{"1": {"fulltext": "SB\\nJUL\\nfflnffl\\nmm\\nWmM\\nHi\\nI ll H\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0HI\\nlilHsi\\n::|HH\\nH", "height": "3358", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3220", "width": "2134", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3231", "width": "2117", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3221", "width": "2134", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "CANADA IN 1864.", "height": "3230", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3242", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "1\\nCANADA\\nIN 1864:\\nA HAND-BOOK FOE SETTLERS.\\nHENRY T. NEWTON CHESSHYKE,\\nLATE E.N.,\\nAUTHOB Off n BECOLLECilONS OF A FIVE YEABS BESIDEHCB IN NOBWAY.\\nLONDON:\\nSAMPSON LOW, SON, AND MABSTON,\\n14, LUDGATE HILL.\\n1864\\n[The right of translation is reserved.", "height": "3231", "width": "1886", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "01\\nHA.BKILD, P^Pn, W3DOX\\n,11 t\\nA\\n*h", "height": "3209", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nThe encouragement I have received as to my former\\nsmall work, entitled Eecollections of a Five Years\\nEesidence in Norway/ induces me to offer this\\nlittle volume to the public, particularly to those\\nwhose thoughts are bent on emigration to Canada,\\nwith the idea that my own six years experience of\\nthe country may not be altogether useless to new\\nsettlers. The truthfulness and accuracy of the in-\\nformation contained in the book may, I hope tend\\nto exempt it from harsh and unfriendly criticism as\\nto any deficiencies it may exhibit as a literary\\nproduction.\\nLondon, September, 1864.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nThose best suited for Canadian settlers Modes of conveyance\\nTen reasons for emigrating to Canada Difficulties of new\\nsettlers much mitigated in the present day Varieties of\\ncharacters and of creeds in the backwoods 1\\nCHAPTEE II.\\nArrival in the backwoods Building a shanty Necessaries for the\\nfirst year and their cost Cultivation of the land Beaver\\nMeadow hay Eates of postage Postal communication past\\nand present 37\\nCHAPTEE III.\\nTaxes Duties required of the settler\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Volunteers Naval brigade\\nWays of making money in the backwoods Potash Berry\\npicking, etc. The tea-plants of North America Other vege-\\ntable productions Eeceipts Cookery .47\\nCHAPTEE IV.\\nThe Eed Indians Sir E. B. Head upon them Their character\\nHow influenced by association with the white men, and the\\nintroduction of ardent spirits among them Their present\\ncondition Specimens of their legends 58\\nI", "height": "3228", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "Vlll CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER Y.\\nTrapping and other ways of taking animals in the backwoods, with\\nhints to trappers, and some information as to the relative\\nvalue of different furs 70\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nEish and fisheries The settler s occupations proper to each month\\nin the year Sleighs and sleighing 87\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nThe minerals of Canada 96\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nCountry taverns Backwoods verses Lumbering and lumber-men\\nThe old cook Mormonism and Mormons Sects Camp\\nmeetings 123\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nAmusements Hydrophobia Variations of temperature Lakes\\nAnimals and fish Increase of population, of commerce, and\\nof general prosperity in the colony Schools and colleges 135\\nConcluding Remaeks 146\\nAppendix 153", "height": "3210", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CANADA m 1864,\\nCHAPTER I.\\nThose best suited for Canadian settlers Modes of conveyance\\nTen reasons for emigrating to Canada Difficulties of new-\\nsettlers much, mitigated in the present day Varieties of\\ncharacters and of creeds in the backwoods.\\nWhat class of intending emigrants is best suited\\nfor Canada, both with regard to their own advan-\\ntage, and the benefit of their adopted country It\\nmay seem almost superfluous to affirm that the\\nindolent, and those wanting in physical activity and\\nstrength, have no business here but the energetic\\nand the temperate man can always obtain a living\\nin this region, and need seldom fail of attaining an\\nindependence. Of many that do come out, it may\\nbe said that they are quite unfitted for settlers, and\\nonly do injury to themselves and those around them.\\nI will just instance, by way of example, the case of\\ngovernment clerks, accustomed to a sedentary life\\nin town. Many of these unwisely throw up their\\nsituations at home, and transrjort themselves hither\\n1", "height": "3225", "width": "1917", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "2 Canada in 1864\\nwith, perhaps, a very exaggerated idea of their own\\nimportance in the colony, and apparently nnder the\\nfirm persuasion that a fortune is to be acquired\\nwithout trouble, or that some lucrative colonial post\\nwill be speedily offered to them. These young men,\\ndisappointed in the fulfilment of their somewha,t\\nunreasonable expectations, are but too apt to de-\\ngenerate into what our Yankee cousins elegantly\\nterm loafers/ passing from town to town, wasting\\ntheir time and incurring debts at the taverns, and\\npossibly sinking into confirmed whiskey- drinkers,\\nthus ruining any prospects they might have had of\\nsuccess, and preparing for themselves a miserable\\nend. Nor is this, in my opinion, a suitable country\\nfor the reform of the young prodigal. Such an one,\\nbanished to the backwoods and isolated from society,\\nfinds little wherewith to beguile his lonely monoto-\\nnous hours, and will most probably fly for solace to\\nthe fatal whiskey-bottle, always at hand, and staring\\nhim in the face at every shanty.\\nBut mechanics and labourers of every descrip-\\ntion indeed all able-bodied industrious men can\\nalmost invariably find employment in Canada and\\nas fresh tracts in the far- west are gradually opened\\nout and cleared for colonization, the more will their\\nservices be in request. The preconceived notions\\nof a new settler regarding these parts are generally\\nwide enough of the mark, and experience, as usual,\\nSee Appendix B.", "height": "3218", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 3\\nmust be his practical teacher but it is better, at\\nall events,, that he should be prepared for the hard-\\nships necessarily incident to the early part of his\\ncareer in the backwoods hardships, however, which\\nmay be considerably mitigated by the possession of\\na strong, healthy wife, capable of household work\\nand cooking. But whether with or without that\\nhelpmate and companion, let him steer clear of the\\nseductions of whiskey, for here, if anywhere, he will\\nere long find to his cost, that u it biteth like a\\nserpent and stingeth like an adder/ By avoiding\\nthis temptation, and putting his shoulder resolutely\\nto the wheel, he will, humanly speaking, be almost\\nsure to prosper.\\nThe settler of a higher grade must bury his\\npride, and must endeavour to reconcile himself to\\nhard manual toil, and to many privations which, will\\nnaturally be more irksome to him than to the\\nlabourer or the mechanic. Any assumed superiority\\nof class or rank would be particularly obnoxious\\nhere, where, as in all recent and half-formed colo-\\nnies, equality must to a great extent prevail at first.\\nBut such a settler, by adapting himself readily to\\nthe circumstances and the people among whom he\\nhas cast his lot, will, I think, prove to himself and\\nto others, that in no country in the world is more\\ntrue kindness and hospitality to be found than in\\nthe far West of Canada.\\nSteamers leave Liverpool and Glasgow every", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "4 Canada in 1864\\nweek during the season for Quebec, the average\\nduration of the voyage out being from ten to twelve\\ndays. The fare for the steerage passage is \u00c2\u00a37 that\\nfor the cabin, \u00c2\u00a315 and \u00c2\u00a318. The cost is, of course,\\nconsiderably more than by sailing-vessel but where\\nthe means are forthcoming, I think the extra money\\nis well spent to ensure so much safer and better a\\nmode of conveyance, unless in the case of a large\\nparty going out together. With the exception of\\nsome small items, to be enumerated hereafter, I\\nshould recommend you, as an emigrant, to encumber\\nyourself as little as possible with luggage, taking\\nwith you only a good supply of all sorts of wearing\\napparel, which you would find it much more expen-\\nsive to purchase in Canada. If intending to settle\\nthere, your things will pass free of duty, and an\\nample allowance of warm woollen clothing will be\\nmost desirable. Be careful to mark such goods as\\nyou expect to want during the voyage, or you may\\nbe much inconvenienced by the omission of this\\nprecaution.\\nWhatever your destination may be, do not linger\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2at Quebec longer than is really needful and should\\nyou require any assistance or instructions, apply at\\nonce at the Government Office, not listening to the\\nnumerous land-sharks, in the shape of self-inte-\\nrested counsellors, who will surround you in their\\nanxiety to play the game of Grab-loo with you, or\\nany other greenhorn, as a newly-arrived English-", "height": "3231", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "A Hand-bo ok for Settlers. 5\\nman is termed in the city. A train is generally\\nready to start with emigrants for the West, and in\\nEngland yon will have been able to procure a ticket\\nto convey you to any station on the Grand Trunk\\nKailway, which traverses Canada to the extent of\\nupwards of a thousand miles. If you are bound for\\nthe backwoods or the back country, you will on\\nalighting find persons willing to afford you all the\\ninformation in their power. There is commonly\\nsome conveyance running from the towns to the\\nremote villages, but on this head I refer my\\nreaders to extracts from the Government and other\\npamphlets in the Appendix.* Kailway travelling is\\ncheaper here than in England, and there is a very\\ngood plan of checking every article of luggage, the\\nowner being furnished with the corresponding\\nnumber, which, if kept and produced, ensures com-\\npensation for your property in the event of its\\nbeing lost.\\nSubjoined is an extract from a Canadian Alma-\\nnack for 1864, which may be useful.\\nTEN REASONS EOE EMIGEATING TO CANADA.\\nThe aim of the man who contemplates changing\\nthe land of his birth for another, being, generally\\nspeaking, the improvement of his condition, the\\nquestion where the circumstances may be looked for\\nmost favourable to the realization of his desire\\nSee Appendix A.", "height": "3231", "width": "1927", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "6 Canada in 1864\\nclaims liis best thought. Such thought he owes\\nto himself, to his family if he has one, and to\\nthose among whom he may decide on taking up\\nhis abode because mistake in his choice may in-\\nvolve him and those he loves in disappointment and\\ndistress, and entail weakness on those to whom he\\nshould bring strength.\\nIn favour of the selection of Canada as his\\nfuture home, the attention of the intending emigrant\\nis respectfully invited to the considerations which\\nfollow.\\nI. Its accessibility.\\nC( Compared with other regions open to him, it\\nmay be reached in a very short time (eleven days\\nby steam), at a trifling expense, and with a small\\namount of inconvenience.\\nIn sailing vessels, the rates of steerage passage\\nvary, according to accommodation, from three\\npounds to four or five pounds sterling. The charge\\nbetween Liverpool, Londonderry, or Glasgow, and\\nToronto, by the Montreal Steamship line, is ^34,\\nincluding provisions between Glasgow and Quebec\\nor Montreal, 4^29. By the Anchor Line, the charge\\nbetween Glasgow and Quebec is %2b. The Great\\nEastern charges c8 30 between Liverpool and New\\nYork. Its cabin rates are 1st cabin, ^95 ^135;\\n2nd cabin, %10 3rd cabin, ^50. By the Montreal\\nLine, the cabin passage varies, with accommodation,\\nfrom -\u00c2\u00a772 \u00c2\u00ab8f88. The cabin fare between Glasgow", "height": "3231", "width": "2118", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "A Sand-booh for Settlers. 7\\nand Quebec, by the Ocean Line, is g?Q8 inter-\\nmediate^ ^44. By the Anchor Line, ^60 j inter-\\nmediate, ^30. Children are carried by them all at\\nlower rates, generally half price.\\nOnce landed at Quebec or Montreal, the emi-\\ngrant may pass on to Toronto, or Hamilton, or any\\nintermediate locality, by steamboat or railway, and\\nthence by railway to the western extremity of the\\nprovince. The Northern Eailway will take him to\\nany place he pleases on the route between Toronto\\nand Collingwood, Lake Huron, whence he can pass\\non to Owen Sound and intermediate places by\\nsteamer. The cost of the passage by deck of\\nsteamer and second-class cars is, from Quebec to\\nToronto, a distance of 500 miles, about %h, with\\ncorresponding rates for places intermediate; to\\nWindsor, the western extremity of the province,\\n631 miles from Quebec, 7 12J to Barrie; 565\\nmiles, ^6 50 to Collingwood, 593 miles, %1 The\\ntime between Quebec and Toronto is by railway\\nabout thirty- six hours, by steamboat a day or two\\nlonger. Toronto may be reached by railway from\\nPortland, the ocean terminus of the Grand Trunk,\\nin from twenty-five to twenty- six hours.\\nAs, moreover, he may return to his old home so\\nmuch more easily, should he for any reason wish to\\ndo so, he is less irretrievably committed by coming\\nhere than by going elsewhere. A visit to it is also\\nat any time much more practicable, other things", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "8 Canada in 1864\\nbeing equal. His friends may likewise, if so dis-\\nposed, follow him with much less of difficulty thus\\nrenewing associations of which necessity had com-\\npelled the temporary interruption.\\n2. The scope afforded by its extent, both for the\\nsuccessful employment of his capabilities and tlie\\nj ratification of his tastes in the choice of a home.\\nLeaving out the territory to the north-west, the\\nopening of which may be looked for ere long,\\nCanada occupies a space stretching in a south-\\nwesterly direction from the Island of Anticosti in\\nthe Gulf of St. Lawrence, to the south-western\\nextremity of Lake Erie, of about 1400 miles in\\nlength; with a breadth varying from 200 to 400\\nmiles. Including water-surface, it is computed\\nto contain an area of 349,821 square miles 242,482\\nexclusive of water. The number of acres com-\\nprised within it is estimated at 160,405,129\\n128,659,684 of which are reckoned to Canada East;\\nto Canada West, 31,745,533.\\nIf an area/ it is remarked in a pamphlet\\npublished in 1860, by authority, be traced in\\nEurope, corresponding generally to that occupied by\\nCanada, in America, and the meridian of the most\\nsouthern part of Canada be supposed to he upon the\\nmeridian of Greenwich, in England, the south of\\nFrance, at the base of the Pyrenees, will represent\\nthe south frontier of Canada the south-eastern\\nboundary of this area will stretch through France,,", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 9\\nSwitzerland, Bavaria, and Austria, to a point in the\\nsouth of Poland, and a line drawn northward to\\nWarsaw will delineate the mouth of the Gulf of St.\\nLawrence. The north-western boundary of this\\narea will extend from the south of France, in a\\nnortherly direction, towards and beyond Brest and\\na line drawn from near Brest to the British Channel,\\nthence through England, Belgium, and Germany,\\nto Warsaw again, will establish the position of a\\nEuropean area, corresponding to Canada in America.\\nThe inhabited and highly fertile portion of Canada\\nis represented in this area by those regions which\\nlie in the south, centre, and south-east of France,\\nand in those parts of Switzerland, Bavaria, and\\nAustria, included within its boundary. The other\\nportion, although of vast extent, and not so well\\nfitted for extended agricultural operations, is highly\\nvaluable on account of its timber and minerals.\\nThe province of Canada embraces about 350,000\\nsquare miles of territory, independently of its north-\\nwestern possessions, not yet open for settlement it\\nis consequently more than one -third larger than\\nFrance, nearly three times as large as Great Britain\\nand Ireland, and more than three times as large as\\nPrussia. The inhabited or settled portion covers at\\nleast 40,000 square miles, and is nearly twice as\\nlarge as Denmark, three times as large as Switzer-\\nland, a third greater than Scotland, and more than\\na third the size of Prussia but such is the rapid", "height": "3221", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "10 Canada in 1864\\nprogress of settlement through immigration, that in\\nten years time the settled parts of Canada will be\\nequal in area to Great Britain or Prussia/\\nAccording to the Crown Lands Eeport for 1856,\\nthe peninsula of Gaspe alone, which is 175 miles in\\nlength, with an extreme breadth of 90 miles, com-\\nprises an area, after the deduction of a small portion\\ncovered by Now Brunswick of 11,800 superficial\\nmiles, equal to that of the European peninsula of\\nDenmark, which it resembles in form. The Ta-\\ndousac territory, valued as yet chiefly for its timber\\ntrade and its fisheries, is there stated to have a coast\\nof 600 miles in length on the Gulf and River\\nSt. Lawrence, with a breadth of 160 miles and\\nan area of probably 65,000 square miles more than\\ntwice that of Scotland. The country drained by\\nthe Saguenay includes an area of 27,000 square\\nmiles, an extent equal to the Tyrol and Switzerland\\ntaken together. The quantity of land in it capable\\nof cultivation is estimated at about 3,000,000 acres.\\nThe area drained by the St. Maurice is about 21,000\\nsuperficial miles; about one-tenth larger than the\\nmainland of Scotland, and containing about as\\nmuch arable land. Admirably watered, and inter-\\nsected by magnificent rivers, with forests of pine\\nalternating with rich tracts of hardwood land, and\\nwith that most valuable of all minerals, iron ore,\\nin unlimited quantities, the country wants but the\\nhand of man and the course of a few years to make", "height": "3246", "width": "2122", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "A Hand-boolc for Settlers, 11\\nit equal to the most flourishing parts of Canada/\\nThe area of the Ottawa and tracts therewith con-\\nnected is estimated at 82,000 miles; one-fourth\\ngreater than that of the New England States.\\nIn the Great Manitoulin Island, which contains\\nabout 3,000,000 acres, upwards of 200,000 acres are\\nexpected soon to come into market. On the north\\nsides of Lakes Huron and Superior there remains\\nto be noticed an area of about 48,000 miles one-\\nhalf greater than that of the State of Maine.\\n(l Eegions so vast afford certainly ample room and\\nverge enough, and will do for some time to come.\\nShould they, however, become too strait, we have\\nthe North West to fall back upon, one-fifth of which,\\nthe Red River and Saskatchewan country, is com-\\nputed to contain a territory exceeding in extent the\\nempires of France and Austria united.\\n3. The physical characteristics of the country, its\\nnatural resources, and its healthfulness.\\nThe variety of its products and abundance of its\\nharvests attest, where proper care is bestowed on\\nits cultivation, the excellence of its soil. And\\nalthough in the longer settled parts of the country\\nthe best lands may be supposed to be occupied, and\\ntherefore attainable only at a considerable advance\\non the original prices, others quite equal to them are\\nto be found in the newer regions which every year\\nis bringing into the market. According to the\\nCrown Land Report for last year, there are now in", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "12 Canada in 1864\\ntlie hands of the Government (surveyed) for disposal\\n5,908,557 acres in Lower Canada in Upper Canada,\\n2,839,358\u00c2\u00a3 in all, 8,747,9154, varying in price with\\nsituation.\\nIn Upper Canada, it is 70 cents per acre for\\ncash, or one dollar when paid in instalments one\\nat the time of purchase, and the remainder in four\\nequal annual payments with interest. In Lower\\nCanada, the highest price is 60 cents, but the larger\\nquantity is disposable at 30 cents per acre. In the\\nAlgoma District, Upper Canada, and in those of\\nGaspe and Saguenay in Lower Canada, the price is\\nonly 20 cents. The condition of settlement is ex-\\nacted in all cases.\\nThrough these newer lands seven great roads\\nhave recently been laid out in Upper and five in\\nLower Canada. The Upper Canada roads are\\n1. The Ottawa and Opeongo Road/ which runs\\neast and west, intended to be 171 miles in length,\\nand to connect the Ottawa River with Lake Huron\\nof this, 62 miles are finished, on which 235 settlers\\nare already located. 2. The Addington Road/\\nwhich intersects the Opeongo Road on this, which\\nis about 61 miles in length, there are 178 settlers.\\n3. e The Hastings Road/ running nearly parallel to\\nthe Addington Road, and connecting the county of\\nHastings with the Ottawa and Opeongo Road, 68\\nmiles in length, on which there are 306 settlers.\\n4. The Bobcaygeon Road/ running north from", "height": "3246", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers, 13\\nBobcaygeon, between the counties of Peterborough\\nand Victoria, meant to be continued to Nipissing;\\nthe number of miles completed is 36, the number of\\nsettlers, 168. 5. f The Frontenac and Madawaska\\nRoad/ of which the number of miles completed is\\n33. 6. The Muskoka Road/ which runs from the\\nhead of the navigation of Lake Couchiching to the\\nGrand Falls of Muskoka, where it will intersect what\\nis called Peterson s line, which will eventually meet\\nthe Ottawa and Opeongo Road, now gradually open-\\ning west war dly. By this road, the intending settler\\ncan reach the centre of the county in one day from\\nToronto, whence he will proceed by Northern Rail-\\nway to Lake Simcoe, and thence by steamer\\n21 miles are completed. 7. c The Sault Ste. Marie\\nRoad/ intended to run from Sault Ste. Marie to\\nGonlais Bay, four miles of which are completed.\\n8. f The Burleigh Road 45 miles are finished; there\\nare nearly 100 settlers. In two years this line will\\nbe completed, to the English Company s townships.\\nThe five in Lower Canada are c The Elgin\\nRoad/ in the county of D Islet, 38 miles in length,\\nfrom St. Jean Port Joli to the Provincial Line;\\nThe Montreal and Cap Chat c The Tache Road/\\nfrom Buckland county of Bellechasse, to Kempt\\nRoad, Rimouski, about 200 miles; f The Temis-\\ncouata Road/ from River du Loup to Lake Temis-\\ncouata; and The Kempt Road/ from Metis to\\nRestigouche.", "height": "3231", "width": "1962", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "14 Canada in 1864\\nAlong these roads,, free grants, not exceeding\\n100 acres in each case, are given by the government\\nfor the purpose of facilitating settlement, on the\\nfollowing conditions.\\n1. That the settler be eighteen years of age.\\n2. That he take possession of the land allotted\\nto him within one month.\\n3. That he put into a state of cultivation twelve\\nacres of land in the course of four years.\\n4. That he build a log-house, 20 by 18 feet, and\\nreside on the lot until the foregoing conditions are\\nfulfilled.\\nf Families may reside on a single lot, and the\\nseveral members having land allotted to them will\\nbe exempt from building and residence on each in-\\ndividual lot. The non-fulfilment of these conditions\\nwill cause the immediate loss of the land, which will\\nbe sold or given to another. The lands thus opened\\nup, and gratuitously offered by the government for\\nsettlement, are chiefly of excellent quality, and well\\nadapted, in respect of soil and climate, to all the\\npurposes of husbandry.\\nThe reports of the resident agents on these\\nroads, for the past year, convey the most favourable\\naccounts of the prosperity of the settlers thereon,\\nand of the large amount of produce they have raised\\non the newly- cleared lands.\\nIn the Crown Lands Eeport for 1862, similar\\naccounts are given though a late statement excepts", "height": "3244", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 15\\ncertain parts of the Opeongo Road, which, are said to\\nbe so rocky as to be incapable of cultivation.\\nc In its mines, in its forests, and in its fisheries,\\nCanada has stores of untold, of almost inconceivable\\nwealth which its numerous lakes and rivers supply\\nfacilities for conveying to market.\\nOf metallic minerals, the following are enu-\\nmerated in a catalogue contained in Canada at the\\nUniversal Exhibition, in 1855/ to wit, Magnetic\\nIron Ore, Specular Iron Ore, Limonite (Bog Ore),\\nTitaniferous Iron, Sulphate of Zinc (Blende), Sul-\\nphate of Lead (Galena), Copper, Nickel, Silver, Gold.\\nNon-metallic Teranium, Chromium, Cobalt, Man-\\nganese, Iron Pyrites, Graphite, Dolomite, Carbonate\\nof Magnesia, Sulphate of Baryta, Iron Ochres, Stea-\\ntite, Lithographic Stone, Agates, Jasper, Labrador\\nFelspar, Aventurine, Hyacinthe, Corumdum, Ame-\\nthyst, Jet, Quartzose Sandstone, Eetinite and Ba-\\nsalt, Gypsum, Shell Marl, Phosphate of Lime,\\nMillstones, Grindstones, Whetstones, and Tripoli.\\nUnder the head c Building Materials/ are specified\\nGranites, Sandstone, Calcareous Sandstone, Lime-\\nstones, Hydraulic Limestones, Roofing Slates, Flag-\\nging Stones Clays suitable for the formation of red\\nand white bricks, tiles and coarse pottery Moulding\\nSand, Fuller s Earth; and Marbles, white, black,\\nred, brown, yellow and black, grey and variegated,\\nand green. Of combustibles Peat, Petroleum and\\nAsphaltum, are named. Some of these are confined", "height": "3227", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "16\\nCanada in 1864\\nto a single locality, others to a few places, but the\\nmore useful of them are widely distributed, and their\\nquantities very great.\\nThough our fisheries are as yet in their infancy,\\nthey employ from 1200 to 1500 boats, with nearly 1 00\\nvessels. The annual value of their products is, for\\nLower Canada, #942,528; for Upper Canada,\\n#380,000 total, #1,322,528.\\nExclusive of furs, the products of the forest\\namounted, in 1860, to #11,012,253.\\nOur climate, notwithstanding the extremes of\\ncold and heat to which it is liable which, however,\\nare often greatly exaggerated\u00e2\u0080\u0094 is eminently favour-\\nable, as the tables of longevity and the habits of the\\npeople prove, both to life and enjoyment.\\nAccording to Professor Guy, the proportion of\\ndeaths to the population is, in\\nAustria\\nDenmark\\nFrance\\nPortugal\\nRussia in Europ\\nSwitzerland\\nUnited States\\nLower Canada\\nBelgium\\nThe salubrity of the province/ remarks Mr.\\nHogan, from whom we have taken the above table,\\n1\\nin\\n40\\n1\\nin\\n45\\n1\\nin\\n42\\n1\\nin\\n40\\npe 1\\nin\\n44\\n1\\nin\\n40\\n1\\nin\\n74\\n1\\nin\\n92\\n1\\nin\\n43\\nEngland\\nlin 4G\\nNorway Swe-\\nden\\nlin 41\\nPrussia\\nlin 39\\nSpain\\nlin 40\\nTurkey\\nlin 50\\nUpper Canada\\nlin 102\\nAll Canada\\nlin 98", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 17\\nis sufficiently proved by its cloudless skies, its\\nelastic air, and almost entire absence of fogs. The\\nlightness of the atmosphere has a most invigorating\\neffect upon the spirits. The winter frosts are severe\\nand steady, and the summer suns are hot, and bring-\\non vegetation with wonderful rapidity. It is true\\nthat the spring of Canada differs much from the\\nspring of many parts of Europe but after her long\\nwinter the crops start up as if by magic, and reconcile\\nher inhabitants to the loss of that which, elsewhere,\\nis often the sweetest season of the year. If, how-\\never, Canada has but a short spring, she can boast\\nof an autumn deliciously mild, and often lingering\\non, with its Indian summer and golden sunsets, until\\nthe month of December.\\nf A Canadian winter, the mention of which some\\nyears ago, in Europe, conveyed almost a sensation\\nof misery, is hailed rather as a season of increased\\nenjoyment than of privation and discomfort by the\\npeople. Instead of alternate rain, snow, sleet, and\\nfog, with broken up and impassable roads, the Ca-\\nnadian has clear skies, a fine, bracing atmosphere,\\nwith the rivers and many of the smaller lakes frozen,\\nand the inequalities in the rough tracks through the\\nwoods made smooth by snow, the whole face of the\\ncountry being literally macadamized by nature for a\\npeople as yet unable to macadamize for themselves/\\n4. The constituents and character of its population.\\nf As a matter of course, its inhabitants share in the\\n2", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "18 Canada in 1864\\ncommon characteristics of the races whence they\\nhave sprung which include the leading peoples of\\nEurope,, those especially of the British Islands, and\\nFrance and Germany and natives of the United\\nStates. The circumstances in which they are placed\\nthe constant demand on them for exertion during\\nthe earlier period of their residence in the country,\\nthe self-dependence they are called to exercise, con-\\nnected with the measure in which they are thrown\\non one ano therms sympathy, and the hopes amidst\\nwhich they work, have a direct tendency to deve-\\nlop not a few of their better qu ah ties. Even the\\nvariety of their previous modes of thought and\\naction, though occasioning perhaps for a time some\\ninconvenience, is a gain to them in the end by the\\ncontributions which it enables them to make seve-\\nrally to the common stock of ideas, and the habit\\nwhich it produces of tolerance for unessential diffe-\\nrences, consideration for one another s feelings, and\\nappreciation of each other s virtues.