{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3156", "width": "2002", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "r 0\\no cP,\\n0 ^^-0\\n0\\n,0 o\\n^%^r\\n-C\\nft\\na.\\n.x^^\\n0-\\n.0^.\\n^OO\\nA\\n.0 o", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "7\\nfg-ff-*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "iig^N/Oa Ka\u00c2\u00ae!H[^0^\u00e2\u0080\u009e", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "mUM S\\nS^SORIT ^aS\u00c2\u00a5\u00c2\u00ae^Q SS\\nmmw ^miK%mTo\\n1: yyiiJ:\\njLUpr", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0011.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0012.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "Hippincott s\\nCabinet I^istDrifs nf t[it \u00c2\u00a7Mu.\\nNEW JERSEY.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0013.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0014.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "THE\\nHISTORY OF NE\u00c2\u00a5 JERSEY\\nFKOM ITS\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00ac^i\\\\m\\\\ Irftlmnt tn tjjB l^iiwA CiniB.\\nEDITED BY\\nw. h/carpenter,\\nT. S. ARTHUR.\\nPHILADELPHIA:\\nLIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO.\\n1853.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0015.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, by\\nT. S. ARTHUR and W. H. CARPENTER,\\nin the Clerk s Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of\\nPennsylvania\\nSTEREOTYPED BT L. JOHNSON AND CO.\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^.K\\nC\\nX^ JN", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0016.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "PUBLISHERS PREFACE.\\nThere are but few persons in this country who\\nhave not, at some time or other, felt the want of an\\naccurate, well written, concise, yet clear and reliable\\nhistory of their own or some other state.\\nThe want here indicated is now about being sup-\\nplied and, as the task of doing so is no light or\\nsuperficial one, the publishers have given into the\\nhands of the two gentlemen whose names appear in\\nthe title-page, the work of preparing a series of Cabi-\\nnet Histories, embracing a volume for each state in\\nthe Union. Of their ability to perform this well, we\\nneed not speak. They are no strangers in the literary\\nworld. What they undertake the public may rest\\nassured will be performed thoroughly and that no\\nsectarian, sectional, or party feelings will bias their\\njudgment, or lead them to violate the integrity of\\nhistory.\\nThe importance of a series of state histories like\\nthose now commenced, can scarcely be estimated.\\nBeing condensed as carefully as accuracy and interest\\nof narrative will permit, the size and price of the\\nvolumes will bring them within the reach of every\\nfamily in the country, thus making them home-read-\\ning books for old and young. Each individual will,\\n7", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0017.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "8 publishers preface.\\nin consequence, become familiar, not only with the\\nhistory of his own state, but with that of other states:\\nthus mutual interest will be re-awakened, and old\\nbonds cemented in a firmer union.\\nIn this series of Cabinet Histories, the authors,\\nwhile presenting a concise but accurate narrative of\\nthe domestic policy of each state, will give greater\\nprominence to the personal history of the people.\\nThe dangers which continually hovered around the\\nearly colonists the stirring romance of a life passed\\nfearlessly amid peril; the incidents of border war-\\nfare; the adventures of hardy pioneers; the keen\\nwatchfulness, the subtle surprise, the ruthless attack,\\nand prompt retaliation all these having had an im-\\nportant influence upon the formation of the American\\ncharacter, are to be freely recorded. While the progres-\\nsive development of the citizens of each individual state\\nfrom the rough forest-life of the earlier day to the\\npolished condition of the present, will exhibit a pic-\\nture of national expansion as instructing as it is inte-\\nresting.\\nThe size and style of the series will be uniform\\nwith the present volume. The authors, who have\\nbeen for some time collecting and arranging materials,\\nwill furnish the succeeding volumes as rapidly as their\\ncareful preparation will warrant.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0018.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nNew Netherland Traffic with the Indians Settlement on\\nManhattan Island Argall s visit to Manhattan The\\nStates-General grant commercial privileges to discoverers\\nBlock explores the harbour of New York Coasts with\\nChristiaanse, Connectifcut and Rhode Island Manhattan\\nIsland fortified May enters the Delaware Bay Authorities\\nappointed to govern New Netherland Alliance with the\\nIroquois Increase of population at New Amsterdam The\\nPlymouth settlement Dutch West India Company organ-\\nized A colony planted on the Delaware Fort Nassau\\nbuUt Administration of Minuits Commercial prosperity\\nof New Netherland New plan for colonization adopted\\nManors of Pavonia and Swanandael De Vries settlement\\nat Hoarkill Offence given to the Indians Massacre of\\nthe colonists Return of De Vries Abandonment of the\\nSwanandael purchase Page 19\\nCHAPTER II.\\nDispute between the patroons and the West India Company\\nManors of Pavonia and Swanandael abolished Wouter\\nVan Twiller governor Difficulties with the Plymouth co-\\nlony Rival trading-houses on the Connecticut Governor\\nKieft Minuits founds a Swedish colony on the Delaware\\nIts prosperous condition English settlers at Salem Creek\\nDispossessed by the Swedes and Dutch Printz succeeds\\nMinuits as governor of New Sweden Encroachment of the\\nPuritans upon territory claimed by the Dutch War with\\nthe Indian tribes on the Raritan Unsuccessful negotiations\\nfor peace Massacre of the Indians Their terrible retalia-\\n9", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0019.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "10 CONTENTS.\\ntion Overtures for peace Council at Rockaway War re-\\nnewed Settlements on the Passaic destroyed Captain\\nJohn Underhill His successful descents upon Long Island\\nArrival of reinforcements Vigorous prosecution of the\\nwar Interposition of the Mohawks Peace declared Un-\\npopularity of Kieft Ilis recall Lost at sea Page 32\\nCHAPTER IIL\\nGovernor Stuyvesant His character His wise and cautious\\npolicy Quarrel with New England Belligerent desires of\\nStuyvesant The West India Company counsel peace Ne-\\ngotiations opened Provisional treaty concluded Second\\nEnglish attempt to found a colony on the Delaware frustrat-\\ned Swedish colony threatened by Stuyvesant Fort Cassi-\\nmir constructed Printz builds Fort Elsingburg Rising\\ngovernor of New Sweden Takes Fort Cassimir by strata-\\ngem The Swedes conquered by Stuyvesant Indian hos-\\ntilities Activity of Stuyvesant Prosperous condition of\\nNew Netherland Lord Baltimore claims the territory on\\nthe west bank of the Delaware Its cession to the city of\\nAmsterdam Perilous position of Stuyvesant Stringent\\nregulations of the West India Company Concessions de-\\nmanded by the people Haughty reply of Stuyvesant A\\npopular assembly established New Netherland granted to\\nthe Duke of York Arrival of the English fleet Stuyve-\\nsant summoned to surrender Capitulation 44\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nThe Duke of York s patent to Berkeley and Carteret\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nprovince of New Jersey Liberal policy of the proprietaries\\nTheir concessions to popular freedom Nicholls governor\\nof New York His activity in colonizing New Albania\\nCarteret appointed governor of New Jersey Establishes\\nhis capital at Elizabethtown Inducements held out to set-\\ntlers Rapid increase in population Puritan settlement\\non the Passaic Threatened by the Hackensack Indians\\nPeace restored Newark founded Narrow policy of the\\ncolonists from Connecticut First legislative session of New\\nJersey Partial adoption of the harsh New England code", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0020.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. 11\\nLocal rights of self-government claimed Opposition to\\nquit rents Great dissatisfaction throughout the province\\nA new assembly constituted Deposition of the governor\\nCarteret sails for England Carteret s authority confirm-\\ned Power of the assembly curtailed War between Eng-\\nland and Holland Capture of New York by the Dutch\\nIts restoration to the English Page 55\\nCHAPTER V.\\nThe Duke of York confirmed in his title to New York An-\\ndros appointed governor Petition of New Jersey The\\nQuakers punished as recusants Unjust charges against\\nthem Their principles proscribed Their persecution in\\nEngland Advised to settle in America Salem settled\\nGovernments of Fenwicke and Carteret The boundaries\\nof East and West New Jersey established Constitution pro-\\nmulgated Its liberal concessions Emigration of wealthy\\nQuakers Anecdote of Charles II. Difficulty with Andros,\\ngovernor of New York Burlington settled Fear of In-\\ndian hostilities A special treaty entered into Speech of\\nan Indian sachem Progress of the colony Increase of\\npopulation 65\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nDispute between New York and East New Jersey Arbitrary\\nconduct of Andros Claims jurisdiction over New Jersey\\nCarteret refuses to resign his government His arrest\\nTried at New York and acquitted Andros attempts to con-\\ntrol the assembly of East New Jersey Their spirited re-\\nsponse Heavy tax on imports Remonstrance of the New\\nJersey proprietaries Their complaints referred to commis-\\nsioners The tax pronounced illegal The Duke of York\\nrelinquishes his claim to govern New Jersey Byllinge go-\\nvernor of West New Jersey Appoints Jennings deputy-\\ngovernor First legislative assembly convenes Adoption\\nof a constitution Burlington erected the capital of the\\nprovince The assembly maintains its prerogative\\nAmendment of the constitution Jennings elected go-\\nvernor Is sent to England Olive governor Byllinge ap-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0021.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "12 CONTENTS.\\npoints John Skene deputy-governor Death of BylUnge\\nSale of his interest in New Jersey Dr. Coxe claims\\nentire executive control A change foreshadowed Page 77\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nQuit-rent disputes East New Jersey purchased by Penn and\\nothers Extension of the partnership Robert Barclay\\nmade governor Appoints Thomas Rudyard his deputy\\nSession of the assembly The province divided into counties\\nAdministration of Rudyard Gawen Laurie governor\\nMixed character of population in New Jersey Scottish\\nemigrants Scot of Pitlochie s book Lord Campbell ap-\\npointed deputy-governor of East New Jersey James IL\\nviolates his obligations Difficulties with New York\\nNew Jersey threatened Remonstrance of the proprietaries\\nSurrender of East and West New Jersey to the juris-\\ndiction of the crown Andros commissioned governor\\nFlight of James IL Resumption of the proprietary\\ngovernments Hamilton governor Land titles Hamil-\\nton superseded by Basse Inter-provincial disputes\\nHamilton re-appointed governor New Jersey becomes a\\nroyal province 86\\nCHAPTER VIIL\\nThe New constitution for the Jerseys The legislative power\\nIn whom vested Slave trade ordered to be encouraged\\nThe judiciary Arrival of Lord Cornbury His demand\\nfor a permanent salary rejected by the assembly Corn-\\nbury s illegal proceedings Opposed by Lewis Morris and\\nSamuel Jennings The assembly wait upon Cornbury with\\na remonstrance His response Retort of the assembly\\nConduct of Cornbury censured by the English ministry\\nHis removal Imprisoned by his creditors Popular ad-\\nministration of Lovelace His death Ingoldsby deputy-\\ngovernor War between France and England Capture of\\nPort Royal 98", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0022.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. 13\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nArrival of Governor Hunter His speech to the assembly\\nHis popularity Invasion of Canada advocated by Ni-\\ncholson Organization of the provincial levies Disastrous\\nfailure of the expedition Treaty of Utrecht Quaker\\ndifficulties in New Jersey Opposition against Hunter\\nHis success Provincial demonstrations of regard Burnet\\nappointed governor His removal to Massachusetts\\nMontgomery governor Petition for a separate government\\nAdministration of Crosby Of Hamilton Separation of\\nthe Jerseys from the government of New York Morris\\ncommissioned governor Rapid decline of his popularity\\nMaintains the royal prerogative War declared between\\nEngland and France Shirley plans an expedition against\\nLouisburg Sharp controversy between Morris and the\\nAssembly Death of Morris Succeeded by Hamilton\\nFeeble and abortive attempt to invade Canada Peace of\\nAix-la-Chapelle Page 109\\nCHAPTER X.\\nBelcher governor Revival of quit-rent disputes A commis-\\nsion of inquiry ordered by the crown Claims of France\\nto the Ohio valley Mission of George Washington to\\nFort Le Boeuf The works commenced at the forks of\\nthe Ohio seized by the French Washington ordered\\nto protect the Virginia frontier Skirmish and death\\nof Jumonville Formal declaration of war A plan of\\ncolonial confederation proposed Rejected by the pro-\\nvinces and the Board of Trade Campaign of 1755\\nDefeat of Braddock Victory of Lake George Alarm\\nof the colonies Indian incursions Campaign of 1756\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Loudoun appointed commander-in-chief Descent of\\nMontcalm on the forts at Oswego Treaty with the De-\\nla waxes 117\\nCHAPTER XL\\nIncrease of British power in the colonies Subordination of\\ncolonial oflBcers Indignation in Pennsylvania and New\\nJersey Campaign of 1757 Co-operation of New Jersey\\nExpedition against Louisburg Inactivity of Loudoun\\n2", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0023.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "14 CONTENTS.\\nat Halifax Energetic movements of Montcalm Siege of\\nFort William Henry Surrender of Munro Attempted\\nmassacre of the prisoners Heroic conduct of Montcalm\\nAlarm of General Webb Death of Governor Bel-\\ncher Campaign of 1758 Masterly arrangements of\\nPitt Hearty response of the colonies Capture of Louis-\\nhurg Repulse of Abercrombie before Ticonderoga Fort\\nFrontenac taken by Bradstreet Evacuation of Fort Du-\\nquesne Indian council at the forks of the Delaware\\nCampaign of 1759 Invasion of Canada projected Ti-\\nconderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the French\\nSurrender of Fort Niagara Capture of Quebec Peace of\\nFontainebleau Change of governors in New Jersey In-\\ndian outrages. Page 130\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nColonial expenditures during the war Project to tax Ame-\\nrica Obnoxious to the colonists Unanimity of the pro-\\nvinces Stamp Act proposed Remonstrance of the colo-\\nnies Stamp Act passed Spirited resolutions of Virginia\\nNational Congress recommended Disapproved of by\\nthe New Jersey house Indignation of the people against\\ntheir representatives House again convenes at Amboy\\nDelegates appointed to the Congress Petition and remon-\\nstrance forwarded to England New Jersey stamp-distri-\\nbutor resigns Stamp Tax repealed Party lines drawn\\nOpposition to the Quartering Act Townsend s tax bill\\npassed Agitation in the colonies Language of the New\\nJersey house Non-importation agreements Violated by\\nNew York traders Their reception in New Jersey Repeal\\nof all taxes except the duty on tea Popular tumults in\\nMonmouth and Essex counties Odious nature of the tax\\non tea Rendered nugatory by non-importation agree-\\nments Parliament endeavours to force tea into America\\nTea destroyed at Boston and in New Jersey Port of\\nBoston closed New Jersey people sympathize with their\\nMassachusetts brethren National Congress of 1774 Battle\\nof Lexington 143\\nCHAPTER XIIL\\nAffair of Lexington Military activity of the provincials\\nProceedings of Congress Ticonderoga surprised by", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0024.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. 15\\nEthan Allen Lord North s conciliatory plan rejected by\\nNew Jersey Organization of the militia Battle of Bunker\\nHiil Evacuation of Boston by the British Declaration\\nof Independence State of New Jersey formed Livings-\\nton elected governor New York menaced by Howe\\nActivity of Washington Battle of Long Island New\\nYork evacuated by the Americans Capture of Fort Wash-\\nington by the British Retreat of Washington across the\\nJerseys Condition of his troops Meeting of the first\\nstate legislature The American army crosses the Dela-\\nware Capture of General Lee Surprise of the Hessians\\nat Trenton Page 157\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nWashington takes post at Trenton Comwallis advances\\nagainst him Perilous situation of the American com-\\nmander His daring scheme to escape Attacks and de-\\nfeats the enemy at Princeton Subsequent movements of\\nthe contending armies Washington goes into winter\\nquarters at Morristown Inspiriting eflFect of the late\\nvictories Outrages committed by the enemy New Jersey\\nmilitia take the field Skirmishes near Springfield and\\nHillsborough Washington s proclamation to the disafi ect-\\ned inhabitants Exceptions taken to it Legislature con-\\nvenes Difficulties in framing a new militia law Non-\\nresistance principles respected Dissatisfaction of Livings-\\nton Council of Safety appointed Its extraordinary\\npowers Bill to confiscate the estates of Tories Its favour-\\nable conditions Plundering expeditions of the Tories from\\nNew York 168\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nOpening of the campaign of 1777 American stores at Peeks-\\nkill destroyed Skirmish at Boundbrook Washington takes\\na strong position at Middlebrook Howe s feint to draw\\nhim from his camp Its ill success Howe retreats to Am-\\nboy Washington advances to Quibbletown Howe returns\\nto attack him Is again foiled Retires to Staten Island,\\nand embarks for the southward Perplexity of Washington", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0025.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "16 CONTENTS.\\nin regard to his movements Loyalists on Staten Island\\nbecome troublesome Sullivan s attempt against them\\nHowe lands at the head of Chesapeake Bay Battle of\\nBrandywine Wayne surprised at Paoli Howe enters\\nPhiladelphia Clinton ravages East Jersey Battle of Ger-\\nmantown American successes at the north Movements\\non the Delaware American works at Byllinsport captured\\nDefences near the mouth of the Schuylkill Donop as-\\nsaults Red Bank and is repulsed Re-election of Livings-\\nton Dickinson s attempt against the Staten Island Tories\\nFort Mifflin evacuated and Red Bank abandoned Bri-\\ntish in full possession of the Delaware Skirmish near\\nGloucester Point Washington goes into winter quarters\\nat Valley Forge Page 179\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nDistress of the American prisoners in New York Sufferings\\nof the army Measures taken by the state for their relief\\nArticles of confederation brought before the legislature of\\nNew Jersey Alliance between France and the United Co-\\nlonies Objections of the legislature to the Articles of Con-\\nfederation British foraging party under Mawhood enters\\nSalem county Conflict at Quinton s Bridge Gallant ex-\\nploit of Andrew Bacon British forces a second time re-\\npulsed at Quinton s Bridge Americans massacred at Han-\\ncock s Bridge Correspondence between Mawhood and\\nColonel Hand British return to Philadelphia Expedition\\nagainst Bordentown Narrow escape of Lafayette at Barren\\nHill Clinton ordered to evacuate Philadelphia He retreats\\nacross the Jerseys Washington starts in pursuit Battle\\nof Monmouth Court House Lee s conduct during the\\naction censured He is arrested, tried, suspended, and finally\\ndismissed from the service 193\\nCHAPTER XVIL\\nD Estaing arrives with a French fleet Sullivan s unsuccess-\\nful attempt against Newport Massacre of Baylor s cavalry\\nregiment near Tappan British expedition against Little\\nEgg Harbour Chestnut Neck burned Pulaski s legion\\nsixrprised in the vicinity of Tuckerton New legislature", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0026.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. 17\\nelected Livingston re-chosen governor Articles of Con-\\nfederation approved French fleet sails for the West Indies\\nCampaign of 1779 Difficulty with the Jersey brigade\\nCapture of Stony Point by the British Recaptured by\\nA^^ayne Major Lee surprises the English garrison at Paulug\\nHook Sullivan s expedition against the Indians of New\\nYork Fierce partisan contest in New Jersey Operations\\nin the south Financial difficulties of Congress New\\nJersey legislature orders nine millions of dollars to be\\nraised Distress of the American army at Morristown\\nWashington s requisition upon New Jersey for supplies\\nUnsuccessful attack upon Staten Island Page 207\\nCHAPTER XVIIL\\nCampaign of 1780 South Carolina invaded and overrun by\\nthe British Discontent inWashington s army Knyphausen\\nlands at Elizabethtown Point Marches toward Springfield\\nBurns the village of Connecticut Farms Retires to the\\nPoint Is joined by Clinton Patriotism of the Rev, James\\nCaldwell He becomes obnoxious to the Tories His wife\\nis murdered by a refugee, during the attack on Connecticut\\nFarms He is shot by a sentinel at Elizabethtown Point\\nClinton advances against Springfield Is met by Greene\\nSpringfield burned Clinton retires to Staten Island Arri-\\nval of Rochambeau Gloomy opening of the year 1781\\nRevolt of the Pennsylvania line Part of the New Jersey\\nbrigade mutinies Mutineers shot Cornwallis in the south\\nBattle of Cowpens Battle of Guilford Court House\\nGreene partially recovers South Carolina Cornwallis enters\\nVirginia Fortifies himself at Yorktown Is besieged by\\nthe allied armies, and the fleet under De Grasse He ca-\\npitulates Prospect of peace Tory outrages in New Jersey\\nMurder of Captain Huddy Peace 219\\nCHAPTER XIX.\\nEmbarrassed situation of the country Conditional cession of\\npublic lands Iby Virginia Objected to Grounds of New\\nJersey s objection Virginia withdraws her condition, and\\nthe cession is accepted Federal imposts proposed Favour-\\ned by New Jersey and other states Defeated in conse-\\n2*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0027.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "18 CONTENTS.\\nquence of the opposition of New York 111 feeling thus\\ncreated Embarrassing resolution of the New Jersey legis-\\nlature National convention recommended Meets at Phila-\\ndelphia New Jersey Plan Virginia Plan adopted\\nConstitution submitted to the states Ratified by the New\\nJersey convention Republican and Federal parties Poli-\\nties of New Jersey Washington chosen president His\\njourney from Mount Vernon to New York His reception at\\nTrenton Trenton established permanently as the capital\\nof the state Death of Governor Livingston William Pat-\\nterson governor Is made an associate judge in the Supreme\\nCourt of the United States Resigns the executive of New\\nJersey Is succeeded by Richard Howell New partisan\\ndifferences Alien and sedition laws Decline of the Fe-\\nderalists Joseph Bloomfield elected governor of New\\nJersey by the Republicans Removal of the Brotherton\\nIndians Page 232\\nCHAPTER XX.\\nRe-election of Bloomfield Act for the gradual abolition of\\nslavery Aaron Burr Sketch of his life Origin of his\\nquarrel with Hamilton He kills Hamilton in a duel Is in-\\ndicted for murder by a New Jersey grand jury His jour-\\nneys to the West His arrest, trial, and acquittal His sub-\\nsequent career and death Is buried in the Princeton grave-\\nyard Difiiculties between the United States, England and\\nFrance British orders in council Napoleon s retaliatory\\ndecrees American Embargo Act Continued aggressions\\nof England Affair of the Chesapeake Hostilities declared\\nExemption of New Jersey from invasion Naval victories\\nof Bainbridge and Lawrence Death of the latter Ameri-\\ncan successes Peace Governors Aaron Ogden, William S.\\nPennington, Mahlon Dickerson School fund created\\nIsaac H. Williamson governor Act to expedite the extinc-\\ntion of slavery Common schools established Peter D.\\nVroom governor Jacksonian and Whig parties Governors\\nSamuel S. Southard, Elias P. Seeley, Philemon Dickerson\\nFinancial embarrassments Triumph of the Whigs\\nWilliam Pennington governor Constitutional convention\\nNew constitution ratified by the people Governors Dan.\\nHaines, Charles C. Stratton, George F. Fort Present con-\\ndition and prospects of the state Conclusion 246", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0028.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF mW JERSEY.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nNew Netherland Traffic with the Indians Settlement on\\nManhattan Island Argall s visit to Manhattan The States\\nGeneral grant commercial privileges to discoverers Block\\nexplores the harbour of New Fork Coasts with Christi-\\naanse, Connecticut and Rhode Island Manhattan Island\\nfortified May enters the Delaware Bay Authorities ap-\\npointed to govern IVew iVetherland Alliance with the Iro-\\nquois Increase of population at New Amsterdam The\\nPlymouth settlement Dutch West India Company organ-\\nized A colony planted on the Delaware Fort Nassau built\\nAdministration of Minuits Commercial prosperity of\\nNew Netherland New plan for colonization adopted\\nManors of Pavonia and Swanandael De Vries s settle-\\nment at Hoarkill Offence given to the Indians Massacre\\nof the colonists Return of De Vries Abandonment of the\\nSwanandael purchase.\\nAlthough discovered by a navigator in the\\nservice of a Dutch company, the territory adja-\\ncent to the Hudson River was not formally\\nclaimed by Holland until after the lapse of\\nseveral years. In 1610, a few merchants of\\nAmsterdam fitted out a ship with various sorts\\nof merchandise, and despatched it to the newly-\\nfound lands, in order to open with its native in-\\n19", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0029.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "20 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1613.\\nhabitants a traffic in furs, which were there\\nboth abundant and cheap. Success attending\\nthis venture, similar voyages became frequent,\\nand trading-houses began to spring up on Man-\\nhattan Island, and at Beaverwyck, where Albany\\nnow stands.\\nAntagonistic as these establishments were to\\nthe pretensions of England, they did not long\\nremain unnoticed by that country s agents in\\nAmerica. In November, 1613, Captain Argall,\\nof Virginia, while returning from an unjust and\\nuseless expedition against the French in Acadia,\\nvisited the feeble trading-post at Manhattan,\\nand compelled the Dutch to stipulate allegiance\\nto Great Britain, tribute to Virginia, and the\\npartial payment of his own expenses. But no\\nsooner had Argall left the bay than the Dutch\\nflag was again hoisted, and every thing went on\\nas before.\\nIn April following this occurrence, the States-\\nGeneral of Holland issued a decree, grant-\\ning to such persons as should discover new\\nlands, the right of exclusive trade to them for\\nfour successive voyages. In order to secure the\\nbenefits of this grant, a number of merchants\\nentered into partnership, and fitted out five\\nships, the chief command of which they gave to\\nHendrick Christiaanse, with Captains Adrien\\nBlock and Cornelius Jacobsen May as his\\nsubordinates.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0030.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "1613.] MAY ENTERS DELAWARE BAY. 21\\nBlock was the first to reach the Bay of New\\nYork, where, his ship being accidentally de-\\nstroyed by fire, he built a sniall yacht, and pass-\\ned through the East River into Long Island\\nSound. Near Cape Cod he encountered Chris-\\ntiaanse, returning from Massachusetts Bay, and\\ntogether they examined the shores of Connecti-\\ncut and Rhode Island with considerable care and\\nthoroughness.\\nImmediately on their arrival at Manhattan,\\na rude fort was erected on the southern extre-\\nmity of the island and, in the following year,\\na small redoubt was thrown up on the opposite\\nbank of the Hudson, probably at the present\\nJersey City Point.\\nMay extended his researches farther south.\\nSailing along the eastern coast of New Jer-\\nsey, he rounded the cape that now bears his\\nname, and entered and explored the lower waters\\nof Delaware Bay.\\nIn the ensuing autumn a special grant was\\nmade to the merchants by whom Christiaanse\\nhad been employed, dignifying their simple\\npartnership with the title of The United New\\nNetherland Company, and confirming the pri-\\nvileges promised by the previous decree of the\\nStates-General. It was now that the name New\\nNetherland was first applied to that part of the\\ncontinent lying between Cape Cod and the De-\\nlaware Bay. Christiaanse, as Upper Hoofdt, or", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0031.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "22 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1613.\\nchief-commander, was placed at the head of af-\\nfairs, with Jacob Elckens, at one time a mer-\\nchant s clerk in Amsterdam, as his lieutenant.\\nThese officers appear to have discharged the\\nduties entrusted to them with judgment and\\ntact. In the summer of 16^1 they concluded\\na formal treaty of peace and alliance with the\\nIroquois, or Five Nations, at which the Dela-\\nwares and Mohicans were also present. This\\nalliance was kept up for many years, and proved\\nof the highest advantage. Meanwhile, settlers\\nwere gradually coming into the country, and the\\nlittle station at Manhattan, which presently took\\nthe name of New Amsterdam, began to wear the\\nappearance of a town. Attempts were likewise\\nmade to extend the colony and, in the year\\nfollowing the treaty with the Iroquois, a few\\ntraders planted the village of Bergen, the first\\nof white settlements in New Jersey.\\nAlthough the charter of exclusive privileges,\\ngranted to the New Netherland company, had\\nby this time expired, a brisk trade continued to\\nbe carried on with the settlement at Manhattan\\nfor several years, under special licenses to indi-\\nvidual enterprise. The benefits of the lucrative\\ntraffic of the new country were thus opened to a\\nlarger number, but yet with little advantage to\\nits growth into a permanent colony.\\nIn the mean time, a body of English Puritans,\\nwho had fled from persecution at home to", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0032.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "1620.] THE PLYMOtTH SETTLEMENT. 23\\nthe more tolerant institutions of Holland, be-\\ncoming dissatisfied with their residence in the\\nLow Countries, determined to seek some new\\nland, where they might avoid the less austere\\nmanners of the Dutch, and still be free to\\npractise and teach the faith they professed.\\nThe glowing description given by Sir AYalter\\nRaleigh, of Guiana, first drew them toward\\nthat country; but, wishing to retain their na-\\ntional character and language, they finally de-\\ncided upon procuring a patent for lands from\\nthe London or South Virginia Company.\\nAccordingly, on the 6th of September, 1620,\\nafter having completed their arrangements, they\\nmade their final embarkation at Plymouth, on\\nboard the Mayflower, for the new world. Their\\nvoyage was long and perilous. Bufi eted about by\\nadverse winds and currents, they were compelled\\nto land a considerable distance north of where\\nthey intended, and entirely without the limits of\\nthe patent they held. Resolving to remain,\\nhowever, on the 20th of December they began\\nto erect their dwellings of hewed logs, and the\\ntown of New Plymouth quickly sprung up on the\\nshore of Cape Cod Bay. The colonists soon\\nafter procured a charter from the Plymouth\\ncouncil, which had superseded the old company\\nof that name, and to which the British crown\\nhad granted, in total disregard of the Dutch\\nclaim, all that part of the American continent,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0033.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "24 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1623.\\nextending from the middle of New Jersey to the\\nBay of Chaleurs.