Mount Yonah, a fine separate peak of 3,171 feet elevation. Another separate peak is the Currahee Mountain of 1,740 feet — about 800 feet above the surrounding country. The general level of the counties forming the base of the mountains is qxiite elevated — Clarkesville in Habersham County having an elevation nearly equal to that of the Cur- rahee Mountain. Every sort of surface is to be found — mountainous, hilly, broken, and knobby. The valleys are not usually wide. Between Tray and Mount Yonah lies the beau- tiful and fertile valley of Nacoochee. Scenery. — The finest scenery of the State is to be found in North-eastern Georgia ; though much that is very fine is also found in the North-western section. A view from one of the peaks in the midst of the mountains is magnificent. To one imaccustomed to such scenery, it surpasses even his imagina- tion. From* the summit of Tray Mountain, for example, there are literally many hundreds of j^eaks in full view. The earth seems to have risen in huge billows, and suddenly hardened, leaving them standing. From the summit, reached after many arduous steps up and down (for, as a guide said with some simplicity, " You have to g6 down as much as up" — certainly as often — to reach the top), a half dozen or more long spurs reach off like buttresses, suppoi'ting the peak. Over and be- tween these, you see other mountains — seeing the spurs also of those next to you — of the others seeing only the peaks. By distinctness of outline and by relative clearness and dimness, you distinguish distances. The buttresses and nearer moun- tains show the trees in bold outline, the foliage distinct, the coloring deep green. Dimmer grows the green and less dis- tinct the outline, till in the dim distance only the blue slopes are discernible ; yet these assume all varieties of form, Nice shades of coloring enable you to distinguish the nearer ranges with no other relief than these delicate shades. The horizon seems afar off and ever receding as you rise. It is a lonely view. No sign of human habitation or human culture disturbs the grand serenity. To witness the sun rise is a solemn spectacle. In the presence of the majestic earth SUBLIME SCENERY. 129 and this ball of fire, man feels himself to be nothing. Another presence is felt to be here even greater than these. From Mount Yonah, a noble summit, separated from other mountains, a different and quite unique view is to be had. You see mountains as before on the one side — though more remote — and on the other, hill and plain, and the far-distant level horizon. So beautiful is the view, including the lovely valley of Nacoochee, that you scarcely could chpose between the view from Yonah and Tray. A lady from the low country, who had never seen a moun- tain before, made the ascent. Her friends requested her not to look round as she went np, that she might get the whole of the novel view at once. It was too much for her when she opened her eyes upon it all, and she wept like a child. " It is paradise !" she exclaimed ; " It is heaven itself." And no wonder, for the earth so seen is very fair to see. In North-western Georgia, the mountain-ranges have another aspect widely varying the character of the view. The view from Point Lookout, on Lookout Mountain, in Tennessee, just across the line, is noted. From this point, 7 States are visible ; with a long stretch of the Tennessee River, the city of Chattanooga, and much cultivated country. A yet more elevated summit in Georgia, on this mountain, is called High Point. The mountain extends for more than forty miles, with a road upon its crest as level as the ordinary roads of the country. In many