\\nAn incidental advantage of no small value, re-\\nsulting from the variety of origin to which allusion\\nhas been made, is the sympathy which the new\\ncomer may look for from his countrymen, with the\\nmeasure in which the privilege of association with\\nthem helps to make him feel himself at home.\\nThis is a source of comfort specially open to emi-\\ngrants from Britain, France, and the neighbouring\\nStates.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "A Rand-booh for Settlers. 19\\nAmong the larger portion of our people there\\nexists, alongside of the variety of origin alluded to, a\\nhomogeneousness which greatly facilitates their weld-\\ning into one community, imparting to them, while\\nthe process is going on, a coincidence of feeling\\nwhich makes living among them easy and pleasant,\\nand secures their acting together in all matters of\\nspecial moment.\\nThe beneficial influence mutually exerted by the\\nnew comer and the older resident on one another, is\\nwell brought out in the following passage of Mr.\\nHogan\\nC{ It is a remarkable fact that the farmers of\\nUpper Canada have opportunities of improvement,\\nand of enlarging and correcting their views, beyond\\nwhat are enjoyed by many of their class even in\\nEngland. And this arises from the circumstance\\nof the population being made up of so many varie-\\nties. The same neighbourhood has frequently a\\nrepresentative of the best farming skill of Yorkshire,\\nof the judicious management and agricultural expe-\\nriences of the Lothians, and of the patient industry\\nand perseverance of Flanders. In a country so peo-\\npled, the benefits of travel are gained without the\\nnecessity of going away from home. Other coun-\\ntries, in fact, send their people to teach Canadians,\\ninstead of Canadians having to go to other countries\\nto learn. A thousand experiences are brought to\\ntheir doors, instead of their having to visit a thou-", "height": "3217", "width": "1964", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "20 Canada in 1864\\nsand doors to acquire them. Nor is the advantage\\nof this happy admixture of population altogether on\\nthe side of the Canadian for whilst he gleans from\\nthe old countryman his skill and his science, he\\nteaches him, in return, how to rely upon himself in\\nemergencies and difficulties inseparable from a new\\ncountry how to be a carpenter when a storm blows\\ndown a door, and there is no carpenter to be had,\\nand how to be an undismayed wheelwright when a\\nwaggon breaks down in the midst of a forest, and\\nthere is no one either to instruct or assist him. The\\none, in short, imparts to a comparatively rude peo-\\nple the knowledge and skill of an old and civilized\\ncountry; the other teaches skilled labour how to live\\nin a new land. The consequence is, the old coun-\\ntryman of tact becomes, in all that relates to self-\\nreliance and enterprise, a capital Canadian in a few\\nyears whilst the Canadian, in all that pertains to\\nskilful industry, becomes an Englishman.\\nu The operation of the same fact, the mixed cha-\\nracter of our population, on the culture of taste is\\nshown in continuance of the above, but our space\\ncompels us to leave it unquoted. The principle may\\nbe applied more widely than it is by Mr. H. Its\\npower is, in fact, co-extensive with our whole think-\\ning and working.\\n5. Its institutions.\\nNowhere is a more perfect freedom enjoyed than\\nhere. Of a state of liberty more complete it would", "height": "3219", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 2 1\\nindeed be difficult even to form a conception. We\\nlive under laws of our own making or voluntary\\nadoption, administered in courts established by our-\\nselves, and by judges of our own appointing. The\\nmen by whom our general affairs are managed are\\nchosen by ourselves and responsible to us for their\\nconduct. Our municipal system gives the people\\na power in local matters which is supreme, and\\naffords to the more ambitious and intelligent among\\nthem an opportunity of preparing themselves for\\nthe performance of higher duties; as well as of\\nattracting the notice and securing the respect of the\\ncommunity. Of influence or station, there is nothing\\namong us to which the poorest may not aspire.\\nThe general features of the municipal law of\\nUpper Canada, and which, with some modifications,\\nsuited to the different state of society in Lower\\nCanada, may be stated as the system in force\\nthroughout the province, are\\nThe inhabitants of each county, city, town and\\ntownship, are constituted corporations their orga-\\nnization proceeding wholly upon the elective prin-\\nciple and provision is made for the erection of new\\nmunicipalities, as the circumstances of the country\\nrequire, by their separation from those already ex-\\nisting. A complete system is created for regulating\\nthe elections, and for defining the duties of the\\nmunicipalities and their officers. Their powers may\\nbe generally stated to embrace everything of a", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "22 Canada in 1864\\nlocal nature, including the opening and maintenance\\nof highways, the erection of school-houses, and the\\nsupport of common and grammar-schools the pro-\\nvision of accommodation for the administration of\\njustice, jails, etc., and the collection of rates for\\ntheir support, as well as for the payment of petty\\njurymen; granting shop and tavern licences regu-\\nlating and prohibiting the sale of spirituous liquors\\nproviding for the support of the poor preventing\\nthe obstruction of streams effecting drainage, both\\nin the cities and county inspection of weights and\\nmeasures enforcing the due observance of the\\nSabbath, and protection of public morals esta-\\nblishing and regulating ferries, harbours, markets,\\netc.; abating nuisances making regulations for and\\ntaking precautions against fires; establishing gas\\nand waterworks making police regulations levy-\\ning rates upon all real and personal property, in-\\ncluding incomes, for all purposes and, for certain\\nobjects, borrowing money together with a great\\nnumber of minor matters, essential for the good\\ngovernment of a community.\\nIn educational advantageswe know of no country\\nso young that exceeds us. By few of that class are\\nwe even equalled. Our common schools, established\\non the best principles and taught by well- qualified\\nand honourably-conducted teachers, offer to our\\nyouth at large the means of qualifying themselves\\nfor the intelligent and efficient performance of the", "height": "3225", "width": "2096", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "A Hand-hook for Settlers. 23\\nduties awaiting them in their present social posi-\\ntions, or aiding them, if such be their wish, to raise\\nthemselves to such as are higher, either without\\ncost or at a charge little more than nominal. For\\nthe obtaining of a still better culture our Grammar\\nSchools, which are rapidly improving in character,\\noffer all reasonable facilities while our Colleges\\nand Universities place professional training and in-\\nstruction in the higher departments of learning and\\nscience within the reach of the possessors of mode-\\nrate means, or such as, in the absence of these, may\\nbe disposed to maintain for a time a manly struggle\\nfor their own advancement.\\nFrom a valuable table (T.) given in Dr.\\nRyerson s Report for 1861, we extract the fol-\\nlowing particulars, illustrative of the educational\\nprogress of Upper Canada between 1842 and\\n1861.\\nThe number of common schools was, in 1842,\\n1,271; 1847, 2,727; 1852, 2,992; 1857, 3,631;\\n1861, 3,910. The pupils attending these numbered\\nin 1842, 65,978; 1847, 124,829; 1852, 179,587;\\n1857,262,673; 1861,316,287. Of Roman Catholic\\nseparate schools there are reported, for 1851, in\\nwhich year they first appear in the returns, 16;\\n1857, 100 1861, 109. There were in 1845, 2,860\\ncommon school teachers employed in 1850, 3,476\\nin 1855, 3,565; and in 1861, 4,336. There were\\npaid for salaries of teachers of common and separate", "height": "3231", "width": "1978", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "24 Canada inlS6i,:\\nschools, erection and repair of school-houses, libra-\\nries and apparatus, in 1850, $410,472; in 1855,\\n$899,272; in 1861, $1,191,413. Of the schools\\nthus reported there were 252 free in 1850; 1,211\\nin 1855; and in 1861, 2,903.\\na In 1842, there are supposed to have been in\\nexistence 25 county grammar schools. They num-\\nbered 32 in 1847; in 1852, 60; in 1857, 72; in\\n1861, 86. On these schools there were in attend-\\nance in 1847, 1,000 pupils; in 1852, 2,643 in 1857,\\n4,073; in 1861, 4,766. The salaries paid the mas-\\nters were, in 1855, the first year in which they are\\ngiven separately, $46,255 in 1861, $71,034.\\nIn 1842, we have reported, in addition to the\\nabove, 44 separate schools and academies (a sup-\\nposed approximation) in 1847, 96 in 1852, 181;\\nin 1857, 276; in 1861, 337. The number of pupils\\nin these institutions was, in 1847, 1,831 in 1852,\\n5,684; in 1857, 4,073; in 1861, 4,766.\\nu We had in operation, in 1847, six colleges, with\\nan attendance of 700 students; in 1852, eight, with\\n751 students; in 1857, twelve, with 1,335 (approx.);\\n1861, thirteen, with 1,373 (approx.)\\nThe amounts reported as paid for educational\\npurposes in Upper Canada, were, in 1851, $599,980\\nin 1856, $1,326,992; in 1861, $1,476,107.\\nThe following table, by J. G-. Hodgins, LL.B.,\\nF.R.G.S., taken from c Eighty Years Progress/\\netc. (p. 524), will give an idea of the educational", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "A Band-booh for Settlers,\\n25\\nadvance of Lower Canada between 1852 and\\n1861.\\nYear.\\nEducational\\nInstitutions\\nof all kinds.\\nPupils.\\nAssessments\\nand Fees.\\n1853\\n2,352\\n108,284\\n$165,848\\n1854\\n2,795\\n119,733\\n238,032\\n1855\\n2,868\\n127,058\\n249,136\\n1856\\n2,919\\n143,141\\n406,764\\n1857\\n2,986\\n148,798\\n424,208\\n1858\\n2,985\\n156,872\\n459,366\\n1859\\n3,199\\n168,148\\n498,436\\nI860\\n3,264\\n172,155\\n503,859\\n1861\\n3,345\\n180,845\\n526,219\\ncc As to religions privileges, we are also on the\\nwhole favourably situated. The right of judging\\nfor ourselves in these matters is universally recog-\\nnized; and in the eye of the law we stand on an\\nequality. The common denominations have all a\\nplace amongst us, so that we may each, if such be\\nour desire, have the opportunity of connection, in\\nthe older portions of the country, at auy rate, with\\nthose among whom we may have been brought up,\\nor who may be preferred by us. Fair allowance\\nbeing made for difference in circumstances, the\\nmeans of instruction will compare favourably as to\\ncharacter, in the greater part of these bodies, with\\nthose enjoyed by them elsewhere. Speaking gene-\\nrally, the usual forms of Christian exertion the", "height": "3231", "width": "1961", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "26 Canada in 1864\\nSabbath school, Bible class, Bible, Tract, and Mis-\\nsionary Societies, and kindred organizations are\\nfound in healthful and vigorous operation among\\nthem. Notwithstanding their differing views, these\\ndenominations, moreover, dwell side by side in\\npeace, treat each other with the courtesies common\\nin other parts of the Christian world, and co-operate\\nwith one another for common objects, as much at\\nlca c :t as is common in the lands whence they have\\ncome. The institutions for the relief of want and\\ndistress in its various forms, which usually follow in\\nthe wake of Christianity, have place and are carry-\\ning on their good work in our midst.\\n6. The union which it offers of the advantages\\ncharacteristic hoth of the older and the newer states\\nof society.\\nBy selecting as their home the older parts of\\nthe country, those whose tastes would lead them to\\ngive the preference to the former may secure them\\nin fair measure, provided they bring with them the\\nnecessary requisites in character, habits, and\\nmeans while such as are willing to share the usual\\nfortunes of the latter, may calculate on the chances\\nopen to them in ordinary circumstances. Growth,\\nwith its attendant advantages, is in these chiefly a\\nquestion of time and patience. At a much earlier\\nage, and with much less of struggle than is requisite\\nin older countries, the diligent and economical may\\nhope to place themselves in a position of independ-", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 27\\nence. As a general thing, the means of comfortable\\nsupport is within the reach of the industrious, on\\nconditions much less onerous than in these.\\n7. Its relations and status.\\nThe emigrant to Canada has, in the fact of its\\nforming part of the British Empire, the guarantee of\\none of the most powerful nations on the earth for\\nhis protection against injury from without. In this\\nrespect, as in every other, the mother country has\\nof course a right to expect that we shall make every\\nreasonable effort to help ourselves. Should the\\nnecessity arise, this will be done and being done,\\nthere need be feared on her part no failure.\\nc Against the risk of any movement from within,\\nwhich would interfere injuriously with him, he has\\nequal assurance in the hearty loyalty and affectionate\\nattachment of our people to the parent state, which\\nwould make them contemplate the prospect of sepa-\\nration with dislike, rather than pleasure.\\nc The connection of Canada with Britain gives her\\nalso a standing which, in addition to its agreeable-\\nness, is fitted to render important aid in her develop-\\nment. It tends to operate thus by the feeling of\\nself-respect which it inspires and fosters, by the\\nhonours which it holds out to the ambitious the\\nhope of sharing, and by the examples that are felt to\\nbe constantly inviting imitation.\\nRetaining, as he does, his connection with the\\nland of his birth, the native of the British Islands", "height": "3231", "width": "1973", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "28 Canada in 1864\\nwho chooses Canada as liis home, is saved from\\nmuch of the feeling of expatriation which he would\\nexperience elsewhere. He finds himself but half a\\nstranger, if even that. He looks with a pride, of\\nwhich he was perhaps never previously conscious, on\\nthe old flag, as it floats over him exults in his\\ncountry s glories as his own and finds a hymn in\\nthe National Anthem.\\n8. The steadiness and satisfactoriness of its\\ngrowth,\\nA few particulars are all our space will admit in\\nillustration of this.\\n1 The population of United Canada numbered in\\nthe year 1800, 240,000. It was in 1825, 581,920\\nby 1851 it had reached 1,842,265. In 1861 it\\namounted to 2,506,755. The advance in Upper\\nCanada between 1825 and 1861 has been from\\n581,027 to 1,396,091\u00e2\u0080\u0094 not much less than 800 per\\ncent, in 36 years.\\nIn 1831, the number of cultivated acres in the\\nwhole of Canada, Upper and Lower, was 2,884,345.\\nIt came up in 1844 to 4,968,408; and in 1851 to\\n7,300,837. The returns for Lower Canada, for\\n1861, have not yet been published. In Upper\\nCanada alone, 6,051,619 are reported for that\\nyear.\\nUpper Canada had, in 1851, 99,906 occupiers of\\nland. They numbered, in 1861, 131,983. It pro-\\nduced, in 1851, 12,682,550 bushels of wheat;", "height": "3249", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers, 29\\n11,391,867 of oats; 9,982,186 of potatoes; 3,110,118\\nof turnips; of flax or hemp, 59,680 lbs.; 3,669,874\\nlbs. of maple sugar. Its produce of these ar-\\nticles was, in 1861 wheat, 24,260,425 bushels;\\noats, 21,220,874 potatoes, 15,325,920 turnips,\\n18,206,959; flax or hemp, 1,225,934 lbs.; maple\\nsugar, 6,370,605 lbs. The value of the live stock in\\nUpper Canada was, in 1 861, as much as $53,227,486;\\nits agricultural implements, $11,280,347; its farms,\\n$295,162,315. A similar progress will, we doubt\\nnot, be shown in Lower Canada, when its agricul-\\ntural statistics for the year in question appear.\\nIn 1808, the value of the entire trade of Canada\\nwas about $8,400,000. The value reached, in 1852\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094exports, $i4,055,973 imports, $20,286,493\\ntotal, $34,342,466. In 1861, its imports amounted\\nto $36,614,195 exports, $43,046,823 total,\\n$79,661,013. The value of the trade with the\\nUnited States alone was, in the last of these\\nyears, $35,455,815 the imports from that coun-\\ntry reaching $21,069,388, and the imports to it\\n$14,386,427.\\nIn 1851, the net revenue yielded by the customs\\nwas $2,808,831 in 1861, $4,411,160. The value\\nof books imported was, in 1850, $243,580; in 1861,\\n$5,056,943.\\nc On roads, navigation and railroads, the province\\nhas expended as much as $60,000,000, over and\\nabove the interest in the latter of parties out of the", "height": "3231", "width": "1952", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "30 Canada in 1864\\ncountry. There are in use at this moment between\\n1,800 and 1,900 miles of railway; besides 3,422 of\\nelectric telegraph, belonging to the Montreal Tele-\\ngraph Company, which had, in 1861, a capital stock\\nof #400,000 (to which it had advanced from\\n#60,000, in 1847), employed 400 persons (35 in\\n1817), and conveyed 300,000 messages; the num-\\nber conveyed in 1847 having been 33,000.\\nOur post offices have multiplied from 3, in 1 766,\\nto 69, in 1824; 601, in 1850; and 1,698, in 1860.\\nThe number of miles of established post roads was,\\nin the first of these years, 170 in the second, 1992\\nin the third, 7,595; and in the last, 14,202. The\\nmiles travelled were, in 1766, 369; in 1824, 616;\\nin 1851, 2,287,000; in 1860, 5,712,000. In 1852,\\n3,700,000 letters were transmitted; in 1860,\\n9,000,000. The expenditure of the Post Office was,\\nin the former of these years, #276,191, and its\\nrevenue #230,629; in the latter, its expenditure\\nwas #534,681, and its revenue #658,451. One\\nhundred and ten thousand dollars additional is paid\\nper annum, by way of subsidy, to railroads; and\\nfour hundred and sixteen thousand to steamships.\\nFrom the above it will be seen that our growth\\nhas been rapid, steady, and general not coming by\\nfits and starts, or confined in its sphere.\\n9. Its prospects.\\nIt cannot fail, without fault on the part of its\\npeople, to continue growing and to become strong", "height": "3246", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 31\\nand prosperous and influential for it has in itself,\\nin its geographical position, and in its relations, all\\nthe elements of greatness. But such failure is not\\nto be anticipated, as self-respect, interest, and duty,\\nunite in urging us to make the best of our position.\\nThe worst part of the struggle is over. To carry us\\nto the height of any reasonable ambition, all that is\\nnecessary is perseverance for a moderate time in\\nthe self-denial and exertion of the past with the\\ncareful avoidance of its errors, as far as they may be\\ndiscovered. f\\nThe motive to throw in their lot with us, held\\nout by such a state of things to those who may be\\ncontemplating change, is manifest. To witness\\nprogress is pleasant, how much more to share in it\\nand to be made partakers of the advantages it\\nyields.\\nu 10. The common feeling of such as have made\\ntrial of the country.\\nu Few who have lived in it for any length of time,\\npossessing the characteristics and pursuing the course\\nnecessary to success, would willingly exchange it for\\nthe lands whence they came. Nothing is more\\ncommon than for those who visit their old homes,\\nafter a few years* residence therein, to feel impatient\\ntill they get back. Numbers who have left it with\\nthe intention of remaining at home, have returned\\nto it unable to enjoy themselves there. The freedom\\nrealized here from the burdensome restraints of older", "height": "3221", "width": "1944", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "32 Canada in 1861/\\nsocieties,, and the social consideration which the de-\\nserving seldom fail to receive, help to explain the\\nabove state of feeling. In the fact of its existence,\\nthe new comer, or the man contemplating coming,\\nhas fair promise and assurance that he will, in due\\ntime, feel himself one of us, and at home among us.\\nThe classes to which Canada will be found spe-\\ncially adapted are\\n1. Farmers, and parties accustomed to agricul-\\ntural pursuits.\\nThese may, if they bring moderate means with\\nthem, find cleared or uncleared farms, according to\\ntheir taste, in most parts of the country, at prices\\nmoderate, though of course varying with quality of\\nland, value of improvements, and location. Such as\\nmay be without the advantage of means may gene-\\nrally, if prepared to accept of reasonable wages, find\\nemployment and comfortable homes among our\\nfarmers. By satisfying themselves for a time with\\nthese, they gain an acquaintance with the county,\\nthe modes of working best suited to it, the most de-\\nsirable locations, prices of land, etc., which will save\\nthem much to which they would be in danger other-\\nwise of being subjected, and help them to work at\\nadvantage to themselves.\\nThough not in an equal degree, parties previously\\nunaccustomed to agriculture, if disposed to devote\\nthemselves to it, may secure these advantages by the\\npursuance of the same course. Numbers are found,", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 33\\nall through the country, with good farms, and in\\ncomfortable circumstances, who had their knowledge\\nto acquire after their arrival. If possessed of the\\nphysical requisites, and the power of adapting them-\\nselves to new circumstances, none who make up their\\nminds to persevere need despair, though, compared\\nwith the others, they must labour for a time under\\ndisadvantage.\\n(i 2. Mechanics, those especially of the more com-\\nmon descriptions.\\nThese may generally find employment in one\\npart or another, indeed in almost any part of the\\nprovince, at fair wages, and within a reasonable time.\\nIf well-behaved, industrious, and economical, they\\nmay hope to attain ultimately a good position both\\nas to comfort and standing. Many of this class are\\nto be met with in our cities, and even smaller towns\\nand villages, living on their savings while yet com-\\nparatively young. Those of trades less common run,\\nof course, more risk, though numbers even of these\\nsucceed in making themselves positions in the cities.\\n3. The possessors of spare means.\\nWhat they may be able and disposed to invest\\nwill afford this class much better returns here, with-\\nout the adoption of any course involving wrong,\\nthan at home. They may also, if desirous of making\\nthemselves useful, obtain (provided they possess the\\nnecessary requisites) abundant means of doing so in\\nharmony with their habits and tastes.\\n3", "height": "3231", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "84 Canada in 1864:\\nu The tilings needful to success in Canada, with-\\nout which none can hope for it, and with which none\\nneed despair of it, are\\n1. Fair health, intelligence, and capacity for\\nuseful action.\\n2. Good principles, and correct, honourable\\nhabits.\\n3. Steady and patient perseverance.\\n4. A cheerful and hopeful spirit.\\n5. The blessing of God.\\nFrom the foregoing ten reasons it will be mani-\\nfest that Canada is one of the healthiest countries in\\nthe world. In some of the swampy grounds, near\\nrivers that have been dammed up for the purpose\\nof rafting down timber, ague has been very pre-\\nvalent but as the surrounding parts are cleared\\nand cultivated, the disease vanishes. It may be\\nas well to warn those who are coming out with the\\nidea of at once obtaining one of the free grants of\\nland given by Government, that, as soon as roads\\nare opened, these lots are taken up mostly by old\\nemigrants, and often as a speculation, with a view\\nof reselling them at a profit to the new arrivals.\\nThe first settlers must of course encounter diffi-\\nculties, though by no means to the same extent\\nas was the case in former days, when they had to\\ncut their own tracks through thick forests, and to\\ncarry their wheat and other grains on their backs\\nfor sometimes more than thirty miles. Now the", "height": "3229", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 35\\nGovernment make good roads and bridges over the\\nswamps and when these are completed, saw-mills,\\ngrist-mills, and stores quickly spring up. The\\ngreat evil in these new settlements is the number\\nof shibeens or whiskey-shanties that are imme-\\ndiately erected, the liquor being in general of the\\nworst quality, and adulterated with all sorts of\\npoisonous ingredients. In the backwoods, where\\nlaws and licences do not as yet prevail, intoxication\\nis but too common among the mauvais sujets who\\nare sure to be met with. Every shade of character,\\nand many varieties of professions, are here repre-\\nsented. The broken-down gentleman, the retired\\nofficer, the young and laborious aspirant to an inde-\\npendence, perhaps denied him at home, the ruined\\nspendthrift, the desperate gamester, all may be seen\\nin turn. And scarcely less diversified are the forms\\nof religious belief the English Churchman, the\\nRomanist, the Presbyterian, the Methodist, the\\nMormon, cum multis aliis, each endeavouring to\\nraise for himself a home in the wilderness.\\nThe Englishman will yearn for the sight of that\\nfar-away spire among the trees in the old country\\nvillage, and will miss the sweet sound of the bells\\nthat have so often summoned himself and his\\nneighbours to the church of their forefathers. But\\nas years roll on, his log-house, however solitary at\\nfirst, will probably become the centre of a thriving\\ntownship, perhaps eventually of a populous city;", "height": "3220", "width": "1961", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "36 Canada in 1864\\nand temples will be reared where not long ago the\\nancient primeval forests stretched far and wide in\\nevery direction, obscuring almost his view of the\\nvery sky. Meanwhile, he will be encompassed by\\nthe grand old temple of God s own making, the\\npathless, illimitable woods, such woods as in the\\neastern hemisphere suggested to his Teutonic ances-\\ntors the idea of their Gothic piles, and invested\\ntheir architecture with its distinctive character of\\nvast and noble simplicity.", "height": "3224", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 37\\nCHAPTER II.\\nArrival in the backwoods Building a shanty Necessaries for the\\nfirst year, and their cost Cultivation of the land Beaver\\nmeadow hay Rates of postage Postal communication past\\nand present.\\nI will now assume that you, the new settler, have\\narrived at your destination in the backwoods and\\ntaken possession of your allotment of land there.\\nYour next step is to select a spot for your shanty,\\nwhich should be erected near a running stream, or\\nat all events where water is easily procurable in the\\nimmediate vicinity. If you have undertaken Go-\\nvernment duties, your loghouse should measure\\n16 feet by 20 feet if not, you can suit your own\\nconvenience, and unless you have a numerous family,\\n14 feet by 18 feet will be large enough. Having\\ncleared the ground you must then cut your logs\\npine logs are to be preferred if readily attainable,\\nbeing generally straighter and easier to chop than\\nothers. The troughs for the roof should be either\\nof pine or basswood the latter is to be recom-\\nmended as the lighter of the two, and consequently\\neasier to handle and to split. A layer of these", "height": "3230", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "38 Canada in 1864\\ntroughs is placed on the rafters, and then one in-\\nverted over the edges of two. Having completed\\nthe preliminaries as far as possible, go round to\\nyour neighbours and ask them to the Bee/ i.e.,\\nto raise your shanty. You will find them for the\\nmost part very ready to respond to your call, and in\\nreturn you arc expected to give them the best you\\ncan get. Your female neighbours (if you are for-\\ntunate enough to possess any) will aid you in your\\nhospitable preparations. Unless you are yourself a\\ngood builder, commit the bossing department\\nto a more skilful hand and in a few hours your\\nshanty will be reared with right good will. Your\\ndoor and a place for your window must of course\\nbe cut the window itself you should procure before\\nyou go into the woods, and also hinges and nails for\\nthe door. Should there be no saw mill hard by,\\ntemporary boards may be made by splitting bass-\\nwood with an axe and if you have no stove, a fire-\\nplace may be constructed in one corner of flat stones,\\nwith a chimney formed of pieces of maple built up\\nsquare, the bark being first stripped off, that the\\nwood may be less likely to ignite. Or a square hole\\nmay be cut in the middle of the roof for the\\nescape of the smoke, and the fire lighted on the\\nfloor, which should be raised by heaping clay or\\nother earth upon it. For a large party the latter\\nThe superintendent or head-man is called Boss, both in\\nCanada and in the States.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers, 39\\ncontrivance is the more comfortable, as all may\\ngather round the blaze, and it does not often smoke.