\\nDesigning to make the settlement on the\\nHudson the basis of a more extended American\\ncolonization, the States-General of Holland, in\\nthe year following the landing of the Pilgrims,\\nauthorized the formation of the celebrated West\\nIndia Company, to the means of which they\\nlargely contributed, thus giving it the weight\\nand character of a great national association.\\nTo this company it was determined to commit\\nthe care of New Netherland, with an exclusive\\nprivilege of trade and settlement therein. That\\nterritory was at the same time formally erected\\ninto a province, to be known and distinguished\\nby certain armorial insignia.\\nThe new company sent out their first ship in\\n1623, under the command of May, with a num-\\nber of colonists, and a large store of provisions,\\nmerchandise, and arms. Having landed a por-\\ntion of his passengers and cargo at New Amster-\\ndam, May sailed to the Delaware Kiver, where\\nit was proposed to plant a colony. He chose a\\nspot on the eastern shore, near the mouth of\\nTimber Creek, a few miles below the present\\ncity of Camden, and there built Fort Nassau.\\nLeaving a small body of men as a guard for the\\ninfant settlement. May returned to the Hudson,\\nhigh up which Fort Orange was soon afterward\\nbuilt, on the present site of Albany.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0034.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "1627.] COMMERCIAL PROSPERITY. 25\\nIn the following year, Peter Minuits, a na-\\ntive of Wesel, in Westphalia, arrived at New\\nAmsterdam, to act as governor, or commercial\\ndirector of the colony. Under his administra-\\ntion, which lasted till 1631, affairs glided on\\nsmoothly, and, in a commercial point of view,\\nprosperously. Lands were now purchased from\\nthe Indians among others, the whole of Man-\\nhattan Island, for sixty guilders, or about twenty-\\nfour dollars. The fort at New Amsterdam was\\nenlarged, and that place made the capital of the\\ncolony. The trade of the province was extend-\\ned, even to the Indians upon the St. Lawrence\\nand in the first four years it increased one-half,\\nwhile the income derived from it was full a third\\nmore than the outlay of the company.\\nIn 1627, Minuits, for the first time, held com-\\nmunication with the Puritans, now firmly esta-\\nblished at Plymouth, after six years of wearisome\\neffort. Letters were sent to the governor of\\nNew Plymouth, congratulating him and his\\npeople upon the success of their adventure,\\nand proposing a friendly intercourse and trade.\\nGovernor Bradford and his council answered in\\ncourteous language, expressing their lasting re-\\nmembrance of the kindness they had received\\nwhile in the native country of the Dutch. With\\nregard to the proposal for commercial inter-\\ncourse, they said that it was very acceptable\\nto them, and they did not doubt but that in a", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0035.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "26 HISTORY OF XEW JERSEY. [1628.\\nshort time they might have profitable trade to-\\ngether. In concluding, however, they plainly\\nintimated their doubt as to the validity of the\\ntitle of their neighbours to the lands they were\\nthen occupying; and requested them to for-\\nbear to trade with the natives in the bay and\\nriver of Narraganset, as, otherwise, they\\nwere resolved to solicit his majesty for redress,\\nif by any means they could not help them-\\nselves.\\nTo this the Dutch replied firmly, yet with\\nunrufiled calmness, insisting upon the justness\\nof their claim, and declaring their determination\\nto uphold it.\\nThe good feeling between the two colonies\\ndoes not appear to have been interrupted by\\nthis difference for but a short time elapsed\\nwhen De Razier, second in command at New\\nAmsterdam, was sent, with much pomp and cere-\\nmony, as special envoy to the English. The\\nPilgrims were greatly pleased with the appear-\\nance and demeanour of the Dutch envoy, who,\\non his part, was equally gratified at the manner\\nof his reception and entertainment. Yet he\\nwas unable to procure any definite treaty with\\nthe English, they urging that, in the then doubt-\\nful condition of the title to New Netherland, a\\nmatter so important should be arranged by the\\nministers of their respective nations.\\nAs yet the colonization of New Netherland", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0036.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "1629.] PATROONS. 27\\nhad increased but slowly. In 1629, a scheme to\\npromote the peopling of the country was adopt-\\ned by the directors of the West India Company,\\nand sanctioned by the States-General. A char-\\nter of privileges and exemptions was drawn up,\\nunder which any person, who within four years\\nplanted in New Netherland a colony of fifty\\nsouls, above the age of fifteen, might acquire,\\nby purchase from the Indians, as an eternal\\nheritage, and with the title of patroon, or lord\\nof the manor, a tract of land extending sixteen\\nmiles along one side of a navigable stream, or\\nhalf that distance on each bank, and reaching\\nas far inland as he deemed necessary. With\\nthe approbation of the director and council of\\nthe province, all other persons, emigrating on\\ntheir own account, were free to take up as much\\nland as they could properly cultivate. The com-\\npany was pledged to protect the colonists of\\nevery degree and condition, from outlandish\\nand inlandish wars and powers, and to furnish\\nthe manors with negro slaves, if the traffic were\\nfound profitable. At the same time it reserved\\nto itself the trade in furs, and monopolized the\\nsale of woollen, linen, and cotton fabrics, by\\nprohibiting their manufacture in the colony.\\nEven before this charter was ratified by the\\nStates-General, two of the directors of the com-\\npany, Godyn and Bloemart, prepared to secure\\na portion of the advantages it offered, by com-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0037.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "28 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1630.\\nmissioning their American agents to purchase\\nfrom the resident chiefs, a slip of land two miles\\nwide, and extending from Cape Henlopen to the\\nmouth of the Delaware Kiver. On the 5th of\\nMay, 1630, a second tract, sixteen miles square,\\nand comprising Cape May with the adjacent\\ncountry, was purchased on behalf of the same\\nindividuals. Staten Island, and the country\\naround Hoboken, under the name of Pavonia,\\nwere soon after taken up for the Director Pauw,\\nwhile Kilian Van Rensselaer became the pro-\\nprietor of a considerable territory along the\\nHudson, from Albany to the mouth of the\\nMohawk.\\nNaming their purchase Swanandael, or the\\nValley of Swans, Godyn and his associates at\\nonce prepared to colonize it. An expedition\\nwas fitted out, under the direction of David Pe-\\nterson De Vries, an experienced navigator, who\\nhad been admitted into the company. Sailing\\nfrom the Texel, in December, 1630, De Vries,\\nafter a quick passage, landed at Hoarkill, now\\nLewistown, on the western shore of the Dela-\\nware Bay, where he built a trading-house and\\nfort, and planted a colony of thirty-four persons.\\nHaving remained in the country more than a\\nyear, he returned to Holland for supplies, leaving\\nthe infant settlement under the care of one Giles\\nOsset. Meantime, Pauw and Van Rensselaer\\nhad secured their claims to patroonships, by", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0038.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "1631.] MASSACRE OF THE COLONISTS. 29\\nsending out a number of colonists to settle on\\ntheir respective tracts.\\nDe Vries had left the Delaware but a little\\nwhile, when Osset began a quarrel with the In-\\ndians, on account of one of their chiefs having\\ntaken a plate of tin, stamped with the arms of\\nHolland, from a post in Swanandael, to which it\\nhad been fastened, as a token of the claim and\\npossession of the Dutch. Foolishly construing\\nthis light trespass into a national insult, Osset\\nso harassed the Indians for redress, that, to get\\nrid of his importunities, they brought him the\\noffender s head. The Dutch commandant was\\nshocked at this unexpected and sanguinary re-\\nsult, and told the Indians that he had wished for\\nno such severity, intending to punish the delin-\\nquent with nothing but a simple reprimand.\\nThough they had themselves condemned and ex-\\necuted the offending chief, his friends now plot-\\nted a terrible retribution upon the strangers, to\\nwhose exactions they attributed his death.\\nTaking advantage of a time when all the\\ncolonists but Osset and a single sentinel were\\nlabouring in the fields, at a distance from\\nthe fort, the savages entered it, bearing packs\\nof furs, and offered to trade. Unsuspicious of\\nevil, Osset ascended to the upper store-room of\\nthe fort, in order to get some articles of mer-\\nchandise, to exchange for the peltries of the In-\\ndians. As he came down stairs again, a warrior\\n2*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0039.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "30 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1632.\\ncleft his skull with a tomahawk, and he fell\\ndead without a groan. The sentinel was next\\ndespatched. From this scene of blood the In-\\ndians now sauntered out to the fields, greeting\\nthe labourers in a friendly way. Mixing freely\\nwith their intended victims, they suddenly fell\\nupon them, and in a few moments not one was\\nleft alive.\\nWhen, in December, 1632, De Vries returned\\nfrom Holland, he found no white man to wel-\\ncome him to the shores of the Delaware. The\\nbones of his friends were bleaching in the fields,\\nand the dwellings they had erected were reduced\\nto ashes. His proffered friendship at length in-\\nduced a few doubting and trembling savages to\\ncome on board his ship, and from them he heard\\nthe details of the sad fate that had befallen the\\nlittle colony. Policy, as well as the natural\\nkindness of his heart, led De Vries to overlook\\nthe ofi ence of the Indians and, having distri-\\nbuted presents among them, he formed a treaty\\nof peace and reconciliation. Landing a num-\\nber of emigrants, he soon afterward sailed in\\nsearch of provisions, as high up the river as\\nCooper s Creek, where he narrowly escaped de-\\nstruction from the treachery of the savages.\\nDeeming the creek a convenient place to attack\\nhim, they directed De Vries to bring his vessel\\ninto it, pretending, at the same time, they\\nhad there the articles he needed. But, as he", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0040.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "1632.] SWANANDAEL ABANDONED. 31\\nhad been forewarned by an Indian woman of the\\nsnare that was laid for him, he avoided it, and\\nreturned down the river to Fort Nassau, which\\nnow swarmed with savages, the garrison having\\ndeserted it nearly two years previous. Many of\\nthe Indians came on board the ship, offering\\nbeaver-skins for sale. Telling them that the\\nGreat Spirit had acquainted him with their evil\\ndesigns, De Vries compelled the whole party to\\ngo on shore. Several of the principal chiefs\\nnow collected on the bank of the river, and sig-\\nnified their wish to form a treaty of friendship,\\nto which the mild and peaceful leader of the\\nDutch readily acceded. To confirm the new\\ntreaty, the Indians, according to their custom,\\nmade him many presents, but would accept none\\nin return, saying that they did not give presents\\nwith the view of receiving others.\\nFinding it impossible to obtain sufiicient pro-\\nvisions on the Delaware, De Vries soon after-\\nward set sail for Virginia, where he met a kindly\\nreception, and was supplied with all he wanted.\\nReturning to the scene of his unsuccessful at-\\ntempt at colonization, he took on board the few\\nsettlers he had left, and made his way to New\\nAmsterdam.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0041.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "32- HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1632.\\nCHAPTER II.\\nDispute between the patroons and the West India Company\\nManors of Pavonia and Swanandael abohshed Wouter\\nVan Twiller governor Difficulties with the Plymonih co-\\nlony Rival trading-houses on the Connecticut Governor\\nKieft Minuits founds a Swedish colony on the Delaware\\nIts prosperous condition English settlers at Salem Creek\\nDispossessed by the Swedes and Dutch Printz succeeds\\nMinuits as governor of New Sweden Encroachment of the\\nPuritans upon territory claimed by the Dutch War with\\nthe Indian tribes on the Raritan Unsuccessful negotiations\\nfor peace Massacre of the Indians Their terrible retalia-\\ntion Overtures for peace Council at Rockaway War re-\\nnewed Settlements on the Passaic destroyed Captain\\nJohn Underbill His successful descents upon Long Island\\nArrival of reinforcements Vigorous prosecution of the\\nwar Interposition of the Mohawks Peace declared Un-\\npopularity of Kieft His recall Lost at sea.\\nIn the mean time, a sharp quarrel had sprung\\nup betAveen the patroons and the West India\\nCompany the former claiming an exclusive\\nright to trade within the limits of their respec-\\ntive territories, while the latter contended for a\\nmonopoly in the fur traffic, and charged the\\npatroons with having grasped at undue advan-\\ntages, by purchasing such extensive and favour-\\nably located tracts. A long and serious dispute\\nresulted, and it was finally settled only by\\nabolishing the manors of Pavonia and Swanan-\\ndael.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0042.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "1933.] COMMERCIAL RIVALRY. 33\\nDuring the progress of this quarrel, Governor\\nMinuits fell into disputes with the company,\\nthe consequences of which were his displacement\\nand recall to Holland. His successor, Wouter\\nVan Twiller, formerly a clerk in the employ of\\nthe West India Company, arrived at New Am-\\nsterdam in the spring of 1683.\\nDuring the five years that Van Twiller was\\ngovernor of New Netherland, but little worthy\\nof historical notice occurred. Several new\\ntrading-posts were established, and the fur traffic\\nI extended, while many improvements were made\\nand farms opened on the island of Manhattan.\\nIt was during this period, however, that the\\ngood feeling hitherto existing between the Man-\\nhattanese and their Plymouth neighbours gave\\nway to the jealousies created by commercial ri-\\nvalry and, at the close of Van Twiller s admi-\\nnistration, both the Dutch and the English, in\\ndefiance of each other s remonstrances, had built\\ntrading-houses and begun settlements on the\\nConnecticut River. About the same time a few\\nEnglish, under the leadership of one Captain\\nHolmes, attempted to plant a colony in the\\nneighbourhood of Fort Nassau, but being dis-\\ncovered by the Dutch, the whole party were\\nmade prisoners, and carried to New Amsterdam.\\nVan Twiller having fallen under the suspicion\\nof being more faithful to his own interests than\\nto those of the province, the West India Com-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0043.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "34 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1638.\\npany, in March, 1638, notified him of his dis-\\nmissal from office, and appointed William Kieft\\nto be his successor.\\nThe new governor was a man of great energy,\\nbut passionate and overbearing, and with little\\nof the cool decision necessary to carry him well\\nthrough the difficulties that soon on all sides be-\\nset his administration.\\nOne of his first acts was to issue a sharp pro-\\ntest against the English plantations on the Con-\\nnecticut. Treating this remonstrance with silent\\ncontempt, the English went steadily oi) with their\\nsettlements. Kieft was illy prepared to resist\\nwith any thing more forcible than words, and so\\nendured, as best he could, the aggressions he was\\nnot able to prevent.\\nScarcely a month afterward, a new competitor\\nfor the territories claimed by the Dutch as a\\nportion of New Netherland, appeared on the\\nwaters of Delaware Bay.\\nAs early as 1626, Gustavus the Great, of\\nSweden, had cherished the design of planting a\\ncolony in America but the subsequent war with\\nGermany, and the death of the Swedish monarch,\\ndelayed its execution for many years. In 1633,\\nhowever, the project was revived by Oxenstiern,\\nthe enlightened chancellor of Christina, the\\ndaughter and successor of Gustavus.\\nIndignant at having been removed from his\\noffice, Minuits, the former governor of New Ne-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0044.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "1638.] SWEDISH COLONY. 35\\ntherland, now offered his services to conduct the\\nSwedish enterprise. Oxenstiern did not long\\nhesitate to accept his offer, and two ships, the\\nKey of Calmar and the Griffin, were presently\\nmade ready and placed under his orders. Sail-\\ning in these two vessels, well provided with a\\na store of provisions and merchandise, the little\\ncolony of Swedes and Fins arrived off Cape\\nHenlopen, or, as they called it, Paradise Point,\\nearly in the spring of 1638. Having purchased\\nthe lands from this point to the falls at Trenton,\\nthey formed a nucleus for their contemplated\\nsettlement, by building a fort near the mouth of\\nChristiana Creek, on the western shore of the\\nDelaware. Kieft immediately issued a sharp\\nremonstrance against the new colony, declaring\\nthat it occupied lands which the Dutch had already\\nstudded with their forts, and sealed with their\\nblood. Determined to remain, the Swedes made\\nevery preparation to defend themselves but\\nKieft, with unaccountable forbearance, went no\\nfurther than to authorize the erection of a fort\\nat Lewistown,\\nAs time glided by, the Swedish colony on the\\nDelaware increased and prospered. Vessels\\nwere continually arriving, crowded with emi-\\ngrants from the bleak plains and rugged hills\\nof Scandinavia. Though the Dutch regarded\\nthe settlement with a jealous eye, they made no\\nattempt to disturb it for many years and, on", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0045.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "36 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1641.\\none occasion, at least, they and the Swedes\\nleagued together against the encroachments of\\nthe English.\\nIn 1641, while Sir Edmund Ployden was\\nvainly endeavouring to settle his Palatinate of\\nNew Albion, comprising the country from Mary-\\nland to Connecticut, a company of nearly fifty\\nfamilies sailed from New Haven, to plant a colo-\\nny upon the Delaware. They finally disembark-\\ned upon the banks of what is now Salem Creek,\\na few miles above its mouth, and began to clear\\nfields and erect houses. Van Gessendam, the\\nDutch commandant at Fort Nassau, sent notice\\nof these intruders to Kieft, who immediately\\ndespatched two vessels with orders to reduce or\\ndisperse the colony.\\nEqually watchful, the Swedish commandant\\nhad marked the English when they entered the\\nbay and, with a view to dispossess them of the\\nterritor}?- they had occupied, he sent an agent\\nto purchase the whole tract from its Indian\\nowners. When the expedition fitted out by\\nKieft made its appearance, the Swedes joined\\nwith the Dutch, and they presently proceeded\\ntogether to the English settlement, took the colo-\\nnists prisoners, burned their houses, and confis-\\ncated their goods.\\nMinuits having died about this time, Colonel\\nJohn Printz succeeded him as governor of New\\nSweden, arriving in the Delaware on the 16th", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0046.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "1643.] WAR WITH THE INpIANS. 87\\nof February, 1643. Landing upon the island\\nof Tennekong, or Tinicum, a few miles below\\nPhiladelphia, he built, with huge hemlock logs,.\\nthe Fort of New Gottenburg, around whieh the\\nhouses of the emigrants who had accompanied\\nhim soon began to cluster.\\nWhile the Swedes were setting up their au-\\nthority over the Dutch possessions on the De-\\nlaware, the English continued to narrow the\\nlimits of New Netherland upon the north. At\\nany other time, it is probable that Kieft would\\nhave disputed every inch of the ground with the\\nintruders but Indian disturbances had broken\\nout, and he was now fully occupied in contending\\nwith an enemy that seemed bent upon his de-\\nstruction.\\nThis desperate and sanguinary contest began\\nin the summer of 1640. Having been charged\\nwith the commission of a few petty thefts, the\\nIndian tribes upon the Karitan were visited by\\na party of Dutch soldiers, and several of their\\nleading chiefs subjected to insult and gross mal-\\ntreatment. The maddened savages, in the fol-\\nlowing year, retaliated by murdering the settlers\\nand laying waste the plantations on Staten\\nIsland. Not long afterward a Dutchman was\\nslain by an Indian of the Raritan tribe, who,\\nwhen a boy, had witnessed the murder of a\\nkinsman by the whites, and had sworn to avenge\\nit. The offender s nation having refused to\\n4", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0047.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "38 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1643.\\n(deliver him up, they were outlawed, and a price\\nset upon their heads. During the following\\nyear they evinced a disposition to yield, and\\nsteps were taken toward a treaty of reconcilia-\\ntion. But, while these negotiations were pend-\\ning, an Indian, the son of a chief, was made\\ndrunk and then robbed by some Dutch traders.\\nFurious from a sense of the wrong he had suffer-\\ned, and blinded by intoxication, the savage took\\nrevenge by shooting down the first white man\\nthat fell in his way. Expressing their grief for\\nthis unfortunate occurrence, a deputation of\\nchiefs waited upon Kieft, and offered to com-\\npound the murder by paying a fine of two hun-\\ndred fathoms of wampum. The governor was\\ninexorable, and demanded the fugitive but the\\nIndians were unable or unwilling to surrender\\nhim.\\nContrary to the advice of the pacific De Vries,\\nKieft now determined upon an exterminating war\\nagainst the savages. Imitating the cunning of\\nthose he plotted to destroy, the governor kept\\nfrom them every intimation of the evil that was\\nimpending, and directed a continuance of kind\\nintercourse with them, until God s will and\\nproper opportunity should be offered. That\\nopportunity came in February, 1643.\\nDescending from their strongholds in the\\nnorth, a war-party of the Mohawks made an\\nonslaught upon the tribes around Manhattan,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0048.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "1643.] MASSACRE OF INDIANS. 39\\nand compelled them to seek the vicinity of the\\nDutch for protection. Many of the colonists\\nwere disposed to pity them, and gave them food\\nbut Kieft, seizing the chance, joined with their\\nfoes, and determined upon their destruction.\\nAccordingly, on the night of the 25th of Febru-\\naro, a party of soldiers was sent across the\\nHudson to Pavonia, where a large number of the\\ntrembling fugitives had collected. The Indians\\nwere sleeping without guards, and in no expecta-\\ntion of evil. Their surprise was complete, and\\nscarcely a hatchet was raised in defence. Eighty\\nof their number, men, women, and children,\\nwere cruelly massacred. This was a feat,\\nwrote De Vries, worthy the heroes of old\\nRome to massacre a parcel of Indians in their\\nsleep, to take the children from the breasts of\\ntheir mothers, and to butcher them in the pre-\\nsence of their parents, and throw their mangled\\nlimbs into the fire or water Other sucklings\\nhad been fastened to little boards, and in this\\nposition they were cut in pieces Some were\\nthrown into the river, and when the parents\\nrushed in to save them, the soldiers prevented\\ntheir landing, and let parents and children\\ndrown. During the same night a second party\\nof soldiers fell upon the Indians at Corlear s\\nHook. No mercy was shown. Forty miserable\\nsavages were butchered in cold blood; some\\nwhile sleeping, others while flying without a show", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0049.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "40 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1643.\\nof resistance and many, having crawled away\\nin the darkness, were found at day-break, stiffen-\\ned with wounds, and put to death.\\nKieft gave the returning troops an exulting\\nwelcome, and liberally rewarded them for their\\nservices. But his triumph was brief. The ex-\\nasperated savages inflicted a terrible retaliation.\\nDiscovering that the massacres they had at first\\nattributed to their enemies, the Mohawks, were\\nin reality committed by the whites, they sallied\\nout in every direction, and, in a few days, almost\\ndepopulated the country around Manhattan.\\nVillages were burned, farms desolated, men and\\nwomen murdered, and children carried into cap-\\ntivity. The Dutch colony was brought to the\\nbrink of ruin; and, in their terror, all the inha-\\nbitants that could, sought safety by a return to\\nHolland.\\nKieft was now compelled to sue for peace.\\nSatisfied w^ith the vengeance they had inflicted,\\nsixteen sachems of the Long Island tribes con-\\nsented to meet a deputation of the colonists,\\nat Rockaway, on the 5th of March, 1643.\\nHaving assembled around the council-fire, one\\nof the chieftains presently arose, holding in his\\nhand a bundle of little sticks, and thus addressed\\nthe Dutch envoys\\nWhen you first arrived on our shores, you\\nwere destitute of food we gave you our beans\\nand our corn; we fed you with oysters and fish;", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0050.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "1643.] UNSUCCESSFUL NEGOTIATIONS. 41\\nand now, for our recompense, jou murder our\\npeople.\\nWith these words the orator laid down one\\nstick, thus indicating that this was his first\\ncharge. Continuing, he said\\nThe traders whom your first ships left on\\nour shore to traffic till their return, were cherish-\\ned by us as the apple of our eye We gave them\\nour daughters for their wives among those\\nwhom you have murdered, were children of your\\nown blood. Having concluded his second com-\\nplaint, the chief put down another stick, while\\nmany remained in his hand, to show the number\\nof accusations that were still to come.\\nThrough the influence of Roger Williams, the\\nLong Island sachems finally agreed upon a\\ntruce, and a month later, the Raritan and other\\nriver Indians likewise came to terms. Peace,\\nhowever, lasted but a little while. It was hard\\nfor the savages to forget the injuries they had\\nsustained one had lost a father a second, a\\nmother many, their children, kinsmen and\\nfriends they still nursed the hope of revenge.\\nThe presents we have received, said an old\\nchief, mournfully, bear no proportion to our\\nloss the price of blood has not been paid.\\nAt length the discontent of the tribes broke\\nout in a fresh war. In September a detachment\\nof soldiers were taken prisoners, and in the\\nfollowing month the settlements near the mouth\\n4^", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0051.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "42 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1644.\\nof the Passaic were laid waste. Affairs now\\nbecame even more serious than they were in\\nthe previous disturbances. Driven from their\\nplantations, the terrified colonists collected\\nin the immediate neighbourhood of Fort Am-\\nsterdam, where for nearly two years they linger-\\ned, sometimes on the brink of starvation, and\\nmomentarily fearing an attack that would end in\\ntheir extermination.\\nBut whatever may have been the faults of\\nKieft, he did not lack spirit. Soon as the\\nwar was renewed, he bestirred himself to save\\nthe colony. Having vainly applied to the\\nauthorities of Connecticut for assistance, he\\nhired Captain John Underhill, an English sol-\\ndier, already famed as an Indian fighter, to\\ntake command of the Dutch troops. With a\\nlittle army of one hundred and twenty men,\\nUnderhill entered upon a series of fierce and\\nenergetic measures. Partially beaten at times,\\nand on other occasions seriously harassed,\\nthe courage of the Indians began to give way.\\nClosely following up his lesser triumphs, Un-\\nderhill, in 1644, made two sanguinary descents\\nupon Long Island in the first, killing near a\\nhundred savages, and taking many prisoners\\nwhile, in the second, he attacked an Indian\\ntown, set fire to it, and put to death five hun-\\ndred of the inhabitants, who had assembled to\\ncelebrate one of their yearly festivals.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0052.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "1647.] PEACE CONCLUDED. 43\\nWith these victories the hopes of the colonists\\nbegan to return. The Indians were weary of\\nbeing hunted like wild beasts, and several of the\\ntribes sued for peace. At length the West\\nIndia Company were enabled to send a rein-\\nforcement of troops to Manhattan, and Kieft de-\\ntermined upon a vigorous prosecution of hostili-\\nties. At this moment the Mohawks interposed,\\nand sent an envoy to their friends, the Dutch, to\\nexert his influence in favour of peace. His mis-\\nsion succeeded. Delegates from the tribes of\\nNew Jersey, and other hostile nations, met in\\ncouncil with the authorities of New Netherland,\\nin front of Fort Amsterdam, and on the oOth\\nof August, 1645, a solemn treaty put an end to\\nthe war.\\nThe rejoicings of the colonists on this occa-\\nsion were great, and they set apart a day for\\npublic praise and thanksgiving. Yet the memory\\nof the troubles they had endured, and the losses\\nthey had suffered, pressed heavily on their\\nminds, and fostered a desire for the removal of\\nKieft, whose rash and barbarous policy had in-\\nvolved them in so much diificulty. Complaints\\nof his mismanagement at length reached the\\nWest India Company. Finding that their own\\ninterests would be advanced by a change of go-\\nvernors, they finally sent out a recall to Kieft,\\nand in the fall of 1647 he embarked for Hol-\\nland. Encountering a furious storm, the ships", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0053.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "44 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1647.\\nin which he sailed was dashed ashore on the\\ncoast of Wales, and the merciless governor, to-\\ngether with some eighty companions, was swal-\\nlowed up in the waves.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nGovernor Stuyvcsant His character His wise and cautious\\npolicy Quarrel with New England Belligerent desires of\\nStuyvesant The West India Company counsel peace Ne-\\ngotiations opened Provisional- treaty concluded Second\\nEnglish attempt to found a colony on the Delaware frustrat-\\ned Swedish colony threatened by Stuyvesant Fort Cassi-\\nmir constructed Printz btiilds Fort Elsingburg Rising\\ngovernor of New Sweden Takes Fort Cassimir by strata-\\ngem The Swedes conquered by Stuyvesant Indian hos-\\ntilities Activity of Stuyvesant Prosperous condition of\\nNew Netherland Lord Baltimore claims the territory on\\nthe west bank of the Delaware Its cession to the city of\\nAmsterdam Perilous position of Stuyvesant Stringent\\nregulations of the West India Company Concessions de-\\nmanded by the people Haughty reply of Stuyvesant A\\npopular assembly established New Netherland granted to\\nthe Duke of York Arrival of the English fleet Stuyvesant\\nsummoned to surrender Capitulation.\\nIn May, 1647, the governor appointed to suc-\\nceed Kieft arrived at New Amsterdam. His\\nname was Stuyvesant, a brave and experienced\\nsoldier, honest, frank, and tolerably learned, but\\nsomewhat haughty in his bearing toward the\\npoorer classes, of whom he did not profess to\\nhold a very high opinion. Before receiving his", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0054.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "1647.] TERRITORIAL QUARREL RENEWED. 45\\npresent commission he Lad held the office of vice-\\ndirector at Caraccas, where his services had been\\nsuch as to gain him the good regards of the\\nWest Indian Directory.\\nThe new governor promptly applied himself to\\naverting the dangers which on all sides threaten-\\ned his province. Taught by the calamities of\\nhis predecessors, he wisely adopted a gentle and\\nforbearing policy in his dealings with the natives,\\nthus keeping the period of his administration\\nalmost undisturbed by Indian wars. His chief\\nconcern, however, was centered in the doubtful\\nattitude assumed by the English and by the\\nSwedes.