places, a traveller would not suspect him- self to be upon a mountain. CLIMATE. Climate is in the air. Of all the powers near us, the air is the least manageable of our surroundings. It comes to us from afar, and goes when and as it pleases. We can partially isolate ourselves in houses, but the great mass of the atmo- sphere is beyond our control. We adajDt ourselves to it — not it to us; and so we have to go to climate — it will not come to us. Of the changes which take place in it, the sun's heat is the primary cause. The earth and sea are secondary causes by the absorption and radiation of heat ; but this heat affects us only through the air. The sun, the earth, the ocean, latitude, 180 HAND-BOOK OP GEORGIA. altitude, topography, all affect climate, and climate affects us ; but only through the air : so that the science of climate is the science of the atmosphere, and the conditions which affect it, as temperature, humidity, movement, etc. The circulation of water and the circulation of air are the leading conditions. Evaporation affects the humidity, the cloudiness of the atmosphere, and the rainfall from it. Comparatively few as are the elements, they are on so grand a scale and so subtle as to have defied prediction. The atten- tion paid to its laws has just begun to assume scientific form. The law of storms has only of late begun to be understood. The ability to predict the weather, even for a brief season, is a very recent acquisition. Now, mankind have gained a clue to the lav/s of the weather, and they have many facilities for following it, which they are not slow to use. Air, the Mercury of weather — the messenger of its influences to us — is being closely studied. The influences affecting it are everywhere too complex for any other mode of study except that of direct observation ; especially so in Georgia, lying between two seas and below the mountains. The three great points of interest in climate are : (1) Temperature ; (2) Rainfall ; (3) Winds. The sun, directly or indirectly, is the origin of all. The sun's heat causes evapora- tion, clouds, dampness and rainfall. It affects relative pres- sure, and so promotes currents and creates the wind. The ocean-currents convey heat to the atmosphere above and temper the northern climates with warmth from the tropics. The moisture received into the atmosphere by evaporation, and returned in rain to the earth, would cover its whole surface with a sheet, at the equator, measuring annually 10 feet in depth ; at the tropics, about 6 feet ; in the latitude of Georgia, 4 feet ; at 45°, 3 feet ; at the poles, 1 foot. Thus both temperature and moisture are carried from the tropical to the higher latitudes. The temperature of the air falls, on an average, 1° Fahr. for every 300 feet of elevation. This would make a difference in Georgia of 16° by reason of relative elevation, between the shore-level and the highest summit. Latitude affects tempera- ture, and there being 4^° difference of latitude between the GEORGIA CLIMATE, AS IT IS. 131 northern and southern limits of the State, this would make a difference of about 9° by the thermometer. Mistakes as to our Climate. — " How hot does it get. though ?" asked a tourist, finding the winter climate very delightful, and supposing it would be hard to express how hot the summer must be to pay for it all, " Not so hot as with you — in your cities, at all events. The warm weather begins earlier in the year with us than with you, and continues later; but the range of the thermometer is not so high in summer." Such was the reply. To a stranger, the information about climate meets one of his points of greatest