\\nYour dwelling should be lined throughout with\\nmoss, which abounds on the ash and various trees\\nin the woods and swamps. Do not build too near\\none of the latter, or you will be constantly pestered\\nby mosquitoes, and annoyed by the croaking of frogs.\\nIt may be as well here to insert a table of neces-\\nsaries and expenses for a man and his wife for one\\nyear\\nProvisions.\\n4 barrels of flour at \u00c2\u00a31 \u00c2\u00a34\\nli pork .200\\n30 bushels of potatoes at 2s. 3\\n14 lbs. of tea at 3s. .220\\n1 barrel of white fish mackerel\\nor herrings 1 10\\nSalt 5 0\\nSeed.\\n10 bushels of potatoes at 2s. 1\\n3 wheat at 5s. 15\\n10 oats at 2s. .10\\nOther Necessaries.\\n1 axe .060\\n1 grindstone .076\\n1 shovel 2\\nCarried forward \u00c2\u00a316 7 6", "height": "3231", "width": "1963", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "40\\nCanada in 1864\\nBrought forward\\n2 hoes at 3s. each\\n\u00c2\u00a316 7\\n6\\n6\\n1 brush hook\\n4\\n1 scythe\\n1-inch auger\\nii-\\n1 hand- saw\\n5\\n4\\n5\\n7\\n6\\n6\\n6\\n2 water-pails\\n1 window sash and glass\\n2\\n5\\n6\\n1 bake-oven\\n7\\n6\\n2 pots\\n1 kettle\\n10\\n5\\n1 frying-pan\\n1 tea-pot\\n3 tin dishes\\n3\\n2\\n7\\n6\\n6\\nG spoons\\n6 knives and forks\\n1\\n5\\n3 pairs of blankets\\n3 10\\n2 rugs\\n2 pairs of sheets*\\n1 smoothing iron\\n7\\n6\\n2\\n6\\n6\\n\u00c2\u00a324 15\\nlpig\\n1 cow\\n12\\n4\\n6\\nHay\\n3\\n\u00c2\u00a332 7 6\\nSheets are rarely used at present in tlie far backwoods.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 41\\nFor the first year you could manage well enough,\\nwith an open fireplace in the second you would re-\\nquire a cooking-stove, which may be purchased with\\nall appliances for \u00c2\u00a35 sterling, sufficient for your\\npurpose. Should you own any light carpenter s\\ntools, bring them with you into the backwoods,\\nwhere every little article may come into use. Of the\\nnecessaries enumerated above, the cow may, during\\nthe. first twelvemonth, be dispensed with, in which\\ncase the hay for its use will of course not be required.\\nAs to hay, the backwoodsman can, generally speak-\\ning, collect enough for his cow the hay from the\\nbeaver meadows is very good, particularly the blue\\njoint. Salt must be strewn over it as it is stacked,\\nand in feeding the cattle or horses, it is advisable\\nto administer to them about a tablespoonful of sul-\\nphur once a week. Some of the beaver meadows*\\nare of great extent, capable of producing many tons\\nof hay and it should bo one of your first cares to\\ndiscover and select one not already claimed and,\\nif late in the fall of the year, set fire to it and\\nlet it burn all over, clearing away the rubbish for\\nmowing. Stack all your hay in one heap if possible,\\nfor much of it is lost in the cold season from the\\nlower parts of the small stacks being frozen. Dur-\\ning the summer and autumn your cattle will find\\nBeaver meadows, i.e., originally beaver ponds; they became\\nmeadows from the beaver dams having been destroyed, and grass\\nspringing up where there was formerly water.", "height": "3231", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "42 Canada in 1864\\nexcellent browsing in the woods and at the edges\\nof the beaver dams. Sheep must not be left out at\\nnight in the new settlements, on account of the\\nwolves. Cattle will almost weather out the winter\\nalone by browsing on the fallen trees, the bass-tops\\nespecially and they will light upon many pickings\\nalong the roads where lumbering is going on, and\\nat the feeding places.\\nYou will probably find the axe unwieldy at first,\\nbut you must not be discouraged by the difficulty,\\nfor you ought during the winter to chop four acres,\\nwhich should be underbrushed before the snow begins\\nto fall. This process of underbrushing is best accom-\\nplished by means of a brush-hook, a short thick\\nscythe made for the purpose. All the lesser trees\\nand the small stuff are to be chopped and laid in\\nbrush heaps; then at the commencement of the.\\nwinter, chop your high trees, reserving such as you\\nrequire for logs, or for splitting into rails. Your\\nland being logged and burnt, sow your spring wheat\\nand drag it in, no ploughing being needful the first\\nyear. If you are unprovided with oxen for logging,\\nand your timber is too large to lay yourself with the\\nhelp of only one other man, you must again have\\nrecourse to a Bee.\\nAfter a time your drawbacks and troubles will\\ngradually decrease; meanwhile one piece of advice\\nI would fain impress upon every new settler, and\\nthat is, to keep on good terms with your neigh-", "height": "3244", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 43\\nhours, bearing in mind the words of the old\\nsong,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nLend a helping hand to others,\\nIt always bringeth bliss.\\nWhat is more or less the case everywhere, is espe-\\ncially brought home to one in the backwoods that\\nman is dependent upon his fellow-man. In all pro-\\nbability you will be repeatedly asked for the loan of\\nall the things you possess lend them if possible,\\nbut always insist on their being returned to you at\\na stated time. In one of my localities, I happened\\nto own more useful articles than my neighbours,\\nand I was in consequence pestered morning, noon,\\nand night by my borrowing friends. I began by\\nlending almost unconditionally, but I soon dis-\\ncovered the necessity of stipulating in the first\\ninstance that the things borrowed should be restored\\nto me at such an hour or on such a day, as it might\\nhappen and by adhering to this rule I was able to\\noblige others without being deprived for an inde-\\nfinite period of the use of my own property. If any\\none failed to comply with my regulation, I chalked\\nhis name on the door with that of the article unduly\\ndetained against it, to signify that I should not lend\\nto him again.\\nAs soon as anything like a settlement springs up\\nin the backwoods, a school-house is erected, which\\ngenerally serves also for a place of worship on\\nSundays. As buildings and inhabitants multiply, a", "height": "3231", "width": "1978", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "44 Canada in 1864:\\nlocal postmaster is appointed, who must find security\\nfor the fulfilment of the duties of his office. The\\nfollowing are the rates of postage in Canada\\nLetters to any part of Canada, Nova\\nScotia, and New Brunswick 5 cents.\\nEngland by Canadian packets 12 J\\nThe United States 10\\nBritish Columbia 25\\nLetters to England must be directed to go u by\\nBritish Packet M or by Canadian Steamer.\\nLetters can be registered in Canada for 2 cents,\\nboth the postage and the registration fee must in\\nevery case be prepaid.*\\nA parcel by parcel post is 25 cents within the\\nprovince, and 3 cents additional if registered.\\nHandbills, books, etc., 1 cent per ounce.\\nPrinted circulars containing prices current,\\n2 cents each.\\nBooks to England, 4 ounces, 7 cents 8 ounces,\\nsixpence sterling and for every additional 8 ounces\\nsixpence sterling.\\nCANADIAN NEWSPAPERS.\\nPEE QT7AETEB.\\nFor a paper published 6 times a week, 40 cents.\\n3 20\\n13\\n6*\\nIf not, double postage is charged.\\n2\\n1\\na\\na\\n3i\\na", "height": "3249", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers.\\n45\\nWhere the postage is not paid in advance, 1 cent\\nis charged on delivery.\\nNewspapers from England by Canadian packet\\nare free by United States, 1 cent on delivery.\\nPeriodicals on agriculture, education, temperance,\\netc., are delivered free of charge.\\nMoney orders may be sent, as in England, at\\nthe following rates\\n10 dollars 5 cents.\\n20\\n10\\n;uii\\n40\\na\\n20\\na\\n60\\n30\\n80\\n40\\n100\\na\\n50\\n3)\\nNo single order can be issued for more than 100\\ndollars.\\nOrders payable at any money- order office in\\nGreat Britain and Ireland can be obtained at any\\nCanadian money-office.\\nStamps are sold for the different degrees of\\npostage. The postage law and the misdemeanours\\nconnected therewith are the same as in England.\\nIs it not strange to contrast the present state of\\npostal communication, even in the remote and thinly-\\npeopled districts of our colonies, with that which\\nprevailed in Great Britain not a hundred years ago\\nThe time that was then consumed in the conveyance\\nof a letter or a newspaper from London to Edin-", "height": "3231", "width": "1911", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "46 Canada in 1864\\nburgli would now suffice to waft it across half the\\nAtlantic Ocean. Among the many valuable advan-\\ntages that the invention of steam locomotion has\\nbestowed upon mankind, we may reckon as one of\\nthe greatest the easy and rapid transmission of news,\\nboth public and private, from the mother- country to\\nher most distant possessions. And when we look\\nat the still more recent marvels of the electric tele-\\ngraph, which promises ere long to encircle the earth\\nas with a zone, we feel that time and space are thus\\ncomparatively annihilated, and our friends and rela-\\ntions in the other hemisphere, or on the further\\nside of the equator, are drawn, as it were, almost\\nwithin the reach and compass of our daily life by\\nthe happy discoveries of those great men whose\\nnames will ever adorn the 19th century, and render\\nit a memorable one in the annals of science.", "height": "3230", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "A Sand-booh for Settlers. 47\\nCHAPTER III.\\nTaxes Duties required of the settler Volunteers Naval brigade\\nWays of making money in the backwoods Potash Berry-\\npicking, etc. The tea-plants of North America Other vege-\\ntable prduoctions Receipts Cookery.\\nThe taxes in Canada are very light, and a colonist\\nmay be settled in the backwoods for years before\\nthe tax-gatherer calls my farm was 150 acres in\\nextent, and my taxes never amounted to \u00c2\u00a32 per\\nannum but of course much or all depends on the\\nvalue of the property. Every resident in this\\ncountry is called upon to perform statute labour for\\n-not less than two days, of eight hours each, in the\\nyear, unless he provides a substitute, or pays half-\\na-crown (English money) per diem for exemption.\\nThe statute labour exacted of the owners of farms\\nvaries with the size and worth of such farms for\\nmine above mentioned, five days attendance fell to\\nmy share. According to the Canadian laws, every\\nman under forty-five years of age is required to\\nserve in the case of war or rebellion, and by the\\nnew Militia regulation to join muster once a year,\\ngenerally on the Queen s birthday. The bachelors", "height": "3231", "width": "1940", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "48 Canada in 1864\\nfrom sixteen to forty-five years are first called out,\\nand, when they are exhausted, the married men have\\nto take their turn. Schools for military instruction\\nare about to be established. Any one able to drill a\\ncompany of infantry through all its manoeuvres is\\nentitled to a bounty of fifty dollars; and when\\ncapable of doing as much by a whole regiment, he\\nhaving at the same time acquired a thorough know-\\nledge of battalion drill, may claim another fifty.\\nVolunteering and playing at soldiers is all the\\nrage just now; every township has either its in-\\nfantry, cavalry, or rifle corps; and boys from the\\nage of twelve and upwards parade in scarlet jackets,\\nwhile the ladies occupy themselves in working-\\ncolours for the volunteer regiments. The Govern-\\nment provide them with arms, ammunition, and\\nuniform. The New Militia Bill has caused great\\ndissatisfaction among the older officers, as it allows\\nno one over forty-five to be eligible for a command,\\nand some of the veterans have been waging fierce\\nwar with the pen against the powers that be, for\\nhaving forbidden them to do so against a foreign\\nfoe with the sword. A settler imbued with a mili-\\ntary mania can turn out fully accoutred, and should\\nhe possess any knowledge of warlike evolutions,\\nthey may be of service to him. Naval brigades\\nhave been formed in the principal towns, and I am\\ntold that the fresh- water sailors make a very re-\\nspectable appearance on land. In one instance the", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 49\\nsenior officer is a whiskey- distiller, and the lieutenant\\na schoolmaster what sort of a figure they would\\ncut afloat I could not venture to say.\\nTo revert to more peaceful operations. The\\nbackwoodsman has several ways of turning his time\\nand resources to account. If he has hard wood-\\nland, let him husband his ashes and convert them\\ninto potash, which yields a profitable return. Any\\nquantity of it can be made while the land is being\\ncleared. Then, again, there is the sugar-bush, which\\nwill pay him well in a good season indeed, I have\\nknown many settlers make 600 lbs. of sugar, which\\nat bd. per lb. is worth \u00c2\u00a312 10s., without reckoning\\nvinegar enough to supply his wants, to be obtained\\nfrom the molasses. Should he be located in a dis-\\ntrict rich in berries, his wife and children should\\ngather the raspberries, thimbleberries, and huckle-\\nberries, which, when dried, will fetch lOtZ. a lb.\\nWherever the woods are burnt, these fruits spring\\nup and grow wild in profusion. The thimbleberry\\nresembles the English blackberry, but exceeds it in\\nsize, and much excels it in flavour the huckleberry\\nabounds also on some of the plains, and forms an\\nattraction to pic-nic parties during the warm\\nweather. All these fruits compose an excellent\\npreserve or jelly, as does the cranberry, of which\\nthere are two sorts, one growing on a tree. In\\nsome parts of Canada raspberries are so exceed-\\ningly plentiful, that the inhabitants have steam-\\n4", "height": "3230", "width": "1912", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "50 Canada in 1864\\nmachinery for making them into jam and a friend\\nof mine has informed me that one man residing\\nnear Sault Ste. Marie clears an annual profit of \u00c2\u00a3600\\nby this manufacture. The mandrake also flourishes\\nwithout cultivation, and affords a jelly similar to\\nthe guava of the West Indies. The fruit of the\\nbutternut- tree is serviceable for pickling it is not\\nquite so large as the walnut, but at least as good,\\nif not better, for the purpose. The hazel-nut is also\\nto be met with, but the kernel is much smaller here\\nthan in England. Under the hiccory trees you are\\nsure to find innumerable nuts, thrown down by the\\nblack squirrels (which I may remark, en passant,\\nare capital eating, either in a curry or a pie) Wild\\ncherries are to be met with almost everywhere\\nthroughout Upper Canada, supplying the colonist\\nwith one ingredient for his cherry-brandy or whiskey.\\nThe mushroom is common in some of the cultivated\\nlands, as also the morell, growing chiefly beneath\\nthe pines. It is good eating when stewed, and\\nmakes famous ketchup.\\nThe woods and marshes abound in two species\\nof tea-plant, the Labrador and another of the same\\nclass both are imbibed extensively, particularly\\namong the Indians, and are said to be wholesome\\nand exhilarating. Professor Johnson remarks\\nu Labrador tea is the name given in North America\\nto the dried leaves of the Ledum joalustre and the\\nLedum latifolium. The plants grow on the borders", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 51\\nof swamps, and along the heathy shores of mountain\\nlakes. The narrow-leaved Ledum palustre, accord-\\ning to Dr. Richardson, gives tea of the better\\nquality. Both are very astringent, and possess a\\nnarcotic, soothing, and exhilarating quality. The\\nnarcotic quality is so strong, that, in the north of\\nEurope (Sweden and Germany), these plants are\\nsecretly employed by fraudulent brewers to give\\nheadiness to beer. From the above facts we may\\ninfer that, besides a variety of tannin to which they\\nowe their astringency, they contain -an active nar-\\ncotic principle, more powerful, probably, than the\\ntheine of the tea-leaf, to which their peculiar ex-\\nhilarating and stupifying effects are due. Besides\\nthese we have other North American substitutes for\\nthe China leaf, distinguished by the names of Appa-\\nlachian, Oswego, and Santa Fe Mountain teas. The\\nbark of a wood much resembling dogwood is made\\ninto tea by the Indians, and also the bark of a\\nmountain ash, which I have heard much praised by\\nthem. Sarsaparilla is plentiful in most of the Upper\\nCanadian woods it is reported, however, not to\\nbe possessed of the qualities of the Honduras\\nvariety. I add the names, with short descriptions,\\nof some other trees and herbs; and also a few\\nreceipts, which may be useful in the backwoods.\\nThe common Berberry. The berries make an\\nexcellent and wholesome jelly, when preserved with\\ntheir own weight in sugar pickled while still green", "height": "3231", "width": "1972", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "52 Canada in 1864\\nin vinegar, they are a very good substitute for\\ncapers. The bark is purgative and tonic; a de-\\ncoction of it is a serviceable gargle for sore throat,\\nand the berries, when bruised, form a cooling beve-\\nrage in fevers.\\nThe Prickly Ash. The bark and capsules of this\\nspecies have a hot acrid taste, and, when taken\\ninternally, act as a powerful stimulant, beneficial in\\ncases of rheumatism, intermittent fevers, and tooth-\\nache. Lawson remarks that from the berries has\\nbeen extracted a medicine possessing the salivating\\nproperties of mercury, and that a decoction of the\\nplant acts as a strong sudorific.\\nThe Purging Buckthorn. The juice of the unripe\\nberries is of the colour of saffron, and is used for\\nstaining paper and maps. The juice of the ripe\\nberries, evaporated to dryness with alum or lime, is\\nthe sap-green of painters if the berries are gathered\\nlate in the autumn, their juice is purple. Twenty-\\nfive or thirty of them will produce a strongly purga-\\ntive effect, but they are not much in favour now,\\nowing to the violent sickness, griping, and thirst\\noccasioned by them. The inner bark affords a beau-\\ntiful yellow dye; like the common elder, it is a\\npowerful cathartic, and excites vomiting.\\nThe Flowering Dogwood. The inner bark of this\\ntree is exceedingly bitter, and has proved an excel-\\nlent substitute for Peruvian bark. It may also take\\nthe place of galls in the manufacture of ink from", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. ho\\nthe bark of the more fibrous roots the Indians ob-\\ntain a scarlet dye. An infusion of the flowers is\\nused in intermittent disorders.\\nThe Sorrel Tree. The leaves have a pleasant\\nacrid taste, and are known to hunters as a means of\\nallaying their thirst. A decoction is made from\\nthem, forming a refreshing beverage in fevers. The\\nbranches, when combined with salts of iron, yield a\\nblack dye in Tennessee they are employed in colour-\\ning wool.\\nThe American Rose Bay Tree. Although not\\ngrowing wild so far north as Upper Canada, it may\\nbe seen in some pleasure gardens, where, in its early\\nstages, it requires protection during the winter.\\nThe leaves are sudorific and narcotic, and have been\\ngiven successf Lilly in rheumatism.\\nThe Mountain Laurel. The American Indians\\nmake small dishes, spoons, etc., from the bark. A\\ndecoction of the leaves has been known to be\\nswallowed with a view to self-destruction. They\\nare applied in a pulverized form, internally for fevers,\\nand topically for the relief of cutaneous affections.\\nA few drops of the tincture, which were once poured\\non the body of a large and vigorous rattlesnake,\\nkilled it in a short time. The powder on the leaves\\nis taken as snuff in some parts of the country.\\nThe American Ash. Shafts, felloes of waggons,\\nframes of carriages, spade and hoe handles, etc., are\\nmade from the wood. The inner part of the bark", "height": "3229", "width": "1919", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "54 Canada in 1864\\nimparts a very permanent yellow to skins, and is\\nused with advantage in dyeing wool.\\nThe Silvery -leaved Shepherdin. The fruit makes\\nan excellent preserve, and the jelly is thought pre-\\nferable to currant.\\nThe LobeUa. It grows wild, and an infusion of\\nthe leaves acts as an emetic.\\nThe Maiden-haw Capillaria. This flourishes\\neverywhere from it is extracted the excellent Sirop\\nde capillaire.\\nRECEIPTS.\\nFor sprains and swellings, Boil some elder bark,\\nand foment the parts affected. (A concoction of this\\nbark makes a strong emetic.)\\nFor had cold. Steep some small cedar boughs in\\nboiling water, and soak the feet in it at a moderately\\nwarm temperature.\\nFor those ivho live or ivorlc near marshy, swampy\\ngrounds. Take equal parts of wild cherry, slippery\\nelm bark, and prickly ash, and pour whisky over.\\nDrink a small wine-glassful before going out in the\\nmorning.\\nFor exhaustion produced by over-exertion and\\nfatigue. Ginseng. It was formerly gathered in\\nquantities by the Indians round Montreal, and much\\nwas exported to China. Father Jartout, a Jesuit\\nmissionary there, describes its remarkable effects\\nupon himself. His pulse and his appetite were in-\\ncreased, and his whole frame was invigorated.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 55\\nFor colds and diseases of the lungs. The Iceland\\nor reindeer moss boiled down to a jelly. It is very\\nnourishing and in Norway, in times of scarcity, it\\nforms the chief diet of the poorer inhabitants, mashed\\nand boiled with the inner bark of the pine tree.\\nFor cuts and ivounds. Pure balsam. On the\\nstem of the tree you will observe the bark raised\\nin the shape of little round heaps, which are full of\\nthe balsam. Cut away the bark with a sharp knife,\\nand insert the point to make the gum exude. Cover\\nthe injured part therewith, and it will soon heal.\\nFor ague. Cayenne pepper and whiskey are much\\nused by the Indians in this complaint, and, combined\\nwith wormwood, they form an excellent remedy.\\nFor horses, when hide-bound. Tamarac bark\\npounded and mixed with a bran-mash, is capital.\\nEvery store in Canada is Ml of quack medicines\\nof every variety, professing to cure all the ills that\\nflesh is heir to. Certainly Ayer s Cherry Pectoral 3}\\nis much to be recommended for coughs and colds\\nthe ingredients are bitter almonds and morphia.\\nQuack doctors abound, and thrive, I believe, more\\nthan the regular practitioners partly, I fancy, from\\ntheir charges being lower. In this country the\\nmedical man is rarely sent for until the patient is at\\ndeath s door, and then the former is blamed for not\\nmaking the latter a sound man again.\\nHops grow plentifully in the backwoods, but\\nthey are seldom employed in making yeast. A", "height": "3245", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "56 Canada in 1864\\nbachelor having to manufacture his own bread, will\\nfind, in the absence of carbonate of soda, that com-\\nmon salt will answer his purpose. Mix a little flour\\nand salt with some milk, and put it near the fire,\\nand at the end of a few hours you will have a capital\\nsubstitute for yeast. If you have no oven, which is,\\nof course, the best thing for the purpose, you may\\nbake your bread in a frying-pan, placed in an almost\\nperpendicular position before the fire, and kept con-\\nstantly turning or you may bury your dough in a\\nheap of warm ashes. With the help of an iron pot,\\nNorwegian greed can easily be concocted, and famous\\nstuff it is. Put a lump of butter into your saucepan,\\nand when melted, add a little flour, rolling it round\\nto prevent its becoming burnt increase the flour\\ngradually until you have a sufficient quantity, adding\\nalso milk or water, and stirring all constantly with\\na spoon wlien it has boiled, or rather simmered, for\\nhalf an hour, you will have provided yourself with a\\ncapital breakfast or supper.\\nThe Indians generally roast their meat before\\nthe fires with forked sticks placed in the ground,\\nand a duck eats better cooked in this way than in\\nany other that I know of. The bird is suspended\\nwith its head downwards, the neck being tied up to\\nprevent the escape of the gravy. White French\\nbeans, boiled with a bone of salt pork, make excel-\\nlent fare for the backwoodsman, much to be recom-\\nmended before encountering a hard day s work.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 57\\nThe bean will grow on any land, and fetch a good\\nprice in the market. Your meat should be boiled or\\nstewed slowly, with the pot completely covered, or\\nthe best part of your food vanishes in thin air. The\\nlower class of English are proverbially bad cooks,\\nfrying or boiling their meat to a cinder, and thus\\nwasting much of it. A man intending to emigrate\\nto these woods would do well to acquire beforehand\\na little knowledge of the culinary art, which is at a\\nwretchedly low ebb here he should also have some\\ninsight into the butchers trade, in order that he may\\nimprove upon the custom now usually in vogue when\\nanimals are slaughtered, Directly an ox or a sheep\\nis killed, and while the flesh is still quivering, it is\\ncut, or rather hacked, into all conceivable forms,\\nquite regardless of rule then the joints (if they\\nmay be so called) are pitched into a cask, which is\\nfilled up with salt. The sheep s head and trotters\\nare thrown away as useless things a sample of -the\\nwaste and profusion you may often witness among\\nthe inmates of a loghouse.", "height": "3216", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "58 Canada in 1864\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nThe Bed Indians Sir F. B. Head upon thorn Their character\\nHow influenced by association with the white men, and the\\nintroduction of ardent spirits among them Their present\\ncondition Specimens of their legends.\\nThe following- extract from the remarks of Sir\\nFrancis B. Head, who, as is well known, was Go-\\nvernor of Canada during the rebellion of 1837, on\\nthe Indian race, will, I think, be the best possible\\nintroduction to the subject of my present chapter\\nThe fate of the red inhabitants of America, the\\nreal proprietors of its soil is, without any exception,\\nthe most sinful story recorded in the annals of the\\nhuman race. From what they have suffered from\\nour hands, and the cruelty and injustice they have\\nendured, the mind, accustomed to its own vices, is\\nlost in utter astonishment at finding in the red man s\\nheart no sentiment of animosity against us, no feel-\\ning of revenge on the contrary, that our appearance\\nat the humble portal of his wigwam is to this hour a\\nsubject of unusual joy. If the white man is lost in\\nthe forest, his cry of distress will call the most eager\\nhuntsman from his game and among the tribe there", "height": "3225", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 59\\nis not only pleasure,, but pride, in contending with\\neach other who shall be the first to render hhn\\nassistance and food. But the red men/ lately\\nexclaimed a celebrated Maimi cacique, c are melting\\nbefore the sun.- If we attempt to Christianize the\\nIndians, and for that sacred object congregate them\\nin villages of substantial loghouses, beautiful as it\\nis in theory, it is a fact, to which I add my humble\\ntestimony, that as soon as the hunting-season com-\\nmences, the men perish, or rather rot in numbers\\nby consumption while, as regards the women, it is\\nimpossible for any accurate observer to refrain from\\nremarking that civilization, in spite of the pure zeal\\nof our missionaries, by some accursed process, has\\nblanched their infants faces and, under pretence\\nof eradicating from the female heart the errors of a\\nPagan creed, it has implanted instead the germs of\\nChristian guilt.\\nWhat is the origin of all this Why the simple\\nvirtues of the red aborigines of America should,\\nunder all circumstances, fade before the vices and\\ncruelty of the old world is a problem which no one\\namong us is competent to solve. I have merely\\nmentioned the fact, because I feel that before the\\nsubject of the Indians in Upper Canada can be fairly\\nconsidered, it is necessary to refute the idea which\\nso generally exists in England about the success\\nattending the Christianizing and civilizing of the\\nIndian whereas I firmly believe every person of", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "60 Canada in 1864\\nsound mind in this country who is disinterested in\\ntheir conversion, and who is acquainted with the\\nIndian character, will agree\\n1. That an attempt to make farmers of the\\nred men has been, generally speaking, a complete\\nfailure.\\n2. That congregating them for the purpose of\\ncivilization has implanted many more vices than it\\nhas eradicated, and, consequently,\\no. That the greatest kindness we can perform\\ntowards these intelligent, simple-hearted people is\\nto remove and fortify them as much as possible from\\nall communication with the whites.\\nIt is impossible to beware of the white man, for\\nit seems to bo the instinct of his untutored mind to\\nlook upon him as his friend in short, his simplicity\\nis his ruin although he can trap and conquer every\\nbeast of the field, yet he becomes himself the prey\\nof his white brother.\\nFor these reasons I am decidedly of opinion that\\nHer Majesty s Government should continue to advise\\nthe few remaining Indians who are lingering in\\nUpper Canada to retire upon the Manitoulin or\\nother island in Lake Huron, or elsewhere towards\\nthe NorthWest.