\\nImmediately after Stuyvesant s arrival, the\\ncommissioners of New England addressed him a\\nletter of congratulation, concluding with an ear-\\nnest appeal for reparation of the injuries they\\nhad received from Kieft. Without justifying\\nall the acts of Kieft, Stuyvesant made a counter-\\nclaim for redress, and demanded a restoration\\nof the Dutch territories on the Connecticut.\\nThe old territorial quarrel was thus renewed in\\nall its bitterness. Already involved, the question\\nnow became more and more knotty, with little\\nor no prospect of its happy solution. Never\\nhaving admitted the title of the Dutch to any\\nterritory in America, the New England men ex-\\ntended their settlements, even threatening to oc-\\ncupy the banks of the Hudson. Protests and", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0055.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "46 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1651.\\ncounter protests drew hard words from both\\nparties; and thefierj Stuyvesant would probably\\nhave resorted to arms, but the West India\\nCompany, to whom he applied for authority and\\nassistance, earnestly counselled peace. VYar,\\nsaid they, cannot in any event be to our ad-\\nvantage the New England people are too power-\\nful for us.\\nNegotiation being the only course left him,\\nStuyvesant repaired to Hartford, where a con-\\nvention of delegates, representing the interests\\nof both nations, was presently held. After a\\nseries of lengthy discussions, on the 19th of\\nSeptember, 1650, a provisional treaty was con-\\ncluded, making the boundary between the two\\ncolonies, to begin at Greenwich on the main, and\\nat Oyster Bay, on Long Island. This inter-\\ncolonial treaty received the sanction of the\\nStates-General, and of the West India Company,\\nbut was never ratified by the British crown.\\nThe claim of the New Haven people to lands\\non Salem Creek was still undecided, and they\\nnow attempted for the second time to plant a\\ncolony in that region. Commissioned by Go-\\nvernor Eaton, who gave them a friendly letter\\nof explanation to Stuyvesant, a little company\\nof emigrants sailed from Connecticut River for\\nthe Delaware, early in the spring of 1651 but\\nstopping at Manhattan to deliver their message\\nto Stuyvesant, they were arrested, and obliged", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0056.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "1654.] FORT ELSINGBURa BUILT. 47\\nto return to New Haven, whence they imme-\\ndiately addressed a petition to the New England\\ncommissioners, begging them to protect their\\npersons and property, and to maintain the\\nhonour of the English nation. Choosing rather\\ni to suffer affronts for a while, than to seem to\\nI be too quick, the commissioners would not com-\\ni mit themselves at that time, inasmuch as the\\ngovernor of New Netherland had signified his\\ndetermination to resist, at all hazards, every at-\\ntempt to plant colonies upon the land in dispute.\\nUneasy at the progress of the Swedish settle-\\nments upon the Delaware, Stuyvesant now bent\\nhis efforts in that direction. For the protection\\nof the Dutch commerce, already suffering from\\nthe restrictions imposed upon it by the Swedes,\\nhe built Fort Cassimir, near the mouth of\\nBrandywine Creek, and not more than five miles\\nfrom Christiana. Having issued an unheeded\\nprotest against this movement, Printz, who was\\nStill governor of New Sweden, built Fort Elsing-\\nburg, a little dista,nce below, on the eastern bank\\nof the Delaware but a great swarm of musqui-\\ntoes presently falling upon the garrison, they\\nwere compelled to evacuate the newly-erected\\nworks.\\nThe proximity of Fort Cassimir to the Swedish\\ngarrison at Christiana, led to a series of petty\\nquarrels, which were kept up until 1654, when\\nJohn Rising, now governor of New Sweden,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0057.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "48 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1655.\\ncombining stratagem with a superiority in force,\\nmastered the Dutch troops, and took possession\\nof their fort. This grievous insult awoke the\\nire of the West India Company, who directed\\nStuyvesant to revenge their wrong, to drive\\nthe Swedes from the river, or compel their sub-\\nmission. Collecting a force of six hundred\\nmen, Stuyvesant appeared in the Delaware, in\\nSeptember, 1655. He first assailed and took\\nFort Elsingburg, which the Swedes had again\\noccupied. Forts Cassimir and Holy Trinity were\\nnext reduced, and finally the victorious Dutch\\ncompelled the submission of Gottenburg, the\\ncapital of New Sweden, where Rising himself\\ncommanded. Honourable terms were granted to\\nthe vanquished Swedes, the peaceable possession\\nof their estates being assured to them, upon con-\\ndition that they would acknowledge the authority\\nof the States-General. Thus fell, never to rise\\nagain, the only colonial establishment of Sweden\\nin the New World.\\nUpon his return from the Delaware, Stuyvesant\\nfound the colonists in a wretched state of terror\\nand despondency. Taking advantage of the\\nabsence of so large a number of the warlike in-\\nhabitants, the river tribes in the vicinity of\\nManhattan had collected a fleet of over sixty\\ncanoes, laid waste the neighbouring farms, and\\neven appeared in hostile array before New Am-\\nsterdam. But the presence of Stuyvesant in-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0058.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "1660.] CLAIM OF LORD BALTIMORE. 49\\nfused fresh courage into the breasts of the\\nManhattanese, and prompt and active measures\\nwere taken, which soon restored the colony to\\nhope and confidence.\\nIt was now that for a time the Dutch were\\npermitted to rejoice in the possession of New\\nNetherland. Quiet and prosperity seemed at\\nlast to have crowned their efi orts. Their power\\nin America was apparently fixed upon a perma-\\nnent foundation. But scarcely had this hope\\nbeen entertained, when new dangers began to\\nthreaten their existence. The partially settled\\ndispute with the New England colonies broke out\\nwith additional asperity and, while Stuyvesant\\nwas engaged in that direction, a fresh quarrel\\nsprung up with the English in the south, who\\nwere preparing to wrest from his authority the\\nlately-acquired territory of New Sweden.\\nOn the restoration of Charles II. to the throne\\nof Great Britain, in 1660, Lord Baltimore, the\\nproprietary of Maryland, insisted upon a right\\nhe had previously urged, to the whole territory\\nclaimed by the Dutch, westward of the Delaware\\nRiver. Declaring that they had bought and co-\\nlonized the lands in dispute long before Lord\\nBaltimore s patent was in existence, the West\\nIndia Company refused to yield up their posses-\\nsions, and avowed their firm resolve to defend\\nthem, even to the spilling of blood. At length,\\nfearful of encroachments from the south, they", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0059.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "50 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1660.\\ntransferred the whole colony, extending from the\\nfalls at Trenton to Cape Henlopen, to the city\\nof Amsterdam.\\nAt the same time, Massachusetts was claiming\\nthe Pacific for her western boundary, while Con-\\nnecticut advanced step by step toward the Hud-\\nson. Stuyvesant saw the peril of his position.\\nAlas he wrote to the West India Company,\\nthe English are as ten to one in number to us,\\nand are able to deprive us of the country when\\nthey please. Resorting again to negotiation,\\nhe repaired in person to Boston, but effected\\nnothing. A similar diplomatic mission to Hart-\\nford was equally barren of good. The English\\nwould not acknowledge the right of New Nether-\\nland to any American territory at all.\\nWhile thus New Netherland was threatened\\nwith dangers from without, the internal condi-\\ntion of things was illy calculated to foster a ge-\\nnuine public spirit. Unwise in their conceptions\\nof government, the West India directors would\\nallow no security for popular rights and privi-\\nleges, such as were enjoyed by the people of\\nNew England. Clinging to arbitrary power,\\nthey insisted on making the laws of the colony,\\nappointing its officers, and deciding all its con-\\ntroversies. Little alteration had been made in\\nthe original plan of government, and such changes\\nas were wrought by the growth and widen-\\ning interests of the province, related wholly to", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0060.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "1663.] STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 51\\ncommercial privileges, and not to political en-\\nfranchisement. Transplanted to New Nether-\\nland by emigrants from the English colonies, the\\nnotion of popular freedom took deep root in the\\nminds of the people of the province, and they\\nentered into an earnest struggle to ameliorate\\ntheir political condition. A convention met at\\nNew Amsterdam, in 1663, and, among other\\nthings, demanded that the people should share\\nin the enactment of those laws by which they\\nwere governed. Having exhausted his arguments\\nagainst this demand, Stuyvesant, who had but\\nlittle faith in the wavering multitude, com-\\nmanded the convention to separate, under a\\nthreat of severe punishment. We, said the\\nproud governor to the retiring members, We\\nderive our authority from God and the West\\nIndia Company, and not from the pleasure of a\\nfew ignorant subjects. And in this haughty\\nand overbearing assumption he was fully sus-\\ntained by the company. Have no regard to\\nthe will of the people, said they, in their in-\\nstructions let them no longer indulge the vi-\\nsionary dream that taxes can be imposed only\\nwith their consent. But the desire of the peo-\\nple for political freedom was not to be easily\\nrooted out and many were found willing to yield\\nquietly to English rule, if they could but obtain\\na share in the rights and privileges of their Pu-\\nritan neighbours.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0061.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "52 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY [1664.\\nIt was when the colonists were in this state of\\nindifference, that dangers began to thicken around\\nNew NetherLand. Conscious that it was now\\nnecessary to create a spirit of patriotism, Stuy-\\nvesant became more and more willing to enlarge\\nthe privileges of the masses, and in 1663 he\\nconceded a poplar assembly. But the concession\\ncame too late to effect its object. Rumours of a\\nthreatened invasion from England found the\\npeople still indifferent, and disposed to shift upon\\nthe West India Company all care for the inte-\\ngrity of the province.\\nAt length rumour became certainty. Disre-\\ngarding the claims of Holland, Charles II. of\\nEngland, in the year 1664, granted to his bro-\\nther James, Duke of York and Albany, a patent\\nfor territories in which was comprised the pro-\\nvince of New Netherland. An armament, con-\\nsisting of three ships, with one hundred and\\nthirty guns, and six hundred men, was imme-\\ndiately made ready, and sent to take possession\\nof the countries named in the patent to the Duke\\nof York. Colonel Nicholls, who had served\\nunder the celebrated Turenne, was placed in com-\\nmand of the invading force, with authority to\\nact as governor of the province when it should\\nbe subjugated. Having touched at Boston, where\\ninstructions were left to raise a body of troops to\\njoin the expedition, the fleet sailed for the Hud-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0062.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "1664.] SURRENDER OF NEW AMSTERDAM. 53\\nson River, and arrived in front of New Amster-\\ndam on the 27th of August, 1664.\\nSoon as the English armament appeared, a\\ndeputation from Stuyvesant and the city bore a\\nletter to Nicholls, desiring, with all respect and\\ncivility, to know the motive of his presence.\\nThe British commander replied by demanding of\\nStuyvesant the immediate recognition of English\\nsovereignty, at the same time offering security\\nto the lives, liberties, and estates, of all who\\nwould quietly submit.\\nThough greatly outnumbered by the English,\\nStuyvesant was yet loth to surrender without a\\nstruggle. At the first rumour of the designs of\\nBritain, he had spiritedly proposed that every\\nthird man should be called into service, as had\\nmore than once been done in fatherland. And\\nnow, when summoned to surrender, he invited the\\nburgomasters and council of the city to meet\\nhim, and vainly endeavoured to infuse into them\\nsome portion of his own martial spirit. But,\\nbelieving that they would in the end be conquer-\\ned, the peaceful burghers could see no use in\\nprolonging a contest, which might cost them\\nmuch blood and treasure, with no corresponding\\nreturn. They asked to see the summons of the\\nEnglish commander. Knowing that they would\\neagerly accept the terms it offered, Stuyvesant\\nhesitated and then refused. Again and again\\nthey urged their request, when, enraged at their\\n5*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0063.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "54 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1664.\\nimportunity, the passionate governor tore the\\nletter in fragments, and dashed it at the feet of\\nthe startled burghers.\\nFor several days longer, Stuyvesant sturdily\\nheld out now negotiating, and again assuming an\\nattitude of defiance. Nicholls had threatened to\\ninflict the horrors of war, in case of a refusal to\\nsurrender. Touching your threat, was Stuy-\\nvesant s undaunted reply, we have nothing to\\nanswer, only that we fear nothing, but what God,\\nwho is just and merciful, shall lay upon us, all\\nthings being in his gracious disposal and we may\\nas well b,e preserved by him with small forces as\\nby a great army which makes us to wish you\\nall happiness and prosperity, and to recommend\\nyou to his protection. But this show of confi-\\ndence was of little avail; and, at length, beset\\nby dissensions within, and a numerous enemy\\nwithout, the old governor reluctantly consented\\nto terms of honourable capitulation. The re-\\nmaininor forts on the Delaware and Hudson soon\\nafter surrendered, and the whole of New Nether-\\nland fell quietly into the possession of England.\\nI", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0064.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "1664.] BERKELEY AND CARTERET. 55\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nThe Duke of York s patent to Ber iteley and Carteret The\\nprovince of ]\\\\ew Jersey Liberal policy of the proprietaries\\nTheir concessions to popular freedom Nicholls governor\\nof New York His activity in colonizing New Albania\\nCarteret appointed governor of New Jersey Establishes his\\ncapital at Elizabethtown Inducements held out to settlers\\nRapid increase in population Puritan settlen:ient on the\\nPassaic Threatened by the Hackensack Indians Peace\\nrestored Newark founded Narrow policy of the colonists\\nfrom Connecticut First legislative session of New Jersey\\nPartial adoption of the harsh New England code Local\\nrights of self-government claimed Opposition to quit rents\\nGreat disaffection throughout the province A new as-\\nsembly constituted Deposition of the governor Carteret\\nsails for England Carteret s authority confirmed Power\\nof the assembly curtailed War between England and Hol-\\nland Capture of New York by the Dutch Its restoration\\nto the English,\\nNearly two months previous to the conquest\\nof New Netherland, the Duke of York, in con-\\nsideration of a competent sum of money, had\\nassigned to Lork Berkeley and Sir George Carte-\\nret, favourite courtiers of the king, all that por-\\ntion of the province lying westward of Long\\nIsland, and bounded on the west by the Dela-\\nware, on the east by the Hudson and the main\\nocean, and on the north by the forty-first degree\\nand fortieth minute of latitude. To this region", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0065.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "56 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1664.\\nwas given the name of Nova Caesaria, or New\\nJersey, out of compliment to Carteret, who, in\\n164:9, had gallantly defended the little Isle of\\nJersey, of which he was then governor, against\\nthe forces of the Long Parliament.\\nThe first care of the proprietaries was to peo-\\nple their province. Wisely foreseeing that a\\npolicy favourable to popular freedom Avould best\\npromote that end, they drew up and published,\\nas the fundamental law of the colony, a paper\\nof Concessions and Agreement, the general\\ntone of which was highly liberal. To all actual\\nsettlers they offered tracts of land, varying in\\nextent from sixty to one hundred and fifty acres,\\naccording to the time of their arrival in the\\nprovince, and to the number of their bound ser-\\nvants and slaves. An annual quit-rent of a\\nhalf-penny the acre was to be required for their\\nallotments after the year 1670. A governor and\\ncouncil of twelve, nominated by the proprie-\\ntaries, and an equal number, at least, of repre-\\nsentatives chosen by the people, were to consti-\\ntute the legislative assembly. The enactments\\nof this body were to be subject to the approval\\nof the proprietaries, who also reserved to them-\\nselves the appointment of judicial ofl cers. No\\ntaxes were to be levied, except with the authority\\nand consent of the colonial assembly. Freedom\\nof conscience and worship was guarantied to all\\ncitizens, provided that freedom was not used to", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0066.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "1664.] ERECTED INTO A PROVINCE. 57\\nlicentiousness, and to the civil injury or outward\\ndiscomfort of others. Ample provision was\\nmade for the support of clergymen, to be ap-\\npointed by the colonial assembly but permission\\nwas at the same time allowed the colonists to as-\\nsociate for the maintenance of such ministers as\\nthey might prefer.\\nThe territory thus erected into a province,\\nwith such security for the liberties of its. settlers,\\nwas then scarcely more than an uninhabited\\nwilderness. Its native population was by no\\nmeans large, and consisted of a few scattered\\nclans of the inoffensive Delawares. With the\\nexception of the little hamlet of Bergen, nothing\\nthat could be called a town had resulted from\\nthe various attempts to establish European set-\\ntlements. In the neighbourhood of Bergen, and\\nalong the western shore of Newark Bay, the\\nplantations of the Dutch were numerous, while\\nhere and there, through the present counties of\\nGloucester and Burlington, a few Swedish farm-\\ners had built their cabins, and cleared lands for\\ncultivation. At Long Point, opposite Mattini-\\ncunk Island, where Burlington now stands, three\\nDutch families had established themselves, form-\\ning the largest collection of civilized habitations\\nin all West Jersey.\\nImmediately after the surrender of New Ne-\\ntherland, Nicholls assumed the government of\\nthe province, as lieutenant of the Duke of York.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0067.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "58 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1665.\\nIgnorant of the transfer of New Jersey, he pre-\\npared to colonize the eastern portion of it, to\\nwhich he gave the name of Albania. With his\\nsanction, an extensive territory, bordering upon\\nNewark Bay, was purchased from the Indians by\\na few New England Puritans, who settled on it\\nduring the year 1664. In the spring of 1665 a\\nsimilar patent was issued, under the same sanc-\\ntion, for the country from the mouth of the Ra-\\nritan to Sandy Hook and, before Nicholls could\\nbe informed of the change of ownership, he was\\nable to congratulate himself, that, on the new\\npurchases from the Indians, three towns were\\nalready beginning.\\nThe hasty zeal of Nicholls to colonize his\\ncherished Albania, preferable to all the re-\\nmaining tracts, led to long and tedious litiga-\\ntion, which seriously disturbed the tranquillity of\\nthe province for more than half a century.\\nMeanwhile, Philip Carteret, a brother to one\\nof the proprietaries, having been commissioned\\nas governor of New Jersey, was making prepa-\\nrations to depart for the western world. Sailing\\nfrom England in the ship Philip, and accompanied\\nby about thirty emigrants, he arrived in the pro-\\nvince some time during the month of August,\\n1665. Carrying in his hand a hoe, to remind\\nhis little company of the design that had brought\\nthem across the ocean, he landed at a place to\\nwhich the name of Elizabethtown was presently", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0068.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "1665.] INDUCEMENTS TO SETTLERS. 59\\ngiven, in honour of the kind-hearted Lady Carte-\\nret. Four families from New England had\\nalready made here one of the beginnings\\nspoken of by Nicholls, who now warmly urged\\nthe Duke of York to revoke the grant, by which,\\nwithout knowing it, he had given away the fair-\\nest portion of his province. But it was too\\nlate. Satisfied with the freedom they enjoyed,\\nthe colonists did not second his appeals. The\\nindependent existence of New Jersey was se-\\ncured.\\nHaving elevated his little village of log huts\\nto the dignity of a provincial capital, Carteret\\nactively bestirred himself to augment the popu-\\nlation and prosperity of the colony under his\\ncharge. Messengers were sent abroad to set\\nforth the happy situation of the province, the\\nliberality of its institutions, the cheapness of\\nits lands, the richness and fertility of the soil\\nalong its rivers, its mild and healthy climate,\\nthe peaceful character of its few aboriginal in-\\nhabitants, and its nearness to long-established\\ncolonies, by which the distresses of an adven-\\nturer into a new country would be done away\\nwith. Seconded by all these recommenda-\\ntions, the efi orts of Carteret were followed by\\nsurprising success. From New England, Long\\nIsland, and from Great Britain, the province\\nsoon received large additions to its population.\\nElizabethtown, and then Middletown and Shrews-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0069.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "60 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1666.\\nbury, all founded before the coming of Carteret,\\ngrew up into thriving villages, the two latter still\\nretaining certain local powers of self-government\\nwhich had been granted to them by Nicholls.\\nNo less thriving were the settlements of Pisca-\\ntawa and AVoodbridge, established during the\\nyear 1666, by emigrants from New England.\\nEarly in the same year, an association of\\nchurch members, from three several towns in\\nConnecticut, sailed into the Passaic, and landed\\nat a point previously selected, beyond the\\nmarshes lying to the north of Elizabethtown.\\nScarcely had the emigrants brought their goods\\nfrom shipboard, when a party of Hackensac In-\\ndians appeared on the ground, claiming the soil\\nas their own, and insisting that it should be paid\\nfor before the settlement could go on. Having\\nselected the tract in expectation that Carteret\\nwas authorized to extinguish the Indian title, the\\ndisheartened colonists prepared to abandon their\\nenterprise but, at the earnest request of the\\ngovernor, they agreed to hold a council with the\\nnatives, from whom they purchased the territory\\ncomprising more than one-half the present county\\nof Essex, paying for it in goods and wampum,\\nvalued at about one hundred and forty pounds.\\nNew England currency. Having thus settled\\ntheir difficulty with the Indians, the emigrants\\nimmediately began to erect a town, to which they\\npresently gave the name of Newark. Constitut-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0070.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "1668.] FIRST LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. 61\\ning themselves on the narrow and intolerant\\nj principle of withholding certain political rights\\nfrom all persons not subscribing to the doctrines\\nI of some one of the Congregational churches,\\nthej resolved, with one heart and consent, to\\ncarry on their spiritual concernments, as well as\\ntheir civil and town affairs, according to God and\\na godlj government; and to be ruled by such\\nI officers as the town should annually choose from\\nI among themselves, under the same laws as\\nthey had in the place from whence they came.\\nThe influence of the Puritan emigrants was\\nfelt in the first assembly of New Jersey, which\\ncommenced its session at Elizabethtown, on the\\n26th, and closed on the 30th of May, 1668.\\nTransferring the maiuv points of the New Eng-\\nland codes to the statute-book of the province, a\\nbill of pains and penalties was passed, closely\\ncopying the heretical law, and making twelve\\ncrimes, under certain circumstances, punishable\\nwith death. But little additional business was\\ncompleted, several bills being left over to the en-\\nsuing session, which opened on the 3d of No-\\nvember in the same year. During this session\\nno acts of importance were carried through,\\nfrom a want of harmony between the two\\nbranches of the assembly. There were besides\\nother signs of approaching trouble. Resting on\\nthe ground of their local rights of self-govern-\\nment, the towns of Shrewsbury and Middletown", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0071.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "62 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1670.\\nnow denied the authority of the assembly, by\\nrefusincr to allow the collection of certain taxes\\nwhich had been levied in accordance with an en-\\nactment of the previous session. As they had\\nbeen represented in the popular branch, this\\nproceeding was a singular one, and showed far\\nmore independence than consistency. Having\\nrefused to take the usual oaths of allegiance to\\nthe province, their deputies to the second meet-\\ning of the assembly were refused admittance.\\nHere the matter appears to have rested for a\\ntime but other and greater troubles were soon\\nto follow.\\nFor nearly eighteen months afterward, how-\\never, affairs went on with tolerable smoothness,\\nand the province continued to increase in popu-\\nlation and importance. But when the first pay-\\nment of the quit-rents was called for, on the\\n25th of March, 1670, the smothered discontent\\nof the colonists broke out in violent opposition\\nto the demand. Foremost to treat the claim of\\nthe proprietaries with contempt, were the early\\nsettlers of Elizabethtown. They had come into\\nthe country, with the sanction of Nicholls, be-\\nfore the transfer of New Jersey to its present\\nproprietors. They had purchased their lands\\nfrom the Indian and rightful owners of the soil,\\nand the title they had thus acquired was, accord-\\ning to their notions, far superior to any right\\nthe proprietaries could have. Co^.i ^cqiiently,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0072.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "1672.] OPPOSITION TO QUIT-EENTS. 63\\nthey would pay no quit-rents. Other settlers,\\nwho had arrived in the province at a later pe-\\nriod, pretended to class themselves with these\\nand in a short time the whole colony was in a\\ntumult of litigation. For two years matters\\ncontinued to grow more and more confused, until\\nthe political condition of the province was almost\\none of complete anarchy.\\nIn May, 1672, the disaffected colonists even\\nwent so far as to constitute a new assembly, by\\nwhich body the proprietary governor was dis-\\nplaced, and a successor appointed in the person\\nof James Carteret, a worthless natural son of\\nSir George. Proclamations were immediately\\nissued against this proceeding, but they availed\\nnothing. All power had gone over to the usurper.\\nAt length, finding his authority disregarded, his\\nofficers imprisoned and their estates confiscated,\\nthe governor followed the advice of his council,\\nand proceeded to England, leaving John Berry\\nto act as deputy in his absence.\\nAt the request of the proprietaries, the Duke\\nof York soon after sent out a letter unfavour-\\nable to the claims of the colonists. This was\\nfollowed by one from the king, confirming the\\nauthority of Carteret, and requiring obedience\\nI to the officers appointed by the lords proprie-\\ntors. New concessions were also drawn up,\\nsomewhat curtailing the original powers of the\\nassembly, by transferring to the governor and", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0073.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "64 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1673.\\ncouncil the sole right of approving such ministers\\nas might be nominated by the several towns, and\\nof regulating the meetings and adjournments of\\nthe legislature.\\nAt the same time a period was fixed of three\\nyears from 1673, at the expiration of which all\\nquit-rents were to be paid up, and the malecon-\\ntents to submit to the terms of the proprietaries.\\nBut, before the appointed time came round, war\\nbroke out between England and Holland. The\\nStates-General immediately despatched a small\\nsquadron to harass the commerce of the British\\ncolonies. Having captured many English tra-\\nders homeward-bound from Virginia, they de-\\ntermined to attempt the re-capture of New York.\\nGovernor Lovelace was absent, and Captain\\nManning, with a company of regulars, in com-\\nmand of the fort. At the first summons of the\\nDutch, who appeared before New York late in\\nJuly, 1673, Manning surrendered. Exercising\\nmoderation in the hour of their triumph, the\\nforces of the States-General easily gained the\\nsubmission of the remaining parts of the pro-\\nvince. New Jersey, and the settlements on the\\nDelaware, quietly followed their example, and\\nNew Netherland again enjoyed a momentary\\nexistence.\\nHaving thus reconquered their American co-\\nlony, the Dutch immediately prepared a code of\\nmild and liberal laws for its regulation. But", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0074.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "1674.] NEW NETHERLAND RESTORED. 65\\nscarcely had the new code gone into general\\noperation, when peace was concluded between\\nHolland and Great Britain, on the 9th of Feb-\\nruary, 1674. By the sixth article of this treaty,\\na mutual restoration of conquests was agreed\\nupon and, on the 31st of the following Octo-\\nber, New Netherland was finally transferred to\\nEngland.\\nCHAPTER Y.\\nThe Duke of York confirmed in his title to New York An-\\ndros appointed governor Petition of New Jersey The\\nQuakers punished as recusants Unjust charges against\\nthem Their principles proscribed Their persecution in\\nEngland Advised to settle in America Salem settled\\nGovernments of Fenwicke and Carteret The boundaries of\\nEast and West New Jersey established Constitution pro-\\nmulgated\u00e2\u0080\u0094Its liberal concessions Emigration of wealthy\\nQuakers Anecdote of Charles II. Difficulty with Andros,\\ngovernor of New York Burlington settled Fear of Indian\\nhostilities A special treaty entered into Speech of an\\nIndian sachem Progress of the colony Increase of popu-\\nlation.\\nUpon the final relinquishment of New Nether-\\nland by the United Provinces, the Duke of York\\nprocured a new patent from the king, in order\\nto quiet certain doubts that had arisen with re-\\ngard to the validity of his title, which the pre-\\nvious surrender to the Dutch was thought to\\n6*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0075.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "66 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1674.\\nhave impaired. Two days after this patent was\\nexecuted, on the 1st of July, 1674, the duke\\ncommissioned Edmund Andros as governor of\\nNew York and its dependencies. These in-\\ncluded all the lands from the west bank of\\nConnecticut River to the eastern shore of\\nDelaware Bay.\\nMuch trouble subsequently resulted from this\\ncommission, and it has been thought that the\\nduke, while conferring it, designed to revoke his\\ngrants to the New Jersey proprietaries. But,\\nif such was his dishonourable intention, he\\nlacked resolution to fulfil it for toward the end\\nof the same month he renewed the title of Sir\\nGeorge Carteret to a moiety of the province, of\\nwhich an informal partition was at this time\\nmade. Previously, on the 18th of March, 1673,\\nBerkeley, now an old man, disappointed in his\\nhopes of colonial aggrandizement, had sold out\\nhis share to John Fenwicke and Edward Byllinge,\\nfor the sum of one thousand pounds.