interest. These points are three — the negro, cotton, the climate. For the year round, the climate is fine, especially of Middle and Upper Georgia. It is fine for out-door work or in-door work ; for winter crojjs and summer crops. On the temperature map, the mean annual temperature for the year round, below a line joining Augusta and Columbus, would be between 68° and 64°; between the same line and a line nearly parallel to it, passing about 20 miles below Atlanta, between 64° and 60°; another strip of territory, in- cluding Atlanta, between 60° and 56°; Upper Georgia, between 56° and 52° ; the mountains, below 52°, The entire range of mean temperature, not including the mountains, is, therefore, about 16° ; including them, perhaps 20°. The line through the United States marking a mean annual temperature of 60° begins in South-east Virginia, above Nor- folk, in latitude 37^°, passes above Raleigh in North Carolina, below Greenville in South Carolina, below Atlanta in Georgia, and leaves Georgia in latitude 33°, In Alabama it takes a turn upward, runs into Tennessee below Nashville, passes from Tennessee above Memphis, and runs with many curves to the Pacific, about latitude 34° — the same with Atlanta, This is one of the choicest of all climates — that which ranges about 60°, The mean annual temperature of Atlanta is the same with that of Washington City, Louisville, and St. Louis. The winters of course are warmer in Atlanta, but the summers not so hot. These temperatures are derived from the reports of the Smithsonian Institute, The mean climate of Clarkesville and Gamesville in Upper 132 HA]»fD-BOO]i OF GEORGIA. Georgia, corresponds with that of Central Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, UpiDer- Missouri, and Lower Nebraska. It must be remembered all the while that the winter climate in Georgia is warmer, and the summer range is lower to com- pensate — the difference in length of days increasing the sum- mer range in the more northern latitudes referred to. At New York, in midsummer, the days are very nearly one hour longer than at Savannah, and at Quebec one hour and a half longer, and the nights correspondingly shorter ; conse- quently at New York there is one hour longer for heat to accumulate from the direct rays of the sun, and one hour less time in the xiight for the accumulated heat to be carried off by radiation. This is the main cause of northern latitudes being hotter in summer than southern latitudes. The mean annual isotherm of 60° on the other continent, jaasses through Spain, Italy, and Greece in Europe ; and in Asia, through Persia into China. Distribution of Heat. — This is more important than the mean annual temperature. The latter may be very raoderate and promising, but composed of elements of excessive heat in summer, and excessive cold in winter. These diversities, how- ever, do not characterize the climate of Georgia. The extreme range is nearer to the mean than in more northern climates. Another feature of distribution is in the diurnal changes as well as in changes of the season. Very sudden rises or falls of temperature are hui-tful both to health and comfort. In this respect also our climate is favorable. The winter weather at the north is usually the more import- ant — the summer weather at the south ; the January mean temperature at the north — the July mean temperature at the south. But this importance at the south is not because the thermometer rises to so high an extreme as because of its range through the 24 hours. That extreme heat which causes sun-strokes, seeming to melt the brain, seldom occurs. The isotherm of 50° January temj)erature, passes through Georgia ; and on the Eastern Continent through Spain, Italy, Greece, Palestine, Russia, Thibet, and China. The isotherm of 82° July temperature, passes also through Georgia, and through North Africa, Carthage, above Egypt, into Palestine about Jerusalem. This would make a range of 32° between ISOTHEElVrAL LIXES. 