\\nThe Indian language is pleasing to the ear when\\nspoken by a pretty squaw, although some of the\\nwords and sentences are very long. Take, for ex-\\nample, the Indian for Those are fine boys u Nah", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 61\\nwudj mindiddo woIl ow kweewezains ewaidde dush. J\\nFortunately for the emigrant here, it is not neces-\\nsary for him to attempt to master this crack-jaw\\ntongue, as the Indians in Canada invariably speak\\nEnglish. Small-pox and ardent spirits have greatly\\nreduced the numbers of the red men in North Ame-\\nrica, and some of the tribes are nearly, if not wholly,\\nextinct. Schoolcraft says, Under the French\\nGovernment they were liberally supplied with\\nbrandy under the English with Jamaica rum\\nunder the Americans with whiskey.\\nI believe the last to be the worst poison of the\\nthree, and it is a common saying in this country that\\na certain whiskey is warranted to kill at forty rods.\\nDuring the war which the Americans were waging\\na few years since against the Sioux Indians, a\\nYankee suggested sending them some casks of bad\\nwhiskey, which would exterminate them at a much\\nquicker and cheaper rate than the dragoons who\\ncost annually many thousand dollars. Although a\\nheavy fine is at all events nominally imposed upon\\npersons giving or selling spirituous liquors to the\\nIndians, yet this law, like many others here, is fre-\\nquently set at defiance, and the Indian men may too\\noften be seen maddened with drink the squaws are\\nno less fond of it, and indulge in it when an oppor-\\ntunity offers of doing so unknown to their husbands.\\nIt is to be feared that little real good to this race,\\nin a moral point of view, has yet resulted from the", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "62 Canada in 1864\\nefforts of our Government to ameliorate their condi-\\ntion, such as the building of schools and the grant-\\ning of land a thoroughly bad Indian has hitherto\\nbeen, and may still be said to be, a rara avis but,\\nsad as it is to make the acknowledgment, it must\\nbe admitted that the fine traits of their original\\ncharacter are becoming gradually lost through their\\namalgamation with the white men, too many of\\nwhose vices they appear to have imitated along with\\nthe propensity to intoxication. Their manners are\\ngood, and even gentlemanlike they have much\\nnatural intelligence, but are apt to be cunning and\\nlazy withal. They lead a humdrum sort of exis-\\ntence, some trying agriculture, and some employing\\nthemselves in fishing, basket-making, and trapping,\\nwhile a few of the cleverest among them act as\\nguides during the season to those sporting gentlemen\\nwho hire Indians to kill ducks, deer, etc., for them,\\nand boast, on their return, of the wonders I have\\ndone with my gun.\\nAs neighbours to our settlers, the Indians de-\\nserve to be highly spoken of; several farmers who\\nresided near their settlements on Rice Lake have\\ntold me that they should never wish for better.\\nThey are by nature kind and obliging, particularly\\nthe squaws. Some of the half-bred girls are pretty\\nwhen quite young at thirty, they are generally old\\nand haggard, owing, I suppose, to poor living and\\nexposure. AH, or nearly all, around me are Wes-", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 63\\nleyan Methodists, and I believe they are very atten-\\ntive to their devotions in public.\\nI subjoin two of the Indian legends,* and these\\nwill suffice to convey a general idea of their style,\\nwhich is rather remarkable for its absence of\\nvariety.\\nTHE BOY WHO SET A SNAKE EOR THE SUN.\\nTHE ORIGIN OF THE KUG E BEEN WA EAG, Or DORMOUSE.\\nIn the far-off time in which the animals reigned\\nover the earth, they killed all the human beings\\nexcepting a girl and her little brother, and these\\ntwo lived in fear and seclusion. The boy was a per-\\nfect pigmy, and never grew beyond the stature of an\\ninfant but the sister increased with her years, so\\nthat the labour of providing food and lodging for\\nboth devolved wholly on her. She went daily to\\nprocure wood for her lodge, and took her little helpless\\nbrother with her, in order to protect him if possible\\nfrom any untoward accident, for he was so tiny that\\na large bird might have flown away with him. She\\nmade him a bow and arrows, and said to him one\\nday, I will leave you behind here you must hide\\nyourself, and you will soon see the Gitshee-gitshee\\ngaun, ai seeng (snow birds) come and pick the\\nworms out of the wood which I have been chopping\\n(for it was winter time) shoot one of the birds\\nAdapted from Schoolcraft s Indians.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "64 Canada in 1864\\nand bring it home. He obeyed her, and tried his\\nutmost to kill one, bnt had to go home unsuccessful.\\nHis sister told him he must not despair, but renew\\nhis endeavours the next day, and accordingly she\\nleft him at the place at which she procured wood,\\nand returned without him. Towards nightfall she\\nheard his light footstep on the snow, and in he\\ncame, exultingly, throwing down a dead bird. My\\nsister, said he, I wish you to skin it and stretch\\nthe skin, and when I have shot more birds I will\\nhave a coat made of the skins/ But what shall\\nwe do with the body V she asked, for as yet men\\nhad not begun to eat animal food, but lived on vege-\\ntables only. Cut it in two/ replied the boy,\\nc and season our pottage with one half of it at a\\ntime. She did so and the brother, persevering\\nin his efforts, managed to kill ten birds, of the skins\\nof which his sister manufactured for him a coat.\\nSister, asked he one day, are we all alone\\nin the world is there nobody else living V The\\ngirl told him that those who had destroyed their\\nrelations, and whom they had so much reason to\\nfear, dwelt in a certain quarter, and that he must by\\nno means go in that direction. But her words only\\nserved to inflame his curiosity, and to excite his\\nambition and soon after he took his bow and arrows,\\nand sought the very spot against which his sister\\nhad warned him. After walking a long while with-\\nout meeting any one, he laid down quite tired upon", "height": "3229", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 65\\na knoll, where the sun had bleached the snow, and\\nfell fast asleep. And the sun s rays beat so hot\\nupon him, that they singed and contracted his bird-\\nskin coat, so that when he awoke and stretched him-\\nself, he felt as if he were bound in it. He looked\\ndown, and seeing the damage done to his garment,\\nflew into a passion, upbraided the sun, and vowed\\nvengeance against it: Do you think that you\\nare too high V said he. i( Ah I shall revenge\\nmyself.\\nOn returning home he related to his sister the\\ndisaster that had befallen him, and lamented bitterly\\nthe spoiling of his coat. He would not eat he lay\\ndown as one that fasts, and did not rise, nor even\\nalter his position for ten days, in spite of all the\\ngirl s efforts to arouse him. Then he turned round\\nand laid for ten days on the other side, after which\\nhe got up and told his sister to make him a snare,\\nfor he meant to catch the sun. She said that she\\nhad nothing of which to make it, but at length she\\nrecollected a piece of dried deer s sinew, left by her\\nfather, and from this she quickly manufactured a\\nstring suitable for a noose. But the moment she\\nshowed it to her brother, he told her that it would not\\ndo, but that she must procure something else. She\\nagain replied that she had not the wherewithal but\\nat last she bethought herself of her hair, and pull-\\ning some from her head, she converted it into a\\nsnare. But the boy said pettishly that neither would\\n5", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "66 Canada in 1864\\nthis answer his purpose, and still lie bade her\\nmake him a noose. She repeated her former asser-\\ntions, and desired him to leave the lodge. When\\nshe was alone, she again took some of her own hair,\\nand plaited it in such a manner as to form a tiny-\\ncord. She then called her brother and handed it to\\nhim. The moment his eye rested on this curious\\nbraid, he was delighted. This will do, he ejacu-\\nlated, and putting it to his mouth, he pulled it\\nthrough his lips, and as fast as he drew it, it changed\\ninto a metal cord, which he wound round his body\\nand shoulders till he had obtained a great number\\nof yards. He then prepared himself, and set out a\\nlittle after midnight, that he might catch the sun\\nere it should ascend into the heavens.* He set his\\nsnare on a spot at which the burning orb of day\\nwould strike the land, as it climbed above the earth s\\ndisc and, marvellous to relate he caught the sun,\\nwhich, being held fast in the cord, could not rise.\\nThe animals, -finding that daylight did not ap-\\npear, were in a great commotion. They called a\\ncouncil, and one was appointed to cut the cord.\\nThis was a hazardous enterprise, as the sun s rays\\nwould burn those who approached them. At last\\nthe task was undertaken by the dormouse, at that\\ntime the largest animal in the world and when it\\nstood erect, it looked like a mountain. When the\\ndormouse reached the place where the sun was\\nsnared, its back began to burn and smoke with the", "height": "3215", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 67\\nintensity of the heat, and the upper part of its body\\nwas reduced to a heap of ashes. It succeeded, how-\\never, in cutting the cord with its teeth, and freeing\\nthe sun, but was itself reduced to a very small size,\\nand has remained so ever since.\\nWA WA BE ZO WIN,\\nOR, THE SWING ON THE LAKE SHORE.\\nOnce upon a time there was an old hag, who lived\\nwith her daughter-in-law and an orphan boy whom\\nthe latter was rearing. When the son came home from\\nhunting, it was his custom to bring his wife the lip\\nof the moose, the kidney of the bear, or some other\\nchoice bits of different animals, which she would\\ncook crisp, so that when eating them a crackling\\nsound would be heard. This kind attention of the\\nhunter to his spouse excited the old woman s envy j\\nand in order to possess herself of these luxuries, she\\nfinally resolved to make away with her daughter-in-\\nlaw. To accomplish her purpose, she adopted the\\nfollowing stratagem\\nShe asked the young woman to leave her infant\\nson in the care of the orphan boy, and to go out and\\nswing with her. She undressed herself, and fastened\\na leather strap round her body, and began to swing\\nover the precipice. After a short time, she told her\\ndaughter to take her place the latter obeyed, imi-\\ntating exactly the example of the elder. When the\\nswing was in full motion, so that it cleared the pre-", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "68 Canada in 1864\\ncipice at every sweep,, the old woman slyly cut the\\ncords, and the poor creature fell into the lake. The\\nhag then disguised herself in her companion s cloth-\\ning, returned home in the dusk of the evening, and\\nfeigned herself to be her son s lost wife. She found\\nand nursed the child. The orphan boy asked her\\nwhere its mother was. She is still swinging.\\nI shall go and look for her/ he said. When the\\nhusband came in at night, he gave the coveted\\nmorsel to his supposed wife. He missed his mother-\\nin-law, but made no remark. She eagerly devoured\\nthe dainty, and tried to still the child. The man\\nlooked astonished at her averted countenance, and\\nasked why the infant cried so.\\nMeanwhile, the orphan had reached the sea-\\nshore, and had discovered no traces of the lost\\nwoman. He returned, and while the old mother\\nwas without cutting wood, he mentioned his sus-\\npicions to her son, and told him all his thoughts.\\nThe man at once painted his face black, stuck Ins\\nspear inverted into the earth, and prayed the Great\\nSpirit to send lightning, thunder, and rain, in the\\nhope that the body of his wife might rise from the\\nwater. Then he began to fast, telling the boy to\\ntake the child to play on the lake side.\\nAfter the young woman had fallen in, she was\\nseized by a water-tiger, whose tail twisted round\\nher body and drew her to the bottom, where she\\nfound all things ready for her reception, and became", "height": "3213", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 69\\nhis wife. While the children were sporting along the\\nshore, and the elder one was casting pebbles into\\nthe lake, a gull emerged from its centre, flew to the\\nland, and assumed a human form, in which he re-\\ncognized the lost mother. She wore a leather belt\\naround her loins and another of white metal, which\\nwas in reality the tail of her spouse the tiger. She\\nsaid, Come here with the child whenever he cries,\\nand I will nurse hira. The father accompanied\\nthem, and the gull again appeared, assumed her\\nformer shape, and began to suckle her little one.\\nThe man struck the chain with his- spear, severed\\nthe links, and took the trio home with him. When\\nthey entered the lodge, the old woman looked up\\ndespairingly, and shook her head. A rustling was\\naudible in the lodge, and the next moment she had\\nfled forth, and was never heard of more.", "height": "3217", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "70 Canada in 1864\\nCHAPTER Y.\\nTrapping and other ways of taking animals in the backwoods, with\\nhints to trappers, and some information as to the relative value\\nof different furs.\\nThe process of fitting out for trapping is by no\\nmeans an inexpensive one. Bear traps are seldom\\nused, being both costly and unwieldy a bear was\\ncaught quite lately in a steel one, weighing about\\n140 lbs.; this lie carried off bodily with the greatest\\nease, and was not captured until he had been fol-\\nlowed a distance of five miles. Honey had been\\ndeposited in different spots in the vicinity of the\\ntrap, and heads of Indian corn strewn plentifully\\naround. There are two sorts of bears in Upper\\nCanada the brown-nosed and the black the latter\\nbeing the larger of the two. Many of these animals\\nare taken in New Brunswick by means of dead falls\\nwith weights sufficient to hold the bear, the weight\\nrequired being from 700 to 900 lbs., and honey is\\nthe best bait. I was told by a Canadian that he had\\nplaced a gallon of molasses,, mixed with the same\\nquantity of whiskey in one of the sugar-making\\ntroughs, and thereby successfully enticed a bear to", "height": "3225", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 71\\ndrink of the intoxicating draught, which so stupe-\\nfied him that he was easily despatched.\\nThe Canadian bear generally retires to his winter\\nquarters in the latter part of November, and emerges\\nagain in April. Last spring I observed numerous\\ntracks as early as the first week in the month, the\\nsnow being then about eight inches deep.-\\nBeavers abound in most of the backwoods of\\nUpper Canada, and have been on the increase, as\\nuntil the last few years they were not destroyed.\\nFor a long time the skins only fetched a mere trifle,\\nabout sixpence per lb. when they were used in the\\nmanufacture of hats, they were worth from three\\nto five dollars a pound; but when silk and other\\nmaterials were introduced in their stead, they fell\\nimmediately, and at the present day they are sold at\\nsix shillings a pound. A large beaver in spring will\\nweigh perhaps forty-five pounds, and its skin four\\nand a quarter. By some persons the flesh of this\\ncreature is esteemed a delicacy, a taste in which\\nI do not concur however, the tail makes an unde-\\nniable soup, and a capital stew, which is one of the\\nfavourite dishes at an Indian feast.\\nThe beaver is an easy animal to trap. On all\\nthe principal beaver-dams there is one part at which\\nhe crosses as he passes on his way to and fro to exa-\\nmine the other dams, or to collect food and you\\nshould set your trap a little to the side of this track,\\nand in the water where it is about five inches deep.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "72 Canada in 1864\\nMake fast a stone, weighing some fifteen pounds, to\\nthe trap, and then attach to it a long piece of wood to\\nfloat as a buoy. As soon as the beaver feels himself\\ncaught, he plunges into deep water, and the weight\\nof the trap with the stone sinks and drowns him,\\nwhile the floating buoy points out to the trapper the\\nspot at which his prey is to be met with. It fre-\\nquently happens that the beaver will break the float\\nor buoy in two, which makes it difficult to find the\\ntrap; again, if the latter is not large enough, the little\\nfellow will be caught by the toe, and will burst\\naway. On the shores of the lesser dams you may\\noften observe a small mound called a scent-hill,\\nbearing a near resemblance to an ant-hill the male\\ndeposits thereon some weeds or mud scented with\\ncastor,* as a token to the female where to meet\\nhim opposite to this, and in the water as before,\\nset your trap after the same fashion, and with the\\nsame precautions indicated above. The beaver-\\nhouses are often ten feet in height, and more than\\nseventy in circumference at the base they are con-\\nstructed of sticks, sand, and mud, interwoven and\\nintermingled so closely that it is almost impossible\\nto break them apart, unless each piece is pulled out\\nseparately; the work of destroying one of these\\nhuts has taken me nearly a whole day. A man in\\nmy neighbourhood, quite a Baron Munchausen in\\nCastor (castoreum) is contained in the glandulous pouches of\\nthe male.", "height": "3225", "width": "2099", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 73\\nhis way, told me lie had once killed a great num-\\nber of beavers in the following manner He went\\nwith a good lantern and a club to a beaver dam,\\nwhich he had broken away by day, and close to\\nwhich he held the light as soon as it grew dark;\\nwhen the beavers came to repair the damage, he\\nslaughtered twelve in succession by knocking them\\non the head with his club. Many scents are em-\\nployed to attract the beaver the castor is, I believe,\\nthe best, and is often combined with rum. The\\nIndians put great faith in this spirit mixed with\\ncinnamon, while sassafras is warranted to draw a\\nbeaver for a mile. These allurements are kept a\\nprofound secret among trappers, but I suppose there\\nis no harm in my divulging them here. The beaver\\nskins should be stretched on a round hoop, and\\nhung up to dry, the tails being in the first place cut\\noff, and preserved for soup.\\nThe beaver- dams are certainly wonderful pieces\\nof mechanism some of them are from ten to twelve\\nfeet in height, and from sixty to a hundred in breadth\\nthey are formed of boughs, logs, and sticks inter-\\nwoven together, with occasionally a large stone de-\\nposited here and there to prevent the stream from\\nwashing away the upper part, the whole being inter-\\nmingled and plastered over with mud and clay.\\nWhen commencing a large dam, the beavers will\\noften turn the course of the water, to enable them\\nto float the timber down to it. They generally", "height": "3225", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "74 Canada in 1864\\nmanage to fell a tree on tlie exact spot chosen by\\nthemselves still it will sometimes happen that it\\nfalls the wrong way and upon a beaver, but this is\\nnot often the case, as a warning is given when the\\ntree is about to descend. The size of some of the\\ntrees laid low by these animals is astonishing I\\nmeasured two white poplars more than three feet in\\ndiameter. The beaver brings forth from two to five\\nyoung ones at a birth, and is three years in attaining\\nmaturity.\\nThe fisher is very difficult to catch, being as\\nwary as a fox. The best bait for him is a piece of the\\nmusk-rat, or of fish. When you have made yourself\\nacquainted with his haunt, set your trap, well covered\\nwith moss or leaves, hanging your bait about a foot\\nor eighteen inches above the pan; a spring-pole\\nmust be fastened to the trap, or the fisher would\\nsoon gnaw off his leg and escape this contrivance\\nis soon made by bending a pole over till it nearly\\ntouches the ground, then cut a notch in the side of\\na small tree, or hammer a peg into the earth, so that\\nthe end of the pole may bear against it. As soon\\nas the fisher is caught he will struggle violently, and\\nby his pulls upon the trap the spring-pole will be\\ndetached from the peg or tree, and your prey then\\nhangs aloft in the air. In the season the fur of the\\nfisher is worth from four to six dollars. In order to\\nget off the skin, make an incision, commencing at\\nthe tail, and you will be able to turn it inside out", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 75\\nit must then be stretched on a thin piece of board\\nand dried.\\nThe otter, again, is not very easy of capture.\\nWhere he frequents, he is in. the habit of making\\nwhat is called an otter slide, that is, the part of the\\nbank where he slides down into the stream. This\\nis readily to be distinguished, and exactly below\\nwhere he drops, set your trap with the pan about\\nthree inches deep in the water. Be careful not to\\napproach the spot afterwards, nor to touch anything\\nnear it, otherwise the otter will scent you, and will\\ntake good care to remain at a safe .distance. Otters,\\nwhen met with in the snow, are easily killed from\\nthe shortness of their legs they are unable to run\\nthrough it, and the progress they make by means of\\nshort jumps is necessarily tardy; hence they are\\nquickly overtaken. The fur of the otter is more\\nvaluable than that of the fisher, commonly averaging\\nfrom six to seven dollars. Both of these animals\\nrequire for their capture a double spring-trap, and a\\nvery strong one.\\nWe now come to the mink, at the present time\\nthe most valuable fur producer of Canada, in pro-\\nportion to its size, with the single exception of the\\nblack fox this last year a good mink skin being\\nworth four dollars, and even more. There are\\nseveral Ways of trapping the mink that usually re-\\nsorted to is a steel trap, the size of an ordinary rat-\\ntrap, minus the teeth: Construct a small house,", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "76 Canada in 1864\\noval in shape, and abont a foot in diameter, by\\nsticking pieces of wood into the ground at too nar-\\nrow an interval to allow of the mink getting in\\nbetween them except at the entrance; from this\\nentrance build a passage about one foot in length,\\nlikewise of sticks, and sufficiently wide to admit\\nyour destined prey at the mouth of the oval set\\nyour trap fastened by a chain, and covered with\\nleaves, and at its extremity hang upon a stick, some\\nsix inches high, a small trout, a piece of fish, a red\\nsquirrel, or, better than all, a bit of musk-rat. Be\\npatient, and the chances are that you will secure the\\nmink a little sooner or later, by adopting this con-\\ntrivance. As in the case of the fisher, spring-poles\\nare often used with the steel trap to prevent the mink\\nfrom decamping with the loss of a foot. Another\\nmethod of catching the mink is with the dead fall,\\neither by means of the ordinary figure of four, or by\\nthe even simpler contrivance of placing a piece of\\nstick under the upright or support of the fall or cross\\nbeam at the outer end of this stick the bait must\\nbe placed, and when the mink pulls at it, the stick\\nturns round, slips from the upright, and the cross-\\nbeam falls, on the animal s back.\\nI have myself tried, but without success, the\\nfollowing Yankee device, which, however, sounds\\ningenious Nail some boards perpendicularly round\\nthe top of an empty flour barrel, deposit your bait\\nat the bottom, throwing in some moss, leaves, etc.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "A Sand-booh for Settlers. 77\\nthen place your cask in an oblique position, so finely\\nbalanced that the additional weight of the mink will\\ncause it to stand upright. When once in the cask,\\nthe height of the perpendicular boards will be too\\ngreat for him to scale, and thus his capture is\\nsecured.\\nThe mink must be skinned in the same way as\\nthe fisher, and the skin stretched as long- as possible\\nif the inside is black it is not considered prime, and\\nwill not fetch half price. The fur is in excellent\\ncondition from October until the end of the winter;\\nduring the spring, which is the breeding season, it\\nis of little value, and it is then illegal to trap the\\nanimal. The scent obtained from the male is the\\nbest wherewith to attract his fellows, but oil of\\nrhodium and aniseed are also available. A resident\\nnot far from Toronto rears a number of minks, and\\nannually sells their fur to the amount of \u00c2\u00a3100\\nthese creatures are easy to bring up, and become as\\ntame as ferrets a wire netting round the place of\\ntheir confinement is a sufficient security against their\\nescaping.\\nOf martens there are two species inhabiting these\\nregions namely, the pine and the stone marten.\\nTheir habits somewhat resemble those of the fisher,\\nbut they are very scarce, and but few have been\\ntaken in my part of the country. They are trapped\\nin the same manner as the mink, but their skins are\\nless valuable.", "height": "3230", "width": "1956", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "78 Canada in 1864\\nFoxes are very numerous the cross fox is some-\\ntimes found, and occasionally a silver one. I have\\nnot heard of any black foxes being caught or killed\\nin Canada for some years past, although some are\\nsaid to exist a few miles further west. The skin of\\nthe common fox is worth about two dollars, that of\\nthe cross from four to ten, that of the silver about\\nthirty, and the black fox skin has been sold for as\\nmuch as eighty or a hundred dollars robes made of\\nthis last being worn by the Imperial family of Russia\\non state occasions.\\nThere are various modes both of enticing and of\\ncatching these animals. Some Indians have assured\\nme that they could attract one close to them by\\nimitating the squeaking of a mouse, and one told me\\nthat he captured foxes by putting a mouse into a\\ntuft of grass with its head visible, an*d placing it on\\nthe pan of the trap,, which must be covered with\\nashes and chaff; when the fox perceives the bait, he\\nmakes a spring and is caught by the leg. When\\nthe snow is on the ground, it is a capital plan to\\ntake one of Master Reynard s pads, and therewith to\\nimprint a number of footmarks round the trap.\\nAnother device, and a very successful one, as I am\\ninformed, is to combine honey, assafcetida, and the\\ncorns from the inside of a horse s leg, and to smear\\nthe mixture over the trap, concealed as before by\\nashes, with the bait thrown around it some, how-\\never, prefer to tie the bait to the pan. An old trap-", "height": "3231", "width": "2107", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 79\\nper imparted to me another method ascertain the\\npoint at which the fox is wont to cross the neigh-\\nbouring stream, and in all probability there will be\\na stepping-stone whereon he puts his foot remove\\nthis stone, and substitute a trap as nearly as possible\\nresembling it in its place, and the chances are that\\nthe next time he passes he will step on it. It has\\nbeen remarked by trappers that the fox dislikes\\nwetting his feet.\\nThere is rather a noted old character, in his way,\\npartaking of the poacher, the genuine huntsman, and\\nthe earth- stopper, who manages, with the aid of\\nhalf a dozen curs, to kill many foxes, by first running\\nthem to earth, setting a trap inside, and then\\nstopping it up air-tight. The same individual once\\nslaughtered a wolf, and carried it about with him to\\nevery house in the neighbouring town, until he had\\nraised a considerable sum for the dead body emitted\\nsuch a dreadful effluvium that the people were -glad\\nto throw coin to the fellow to get rid of him and the\\ncarcase together. By this, and other schemes, he\\nhas managed to acquire some money, for he is now\\nindependent, and owns a comfortable farm, on which\\nhe and his faithful wife Bet* (a Bible Christian\\nteacher) flourish the old man, among his friends,\\nwith his dogs and his horn, seems as happy as a\\nprince, especially when he can prevail on any one\\nThe faithful wife Bet died in January of this year.", "height": "3247", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "80 Canada in 1864\\nto listen to his yarns about poaching, delivered in a\\nstrong Cornish dialect.\\nThe musk-rat is caught with less difficulty than\\nany of the furry tribe out of the season the skin is\\nworth little or nothing, but in the prime (the spring)\\nit fetches about tenpence or a shilling. These crea-\\ntures erect their houses in the fall of the year, at the\\nedges of swamps, in beaver-dams, and on the land\\noverflowed by rivers. Near their building or feed-\\ning-places may be observed their tokens on logs\\nfloating just above the surface by these, score with\\nan axe, or tomahawk a hole wide and deep enough\\nto allow your traps (which should be made fast\\nabove) to be just under the water, and even with\\nthe log or timber on which the animals sit, and by\\nthis means you are sure of catching them. Another\\nplan is to pull down a part of one of their dwellings,\\nand set the trap near the entrance. The rat must\\nbe skinned, and the skin stretched in the same way\\nas the beaver s. The Indians roast and eat the flesh,\\nwhich they declare to be excellent first taking out\\nthe small bags of musk which are found in different\\nparts of the body, and which produce the best\\nscent for enticing the living rats. They inveigle\\nmany by moonlight by counterfeiting their squeak,\\nwhich is not unlike that of the house rat. The\\nhouses are made of grass and weeds piled up in the\\nshape of an ant-hill, and some of them are very large.