\\nBoth these purchasers were members of the\\nSociety of Friends, or Quakers, a religious body\\ndestined to exercise an important influence over\\nthe settlement and future character of the\\nprovince.\\nArising in England in 1644, at a time when\\nmen s minds were more than usually disposed to\\nactive inquiry into the deeper questions of religion\\nas well as of civil government, the sect of people", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0076.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "1674.] PERSECUTION OF QUAKERS. 67\\ncalled Quakers soon became distinguished for\\nthe spirit and boldness with which they conduct-\\ned their investigations. Nor was the pure and\\ngenuine piety of much the greater part of the\\nnew community considered less remarkable.\\nThere were many others, however, who, mis-\\n1, taking their own wild impulses for the direct\\npromptings of the Holy Spirit, frequently com-\\nI mitted acts justly to be called extravagant, of-\\nj fensive to the proprieties of life, and not wholly\\nI without injury to the public peace.\\nThe mad zeal of these enthusiastic visionaries\\nfinally brought them in collision with the state\\nauthorities, and during the last years of Crom-\\nw ell s protectorate, severe measures were taken\\nagainst them. Punished rather as religious\\nrecusants, than as oiFenders against the pub-\\nlic peace, it was not long before they could claim\\nthe merit of suffering for conscience sake. But\\npersecution only increased their numbers and in-\\nflamed their zeal.\\nSoon after the restoration of Charles II., this\\npersecution was renewed, though the members\\nof the society were now inclined to disavow their\\nconnections with these fanatics, to whom they\\npresently gave the name of Ranters. Not-\\nwithstanding the plain and unequivocal teaching\\nof their founder, that it was unlawful to use\\ncarnal weapons in advancing spiritual objects,\\nthey were unjustly charged with holding to the", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0077.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "68 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1674.\\ndoctrine of the Millennarians, or Fifth Monarchy\\nMen, that even force might be employed in\\noverturning those temporal powers, supposed to\\nbe in the way of the coming spiritual and divine\\ndominion.\\nUnder this impression Charles proscribed their\\nprinciples as being inconsistent. with any kind\\nof government, and a sharp law was enacted\\nagainst them as an abominable sect.\\nThe king himself early changed the hasty and\\nmistaken opinion he had formed of the Quakers,\\nfor a truer and more liberal view of their doc-\\ntrines. He even entered into a familiar and in-\\ntimate acquaintance with some of their promi-\\nnent leaders. But this did not soften the rigour\\nof the penal enactments against them. Ha-\\nrassed on all sides by special statute, by the ge-\\nneral laws against dissenters, and by the statute\\nagainst Roman Catholics, they were thrown into\\nthe foulest dungeons, scourged, exiled, sold into\\ncolonial bondage, stripped of their estates, and\\neven deprived of life itself by the carelessness\\nor inhumanity of their jailers.\\nIt was when this persecution was at its height\\nthat George Fox, the founder of the Society of\\nFriends, returned to England from a missionary\\ntour through the American colonies.\\nTo testify to their faith, the Quakers shrank\\nfrom no suJBfering, however great. Some, in the\\nexuberance of their zeal, were willing to court it.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0078.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "1674.] QUAKER COLONIZATION. 69\\nBut the more quiet members of the society were\\nof the opinion that to avoid persecution without\\nabandoning the tenets of their religion, was not\\nto be judged as wrongful. It is probable that\\non his return to England, Fox represented to\\nthem the advantages to be enjoyed under the\\ntolerant constitution of New Jersey, where they\\nmight hope for peace and security in the practice\\nof their faith. Preferring voluntarily expatria-\\ntion to a forced exile, numbers immediately pre-\\npared to escape to the land thrown open to\\nthem by the sale already noticed.\\nUnderstanding that Carteret was to retain the\\nnorthern part of the province, Fenwicke and\\nByllinge determined upon colonizing the south-\\nwestern portion along the Delaware. Two years\\npassed away, however, before any settlement was\\nmade. Meantime, a sharp quarrel sprung up\\nbetween the new purchasers with regard to their\\nrespective interests in the territory. Shunning\\nthe scandal of a law-suit, they left the decision\\nof the question to William Penn. Penn s award\\nwas finally acceded to, after some hesitation on\\nthe part of Fenwicke, who received one-tenth\\nof the purchase as his share.\\nByllinge, failing in business soon after, was\\nobliged to transfer his interest for the benefit\\nof his Creditors, to Penn, Gawen Laurie, and\\nNicholas Lucas. With the concurrence of Fen-\\nwicke, these trustees presently divided the whole", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0079.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "70 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1676.\\nproprietorship into one hundred shares, of which\\nthe ninety belonging to Byllinge were offered for\\nsale.\\nMatters having been thus arranged, in 1675,\\nFenwicke, with a large company and several\\nfamilies, set sail from London, in the ship Grif-\\nfin. A short and pleasant passage brought the\\nadventurers into Delaware Bay, on the eastern\\nshore of which, at its head, they landed near the\\nsite of one of the old Swedish forts. From the\\nfair and peaceful aspect of the place, they gave\\nthe name of Salem to their new settlement.\\nHaving purchased lands from the natives, Fen-\\nwicke proceeded to portion them out among the\\nseveral emigrants, and took upon himself the\\nauthority of the province.\\nEarly in the same year, Philip Carteret quiet-\\nly resumed the government of his kinsman s\\nshare of the province. By postponing the pay-\\nment of the quit-rents, he induced the colonists\\nto accept without murmuring, and even with an\\nappearance of satisfaction, the new and less\\npopular concessions sent out by the proprietary.\\nIn November, the second regular assembly\\nmet. Having adopted several measures for the\\nwell-being and orderly management of the colo-\\nny, they concluded their session with an act of\\namnesty and free pardon to all persons concern-\\ned in the late disturbances.\\nEarly in 1676, the assembly again convened,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0080.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "1676.] DIVISION OF THE STATE. 71\\nbut nothing of historical importance was passed.\\nWith the exception of some slight symptoms of\\ndissatisfaction with regard to the quit-rents, af-\\nfairs went on smoothly, and there was a prospect\\nof long-continued quiet.\\nAt length, on the first of July, a formal divi-\\nsion of New Jersey was agreed to by Carteret.\\nFrom the ocean, at Little Egg Harbour, a line\\nwas drawn to a point on the Delaware River, in\\nthe neighbourhood of forty-one degrees north\\nlatitude the country north and east of which\\nremained in the possession of Carteret, with the\\ntitle of East New Jersey, while the other section\\nwas assigned in severalty to the Quaker proprie-\\ntaries, under the title of West New Jersey.\\nMeanwhile, these proprietaries had prepared\\nin England, a code of fundamental laws for the\\nprovince. We lay, wrote Penn and his col-\\nleagues to the colonists, we lay a foundation\\nfor after ages to understand their liberty as\\nChristians and as men, that they may not be\\nbrought into bondage but by their own consent;\\nfor we put the power in the people.\\nThe Quaker concessions and agreements\\nwere first made public on the 3d of March, 1676.\\nEntire freedom of conscience, universal suffrage,\\nand voting by ballot were fully established.\\nNone could be imprisoned for debt. Orphans\\nwere to be educated at the public expense. All\\nand every person in the province was, by", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0081.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "72 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1676.\\nthe help of the Lord and these fundamentals,\\nto be free from oppression and slavery. Hu-\\nmane and just regulations were framed to pro-\\ntect the native inhabitants against encroach-\\nments. No attorney or counsellor was required\\nin the management of courts. For the govern-\\nment of the province, the people were to elect\\nan assembly, each member of which was to be\\npaid one shilling a day, that he might be\\nknown as a servant of the people. The chief\\nexecutive power was confided to ten commission-\\ners, to be chosen by the assembly. That body\\nwas also to appoint the judges, who retained\\ntheir offices but two years, sitting in court only\\nas assistants to the jury, in which, alone, resided\\nthe authority to make decisions, whether as to\\nthe law or the fact.\\nSuch are the main features of the first poli-\\ntical constitution drawn up by members of the\\nSociety of Friends. While many may point out\\ndefects, the instrument, viewed as a whole, is\\nyet worthy of hearty approval and commenda-\\ntion. Far in advance of any system of govern-\\nment then in existence, it contrasted favourably\\nwith that even of the eastern province, which\\nwas avowedly popular and concessive. To its\\nframers may justly be awarded no slight partici-\\npation in the honour of having laid the founda-\\ntion of civil and religious freedom in the new\\nworld.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0082.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "1677.] DIFFICULTY WITH ANDROS. 73\\nPursuant to tlie plan of the concessions,\\nThomas Olive and others were presently appoint-\\ned as commissioners, to superintend the colony,\\nto which two companies of emigrants, princi-\\npally wealthy Friends from Yorkshire and Lon-\\ndon, were already prepared to remove.\\nDuring the summer of 1677, these commis-\\nsioners, accompanied by a large body of settlers,\\nembarked on board the ship Kent, at London.\\nWhile the vessel was anchored in the Thames,\\npreparatory to sailing, the king chanced to come\\nby in his pleasure-barge. Remarking the plain\\ngarb of the men of peace, Charles came along-\\nside, and, having learned that they were all\\nQuakers, destined for the colony of New Jersey,\\nhe blessed them, and gave them his good wishes.\\nAfter a long and tiresome passage, the Kent\\nwas brought to anchor within Sandy Hook, from\\nwhich place the commissioners proceeded on a\\nvisit to the governor of New York. Received\\nwith all courtesy by Andros, they informed him\\nof their design. Claiming jurisdiction over\\nNew Jersey, Andros demanded whether they\\nhad a warrant from the Duke of York. On\\ntheir answering in the negative, he refused to\\nrecognise their authority. They offered to re-\\nmonstrate. Pointing significantly to his sword,\\nthe arbitrary governor intimated the extent to\\nwhich he would oppose them. The peace-loving\\ncommissioners were silenced. Finally, however,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0083.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "74 HISTOKY OF NEW JERSEY. [1677.\\nAndros gave them a warrant from himself, until\\nthe Matter could be referred for decision to\\nEngland-\\nMeanwhile, the main body of the colonists had\\nentered the Delaware. Procuring interpreters\\nfrom among the Swedish settlers planted near\\nthe present eite of Swedesborough, they pur-\\nchased from the Indians three large and con-\\ntiguous tracts of land, extending from Old\\nMan s Creek to the falls at Trenton.\\nTwo distinct settlements were at first proposed,\\nbut it was finally determined to join together\\nand form one town. Accordingly, on the tract\\nbetween Bancocas Creek and the falls, a town\\nwas presently laid out, to which the name of\\nNew Beverly was first applied, then Bridlington,\\nand afterward Burlington, which it still retains.\\nA main street having been cleared, along this\\nthe settlers began to erect their dwellirigs, the\\nYorkshire proprietors on the eastern side, and\\nthose from London on the west.\\nWinter was wellnigh over before these houses\\ncould be made habitable. In the mean time the\\nsettlers sheltered themselves in rude huts, built\\nin imitation of the wigwams of the natives. For\\na meeting-house, a tent of sail-cloth was early\\nset up. Under this the Quakers began to hold\\nreligious union.\\nThe simple-hearted savages in the neighbour-\\nhood were unusually kind to the new comers,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0084.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "1677.] SPEECH or an Indian sachem. 75\\nsupplying them plentifully with corn and venison.\\nHostilities were subsequently threatened by the\\nIndians, on the ground that the strangers had\\nsold them the small-pox along with certain match-\\ncoats. Apprehending trouble, the colonists\\nsought the assurance of a special treaty, and a\\npeace-council was shortly held with the Indian\\nkings, under the shades of the Burlington forests.\\nThe English having made known their fears, an\\nold sachem rose, and, speaking for his brethren,\\nsaid\\nSome of our young men may utter such\\nwords as neither you nor we approve. We\\ncannot help that. You cannot help it. We are\\nyour brothers. We have no mind to make war.\\nWhen we have war we are but skin and bone.\\nThe meat that we eat doth do us no good. The\\nkind sun cannot shine upon us, for we then hide\\nus in holes and corners.\\nWhen we intend to make war upon you, we\\nwill let you know of it, and the reason that\\nwhatever wrong you have done us may be re-\\npaired. If you give us no satisfaction, then we\\nwill make war. You, likewise, will act in this\\nway with us. Otherwise, there should be no\\nwar.\\nYou are our brothers, and we wish to live\\nlike brothers with you. We will leave a broad\\npath for you and us to walk in. If an Indian\\nis asleep in this path, the Englishman shall pass", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0085.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "76 HISTORY OF NEW JEKSEY. [1678.\\nby and do him no harm. If an Englishman falls\\nasleep in this path, the Indian shall pass him by,\\nand say, He is an Englishman he is asleep\\nlet him alone he loves sleep. The path shall\\nbe plain there shall not be in this path a stump\\nto hurt the feet.\\nAs to the small-pox, it came in the time of\\nmy grandfather it came in the time of my\\nfather and now in my time it is come. Then\\nstretching his hands toward heaven, he continued,\\nI do believe that it is the Man above that hath\\nsent it to us.\\nA good understanding having been established\\nwith the Indians, by this and subsequent coun-\\ncils, the colony soon assumed a thriving appear-\\nance. Constant accessions were made to the\\nnumber of its inhabitants. In November, 1677,\\nthe ship Willing Mind, from London, landed\\nabout seventy emigrants, some of whom settled\\nat Salem, others at Burlington. She was soon\\nafter followed by the fly-boat Martha, with one\\nhundred and fourteen passengers from Yorkshire.\\nOn the 10th of December, of the succeeding\\nyear, came the Shields, from Hull. Gliding up\\nthe Delaw^are, with a fair and fresh breeze, her\\npassengers admired the surrounding country,\\nand especially pointed out, as a fine spot for a\\ntown, the lands upon which Philadelphia has\\nsince arisen. Passing by this, the gale swept\\nthem on to Burlington, so far as which no vessel", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0086.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "1678.] PROCEEDINGS OE ANDROS. 77\\nhad hitherto sailed. Mooring that night to a\\ntree in front of the town, her astonished pas-\\nsengers, on the following morning, walked\\nashore, with the hard frozen river beneath their\\nfeet.\\nCHAPTER VL\\nDispute between New York and East New Jersey Arbitrary\\nconduct of Andros Claims jurisdiction over New Jersey\\nCarteret refuses to resign his government His arrest\\nTried at New York and acquitted Andros attempts to con-\\ntrol the assembly of East New Jersey Their spirited re-\\nsponse Heavy tax on imports Remonstrance of the New\\nJersey proprietaries Their complaints referred to commis-\\nsioners The tax pronounced illegal The Duke of York\\nrelinquishes his claim to govern New Jersey Byllinge go-\\nvernor of West New Jersey Appoints Jennings deputy-\\ngovernor First legislative assembly convenes Adoption of a\\nconstitution Burlington erected the capital of the province\\nThe assembly maintains its prerogative Amendment\\nof the constitution Jennings elected governor Is sent to\\nEngland Olive governor Byllinge appoints John Skene\\ndeputy-governor Death of Byllinge Sale of his interest\\nin New Jersey Dr. Coxe claims entire executive control\\nA change foreshadowed.\\nWhile the Quaker colony was settled under\\nauspices which promised a fair prospect of rapid\\nand substantial growth, difficulties were springing\\nup in East New Jersey, that in the end, for a\\nwhile, disturbed the tranquillity of the whole\\nprovince.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0087.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "78 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1680.\\nTo foster a spirit of commercial enterprise\\namong his people, Governor Carteret prepared\\nto open a direct trade with England, unencum-\\nbered by custom. Opposing what he styled an\\ninfringement of his master s rights, Andros,\\nthen governor of New York, ordered that no\\nship should land on the Jersey shore, until it\\nhad first paid an impost duty at Manhattan.\\nOn the death of Sir George Carteret, in 1679,\\nhe took a bolder step, and claimed jurisdiction\\nover the province. Recurring to the terms of\\nhis original commission, he called upon Carte-\\nret to lay down his authority. Unexpected as\\nthis demand was, the governor maintained a\\nfearless and unshaken front. It was by his\\nmajesty s command, he replied, that this go-\\nvernment was established. Without that com-\\nmand, it shall never be resigned but with our\\nlives and fortunes.\\nOn the 7th of April, 1680, Andros, attended\\nby his councillors, and a few leading merchants\\nof New York, presented himself at Elizabeth-\\ntown. Courteously received by Carteret, he at\\nonce unfolded to him the object of his visit, and\\nendeavoured to induce him to resign his govern-\\nment. Finding all his arguments vain, he some-\\nwhat abruptly withdrew, warning the inhabitants\\nthat if they did not comply with his demand,\\nthe peril would rest upon them alone.\\nRegardless of the hospitable welcome he had", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0088.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "1680.] TRIAL OF CARTERET. 79\\nreceived, Anclros, on the 30th of April, de-\\nspatched a file of soldiers to Elizabethtown, to\\ncapture Carteret. Entering the governor s\\nmansion at a late hour of the night, they drag-\\nged him rudely from his bed, and carried him,\\nbruised and maltreated, to New York, vrhere he\\nwas kept in close confinement until the 27th of\\nthe following month.\\nOn that day Andros summoned a special\\ncourt, himself being chief justice. When placed\\non trial, Carteret fearlessly avowed that he had\\nrefused to surrender his authority. He then\\ndemanded his release on parole, and protested\\nbitterly against being tried by a court, of which\\nhis accuser was also judge. When the jury re-\\nturned w^ith a verdict of Not guilty, Andros,\\nwith violence of language, charged them anew,\\nand ordered them to reconsider their verdict.\\nTwice was this scene renewed but the jury,\\nfaithful to their duty and their honour, persisted\\nin finding an acquittal. Carteret, however, was\\ndetained in custody until the controversy could\\nbe decided in England.\\nAt once taking advantage of this virtual de-\\nposition, Andros again entered East New Jersey\\nand appeared before its assembly. His power\\nwas such as to awe its members but they\\nevinced no disposition to yield to his arbitrary\\nwill* He endeavoured to intimidate them by\\nexhibiting the king s patent to the Duke of", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0089.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "80 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1680.\\nYork. We are the representatives of the free-\\nholders of tlH province, was their reply. His\\nmajesty s patent, though under the great seal\\nof England, we dare not grant to be our rule or\\njoint safety; for the great charter of England\\nis the only rule, privilege, and joint safety of\\nevery free-born Englishman. Their answer\\nbreathed the firmness of freemen, and the inde-\\npendence of New Jersey remained intact.\\nAndros did not confine his usurpations to the\\neastern province. Denying the West Jersey\\nproprietors any right of jurisdiction, as early as\\n1676, he had imprisoned Fenwicke, the founder\\nof Salem, for claiming the government of his\\nshare of the province and had liberated him\\nonly upon his promise not to assume any autho-\\nrity on the eastern shore of the Delaware. This\\noutrage was repeated in 1678, it being alleged\\nthat Fenwicke had violated his word.\\nOther difficulties soon sprung from the same\\nsource. Pretending that the duke s authority\\nextended over the whole of Delaware Bay, An-\\ndros levied a tax of five per cent, on all English\\ngoods imported into the colony. The payment\\nof these customs was rigidly enforced. No ex-\\nemption was permitted to the smallest vessel,\\nboat, or person.\\nProvoked beyond endurance, the proprietors\\nearnestly and often importuned the Duke of\\nYork for redress. At length, rather wearied", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0090.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "1680.] EEMONSTRANCE OF PROPRIETARIES. 81\\nby the reiteration of these complaints than\\nmoved by their justice, he consented to refer\\nthe question to disinterested commissioners, who\\nfinally submitted it to the decision of Sir Wil-\\nliam Jones, a leading lawyer of that day.\\nOn behalf of the colonists, the Quaker pro-\\nprietaries prepared an elaborate argument. It\\nwas worthy the founders of a free state. After\\ndeducing their title, they say\\nAn express grant of the powers of govern-\\nment, and that only, induced us to buy the\\nmoiety of New Jersey for the government of\\nany place is more inviting than the soil and\\nwhat is good land without good laws If we\\ncould not assure people of an easy, free, and safe\\ngovernment, liberty of conscience, and an invio-\\nlable possession of their civil rights and free-\\ndoms, a mere wilderness would be no encourage-\\nment; for it were madness to leave a free and im-\\nproved country to plant in a wilderness, and give\\nanother person an absolute title to tax us all.\\nStating the tax imposed by Andros, they con-\\ntinue\\nFor this we make our application to have\\nspeedy redress, not as a burden only, but as a\\nwrong. Tell us by what right are we thus used\\nThe King of England cannot justly take his sub-\\njects goods without their consent. This needs\\nno more to be proved than a principle it is a", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0091.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "82 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1680.\\nhome-born right, declared to be law by divers\\nstatutes.\\nTo give up the right of making laws, is to\\nchange the government, and resign ourselves to\\nthe will of another. The land belongs to the\\nnatives of the duke -We buy nothing but the\\nright of an undisturbed colonizing, with an ex-\\npectation of some increase of the freedoms en-\\njoyed in our own country. But what gain has\\nit been to us, that now pay an arbitrary custom,\\nneither known to England nor to New York,\\nand those other plantations? We have not\\nlost any part of our liberty by leaving our\\ncountry.\\nThe tax is a very surprise to the planters.\\nIt is paying for the same thing twice over.\\nCustom laid upon planting is unprecedented.\\nBesides, there is no end of this power for,\\nsince by this precedent we are assessed without\\nlaw, and excluded from our English rights of\\ncommon assent to taxes, what security have we\\nfor any thing we possess We can call nothing\\nour own, but are tenants-at-will, not for the soil\\nonly, but for our personal estates. This sort of\\nconduct has destroyed governments, but never\\nraised one to true greatness.\\nLastly, to exact such an unterminated tax\\nfrom English planters, and to continue it after\\nso many repeated complaints, will be the greatest\\nevidence of a design to introduce, if the crown", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0092.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "1681.] IMPORT-TAX ILLEGAL. 83\\nshould ever devolve upon the duke, an unlimited\\ngovernment in Old England.\\nSuch, briefly, but in their own language, was\\nthe argument of the proprietors. It was suc-\\ncessful. Sir William Jones decided that the\\ntax was illegal. His decision was sustained.\\nThe Duke of York acquiesced in it, and, in\\n1681, made a new and separate grant of West\\nNew Jersey to the trustees, relinquishing all\\nclaim to the territory and the government.\\nWith this success the peace of West New\\nJersey seemed to be confirmed. Numerous set-\\ntlers, mostly Quakers, continued to flock into\\nthe province. All went on smoothly.\\nFinding it inconvenient to leave England,\\nByllinge, who had been elected governor by the\\nproprietaries, appointed Samuel Jennings, a man\\nof some distinction already in the province, to\\nbe his deputy. On the 21st of November, 1681,\\nJennings convened the first legislative assembly.\\nHaving adopted a code of Fundamental Con-\\nstitutions, strictly in accordance with the libe-\\nral spirit of ^the concessions, the assembly\\nproceeded to enact six and thirty laws for the\\nwell-ordering of the province. For defraying\\nthe expenses of government, they ordered a levy\\nof two hundred pounds, to be paid in corn, or\\nskins, or money. A heavy penalty was imposed\\nupon the sale of ardent spirits to the Indians.\\nIn all criminal cases murder, treason, and", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0093.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "84 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1682.\\ntheft excepted it was provided that the person\\naggrieved might pardon the offender either be-\\nfore or after condemnation.\\nDuring the following session, held in May,\\n1682, Burlington was erected into the capital of\\nthe province. That town and Salem were es-\\ntablished as ports. To provide for that class of\\nbound-servants who, to procure the means of\\ncoming to the country, had indentured them-\\nselves to the more opulent colonists, it was en-\\nacted that every such person might claim from\\nhis master, at the expiration of his indenture, a\\nset of agricultural implements, necessary articles\\nof apparel, and ten bushels of corn.\\nWhen the assembly again met, in 1683, a\\nquestion of considerable importance was brought\\nunder deliberation. Byllinge, as proprietary,\\nclaimed, and had already exercised, the power\\nof nominating the deputy-governor. From the\\nfirst, his right to do so had been questioned, and\\nthe subject had excited no little discussion. As\\nan intimation of his design to maintain this\\nright, Byllinge appears to have resolved upon\\nthe removal of Jennings. The dissatisfaction\\nof the colonists with a claim to any authority\\nnot springing from themselves, now came rapidly\\nto a crisis. Besides, they were pleased with\\nJennings, and wished to retain him. Following\\nthe advice of Penn, the assembly amended the", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0094.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "1687.] CLAIMS OF COXE. 85\\nconstitution according to the prescribed method,\\nand then elected Jennings as governor.\\nAt a subsequent session, Jennings was deputed\\nto proceed, with a coadjutor, to England, to ne-\\ngotiate upon this subject with Byllinge. Before\\ndeparting he nominated Thomas Olive as his\\ndeputy. Presently elected governor, Olive re-\\nmained in that ofiSce until September, 1685.\\nThe mission of Jennings was only in part suc-\\ncessful. A new and liberal charter was indeed\\nobtained, but Byllinge would not renounce his\\nclaim. He soon afterward commissioned John\\nSkene as his deputy. Though the assembly\\nagreed to recognise this commission, it was with\\nthe plain reservation that they thereby lost none\\nof -their just rights and privileges.\\nByllinge dying in 1687, Dr. Daniel Coxe,\\nof London, already largely concerned in West\\nJersey, purchased the interest of his heirs in the\\nsoil and government. Informing the provincial\\ncouncil of proprietors of what he had done, Coxe\\npresently laid claim to the entire executive con-\\ntrol of the colony. Liberally confirming the\\nconcessions as a favour, he yet left nothing to\\nthe people as rights. Probably his energetic re-\\nvival of the claim of Byllinge would have created\\nmore excitement than it did, had not a new and\\nunexpected interference from another quarter sus-\\npended, for a time, the exercise of the powers of\\ngovernment, either by Coxe or by the people.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0095.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "86 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1682.\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nQuit-rent disputes East New Jersey purchased by Penn and\\nothers Extension of the partnership Robert Barclay made\\ngovernor Appoints Thomas Rudyard his deputy Session\\nof the assembly The province divided into counties Ad-\\nministration of Rudyard Gawen Laurie governor Mixed\\ncharacter of population in New Jersey Scottish emigrants\\nScot of Pitlochie s book Lord Campbell appointed deputy\\ngovernor of East New Jersey James IL violates his obli-\\ngations Difficulties with New York New Jersey threaten-\\ned Remonstrance of the proprietaries Surrender of East\\nand West New Jersey to the jurisdiction of the crown\\nAndros commissioned governor Flight of James IL Re-\\nsumption of the proprietary governments Hamilton go-\\nvernor Land titles Hamilton superseded by Basse Inter-\\nprovincial disputes Hamilton re-appointed governor New\\nJersey becomes a royal province.\\nIn consequence of the decision of Sir William\\nJoneSj East New Jersey again reverted to the\\nauthority of Governor Carteret. But the quit-\\nrent disputes being revived, the possession of the\\nprovince seemed likely to prove more trouble-\\nsome than lucrative. Tired of their responsi-\\nbility, the trustees of Sir George presently offer-\\ned his interest in the province for sale.\\nEncouraged by the success of their plantations\\non the Delaware, the Quakers of England re-\\nsolved to secure the opportunity thus offered of\\nwidening the field of their enterprise. Accord-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0096.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "1682.] PURCHASED BY PENN. 87\\ninglj, in the month of February, 1682, William\\nPenn, and eleven associates of the Quaker per-\\nsuasion, became the purchasers of East New\\nJersey, for the sum of three thousand four hun-\\ndred pounds.\\nHaving prepared, for the encouragement of\\nsettlers, a brief eulogistic account of the politi-\\ncal and natural advantages of the province, each\\nof the twelve new proprietors chose a partner.\\nThese were principally Scotchmen, and many\\nI were not Quakers. Among them were the Earl\\nof Perth and Lord Drummond, members of the\\nScottish privy council. As a majority of the\\nfive thousand inhabitants already in the colony\\nbelonged to other religious sects, this choice of\\npartners was probably made to allay the jealousy\\nwith which it was reasonably to be expected\\nthat a government composed entirely of Quakers\\nwould be regarded. On the 13th of March,\\n1683, the twenty-four obtained from the Duke\\nof York a new, special, and final patent.\\nPreviously, the amiable and ingenious Robert\\nBarclay, celebrated by his appellation of the\\nApologist, himself one of the proprietors, had\\nbeen appointed governor for life. Permitted to\\nexercise his authority by deputy, he never visited\\nthe province. The gentleman he chose as his\\ntemporary representative, was Thomas Rudyard,\\nan attorney of some distinction in London. In\\nNovember 1682, Rudyard arrived in the pro-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0097.