133 the mean temperatures of January and July. We have the winter climate of Rome ; the summer climate (yet more important to agriculture) of Jerusalem. The United States Signal Service Chart shows the mean temperature of the hottest week of 1872, at 4.35 p.m., and of the coldest week of the following Avinter, 1872, at 7.35 a.m. The hottest temperature indicated in Upper Florida and Lower Georgia was 94°. The same temperatui'e was marked at the junction of the Arkansas and Mississippi at Vicksburg, and at Jackson — 'considerably higher latitudes. The next highest temperature, 93°, embraced Wilmington, N. C, and Eastern South Carolina. That of 90° passed through Upper Georgia and then into much higher latitudes, including Virginia and Ohio, and reaching to Fort Benton on the Missouri River, in latitude 48°. The temperature of the coldest week in Middle Georgia was 30°. Tempeeatuee Tables. — The following tables indicate the temperature at the places and for the times named : 4 \ 134 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. 4 o t3 1-1 O M H rt ! < P4 Ph H W O K fa t3 o w H H ;^ -A a 1^ h^ i^i ^ I< i-s o hH X O * < H ]^ ^ Cfi ^ < P > < H m >< B < H ■f^ 3 tH H ^^ M t/j f^ P O H O M t=) l=< -»! *N W w o O lit t3 o 33 H !/J M H w j^ K ^ 00 r-H 02 m to i^ M< T-i 02 CO 00 OD L- 50 -^■^oot-coooi-t-^in to I- 05 T-H t- CO iO irt ■ > • ^ t m S a- s a l-B |i( S £-(N»OOTti (N o OS o^ lo CO a; T+H Oi Q oi o* CO o» m "^ in 00 i- ei rj 00 00 ■*' C- 00 £- f t- g s i-l OS OS -* OS O CO OS -^ CO lO O CO ■^' I* ■* TP in CO t« i- §1 S5 ■5i< '"' ti ■ S t^ ? CO 10 ,. CO £; S «? !5 1^ t^ •^ a Sf-sl >;|^^. Ssjo aj o^ ft I? |x, S <) S ^^ TEMPEEATUEE TABLES. 135 < -< H ,s a w f> ^ 'A •< hJ o p. ^ p " S cd" J H (« W M U. H ti ^ W ^i ,< r ^ H '1 !=> M y S * 'A N H § M •nt!8H l^-ranao S S CO^-^'^COOOCOOJlOlfl ia O t- t- 00 QO L— •ran juK U133K ccs«cocomirtomi-o •ranuiiniK (:O5D=Di*GO00OtG0Q000 •ranmixnH •UBaH IB.iaU3Q I 'Tnn^xtJK u-GBK I 55 ■~lOCDL--00G0O5G0i.— ';oco •raniatuti\[ O GO O CD 00 CO :x: t- CO CO GO COCO^COt^COlOCOCOT-H •rauniisB]^ oooc3sOoaoooGO(reoi«i-ioo !:-t-£>ooaoo»cno5cni.» •noojii 9qj aoj uBai^ ■nmrainij^ t-COt^CDCDC0rf*COO5m iO5Ot-000000t-5O»OlO T-H-rJHtMWOCOlOCDOCOO©* ,Hi-(coeo»ntot-50ic3cooiT-i •tunniiXBjtt Mt-tOQOt-OTlOOOt-t-T-l :DOi>»t*QOOiCsoiOa£-t*t* H g 1^ •uooj^ 9q:j joj uBajt •rantmniK •rannnxBj^ 03 T-l i> T-l C» ■<* »a lO CO t- lO ia 00 Oi -iH OS 00 00 i> SO CO Ttl OOCOTfiOSOOCtCOOOODOi T-l(NCOOT10C*i-CO»OTll(N(U OSdCOt-COinOeOt-T-ITf-rH CDi>f-i-O3O5O5OS0000t-i> •noojii •umTniuipi •tnnraixBpt (Ni-iint-t-OTco-^iOcoin TfJOiOtoi— Qooooot-coin OOOOtJIOOJOJOOOCDOOOO i-lr-lTClOCOi-CDinCT ss s -«*(no(Noo cocozr*aoososo3oso3aot*x> •mnraiaij\[ •ranuiiXBK ioo-*QOOQcocoooo-*eo (MQOOOOCO-^'^OOOJOOCOO T-l mioOi2cQijjT)aoaDc>0309aioococo t- Iz; fl 0) S WHAT IS AN IISrCH OF RAIN? 137 Rainfall. — The prodigality of nature is illustrated in the enormous quantity of water which falls upon the earth's surface. What is an inch of rain ? An English acre consists of 6,272,640 square inches, and an inch deep of rain on an acre yields 6,272,640 cubic inches of water, which at 231 cubic inches to the gallon makes 27,154 gallons ; and as a gallon of distilled water weighs 10 lbs., the rainfall on an acre is 271,540 lbs. avoirdupois ; counting 2,240 lbs. as a ton, an inch deep of rain weighs over 121 tons per