\\nI think that I have now mentioned most of the", "height": "3221", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 81\\nfar tribe caught in the backwoods, with the excep-\\ntions of the wolf and the lynx, and a few others.\\nWolves abound in the unsettled townships; in a\\nsettled township the Government gives a premium of\\nsix dollars a head for each beast slain. The brutes\\nare very cunning, and the only successful method of\\nkilling them, with which I am acquainted, is by\\ndestroying them with strychnine small pills of fat,\\neach containing three grains of this poison, strewn\\nover the carcase of a deer or a horse, are pretty sure\\nto prove fatal to them. The skin is worth about\\nthree dollars. One hears wonderful stories of these\\nanimals chasing adults, but I have never witnessed\\nany such display of courage on their parts, and I\\nbelieve them to be arrant cowards.\\nThe lynx, or catamount, as it is called here, is\\nnot very common. It is an enemy to the lambs, and\\nwill sometimes attack a cow. A neighbour of mine,\\nin Norway, on one occasion lost ten head of cattle\\nthrough these beasts tearing the udders of the cows.\\nThe skin is not of much value and as lynxes are\\nvery scarce, the trapper troubles himself but little\\nabout them.\\nThe weasel and the ermine are caught in this\\ncountry. The former is in great repute among Irish\\nhorse- doctors, who place it in the mangers of horses\\ntroubled with certain diseases, while some of the\\nIrish ladies reckon it as a charm.\\nThe skunk is one of the most beautiful little\\n6", "height": "3230", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "82 Canada in 1864\\nanimals in Canada but woe to Mm who approaches\\ntoo near to one caught in a trap, for the creature\\npossesses the property of emitting by the movement\\nof Jits tail the most offensive and foetid stench, which\\nwill remain on the clothes until they have been buried\\nin the earth for a long while. Among the Irish,\\nskunk oil is supposed to be an antidote to rheu-\\nmatism.\\nThe marmot, or ground-hog, an animal that\\nlives underground and feeds on clover, is harmless\\nand comparatively worthless, although its skin is\\nsaid to furnish good whip-thongs, and its carcase to\\nbe not bad eating.\\nBlack squirrels are very numerous the fur is\\nserviceable for caps, and the flesh is excellent in\\ncurry.\\nThe Canadian hare is about the size of the Eng-\\nlish rabbit, but has much longer legs, and in appear-\\nance resembles the mountain-hare of Scotland, in\\nwinter becoming white like the Alpine variety it is\\ncaught by snaring with wire and a spring-pole, or\\nby a deadfall made of the bark of the bass-tree\\nsoaked in salt and water the brine inducing the\\nanimal to gnaw the bark. The skins are valueless,\\nand so is the flesh, unless disguised in soups or\\nstews.\\nI have now touched on the different methods of\\ntrapping the furry tribe, so far as my own experience\\ngoes. The trap for the beaver and the lynx is one", "height": "3218", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers.\\n83\\nsize larger than that for the otter and the fisher, and\\ncosts two dollars if only one is bought the best\\nsort is manufactured by iC Newhouse and Co., Oneida\\nCommunity/ which words are stamped on the pan\\nof all their traps. The next size (No. 3) is for the\\notter, fisher, and fox and next in order is the mink\\ntrap, which will stand the purchaser in about five-\\ndollars the dozen from the same company. There\\nare many imitations of these traps, but they are\\ngenerally useless, as you cannot set them square and\\neven, and the springs are constantly breaking in\\nsevere weather. There is a new invention in\\nAmerica, in which the springs are under the pan of\\nthe trap, thus occupying less room and exposing a\\nsmaller surface of iron. The big iron traps for cap-\\nturing bears are dangerous and almost useless. The\\nwolf trap is also larger in the jaws than that em-\\nployed for the beaver, and more likely to secure its\\nprey by catching him high up in the leg.\\nA trapper s outfit would be about as follows\\ndol. cent.\\n2 dozen mink traps 10\\n1 beaver traps\\ni otter traps\\nTent\\nCanoe\\nAxe and tomahawk\\n16\\n7\\n8\\n7\\n2\\nCarried forward\\n50", "height": "3209", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "84\\nCanada in 1864\\nBrought forward\\n60 lbs. of pork\\n60 of flour\\n2 of tea\\nPowder, shot, etc\\nA bake oven, pot, and frying pan\\ndol. cent.\\n50\\n2 50\\n1 75\\n2\\n4\\n2\\n62 25\\nIf the trapper has but a fair run of sport in the\\ntwo months in the fall of the year, he ought to make,\\neven if the skins do not realize the sums previously\\nmentioned, one hundred and fifty dollars. I give a\\nfair average, and quote from the accounts of two (not\\nfirst-rate) trappers for this last fall\\ndol. cent.\\nEighteen deer\\n76\\nSix fawns\\n12\\nThirty- five beavers\\n125\\nTwenty mink\\n60\\nThree otter\\n]9\\nForty musk-rat\\n10\\n2)302\\n151\\nThe expenses in the second year would be very\\nsmall, as the canoe, tent, etc., would last him a long\\nwhile, or he might dispense with the latter by build-", "height": "3225", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. S5\\ning a shanty. The autumn season for trapping and\\ndeer-hunting commences with the month of Sep-\\ntember, and closes about the second week in De-\\ncember the spring season is from the end of March\\nor beginning of April until the first week in May,\\nwhen the lakes all open and the hum of the mos-\\nquitoes is heard this is followed by the swarming\\nof the black flies, and for some three weeks they\\nrender the woods quite unbearable, filling your nose,\\nears, and mouth, and blackening your face it is\\nlabour in vain to sweep them off, as myriads are at\\nhand to take their place, and continue the agreeable\\noccupation of sucking your blood. Two or three\\nyears since these insects were in such numbers that\\nmany cattle were completely devoured by them, and\\na girl in the next shanty to the one in which I was\\nliving, returned from drawing water at about a hun-\\ndred yards distance with her face and throat in the\\nsame condition as if some thousand leeches had been\\napplied to those parts. However, the black flies do\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2not always amount to such a pest, though they are\\nthe greatest with which I am acquainted in Canada\\nand as fast as the land is cleared they vanish. Dur-\\ning their season, keep your house dark, and you\\nwill not be troubled with them within doors. The\\nmosquitoes, which remain until August or Septem-\\nber, are nearly as bad.\\nI have never encountered any venomous snake\\nin Upper Canada. I have heard of one rattle-snake", "height": "3230", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "SO Canada in 1864\\nbeing seen, and report speaks of the existence of the\\npuff-adder, but at all events it is extremely scarce.\\nThe garter-snake (harmless) is very common and\\nsome of the rivers and swampy grounds abound in\\nthe black-snake, a hideous reptile, though also inno-\\ncuous; it will sometimes measure six feet in length,\\nand the thickness that of a man s wrist. The pigs\\nare deadly enemies to the rattle- snake, so much so\\nthat the latter seems to have altogether disappeared.\\nEnough, I natter myself, has now been said of\\ntrapping to enable the settler to commence opera-\\ntions in that line. I have not referred to partridge\\nand duck shooting, as being the same all the world\\nover. I may, however, mention that the partridge\\nhere (of the grouse species) flies up and roosts in\\nthe trees. Of these birds there are two sorts, the\\nspruce and the common partridge; and further\\nwest you will find the quail, the wild turkey, and the\\nprairie hen the latter is to be seen in immense\\nquantities, particularly in the States.", "height": "3217", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh f 01* Settlers. 87\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nFish and fisheries The settler s occupations proper to each month\\nin the year Sleighs and sleighing.\\nA little information about Canadian fish, and the\\nbest ways of taking theni, may, perhaps, be service-\\nable to the settler. Hooks are much cheaper in\\nEngland than in Canada, therefore I should recom-\\nmend him to bring out a good supply of different\\nsizes. For the maskanonge (which much resembles\\nthe pike) large cod -hooks will be found to answer\\nbest, the trolling-hooks being generally too slight\\nbut he will find the latter of use when two or three\\nare soldered together, with a copper or brass eye\\nat the end. Some large and small hooks for trout and\\nbass, some eel-hooks with a bent eye in the shank,\\nsome of the smallest size for catching bait also a\\nfew strong lines for mackerel, and a few fine ones\\nfor fly-fishing, will complete the necessary outfit in\\nthis department.\\nMany of the rivers and lakes are full of maska-\\nnonge, some of which weigh over fifty pounds. The\\nusual bait for them is a spoon, either of silver,\\ncopper, or brass, according to the weather, the state", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "88 Canada in 1864\\nof the water, and the season on a bright day, they\\ngenerally prefer silver, and on a dark one, copper or\\nbrass. The boat is pulled at the rate of two miles\\nand a half an hour, the line towing astern some\\nthirty yards the metal spinning round attracts the\\nattention of the maskanonge, and numbers are thus\\ncaught in some waters. Many Yankees come here\\nfrom the States for the sake of the sport in Rice\\nLake, a celebrated resort for fishing, shooting, and\\nwhiskey-drinking. Most of them despatch the fish\\nthey have secured to the markets in the States;\\nwhile a few, both sportsmen and gentlemen, give\\naway what they catch, and spend their dollars freely.\\nThe bass, which weighs from two to six pounds, is\\nexcellent eating, both fresh and salted; there are\\nseveral species, of which the black is the best. It\\nwill often take the spoon-bait, and in July and\\nAugust will bite freely at worms, clams, or the small\\ncray-fish with the first a boy took a couple of bar-\\nrels full one day in the river Trent. In August and\\nSeptember excellent sport with this fish may be had\\nwith a white or yellow fly (the latter is preferable),\\ntied on a hook, and towed slowly behind a boat.\\nMany sorts of trout are to be met with; the\\nlesser streams and mill-dams, where there is good\\nwater, generally abound in the small speckled\\nspecies, which are delicious eating they have occa-\\nsionally been caught weighing one pound and up-\\nwards. In the streams that run into the large", "height": "3229", "width": "2102", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 89\\nlakes, the salmon, salmon-trout, the lamprey, and\\nthe eel are plentiful. During the spawning season,\\nmany salmon are destroyed by spearing at night\\nand although this practice is against the law, no\\nnotice is ever taken of these nocturnal poachers.\\nSome of the settlers near the Trent gain a livelihood\\nby the sale of eels, so abundant are they in this as\\nin the other large rivers. They are taken with\\nnight-lines, and average about 4 lbs. White fish,\\nsturgeon, pickerel, and herring are captured in mul-\\ntitudes in Lake Ontario with gill and stake-nets,\\nand near the shore with seines while long lines\\nare also used for salmon trout. Some of the farmers\\nsubsist chiefly by catching the white fish. A friend\\nof mine in this neighbourhood often cures two hun-\\ndred barrels during the season, each barrel being\\nworth about seven dollars. The fresh- water her-\\nrings exceed their salt-water brethren in size, but\\ndo not equal them in flavour when cured.\\nThere are very extensive fisheries of cod, ling,\\nand mackerel, on the coasts of Labrador and Gaspe,\\nwhich also swarm with shell-fish. I may remark, in\\npassing, that the land in the Gaspe settlement is\\nsold at a low rate, but I would not advise any emi-\\ngrants to select that coast, for the soil is poor, and\\nthe winters are very long and severe, as some unfor-\\ntunate Norwegians found to their cost three years\\nago, being nearly starved out. There are very good\\nsalmon rivers along the coast of the Bay of Chaleurs,", "height": "3249", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "90 Canada in 1864\\nand also in the island of Anticosti, where a sports-\\nman, who did not mind solitude and roughing it\\nfor a while, might vary his diversion by shooting\\nhears, the only human inhabitants being the inmates\\nof the lighthouse. But more of this anon.\\nI now propose to give a slight sketch of the\\noccupations proper to each month in Upper Canada,\\nthinking it may not be unacceptable to the newly-\\narrived settler.\\nJanuary. This is the coldest month in the year\\nin these latitudes, the ground being covered with\\nsnow, and generally affording good sleighing.\\nLumbering will be going on at the shanties. You\\ncan also employ yourself in chopping for clearing\\nland, and drawing fire-wood thrashing your corn,\\nand taking it to market. Also, while the snow is\\ndeep is the time to break in your colts, should you\\npossess any; and if you are located near fishing-\\ngrounds, you can angle with worms, or spear fish\\nthrough the ice.\\nFebruary. The same as in January, with the\\naddition of splitting rails for fences, and preparing\\nfor sugar-making by getting troughs ready for con-\\ntaining the sap, and the boiling-pots carried on to\\nthe ground. Also spills for the sap may be\\nmade.\\nMarch. Lumbering still. Most of the timber\\nwill now be drawn on the lakes ready for rafting as\\nsoon as the ice breaks up. During this month", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 91\\nthere is some little appearance of spring, the trees\\nbeginning to show signs of budding. After the\\nfirst thaw, commence your sugar-making a sunny\\nday and a frosty night will cause the sap to run.\\nThe spring season for trapping is from the end of\\nthis month, or the beginning of the next, until the\\nfirst week in May.\\nApril. The frost begins to leave the ground, and\\nthe snow has nearly disappeared, except in the\\nwoods. You can generally plough in the middle of\\nthe month, and you should get your hotbeds in\\norder for sowing quite early in May.\\nMay. This is a beautiful time here the leaves\\nare all out, the flowers are coming into blossom, and\\ntowards the latter end of the month the weather is\\ngenerally very warm, the backwoods swarming with\\nblack flies and mosquitoes. The farmer must be\\nbusy sowing his grain; while the fisherman can\\namuse himself, by no means unprofitably, with fly-\\nfishing or trolling for bass and maskanonge.\\nJune. Sheep-shearing usually takes place after\\nthe middle of the month turnips should be sown,\\nand tomatoes and capsicums planted out, in the\\nbeginning, unless you have already done that work\\nin May. Cucumbers will be ripe in the hotbeds.\\nHaymaking begins.\\nJuly. Continue getting in your hay the wheat\\nharvest commences about the last week in this\\nmonth. The young ducks are ready for the sports-", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "92 Canada in 1864\\nman and most of the finny tribe, both in lakes and\\nrivers, will bite freely.\\nAugust. The wheat harvest is generally over\\nbefore the end of the month, and the other cereals\\nare ready for in-gathering, with the exception of\\nIndian corn and buckwheat. Deer are in good con-\\ndition, and fish take bait eagerly. The early apples\\nare ripe. This is our hottest month.\\nSeptember. The best month for sowing fall\\nwheat, harvest peas, and oats, and for fall ploughing\\nalso for duck-shooting. Deer are in prime condition.\\nAutumn trapping commences.\\nOctober. Indian corn to be harvested potatoes\\nand turnips to be taken up towards the end of the\\nmonth the plough is at work throughout the whole\\nof it. Asparagus beds to be covered. Onions to\\nbe pulled, and grapes to be gathered also apples,\\npears, and other fruit. Venison in season. Trapping\\ncontinues.\\nNovember. This is a cold and windy time the\\nleaves are beginning to fall, and the general aspect\\nof nature to assume a desolate appearance. You\\nmay commonly plough to the close of the month.\\nPotatoes and turnips should be potted or housed.\\nThere is little rod-fishing, but plenty of trapping.\\nDecember. The winter has fairly set in, though\\nit often happens that there is no deep fall of snow\\nbefore Christmas, and the weather will sometimes be\\nopen and mild. Now kill your pigs, and salt down", "height": "3225", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "A Hand-boolc for Settlers. 93\\nyour pork for home consumption or sale. Pork sells\\ncommonly at about five dollars the hundred pounds.\\nDrawing wood and threshing out grain are the prin-\\ncipal employments of this month. Trapping ends\\nwith the second week.\\nSleighing in Upper Canada lasts about two\\nmonths, from the latter part of December until the\\nend of February, on the roads bordering on Lake\\nOntario, which are not unfrequently bare of snow\\nbut this mode of transit is of much longer continu-\\nance in the woods. The introduction of the snow-\\nplough, used in Norway, and, I believe, in Lower\\nCanada, might be effected here with little trouble,\\nand less expense; it would greatly improve the\\nsleighing, and also protract its duration. This\\nplough covers about ten feet of ground, and makes\\na clear, smooth surface, hardening the snow, and\\ntending to prevent its drifting, as it blows over the\\ntrack thus prepared, and leaves a space sufficient for\\nthe passage of the sleigh, and sufficient likewise to\\nadmit of two sleighs passing each other; whereas,\\nin Upper Canada, if your vehicle encounters another,\\none is obliged to plunge into the deep snow, which\\nis not only unpleasant but apt to be dangerous. One\\nteam can, without difficulty, manage ten or twelve\\nmiles a day, and the cost of the plough itself would\\nnot be more than ten shillings. Indeed, its utility is\\nso obvious that it is extraordinary the Government", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "94 Canada in 1864\\nshould not have caused its adoption. It is illegal\\nhere, as elsewhere, to drive without bells, a set of\\nwhich can be purchased at the stores for 7s. 6d. In\\nthe Lower Province I believe the sleighing is usually\\niC in season from November to March. The ex-\\npense of a good cutter, L c, a pleasure sleigh, is\\nabout thirty dollars, and that of a double or, lumber\\nsleigh is a little more. In the backwoods the jumper,\\nbuilt by the backwoodsman himself, is in common\\nuse the runners are made of ash or of iron wood,\\ninstead of being shod with steel. For lumbering\\nand drawing timber there are the bobsleighs, which\\nconsist of two short sleighs hooked to one another,\\nso that they can turn easily in a limited space.\\nThere is another sort of these indispensable con-\\ntrivances in the States, somewhat after the style of a\\nrocking-horse, the driver sitting astride as if on\\nhorseback.\\nThere are few out-door amusements while the\\nsnow lasts but I may except that of going down\\nhill at a flying pace, seated on the Tabaugen (from\\nthe Indian Tabernac a flat board turned up at\\nthe end. These Tabaugens are also very serviceable\\nduring the winter for carrying loads on the snow,\\nenabling you to convey double the weight you could\\nbear on your back, and with greater ease to yourself.\\nI introduced the long Norwegian snow-shoe here,\\nand it has afforded some amusement to the young\\npeople but it is of little real use in these regions,", "height": "3225", "width": "2096", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 95\\nwhere there are no smooth fields or prairies to tra-\\nverse, as in Norway, and where a rapid descent\\ndown a declivity is somewhat perilous, as you may\\nchance to knock against a huge pine stump. In the\\ntowns the inhabitants have their skating rinks, cur-\\nling matches, etc. but in the country we have little\\nor no diversion at any season nothing but incessant\\nhard work to gather in the dollar, and go ahead.\\nTo the more thoughtful and cultivated minds, how-\\never, the magnificent aspect of nature, in her alter-\\nnate mantle of the softest green and the purest\\nwhite, is a never-failing source of pleasure.", "height": "3217", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "96 Canada in 1864\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nTHE MINERALS OF CANADA.\\nBy the kind permission of the members of the Geo-\\nlogical Survey, I am enabled to give the following\\ncatalogue of the minerals found in Canada\\nMETALS AND THEIR OEES.\\nIE0N.\\nBog Iron Ore or Limonite. Deposits of this ore,\\nin greater or less abundance, are spread out in\\npatches on the north side of the St. Lawrence, and\\nbetween it and the foot of the Laurentide Hills, all\\nthe way from Ste. Anne des Plaines to Portneuf, a\\ndistance exceeding a hundred miles. In this area\\nthe ore seems to be most concentrated in the neigh-\\nbourhood of the St. Maurice and Batiscan rivers;\\nand iron has been smelted in the neighbourhood of\\nThree Bivers for upwards of a century. The St.\\nMaurice forges were established in 173 7., and con-\\ntinued in operation until 1858. In 1831 from 250 to\\n300 persons were employed at the establishment\\nbut the ore and wood becoming exhausted, and the\\nBadnor forges having been erected in the Seigniory", "height": "3224", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 97\\nof Cap de la Madelaine, on the Riviere au Lard, a\\ntributary of the Ckamplain River, in a vicinity where\\nthe ore and wood are still abundant, the St. Maurice\\nforges went out of blast. The ore with which the\\nRadnor furnaces are supplied occurs close to the\\nsurface, in a multitude of patches distributed over\\nthe country, with a thickness of from three to twenty-\\nfour inches. It is brought to the furnaces partly by\\nthe workmen of the company, and partly by the\\nvarious farmers on whose lands the ore occurs. The\\nchief manufacture of the company consists of cast-\\niron car- wheels, the price of which at the forges is 2g-\\ncents per lb. A rolling mill has been erected at\\nthis establishment for the rolling of malleable iron\\nof superior quality, such as scythe iron, the price of\\nwhich is 3|- cents per lb., and nail-rod iron, the\\nselling price being 2 cents per lb.\\nThe quartzose sandstone, used for furnace hearths,\\nbelongs to the Potsdam formation, part of the lowest\\ngroup of the Lower Silurian series of rocks. Blocks\\nof from twelve to fourteen inches thick, four feet\\nlong, and twenty inches wide, do not require renewal\\noffcener than once in two years. The ore is washed\\nat the smelting works, to free it from soil, and it\\nthen contains between 40 and 50 per cent, of iron.\\nThe quantity used annually is between 4000 and\\n5000 tons. The bog iron ore is found also in the\\nSeigniory of Yandreuil and at St. Yallier, but it has\\nnever been worked.\\n7", "height": "3229", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "98 Canada in 1864:\\nThe specimens contain abont 50 per cent, of iron.\\nBed Hematite or Oligist Ore. This is found in\\nMacNab. There is an nnworked bed of 30 feet\\nthick, containing, by analysis, about 58 per cent, of\\niron. v\\nIn Sutton this ore yields from 20 to 50 per cent,\\nof iron. It often contains a portion of titanium, as\\nrutile, ilmenite, or sphene.\\nMagnetic Iron Ore. Sutton: A bed of 12\\nfeet thick, consisting of dolomite, abounding in\\nsmall crystals of the magnetic oxyd of iron, which\\nequals, in many specimens, about 56 per cent, of the\\nmass, thus giving an iron ore containing about 38\\nper cent, of metal. Two other bands of dolomite\\nrun parallel with the one mentioned, all in the space\\nof 100 yards, on the property of Mr. Oramel Stutson.\\nMarmora Iron Mine, Belmont, commonly known\\nas the Big Iron Ore Bed of Marmora. It appears,\\nhowever, not to be a single bed, but a succession\\nof them (one measuring 100 feet in thickness),\\ninterstratified with thin bands of crystalline lime-\\nstone and talcose slate, associated with diallage rock,\\nserpentine, and epidosite. The breadth of the mass\\nis eight chains. The ore contains between 60 and\\n70 per cent, of iron. Many years ago a furnace\\nwas erected at Marmora to smelt it, and iron of\\nsuperior quality was manufactured. More recently,\\ndifferent companies have, for short periods, renewed\\nsmelting operations, with very satisfactory results", "height": "3248", "width": "2105", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 99\\nin respect to the quality of the iron produced but\\nthe distance of the place from a shipping port has\\nproved a serious obstacle to success.*\\nNewborough, S. Crosby: A bed of 200 feet\\nthick in gneiss. It is situated on Mud Lake,, a part\\nof the Eideau Canal, and is the property of Messrs.\\nG. Chaffey and Brothers, who mine the ore, and\\nsupply it at Kingston for 2 dollars the ton, to\\nvessels which carry it as back freight to Cleveland,\\non Lake Erie; whence it finds its way to the\\nsmelting furnaces at Pittsburg, on the Ohio, in the\\nState of Pennsylvania. About 400 0 tons of the ore\\nwere thus exported in 1859.\\nHull: A bed of about 90 feet in thickness.\\nMessrs. Forsyth and Co. commenced mining this\\nore in 1854, for the supply of their own furnaces at\\nPittsburg. Up to 1858 they had exported about\\n8000 tons. It contains between 60 and 70 per cent,\\nof iron.\\nGrenville A bed about 10 feet thick in gneiss,\\non the property of Mr. Thomas Loughran.\\nSince this report appeared, copper ore and lead ore combined\\nwith silver have been found in this neighbourhood, and the distance\\nfrom a shipping port is now lessened, as a steamer can take the ore\\nfrom Heely s Falls, a distance of only eight miles, up the river Trent,\\ninto Eice Lake, whence it can be conveyed by railroad to Coburg, on\\nLake Ontario. There is not capital enough in the country to carry\\nout the speculation of renewing smelting operations on a sufficiently\\nextended scale if any English Company would try the experiment\\nlarge fortunes might be made in a short time.\\nLofC.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "100 Canada in 1864:\\nGrandison A bed of about 20 feet thick in\\ngneiss, on Government land.\\nMadoc A bed of 25 feet thick in gneiss. The\\nore is very free from sulphur, and yields to analysis\\nabout 70 per cent, of iron it is a natural magnet,\\ndisplaying strong polarity.\\nSouth Sherbrooke A bed of about 12 feet thick\\nin gneiss. The ore contains between 60 and 70 per\\ncent, of iron.\\nHastings Road, north side A bed in gneiss.\\nIlmenite, or Titaniferous Iron Ore with Rutile.\\nSt. Urbain, Bay St. Paul: A bed of 90 feet thick,\\nwhich is exposed for 300 feet on the strike, and is\\ntraceable for about a mile. The ore has yielded to\\nanalysis\\nOxyd of titanium .48*60\\nProtoxyd of iron 46 44\\nMagnesia 3 60\\n98-64\\nLEAD.\\nGalena, or Suljphnret of Lead. Gaspe, Indian\\nCove A vein which rises northward into a hill about\\n700 feet in height, constituting Gaspe promontory.\\nThe vein has a width of about 1 8 inches. About\\nsix tons of ore of 60 per cent, have been obtained\\nfrom a trial shaft of twenty feet in depth.\\nRamsay Mines, Ramsay A shaft has been sunk\\non the lode to the depth of 37 feet, and the working", "height": "3222", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 101\\nof 75 fathoms of ground, in 1858, yielded 26 tons\\nof ore of 80 per cent. A smelting furnace has been\\nerected, with a fifty-horse-power engine.\\nLansdowne.\\nBedford The distance between the Lansdowne\\nand Bedford lodes is about 25 miles they bear for\\none another, and it appears not at all improbable\\nthat the veins in the two localities may be identical,\\nor belong to one group. Though now abandoned,\\nsome of these are supposed to be still unexhausted\\nand two of them are known, at one period, to have\\nyielded a great quantity of ore, one of them as\\nmuch as 142 dollars worth to a fathom.\\nCOPPER.\\nSulphurets of Copper. Bscott, near Brockville\\nThe ore from this bed has yielded 10 per cent, of\\ncopper.\\nBruce Mines, Lake Huron The main lode, which\\nis worked with another of about the same thickness,\\nis, on an average, from 2 to 4 feet wide. In a\\ncareful examination made in 1848, about 3000 square\\nfathoms of these lodes were computed to contain\\nabout 6 per cent, of copper. The quantity of\\nore obtained from the mine, since its opening in\\n1847, is stated to be about 9000 tons of 18 per cent.\\nThe number of men employed is thirty-four. The\\nores are in part sent to the Baltimore market, and\\nin part to the United Kingdom.\\nWellington Mine, Lake Huron: The lodes of", "height": "3249", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "102 Canada in 1864\\nthis mine are probably a north-westward continua-\\ntion of those of the Bruce mine. The quantity of\\nore obtained by the West Canada Mining Company\\nsince 1857 is a little over 6000 tons of 20 per cent.\\nIn 1861, the quantity was 1175 tons of 19 per cent.,\\nand from the Huron Copper Bay Mine, 1300 tons,\\nmaking the total quantity obtained in that year about\\n3000 tons. The number of men employed is 260.\\nAll of the ore raised by this Company is sent to\\nthe United Kingdom.\\nActon Mine, Acton The ore of this mine occurs\\nin masses. In the first few weeks work in 1859,\\nabout 300 tons of ore, containing nearly 30 per cent.\\nof copper, were quarried, in open cuttings, from two\\nof the masses, without making much apparent im-\\npression on the quantity in sight. The total quan-\\ntity sent from the mine up to the end of 1861 is\\nnearly 6000 tons, holding, on the average, about\\n17 per cent, of copper.