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "88 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1684.\\nvince, ^N hich he found tenanted by a sober,\\nprofessing people, wise in their generation, and\\ncourteous in their behaviour.\\nBy the assemby, which soon after met, a num-\\nber of laws were enacted, slightly modifying the\\ncharacter, jurisdiction, and proceedings of the\\ncourts, and softening, in some degree, the se-\\nverity of the earlier criminal and penal codes.\\nThe concessions of the late proprietaries were\\nrenewed, and the province divided into four\\ncounties, Bergen, Essex, Middlesex, and Mon-\\nmouth.\\nRudyard s administration seems to have been\\nproductive of considerable harmony among the\\ndivided and clashing interests that had hitherto\\ndistracted the province. But it was of brief\\nduration. Having quarrelled with Groome, the\\nsurveyor-general, Rudyard suspended him from\\noffice. The English proprietors, however, sided\\nwith Groome and, though fully aw^are of the\\ngood Rudyard had already effected, they deter-\\nmined upon his removal.\\nHis successor was Gawen Laurie, a Scotch-\\nman by birth, a member of the Society of\\nFriends, and a merchant of London. Arriving\\nin the province early in 1684, Laurie immediate-\\nly bestirred himself to build up the new town\\nof Perth Amboy, so named in honour of the\\nEarl of Perth. A favourite project of the pro-\\nprietaries, this town had been laid out the", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0098.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "1684.] MIXED POPULATION. 89\\nprevious year, and already contained a few\\nhouses. Here it was expected to raise up a\\ngreat commercial emporium, to rival New York\\nbut the destiny prefigured for the young city has\\nnever been realized.\\nNew Jersey still bears evidence to the mixed\\ncharacter of her early population. To the\\nDutch colonists, New England Puritans, and\\nEnglish Quakers already in the province, a large\\naccession of Scottish Presbyterians was now to\\nbe made.\\nThe efforts of Charles II. to bring back Scot-\\nland ,to Episcopacy, had met with no general op-\\nposition from the Presbyterians. Under the\\nname of Cameronians and Covenanters, however,\\na few of their number still persisted in the de-\\ntermination to practise their faith. Rigorously\\npersecuted, in consequence, and hunted like wild\\nbeasts, the despairing Covenanters occasionally\\nrose against their oppressors. But every at-\\ntempt to shake off the yoke of intolerance only\\nrecoiled upon themselves with redoubled violence.\\nIn 1683, shortly after the final grant of East\\nNew Jersey to the twenty-four proprietaries, a\\nfresh proclamation from the English government\\nI proscribed all who had ever communed with the\\nrebellious covenanters. The lives of twenty\\nthousand persons were thus put at the mercy of\\ninformers. The insurrection of Monmouth fol-\\nlowed. A fearful and bloody revenge was in-\\n8*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0099.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "90 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1685.\\nflicted upon the maddened insurgents. The\\nwhole Calvinistic population of Scotland was\\nbeset by proscriptions or penalties.\\nWriting at this time to the East Jersey pro-\\nprietaries in England, Laurie urged them to\\nhasten emio;ration. Here wants nothino; but\\npeople, he said. Every proprietor s sending\\nover ten people will bring all the division that\\nhath been here to an end. Governor Barclay\\nand others among the proprietaries were natives\\nof Scotland. From that country efforts were\\nimmediately made to draw emigrants to the pro-\\nvince. The persecution the people was there\\nsuffering, it was thought would induce them to\\naccept readily an asylum beyond the Atlantic.\\nPartial success only followed these efforts.\\nWith all they were forced to undergo, the Scots\\nwere not easily persuaded to exile themselves\\nfrom their native land.\\nThe accession of the Duke of York, as James\\nII., to the English throne, in 1685, instead\\nof bringing relief to the persecuted Cove-\\nnanters, did but aggravate their sufferings.\\nCrowded into prisons, numbers of them perished\\nfrom thirst and suffocation. Hundreds of un-\\nfortunate fugitives, after being tried by a jury\\nof soldiers, were put to death in a body on the\\npublic ways. Women were bound to stakes set\\nup in the sea at low water-mark, and there left\\nto be drowned by the swelling waters.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0100.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "1685.] SCOTTISH IMMIGRANTS. 91\\nWearied with persecution, the miserable Co-\\nvenanters were ready to seek peace by expatria-\\ntion. It was at this moment that George Scot,\\nof Pitlochie, at the instance of the proprie-\\ntaries, addressed to his countrymen a book\\nentitled The Model of the Government of the\\nProvince of East New Jersey in America, in\\ni which certain objections to emigration were re-\\nfuted, and the advantages offered by the province\\nset forth in full. It is judged the interest of\\nthe English government, he wrote, altogether\\nto suppress the Presbyterian principles the\\nwhole force of the law of this kingdom is levelled\\nat the effectual bearing them down. The rigor-\\nous putting these laws in execution hath, in a\\ngreat part, ruined many of those who, notwith-\\nstanding thereof, find themselves in conscience\\nobliged to retain these principles. A retreat\\nwhere, by law, a toleration is allowed, doth at\\npresent offer itself in America, and is nowhere\\nelse to be found in his majesty s dominions.\\nDoing what he had so well advised others,\\nthe author himself, in August, 1685, embarked\\nwith his family and two hundred Scottish emi-\\ngrants, for the shores of East New Jersey.\\nThe result of his little publication was most\\nimportant and highly beneficial to the colony.\\nCompanies of Scotch Presbyterians speedily\\nflocked into the province, in such numbers that,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0101.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "92 HISTORY or NEW JERSEY. [1686.\\neven at the present day, the character they then\\ngave it is not entirely destroyed.\\nStill further to influence the tide of Scottish\\nemigration, the twenty-four proprietors presently\\ndisplaced Laurie, and conferred the ofiice of\\ndeputy-governor on Lord Neill Campbell. Com-\\npromised by some insurrectionary movements in\\nScotland, Campbell willingly accepted, and, in\\n1686, came out to the province. His stay, how-\\never, was brief. In March of the following\\nyear, he sailed again for England, leaving An-\\ndrew Hamilton as his substitute.\\nEvery thing promised well for the future of\\nthe province. But James, the king of Great\\nBritain, was little disposed to fulfil the engage-\\nments he had entered into while Duke of York.\\nInfluenced by Dongan, the successor of Andros,\\nhe was preparing to wrest from the Jersey pro-\\nprietaries the rights, powers, and privileges he\\nhad but lately, for the third time, confirmed to\\nthem. By extending his royal authority over\\nNew Jersey, his revenues would be largely aug-\\nmented, and his cupidity speedily devised a\\nscheme for effecting that object.\\nTo prevent violations of the navigation laws,\\nWilliam Dyer had been appointed by Laurie\\ncollector of the customs in New Jersey. His\\nappointment resulted in evil. Scarcely was his\\nauthority established, when the inhabitants found\\nthemselves obliged to enter their vessels and pay", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0102.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "1688.] SURRENDER OF PROPRIETARY RIGHTS. 93\\nduties at New York. Unjust as it was unpa-\\nlatable, this regulation was either slighted, or\\nobeyed with hesitation. Dyer immediately com-\\nplained of the opposition he encountered. With\\nsingular promptitude, the English ministry, in\\nApril, 1686, answered his complaint by ordering\\nthe issue of a writ of quo warranto against the\\nproprietaries. New Jersey was threatened with\\nbeing made more dependent.\\nAroused by this sudden stroke, the proprie-\\ntaries prepared an earnest remonstrance. But it\\nwas vain to appeal to the justice of James.\\nFinding the king immovable, the proprietaries,\\nin 1688, formally surrendered their claim to the\\njurisdiction of East Jersey, stipulating only for\\ntheir right of property in the soil. Against\\nWest Jersey, where Coxe was still claiming ex-\\necutive authority, a writ of quo zvarranto had\\nlikewise been issued. In October of the same\\nyear, the province was yielded up, on conditions\\nsimilar to those stipulated by the eastern pro-\\nprietaries. Thus all New Jersey, along with\\nNew York and New England, was brought under\\nthe jurisdiction of Andros, whom James had\\ncommissioned as governor.\\nNoting the quiet compliance with which his\\narbitrary assumptions had been received, the\\nking was dilatory in making good his acquisition.\\nWhile the necessary grant of the soil to the pro-\\nprietaries was yet unexecuted, the Revolution", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0103.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "94 HISTOEY OF NEW JERSEY. [1692.\\nthat placed William of Orange on the British\\nthrone arrested the completion of the whole\\ndesign.\\nOn the downfall of the House of Stuart, the\\nproprietary governments of the two Jerseys were\\nquietly resumed. In the eastern province, Ha-\\nmilton had been confirmed as deputy-governor\\nby Andros. Doubting as to what would be his\\nproper conduct in the changed condition of af-\\nfairs, in August, 1689, he sailed to England, to\\nconsult personally with the proprietaries, leaving\\nthe inhabitants to the care of their town and\\ncounty officers. From this period until 1692,\\nEast Jersey had no other government. Quarrel-\\nling among themselves, the proprietaries found\\nit hard to exact obedience from their subjects,\\nwho rejected two successive governors, appointed\\nafter the death of Barclay one in 1690, the\\nother in the following year.\\nThis difficulty, however, was arranged in\\n1692, by the selection of Hamilton, the former\\ndeputy, who was at the same time commission-\\ned as governor of the western province, where\\nCoxe had finally abandoned all claim to au-\\nthority.\\nEor the following five years New Jersey en-\\njoyed a period of comparative repose. The old\\ndispute about land-titles, however, was recom-\\nmenced with considerable bitterness. Carried\\nbefore the provincial courts, the matter was", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0104.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "1697.] BASSE APPOINTED GOVERNOR. 95\\ndecided against the claimants under the Indian\\ntitle. But the subsequent annulment of this\\ndecision by a royal council, again laid the sub-\\nject open to discussion.\\nThough the administration of Hamilton had\\nproved highly popular, the proprietaries, in\\n1697, were reluctantly compelled to revoke his\\ncommission, in consequence of a late parliament-\\nary enactment, disabling all Scotchmen from\\noffices of public trust and profit.\\nThe successor of Hamilton was Jeremiah\\nBasse. Not having the regular approbation of\\nthe king, the advent of Basse into the province\\nwas the signal of uproar. A majority of the\\nresident proprietaries would not acknowledge his\\nauthority as legal. Thus disowned, Basse\\nsought to strengthen himself by favouring\\nthe party hitherto adverse to the proprietary\\ngovernment.\\nIn the midst of the contention that now\\narose, the illiberality of the neighbouring\\nprovince of New York created a new cause of\\ntrouble. Renewing their claim to supremacy\\nover New Jersey, the assembly of New York\\nattempted to levy a duty on East Jersey ex-\\nports. Though countenanced by the Board\\nof Trade, the attempt ended in a failure, but\\nnot until the dispute had wellnigh ripened\\ninto a war between the provinces. It was de-\\ncided that no customs could be imposed upon", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0105.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "96 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1699.\\nthe Jerseys unless by their own consent, or by\\nan Act of Parliament.\\nMeantime, the popular dissatisfaction with\\nBasse continued to grow in strength, until it\\nbroke out in complete anarchy. Offenders,\\nwho had tumultuously defied his authority, when\\nimprisoned were immediately set at liberty\\nby armed mobs, who forced their way into the\\njails, assailing and maltreating the officers\\nplaced to guard them. At length, finding his\\nsituation one of vexation and trouble, Basse\\nreturned to England, some time in the summer\\nof 1699.\\nHoping to restore tranquillity, the proprie-\\ntaries re-appointed Hamilton. But it was\\nnow too late. Disorderly and seditious meet-\\nings assembled, denying the validity of his\\ncommission. The judges of his appointing were\\nassaulted in open court by bands of armed\\nmen. Sheriffs were attacked and wounded while\\nin the performance of their duties. So great\\nbecame the confusion, that, in succeeding years,\\nthis period was known as that of the Bevo-\\nlution.\\nThe cause of these disturbances seems to have\\nbeen the claim of the proprietaries to exclusive\\npossession of the soil, under grants from the\\nDuke of York, and their consequent demand\\nfor the payment of quit-rents, and repudiation\\nof such titles as had been derived from the In-\\nI", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0106.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "1702.] THE PROVINCES UNITED. 97\\ndians. Apparently viewing the proprietaries as\\nso many extortioners, the disaffected colonists,\\nheedless of what the result might be, earnestly\\nprayed the king to deprive those obnoxious per-\\nsons of their authority.\\nAt length, embarrassed by their own numbers\\nand conflicting interests, and wearied out with\\nan ineffectual struggle to exercise their seig-\\nneurial functions, the proprietaries of both the\\nJerseys were induced to entertain a proposal\\nfrom the royal council, to cede their rights of\\njurisdiction to the crown. Besides, the English\\nLords of Trade, claiming New Jersey as a royal\\nprovince, threatened to involve them in an ex-\\npensive suit with the crown, in order to test the\\nvalidity of their pretensions.\\nIn such a suit, their chance of success would\\nhave been slight. Thus menaced, both from\\nwithin and from without, they deemed it best to\\nsurrender. Accordingly, after a lengthy nego-\\ntiation, in which they secured to themselves their\\nproperty in the soil, and their quit-rents, so\\nodious to the colonists, the proprietaries of New\\nJersey, East and West, formally resigned their\\npretended rights of government, before the\\nEnglish privy council, on the 17th of April,\\n1702.\\nQueen Anne, now on the British throne, im-\\nmediately proceeded to unite the two provinces\\n9", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0107.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "98 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1702.\\ninto one. Their government, along Tvith that\\nof New York, was entrusted to the queen s\\nkinsman, Edward Hjde, Lord Viscount Corn-\\nburj, grandson of the Earl of Clarendon.\\nCHAPTER VIIL\\nThe new constitution for the Jerseys The legislative power\\nIn whom vested Slave trade ordered to be encouraged\\nThe judiciary Arrival of Lord Cornbury His demand for\\na permanent salary rejected by the assembly Cornbury s\\nillegal proceedings Opposed by Lewis Morris and Samuel\\nJennings The assembly wait upon Cornbury with a re-\\nmonstrance His response -Retort of the assembly Con-\\nduct of Cornbury censured by the English ministry His\\nremoval Imprisoned by his creditors Popular administra-\\ntion of Lovelace His death Ingoldsby deputy-governor\\nWar between France and England Capture of Port\\nRoyal.\\nEmbodied in the commission and instructions\\nof the crown to Governor Cornbury, the new\\nconstitution of the Jerseys was promulgated on\\nthe 10th of November, 1702.\\nResembling in many respects that of the\\nother royal provinces in America, the system of\\ngovernment thus given to New Jersey was far\\nless favourable to popular freedom than were the\\nproprietary concessions. In the contests be-\\ntween the proprietaries and the people, which\\nhad partly led to its adoption, the former had", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0108.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "1702.] PROVISIONS OF CONSTITUTION. 99\\nlost nothing but a claim to authority they could\\nnever have enforced, while the latter were to la-\\nment a serious curtailment of their fori?ier civil\\nliberties.\\nThe legislative power of the province was\\nvested in the governor, twelve counsellors, and\\ntwenty-four representatives. Appointed by the\\ncrown from a list of names supplied by the go-\\nvernor, the counsellors were to be men of good\\nlives and well affected, of good estates and\\nability, and not necessitous people or much\\nin debt. The representatives, equally divided\\nbetween East and West Jersey, were each re-\\nquired to possess a freehold of a thousand acres.\\nThe laws enacted by the council and assembly\\nwere subject to an immediate veto from the go-\\nvernor, and a veto from the crown at any time.\\nThe assembly was to meet at the order of the\\ngovernor, who might adjourn, prorogue, or dis-\\nsolve it, according to his discretion. No persons\\nwere capable of voting for representatives but\\ncolonists possessing a hundred acres of land, or\\npersonal property to the value of fifty pounds.\\nLiberty of conscience was granted to all save\\nRoman Catholics. Quakers were allowed to\\nhold office, and their affirmation was to be ac-\\ncepted in lieu of the customary oaths. The\\nespecial favour of the governor was invoked for\\nthe Episcopacy, and he was to take care that\\nGod Almighty be duly served, and the blessed", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0109.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "100 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1704.\\nsacrament administered according to the rites\\nof the Church of England. Closely following\\nthis display of royal interest in the cause of\\nreligion, was an injunction to the governor to en-\\ncourage the traffic in merchantable negroes,\\nwith which the Eoyal African Company were\\nto supply the province at moderate rates.\\nNo printing press was allowed, nor the print-\\ning of any book, pamphlet, or other matters\\nwhatsoever, without a license. In the forma-\\ntion of the judiciary, the people took no part;\\nthe governor, with the consent of his council,\\ninstituting courts of law, and appointing their\\nofficers. In suits of law, where the value in dis-\\npute exceeded a hundred pounds, an appeal was\\nadmitted from the provincial courts to the go-\\nvernor and council and when it exceeded two\\nhundred pounds, ultimate jurisdiction rested in\\nthe English privy council.\\nWith the executive, the press, and the judi-\\nciary thus at the pleasure of the crown, it was\\nnot long before the people of New Jersey became\\nsensible of the abridgment of their liberties.\\nConscious of being subjected to wrong, they\\nsoon began to claim the privileges of their\\nearlier and freer condition.\\nLord Cornbury arrived in the province in\\nAugust, 1703, and personally met the general\\nassembly at Amboy. During the next session,\\nheld at Burlmgton, in September, 1704, the", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0110.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "1704.] PROCEEDINGS OF GOVERNOR. 101\\npleasing opinions previously entertained of Corn-\\nbury s good qualities, began to be dispelled by\\nthe realities of acquaintanceship. Grasping and\\nneedy, he demanded an annual salary of two\\nthousand pounds for twenty years. Accustomed\\nto pay but moderate sums for the support of go-\\nvernment, the popular branch of the assembly\\nwould allow no more than thirteen hundred a\\nyear for three years. Cornbury vainly en-\\ndeavoured to procure an increase. At length,\\nfinding the house immovable, he declared it dis-\\nsolved, and ordered the election of a second, to\\nmeet in the following November.\\nEmploying various artifices, Cornbury suc-\\nceeded in obtaining a large proportion, but not a\\nmajority of the assembly. Complete control\\nbeing thus almost within his grasp, he did not\\nhesitate to adopt the advice of his subservient\\ncouncil, and refused to admit three of the newly-\\nelected members to their seats, on the feigned\\nground that their estates were not as large as\\nthe royal instructions required. By this unjusti-\\nfiable proceeding he secured a majority of one\\nfavourable to his views. Recklessly prodigal in\\nhis expenditures, his thirst for money was first\\nto be gratified by raising his salary to two\\nthousand pounds a year. It was to remain at\\nthis rate for two years only. A stringent act\\nfor the establishment of a general system of mi-\\nlitia, which the former assembly had refused to\\n9*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0111.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "102 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1707.\\nadopt, was now passed, greatly to the discomfort\\nof the Quaker colonists, who were subsequently\\nsubjected to harassing and unnecessary prosecu-\\ntions under its provisions.\\nDuring the two following sessions, in 1705\\nand 1706, no business of importance was trans-\\nacted. The governor, however, found his sup-\\nporters dwindling down into an ineffective\\nminority.\\nIt being necessary to call a third assembly, so\\nthat his salary might be renewed, Cornbury\\nordered an election. All his efforts to regain\\nhis lost ascendency were of no avail. In the\\nnew assembly, which convened in April, 1707,\\nthere was an overwhelming opposition, at the\\nhead of which were Lewis Morris and Samuel\\nJennings. The former, from the eastern section\\nof the province, was of an eccentric but liberal\\nmind, and had been twice expelled from the\\ncouncil for his determined opposition to the\\nmeasures of Cornbury. The latter, combing\\nfrom West Jersey, was a true-hearted Quaker,\\nthe natural quickness and fire of whose temper,\\nprudence restrained and benevolence softened.\\nBoth were men of influence, possessing a perfect\\nknowledge of the interests of the province, with\\nthe will, ability, and courage to uphold them.\\nHaving met, the house, after a consideration\\nof the public grievances, adopted a petition to\\nthe queen, and a remonstrance to the governor.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0112.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "1707.] REMONSTRANCE OF ASSEMBLY. 103\\nFollowing the custom of the day, the assembly\\nwaited on Cornbury with their remonstrance,\\nwhich was probably the production of Morris.\\nJennings, as speaker, read it audibly, and with\\ndeliberation. Briefly, it was as follows\\nTo lay before the governor the unhappy\\ncircumstances of this province, is a task w^e\\nundertake, not of choice, but necessity.\\nWe think it a great hardship that persons\\naccused of any crime should be obliged to pay\\ncourt-fees, notw^ithstanding the jury have found\\nno bill against them. The granting of patents\\nfor the exclusive carriage of goods from Bur-\\nlington to Amboy, we think to be a grievance,\\ncontrary to the statute against monopolies. The\\nestablishing fees by any other authority than\\nthe general assembly, we take to be a great\\ngrievance, directly repugnant to Magna Gharta.\\nThe governor s putting the records of the eastern\\ndivision of this province into the hands of a\\npretended agent of the proprietors, w^ho has not\\ngiven security for the faithful keeping of them,\\nis a crying grievance.\\nThese, governor, are some of the grievances\\nthis province complains of; but there are others\\nof a higher nature.\\nThe governor has prohibited the proprietors\\nagents from granting warrants for land in the\\nwestern division of this province. This is a\\ngreat encroachment on the proprietors liberties,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0113.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "104 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1707.\\nbut we are not surprised at it, for a greater led\\nthe way. That was the governor s refusing to\\nswear three members of the last assembly, upon\\nthe groundless charges of two of the council.\\nAVe would not answer the trust reposed in us,\\nwere we to decline letting the governor know our\\nextreme dissatisfaction with so notorious a viola-\\ntion of the liberties of the people.\\nConsiderable sums of money were raised to\\nprocure the dissolution of the first assembly, in\\norder to obtain such officers as the contributors\\nmight approve. This house has reason to be-\\nlieve that money was given to Lord Cornbury,\\nand did induce him to dissolve the then assembly,\\nand keep three members out of the next. We\\ncannot but be very uneasy when we find by these\\nnew methods of government, our liberties and\\nproperties so much shaken, that no man can say\\nhe-is master of either. Liberty is too valuable\\na thing to be easily parted with. They have\\nneither heads, hearts, nor souls, that are not\\nforward with their utmost power lawfully to re-\\ndress the miseries of their country.\\nWe conclude by advising the governor that,\\nto engage the afi ections of the people, no\\nartifice is needful, but let them be unmolested\\nin the enjoyment of what belongs to them of\\nright.\\nSharp and spirited in its tone, this remon-\\nstrance lost nothing in its delivery. At the", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0114.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "1707.] cornburt s reply. 105\\nmore pointed passages, Cornbury, assuming a\\nstern air of authority, would break in with,\\nStop what s that When thus interrupted,\\nthe undaunted Jennings, affecting deep humility,\\nwould calmly read over again the offensive pas-\\nsages, with greater and more stinging emphasis\\nthan before.\\nThe reply of Cornbury was weak and undig-\\nnified, though no point of the remonstrance was\\nleft unnoticed. Denying the truth of some of\\nthe charges, he sought to justify others. In an\\nuncalled-for reflection upon the Quakers, .he\\ncharged them with disloyalty and faction.\\nSingling out Jennings and Morris, he poured\\nupon them the severity of his abuse, declaring\\nthem to be men known to have neither good\\nprinciples nor good morals.\\nCornbury s reply drew a second paper from\\nthe house, reiterating and amplifying their\\nformer complaints. In regard to his charges\\naga,inst the Quakers, they ansWBred With\\nthose persons, considered as Quakers, we have\\nnothing to do. They, perhaps, will think them-\\nselves obliged to vindicate their meetings from\\nthe aspersions which your excellency bestows\\nupon them, and to show the world how be-\\ncoming it is for the governor of a province to\\nenter the lists of controversy with people who\\nthought themselves entitled to his protection\\nin the enjoyment of their religious liberties.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0115.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "106 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1709.\\nSuch of them as were members of the house\\nbegged leave to answer the governor s charge,\\nin the words of Nehemiah to Sanballat\\nThere are no such things done as thou say-\\nest, but thou feignest them out of thine own\\nheart.\\nRefusing to receive this answer to his reply,\\nCornbury prorogued the house. Meeting again\\nin May, 1708, they were at length dismissed,\\nand then dissolved, the governor finding that\\nnothing could be obtained from them, without\\ndisagreeable concessions upon his part.\\nThis was the last time Cornbury met the\\nassembly of New Jersey. In New York, as\\nin New Jersey, his administration had pro-\\nduced universal dissatisfaction, while the follies\\nand vices he exhibited in private life were\\nsuch as to create the profoundest disgust.\\nThe Lords of Trade, on complaint of the own-\\ners of a merchant vessel which he had seized\\nat New YorL, under some pretence of violations\\nof the Acts of Trade, pronounced his conduct\\ncensurable and illegal. Frequent and earnest\\npetitions were poured into the queen for his\\nremoval, and, at length, though her cousin,\\nshe deprived him of his commission in the\\nyear 1709. No sooner was he removed from\\nhis office than his creditors cast him into jail,\\nwhere he remained a prisoner for debt, in the\\nprovince he had governed, until, succeeding", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0116.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "1709.] DEATH OF LOVELACE. 107\\nto the earldom of Clarendon, the privilege of\\npeerage set him at liberty. He then returned\\nto Europe, accompanied by the odium which\\nhis character deserved, as a mixture of arro-\\ngance and meanness, bigotry and intolerance,\\nrapacity and prodigality. But he had ac-\\ncomplished good, though without design. His\\narbitrary conduct had created and strengthen-\\ned in both provinces a spirit of freedom, bold\\nand watchful, and already acquainted with the\\nnecessity and the methods of resistance.\\nThe liberal and conciliatory conduct of Corn-\\nbury s successor. Lord Lovelace, gave hopes\\nof a happy administration. But the pleasant\\nprospect was presently overclouded by the\\ndeath of the new and popular governor. In-\\ngoldsby, the subservient lieutenant of Corn-\\nbury, for a time occupied the station thus left\\nvacant.\\nFor several years war had bee^ waging be-\\ntween France and England. By ti!ie incursions\\nof the French and Indians from Canada, the\\nnorthern provinces had suffered greatly, and,\\nin the year 1709, the immediate neighbourhood\\nof Boston was threatened by a marauding party\\nof the enemy, who attacked and destroyed the\\ntown of Haverhill, on the Merrimac, massacre-\\ning many of the inhabitants, and dragging others\\ninto captivity.\\nAlarmed at this onslaught, the New England", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0117.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "108 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1710.\\npeople begged assistance from the queen. Vetch,\\na Boston merchant, was sent to England to press\\nthe petition. He returned shortly with the\\npromise of a fleet and army, to co-operate with\\ncolonial troops in a simultaneous attack on Que-\\nbec and Montreal. In pursuance of his instruc-\\ntions, Ingoldsby called upon New Jersey for as-\\nsistance. With spirited alacrity the assembly\\nvoted to raise a certain number of troops. Ap-\\npropriating three thousand pounds to aid the\\nexpedition, they sanctioned the issue of the first\\npaper money in the province.\\nThe expected army from England not arriving,\\nthe enterprise was never prosecuted. But Colo-\\nnel Nicholson, with the provincial levies, planned\\nand executed a successful attack upon Port Royal,\\nby which full possession of Nova Scotia was ob-\\ntained, on the 5th of October, 1710.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0118.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "1710.] HUliTTER APPOINTED GOVERNOR. 109\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nArrival of Crovernor Hunter\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His speech to the assemBIy\\nHis popularity Invasion of Canada advocated by Nicholson.\\nOrganization of the provincial levies Disastrous failure of\\nthe expedition Treaty of Utrecht Quaker difficulties in\\nNew Jersey Opposition against Hunter His success\\nProvincial demonstrations of regard Burnet appointed go-\\nvernor His remoA al to Massachusetts Montgomery go-\\nvernor Petition for a separate government Administration\\nof Crosby Of Hamilton Separation of the Jerseys from\\nthe government of New York Morris commissioned go-\\nvernor Rapid decline of his popularity Maintains the\\nroyal prerogatives War declared between England and.\\nPrance Shirley plans an expedition against Louisburg\\nSharp controversy between Morris and the assembly\\nDeath of Morris Succeeded by Hamilton Feeble and:\\nabortive attempt to invade Canada Peace of Aix-Ia-Cha-\\npelle.\\nMeantime Ingoldsbj had been removed\\nHis successor was Robert Hunter, a Scotchman\\nby birth. Entering life as the runaway ap-\\nprentice of an apothecary, Hunter had enlisted\\nas a common soldier in the British army, where\\nhe gradually rose to military rank. His engag-\\ning person and manners had obtained for him\\nthe hand of a peeress his wit and social quali-\\nties the friendship of Addison and Swift.