acre. For every 100th of an inch in depth, 1.2 tons of water falls on an acre ; and for every 10th of an inch, 12 tons. It would require, therefore, a good wagon-load for 2 or 3 horses, to carry the water necessary for the 100th part of an inch in depth of rain on an acre. On an average in Georgia, from 46 to 50 inches of rain falls in a year, making the equivalent of 5,600 tons or more of water on a single acre. Some idea may be thus obtained of the enormous supply nature furnishes. It would take 10 loads a day, every day in the year, to supply, on a single acre, the quantity of water which nature furnishes gratuitously. What would it cost to water a farm thus ? a plantation ? even a square in a garden ? These facts give some idea of the impossibility of the irrigation of crops, except when water can be cheaply conveyed by natural forces to where it is needed. Irrigation also is intended only to supplement an insufficient rainfall. In the best situated countries for irrigation, an enormous system of canals and ditching is necessary. In the Scriptures, mention is made of " watering with the foot," and he will understand the expression who passes back and forth to a vessel, even to water a bed of strawberries. Climate is essential. It must furnish us, free. What becomes of it all ? Much passes by streams into the ocean ; much permeates into the ground ; much is evaporated. The distribution of rainfall, as that of temperature, is far more important than the actual quantity. The season at which it falls, and the intervals between rains, are the leading condi- tions affecting production. Excess and defect are alike inju- rious to crops. The distribution in Georgia is such as to 138 HAND-BOOK OF GEORGIA. secure a good general a\'erage of croj)s, and the climate in this respect may be regarded as favorable. There is seldom a failure — such as often occurs in countries excessively dry or excessively wet. June, July, and August are the most important months as affecting the main cultivated crops. The following tables exhibit rainfall at the places and for the times expressed: MONTHLY RAINFALL AT MACON, GA., FROM JANUARY 187l, TO OCTOBER ISIQ, INCLUSIVE. TAKEN BY MR. .1. M. BOARDMAN. Months. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 4.27 6.2r 6.01 5.58 4.73 5.91 1.64 5.52 11.96 2.50 8.85 5.95 3.34 6.72 11.90 5.58 0.95 1.58 5.43 4.61 1.47 0.40 5.34 3.38 3.43 4.54 3.66 3.25 7.26 7.61 4.70 5.33 3.58 0.26 3.90 2.96 1.77 6.80 7.88 9.26 1.45 3.48 5.60 5.23 1.27 1.42 2.03 4.09 5.33 4.37 12.95 . 5.56 3.43 3.16 1.61 7.68 3.94 0.67 4.48 1.63 1.46 4.23 4.06 7.10 1.85 June July 5.88 8.67 2.47 September , . 2.93 2.96 Totals 69.19 50.70 50.48 50.28 53.81 RAINFALL TABLES. 139 'A n t1 Q H n O W o CO O 3 H H (y ^ (_ P^ ^ 00 1—1 H rs M <1 ^ ft |2! 1-5 & ii^ M o H t3 Hi o t u r/) H Hi w < a ft Hi o ^ !< <5) ;25 ^ M OS ■* ■* CO o o CO • • O lO CO fe 8 o ^ -* OJ o 05 CO CO CO 00 iO lO s* !^ S* (N OT CO CO in ■* CO O tH OS OS O tH in -* (T* th CO lO O -r-i ^ H 1^ ^ :^ d o pr:i 02 t5 M H o Ph <1 OJ t3 O H r/3 <1 1-1 < a t3 < 02 t 1-1 o J5 « >^ U) u ^ ^ I—* pa H |2i O H r^ 00 I— 1 • inooocoiOT-i(Ntoco'*coc« 'incoosiNccTHOT-itNinTi'-i-i • •*' CO lO -rH tH 1-i CD CO CD ed 1-1 Co' lOiOTjioooseJQcgTHQCDTHOO ooooiH>ooOT)>ooSooin35i-iiNT-i ^' ■*' o CO 00 T-( rt -i-I 00 CO CO in CO -*' OiinT-iinos-r-i'^t^T-iQOf-Hoos 00 (N CO 00 QD CO CO in CO in oo It- tH ei Tj< CO in th 2 S p g - '- fe S q5 CO 00 -«- •S •-" -9 hS ao |G in J2 § ,£? S) o a a ^K c3 - '-' --rl!>incOQ0!>tDint-i-l -urejj JO ^nnoniv 'ipj nrej qoTqM UI SjCbq; jo -oiii -*C00D0JOT-lOOt-OO5Q THQOeOTl'Ot-i-O-^QOi-lO cocot-'ocoi>'*"ooococo Tj-i-riQ00500tDi-£-in-*in-i-ocoinm-*tDoocn •II^J -urea JO ^unouiv •[pj urei t#)iqM UI SAB2 JO -o^ IQ OS O t- a q I : < April May June . . 