\\nUpton Mine, Upton.\\nBissonette s Mine, Upton.\\nWickham Mine, Wickham An experimental\\nshaft has been sunk to a depth of about 5 fathoms\\nabout 4 tons of 30 per cent, ore have been obtained\\nfrom the excavation.\\nYale s Mine, Durham.\\nBlack Eiver Mine, St. Flavien.\\nHarvey s Hill Mine, Leeds The English and\\nCanadian Mining Company employs about fifty hands.", "height": "3231", "width": "2098", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 103\\nSt. Francis Mine, Cleveland.\\nJackson s Mine, Cleveland.\\nColdspring Mine, Melbourne.\\nSweet s Mine, Sutton.\\nCraig s Range Mine, Chester.\\nNicolet Branch Mine, Ham.\\nGarthby This appears to be a large mass of\\niron and copper pyrites, running N.E. and S.W.\\nIn some parts sulphuret of iron prevails, almost to\\nthe exclusion of that of copper, while in others there\\nis as much as 8 per cent, of copper. Some parts\\nassume the aspect of what, among Cornish miners, is\\ntermed bell-metal ore.\\nHaskell Hill Mine, Ascot The quantity of ore\\nobtained from the bed by five men in five months is\\nabout 100 tons, yielding 8 per cent, of pure copper.\\nA vein on lot 17, range 7, of Ascot, within a mile\\nof Sherbrooke, in addition to the yellow sulphuret\\nof copper, has been found to hold traces of gold.\\nNative Copper. Harrison s Location, St. Ignace*\\nIsland, Lake Superior: The vein is about four or\\nve inches wide, and holds masses of native copper,\\nmany of them weighing upwards of 100 lbs., accom-\\npanied by native silver.\\nMichipicoten Island, Lake Superior The quan-\\ntity of metal is equal to about 5 per cent.\\nMamainse, Lake Superior 450 lbs. of native\\ncopper in a single sheet, from a vein, was sent as\\na specimen to the London International Exhibition,", "height": "3249", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "104 Canada in 1864:\\n1862. Here are occasionally found the remains of\\nIndian hammers, giving evidence of rude aboriginal\\nattempts at mining many centuries since.\\nSmelted Copper. Bruce Mines, Lake Huron.\\nNICKEL.\\nSulphur et of Nicltel. Orford.\\nSILVER.\\nNative Silver. Prince s Location, Lake Supe-\\nrior The location is the property of the British-\\nAmerican Mining Company, and in a small trial shaft\\nsunk by them, to the depth of between six and\\nseven fathoms, on the mainland, where the lode is\\nfour feet wide, several hundred pounds of the vein\\ncontained 3| per cent, of silver.*\\nGOLD.\\nNative Gold. Fief St. Charles, Seigniory of\\nAubert de Tlsle Nuggets found here, some of\\nExtract from a newspaper of the 20th December, 1863\\nEvidence of the richness of the silver deposits on Lake Superior\\nssems to be constantly accumulating. George Cummingshas opened\\na vein this week on section 15, township 49, N. of range 26 W.,\\nfrom which he brought in some 100 lbs. of extremely-\\nrich ore, some of the specimens weighing from 5 to 10 lbs., and\\nalmost pure. The ore is a bright steel colour, indicating a high per\\ncentage of silver. The vein, where the blasting was done, is about\\ntwo feet wide. The richness with which the veins open is most\\nastonishing, exceeding any deposits of the kind known before.\\nSilver is reported to be found in the township of Lake Huron.", "height": "3231", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers.\\n105\\nthem weighing from 10 dwts. to 126 dwts., were\\nsent as specimens to the London International\\nExhibition, 1862.\\nVarious companies have made trials of auriferous\\ndrift in several places, one of the most important\\nhaving been on the Riviere des Plantes but of this\\nit is not easy to procure authentic details. In 1851,\\nthe Canada Gold Mining Company commenced a\\ntrial of the drift along the Riviere du Loup, near its\\njunction with the Chaudiere, which continued three\\nyears. The following are the results for the years\\n1851 and 1852\\nArea washed.\\nSq. acres.\\n1851 4\\n1852 f\\nG-old collected,\\ndwts. grs.\\n2107-11\\n2880-19\\n4987-30\\nYalue.\\ndols.\\n1826-46\\n2496-69\\nWages,\\ndols.\\n1644-33\\n1888-35\\n4323-15\\n3532-68\\nProfit,\\ndols.\\n182-13\\n508-34\\n690-47\\nSeigniory of Yandreuil, Beauce In the nugget\\nof 80 dwts. with quartz, sent to the London Inter-\\nnational Exhibition, 1862, the proportion of the\\ngold was 64 per cent.\\nRapids of the Chaudiere, parish of St. Francois\\n(Beauce) In an analysis made by Mr. Hunt, in\\n1 854, a portion of the galena separated by washing,\\nbut still containing a small mixture of the blende\\nand pyrites, gave, by assay of 500 grains, 69 per\\ncent, of lead, and 32 ounces of silver to the ton of\\nore. Another sample of 500 grains, more carefully", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "106 Canada in 1864\\ndressed, gave 37 ounces of silver to the ton. The\\nsilver contained a small quantity of gold. Another\\nportion of 500 grains, of the sample which gave\\n69 per cent, of lead, afforded by cupellation a\\nquantity of silver equal to not less than 25G ounces\\nof silver to the ton.\\nPLATINUM AND IRIDOSMINE.\\nNative Platinum. Grains of platinum and of\\niridosmine, in very small quantities, are met with\\namong the drift gold of the Chaudiere.\\nMINERALS APPLICABLE TO CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES.\\nChromic Iron. Mount Albert, Shickshock range,\\nGraspe Found in masses, the largest weighing about\\n20 lbs.\\nHam.\\nBolton The ore occurs in masses of from 50 to\\n1000 lbs. in weight.\\nMolybdenite, or Sulphuret of Molybdenum. Que-\\ntachoo River, Manicouagan Bay, north shore, Gulf of\\nSt. Lawrence.\\nCobaltiferous Iron Pyrites. Elizabethtown, near\\nBrockville Assays of the ore have yielded one half\\nof 1 per cent, of cobalt.\\nDolomite. Lithe eastern townships avast quan-\\ntity of dolomite occurs in bands, which are from\\n10Q to 300 feet thick.\\nMagnesite, or Carbonate of Magnesia. Sutton.\\nBolton: The purest specimens contain 80 per", "height": "3231", "width": "2098", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 107\\ncent, of carbonate of magnesia, with a portion of\\ncarbonate of iron.\\nThe most important application of this mineral\\nis probably for the fabrication of a cement to resist\\nthe action of sea -water.\\nPetroleum, or Rock Oil. Natural springs of\\nrock oil have long been known in several localities\\nin Western Canada. There are two in the township\\nof Enniskillen. Wells sunk to a depth of from\\n40 to 60 feet, through the superficial clays, en-\\ncounter a stratum of gravel, resting on the surface\\nof the rock beneath, and often filled with oil, giving\\norigin to what are called surface wells. Within an\\narea of four square miles in the first three ranges of\\nthe township, there were supposed to be, in August\\n1861, about seventy wells, yielding more or less oil.\\nForty of these were surface wells. Some wells\\nbored in July and August, 1861, are stated to have\\nyielded from 400 to 500 barrels of oil in a week or\\ntwo after having been opened. Two bored wells,\\nbelonging to Mr. Williams, yielded together, during\\nsome months, from 20 to 25 barrels (of 40 gallons\\neach) daily. Wells bored to a depth of nearly 200\\nfeet have yielded less oil than the surface wells.\\nIn Pennsylvania the supply of oil from the flow-\\ning wells soon diminished, and eventually failed.\\nTilsonburgh Near the village of Tilsonburgh,\\nin the township of Dereham, natural oil springs occur.\\nIn the townships of Zone, Mosa, and Orford, on the", "height": "3247", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "108 Canada in 1864\\nbanks of the Thames,, oil springs abound for a distance\\nof four miles. The oil-bearing limestone underlies\\nan area of 7000 square miles in Western Canada.\\nBituminous Shale. Collingwood.\\nWorks were erected in 1859 by Messrs. Pollard\\nand Macdonell, consisting of 24 retorts, capable of\\nyielding about 250 gallons of oil daily, by the dis-\\ntillation of from 20 to 30 tons of shale. The cost\\nof the crude oil was 14 cents (about sevenpence)\\nthe gallon. The works have been repeatedly de-\\nstroyed by fire, and are for the present abandoned.\\nPhosphate of Lime (Apatite). North Elmsley.\\nSouth Burgess The deposit of phosphate of\\nlime seen in North Elmsley, appears to be continued\\nsouth-westwardly through Burgess.\\nREFRACTORY MINERALS.\\nSoapstone (steatite, compact talc). Bolton.\\nSutton.\\nPotstone (compact chlorite). Bolton.\\nMica. Found in Grenville, and North and South\\nBurgess.\\nPlumbago or Blacldead. Pointe du Chene\\nGraphite Mine, county of Argenteuil.\\nLochaber The workable beds which have been\\nobserved, are chiefly in various townships on the\\nnorth side of the Ottawa.\\nAsbestus. Generally a fibrous serpentine or\\nchrysotile, which occurs in veins cutting the serpen-\\nine of the eastern townships.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 109\\nFriable Sandstone. Used to protect the sides\\nand bottoms of furnaces in iron foundries.\\nFire-clay. In Mr. Gartshore s foundry at\\nDundas, this clay has entirely superseded the fire-\\nclay formerly imported from the United States.\\nMINERALS APPLICABLE TO COMMON AND DECORATIVE\\nCONSTRUCTION.\\nLimestones. Amprior, MaclSfab.\\nCornwall.\\nMontreal.\\nChevrotiere.\\nThe quantity of stone annually quarried in the\\nvicinity of Montreal is over 90,000 tons.\\nThe produce of the quarries of La Chevrotiere has\\na deserved celebrity in Quebec, where it has been\\nused in the construction of churches and other\\nbuildings.\\nDolomites or Magnesian limestone. Owen Sound.\\nNoisy River Falls, Nottawasaga.\\nRockwood, Eramosa.\\nGuelph.\\nOxbow, Saugeen River This is the best dolo-\\nmite which has been discovered in the country. It\\nresembles the Caen stone in the facility with which\\nit can be worked.\\nSandstones. Lyn, Elizabethtown.\\nNepean.\\nQuin s Point, Seigniory of La Petite Nation", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "110 Canada in 1864\\nThis stone has been used in the constrnction of the\\nParliament buildings at Ottawa.\\nPembroke.\\nHamilton, Barton.\\nGeorgetown, Esqnesing The stone from here\\nhas been nsed in constructing culverts on the Grand\\nTrunk Railway, and numerous buildings in Toronto.\\nNottawasaga, and other places.\\nLabradorite. The opalescent variety of Labra-\\ndorite occurs in cleavable masses in a fine grained\\nbase of the same mineral character, which forms\\nmountain masses. Where these are thickly dis-\\nseminated in the paste, the stone becomes a beau-\\ntiful decorative material, applicable to architectural\\nembellishment, and to articles of furniture. It is\\nworked at a cost beyond that of marble, but not\\ngreater than is proportionate to the superior beauty\\nand durability of the material.\\nGneiss. St. Charles Reservoir, Jeune Lorette\\nThis stone has been used for building the dam and\\nreservoir of the Quebec Water-works, on the St.\\nCharles River. Masses of almost any size can be\\nblasted out from the rock, and large blocks have\\nbeen dressed and applied to the masonry work\\nof the reservoir, which will, no doubt, prove a\\nstructure of the most lasting character.\\nSyenite. Grenville.\\nBarrow Island, River St. Lawrence, opposite\\nGananoque.", "height": "3231", "width": "2099", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. Ill\\nGranite. St. Joseph, Beauce This band of\\ngranite has been nsed for millstones, and would\\nyield a strong and durable building stone.\\nBarnston, and other places.\\nMAEBLES.\\nLimestones. Arnprior Light and dark grey\\nmarble.\\nElzivir White marble.\\nGrenville Yellowish-white marble.\\nAugmentation of Grenville Spotted green and\\nwhite marble.\\nSt. Armand White marble, and black marble.\\nSt. Joseph, Beauce Eed marble, veined with\\nwhite.\\nCaughnawaga Grey marble, and grey with red\\nspots.\\nSt. Dominique Dove-grey marble.\\n1/ Original Grey marble with white spots.\\nPointe Claire Brownish black, and greenish\\nblack.\\nCornwall Black marble.\\nPakenham Brown marble.\\nGloucester Brownish grey marble.\\nMontreal Grey marble.\\nDudswell Cream white marble.\\nSerpentines. Orford Dark green serpentine,\\n.and dark green striped with light green.\\nMelbourne Green and white.", "height": "3225", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "112 Canada in 1S64\\nSt. Joseph, Beauce Green, veined with white.\\nThese rocks, or others immediately near them,\\ncontain the metals iron, lead, zinc, copper, nickel,\\nsilver and gold with the drift gold, derived from\\nthese strata, are found platinum, iridosmine, and\\ntraces of mercury.\\nSLATES, FLAGSTONES, LIME, BEICKS, AND DRAIN TILES.\\nRoofing Slates. Walton Quarry, Melbourne\\nMr. Walton commenced opening a quarry in 1860,\\nand found it necessary to make a tunnel through the\\nserpentine. The cost was 30,000 dollars. Up to a\\ncomparatively recent period, the usual coverings of\\nhouses in Canada have been wooden shingles, gal-\\nvanized iron, or tin-plate but so many destructive\\nfires have occurred from the use of the first of these,\\nthat they are now interdicted in all large towns.\\nSlate, as a covering, costs about one-third more than\\nshingles, but one-half less than tin, and one-third\\nless than galvanized iron. In the following table are\\nshown 1st, the sizes of the slates, in inches 2nd,\\nthe number of such slates in a square (of 100\\nsquare feet) and, 3rd, the price per square at which\\nMr. Walton supplies his slates, placed on the rail-\\nroad cars at Eichmond, which is within a mile and\\na-half of the quarry.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers.\\n113\\nSizes.\\nNum-\\nber.\\nPrice.\\nSizes.\\nNum-\\nber.\\nPrice.\\nSizes.\\nNum-\\nber.\\nPrice.\\n24x16\\n86\\n$4 00c.\\n20x10\\n169\\n\u00c2\u00a74 00c.\\n14x10\\n262\\n$3 00c.\\n24x14\\n98\\n4 00\\n18x11\\n175\\n4 00\\n14x 9\\n291\\n3 00\\n24x12\\n114\\n4 00\\n18x10\\n192\\n4 00\\n14x 8\\n327\\n3 00\\n22x12\\n126\\n4 00\\n18x 9\\n213\\n4 00\\n14x 7\\n374\\n2 75\\n22x11\\n138\\n4 00\\n16x10\\n222\\n3 75\\n12x 8\\n400\\n2 75\\n20X12\\n141\\n4 00\\n16 x 9\\n246\\n3 75\\n12 X 7\\n457\\n2 50\\n20x11\\n154\\n4 00\\n16x 8\\n277\\n3 60\\n12x 6\\n533\\n2 25\\nTo show that slate,, as a covering, is well adapted\\nto resist the influences of a Canadian climate, it may\\nbe stated that slates from Angers, in France, have\\nbeen exposed on the roof of a building in Montreal\\nfor upwards of 100 years, without any perceptible\\ndeterioration.\\nSlate for roofing is also found at Orford, Tring,\\nKingsly, Cleveland.\\nFlagstones. Georgetown, Esquesing A hard,\\nfine-grained sandstone, which can be split into\\nflagstones. They are used at Toronto and Hamil-\\nton.\\nHydraulic Lime. St. Catherines.\\nFormerly the quantity of cement manufactured,\\nduring the construction of railways and other public\\nworks, averaged 80,000 bushels annually; the\\nquantity made now does not exceed one-tenth of the\\namount. The price now is about a shilling per\\nbushel of 60 lbs.\\n8", "height": "3229", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "114 Canada in 186-i\\nWalkerton.\\nLimelioiise.\\nNepean.\\nPockwood.\\nMagdalen Eiver.\\nCommon Lime. Guelph The stone occurs here\\nin unlimited quantities.\\nWalkerton This remarkably white lime makes\\na superior whitewash, and a strong cement.\\nMontreal This limestone yields the best stone\\nfor building purposes, and also burns to excellent\\nlime, of which 2 70,000 bushels per annum are manu-\\nfactured at Montreal at 16f cents per bushel.\\nCommon Bricks. Owen Sound.\\nWalkerton, Brant.\\nSt. Jean, County of Lotbiniere.\\nMontreal Messrs. Peel and Compte manufac-\\nture 6,000,000 common bricks annually, which are\\nsold at from 5 to 6 dollars per 1000. The red bricks\\nof Montreal are manufactured from a blue clay of\\nmarine origin, as is proved by the occurrence of sea\\nshells all probably the same as species now inha-\\nbiting the ocean. The remains of the capeling\\n(Mallotus villosus) and the lump -sucker (Cyclostomus\\nlumpus) are obtained from the same clays near\\nOttawa. In one of Messrs. Peel and Compters pits\\nhas been found a nearly entire skeleton of the Green-\\nland seal, a species still liviug in the Gulf of St.\\nLawrence from the size of the head, the animal", "height": "3230", "width": "2101", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 115\\nappears to have been six feet long, and full\\ngrown.\\nThe quantity of bricks manufactured by Messrs.\\nBuhner and Sheppard is equal to 6,000,000 per\\nannum. In this manufacture they use Boaden s\\nbrick-making machine.\\nToronto The deposit of clay extends eastward,\\nat least as far as Cobourg. The average annual\\nmanufacture of all kinds of bricks is from 8,000,000\\nto 10,000,000. The price of common red bricks is\\nfrom 3 dollars to 4 dollars per 1000.\\nDrain Tiles. North Plantaganet Tiles are\\nmanufactured by Mr. Thomas Gibb, at Treadwell,\\nfrom a blue clay, which forms a considerable deposit\\non the banks of the Ottawa. The price of them is\\n10 dollars per 1000.\\nQuebec Tiles made by Messrs. W. and D. Bell\\nare used for main sewers and house drains in the\\ncity of Quebec, where 151,000 of them have been\\nlaid.\\nGRINDING AND POLISHING MINERALS.\\nWhetstones. Stanstead.\\nHatley, Massawippi Lake.\\nBolton.\\nKingsey.\\nCollingwood.\\nNottawasaga.\\nMadoc.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "116 Canada in 1864\\nHones. Otterfcail Lake, Thessalon River.\\nGrindstones. Nottawasaga Considerable num-\\nbers of grindstones are made by hand here, and in\\nthe township of Mulmur, and are declared by prac-\\ntical men to be superior to those imported. A lathe\\nfor turning them could be erected for about \u00c2\u00a3200\\nsterling.\\nMillstones. Grenville.\\nCayuga, north of Talbot Road.\\nMillstones for grinding oats and barley are\\nmanufactured by Mr. W. De Cew, of De Cewville,\\nin the county of Haldimand.\\nMINERAL MANURES.\\nGypsum Oneida.\\nYork, Grand River.\\nThe following is the amount of gypsum raised\\nannually from the quarries on the Grand River\\nT. Martindale, Oneida 3500 tons.\\nF. Donaldson, Oneida 1500\\nA. Taylor, York 3000\\nThompson and Wright, Paris 4000\\nF. Brown, Cayuga 2000\\n14,000\\nThe greater part of this gypsum is used for\\nagricultural purposes, and the prices at which it is\\nsold are as follows", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 117\\nPlaster, unground $2 per ton.\\nground for the land $3 to $4\\n3 j stucco, raw $5 $7\\n,3 33 calciued $16\\nFresh-water Shell Marl. JSTew Edinburgh.\\nSheffield.\\nMontreal.\\nNepean.\\nWest Hawkesbuiy.\\nBrant, north of Durham Road.\\nCarrick.\\nBentinck.\\nAnticosti.\\nBelleville.\\nSt. Armand.\\nCalcareous Tufa. Noisy River Falls.\\nMINERAL PAINTS.\\nIron Ochres. Ste. Anne de Montmorenci.\\nCap de la Madelaine.\\nPointe du Lac.\\nIn 1851 Messrs. H. A. Monroe and Co., of New\\nYork, made arrangements to prepare the ochres for\\nsale. The prevailing colours are red and yellow,\\nbut there occurs also in some parts a beautiful\\npurple ochre, and in others a blackish brown. From\\nthese natural tints, eight colours are said to have\\nbeen prepared. The deposit being but little mixed\\nwith sand, the chief impurities consisted of the roots", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "118 Canada in 1864\\nof those plants which had been growing on the sur-\\nface. The blackish brown variety, when purified from\\nroots, without fire, is sold under the name of raw\\nsienna when subjected to fire, it assumes a brown\\nof less intensity, and is sold as burnt sienna.\\nNottawasaga.\\nOwen Sound.\\nSulphates of JBarytes. Burgess.\\nLansdowne.\\nIn Canada this mineral is as yet applied to no use,\\nbut in some parts of the United States it is refined\\nand ground in large quantities, for use as a paint,\\nand also for adulterating white lead. The value of\\nthe crude barytes suited for such a purpose is about\\n10 dollars per ton, while the wholesale price of the\\npaint is 30 dollars per ton.\\nMINERALS APPLICABLE TO THE PINE ARTS.\\nLithographic Stone. Marmora One of the beds,\\nwhich is two feet thick, and of impalpable grain, is\\na lithographic stone of excellent quality. The band\\nto which the bed belongs extends from Hungerford\\nto Rama, a distance of 100 miles; but though the\\nstone has been highly commended by all the litho-\\ngraphers who have tried it, no one has attempted to\\nquarry it for use.\\nBrant.\\nOxbow, Saugeen Eiver, Brant.*\\nSplendid lithographic stone is also found on the Burleigh\\nEoad.", "height": "3242", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 119\\nMINERALS APPLICABLE TO JEWELLERY.\\nAgates. Michipicoten and St. Ignace Islands,\\nLake Superior,\\nLabradorite. Grenville.\\nAbercrombie.\\nAlbite (Peristerite) Bathurst.\\nOrthoclase (Perthite) Burgess.\\nJasper conglomerate. Bruce Mines, Lake Huron\\nThis beautiful rock consists of white quartzite, in\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2which, are imbedded a multitude of blood-red jasper\\npebbles, which constitute a material fit to receive\\nthe work of the jeweller. The whole rock is capable\\nof being applied to the manufacture of vases and\\nsuch like articles of virtu. Many boulders of the rock\\nlie scattered along the north coast of Lake Huron,\\nand they are abundant at the Bruce Mines.\\nEpidosite. Shickshock Mountains This green\\nrock occurs in massive beds, and extends over\\nconsiderable areas in the Shickshock Mountains,\\non the south side of the St. Lawrence, in Gaspe.\\nMISCELLANEOUS MINERALS.\\nFeldspar. Bathurst.\\nSandstone for glass making Williamstown,\\nBeauharnois.\\nMoulding Sand. Dundas.\\nOwen Sound.\\nDurham.\\nPeat. Chambly.", "height": "3228", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "120 Canada in 1864\\nPeat occurs near Chambly, on the south side of\\nthe St. Lawrence,, and was some years ago cut,\\npressed, and sold as fuel by the late Mr. Scobell.\\nAs Canada is deficient in coal, when wood becomes\\nscarce in the progress of settlement, peat will gradu-\\nally assume some importance as a fuel in many parts\\nof the country. It occurs in great abundance in\\nmany places in the province; about 100 square\\nmiles of it extend along the south front of the Island\\nof Anticosti.\\nI must now bring this catalogue of minerals to\\na close, believing that I have given the settler suffi-\\ncient information to guide him to the different\\nlocalities in which they are to be found, and where\\nhe may obtain a chance of employment, and perhaps\\neven of making a fortune. For fuller particulars I\\nrefer my readers to a work published in Canada by\\nthe Geological Society.\\nI subjoin, also by the permission of the mem-\\nbers of the Geological Survey, a short description of\\nthe crystalline rocks of Canada\\nCRYSTALLINE ROCKS OF CANADA.\\nRocks of the Laurenticm System. The rocks of\\nthis system are the oldest known on the globe, and\\nare widely spread in North America, where they are\\ntraced from the coast of Labrador to Lake Huron,\\nand thence northward to the Arctic regions. They\\nconsist in great part of orthoclase gneiss, with", "height": "3225", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 121\\nquartzites, sometimes conglomerate, and crystalline\\nlimestones and dolomites. The total thickness of\\nthese strata is estimated at not less than 20,000 feet.\\nBesides these, there is a great formation of anortho-\\nsite rocks. In the Lanrentian System there is an\\nabsence of anything like argillite or clay- slate. In\\nthe gneiss and limestone series, the beds are chiefly\\nof magnetic and oligist iron. In the anorthosites\\nthe only ones met with are beds of titaniferons iron\\nor ilmenite.\\nRocks of the Huronian Series. These rest upon\\nthose of the Laurentian System, and are in part\\nmade up of the ruins of the latter. The series is\\nmet with at Lake Temiscaming, on the Ottawa, and\\non Lakes Huron and Superior. Its thickness on\\nthe north shore of Lake Huron is supposed to be\\n18,000 feet. There is but a small amount of car-\\nbonate of lime in it, and also an absence of gneiss.\\nQuartzite may be said to be the predominant rock\\nin the Huronian Series. Its colours are white,\\ngrey, brownish, and sometimes greenish or reddish.\\nThese quartzites often become conglomerate, from\\nthe presence of various coloured pebbles of quartz\\nand jasper. The latter are frequently blood-red in\\ncolour, and being imbedded in a white or a green-\\nish base, constitute a very beautiful rock.\\nRocks of the Silurian Series. The Notre-Dame\\nand Shickshock Mountains are the N.E. prolonga-\\ntion of the great Appalachian chain, which extends", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "122 Canada in 1864:\\nfrom the Gulf of St. Lawrence nearly to the Gulf\\nof Mexico. They attain, in some places, a height\\nof more than 4000 feet above the sea. They con-\\nsist of gneiss, anorthosite, diorite, epidosite, garnet-\\nrock, mica-rock, mica- schist, argillites, chlorite,\\nmagnesite, dolomites, and limestones, sandstones,\\netc., etc.\\nIntrusive Roclcs. The results of recent geolo-\\ngical investigations in various parts of the world,\\nlead to the conclusion that many rocks, formerly\\nregarded as intrusive or exotic, are really sediments,\\naltered in situ, or indigenous rocks. Such is the\\ncase with many granites, syenites, greenstones,\\namygdaloids, porphyries, and serpentines; all of\\nwhich are represented among the altered strata of\\nCanada. These sediments at the time of their\\nmetamorphism were, however, in such a plastic\\nstate that they were sometimes displaced and forced\\namong the overlying and disrupted strata. Intru-\\nsive masses, so far as known, are extremely rare in\\nthe Laurentian System, except in one small area in\\nthe counties of Grenville and Argenteuil. To the\\nS.E. of the Lower Silurian Mountains, and to tih^B\\nN.W. along the valleys of the St. Lawrence and\\nLake Champlain, are a series of intrusive rocks, the\\nmore characteristic varieties of which are quartzi-\\nferous porphyry, trachytes, phonolite dolerite, and\\nperidotite.", "height": "3242", "width": "2122", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "A Sand-booh for Settlers. 123\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nCountry taverns Backwoods verses Lumbering and lumber-men\\nThe old cook Mormonism and Mormons Sects Camp\\nmeetings.\\nIn most of tlie small villages in Canada the traveller\\nwill find two taverns, where he may have breakfast\\nor dinner for a shilling English, and may occasionally\\nprocure a glass of tolerable beer. Strong green tea\\nis the beverage at every meal, black being rarely\\ntaken. The whiskey at these country inns is gene-\\nrally of the cheapest and also of the worst descrip-\\ntion, yet on the whole preferable to, and less inju-\\nrious than, the rum and brandy made from it, and\\nonly to be known by some decoction added to each\\nliquor to give it its distinctive flavour. At almost\\nevery public-house on the road you will see two or\\nthree blear-eyed, unkempt individuals, keeping an\\neye on the too tempting bottle at the bar these\\nare tavern -loafers, who live and die on whiskey\\nhanging about the place, chopping wood when sober\\nenough, or watering the traveller s horse. The bill", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "124 Canada in 1864\\nof fare is pretty good broiled ham, pumpkin pie,\\nand tea, with occasionally some fresh meat in the\\nseason but fried pork and sarse is the ordinary\\ndish among the lower orders, the sarse being the\\nfat in which the pork is fried. As a delicacy, you\\nare sometimes treated to molasses, called here lasses\\nfixings/ and a pumpkin or apple tart finishes the\\nrepast.\\nThe lower classes in Canada are miserable\\ncooks, worse even than in England and but little\\nvariety in the culinary department, such as made\\ndishes or similar luxuries, prevails among the gentry.\\nIt is a common custom with the latter to have a\\nsheep killed at noon, and to dress part of it for the\\nday s dinner; and the same plan is pursued with\\nturkeys and fowls, thus ensuring their tenderness,\\nas I was informed by a young lady whom I ques-\\ntioned on the subject.\\nOn the first occasion of my passing the night at\\na small village tavern in Upper Canada, it was in-\\ntimated to me by the landlord, quite as a matter of\\ncourse, that I was to share the sleeping accom^\\nmodation already occupied by a wandering Italian\\nwith his hurdygardy; and on nry dissenting from\\nthis arrangement, mine host was not only irate, but\\nevidently astonished. However, after a little trouble,\\nI succeeded in inducing him to give me a shake-\\ndown on the floor. The general amusement at these\\ntaverns is card-playing, varied now and then by a", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "A Hand-hook for Settlers. 125\\nhoe-dance. Never shall I forget one of these enter-\\ntainments, which took place on the 5th of November.