\\nBrief, frank, and soldierly, and concluding\\nwith the excellent maxim, that all power ex-\\n10", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0119.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "110 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1711.\\ncept that of doing good is a burden, his open-\\ning speech to the assembly produced an impres-\\nsion eminently favourable. This impression his\\nconciliatory disposition, and open, candid bear-\\ning abundantly confirmed, rendering him the\\nobject of almost aifectionate regard. Supported\\nhy the talent and influence of Morris in the\\ncouncil, his administration of ten years glided\\non Tvith scarcely a noticeable interruption.\\nFlushed with his success in Nova Scotia,\\nNicholson repaired to England, to advocate the\\nreduction of Canada. His solicitations obtained\\nfrom government a fleet of fifty-five sail, and\\nseven veteran regiments from Marlborough s\\narmy. This fleet arriving at Boston in June,\\n1711, Hunter called the New Jersey assembly.\\nReadily answering his requisition, they ordered\\nthe levy of a regiment, and appropriated twelve\\nthousand five hundred dollars, in bills of credit,\\nto defraying its expenses.\\nAt the head of about fifteen hundred pro-\\nvincials, from Connecticut, New Jersey, and\\nNew York, and six hundred Iroquois, Nicholson\\nprepared, at Albany, to advance upon Montreal.\\nBut the combined army and fleet, under General\\nHill and Admiral Walker, met with a disastrous\\nfailure. While entering the St. Lawrence, on\\ntheir way to Quebec, several vessels were wreck-\\ned, and more than eight hundred men drowned.\\nThe Quebec expedition being consequently frus-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0120.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "1716.] QUAKER DIFFICULTIES. Ill\\ntrated, Nicholson could not do otherwise than\\nabandon his designs against Montreal.\\nFrom this period the operations of both the\\nbelligerent nations grew less and less momentous,\\nuntil hostilities were brought to a close by the\\nTreaty of Utrecht, in 1713.\\nA new assembly met in April, 1716, in which\\nthere was a temporary majority of the old adhe-\\nrents of Cornbury, several of whom had been\\nthe most obnoxious members of his council.\\nDaniel Coxe, son of him who has already been\\nnoticed as a West Jersey proprietor, was chosen\\nspeaker of the house.\\nBy the party now apparently in the ascend-\\nant, it was argued that the colonial enactments\\npermitting Quakers to affirm in all cases, had\\nbeen annulled by a late parliamentary law, by\\nwhich it was insisted that they should be solemn-\\nly sworn before taking public office, sitting on\\njuries, and appearing as witnesses in capital\\ntrials. Holding to this construction, the clerk\\nof the supreme court, contrary to a previous\\nruling of Chief Justice Jameson, refused to ad-\\nminister to grand-jurymen any thing but an\\noath. Jameson having fined the clerk for con-\\ntempt, was in turn indicted by the court of\\nquarter sessions. Hunter sided with the judge.\\nThe indictment was nullified, and the lawyers\\nwho promoted it suspended from practice.\\nWearied by a contest with the new house, the", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0121.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "112 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1719.\\ngovernor prorogued it. About the middle of May,\\nlie summoned it to meet him a second time at\\nAmboy. Coxe and his adherents, intending to\\nkeep the governor out of his supplies, denounced\\nthis call as illegal, and refused to attend, on the\\nground that every other session was to be held\\nat Burlington. Stating that he but obeyed the\\norders of his sovereign. Hunter exerted himself\\nto get a house together. He succeeded in ob-\\ntaining one with a mere majority favourable to\\nhis views. Electing John Kinsey in the place\\nof their recusant speaker, they presently ex-\\npelled Coxe, and the other absentees, for con-\\ntempt of authority, and neglect of the service\\nof their country. Several of the expelled\\nmembers were re-elected but the house would\\nnot suflfer them to take their seats.\\nDuring the remainder of his administration,\\nHunter got along quite smoothly. And when,\\nin 1719, his health failing, he sought a change\\nof climate, by applying for the government of\\nJamaica, the two assemblies of New York and\\nNew Jersey, in legislative addresses, presented\\nhim the warmest testimonials of their esteem\\nand regard. The name of Hunterdon county\\nstill bears evidence to the popularity which he\\nobtained.\\nThe honest and amiable William Burnet, son\\nof the celebrated Bishop, was presently com-\\nmissioned as governor of the two provinces.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0122.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "1731.] APPLY FOR SEPAKATE GOVERNOR. 113\\nEnrolling Morris among the number of his in-\\ntimates, and exercising those popular qualities\\nhe possessed in an eminent degree, he easily\\novercame the slight opposition of his first New\\nJersey assembly. In return for his ready assent\\nto a scheme for increasing the circulating me-\\ndium of the province, they granted him an an-\\nnual salary of five hundred pounds for five\\nyears.\\nAfter- a quiet and harmonious administration\\nof nearly seven years, Burnet s enemies in New\\nYork procured his removal, greatly to his own\\nand to the assembly s regret. As a compensa-\\ntion in some sort, the government of Massachu-\\nsetts Bay was conferred upon him. Departing\\nunwillingly to Boston, he remained ther-e until\\nhis sudden death, in the fall of 1729.\\nThe successor of Burnet was John Mont-\\ngomery, one of the favourites of George II.\\nOf mediocre talents and yielding disposition,\\nthe brief period of his administration presents\\nnothing of marked historical importance.\\nAfter the death of Montgomery, in 1731, the\\nassembly petitioned for a separate governor.\\nThe chief ofiicers of state were either taken\\nfrom New York, or, upon their appointment,\\nremoved thither; and it was there that the go-\\nvernor spent the principal portion of his time.\\nIn consequence, the executive and judicial\\nbusiness of the province was subjected to fre-\\n10*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0123.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "114 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1T38.\\nquent and vexatious delays. The grievance was\\na heavy one but the petition for its redress re-\\nceived no present attention. Four years passed\\nturbulently away under the rule of William\\nCrosby, the successor of Montgomery, before the\\nLords of Trade reported favourably to its\\nprayer, in August, 1736. Pending the king s\\ndecision, John Hamilton, son of the old pro-\\nprietor, performed the duties of the executive.\\nAt length the request for a separate governor\\nwas granted, and, in 1738, Morris, the favourite\\nof the people, received the royal commission.\\nGreat rejoicings greeted the accession of\\nMorris, and he entered upon his duties under\\nthe most flattering auspices. In replying to his\\naddress, the assembly expressed the most san-\\nguine expectations of his administration. Ap-\\npropriating five hundred pounds as a compen-\\nsation for his services in procuring the late\\nseparation, they cheerfully voted him an an-\\nnual salary of one thousand pounds for three\\nyears.\\nBut this clear prospect was soon clouded.\\nEstimating his own abilities highly, ambitious,\\nand tenacious of power, Morris,, with the testi-\\nness of advanced age, became entangled in re-\\npeated quarrels with his assemblies, and finally\\nfound himself as odious as he had once been\\npopular. Declaring that the desire common\\nto all the colonies, of rendering the executive", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0124.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "1744.] DISPUTES WITH MORRIS. 115\\ndependent on the people, was nowhere pur-\\nsued with more steadiness or less decency than\\nin New Jersey, he in turn displayed an ob-\\nstinate zeal in upholding the prerogative of the\\ncrown, entirely unexpected from one who had\\nformerly been the popular champion against it.\\nHe proposed no arbitrary or unjust enactment,\\nbut caused the defeat of many that would have\\nbenefitted the province. Worrying the assembly\\nwith frequent prorogations, adjournments, and\\ndissolutions, he rendered himself the most ob-\\nnoxious of the royal governors, Cornbury only\\nexcepted.\\nIn 1744, the peace between England and\\nFrance was again ruptured. The contest that\\nensued soon extended to the colonies. Having\\nplanned the capture of Louisburg, Shirley, of\\nMassachusetts, invited the other provinces to\\nco-operate. The assembly of New Jersey, then\\nengaged in a sharp controversy with Morris, had\\nrefused to organize the militia, or to vote sup-\\nplies, unless the governor would first consent to\\nsanction some of their cherished measures. The\\nchief of these were an act ordering a new issue of\\npaper money an act to compel sherifis to give\\nsecurity for the faithful discharge of their duties\\nand a bill to prevent actions for small sums in\\nthe supreme court. Though loudly called for\\nby the people, these laws were calculated to\\nlessen the power and influence of the executive.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0125.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "116 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1746.\\nMorris would not yield, while the assembly\\nprepared to starve him into acquiescence, by\\nrefusing to grant his salary. They furnished,\\nhowever, two thousand pounds toward the Louis-\\nburg expedition, which was abundantly success-\\nful but they would not order a levy.\\nMorris stubbornly held out against the as-\\nsembly, and the vexatious dispute was main-\\ntained with much bitterness, until cut short\\nby the death of the governor, on the 21st of\\nMay, 1746. His name, borne by one of the\\ncounties of the state, still testifies to the early\\npopularity of one whose widow applied vainly to\\nthe assembly for the arrears due on her hus-\\nband s salary.\\nAfter the death of Morris, the government\\ndevolved upon Hamilton, as president of the\\ncouncil.\\nEncouraged by the reduction of Louisburg,\\nthe colonies were led to entertain their old pro-\\nject of conquering Canada. For this purpose,\\nthe New Jersey assembly readily sanctioned\\na levy of five hundred troops. In less than\\ntwo months, over six hundred zealous colonists\\nwere ready for the field. Formed into five\\ncompanies, under the command of Colonel Peter\\nSchuyler, they presently marched to the ren-\\ndezvous at Albany. But the energy of the\\nprovinces was weakly seconded by the home go-\\nvernment. Neither general, troops, nor orders,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0126.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "1747.] BELCHER APPOINTED GOVERNOR. 117\\ncame from England, and the enterprise was\\nfinally abandoned.\\nBy both parties hostilities were feebly main-\\ntained, until brought to a close by the peace of\\nAix-la-Chapelle, in 1748. To the intense morti-\\nfication of the colonists. Cape Breton, and\\nLouisburg its capital, so dearly bought by pro-\\nvincial blood and treasure, were restored to the\\nFrench almost without an equivalent.\\nCHAPTER X.\\nBelcher governor Revival of quit-rent disputes A commis-\\nsion of inquiry ordered by the crown Claims of France to\\nthe Ohio valley Mission of George Washington to Fort\\nLe Boeuf The works commenced at the forks of the Ohio\\nseized by the French Washington ordered to protect the\\nVirginia frontier Skirmish and death of Jumonville\\nFormal declaration of war A plan of colonial confedera-\\ntion proposed Rejected by the provinces and the Board of\\nTrade Campaign of 1755 Defeat of Braddock Victory\\nof Lake George Alarm of the colonies Indian incursions\\nCampaign of 1756 Loudoun appointed commander-in-\\nchief Descent of Montcalm on the forts at Oswego\\nTreaty with the Delawares.\\nShortly after the death of Hamilton, in\\n1747, Jonathan Belcher, previously of Massa-\\nchusetts, received the royal appointment as go-\\nvernor of New Jersey. Adopting a conciliatory\\npolicy with regard to the paper-currency bill.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0127.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "118 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1748.\\nand other popular measures, he was enabled to\\nmaintain a tolerably fair understanding with\\nthe assembly, though at the expense of a rebuke\\nfrom the Lords of Trade.\\nBut the ten years of his administration was\\nnot undisturbed. In the time of Morris, the\\nold quit-rent dispute, one of the most vexatious\\nthat could agitate the province, had been revived\\nwith unusual asperity.\\nLarge tracts of the proprietary lands had\\nfallen into the possession of influential persons,\\nfully disposed to urge their titles against those\\ncontended for by the Elizabethtown claimants,\\nunder the sanction of Indian conveyances. By\\nthe former, writs of ejectment were issued, and\\nsuits for the recovery of quit-rents commenced\\nagainst their opponents. The latter resisted\\nviolently, and, in 1748, associating themselves\\nfor mutual protection, they broke open the jail\\nof Essex county, and liberated a person im-\\nprisoned at the suit of the proprietors. Long\\nafter the death of Morris, their combination en-\\nabled them to defy the civil authorities, and the\\nsympathies of the popular branch of the as-\\nsembly prevented a military interference.\\nWhen Belcher took charge of the province,\\nthis trouble was at its height. An assembly\\nbeing summoned, efforts were made to heal the\\ndisorders. The task was one of difficulty.\\nApplying to the king, the governor, and the", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0128.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "1751.] QUIT-RENT DIFFICULTY. 119\\ncouncil, each party sought to criminate the\\nother. The proprietors petitioned that it should\\nbe made felony for twelve or more persons to\\nremain assembled, after having been commanded\\nto disperse by the civil authorities. Eut the\\npopular branch of the assembly refused to le-\\ngislate against the resistants. A subsequent\\nact, promising pardon and oblivion of offences\\nupon certain conditions, met with no hearty re-\\nsponse from them, while the proprietors com-\\nplained that it was calculated rather to encourage\\nthan to intimidate the rioters.\\nIn 1751 a commission of inquiry was order-\\ned from England. In the mean time the Eliza-\\nbethtown claimants clung to their possessions,\\nthus obtaining what they deemed equal to a vic-\\ntory. But for many years the province was dis-\\nturbed by dissensions springing from this fruit-\\nful source. During the whole period of Belcher s\\nadministration, it was seldom that the house and\\nthe council could be brought to agree, even upon\\nmatters disconnected with it while, up to the\\ntime of the Revolution, a chancery suit, now\\nbegun by the proprietors against the Elizabeth-\\ntown claimants, remained pending without any\\ndecision.\\nHostilities between France and England soon\\ninvolved again the colonies. At the best but a\\nhollow truce, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was\\nearly disregarded. Only two years after its", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0129.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "120 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1754.\\nconclusion, both nations, taking advantage of\\nthe undetermined condition of their territorial\\nlimits, began to adopt active and systematic\\nmeasures for increasing their possessions as much\\nas possible.\\nTo uphold their claims to the country on the\\nOhio, the French, far more energetic than their\\nEnglish rivals, erected forts Le Boeuf and\\nVenango, the one on French Creek, and the\\nother on the main stream of the Alleghany.\\nClaiming this territory for Great Britain, Din-\\nwiddle of Virginia despatched George Wash-\\nington, then a young militia officer and a sur-\\nveyor by profession, to inquire into the designs\\nof the French. Washington was treated with\\nstudied courtesy by the commandant at Le\\nBoeuf, but obtained no official satisfaction with\\nregard to the object of his mission. Heated\\nwith wine, the French officers, however, made\\nno secret of the intention of France to secure\\npossession of the entire region on the Ohio and\\nthe lakes.\\nAuthorized to repel such aggression by force,\\nDinwiddle presently sent a captain s command\\nto build a fort at the confluence of the Alle-\\nghany and Monongahela. Some time in April,\\n1754, this party was driven off by the French,\\nwho took possession of the unfinished works,\\ncompleted them, and named the fortification\\nDuquesne.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0130.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "1754.] CONFEDERATION REJECTED. 121\\nWashington was immediately despatched to\\nprotect the frontier thus invaded. Temporarily\\nsuccessful over the enemy under Jumonville, he\\nwas subsequently compelled to surrender, after\\na brief but spirited resistance, and on favour-\\nable conditions, to a greatly superior force of\\nFrench and Indians.\\nThese occurrences gave the signal for hostili-\\nties, though war was not formally proclaimed\\nuntil 1756. Under the circumstances, a union\\nof the colonies was deemed desirable. A plan\\nfor such a union, drawn up by Franklin, was\\nadopted by a convention of committees from\\nseveral colonial assemblies, which met at Albany,\\nin June, 1754. By this plan, a grand council\\nof representatives from the colonial assemblies,\\npresided over by a governor-general appointed\\nby the crown, were to enact general laws, and\\nprovide for the common defence of the colonies.\\nContaining germs of the present federal com-\\npact, it can scarcely be claimed as original with\\nFranklin. So early as 1722, Coxe, the expelled\\nspeaker of the New Jersey house, had proposed\\na plan resembling it closely.\\nSubmitted to the Lords of Trade, and to the\\nprovincial assemblies, Franklin s scheme was re-\\njected by the former, as being too favourable to\\ncolonial independence, and by the latter as\\ngiving undue power to the crown. The New\\nJersey assembly, which had declined sending\\n11", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0131.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "122 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1755.\\ncommissioners to the convention, voted against\\nthe proposition, because it might be preju-\\ndicial to the prerogative, and to the liberties of\\nthe people.\\nProbably the most powerful motive for the re-\\njection of this plan, by the Board of Trade,\\noriginated in their desire to secure the adoption\\nof one of their own. In the scheme they had\\nalready suggested, taxation of the provinces by\\nparliamentary enactment was advocated. No-\\nthing could have been more hateful to the colo-\\nnists. The ministerial project was dropped\\nwithout the formality of a distinct rejection.\\nFinding war inevitable, the English govern-\\nment appointed General Braddock commander-\\nin-chief of the army in North America. Early\\nin 1755 he was despatched with two regiments\\nto the colonies. Anticipating his arrival, the\\nseveral provincial assemblies were called upon\\nfor troops. The summons was willingly respond-\\ned to. New Jersey ordered the levy of a regi-\\nment five hundred strong, the command of which\\nwas given to the veteran Schuyler. Seventy\\nthousand pounds of new paper were issued to\\npay the expenses of these troops.\\nArriving early in March, Braddock met a\\ncouncil of colonial governors at Alexandria, on\\nthe Potomac, to concert measures for a cam-\\npaign. Separate but simultaneous expeditions", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0132.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "1755.] TROOPS SENT TO ALBANY. 123\\nwere planned against Niagara, Crown Point, and\\nFort Duquesne.\\nApprehending most an invasion through New\\nYork from Canada, the two northern expeditions\\nwere especially favoured by New Jersey. Having\\nbeen provided with arms from Virginia, at the\\nexpense of the assembly, Schuyler s regiment\\nproceeded to the rendezvous at Albany, while\\nBraddock was pursuing his slow and toilsome\\nmarch to the forks of the Ohio. At Albany,\\nthe regiment appears to have been divided part\\nbeing joined to the Crown Point expedition,\\nunder Colonel Johnson, of New York, while\\nSchuyler, with the remainder, accompanied\\nShirley, the governor of Massachusetts, in his\\nmarch to attack Niagara.\\nLeading the advance against Crown Point,\\nLyman, of Connecticut, by the 8th of August,\\nhad completed Fort Edward, at the portage be-\\ntween the Hudson and Lake George. Johnson\\npresently came up, and marched the main army\\nto the southern shore of the lake, where a strong\\ncamp was formed.\\nMeanwhile the Baron Dieskau, with four\\nthousand French troops, had arrived in Canada.\\nHearing that Johnson contemplated an attack on\\nCrown Point, Dieskau sought to divert his at-\\ntention, by advancing upon Fort Edward, at the\\nhead of a mixed force of regulars, Canadians,\\nand savages.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0133.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "124 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1755.\\nTidings of the French general s movement\\nhaving reached the English camp, Johnson sent\\nforward a detachment of one thousand provin-\\ncials to relieve the fort. Dieskau, however, had\\nchanged his mind, and was advancing upon\\nJohnson himself. Ignorant of this, the detach-\\nment marched without caution, unapprehensive\\nof meeting the enemy. Suddenly, when about\\nthree miles from the camp, they encountered the\\nwhole force of the French. A fierce and san-\\nguinary conflict ensued. Fighting gallantly\\nagainst superior numbers, the provincials fell\\nback slowly toward the camp, with the loss of\\ntheir commander. Colonel Williams.\\nPressing the fugitives, Dieskau hoped to pene-\\ntrate the camp, in the midst of the confusion it\\nwas expected that their appearance w^ould create.\\nBut Johnson was prepared. A few pieces of\\ncannon, hastily brought from the lake shore,\\nopened upon the French as they came in sight.\\nThe Indians and Canadians took to the woods,\\nleaving Dieskau, with his regulars alone, to break\\nthe English lines. Struggling obstinately for\\nvictory, the gallant regulars, during five hours,\\nrushed again and again, only to be repulsed,\\nupon the slight breastwork of the Americans.\\nAt length they faltered. Springing from be-\\nhind their entrenchments, the provincials drove\\nthem back in disorder. Thrice wounded, the\\nbrave but unfortunate Dieskau, was unable to", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0134.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "1755.] DEFEAT OF BRADDOCK. 125\\nfollow his vanquished army. Seated upon the\\nstump of a tree, with his military trappings by\\nhis side, he was found by a renegade Frenchman,\\nfired at, and wounded fatally.\\nThe battle of Lake George was celebrated as\\na triumph; but Johnson neglected, or was un-\\nable to improve his success. Crown Point was\\nleft untried, and the French were permitted to\\nfortify themselves at Ticonderoga. During the\\nfall, however, the provincials were employed in\\nbuilding Fort William Henry. Garrisoning the\\nnew fortress with six hundred men, Johnson dis-\\nmissed the remainder to their homes.\\nMeanwhile, Shirley had performed a slow and\\ntoilsome march to Oswego, reaching that place\\nduring the month of August. In the midst of\\nextensive preparations for embarking to the\\nsiege of Niagara, most discouraging news arrived\\nfrom Braddock, with whom the expedition was\\nto co-operate. That brave, but vain-glorious\\nand self-opinionated commander, disregarding\\nthe wholesome advice of his provincial ofiicers,\\nhad met disastrous defeat and death while on\\nhis way to besiege Fort Duquesne. Dishearten-\\ned by this intelligence, and delayed by heavy\\nrains, Shirley finally abandoned his design\\nagainst Niagara. In the mean time, two sub-\\nstantial forts had been built upon the right and\\nleft banks of the Oswego River, a short distance\\nfrom the lake. Leaving in these strong gar-\\n11*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0135.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "126 HISTORY or NEW JERSEY. [1755.\\nrisons, including tlie New Jersey troops under\\nSchuyler, Shirley returned to Albany.\\nBraddock s defeat filled the colonies with\\nalarm. The whole western frontier was left ex-\\nposed to the horrors of savage warfare. Bel-\\ncher immediately summoned an assembly, but\\nnearly six months elapsed before they awoke to\\nthe full necessity of answering the call. Mean-\\nwhile the hitherto faithful Delawares were\\nswept away in the general Indian defection.\\nInflicting the most terrible cruelties, numerous\\nbands of savages roamed without molestation\\nalong the western lines of Virginia and Penn-\\nsylvania, and finally crossed the Delaware into\\nNew Jersey.\\nIn this emergency, the zeal of the inhabitants\\nof Sussex county w^as displayed. To the num-\\nber of four hundred, they marched promptly to\\nEaston, under the command of Colonel John\\nAnderson. Their presence was of great service\\nin overawing the Indian bands. Aged and in-\\nfirm. Belcher was yet active in calling out the\\nresources of the province. When the assembly\\nmet in December, Schuyler and his half regi-\\nment were recalled from Oswego. Stationed on\\nthe frontier, they remained there until the\\nopening of spring, when they again marched to\\nthe north, their place being supplied by vo-\\nlunteers.\\nDuring the winter, however, outlying parties", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0136.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "1756.] CAMPAIGN OF 1756. 127\\nof the savages hung around the settlements,\\nrendering it necessary to erect numerous forts\\nand blockhouses, among the mountains and along\\nthe Delaware. But the actual hurt they wrought\\nwas far less than the intense apprehension their\\nvicinity excited.\\nNeglected success, failure, and deplorable de-\\nfeat, had distinguished the campaign of 1755.\\nThat of 1756 was altogether disastrous. Ele-\\nvated by the death of Braddock to the chief\\ncommand, Shirley, on the opening of spring,\\nbegan extensive preparations for important ex-\\npeditions to the north. His exertions had as-\\nsembled a considerable force at Albanv, when\\nhe was notified to return to England.\\nA procrastinater by habit. Lord Loudoun, the\\nsuccessor of Shirley, did not arrive until the\\nsummer was well-nigh spent. While General\\nWebb, with a regiment of regulars, was to re-\\ninforce Oswego, Loudoun determined to proceed\\nwith the main army against Crown Point and\\nTiconderoga. Great expense had been incurred\\nby the northern colonies, and it was still hoped\\nthat the campaign would result in a success pro-\\nportioned to the outlay. But this expectation\\nwas doomed to disappointment.\\nHaving succeeded Dieskau as commander of\\nthe French forces in Canada, the Marquis of\\nMontcalm, at the head of five thousand regulars,\\nmilitia, and Indians, suddenly appeared before", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0137.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "128 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1756.\\nthe forts at Oswego, on the evening of the\\ntwelfth of August. Against Fort Ontario,\\ncrowning an eminence opposite to, and com-\\nmanding the main works, Montcalm opened a\\nheavy cannonade early in the following morn-\\ning. Gallantly sustaining this during the day,\\nthe besieged, finding their ammunition expended,\\nat nightfall spiked their cannon and silently\\ncrossed to Oswego. The deserted post was im-\\nmediately occupied by Montcalm. On the four-\\nteenth, Mercer the English commander was\\nslain. After a brief bombardment, the dis-\\nheartened garrison surrendered as prisoners of\\nwar. Few perished on either side, but the\\nFrench w^ere overjoyed with the amount of their\\nbooty. Six ships of w^ar, three hundred boats,\\nimmense stores of ammunition and provisions, one\\nhundred and twenty cannon and sixteen hundred\\ntroops fell thus easily into their hands. To\\nallay the jealousy of his savage allies, the poli-\\ntic Montcalm destroyed both forts and left Os-\\nwego a solitude.\\nTardily advancing, Webb met the disastrous\\ntidings at the Oneida portage. He fell back\\nwith precipitation to Albany. Disconcerted by\\nthese events, Loudoun recalled the troops march-\\ning against Ticonderoga, dismissed the provin-\\ncials, and abandoned all offensive operations for\\nthe campaign.\\nAmong the prisoners at Oswego, were Schuy-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0138.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "1756.] TREATY WITH THE DELAWARES. 129\\nler and his half regiment. Carried to Canada,\\na new enlistment presently supplied their loss.\\nSchuyler, however, was soon released on parole,\\nwith the promise that he would return if no\\nsuitable exchange should be offered for him.\\nWelcomed home with illuminations and other\\ntokens of joy, the veteran colonel remained\\nthere until the spring of 1758. It was then\\nthat the French commandant in Canada sent\\nto demand the brave old Peter Schuyler of New\\nJersey, as no person had been exchanged for\\nhim. Thrusting aside the friends who en-\\ntreated him to stay, the gallant old officer, true\\nto his plighted word, went back again into\\ncaptivity.\\nMeanwhile, Sir William Johnson had succeed-\\ned in procuring at Easton a treaty of peace\\nwith the Delawares. A partial relief was thus\\nafforded to the western frontiers. But during\\nthe spring and summer of 1757, a continual\\nalarm was kept up by scalping parties of savages\\nfrom Canada and the Ohio. Committing depre-\\ndations within thirty miles of Philadelphia, these\\nbands did not neglect to visit the north-western\\nsettlements of New Jersey, for the protection\\nof which it was found necessary to maintain a\\ncompany of Rangers.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0139.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "130 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1756.\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nIncrease of British power in the colonies Subordination of\\ncolonial officers Indignation in Pennsylvania and New\\nJersey Campaign of 1757 Co-operation of New Jersey\\nExpedition against Louisburg Inactivity of Loudoun at\\nHalifax Energetic movements of Montcalm Siege of\\nFort William Henry Surrender of Munro Attempted\\nmassacre of the prisoners Heroic conduct of Montcalm\\nAlarm of General Webb Death of Governor Belcher\\nCampaign of 1758 Masterly arrangements of Pitt Hearty\\nresponse of the colonies Capture of Louisburg Repulse\\nof Abercrombie before Ticonderoga Fort Frontenac taken\\nby Bradstreet Evacuation of Fort Duquesne Indian\\ncouncil at the forks of the Delaware Campaign of 1759\\nInvasion of Canada projected Ticonderoga and Crown\\nPoint abandoned by the French Surrender of Fort Niagara\\nCapture of Quebec Peace of Fontainebleau Change\\nof governors in New Jersey Indian outrages.\\nDuring the year 1756 Parliament had effect-\\ned a signal extension of its authority over the\\ncolonies. Military rule, enforced with imperious\\narrogance by Loudoun, had been established, in-\\ndependent of the provincial governments. By\\nits power, troops had been quartered upon the\\ninhabitants against their indignant and earnest\\nremonstrances, and the colonial officers had been\\ndegraded to a position inferior to that of those\\ncommissioned by the crown. The people of\\nPennsylvania and New Jersey had been irritated", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0140.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "1757.] INACTIVITY OF LOUDOUN. 131\\nby the authority given to recruiting officers, to\\nenlist their indentured servants. Militia com-\\npanies, assembled for mutual defence against a\\nbarbarous foe, had been arbitrarily dismissed;\\nwhile the intercession of the Quakers with the\\nDelawares, to obtain security for their hearths\\nand cradles in the more peaceful way of inter-\\nchanging faith and presents, was condemned\\nas a most daring violation of the royal pre-\\nrogative.