1 l"g i 1 i i 2 3D rfi. • .O cm ■ Masimum. H v(^ OS 1-^ t-* -7 CO 00 CD -^ ?0 l-i OC tn l-t 30 CO • Minimum. K 1^ o o o o o o o o o CO • CO Mean. CD -5 05 (5 "3 ro O 3S OI . Maximum. hi ^> M CO »f^ Ut UT tJ^ w -' 00 00 O i-i OI Mean. O -I ifk CO GO i(^ CO yo *. o o o o i-A i-» o O O O i-^ Maximum Height. o oi So Oi o 03 iSk 05 o a> > M Minimum Height. « ! j -^ UT ao ts CO -a 05 O O CO i g g g ^ ^ ^ s § g § Mean Height. 1 i Oi or 4^ ^s io -^ -J l4^ ^ ~1 b^ ht^ 1^ CO IS £ 5! Greatest Velocity per hour i CO -5 or -:? hS OS or GO {milei:). 1 1 ! 03 en *.. CO CO *. *k OS CO OI Average Velocity per hour i 1 i g g ^ S § S 3 O 1*^ OI {miles). i z! H : ^ ^ ^ H :^ ^ g 1 • ^ ^ ^ ^ Prevailing Direction. M- M. 1-i 1-1 i_i l-J. Maximum per cent in the o 8 2 8 8 8 8 8 CO C=J CO CO O OS air. „ ^ Minimum per cent in the -J tS O O O C3 o Ml M- k-t w M M. m 00 1-1 CD air. w i-i ^^ Total Kainfall expressed in in ches. OS t-i OS Hi CO 05 if>. CD *.• ^ a -5 c N) CO OT ai o t-L io ,-3 O or CO S 2 :& Per cent of clear weather. n So w to *. OI cjT M) ifiw --T as j:^ tfi. O 00 00 M CO CT -3 If^ iCk OI CO OS OI Per cent of cloudy weather. w o OS on 1 g o !2! H H H E o Ul fe! ^ (/J o w <1 i-i W f^ tr O 1—1 ''I 1— ' m o • CXI -P ^ ^ H o o H o •" Ul o ► f^i > t^ W H f?; o >► w E3 ^ 2; H <5 > ;^ H .^ , O r-i !^ y P>* C/J w H c b t^ 05 H rfs. el a 1—' ft CO bo H H O f M I'd o >?; !^ H H Q a H 00 ^ N > ITJ bO U^ P- 2 05_ ft t-H o H to w H 51 ^ G H -• ft W ft O H M o •=1 !^ t> ft W d O (1* » C dj !>i >, M § pq .P S - != =3 f=> & Q ts i= Q ;:H qj 6n ;:5 CI a flj cf C! a o p M O U> S Q> ;::3 ,-H '^ aoj C3 O 03 c3 ni a a 13 3 B pq p ^ a P & t-tDi-iOCO«0r-ITl<»000O'* g . S ^ O O) o o « t, =1 o iJ >H 03 1-1 l> Q a a ■ " - g -=) "5 ticicjc3ooS^<:3 Dade County 42, 43 to 47, 105 Dal ton Female College 190 Davis, E. T 226 Dawson County, 72 Deaf and Dumb Academy 192 Decatur County 73 Debts, Collection of 157 DeKalb County 73 Department of Agriculture 207, 209, 212 Devonian Age. , 38, 42 Diamond 24, 48 Dickson, David 232 Dimensions of Georgia 3 Distribution of Estates, Law of ' 156 Diversion. 13 Drainage System of the State 59 to 61 INDEX. 245 Drake, G. J 226 Drift Period 20 Dolerite ' 34 Dougherty County 101, 104 Duration of the Life of Apple and Pear Treea 224 Dyer, John 228 E Earliest Life 23 Early County , 73 Education. 13, 156 Education of Negroes 153', 180, 181, 187, 188, 193, 200 Edwards, James M 176 Effects of the War (Losses by) in Georgia 7, 218, 219 Effingham County „ 98 Elbert County . : , 73 Elberton Air Line Kailroad 50, 177 Elements Composing a State 4 Elements of Matter 27 Elevation, Relative, Test of - 123 Elevation (Height) of Noted Mountains in Georgia 59 Elevations of Okefinokee Swamp 57 Elliott, Stephen 203 Emory College , 187 Epochs, Ages, Periods, etc 19, 20, 37 to 42 Estates, Distribution of „ . 156 Executive Department of Georgia 155 Exemptions of Property from Levy and Sale 155 Experiments, Agricultural {See Soil Tests) 238 External and Internal Relations of Geargia 114 P Factories 233, 234, 235, 236 Female Colleges in Georgia 188, 189, 190 Fertilizers, Analysis of 212, 213, 214 Fertilizers, Amount Sold in Georgia 238 Fertilizers, Inspection of 207, 214 Fertilizers, Lime, Marl, etc 87 to 104 Fertilizers, Soil, Test of 212, 213, 214, 238 Fertilization , 236 to 239 Field Peas 222, 230, 233 Figs 11,235 First Settlement of Georgia 3 First Colonists, Character of 2 Fisher, John H 176 Flewellen, E. A 174, 176 Flora of Georgia (Woody Plants) 110 to 114 Floyd County 78 Food 10 246 INDEX. Food for Cattle 14 Forest Trees of Georgia 110 to 114 Forest Products of Georgia '. 