\\nI had just returned, tired and wet through, from the\\nbackwoods, and on my asking for a bed, the land-\\nlord (an Irishman) informed me that there was to\\nbe an evening party, and that he feared it would\\nprevent my having much sleep. Nevertheless, I\\ncrept quickly to my couch in a small hole at the top\\nof the house before the arrival of the guests, but all\\nin vain Tt was an Orange jubilee, and about seven\\no clock three fiddles struck up, the dance com-\\nmenced, and ended not until seven the next morning\\nthe shoutings and yellings exceeded anything I have\\never heard, and I need hardly add that Morpheus\\nwas a stranger to my pillow. No charge, however,\\nwas made to me for that night s unrest. One of\\nthe company was quite a poet in his w T ay, and he\\nfavoured the rest with the following song of his\\nown composition, which I subjoin for the reader s\\nbenefit, leaving him to judge of the merits of this\\nbard of the backwoods\\nTell me, oh where is your star-spangled banner,\\nThat you swore would lick all creation in fits\\nIs it daub d in the mud of the Southern Savannah,\\nOr torn by the South into wee little bits\\nHave your stars ceas d to shine, your eagle ceas d flying,\\nThe bald-headed eagle\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that scavenger bird\\nHave your people ceas d boasting, and nations defying\\nWas fighting or flying at Bull s Eun preferr d", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "126 Canada in 1864\\nYes the bald-headed eagle your Franklin* pronounc d\\nIs the meanest of birds flying under the sun\\nHe perhaps hover d oyer you when you were trounc d\\nThat glorious day at immortal Bull s Eun.\\nThat star-spangled banner shall blazon no more,\\nAnd the bald-headed eagle his prey must disgorge\\nWhile the stout British lion shall prevail as of yore,\\nWhile proudly still triumphs the flag of St. George\\nThe lumber-men lead rather a jovial sort of life\\nin the shanties, which it is customary to build far\\naway in the backwoods, and close to the spot on\\nwhich the timber is to be cut. These fellows are\\nmostly a rough, wild, heterogeneous set French\\nfrom Lower, English, Scotch, and Irish from Upper\\nCanada, often with a half-nautical element in their\\ncomposition. Their pay is from ten to fifteen dollars\\na month, but those who hew the timber with the\\nbroad axe have from twenty to thirty, and some-\\ntimes more. Each gang of some half dozen men\\nare under a u boss, whose wages are rather higher\\nthan theirs. The shanties are well supplied ^rith\\nprovisions, such as salt pork and beef, potatoes, and\\nmolasses, and tea is drunk ad libitum. Fat pork is\\nthe especial glory of the lumber-man, who will fre-\\nquently turn out of his bunk three or four times in\\nthe night to devour a lump of it, qualified with a\\nFranklin says that the bald-headed eagle is a mean scavenger\\nbird and a coward, and regrets that his countrymen should have\\nadopted it as their national emblem.", "height": "3229", "width": "2115", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "A Eand-booh for Settlers. 127\\ndraught of tea. Breakfast is over by daybreak, and\\nall hands are off into the woods till noon, when they\\nreturn to dinner, consisting* of pork and peas-soup\\nthen they work till dark, and after supper the fiddle\\nstrikes up, and the evening concludes with a song\\nand a game of chequers.\\nThe timber is drawn on sleighs or floated down\\nto the back lakes, thence to Lake Ontario, and\\nthence to Quebec; about six or seven weeks are\\noccupied in the entire transit. The lumber-men, of\\ncourse, need provisions and hay, so the settlers can\\nusually find a profitable market for their goods.\\nLumbering has been on the whole a flourishing\\ntrade, and the men have soon made fortunes, though\\nin bad times they have also lost them. In one of\\nthe shanties in which I stayed, the boss was a\\nbroken-down pawnbroker from Belfast, and in ano-\\nther the cook had been in two of Sir John Franklin s\\nexpeditions. He naturally had many anecdotes to\\nrelate of perils and adventures, both grave and gay.\\nOne was to the effect that, after Sir John s return\\nfrom one of his voyages, he and his crew were\\nwalking on Tower Hill, when, in passing an\\ninn, his cocked hat was seized and borne off by a\\nyoung lady of decidedly questionable character, and\\ntwo days afterwards it was seen exposed for sale at\\na pawnbroker s opposite. Many were the hardships\\nthat old Mackenzie had endured once he curried a\\ndog s head as a reserve supply for nearly a fort-", "height": "3249", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "128 Canada in 1864\\nnight, and he assured me that stewed mocassins\\nwere not so bad after all. The poor fellow was in\\nrather reduced circumstances, the Government\\nhaving promised him a lot of land which he had\\nnever received.\\nChancing one day, when in the backwoods, to\\nenter a nice clean shanty, decorated with paintings\\nof different lands, I found that the owners had been\\nMormons, and that they had been long since in\\ncompany with Brigham Young. Mr. and Mrs.\\nJones were intelligent people, and she must have\\nbeen very good-looking in her younger days, when\\nthe prophet fell in love with her. From her I\\nlearned some interesting particulars of the sect, and\\nmost of her stories tally with those in Mrs. Ward s\\nbook, called Life among the Mormons. Some\\nyears previous to my making her acquaintance,\\nMrs. Jones had been travelling as lady s-maid with\\nan Irish family, who were crossing the Eo*cky Moun-\\ntains on their way to Utah, with about fifteen hun-\\ndred Mormons, under the appellation of l( The\\nHand-barrow Company. From her account, these\\npoor deluded wretches must have suffered terrific\\nhardships, most of them dying on the road of star-\\nvation indeed, the scenes she depicted to me were\\nno less horrible than those described by Josephus as\\nhaving been witnessed during the siege of Jerusa-\\nlem. To such extremities were these wretched beings\\nreduced, that women ate their own children, and not", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 129\\nmore than one hundred out of the whole number\\nsurvived to reach the promised land.\\nI have a shrewd suspicion that on Mrs. Jones s\\narrival at the Great Salt Lake, she was almost im-\\nmediately promoted to the honour of inhabiting the\\npalace of the prophet, who at that time mustered about\\na hundred and seventy wives, with an innumerable\\noffspring. Each wife has two rooms allotted to her,\\nand more, should her family increase largely all\\nare obliged, as far as outward appearances go, to live\\nor. good terms with one another, but the misery of\\nthe women in Utah is not to be told once there,\\nthey are in fact prisoners for life, at all events they\\ncease to be free agents, unless they can manage to\\neffect their escape like Mrs. Jones, and a few others\\nbut this is next to impossible, for the minute\\nmen are always on the alert, and ready to start at\\na minute s notice (hence their name), and daily\\ncommunication with every part of the country is\\nkept up.\\nMrs. Jones, with a female companion, once\\nmade an unsuccessful attempt on horses to elude\\ntheir master; they rode day and night, but were\\ncaptured and taken back to Brigham Young, who\\nput them in prison, where they were kept in close\\nconfinement for two months, and were then released\\non their making professions of repentance. Mrs.\\nJones enjoyed the reputation of being a skilful\\ndoctor among the ladies, and so had many oppor-", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "130 Canada in 1864\\ntunities of going about and learning tho private\\naffairs of this extraordinary community.\\nThere are several different degrees among the\\nMormon religionists, and each has its secret tribunal\\nor star-chaniber, before which any offender is tried,\\nand, if found guilty, is condemned to the shades\\nbelow he disappears from off the face of the earth,\\nand no further inquiries are made after him at\\nleast, so I was assured by Mrs. Jones. As soon as\\nany one arrives at JJ tar (thus she pronounced it),\\nthe neophyte is inveigled to purchase something\\nvaluable, and to part with all his money, as being\\nuseless to him in his new abode when the bargain\\nis concluded, the unlucky wight discovers all too\\nlate that his acquisition, as he deemed it, is the\\nproperty of the Mormon sect. Every Mormon\\nhas to contribute a certain portion of his earnings\\nper month, nominally towards the support of immi-\\ngrants altogether, it is not difficult to account for\\nthe prevailing notion that Brigham Young is the\\nrichest man in the world. Mormonism is at present\\nstill on the increase, and its votaries have agents in\\nall regions of the globe. A magnificent country and\\nsplendid cities are theirs, and they manufacture all\\ntheir implements of war and of husbandry, their\\ninternal resources thus rendering them independent\\nof other people. Provisions for ten years are laid\\nup in the great city, and from their position they\\ncan defy an invading army. When the Americans", "height": "3231", "width": "2117", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 131\\nsent a force against them, they captured all the\\nprovisions of their unwelcome visitors, and seized\\ntheir trains, so that the Yankees were glad to make\\noff. Indeed, it was wonderful that they were in a\\ncondition to do so, for the Mormons had poisoned\\nall the waters but my informant told me that the\\nsecret was divulged to one of the American soldiers\\nby a freemason.\\nThe way in which Mrs. Jones did at last effect\\nher escape was by joining with about twenty others,\\nall pretending that their intention was to settle in\\nsome other part of the State and so they set off,\\ntaking with them articles of household furniture,,\\nbabies cradles, and everything that might tend to\\ndisarm suspicion. They travelled several miles,\\nguided by one of the band, who had formerly been\\nan interpreter to the Indian tribes, and was ac-\\nquainted with a short cut to the Yankee territory.\\nHaving burnt their incumbrances, they made post-\\nhaste and got clear of the Mormon country just as\\nthey were on the point of being overtaken by the\\nminute men indeed, a few in the rear were captured.\\nAn unsuccessful endeavour to abscond by a man is\\nmostly punished with death by shooting a woman\\nis carried back again to Utah to obey the dictates\\nof Brigham Young as his wife, or as that of some\\nancient elder. A large Mormon settlement is now\\nin course of formation near Chatham in Canada\\nWest. There can be no doubt that Young is a very", "height": "3230", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "132 Canada in 1864\\nclever fellow, and Mrs. Jones speaks of his behaviour\\nas being gallant. I understand that Smith junior\\nproclaims himself to be the true prophet, and should\\nwar break out between these two rogues, Mormon-\\nism will in all probability be shattered in the con-\\nflict. It must fall to the ground sooner or later, and\\nthe most likely period would seem to be that of\\nBrighain s death, when an awful scene must ensue.\\nBut enough of this disgusting and yet wonderful\\npeople.\\nAs before mentioned, besides Episcopalians,\\nPresbyterians, and Roman Catholics, a great di-\\nversity of religious sects exists in Canada. Bible\\nChristians, Baptists, Congregationalists, Quakers,\\nWesleyans, etc., etc. the latter being the most\\nnumerous class among the dissenters. Some of the\\ncongregations appear to be very pugilistic in their\\ntendencies I lately read an account of a fight in a\\nBible Christian meeting-house, in which one member\\nbroke a chair over the head of another; while, in\\nan Episcopalian Methodist meeting, a young lady\\nthrashed a man at his prayers most unmercifully\\nwith a bull s hide, and on his raising his face, she\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0flung a handful of cayenne pepper on it. A very\\nbackward state indeed of civilization in some of the\\nregions of the colony is evidenced by these stories.\\nA camp-meeting perhaps discloses more extraor-\\ndinary vagaries than are to be met with in any other\\nNonconformist rites. In the midst of the forest is", "height": "3224", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 133\\nerected a barricade, with, some small shanties, like\\nfishermen s hnts in England; large fireplaces are\\nbuilt on posts, in which blazing fires are lighted.\\nThe minister jumps to his feet, and opens with a\\nprayer in a soft and gentle tone, in the course of\\nwhich a few groans are audible from the kneeling\\nassembly these become gradually louder and louder;\\nthen the women begin to scream, and soon the scene\\nresembles Bedlam or rather ten Bedlams broken\\nloose the males beat their heads, the females shriek\\nand faint, and this exhibition may continue for an\\nhour or more, till all are quiet from sheer exhaustion.\\nAfter awhile rises another minister, and the whole\\nprogramme is repeated over and over again, with\\nonly an interval of rest at night, for a week and\\nupwards. The scenes behind the curtain will not\\nadmit of being described in detail. At a little dis-\\ntance from the camp, casks and bottles are passed\\nabout among the crowd, and intoxication, with\\nits attendant evils, rides rampant among these\\ndeluded votaries of a religion that might have dis-\\ngraced heathenism. The Baptists in my neigh-\\nbourhood seem to select the winter months for the\\ndipping of their followers, and I was told that the\\nimmersion in our climate had proved fatal to several\\npersons. There are a few itinerant Shakers, who\\nreside principally in the States, carrying garden\\nseeds about the country for sale. The Menonists\\nand Tunkers are nearly extinct here.", "height": "3229", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "134 Canada in 1864\\nAs may easily be imagined, a certain amount of\\nrivalry and ill-will shows itself among some of the\\nmembers of so many denominations, especially at\\nthat season of the year when their time and thoughts\\nare less occupied with work. However, on the\\nwhole, a feeling of good neighbourhood may be said\\nto prevail among the settlers. And let us hope that,\\nas the means of spreading the pure and ennobling\\nworship and teaching of our own Church are multi-\\nplied, these jealousies will gradually subside, and\\nthese degrading exhibitions of ignorance and blas-\\nphemy will vanish in the light of Christian truth.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "A Hand-hook for Settlers. 135\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nAmusements Hydrophobia Variations of temperature Lakes-\\nAnimals and Fish Increase of population, of commerce, and\\nof general prosperity in the colony Schools and Colleges.\\nAs before stated, our country amusements are not\\nnumerous. In the towns,, besides the-skating rinks and\\nthe curling, a game called c shinning is a favourite\\ndiversion with the boys it is the same, or nearly the\\nsame, as our hockey. A trotting match on the ice is\\nan exciting pastime, and one that frequently takes\\nplace and some of the horses are remarkably fast\\ntrotters. Speaking of them, I may just observe, en\\npassant, that there is a fine opening in Canada for\\nveterinary surgeons, which class is only represented\\nin the smallest degree and in my own neighbour-\\nhood a broken-down negro was our sole horse-\\ndoctor. Yachting is on the decline. When the\\nPrince of Wales visited Canada a few years since,\\nhe gave a cup to be contested annually, but it is the\\ncause of so much trouble and expense to the winner,\\nwho has to insure it while in his custody, that yachts-\\nmen are beginning to tire of it. Both in the larger\\nand smaller class of yachts, American-built crafts have", "height": "3231", "width": "1974", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "136 Canada in 1864\\nbeen gaining every prize of late; the winner in the\\nformer class is the property of an English gentleman.\\nSailing across the ice in ice-boats is capital fun they\\nwork to windward like a sailing-vessel, and when\\nthey go about you will be pitched overboard, unless\\nyou are very careful in a strong wind they will glide\\nalong for twenty miles or more in an hour. In the\\nsummer cricket has been in great force of late years,\\nand most of the small towns can turn out a decent\\neleven. The billiard tables are generally very poor\\nevery angle is marked, and the balls and the pockets\\nare too large. The four-balled game is the one\\nprincipally in vogue.\\nThere are many varieties of dogs, but a thorough\\nbred one of any sort is rarely seen they are allowed\\nto run about, and the breeds get mixed. The two\\nmost useful to the sportsman are the retriever for\\nducks, and the hound for deer the latter should not\\nbe too finely bred. Hydrophobia is sadly prevalent,\\nand several persons died last year from being bitten.\\nOne instance occurred of a man bitten in June, who\\nsurvived till December. November is the worst\\nmonth in Canada for this fearful disorder, and tho\\nsame is, I believe, the case in England in Norway,\\nand Lapland also, dogs are more frequently attacked\\nby madness in winter than in summer.\\nI will now endeavour to convey some idea\\nof the seasons and their temperature the two\\nfollowing tables are taken from the Records of", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers,\\n137\\nthe Provincial Magnetic Observatory, by Professor\\nKingston\\nMEAN MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE AT TORONTO,\\nFROM 1840 TO 1859.\\n1840)\\n1859 j\\n1840)\\n1859 j\\nJan.\\n23 3 -72\\nFeb.\\n22 3 -83\\nMarch.\\n30\u00c2\u00b0-07\\nApril.\\n4P-00\\nMay.\\n51\u00c2\u00b0-38\\nJune.\\n61\u00c2\u00b0-27\\nJuly.\\n67\u00c2\u00b0-06\\nAug.\\n66\u00c2\u00b0-12\\nSept,\\n57 D -98\\nOct.\\n45 -27\\nNov.\\n36 J -65\\nDec.\\n25\u00c2\u00b0-97\\nMean annual temperature, 44\u00c2\u00b0 ll.\\nMEAN MONTHLY AND ANNUAL FALL OE RAIN AT TORONTO.\\nFROM 1840 TO 1859.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMarch.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\n1840)\\n1859)\\nIn.\\nIn.\\nIn.\\nIn.\\nIn.\\nIn.\\n1-408\\n1-043\\n1-553\\n2-492\\n3-305\\n3-198\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNor.\\nDec.\\n1840)\\n1859)\\nIn.\\nIn.\\nIn.\\nIn.\\nIn.\\nIn.\\n3-490\\n2-927\\n4-099\\n2-257\\n3-109\\n1-606\\nMean annual fall of rain, 30 859 inches.\\nIn 1862, the hottest day was August 8th, the tem-\\nperature being 79\u00c2\u00b0*08 the coldest was the 23rd\\nof January, the thermometer showing 2 42 below\\nzero.\\nThe number of days on which rain fell was 118,\\nthe total fall being 25*529 inches. Snow fell on\\n72 days, and the total depth was 85*4 inches the", "height": "3230", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "138 Canada in 1864\\ngreatest depth in one day (March 20th) was\\n9*0 inches. There were twenty-four thunderstorms\\nduring the year. February was the month of the\\ngreatest, May of the least, humidity. November\\nwas the most cloudy month the least cloudy months\\nbeing May and August.\\nThe inland seas or lakes of North America, com-\\nprising an area of nearly 100,000 square miles,\\ndiffer in some points from other large lakes. There\\nare no mountain ranges of any considerable altitude\\nat any part of the circumference of their basin the\\ngeneral aspect of the area is that of a great central\\nplain, with successive terraces or plateaux. Their\\nlevel has not undergone any extensive change for a\\nconsiderable time and it is a remarkable fact as\\nregards Lake Ontario, that its waters rise to a con-\\nsiderable height, and subside again, once in seven\\nyears. The water of these lakes is noted for its\\npurity, the principal tributaries flowing over rocky\\nbeds they exercise a powerful influence over the\\nclimate, which they render more temperate. In\\nthe winter curling mists are observed overspreading\\nthem, when the ice is (C taking, as it is called.\\nThese are caused by the colder air of the surrounding\\natmosphere condensing the moisture of the warmer\\nair on the surface of the lakes. The prevailing\\nwinds are from the north-east and south-west.\\nOccasionally a tornado strikes the lakes, accompa-\\nnied by waterspouts.", "height": "3231", "width": "2126", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 139\\nWith regard to the declination and dip of the\\nmagnetic needles,, they are subject to very re-\\nmarkable local variations in many parts of the\\nvicinity of these inland seas, owing no doubt to\\nthe iron disseminated through the rocks, and to\\nthe massive beds of it which are found within the\\narea of the basins; these variations, however, do\\nnot occur in the compass of a vessel on any of the\\nlakes.\\nIt is well known that there is an inexhaustible\\nsupply of salt water at different depths below the\\nsurface of Ontario, especially near Syracuse, St.\\nCatherine, and Grafton. The lakes, which formerly\\nwere doubtless all salt, have become fresh (unlike\\nthe Caspian and others), by their having outlets in\\ntheir several communications with each other, and\\nwith the main stream of the St. Lawrence, thus\\nallowing the waters of the rivers by which they are\\nfed to flow through them. In 1678, a vessel of six-\\nteen tons was launched on Ontario by La Salle, and\\nin 1679 another of sixty tons on Lake Erie. The\\nfirst trading port was Oswego.\\nNone of the indigenous animals are identical\\nwith those of the same genus in the Old World,\\nalthough among some there is a close resemblance.\\nFor example, the common deer (Gervus virginianus)\\nof this land, although nearly allied to that of Great\\nBritain, yet differs in some points from it. And\\nAgassiz, the highest authority in icthyology, declares", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "140 Canada in 1864\\nthat Canada does not possess a single fresh-water\\nfish corresponding exactly with any in the mother\\ncountry though many are of the same type. Ono\\nof our most singular fish is the Lepidosterous or\\nbony-scaled fish, which is found in Lake Superior,\\nand in the Ottawa and other rivers in the north.\\nIt is remarkable as being almost the only species\\nnow existing which, in the nature of its scales, and\\nits heterocircal tail and other parts of its structure,\\nshows a very strong family likeness to the fossil\\nfishes of the other formations.\\nThe furs, and, still more, the fisheries, of the\\nwestern lakes form a branch of commerce of con-\\nsiderable and growing value. White fish, trout,\\nand sturgeon, attain a great size in Lakes Superior\\nand Huron, and from Lake Erie alone the exporta-\\ntion has been enormous. In 1782, the country\\naround the lakes was almost a wilderness. In 1851,\\nthe population of Upper Canada was under a mil-\\nlion by the census of 1861, the numbers were\\n1,390,091.\\nThere are various routes of intercommuni-\\ncation between the lakes and other parts of the\\ncontinent. No river, except La Plata, in South\\nAmerica, possesses so wide an estuary, and is navi-\\ngable for large vessels to such a distance from its\\nmouth, as the St. Lawrence. Ships of 800 tons go\\nup to Montreal, whence there is a continuous water\\ncommunication for 2000 miles. But the best route", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "A Sand-booh for Settlen\\n141\\nfor export and import from and to the Lower Pro-\\nvinces, saving only during the season when the\\nnavigation is closed, is by the Gulf of the St.\\nLawrence.\\nFrom the following statistics it will be seen to\\nwhat an extent live stock and farming produce have\\nincreased in the last few years, and the growing\\nprosperity of the farming interest in Canada West\\nwill be sufficiently apparent\\nIn 1851 the total number of head of live stock\\nwas 2,488,653. By the last census the numbers\\nwere\\nMilch cows\\n451,640\\nOxen and steers\\n99,605\\nYoung cattle\\n464,083\\nHorses, of all kinds\\n377,681\\nSheep\\n1,170,225\\nPigs\\n776,001\\nTotal\\n3,339,235\\nIn 1851, the wheat crop was 12,692,852 bushels,\\nthe weight of wool was 2,398,764 lbs. but, without\\ngoing through the whole of the farm produce for\\nthe year 1851, I will give that for the year 1860,\\nmerely stating that the items generally show as\\nlarge an increase as the foregoing", "height": "3225", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "142\\nCanada hi 1864\\nWheat,\\nbushels\\nBarley\\nEye\\nPeas\\n33\\nOats\\n33\\nBuckwheat\\n33\\nIndian Corn\\n33\\nPotatoes\\n33\\nTurnips\\n33\\nMangel-wurzel\\nCarrots\\n33\\nBeans\\n33\\nClover\\n33\\nHay\\ntons\\nHops\\n33\\nMaple sugar\\nlbs.\\nCider\\ngallons\\nWool\\nlbs.\\nButter\\n33\\nCheese\\n33\\nFlax and hemp\\nTobacco\\n33\\n24,620,425\\n2,821,962\\n973,181\\n9,601,396.\\n21,220,874\\n1,248,637\\n2,256,290\\n15,325,920\\n18,206,959\\n546,971\\n1,905,598\\n49,143\\n61,818\\n861,844\\n247,052\\n6,970,605\\n1,567,831\\n3,659,766\\n26,828,264\\n2,687,172\\n1,225,934\\n777,426\\nThe value of the wood of the white pine in 1852\\nwas \u00c2\u00a31,000,000, and now it is nearly double the\\nnext in order is the timber of the red pine, the oak,\\nand the elm. The pearlashes, gathered from the\\nground in the new clearings in 1852, yielded a", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 143\\nreturn of \u00c2\u00a3232,004. Fur and skins exported fetched\\n\u00c2\u00a325,547.\\nAs regards the productions of the seas and lakes,\\nlarge quantities of cod, salmon, and herring, from\\nthe Gulf of St. Lawrence, and white fish and trout\\nfrom the lakes, are annually dried and pickled for\\nexportation. The worth of the exports in 1852 was\\n\u00c2\u00a374,462. The lake fisheries are at Prince Edward,\\non Lake Ontario, and on Lake Huron.\\nAs has been remarked in the chapter on mine-\\nrals, very little has been done towards developing\\nthe peculiar capabilities of Canada for the production\\nof iron, and this is particularly the case with re-\\nspect to malleable iron and steel of the finest quality.\\nThe manufacture of fire-engines has been brought\\nto a great pitch of perfection Mr. Perry, of Mon-\\ntreal, having gained the first prize in the London\\nExhibition. At Melbourne, axes, planes, and other\\nedged tools, with scythes of excellent quality, -are\\nmanufactured. All kinds of spades, shovels, and\\nnails are made in various places; also ploughs,\\nharrows, cultivators, and threshing and separating-\\nmachines, with the latest improvements. Capital\\ntypes and stereotypes for printing are cast in Mon-\\ntreal. The saw-mills in Ottawa and Chicoutimi are,\\nI believe, the largest in the world and grist-mills\\nare abundant. The making of surgical and of\\nmusical instruments is yet in its infancy, but both\\nhave been commenced at Montreal and at Toronto.", "height": "3227", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "144 Canada in 1864\\nTlie manufacture of cotton is carried on to some\\nextent new works have lately been erected at\\nHastings, in the counties of Northumberland and\\nDurham, and in other parts. Woollen fabrics, and\\nwoollen and cotton mixed, for Guernsey frocks, hose,\\netc., are to be had in plenty in Western Canada,\\nand the quality improves yearly. The blankets from\\nDundas are highly spoken of, and those made by\\nMr. Greenwood, in his factory near Grafton, are\\nalso deserving of much commendation, and have the\\nadditional recommendation of costing only \u00c2\u00a31 8,9.\\nthe pair, and weighing eleven pounds. The manu-\\nfacture of leather is carried on to a considerable\\nextent, and hemlock bark is commonly used in\\ntanning. Many other manufactories of different\\nsorts are at work on a large scale at Montreal and\\nToronto, such as those for writing, printing, and\\nwrapping paper flint-glass plaster of Paris ware\\nbricks and tiles soap and candles without includ-\\ning the making of maple-sugar to an enormous\\namount, sold at fourpence a pound. About forty\\nvessels are annually built at Quebec, of some 800\\ntons and upwards.\\nExcellent grammar-schools have been estab-\\nlished in most of the provincial towns there are\\ncolleges at Toronto, Kingston, Montreal, Cobourg,\\nand several other places; in Brompton (Canada\\nWest) there may also be found a Female Eclectic\\nInstitute, and a Female Wesleyan College and in", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers. 145\\nevery parish, or section, are schools for the poorer\\nclasses. A law has latelv been passed, granting\\nto the Roman Catholics a free school of their own\\nbnt it does not appear to have been framed in a\\njudicions manner, and has given rise to much dis-\\nsension.\\n10", "height": "3225", "width": "1975", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "146 Canada in 1864\\nCONCLUDING REMAKKS.\\nThe foregoing sketches do not profess to present\\nmore tlian a general outline, which, however, the\\nauthor hopes may not be altogether useless or un-\\ninteresting to the emigrant who is about to become\\na settler in the backwoods. As to the part of Upper\\nCanada that is most to be recommended, so much\\nmust depend on circumstances. For those who\\npurpose going far west, or into the new townships,\\nit would be better for a few families to unite and\\ntake up their Government lots together; and it\\nwould be very desirable that there should be some\\nmechanics in this small society, for blacksmiths,\\ncarpenters, shoemakers, and millwrights are much\\nneeded in the woods. In some of the recent settle-\\nments, on the erection of a mill by any individual,\\nthe legislature has bestowed on him a free grant of\\nland, with other advantages. I am inclined to\\nthink, on the whole, that the townships of Peter-\\nborough and Victoria are the best adapted at the\\npresent moment for newly arrived emigrants.\\nFresh mines are being constantly discovered in dif-\\nferent localities and as lumbering must go on to\\na considerable extent for many years to come, the", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "A Hand-book for Settlers. 147\\nsettler will readily find a good market for his pro-\\nduce. In the course of another few years, the\\ncountry will be opened as far back as the Georgian\\nBay, and this will enhance the value of the lands.\\nThe summer is the most favourable time for the\\nvoyage out to Canada about June especially\\nbefore the end of that month the black flies make\\ntravelling through the backwoods all but impossible.