\\nThe indignation excited by these measures\\nwas intensely aggravated by Loudoun s attribut-\\ning the disastrous result of the past year s ope-\\nrations, properly due to his own incapacity, to\\nthe colonial troops. Still, in preparing for\\nthe campaign of 1757, he was well seconded by\\nthe colonial assemblies, though not to the ex-\\ntent of his demands. New Jersey would not\\nauthorize a conscription to raise her regiment\\nof five hundred to a thousand.\\nThe capture of Louisburg was to be the prin-\\ncipal object of the campaign. Leaving the\\nnewly-raised levies from New England, New\\nYork, and New Jersey, to garrison Forts Ed-\\nward and William Henry, Loudoun sailed with\\nsix thousand regulars for Halifax. Arriving\\nthere, he found himself at the head of an excel-\\nlent army ten thousand strong, supported by a\\nlarge and eifective fleet. August came, and the\\nindecisive chief was still at Halifax, amusing", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0141.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "132 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [175T.\\nhimself with planting cabbages. At length the\\ntroops were embarked but news arrived that\\nthe harbour of Louisburg was defended by\\nseventeen ships of the line. Loudoun then sailed\\nfor New York. His great preparations had\\nended in nothing.\\nMeantime, his energetic and wily opponent,\\nMontcalm, was not idle. Availing himself of\\nLoudoun s unskilfulness in withdrawing so large\\na portion of the British force from the frontiers\\nof New York, he ascended Lake George with\\neight thousand men, and laid siege to Fort Wil-\\nliam Henry. In the fort itself, less than five\\nhundred British regulars were posted under\\nLieutenant-Colonel Munro. On an eminence to\\nthe south-east, the provincials, including the un-\\nfortunate New Jersey regiment, were entrenched\\nto the number of seventeen hundred men. On\\nthe morning of the fourth of August, the artil-\\nlery of the French opened. For six days the\\nattack was maintained with daring ardour. But\\nnot until the expiration of that period would the\\ngallant Munro capitulate, and then only because\\nhalf his guns were burst and his ammunition\\nwellnigh expended. The conditions of surren-\\nder were, that the English should be suffered to\\ndepart with the honours of war, on a pledge not\\nto serve against the French for eighteen months.\\nAn escort sufficient to protect them from Mont-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0142.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "1757.] ALARM OF WEBB. 133\\ncalm s barbarian allies was to attend their march\\nto Fort Edward, some twelve miles distant.\\nMontcalm made every effort to fulfil his pledges.\\nBut dissatisfied with his clemency, and rendered\\nfurious by strong drink, the savages fell upon\\nthe English as they filed out of their entrench-\\nments. Without arms, they could make no de-\\nfence. Twenty, or thereabouts, were tomahawk-\\ned on the spot. The rest fled some to the\\nwilderness, others to the French camp. Mont-\\ncalm and his officers exerted themselves daringly\\nto stay the slaughter. Kill me! cried the\\nmortified general Kill me, but spare the Eng-\\nlish, who are under my protection. In the\\nflight to Fort Edward, a few more were slain or\\nmade prisoners by the savages. Six hundred\\nreached there in a body many stragglers fol-\\nlowed and four hundred afterward came in un-\\nder a strong escort of French troops.\\nAll this time VYebb was at Fort Edward, with\\nsix thousand men under his command, and a nu-\\nmerous militia within call. Yet he remained in-\\nactive, not daring to sally from his stronghold.\\nRoused at length by his personal fears, he sum-\\nmoned assistance. His call was answered\\npromptly. From New Jersey alone a thousand\\nmilitia hastened toward his camp, while three\\nthousand more were ready to march if it should\\nbe necessary. But it was now too late. Satis-\\nfied with the triumph he had achieved, Mont-\\n12", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0143.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "134 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1758.\\ncalm retreated to Canada. Thus disastrously\\nfor the English terminated the campaign of\\n1757.\\nMeanwhile Governor Belcher had died, worn\\nout with years, and not unregretted. The ex-\\necutive duties now devolved for a brief period\\nupon the president of the council, the aged John\\nReadino;.\\nWith the opening of the campaign of 1758 a\\nbrighter prospect dawned upon the dejected and\\nmortified colonists. William Pitt, the elder, was\\nnow at the head of the British cabinet. Unit-\\ning the same energy and steadfastness to well-\\nformed aims, that had elevated him from a\\ncornetcy in the dragoons to his present lofty\\nstation, he determined upon overthrowing the\\nGallic dominion in North America. In his pre-\\nparations he exhibited a full and just knowledge\\nof the temper and disposition of the colonists.\\nThe obnoxious Loudoun was recalled. The galled\\nsense of honour of the provincial officers was\\nsoothed by allowing all, from the rank of colonel\\ndownward, an equal command with the British.\\nA powerful fleet and army were despatched to\\nAmerica. To co-operate with these forces, the\\nseveral colonies were invited to raise such a\\nnumber of levies as their circumstances would\\npermit. Arms, ammunition, tents, and provi-\\nsions were to be furnished by the crown. The\\nprovinces were to pay and clothe their levies,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0144.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "1758.] LIBERAL SUPPORT OF THE WAR. 135\\nbut for these expenses even, Pitt promised to\\nendeavour to procure a parliamentary reim-\\nbursement.\\nThe effect was magical. Instead of reluctantly\\nraising five hundred levies, the New JerSey as-\\nsembly, offering a bounty of twelve pounds to\\neach recruit, called for a thousand, and voted\\nfifty thousand pounds for their support. Bar-\\nracks, each capable of accommodating three\\nhundred men, were ordered to be built at Bur-\\nlington, Trenton, New Brunswick, Amboy, and\\nElizabethtown. Nor was a less energetic spirit\\nexhibited by the other colonies. Nearly thirty\\nthousand provincials took up arms. With these\\nand the regulars, Abercrombie, the new com-\\nmander-in-chief, found himself at the head of\\nfifty thousand effective troops.\\nThree several expeditions were set in motion;\\nAbercrombie against Ticonderoga and Crown\\nPoint; Forbes against Duquesne and Amherst\\nand Wolfe, in conjunction with Boscawen s fleet,\\nagainst Louisburg.\\nAmherst was the first to move. Appearing\\nbefore Louisburg on the 6th of June, he imme-\\ndiately began a vigorous siege. After an ob-\\nstinate defence of seven weeks, in which they\\nsuffered severe loss, the garrison, three thousand\\nstrong, surrendered as prisoners of war. The\\nwhole country around the Gulf of St. Lawrence\\nthus fell into the power of the English.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0145.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "136 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1758.\\nMeanwhile, Abercrombie had assembled on\\nthe margin of Lake George an army of sixteen\\nthousand men, seven thousand being British\\nregulars, and the remainder provincials from\\nNew England, New York, and New Jersey.\\nAt early dawn on July the fifth, they embarked\\non more than a thousand boats, and to the stir-\\nring tones of martial music, with bright banners\\nand gay uniforms gleaming in the morning sun,\\nmoved swiftly down the lake to attack Ticonde-\\nroga. Landing near the outlet of the lake, at\\nnine o clock the next day, they began their\\nmarch, over a rough road, and led by bewildered\\nguides. Some confusion took place in the van,\\nduring which a scouting party of the French\\nwas encountered. The loss of the English was\\ntrifling in point of numbers, but among the\\nslain was young Lord Howe, the moving spirit\\nof the army.\\nPassing the night in the wilderness, Aber-\\ncrombie returned to the landing-place, and took\\na new and shorter route, which the energy of\\nBradstreet, an active provincial officer, had\\nopened to within a mile and a half of the French\\nworks. Too impatient to wait for his artillery,\\nhe rashly ordered an assault on the front of the\\nenemy s line.\\nTiconderoga was held by about thirty-four\\nhundred men, under the command of the watch-\\nful and sagacious Montcalm. Early informed", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0146.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "1758.] ATTACK ON TICONDEROGA. 137\\nof the approach of the English, he had with\\nwonderful activity wellnigh completed his de-\\nfences before they made their appearance. The\\nmost formidable portion of his works was that\\nwhich Abercrombie had determined to storm. It\\nconsisted of a breast-work nine feet high, built of\\nhuge logs, and guarded in front by felled trees,\\nwith their branches sharpened, and pointing\\noutward like lances. Behind this Montcalm\\nposted his troops, with orders not to fire a gun\\nuntil the storming party should become entangled\\namong the stumps and rubbish of all sorts, by\\nwhich their advance was impeded.\\nHaving formed in three columns, the British\\nregulars rushed gallantly to the assault. Com-\\nmanded to reserve their fire until the breast-\\nwork should be carried, they were struggling\\nover the encumbered ground in front, when a\\ndeadly and incessant discharge broke from the\\nFrench lines. Though thrown at once into con-\\nfusion, they fought bravely and long. For four\\nhours they endeavoured with heroic obstinacy,\\nbut in vain, to execute the ill-timed and injudi-\\ncious orders of their chief. Finally, having lost\\nover two thousand in killed and wounded, they\\nabandoned the hopeless contest. On the next\\nmorning Abercrombie conducted a hasty and\\nconfused retreat to Fort William Henry.\\nTo balance this ill fortune, in part at least,\\nthe energetic Bradstreet presently projected the\\n12*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0147.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "138 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1758.\\nsurprise of Frontenac, a fortress on the Cana-\\ndian shore of Lake Ontario. His success was\\nsignal. An immense amount of valuable stores,\\nnine armed vessels, and the command of the\\nlake thus fell into the hands of the English.\\nThe destruction of Frontenac contributed\\nlargely to the success of the western expedition\\nunder Forbes. Deprived by that event of their\\nwonted supplies, the garrison at Fort Duquesne,\\nupon the approach of the English, set fire to\\ntheir works and fled precipitately down the Ohio.\\nThe charred ruins were yet smoking when Wash-\\nington with the vanguard of the army took pos-\\nsession of the deserted post.\\nMeanwhile, the triumphs of the campaign had\\nbeen enhanced by the restoration of peace along\\nthe western borders. After several preliminary\\nconferences, Bernard, now governor of the pro-\\nvince, aided by the good ofiSces of Teedyscung,\\none of their bravest and most eloquent chiefs,\\nprevailed upon the New Jersey tribes to attend\\nthe grand council-fire, kindled at the forks of\\nthe Delaware. Here were met the representa-\\ntives of the Iroquois and their subject tribes, to\\ntreat with the commissioners of Pennsylvania\\nand New Jersey. We now take the hatchet\\nout of your hands, said the red man solemnly\\nto the commissioners. It was a French hatch-\\net. We take it out of your hands and bury it\\nin the ground, where it shall rest for ever.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0148.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "1T59.] FURTHER LEVY OF TROOPS. 139\\nMany strings of wampum confirmed the truth of\\ntheir words, and the broken chaiij of friendship\\nwas re-united with strong links.\\nAt a subsequent special conference, the New\\nJersey tribes sold all their remaining lands to\\nthe province. The Delawares presently emi-\\ngrated to the country west of the Alleghanies,\\nwhile the Minnisinks, numbering about one hun-\\ndred and fifty souls, authorized the purchase of\\nthree thousand acres, on the eastern shore of\\nBurlington county, where they were removed at\\nthe expense of the colony. Here, in possession\\nof fine hunting grounds and convenient fisheries,\\nthey remained quietly for many years, under the\\nprotection of special commissioners.\\nFor the campaign of 1759, Pitt planned the\\nconquest of Canada the young and gallant\\nWolfe being directed to advance against Que-\\nbec, Amherst to take Ticonderoga and Crown\\nPoint, and then besiege Montreal and a third\\narmy, composed principally of provincials under\\nPrideaux, to capture Niagara. Of this plan the\\ncolonial assemblies were informed under an oath\\nof secrecy. Pitt gained their willing co-opera-\\ntion by a prompt parliamentary reimbursal of\\nthe last year s expenses. By spring twenty\\nthousand provincials were in the field. With\\nless than fifteen thousand fighting men. New\\nJersey raised a thousand troops in addition to\\nthe thousand she had already lost. Her expen-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0149.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "140 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1759.\\nditures for their support amounted to almost five\\ndollars for every soul in the province.\\nPitt s plan for the campaign was but partially\\naccomplished. Amherst, indeed, obtained easy\\npossession of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, but\\nhe moved with such dilatory caution that winter\\nput an effectual stop to his operations, while he\\nwas yet lingering at the head of Lake Cham-\\nplain. Prideaux landed successfully before Ni-\\nagara, but was soon afterward killed by the\\nbursting of a cohorn. Sir William Johnson\\nsucceeded to the chief command. Twelve hun-\\ndred French regulars, hastening to relieve the\\nbeleaguered fortress, were signally routed and\\nfinally, after sustaining a siege of nearly three\\nweeks, the garrison, six hundred strong, sur-\\nrendered *as prisoners of war. Destitute of\\nshipping and short of provisions, Johnson was\\nlikewise unable to effect the proposed junction\\nwith Wolfe on the St. Lawrence. The latter\\ngeneral, however, one of the best and bravest in\\nthe British army, with the loss of his life, gained\\nan imperishable renown by winning the most\\nimportant battle that had ever been fought in\\nthe New World. Sailing from Louisburg with\\neight thousand troops, he landed a short distance\\nbelow Quebec, on the twenty-fifth of June.\\nNearly three months were spent in unavailing\\nattempts to baffle the watchfulness of the alert\\nMontcalm. But at length, having secretly", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0150.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "1763.] WILLIAM FRANKLIN GOVERNOR. 141\\nscaled the Heights of Abraham, Wolfe drew up\\nfive thousand of his troops in battle array on the\\nplain before Quebec. Montcalm hastened to meet\\nhim, and a sanguinary battle ensued. Wound-\\ned twice, Wolfe lived to learn that the French\\nhad fled, but no longer. His brave opponent,\\nMontcalm, also received a death-wound in the\\nfight, but did not survive to witness the capitu-\\nlation of the city, an event which took place five\\ndays after the battle.\\nWith Quebec fell the power of France in\\nAmerica. In the following year Montreal was\\nsurrendered to the united armies under Am-\\nherst but peace between England and France\\nwas for a time deferred, by the family com-\\npact entered into by the latter country and\\nSpain. The allied powers, however, dispirited\\nby continued defeat, were at length brought\\nto terms, and peace was finally restored by\\nthe Treaty of Fontainebleau, on the third of\\nNovember, 1763. Nova Scotia, Canada and\\nits dependencies, together with the entire com-\\nmand of the country east of the Mississippi,\\nwere thus secured to Great Britain.\\nMeantime, Bernard having been elevated\\nto the government of Massachusetts, trans-\\nferred that of New Jersey to Thomas Boone.\\nBeing presently sent to South Carolina, Boone\\nwas succeeded by Josiah Hardy. In 1763,\\nWilliam, the natural and only son of Ben-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0151.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "142 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1763.\\njamin Franklin, through the powerful recom-\\nmendation of Lord Bute, was appointed gover-\\nnor of New Jersey, Hardy having been pre-\\nviously nominated as consul at Cadiz.\\nSoon after the commencement of Franklin s\\nadministration, an extensive conspiracy, having\\nfor its object the extermination of the whites, was\\nformed by the Indians of Pennsylvania and\\nof the territory north-west of the Ohio. At\\nthe head of the conspiracy of red men was\\nPontiac, the brave, active, and far-seeing chief\\nof the Ottawas. The frontier posts were at-\\ntacked and many of them captured. Scalping\\nparties committed their customary atrocities in\\nthe border settlements. On the approach of\\nthe marauding parties to the western frontier\\nof New Jersey, Governor Franklin extended\\nthe line of fortifications and ordered out the\\nmilitia. But these were insufficient the sava-\\nges presently breaking through the line, and\\ncruelly massacreing a number of families. Pro-\\nvision was immediately made by the assembly\\nfor the further protection of the frontier, and\\ntroops raised to serve with the northern army\\nagainst the Indians. New Jersey, however,\\nwas not again molested.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0152.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "1763.] COLONIAL EXPENDITURES. 143\\nCHAPTER Xn.\\nColonial expenditures during the war Project to tax Ame-\\nrica Obnoxious to the colonists Unanimity of the pro-\\nvinces Stamp Act proposed Remonstrance of the colo-\\nnies Stamp Act passed Spirited resolutions of Virginia\\nNational Congress recommended Disapproved of by the\\nNew Jersey house Indignation of the people against their\\nrepresentatives House again convenes at Amboy Dele-\\ngates appointed to the Congress Petition and remonstrance\\nforwarded to England New Jersey stamp-distributor re-\\nsigns -Stamp Tax repealed Party lines drawn Oppo-\\nsition to the Quartering Act Townsend s tax bill passed\\nAgitation in the colonies Language of the New Jersey\\nhouse Non-importation agreements Violated b} New\\nYork traders Their reception in New Jersey Repeal of\\nall taxes except the duty on tea Popular tumults in Mon-\\nmouth and Essex counties Odious nature of the tax on\\ntea Rendered nugatory by non-importation agreements\\nParliament endeavours to force tea into America Tea\\ndestroyed at Boston and in New Jersey Port of Boston\\nclosed New Jersey people sympathize with their Massa-\\nchusetts brethren National Congress of 1774 Battle of\\nLexington.\\nIn the long contest but lately terminated, the\\nassistance England had received from her colo-\\nnies was important. More than thirteen thou-\\nsand provincials had perished by the sword and\\nthe diseases of camps and more than three\\nmillions of pounds were expended by the differ-\\nent colonies. During nearly the whole period", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0153.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "144 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1763.\\nof hostilities, New Jersey alone had maintained\\na thousand troops in the field, at an outlay\\namounting to over three hundred thousand\\npounds. Of all the money thus furnished, scarce-\\nly one-third had been reimbursed by Parliament.\\nThe promptitude with which the provinces\\nhad advanced means, and the little apparent in-\\nconvenience they suffered from the large de-\\nmands made upon them, created in the minds of\\nthe English ministers an exaggerated opinion\\nwith regard to the wealth and resources of the\\ncolonists. England herself had expended im-\\nmense sums in prosecuting the war. Some por-\\ntion of this outlay was properly chargeable to\\nthe American colonies, and to them, therefore,\\nthe ministry were early led to look for reim-\\nbursal. With this pretextthey immediately pre-\\npared to execute a design, conceived indeed\\nlong before, but which the necessity of a good\\nfeeling on the part of the colonists had hitherto\\nprevented from being prominently brought for-\\nward. This was to impose upon them a tax\\nfor revenue, thus at once opening a source of\\nemolument and asserting the prerogative of the\\ncrown.\\nYet the execution of this design was fraught\\nwith danger, which, however, but few foresaw.\\nIndividually the colonies had on all previous oc-\\ncasions expressed their abhorrence of measures\\ninvolving the principle of unrepresented taxa-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0154.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "1764.] STAMP DUTIES PROPOSED. 145\\ntion. During tbe late war, the clashing inter-\\nests that had hitherto divided them were in som\\ndegree harmonized. The idea of union in a\\ncommon cause had become familiar, Nothing\\ncould have been better calculated to strengthen\\nthat idea than an undue assertion of the royal\\nprerogative. Nor were the colonists illj pre-\\npared to resist that assertion. They had be-\\ncome accustomed to arms, and to the discipline\\nof the camp and the field and by their recent\\nintercourse with o-ne another they had gained\\na knowledge, hitherto unknown, of their mutual\\nresources and capabilities in the emergency of\\nwar.\\nNotwithstanding the quiet yet pertinacious re-\\nsistance of the colonies. Parliament had in va-\\nrious ways wielded a sort of power over them,,\\nhighly obnoxious to some, and greatly detri-\\nmental to the interests of all. That which was-\\nthe most odious the levying of taxes for reve-\\nnue though frequently claimed, had never been\\nexercised. Urged on by Grenville, the English\\nchancellor. Parliament prepared to vindicate its\\nasserted claim. After the adoption of several\\noffensive measures, the House of Commons, in\\nMarch, 1764, resolved that it might be proper\\nto charge certain stamp duties in the colonies.\\nIn accordance with this resolve a bill was coun-\\nselled, imposing a duty on stamps, by which va-\\nrious legal and other papers, to be valid in courts\\n13", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0155.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "146 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1765.\\nof law, were to be drawn up on stamped paper,\\nsold by public ofificers appointed for that pur-\\npose, and at prices which levied a stated tax on\\nevery such document.\\nIn America every effort was exerted to pre-\\nvent the passage of this proposed act but re-\\nmonstrances, petitions, and denunciations were\\nequally unavailing. On the twenty-second of\\nMarch, 1765, it was passed with slight opposi-\\ntion by the Commons, and by the Lords without a\\ndivision. At the same time an act called the\\nQuartering Act was passed, authorizing the mi-\\nnistry to maintain a standing army in America,\\nthe several provincial assemblies being directed\\nto supply the troops with quarters, fuel, lights,\\ndrink, soap and bedding.\\nOn receiving intelligence of the passage of\\nthese acts, the colonies became agitated by the\\nkeenest indignation. With singular unanimity\\nthey took bold and determined steps to prevent\\ntheir effective operation. Virginia was the first\\nto move. By the house of burgesses of that\\nprovince resolutions were adopted, reciting in\\nthe most spirited language the rights and griev-\\nances of the colonists. Massachusetts followed,\\nand recommended a National Congress, to meet\\nat New York on the first Tuesday of October.\\nOn the twenty-ninth of June this recom-\\nmendation was laid before the New Jersey as-\\nsembly. Few in number, on the point of ad-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0156.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "1765.] DELEGATES TO CONGRESS. 147\\njournment, and influenced probably by Franklin,\\nwho was an ardent supporter of the prerogative,\\nthe house paid but little attention to it, and\\nsomewhat hastily signified their disapproval of\\nthe proposed convention. Their conduct, how-\\never, was keenly censured. So strong was the\\npopular indignation, that Ogden, their speaker,\\nfound it necessary, in order to preserve the peace\\nof the province, to convene the members, by\\ncircular, at Ambov. In defiance of Franklin s\\ndenunciation of their proceedings as unprece-\\ndented, irregular, and unconstitutional, they\\naccordingly met and appointed Joseph Ogden,\\nHendrick Fisher, and Joseph Borden to be de-\\nlegates to the National Congress.\\nAt the time and place appointed, delegates\\nfrom nine provinces assembled, and presently\\nadopted a declaration of rights, in which it was\\nforcibly contended that the colonies could not be\\ntaxed unless by their own consent. Eloquent\\nmemorials to both Houses of Parliament, and a\\npetition to the king, spirited but respectful, were\\nnext agreed to and signed by most of the dele-\\ngates present. To these, however, Ogden of\\nNew Jersey, and Ruggles of Massachusetts, re-\\nfused to attach their signatures, on the ground\\nthat the approval of the several assemblies was\\nfirst necessary. Ogden s conduct was severely\\ncensured at home. He was burned in effigy by", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0157.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "148 HISTORY OF NETf JERSEY. [1765.\\ntlie people, and finally forced to resign his place\\nas speaker of the house.\\nThe proceedings of the National Congress\\nwere approved without a dissenting voice, by the\\nassembly of New Jersey, which met early in the\\nfollowing month. Reiterating the sentiments\\nadopted in the convention, the house protested\\nstrongly against the late Act of Parliament as\\nutterly subversive of their ancient privileges.\\nFor this they were sharply reprehended by the\\ngovernor, and immediately prorogued.\\nMeanwhile steps of a less legitimate character\\nhad been taken to resist the operation of the\\nStamp Act. Associations designed to unite the\\npeople in forcible opposition to it, springing up\\nin New York and Connecticut, and calling them-\\nselves the *^Sons of Liberty, had extended\\nrapidly into the adjoining colonies. Riots be-\\ncame frequent and alarming. Many of the stamp-\\nofficers were frightened into resignation. Others,\\namong whom was Coxe of New Jersey, volun-\\ntarily threw up their commissions. And when,\\non the first of November, the act went into ope-\\nration, neither stamps nor stamp-officers could\\nbe found. The obnoxious measure was in effect\\nnullified.\\nA change having meanwhile taken place in\\nthe British ministry, the colonists were encourag-\\ned to maintain their bold and determined stand.\\nBesides, their agreement to import no more", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0158.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "1766.] DISTINCTION^ OF PARTIES. 149\\nBritish goods until the Stamp Act should be re-\\npealed, began to be felt seriously by the trading\\ninterest of England, which was thus led to fa-\\nvour their cause. The eloquence and zeal of\\nPitt were also exerted in their behalf. Finally,\\nwith a show of liberality, but in reality as a\\nmatter of expediency, the new ministry procured\\nthe repeal of the odious act, in March, 1766.\\nBut in order to soothe the irritation of its friends,\\na bill was previously passed, asserting the power\\nand right of Parliament to bind the colonies in\\nall cases whatsoever. This, however, w^as dis-\\nregarded by the colonists in the joy they expe-\\nrienced at their signal victory.\\nTo the New Jersey assembly, which presently\\nmet. Governor Franklin offered his congratula-\\ntion on the repeal of the Stamp Act. This\\nelicited a cutting reply. Franklin s strenuous\\nefforts to prevent that desirable event were not\\nforgotten. Still the assembly were willing to\\nbe grateful to the king and to Parliament for\\nhaving relieved them from the burden of an\\nimpolitic law.\\nWhile with the mass of the colonists satisfac-\\ntion was the prominent feeling, there were not\\nwanting occasions for angry discussion in regard\\nto the respective rights of the crown and the\\ncolonial assemblies. Party lines began to be\\nstrongly drawn such as advocated the royal\\nprerogative being known as Tories, while the op-\\n13*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0159.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "150 HISTORY OP NEW JERSEY. [1767.\\nponents of parliamentary taxation received the\\nname of Whigs.\\nAmong other causes for the discontent which\\nsoon manifested itself was the enforcing of the\\nQuartering Act. Partially complied with in\\nMassachusetts, in New York it was wholly dis-\\nregarded. In New Jersey a full compliance\\nwith its provisions was refused by the house,\\nwho declared that they considered it as much an\\nact for levying taxes as the one recently repealed.\\nRockingham s ministry was speedily overturn-\\ned. With the formation of the new cabinet the\\naspect of colonial affairs became still more cloud-\\ned. Charles Townsend, a man of brilliant ta-\\nlents, but with no fixed principle of action, oc-\\ncupied the post of chancellor of the exchequer.\\nExasperated by the taunts of Grenville, he rashly\\ndeclared in the House of Commons that he dared\\nto tax America, and forthwith introduced a new\\nscheme for drawing a revenue from the colonies,\\nby a bill imposing custom-house taxation on\\nglass, paper, paints, and tea. With scarcely a\\nshow of opposition, the bill was carried through\\nParliament, in June, 1767.\\nJustly viewing this measure as identical in\\nprinciple with the Stamp Act, the colonists at\\nonce began to agitate against it pouring in\\nupon the ministry a continuous stream of peti-\\ntions and remonstrances, and by essays and le-\\ngislative resolves expressing the deep conviction", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0160.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "1767.] NON-IMPORTATION AGREEMENTS. 151\\nthat their liberties had been invaded. Though\\ncouched in less fiery language than on the pre-\\nvious occasion, these documents were character-\\nized bj logical acumen, a clear sense of the rights\\nof the colonies, and a calm but fixed determina-\\ntion to resist all and every attempt at parlia-\\nmentary taxation.\\nFreemen cannot be taxed but by themselves\\nor by their representatives, was the declaration\\nof the New Jersey house of assembly to the\\nking. This privilege we esteem so invaluable\\nthat we are fully persuaded no other can exist\\nwithout it. Duties have lately been imposed\\nupon us for the sole and express purpose of\\nraising a revenue. Yet, that we are represented\\nin Parliament we not only cannot allow, but are\\nconvinced from our local circumstances we never\\ncan be.\\nMore efi ective steps were presently taken.\\nThe former non-importation agreements were re-\\nnewed. As the direct imports of New Jersey\\nwere light, she could do little in the matter but\\nencourage her commercial neighbours. At one\\ntime a few of the New York traders were in-\\nduced to violate their voluntary pledges. Some\\nof these persons soon after visiting New Bruns-\\nwick and Woodbridge to dispose of their goods,\\nthe indignant populace fell upon them and drove\\nthem with violence from their respective towns.\\nAt other places public meetings were held, at", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0161.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "152 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1770.\\nwhich the recusants were held up to the scorn\\nof all true friends of liberty, and bitterly de-\\nnounced as foul traitors to their country.\\nAt length, as on the previous occasion, the\\nmanufacturers and traders of Eno-land beo;an to\\nsuffer. In their troubles they pressed the repeal\\nof Townsend s obnoxious bill. As it had been\\nalmost impossible to enforce that act, nothing\\nscarcely in the shape of revenue had accrued\\nfrom it, while every day the indignation of the\\ncolonists was growing in strength and storminess.\\nConsequently, and moved rather by their fears\\nthan by a sense of justice, the ministry procured\\nthe repeal of the Revenue Act, in April, 1770,\\nreserving, however, a trifling duty on the single\\narticle of tea.