231 Forsyth County 74 Formations, Geological 37 to 43 Fossils 23 Franklin County 74 Frobel, B. W 118 Fruits 5, 10, 11, 316, 330, 333 to 335 Fulton County 43, 49, 74, 105, lOB Future of Georgia, View of 8 G G;dnesville 131 Gaboury, C. P 187 Geology 30, 37 to 58 Geology of Counties 43 to 58 Geological Ages and Periods 19, 30, 37, 38, 39 Geological Formations in Georgia 37 to 43 Geological Map of Georgia In pocket at end of this volume. Geological Survey 17, 314 Geologist, State, of Georgia 155, 307, 314 Georgia State College of Agriculture 88, 185 Georgia Soil, Capacity of, shown by Results 225 to 838 Georgia Eailroad 60, 64, 166, 169 Georgia State Agricultural Society 306, 209, 315, 338 Georgia and Ohio, Ratio of increase in Wealth in each compared ,319 Georgia, Commercial Situation 115 to 130 Georgia, Civilization of her People 146 to 148 Georgia, Boundaries 130 Georgia, Character of Immigrants from different States 3, 146 to 148 Georgia, Losses by the War 7, 818, 819 Gefirgia, Natural Divisions 3, 137 Georgia, Area, Topography 3, 133 Georgia, Climate 10, 139, 131 Glacial Period 19, 20 Glnscock County '''4 Gneiss ^^ Goats, Angora ^^"^ Gold 18,19,36,48,61 Goobers ^^0 Gordon, W. W 167 Gordon County ' 75, 327 Good Templars, Order of . . , 19'^ Government, Constitution, Laws, etc., of Georgia 154 to 158 Gwinnett County '^ 231 INDEX. 247 Grapes ......234,266 Grant, L.P 172 . Granite 35 Graphite 24 Great Ridges , . , . = 125 Great Western Canal , o 117, 118, 119 Green, James Mercer 191 Greene County 227 Groover, W. W 228 Gross, W. H 187, 204 Ground Nuts and Ground Peas 220 Guillan, Hannah 191 H Habersham County 43, 49 to 52, 75, 76, 105 Hall County 77 Hall, Lyman. . . 182 Hand-Book of Georgia 211 Haralson County 77 Harris County 78 Harris, Iverson L. -. 167 Hardaway, R H 226 Hardeman, Thomas, Jr 208 Hay 227, 231 Haygood, A. G 187 Heat, Distribution of 132 Heat of the Earth 21, 22 Health 11, 56 Head Rights. 159 Heard County 78 Hearn Manual Labor School 193, 198 Hebrews 205 Hill, Edward Young 167 Hillyer, Carlton 171 Home Comfort 5, 15 Homestead , 155 Hood, E. C 134, 139 Hot Summers in the North, Cause of 132 Horticultural Society, State 216 Horticultural Products, Variety of 219 Hogs . . 232 Horses and Mules 229 Ho.-pitality of Georgians 13 House of Representatives 154 Houston County 101 Houston Fi male College 190 Howard, C. W 45, 201, 227 248 INDEX. Human Age 30, 40, 43 Human Wants 10, 14 Humber, E. C 331 Hunter, R. L 56, 108 I Immigrants, Advantages to, presented by Georgia 9, 16 Immigrants, Suggestions to 15 Improved Culture, Results of 335 to 338 Indian Treaties 159 Industries of Georgia 6 Indigo 330 Institutions of tlie People 154 Inspection of Fertilizers 307, 337 Instruction 13 Internal and External Relations of Georgia 114 Introductory 1 Irrigation 137 Iron Furnaces in Georgia 39, 46 Iron Ore 18 Irisli Potatoes 333, 337 Isothermal Lines 131, 133 Israelites 305 J Jackson County , 78, 79 James, Jolin H 194 Janes, Thomas P 312, 237 Jefferson County . 79 Jenkins, Charles J 167 Jews 205 Jones County 79, 100 Jones, Joseph 87 Johnson, S. K 171 Johnston, Malcolm 208 Judicial Department 155 K King, John P 171, 173, 177 L Labor Problem of the South 150, 153, 329, 233 Laud Policy of Georgia 158 Land Titles — Record of 158 Latitudes and Longitudes 114, 115, 121 Lavender, J. S 238 La Grange Female College 190 Law Schools 185, 186 INDEX. 