\\nAugust and September are very agreeable here;\\nthe roads are good, and the country is in full\\nbeauty.\\nFrom the accounts that have been given of the\\nIsland of Anticosti, one may infer that it would not\\nbe an undesirable spot to be selected by a few hardy\\nsettlers, who are fond of sport, to form a colony for\\nthemselves. I have before said that the rivers\\nswarm with salmon, speckled and salmon trout, etc.,\\nwhile the bear, the otter, and the marten abound,\\nand seals frequent the coast in almost incredible\\nnumbers: Timber for building purposes is easily\\nprocured, owing to the immense drifts of logs, etc.,\\non the shores. A schooner from Quebec visits the\\ninmates of the lighthouse twice annually. I quote\\nthe words of Mr. Eichardson, who has surveyed\\nAnticosti But such is the condition of the island\\nat present, that not a yard of the soil has been\\nturned up by a permanent settler and it is the case\\nthat abdut a million of acres of good land, at the\\nvery entrance from the ocean to the province, are", "height": "3221", "width": "1978", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "148\\nCanada in 1864\\nleft to lie waste, while great expenses are incurred\\nto carry settlers to the most distant parts of the\\nWest. Taken in connection with the fisheries of\\nthe St. Lawrence, it appears to me that the estab-\\nlishment of an agricultural population in the island\\nwould not only be a profit to the settlers, but a\\ngreat advantage to the province at large.\\nLet us now suppose that a party of six wish to\\ngo in company to Anticosti, and endeavour thus to\\ncalculate their expenses for a year\\nThe passage to Quebec\\nA boat (second hand)\\nNets, traps, etc.\\nFlour\\nMeat\\nTea\\nSundries\\nFurniture, etc.\\n\u00c2\u00a3120\\n30\\n30\\n12\\n12\\n10\\n20\\n25\\n6) \u00c2\u00a3259\\n\u00c2\u00a343 3 4\\nAccording to this calculation a man could enjoy a\\nyear s sport (shooting, fishing, and trapping) for\\nless than \u00c2\u00a350 and, in all probability, the sale of the\\nfur would cover his expenses, of course leaving the\\nboat, nets, etc., still in hand.\\nA civilian owning a small capital yielding about\\n\u00c2\u00a3100 per annum, or an officer on half-pay, could", "height": "3225", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "A Hand-boolc for Settlers. 149\\nlive well in Canada the latter might hire a little\\nplace, with a few acres, whereon to feed his horse\\nand cow, drink excellent beer, and smoke first-rate\\ntobacco, to say nothing of enjoying independence,\\nand mixing in good society, while in England his\\nscanty pension will barely make both ends meet,\\nand his poverty keeps him in the background. A\\nman in this country may procure capital board and\\nlodging, with washing included, and the occa-\\nsional use of a horse or team if required, at the\\nrate often shillings a week. Money-lenders, or, in\\ncolonial phrase, bill-shavers, often amass large for-\\ntunes, lending their money on safe securities at,\\nperhaps, \u00c2\u00a350 per cent, per annum on small sums\\nfor a short period. Money can be securely invested\\nat \u00c2\u00a310 per cent., and bank-stock pays \u00c2\u00a38 per cent,\\ninterest.\\nThe winters are sometimes tolerably mild the\\nfirst I passed here I lived in a tent without a fire\\ntill the middle of January, and last Christmas we\\nhad not more than an inch of snow upon the ground,\\nwith a brilliant sun, and the thermometer at noon\\nstanding at 50\u00c2\u00b0 in the shade. In the fall (viz., the\\nmonths of October and November), the woods are\\nexceedingly lovely, the leaves displaying every con-\\nceivable variety of tint and colour, and nature is\\nthen beheld in one of her grandest aspects. We\\nhave little of the dismal foggy weather so famed,\\nfor inducing the desire of suicide in weak or de-", "height": "3201", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "150 Canada in 1864\\npraved niinds, which at certain seasons visits our\\nnative isle. We can generally take plenty of exer-\\ncise throughout the year, but I cannot say that our\\nCanadian young ladies in the country exert them-\\nselves much in this way, though in the towns they\\nmake a promenade of one or more of the streets.\\nTheir beauty is often remarkable, but it is seldom\\nadorned by the rosy blush of their English sisters,\\nprobably owing in a great measure to the influence\\nof hot- stoves, and a life spent too much in-doors.\\nHowever, they are apt to find the temptations of the\\nskating rinks too strong to be resisted, and these\\nare indulged in by night as well as by day, with a\\ndegree of colonial freedom that might astonish some\\nof our sedater damsels at home.\\nMy little work is now at an end. If I have suc-\\nceeded in awakening a larger amount of sympathy\\nin the breast of any of my readers for this beautiful\\nland, her present condition, and her future prospects\\nand if I have, at the same time, been able to convey\\nany useful information to the settler about to seek\\nfor himself and his family a new home in the wilder-\\nness of the Far West, I shall be well pleased. Long\\nmay Canada continue to prosper and go forward in\\nthe race of nations and should the period ever\\narrive (at present apparently far distant) when the\\nchild, having attained to full maturity, should desire\\nto dissolve her union with the mother country, and\\nassume her place in the world as an independent", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "A Hand-booh for Settlers, 151\\nkingdom, may the severance be peacefully accom-\\nplished, withont destroying those feelings of affec-\\ntion and goodwill towards England which are the\\nglory of her colonies, and which have so powerfully\\ncontributed to their existing state of greatness and\\nprosperity.", "height": "3193", "width": "1944", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3221", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\nAPPENDIX A.\\nEXTEACTS FROM GOVERNMENT PAMPHLETS.\\nCOLONIZATION, CROWN LANDS.\\nGEOGEAPHICAL POSITION.\\nCanada extends from the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the east,\\nto (according to some authorities) the Pocky Mountains on\\nthe west, embracing an area of about 350,000 square miles,\\nor 240,000,000 of acres, independently of its north-western\\npossessions, not yet open for settlement. The Eiver St.\\nLawrence, and Lakes Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and\\nSuperior, with their connecting rivers, form a remarkable\\nnatural boundary between Canada and the States of the\\nUnion, and a means of communication of surprising extent,\\nand unrivalled excellence.", "height": "3193", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "154 Appendix.\\nCONSTITUTION AND GOVEBNMENT.\\nAn integral part of the British Empire, Canada enjoys\\nperfect religious, social, and political freedom. The Governor\\nis appointed by the Crown, and is its representative in the\\nprovince. He nominates an Executive Council, who are his ad-\\nvisers. There are two legislative bodies, called the Legislative\\nCouncil and the Legislative Assembly, the members of which\\nare elected by the people. All public offices and seats in the\\nLegislature are open to any candidate possessing the confi-\\ndence of the people, holding a certain limited amount of\\nproperty, and being at the time a British subject. Three\\nyears residence entitles a foreigner to all the rights and\\nprivileges of a natural born citizen. Aliens can buy, hold,\\nand sell land.\\nMUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS.\\nThe municipal system of Canada is admirably adapted to\\nthe exigencies of a young and vigorous country. In order to\\ncomprehend it, it is necessary to state that Upper Canada\\nis divided into counties, forty-two in number the counties\\nare divided into townships, the latter being about ten miles\\nsquare. The inhabitants of a township elect annually five\\ncouncillors the councillors elect out of this number a pre-\\nsiding officer, who is designated the Township Beeve the\\nreeves and the deputy reeves of the different townships form\\nthe County Council this council elect their presiding\\nofficer, who is styled the Yfarden. In each county there is a\\njudge, a sheriff, one or more coroners, a clerk of the peace, a\\nclerk of the county court, a registrar, and justices of the\\npeace, which officers are appointed by the Governor in\\nCouncil. All township reeves, wardens, mayors, and alder-\\nmen, are, ex officio, justices of the peace.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "Appendix. 155\\nCEOWIST LANDS.\\nSeveral millions of acres of surveyed lands are always in\\nmarket, and the prices fixed at which intending settlers can\\nacquire them, upon application to the respective Crown land\\nagents. The names of these agents, their residences, and\\nhow to get there, will be found below. The prices of Crown\\nlands vary from seventy cents cash, to one dollar, and one\\nshilling an acre, on time, according to locality.\\nCrown lands in Upper Canada are sold for cash, at\\nseventy cents an acre, and, on time, at one dollar an acre,\\none-fifth to be paid at the time of sale, and the remaining\\nfour-fifths in four equal annual instalments, with interest at\\nsix per cent, on the purchase money unpaid. On the north\\nshore of Lake Huron, and at Fort William on Lake Superior,\\nlands are sold on time at twenty cents an acre. All Crown\\nlands in the newly-surveyed territory are subject to settle-\\nment duties, and no patent in any case (even though the\\nland be paid for in fall at the time of purchase) shall issue\\nfor any such land to any person who shall not by himself, or\\nthe person or persons under whom he claims, have taken\\npossession of such lands, within six months from the time\\nof sale, and shall from that time continuously have been a\\nbond Jide occupant of, and resident on the land for at least\\ntwo years, and have cleared and rendered fit for cultivation\\nand crop, and had under crop within four years at farthest\\nfrom the time of sale of the land, a quantity thereof in the\\nproportion of at least ten acres to every one hundred acres,\\nand have erected thereon a habitable house, and of the\\ndimensions at least of sixteen by twenty feet. Timber must\\nnot be cut without license, except for agricultural pur-\\nposes.\\nThere is generally on Crown lands an unlimited supply\\nof the best fuel. The conditions of sale allow the settler to\\ncut and sell from his lot whatever timber he thinks proper,", "height": "3223", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "156 Appendix.\\nby taking out a license, which can be had on application to\\nthe Crown land agent. The value of the timber thus cut is\\napplied in payment of the purchase money due to the\\nCrown. Even in burning the timber which he does not sell,\\nthe settler can convert the ashes into potash, which will meet\\na ready sale at from \u00c2\u00a37 to \u00c2\u00a39 currency per barrel.\\nPurchasers of lands, after paying a first instalment, can\\nraise from the land itself and from the timber on it, the\\nmeans of paying the balance of the purchase money, and by\\ntheir own exertions, in a short time be possessed of a valu-\\nable property the pioneer settler thus becoming the inde-\\npendent farmer.\\nCOLONIZATION ROADS.\\nGovernment has opened several great lines of road on\\nwhich free grants of one hundred acres are given to actual\\nsettlers. The conditions of location are That the settler\\nbe eighteen years of age. That he take possession of the\\nland allotted to him within six months. That he build a log\\nhouse 16 by 20 feet. That he reside on the lot and clear and\\ncultivate ten acres of land in the course of four years. Mem-\\nbers of a family having land allotted to them may reside on\\na single lot, thereby exempting them from building and\\nresidence on each location.\\nThe roads in Upper Canada are\\n1st. The Ottawa and Opeongo Road, which runs east\\nand west, and will connect the Ottawa with Lake Huron.\\nResident Agent, T. P. French, Clontarf. Route, by\\nGrand Trunk Railway and Ottawa River, or Railway\\nto Ottawa City, thence by stage and steamer to Farrell s\\nLanding.\\n2nd. The Frontenac Road, running north of Kingston,", "height": "3230", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "Appendix. 15 7\\nthrough the county of Frontenac. Resident Agent, James\\nSpike, Deniston. Route, by Grand Trunk Railway to\\nKingston.\\n3rd. The Addington Road, running north and south,\\nthrough the county of Addington. Resident Agent, E.\\nPerry, Tamworth. Route, by Grand Trunk Railway to\\njSTapanee.\\n4th. The Hastings Road, running nearly parallel to the\\nAddington Road, and connecting the County of Hastings\\nwith the Ottawa and Opeongo Road. Resident Agent, M.\\nP. Hayes, Madoc. Route, by Grand Trunk Railway to\\nBelleville.\\n5th. The Burleigh Road, running through the townships\\nof Burleigh and Anstruther. Resident Agent, Joseph\\nGraham, Peterborough. Route, by Grand Trunk Railway\\nto Cobourg and Peterborough. The Burleigh Road to join\\nthe Peterson Road will be finished in two years.\\n6th. The Bobcaygeon Road, running from Bobcaygeom\\nbetween the counties of Peterborough and Victoria, north,\\nand intended to be continued to Lake Nipissing. Resident\\nAgents for southerly portion, R. Hughes, Bobcaygeon; for\\nnortherly portion, G. G. Boswell, Minclen. Route, by Grand\\nTrunk Railway to Cobourg and Peterborough, and thence\\nby steamer to Bobcaygeon.\\n7th. The Yictoria Road, running north through the\\ncounty of Yictoria to the Peterson Road. Resident Agent,\\nG. M Roche, Lindsay. Route, by Grand Trunk Railway to\\nPort Hope and Lindsay.\\n8th. The Muskoka Road, running from Lake Couchiching\\nto the Grand Falls of Muskoka. Resident Agent, R. J.\\nOliver, Orillia. Route, by Northern Railway from Toronto\\nto Barrie, thence by steamer to Orillia.\\nBy means of these roads access is obtained to townships\\nrecently surveyed by Government and now open for settle-\\nment. They are chiefly of excellent quality, and well", "height": "3217", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "158 Appendix.\\nadapted, in respect of soil and climate, to all the purposes of\\nhusbandry.\\nThe roads in Lower Canada arc\\n1st, The Elgin Eoad, in the county of L Islet, about\\nthirty-five miles long, from St. Jean, Port Joly, to the pro-\\nvincial line and that part of the Tache Eoad, from the\\ncounty of Bellechasse to that of Kamouraska, inclusive,\\nabout 100 miles. Eesidcnt Agent, S. Drapean, St. Jean,\\nPort Joly.\\n2nd. The Matapedia Eoad, from Fleurian to Eiver Eesti-\\ngouche, forty-six miles and that part of the Tache Eoad,\\nfrom the county of Kamouraska to that of Eimouski, about\\n100 miles. Eesident Agent, J. B. Lepage, Eimouski.\\n3rd. The Temiscouata Eoad, from Riviere du Loup to\\nLake Temiscouata. Eesident Agent, L. N. Gauvreau, Isle\\nYerte.\\nDIRECTIONS TO EMIGRANTS AND OTHEES\\nWISHING TO PUECHASE CROWN LANDS.\\nEmigrants and others desirous of purchasing Crown Lands\\nshould make application to the respective local Crown Land\\nAgents, who are required by law to furnish all applicants\\nwith correct information as to what lands are open for sale.\\nThe Government Emigration Agents at Quebec, Mon-\\ntreal, Ottawa, Kingston, Toronto, and Hamilton, will afford\\ninformation and advice to emigrants respecting the best\\nmeans of reaching the localities in which they intend to\\nsettle.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "Appendix. 159\\nDIRECTIONS TO PAETIES CORRESPONDING WITH\\nTHE DEPARTMENT OF CROWN LANDS.\\nApplications to purchase wild lands, in newly surveyed\\nor thinly settled townships, should be made to the local\\nagent, and if the lot sought to be purchased is at his dis-\\nposal, at a fixed price, he will sell under existing regulations.\\nIf the lot has not yet been advertised, and placed at the dis-\\nposal of the agent, no sale of it can be made until that is\\ndone, unless the applicant is in actual occupation, with valu-\\nable improvements in that case he may, at his own expense,\\nprocure the services of the agent (if the lot be within the\\njurisdiction of one) to inspect it, or furnish him satisfactory\\nevidence, by affidavits of two credible and disinterested\\nparties, or the report of a sworn surveyor, to enable him to\\nreport to the department the following particulars, viz.\\nThe whole time the lot has been occupied by whom now\\noccupied; the nature and extent of the improvements\\nowned by applicant, and whether there are any adverse\\nclaims, on account of improvements made by any other\\nparty on the same piece or parcel of land.\\nIf the lot is public land, but not within the jurisdiction\\nof any agent, the application should be made direct to the\\ndepartment, applicant being careful, in order to avoid delay\\nand prevent unnecessary correspondence, to transmit at the\\nsame time the evidence by affidavit or surveyor s report, as\\nabove stated.\\nThe same rules should be observed by applicants to pur-\\nchase Public Lands situated in the old settled townships,\\nwith these additions that in cases where the applicant\\noccupies improvements made by his predecessors on the lot,\\nhe should show by assignment or other evidence, how he\\nobtained possession of them, and that he is now the bond", "height": "3218", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "160 Appendix.\\nJide owner of the same. The present full value of the land\\nper acre, exclusive of improvements, should also be stated\\nby the agent, the surveyor or deponents, as the case may\\nbe. All papers necessary to substantiate the applicant s\\nclaim or right to purchase, if the application is made direct\\nto the department, should accompany the first application.\\nAll assignments, whether by squatters or purchasers,\\nmust be unconditional, to be recognized by the department.\\nApplications for information relative to the dates of\\npatents and the names of patentees should, invariably, be\\nmade to the provincial or deputy provincial registrar.\\nParties writing to the department should give their post\\noffice, the date and number of the last letter (if any) they\\nreceived from the department on the subject. They should,\\nif they can, state whether the lots they write about are\\nCrown, Clergy, or School Lands. Each letter should be con-\\nfined to one subject; the signature should be distinctly\\nwritten, and the letter addressed to The Honourable the\\nCommissioner of Crown Lands.\\nEvery applicant of letters patent for lands, should state\\nhis Christian name at length, with his occupation and\\nresidence, as these must be stated in the letters patent.\\nINSTBUCTIONS TO IMMIGBANTS WITH SOME\\nCAPITAL.\\nImmigrants with some capital, desirous of settling on\\nland, and unaccustomed to life in the bush, would do well\\nto purchase a lot ivith a house, outbuildings, and a few acres\\nof clearance. Lots of this description are always to be found\\nin the newly-settled districts, the title to which is still in\\nthe Crown. In such cases a small sum must be given for", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "Appendix. 161\\nthe right and improvements of the original purchaser. The\\npatent would then be issued on payment of the balance of\\nthe purchase money due to the Crown, and on completion\\nof the required settlement duties.\\nThe Crown Land agents will aid immigrants inquiring\\nfor improved lots within their agencies, for which patents\\nhave not been issued. They will say where such lots are to\\nbe found, and they will assist, if requested, in drawing up\\nthe necessary assignment to the purchaser, for registration\\nin the department of Crown Lands.\\n11", "height": "3231", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX B.\\nEMIGEATION TO CANADA.\\n(From The Albion of May 30, 1864.)\\nThe subject of emigration has recently attracted much\\nattention in Canada, and has led to several discussions in\\nthe provincial parliament. It would appear from the state-\\nments of the honourable members that Federal agents are\\nbusy there as in England, attempting to attract newly arrived\\nemigrants from Canada to New York and other Federal\\ncities, with a view to enlisting them in the Federal armies.\\nThis drain on Canada had seriously affected the labour mar-\\nket, and the legislature had under their consideration the\\nbest means of putting an end to this system. In the\\nLegislative Council, on the 10th May, the Hon. Mr. Alex-\\nander moved for a select committee to consider and report\\nupon the best means to be adopted to attract an increased\\nnumber of immigrants and settlers. At present they had\\nno agents in the United States or on the European Conti-\\nnent, and although they had a department of agriculture", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "Appendix. 163\\nand emigration, little or nothing had yet been done to pro-\\nmote an influx of settlers. In his opinion they could easily\\nreceive and absorb from 30,000 to 40,000 immigrants annu-\\nally, all of whom could find comfortable homes and hiring\\nby their labour. Manufactures of various kinds were\\nrapidly springing up; and he thought that if care was\\ntaken with the immigrants on their arrival, and the re-\\nsources of the province set before them, they would prefer\\npeaceful Canada to the United States. The Hon. Mr.\\nCampbell said the province was much indebted to Mr.\\nAlexander for the untiring zeal and energy he displayed on\\nthe subject. He begged to second this motion. The motion\\nwas carried nem. dis. In the Legislative Assembly, on the\\nsame day, Mr. M G-ee, Minister of Agriculture, moved the\\nsecond reading of the bill to amend the acts respecting\\nemigrants and quarantine, and proposing to make, at\\nQuebec, one legal landing-place, and that emigrants should\\nbe landed at particular hours, with the regulations designed\\nto check the current of further emigration to the Northern\\nStates. In the course of his remarks he maintained the\\nright of the various localities to representation by popula-\\ntion. He also maintained that the report of the ex-commis-\\nsioner of Crown Lands, that there were no more lands\\nsuitable for cultivation, for appropriation a statement\\nwhich must of necessity prove damaging to immigration\\nwas very incorrect, that in a comparatively small district\\n9400 situations were now open for immigrants immediately\\non their arrival. Several other gentlemen spoke in favour\\nof the bill, and reference was again made to the diverting of\\nthe immigration stream to the Northern States, and the\\nimportance of such provisions as the bill designed to check\\nit. The discussion was adjourned.\\nEeturn of the number of male and female servants, me-\\nchanics, etc., required in Canada, and for which applications", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "164 Appendix.\\nhave been made to the inland agents Farm labourers, 6,161\\nboys over thirteen years of age, 1,115; female servants, 2,892\\ncarpenters and joiners, 165 masons, 131 bricklayers, 57\\nfounders, 14 coopers, 33 smiths, 60 tinsmiths, 5 shoe-\\nmakers, 70 tailors, 29 miners, 218 tanners, 13 saddlers,\\n16 wheelwrights, 1 carriage-painters, 2 weavers, 4 gar-\\ndeners, skilled, 9 grooms, 4, Total, 10,999. Average rate of\\nwages Per month, with board (gold and not currency)\\nFarm labourers from $7 to \u00c2\u00a78 female servants, $2 to $5\\nboys, $2 50c. to \u00c2\u00a76 carpenters, $14 to $20 tailors, $10 to\\n$14 shoemakers, \u00c2\u00a710 to $16 saddlers, $12 to $16 black-\\nsmiths, $14 to $20. Per day, without board (gold, and not\\ncurrency) Farm labourers, from 70c. to $1 carpenters,\\n\u00c2\u00a71 to $1 50c. tailors, $1 12c. to $1 50c. shoemakers, $1\\nto $1 25c. blacksmiths, $1 12c. to $1 50c. masons, $1 25c.\\nto $1 50c. coopers, $1 25c. to $1 50c. tinsmiths, $1 to\\n$1 25c. founders, $1 25c. to $1 50c. bricklayers, $1 12c.\\nto $1 50c.", "height": "3231", "width": "2096", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "165\\nYALUE OF ENGLISH COIN THROUGHOUT\\nCANADA.\\nSteeling.\\nCUKKENCY\\ns. d. cts.\\n1 2\\n6\\n12i\\n10\\n25\\n2 6\\n60\\n5\\n1 21\\n10\\n2 43\\n10\\n4 86\\n5\\n24 33\\n10\\n48 66\\n20\\n97 33\\n50\\n243 33\\n100\\n486 66\\nHASRILDj PEINTEE, LONDON", "height": "3231", "width": "1938", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "WORKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED\\nINDIA, AMERICA, AND THE COLONIES.\\nA History of the Discovery and Exploration of Aus-\\ntralia or, An Account of the Progress of Geographical Discovery in that\\nContinent, from the Earliest Period to the Present Day. By the Eev. Julian\\nE. Tenison Woods, F.R.G.S., etc., etc. 2 vols., demy 8vo, cloth, 24 s.\\n[In the press.\\nThe Colony of Victoria Its History, Commerce, and\\nGold Mining Its Social and Political Institutions, down to the end of 1863.\\nWith Eemarks, Incidental and Comparative, upon the other Australian Colo-\\nnies. By William Wbstgabth, author of Victoria and the Gold Mines,\\netc. 8vo, with a Map, cloth, 16s.\\nTracks of M Kinlay and Party across Australia.\\nBy John Davis, one of the Expedition. Edited from the MS. Journal of\\nMr. Davis, with an Introductory View of the recent Explorations of Stuart,\\nBurke, Wills, Landsborough, and others. By William Wbstgabth. With\\nnumerous Illustrations in chromo-lithography, and Map. 8vo, cloth, 16s.\\nThe Progress and Present State of British India\\na Manual of Indian History, Geography, and Finance, for general use based\\nupon Official Documents, furnished under the authority of Her Majesty s\\nSecretary of State for India. By Montgomkby Mabtin, Esq., author of\\na History of the British Colonies, etc. In one volume, post 8vo, cloth,\\n10s. 6d.\\nAmerica before Europe. Principles and Interests.\\nBy the Count de Gasparin. Post 8vo, 9s.\\nSlavery and Secession Historical and Economical.\\nBy Thomas Ellison, Esq., E.S.S., author of A Handbook of the Cotton\\nTrade. With Coloured Map, and numerous Appendices of State Papers,\\nPopulation Eeturns, New ana Old Tariff s, etc., forming a complete Manual\\nof Keference on all matters connected with the War. Second edition, en-\\nlarged. 1 vol., post 8vo, cloth, 10s. Qd.\\nA History of New South Wales from the Discovery\\nof New Holland in 1616 to the present time. By the late Eodebick Flanagan,\\nEsq., Member of the Philosophical Society of New South Wales. 2 vols.\\n8vo, 24s.\\nCanada and its Resources. Two Prize Essays, by\\nHogan and Mobbis. 7s., or separately, Is. 6d. each, and Map, 3s.\\nThe Ordeal of Free Labour in the British West\\nIndies. By William G. Sewbll. Post 8vo, cloth, 7s. Gd,\\nLondon SAMPSON LOW, SON, MAESTON,\\n14, Ltjdgate Hill.", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "WORKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED.\\nTRAVEL AND ADVENTURE.\\nLife with the Esquimaux. Compiled from the\\nJournals of Captain C. F. flail. 2 vols., demy 8vo. With nearlv 100 Illus-\\ntrations. Printed by Clay. the press.\\nTen Days in a French Parsonage. By Rev. G. M.\\nMusgbave. 2 voh., post 8yq, 16s.\\nMy Southern Friends. By Edmund Kirke. One\\nvol., fcap. 8vo, cloth, 2*. 6d. Cheap Edition, fcap., boards, Is. 6d.\\nA startling narrative of personal experience and adventure.\\nArabian Days and Nights or, Eays from the East\\na Narrative. By Maegttebitb A. Power. 1 vol., post 8vo, 10s. 6d.\\nMiss Power s book is thoroughly interesting, and does much credit to her\\ntalent for observation and description. London Review.\\nWild Scenes in South America; or, Life in the\\nLlanos of Venezuela. By Don Kamon Paez. Numerous Illustrations.\\nPost 8vo, cloth, 10s. 6d.\\nAfter Icebergs with a Painter a Summer s Voyage\\nto Labrador. By the Kev. Louis L. Noble. Post 8vo, with coloured\\nplates, cloth, 10s. 6rf. _ m M\\nThis is a beautiful and true book, excellently suited for family reading,\\nnnd its least recommendation is not that without cant or impertinence it turns\\nevery thought and emotion excited by the wonders it describes to the honour ot\\nthe Creator. Daily News.\\nThe Prairie and Overland Traveller; a Com-\\npanion for Emigrants, Traders, Travellers, Hunters, and Soldiers, traversing\\ngreat Plains and Prairies, by Capt. E. B. Maecey. Illustrated. Fcap.\\n8vo, cloth, 2\u00c2\u00ab. 6d.\\nTen Years of Preacher Life; Chapters from an\\nAutobiography. By William Henbt Milbubn, Author of Rifle, Axe,\\nand Saddle-Bags. With Introduction by the Rev. William Abthub,\\nAuthor of The Successful Merchant, etc. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4s. 6d.\\nThe States of Central America. By E. G. Squier.\\nCloth, 18s.\\nHome and Abroad (Second Series). A Sketch-boo\\nof Life, Men, and Travel. By Bayard Tatloe. With Illustrations, pojt\\n8vo, cloth, 8s. 6d.\\nThe Cotton Kingdom: a Traveller s Observations\\non Cotton and Slavery in America, based upon three former volumes of\\nTravels and Explorations. By Frederick Law Olmsted. With a Mai\\n2 vols., post 8vo, \u00c2\u00a31 Is.\\nMr Olmsted gives his readers a wealth of facts conveyed in a long stream\\nof anecdotes, the exquisite humour of many of them making parts ot his book as\\npleasant to read as a novel ol the first-class. Athenaum.\\nLondon SAMPSON LOW, SON, MAESTON,\\n14, Ltjdgate Hill.", "height": "3146", "width": "2045", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3231", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3231", "width": "2034", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3248", "width": "2126", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n017 372 966 2\\nmmm\\nWfltiffi\\ns\\nHat\\nHP\\nmm\\nnhp\\nHi 11\\nWW\u00e2\u0084\u00a2\\n191\\nilH\\nhH\\nhsk", "height": "3340", "width": "2262", "jp2-path": "canadain186400ches_0184.jp2"}}