249 Laws of Georgia of Special Interest 156 to 158 Leak, S. W 226, 227 Lead iq Lee, Daniel 108 Legislative Department of Georgia 154 Lemons 225 Levert Female College 190 Lewis, D. W 207, 208 Liens 158 Life (Earliest) 23 Lignite 24 Lime as a Fertilizer 89 to 96, 237 Limestone 36, 50, 87 Lincoln County 79 Little, George 216 Locomotion 12 Lodging 11 Long, Patrick 227 Losses of Georgia by the War 7, 218, 219 Lotteries of Land in Georgia 160 to 165 Lucerne.... , ..., 223, 227, 231 Lunatic Asylum 193 Lutheran Church 205 Lumber and Lumber Trade 53, 54, 221 Lumpkin County 79 M Macon 135, 138 Macon County 100 Macon and Augusta Eailroad 65, 171, 173 Macon and Brunswick Eailroad 63, 174 Macon and Western Railroad 62, 171, 173 McCall, G. R 198 McDuffie County 80 McRae, William 169 Madden, J. F.. 226 Magnesia as a Fertilizer 96 Mammalian Age 42 Manganese Ig Manufactures 158, 233 to 236 Map of Georgia, Geological In pocket at end of this volume. Marble 18, 35 Marls in Georgia 87 to 101, 237 Married Women, their Rights of Property 156, 157 Martin Institute 190 Marthasville 168 Masonic Fraternity in Georgia 189 to 195 250 INDEX. Mell, P. H., Jr 142 Melons 325 Meigs, Josiah 184 Mercer, Jesse 186, 187, 197, 209 Mercer Higli Scliool 198 Mercer University 186, 198 Mercer, L. B 208 Meteorological Observations and Eecords 130 to 142 Methodist Episcopal Church, South 198 Methodist (South) Institutions of Learning 199 Methodist Episcopal Church, North 200 Methodist (North) Institutions of Learning 200 Methodist Episcopal Church of America, Colored 199 Methodists, other Branches of. 200 Methodist Orphans' Homes 194, 195 Metamoi-phism 26 Mica Schist 35 Miller, Andrew J 167 Miller County 80 Milton County 80 Mills in Georgia 234 Milledgeville Railroad 171 Mineral Wealth of Georgia 6 Minerals, Rocks, Elements 26 Minerals, Chemical Elements of 29, 30 Minerals, Physical Characteristics 30, 32, 33 Mineral Springs 86 Mistakes as to the Southern Climate 131 Molasses 220 Monroe County 80 Moody, W 227 Moraines 20 Moravians 2 Mountain Country, The 127, 128 Mountain Systems 124, 125 Mountains, Height of 124, 127 Mountains, Latitude and Longitude of, Noted 115 Mountains, Elevations of 59 Mountains and Ridges, System of 59 to 61 Mountains, View from several noted 17 Mules, Horses and. 229 Murray County 81 Muscogee County 52, 53, 81, 103, 104, 105 N Natural Divisions of Georgia 3, 127 Naval Stores 221 IISTDEX. 251 Negro, The 148 to 152 Negroes, Means provided for their Education 153, 180, 181, 187, 188, 193, 300 Newman, J. S 216 Newton County 81 Newspapers in Georgia 317 Nortlieastern Eailroad. 176 North Georgia Agricultural College 185 North Georgia Conference 199 North and South Railroad 175 Northern Summer, Heat of. Cause 133 O Oats ! 14, 219, 221, 226, 230 Odd Fellows, Order of 193 Oglethorpe County • 81 Okefinokee Swamp 53 to 58, 60, 108 Olives 335 Oranges 335 Organic Matter 97 Organism, The State a Species of 4 Origin of Soils 31 Orme, W. P 173 Orphans' Homes ". 104, 105 Oscillations and Elevations of the Earth's Crust 33, 34, 35 P Parker, John J 326 Paulding County 81 Peats 101 to 104 Peas, Field Peas, Peavine Hay 220, 333, 327, 230, 232 Peaches 11, 334 Pecans 335 Pears 11, 333, 324 Peck, John B 176 Pear Trees, Duration of their Life 334 Pendleton, E. M 141, 338 Permian Period 38 Penfield 186 Pennington, CM - 177 Periods, Ages, Epochs, etc 19, 30, 37 to 43 Peter, H. J 316 Peters, Richard 170, 332 Peters, Richard, Jr 337 People, The , 144 People, The Southern 145 People of Georgia, Characteristics of 13, 146, 147, 148 262 INDEX. Plants (Woody) of Georgia 110 to 114 Physical Features of Georgia, Outlines of 17 Pliosplioric Acid gg Pickens County gg P|«- 'M <» fcf Ii"l--iWP»^Ui^ OVt' £:S4)2i^2ji /tt ^-^^^ 0°' .^i:^->. ^^^°- .^^ ^^CP ^^ 9-^ , ^ ^ > . V - ^ ^. 0^ V 9d/^o r= ^.^-^ - y ." .«?^^. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 496 600 4 Fill liii liliiiiit