\\nMeanwhile local difficulties had sprung up in\\nNew Jersey, which at length led to alarming\\ndisturbances. The appearance of extraordinary\\nprosperity occasioned by the late war, had been\\nfolloAved by a period of great and general dis-\\ntress. Bankruptcies and suits-at-law became\\nnumerous. Debtors w^ere unable to settle their\\naccounts, while the creditor bold enough to pro-\\nsecute, together with his attorney, was subjected\\nto the ill-will of the debtor and his exasperated\\nfriends. Finally the lawyers became particu-\\nlarly obnoxious. Charging the whole legal fra-\\nternity with being a band of extortioners, the\\npeople of Monmouth county, in January, 1770,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0162.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "1770.] POLITICAL CALM. 153\\nassembled at Freehold, where the court was then\\nholding its session, tumultuously entered the\\ncourt-house, drove the judges from their benches,\\nand thus put a stop to further judicial proceed-\\nings. An attempt at a similar design in Essex\\ncounty was frustrated by the vigilance of the\\npublic officers, assisted by the well-disposed citi-\\nzens. To meet this crisis, a special meeting of\\nthe assembly was called. By the adoption of\\njudicious measures, quiet was at length restored,\\nthough not until the passage of a law against\\nexcessive costs in the recovery of debts under\\nfifty pounds.\\nFor nearly four years after the partial abro-\\ngation of the Revenue Act, nothing of marked\\nhistorical importance occurred in New Jersey.\\nThere, as in most of the other colonies, the pe-\\nriod was one of political calm. But Parliament,\\nby retaining the duty on tea, seemed to have es-\\ntablished by precedent the right to tax Ame-\\nrica. As it was the assertion of this right alone\\nthat had provoked the resistance of the colonists,\\nthe continuance of the tea-duty was a measure\\nas insulting as it was weak. Pecuniarily insig-\\nnificant, it was momentous in a political point\\nof view. Yet, for a time, the colonists were\\ncontent with a mere modification of their non-\\nimportation agreements so as to include tea\\nonly. By this means the tax on tea, as an as-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0163.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "154 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1770.\\nsertion of parliamentary right, was rendered\\nalmost unavailing.\\nParliament at length determined upon a new\\nattempt to draw a revenue from America by\\nmeans of the reserved duty on tea. The colo-\\nnists having steadily refused to import, seventeen\\nmillions of pounds of the obnoxious commodity\\nhad collected in the East India Company s ware-\\nhouses. To force a large quantity of this into\\nthe provinces might at once relieve the company\\nfrom its embarrassment, and bring about the\\nministerial ends. Removing the export duty,\\nand relieving the company of certain existing\\nrestraints, arrangements were made for shipping\\nseveral cargoes of tea to the chief ports of Ame-\\nrica, where it was expected it would be received\\nwillingly, and readily purchased, now that the\\nduty was only a nominal one.\\nBut the colonists were vigilant. From New\\nHampshire to Georgia the cry of imperilled free-\\ndom was again heard. Immediate steps were\\ntaken to avert the danger that so insidiously\\npresented itself. In some places the tea was\\npermitted to be landed and stored, but not to be\\nsold. At Boston, when the tea-ships arrived,\\nthey were boarded by a party disguised as In-\\ndians, and their cargoes cast into the sea. As\\nthe vessels were approaching New York and\\nPhiladelphia, they were stopped and compelled\\nto return home. At Annapolis, the owner was", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0164.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "1774.] SYMPATHY WITH MASSACHUSETTS. 155\\nforced to set fire to the vessel containing the\\ntea. The cargo of a ship landed and stored at\\nGreenwich, New Jersey, late in 1774, was seized\\nupon by the populace, and publicly burned to\\nashes.\\nThis bold overthrow of their plans goaded the\\nministry wellnigh to fury. Upon Massachusetts\\nfell the heaviest stroke of their indignation.\\nStringent acts were hurried through Parliament,\\ndirected especially against the people of that\\nprovince. Among others, bills to shut the port\\nof Boston, and to subvert, in effect, the charter\\nof the colony. The tidings speedily reached\\nAmerica. Sympathizing with Massachusetts,\\nthe colonies at once rose in her behalf. With\\ntheir commerce annihilated by the Port Bill, the\\npeople of Boston soon stood in need of assist-\\nance. Contributions flowed into them from all\\nparts of the country, and from no province more\\nfreely than from New Jersey. Forwarding their\\nfirst present, the inhabitants of Monmouth\\nexhorted their Boston brethren not to give up,\\nand if they should want a further supply of\\nbread to let them know. The people of Eliza-\\nbethtown were equally liberal, and from Salem\\none hundred and fifty pounds were sent to the\\ndistressed and suffering poor of Boston.\\nMatters were now approaching a crisis. Tho-\\nroughly aroused by the recent action of the mi-\\nnistry and of Parliament, the colonists prepared", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0165.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "156 HISTORY OF NEW JEESEY. [1775.\\nfor active and determined resistance. A nation-\\nal Congress was recommended, to be composed\\nof delegates from the several provinces. This\\nrecommendation met a hearty response from all\\nsides. On the fifth of September, 1774, dele-\\ngates from twelve colonies convened at Philadel-\\nphia, and, after a long and anxious session, adopt-\\ned a petition to the king, a declaration of rights,\\na memorial to the people of England, and an\\naddress to the inhabitants of Canada.\\nThe proceedings of this Congress were laid\\nbefore the New Jersey assembly, on the 24th of\\nJanuary, 1775. Notwithstanding the strenuous\\nendeavours of Governor Franklin to prevent it,\\nthe house approved of the report unanimously,\\nsave that the Quaker members excepted to such\\nportions as seemed to look toward forcible re-\\nsistance.\\nFrom this period the aspect of affairs continued\\nto grow more and more troubled and at length\\nby the battle of Lexington, on the 19th of April,\\nthe War of Independence was fairly opened.\\nLittle hope was now left of a peaceful adjust-\\nment of the difficulties existing between the colo-\\nnies and the mother country.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0166.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "1775.] ACTIVITY OF THE PROVINCIALS. 157\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nAffair of Lexington Military activity of the provincials Pro-\\nceedings of Congress Ticonderoga surprised by Ethan Allen\\nLord North s conciliatory plan rejected by New Jersey\\nOrganization of the militia Battle of Bunker Hill Evacu-\\nation of Boston by the British Declaration of Independence\\nState of New Jersey formed Livingston elected governor\\nNew York menaced by Howe Activity of Washington\\nBattle of Long Island New York evacuated by the Ame-\\nricans Capture of Fort Washington by the British Re-\\ntreat of Washington across the Jerseys Condition of his\\ntroops Meeting of the first state legislature The Ameri-\\ncan army crosses the Delaware Capture of General Lee\\nSurprise of the Hessians at Trenton.\\nThe affair at Lexington kindled a spirit of re-\\nsolute resistance throughout the country. In\\nNew England especially, extraordinary zeal was\\ndisplayed by the provincials. Within two days\\nafter the fight an irregular volunteer force of\\ntwenty thousand men had beleaguered Boston.\\nIn the middle and southern colonies a spirit\\nscarcely less active and prompt was displayed,\\nand every thing betokened that an earnest and\\ndetermined struo;crle was at hand.\\nCO\\nTo the Continental Congress, which met in\\nMay, public attention was anxiously directed.\\nDeclaring that hostilities were already begun by\\nGreat Britain, they prepared to put the colonies\\n14", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0167.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "158 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1775.\\nin a posture of defence. As no general idea\\nwas yet entertained of independence, a firm but\\nrespectful petition to the king was resolved upon,\\nwhile memorials were addressed to the people of\\nEngland, Ireland, and Quebec in which, boldly\\nstating the rights of the colonies. Congress\\nspiritedly vindicated its former course and its\\npresent designs.\\nWhile the National Congress was thus engaged,\\na party of provincials, led by Ethan Allen and\\nSeth Warner, had captured the fortresses of Ti-\\nconderoga and Crown Point. Artillery, and a\\nlarge amount of ammunition and military\\nstores thus fell into the hands of the needy\\ncolonists.\\nFive days afterward, on the 15th of May, the\\nNew Jersey assembly, at the call of Franklin,\\nconvened to consider the specious but unconces-\\nsive conciliatory plan of Lord North. Though\\nrecommended earnestly by the governor in an\\nelaborate address, the house firmly and solemnly\\ndeclined assenting to the proposition. Finding\\nthem immovable, Franklin ordered an adjourn-\\nment. Subsequently a few days, a Provincial\\nCongress convened at Trenton, and agreed upon\\nan association for the defence of colonial rights\\nagainst the aggression of the British ministry.\\nDeclining to authorize a levy of regular troops\\nuntil some general plan should be formed, they\\nadopted measures for organizing the militia, and", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0168.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "1775.] REGULAKS ENLISTED. 159\\nordered the issue of ten thousand pounds in bills\\nof credit, to defray expenses.\\nAt length the battle of Bunker Hill, on the\\n17th of June, wellnigh brought all hope of re-\\nconciliation to an end. In the mean time, the\\nNational Congress had made arrangements for a\\ncontinental army, at the head of which was\\nGeorge Washington of Virginia. Washington\\npresently took command of the provincials in-\\nvesting Boston. While he was busied in organ-\\nizing these brave but untrained troops, Congress\\nengaged itself in providing for their support,\\npay, and government.\\nOn the fifth of August the Provincial Congress\\nof New Jersey again met, and made further pro-\\nvision for organizing the militia, to command\\nwhich they appointed Philemon Dickinson and\\nWilliam Livingston, both persons already cele-\\nbrated for their patriotism. Having chosen a\\nprovincial treasurer and a committee of safety,\\nthe congress adjourned. Meeting again on the\\nthird of October, they ordered the enlistment of\\ntwo regiments of regulars, the command of one\\nof which was given to William Maxwell, and of\\nthe other to William Alexander, commonly called\\nLord Stirling. Thirty thousand pounds were\\nissued in provincial bills, to defray the expenses\\nthus incurred.\\nMeanwhile Franklin had been active in his\\nopposition. Convening the general assembly on", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0169.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "160 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1776.\\nthe sixteenth of November, he complained to\\nthe members that sentiments of independence\\nhad been openly avowed, and that essays had\\nappeared, ridiculing the people s fears of that\\nhorrid measure. In reply, the house declared\\nthat they knew of no sentiments of indepen-\\ndency openly avowed, and that they approved\\nof no essays tending to such a measure. They\\nremained in session, transacting their ordinary\\nbusiness, until the 6th of December, when they\\nwere proroguecJ for a brief period. But they\\nnever again met.\\nTo meet a requisition for additional troops,\\nthe Provincial Congress assembled at New\\nBrunswick, on the 31st of January, 1776. An\\nattack upon the colonies through Canada having\\nbeen planned by England, the Continental Con-\\ngress determined to thwart it by a counter-\\nmovement. In this exigency, New Jersey order-\\ned the enlistment of another regiment, and made\\na further appropriation of twenty thousand\\npounds.\\nMeanwhile Washington had maintained a close\\ninvestment of the British in Boston. Wearied\\nout at length, they evacuated the city in March,\\nwhen the triumphant provincials took immediate\\nand joyful possession.\\nFor nearly a year the colonists had been in\\narms against the mother country. Entire inde-\\npendence, however, had not as yet been asserted.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0170.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "1776.] LIYIXGSTON ELECTED GOVERNOR. 161\\nBut on the seventh of June, it was at length\\nmoved in. the National Congress, that the United\\nColonies are, and ought to be, free and inde-\\npedent states and that their political connec-\\ntion with Great Britain is, and ought to be, dis-\\nsolved. The resolution passed by a small ma-\\njority. The delegates from New Jersey had\\nbeen expressly instructed against it. Presently,\\nhowever, a new set was chosen, with directions\\nto cast their suffrages for independence. On\\nthe fourth of July following, a formal declaration\\nto that effect was adopted by the Continental\\nCongress, and signed by most of the members\\npresent.\\nAlready the Congress of New Jersey had pre-\\npared and adopted a new and independent con-\\nstitution and, having presently agreed to the\\nnational declaration, they assumed the style and\\ntitle of the Convention of the State of New\\nJersey. On the 31st of August following,\\nAYilliam Livingston, commander-in-chief of the\\nmilitia, was elected the first governor of the\\nstate Franklin, the old colonial executive,\\nhaving been made prisoner some time previously\\nfor corresponding with the enemy. Removed to\\nConnecticut, Franklin was there kept in close\\nconfinement until the end of the war, when he\\nsailed, a voluntary exile from the country of his\\nbirth, to England.\\nMeanwhile the arms of the provincials had\\n14*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0171.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "162 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1776.\\nmet with a series of disasters. The campaign\\nagainst Canada, which opened with the most\\nbrilliant prospect of success, had terminated in\\nthe precipitate retreat of the American forces\\nto Crown Point, and subsequently to Ticonde-\\nroga.\\nEarly in July, General Howe, with the late\\ngarrison of Boston, and other troops from Hali-\\nfax, landed on Staten Island, from which he\\nthreatened an attack on the city of New York.\\nCalling upon New York and New Jersey for\\ntroops, Washington immediately hastened to de-\\nfend the beleaguered city. In a month s time, by\\ndint of extraordinary exertions, he was enabled\\nto swell his army to about twenty thousand\\nsickly, ill-equipped, and half-trained soldiers.\\nHis opponent, meanwhile, had received numerous\\nreinforcements, raising his force to nearly twen-\\nty-four thousand of the best troops in the British\\nservice.\\nAt length Howe began to move. Advancing\\ncautiously by the way of Long Island, he suc-\\nceeded, after subjecting the Americans to a dis-\\nastrous defeat, in encamping in front of their\\nlines at Brooklyn, on the night of the 27th of\\nAugust. Washington presently retreated across\\nthe East River. Howe followed on the 13th of\\nSeptember, and landed three miles above New\\nYork, putting to dastardly jQight the provincials\\nstationed to oppose him. The city was imme-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0172.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "1776.] BETREAT OF THE ARMY. 163\\ndiately abandoned by the Americans, and the\\nBritish took possession.\\nWashington intrenched himself on Harlem\\nHeights. After a series of cautious movements\\non the part of both generals, Howe seemed to\\nthreaten New Jersey, when the main body\\nof the Continental army crossed to the west\\nbank of the Hudson, under the immediate\\ndirection of Washington himself. On the 16th\\nof November, Fort Washington, with its nume-\\nrous garrison and immense stores, fell into the\\nenemy s hands. Fort Lee, on the Jersey shore\\nof the Hudson, was hastily evacuated by the\\nAmericans. Washington, whose army was now\\nreduced to four thousand men, took ground on\\na level plain between the Hackensack and\\nPassaic, but a superior British force under\\nCornwallis advancing against him, he was com-\\npelled to commence a rapid retreat across the\\nJerseys.\\nThis retreat was accompanied by almost every\\ncircumstance that could harass and depress the\\nspirits. The severity of winter had already set\\nin. Depressed by a succession of disasters, the\\nlittle army of Americans moved wearily on, illy\\nclad, without tents, and with scarcely a blanket\\nto protect them from the rigor of the season.\\nPressing them closely was the force of Cornwal-\\nlis, flushed with previous good fortune, wanting\\nnone of the necessaries of camp, and dazzling", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0173.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "164 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1776.\\nby the brilliancy of their equipments. It is\\nscarcely to be wondered, then, that the militia\\nof New Jersey, upon contrasting the different\\nappearance of the two armies, exhibited a re-\\nluctance to take the field, though every exertion\\nwas made by their new and popular governor to\\ninduce them to rally in defence of their country\\nand its liberties.\\nThe first legislature under the lately-formed\\nconstitution was still in session at Princeton,\\nwhen the flying Americans made their appear-\\nance. They immediately broke up, to assemble\\nagain at Burlington but the tide of war advanc-\\ning upon them there, they retired to Pittstown,\\nand finally to Haddonfield, where they presently\\ndissolved.\\nWashington havino; reached Trenton, was there\\nreinforced by fifteen hundred Philadelphians.\\nFinding Cornwallis pause at Brunswick, he de-\\ntached twelve hundred men to Princeton, in the\\nhope of checking the British advance. But\\nthe English general pressed on with a superior\\nforce, and no alternative was left but to fight or\\nto cross the Delaware. An engagement was not\\nto be thought of the latter course was accord-\\ningly adopted. As the American rear-guard\\npushed from the Jersey shore, the van of the j\\nBritish came in sight. Washington having taken\\nthe precaution to secure all the boats on the\\nDelaware, Cornwallis was unable to pursue the", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0174.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "1776.] CAPTURE OF LEE. 165\\nretreating Americans upon which he deter-\\nmined to close the campaign, and go into winter\\nquarters, occupying various points above and\\nbelow Trenton. Washington rested on the\\nwestern bank of the river, keeping a vigilant\\nwatch over the fords by which the enemy might\\nbe expected to cross.\\nThe American general was in the mean time\\nstrenuously endeavouring to augment his force.\\nDuring his hasty and anxious retreat, he had\\nrepeatedly ordered Lee to pass the Hudson\\nand unite with the main army but apparently\\nanxious to retain his separate command, that\\nambitious officer had tardily obeyed. Oppos-\\ning the judgment of Washington, he proposed\\nto take stand at Morristown. Ordered again\\nto march, he moved reluctantly toward the\\nDelaware, by a road some twenty miles west\\nof that pursued by the British. Having in-\\ndiscreetly quartered at a distance from his\\ntroops, information was given by a countryman\\nto Colonel Harcourt, who, with a body of British\\ncavalry, formed and executed the design of\\nmaking him prisoner. Unaware of the enemy s\\napproach, and protected by but a slight guard,\\nLee was easily captured. Lee s services had\\nbeen estimated highly, and the misfortune of his\\ncapture cast a deeper shade upon the despond-\\nency of the Americans.\\nThe cause of American independence seemed", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0175.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "166 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1776.\\nnow to be utterly hopeless. The little army\\nunder Washington could with difficulty be held\\ntogether. But the American general was watch-\\nful of every opportunity. In the dispersed situa-\\ntion of the British troops, he quickly perceived\\nan exposure to successful attack, and formed\\na plan to assail, simultaneously, the posts along\\nthe Delaware. About fifteen hundred Hessians\\nwere stationed at Trenton. The capture or de-\\nstruction of these was the chief object of the\\nAmerican commander s daring design. The\\nnight of the twenty-fifth of December was fixed\\nupon for the movement. Washington proposed\\nto recross the Delaware about nine miles above\\nTrenton, with two thousand five hundred troops,\\nand march down in two divisions, one by the\\nriver, and the other by the Pennington road.\\nGeneral Irvine was to cross at the Trenton\\nferry and secure the bridge below the town,\\nwhile General Cadwallader was to pass at Dunk s\\nEerry, and surprise the enemy s posts at Mount\\nHolly.\\nThe night of the twenty-fifth of December\\nwas cold in the extreme. The river was fill-\\ned with floating ice; and snow, rain, and hail\\nwere falling heavily. It was nearly three\\no clock before Washington reached the Jersey\\nshore. The two columns took up their respect-\\nive lines of march, and at about eight o clock\\nin the morning, drove in the outposts of the", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0176.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "1776.] TRIUMPH AT TRENTON. 167\\nsurprised and startled enemy. Rallied by\\ntheir commander, they made a brief but inef-\\nfectual resistance. So vigorously did both\\nAmerican divisions press forward, that the Hes-\\nsians could only look around for the safest road\\nto retreat. The light-horse and a portion of\\nthe infantry succeeded in escaping by the\\nBordentown road. The main body fled along\\nthe road to Princeton, but were checked by a\\nregiment of Pennsylvania riflemen. Their six\\nfield-pieces had been captured early in the\\naction, and now, surrounded and dispirited by\\nthe sudden attack, one thousand Hessians laid\\ndown their arms and became prisoners of war.\\nIn securing this brilliant and unexpected tri-\\numph, the Americans had lost but two privates\\nkilled, two frozen to death, and one ofiicer\\nand three or four privates wounded. Of the\\nenemy, about twenty were left dead upon the\\nfield, among these was Colonel Rawle, their\\ncommander.\\nBut the plan of Washington was not wholly\\nsuccessful. Generals Irvine and Cadwallader\\nwere unable to cross the river in consequence\\nof the quantity of ice. Thus the road to\\nBordentown was left open, and the post at\\nMount Holly escaped attack. Nevertheless, the\\nsuccess of Washington was of itself sufi5cient to\\ncheer the hearts of the Americans. Its mate-\\nrial results were considerable, but its moral", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0177.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "168 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1777.\\neffect, both upon the British and the colonists?\\nwas astonishing. The British were suddenly\\nshown that their task was not so nearly complet-\\ned as they had imagined, while the Americans\\nwere as quickly raised from the gloom of de-\\nspondency to the light of a glorious hope.\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nWashington takes post at Trenton Cornwallis advances\\nagainst him Perilous situation of the American commander\\nHis daring scheme to escape Attaclis and defeats the\\nenemy at Princeton Subsequent movements of the con-\\ntending armies Washington goes into winter quarters at\\nMorristown Inspiriting effect of the late victories Out-\\nrages committed by the enemy New Jersey militia take the\\nfield Skirmishes near Springfield and Hillsborough Wash-\\nington s proclamation to the disaffected inhabitants Ex-\\nceptions taken to it Legislature convenes Difficulties in\\nframing a new militia law Non-resistance principles re-\\nspected Dissatisfaction of Livingston Council of Safety\\nappointed Its extraordinary powers Bill to confiscate the\\nestates of Tories Its favourable conditions Plundering ex-\\npeditions of the Tories from New York.\\nRecrossing the Delaware, Washington sent\\nhis prisoners to Philadelphia. Startled by the\\nsudden and unexpected stroke they had received,\\nthe British broke up their cantonments along\\nthe river, and fell back to Princeton, where a\\nlarge army was soon concentrated under the", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0178.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "1777.] PERILOUS POSITIOI^. 169\\ncommand of Cornwallis. Informed of this move-\\nment, AYashington once more crossed the Dela-\\nware to Trenton, with the determination of en-\\ndeavom^ing to recover the Jerseys. Here he was\\njoined by General MifBin, with a considerable\\nreinforcement of Pennsylvania volunteers but\\neven with this addition his army did not number\\nmore than five thousand men, of whom one-half\\nhad never before been in the field. What was\\nstill more disheartening, in that number were\\nthe New England regiments, whose term of ser-\\nvice was in a few days to expire. By the per-\\nsuasions of their officers, however, and the pro-\\nmise of bounty, they were induced to re-engage\\nfor a further period of six weeks.\\nScarcely was this difficulty surmounted, when\\nCornwallis, on the second of January, 1777, with\\na force fully equal to Washington s in point of\\nnumbers, and far superior to it in discipline,\\nmade a sudden advance toward the American\\nlines. As he approached, Washington withdrew\\nacross the Assunpink, a small stream flowing\\ninto the Delaware at Trenton. The diff erent\\npassages being vigilantly guarded by his artil-\\nlery, the British were finable to follow; and after\\na brisk cannonatle, vfhich lasted until dark, the\\nbelligerents kindled their fires and encamped.\\nThe American commander was now in a peril-\\nous position, from which nothing but a masterly\\nand decisive movement could deliver him. To\\n15", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0179.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "170 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1777.\\nretreat across the Delaware was scarcely possi-\\nble, and to maintain his present ground would be\\nto hazard the safety of his little army. He\\nsummoned a council of war. After some delibe-\\nration a daring scheme was planned to gain the\\nenemy s rear, attack their forces still lingering\\nat Trenton, and then destroy their baggage and\\nstores at Brunswick.\\nSilently sending his own baggage down the\\nriver to Burlington, Washington hastened to put\\nhis plan into execution. To deceive the enemy\\nas to his movement, fresh fuel was added to the\\ncamp-fires, and small parties were ordered to\\nthrow up intrenchments within hearing of their\\nsentinels. These arrangements being completed,\\nabout midnight the army moved off by a circuit-\\nous route to Princeton. So noiselessly was the\\nmanoeuvre executed that the enemy received no\\nintimation of it until daybreak; while some of\\nthe American militia officers, having withdrawn\\nto the rear to obtain an undisturbed sleep, were,\\non the following morning, totally ignorant of\\nwhat had become of their comrades.\\nAt Princeton three British regiments had pass-\\ned the night. Two of t^iese were already on\\ntheir march toward Trenton, when in the gray\\nof the morning they encountered the American\\nvanguard, composed of militia under the com-\\nmand of General Mercer. A sharp action en-\\nsued. The militia soon gave way, and while", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0180.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "17TT.] SKIRMISH AT PRINCETOX. 171\\ngallantly endeavouring to rally tliem, Mercer re-\\ncewed a mortal wound. The check, however,\\nwas but momentary. Moving up rapidly with\\nthe main body, Washington, exposing himself to\\nthe full fire of the enemy, headed a fresh and\\noverwhelming charge. The British were in turn\\ndriven back, and the two marching regiments sepa-\\nrated. The one in advance managed to regain\\nthe road to Trenton, and thus escaped the other\\nfled hurriedly across the fields to Brunswick.\\nAbandoning the pursuit, Washington pushed on\\nto Princeton, where the third regiment had taken\\npost in the college. At first they made some\\nslight resistance, but the American artillery\\nhaving been brought up, all further struggle was\\nvain, and they yielded. A few, however, escaped\\nby a precipitate flight to Brunswick.\\nThe loss of the provincials in this spirited\\naction was about one hundred men, including\\nseveral gallant officers. One hundred of the\\nenemy were slain, a large number wounded, and\\nupward of three hundred made prisoners.\\nScarcely was victory achieved when Wash-\\nington again found his situation one of extreme\\nperil. His troops were exhausted by their night-\\nmarch and the fatigues of battle. With the\\nfrozen sky of winter above them, many were\\nbarefooted, others destitute of blankets, and all\\nthinly or imperfectly clad. Wholly unable to\\nfight, retreat was barely possible. Yet Corn-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0181.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "172 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1777.\\nwallis was close upon them, with an army in\\nevery way superior. Hearing the roar of can-\\nnon at Princeton, he had immediately fathom-\\ned the intentions of the American chief. Anxiety\\nfor the safety of his baggage at once drew his\\nattention to Brunswick. Breaking up his camp\\nat Trenton, he pushed forward so rapidly that\\nWashington but narrowly escaped his vigorous\\nonset. Wisely abandoning his contemplated at-\\ntack on Brunswick, the latter sought a less ex-\\nposed situation, where his soldiers would be en-\\nabled to find shelter and repose. The hilly\\ncountry around Morristown offered many strong\\npositions and, besides, a considerable force of\\nregulars and militia was there concentrated.\\nAccordingly Washington directed his march to\\nthat place. Hastily constructing a number of\\nrude huts, he there encamped for the winter,\\nwith the main body of the army Putnam rest-\\ning with the right wing on Princeton, while\\nHeath, in command of the left, took post in the\\nfastnesses of the highlands. A continuous\\nchain of cantonments kept open the communica-\\ntion between these three points. Meanwhile\\nCornwallis went into winter quarters at Bruns-\\nwick.\\nThe triumphs at Trenton and Princeton fol-\\nlowing one another so closely, and gained by an\\narmy that just before had seemed upon the point\\nof breaking up, gave the highest confidence to", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0182.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "1777.] RAVAGES OF BRITISH TROOPS. 178\\nthe American people, not only in the abilities of\\ntheir commander, but also that their cause would\\nbe eventually successful. Nor was this feeling\\nconfined to the colonies. On the continent of\\nEurope, Washington s masterly prudence received\\nthe highest commendation.\\nAt home the hopes created as to the favour-\\nable issue of the war were such as to wonder-\\nfully revive the recruiting service, which had\\nbeen previously attended with but unimportant\\nsuccess. Though the regiments called for were\\nnot filled up, still the organization of a new\\narmy proceeded with the fairest prospects.\\nBut it was in New Jersey that public feeling\\nhad undergone the greatest and most favourable\\nchange, which, however, cannot be wholly at-\\ntributed to the successes of Washington. Many\\nof the people, doubtful or lukewarm as to the\\nultimate triumph of the patriots, had either re-\\nmained at home, or accepted British protection.\\nYet neither their neutrality nor their protection\\nhad saved them from the ravages and plunder\\nof the enemy, during their various marches\\nthrough the state. Churches and other public\\nbuildings, as well as private residences, with all\\ntheir furniture, were destroyed in the most\\nwanton manner. Neither old age nor the weak-\\nness of womanhood protected from outrage.\\nChildren and infants, and gray-haired men and\\nmatrons, were stripped of their clothing, and\\n15*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0183.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "174 HISTORY OP NEW JERSEY. [1777.\\nleft to shiver in the cold of winter while the\\nviolation of females, even of a tender age, added\\nthe last drop that caused the cup of their bitter-\\nness to overflow.\\nAt once the country rose upon the invaders.\\nThe wanton outrages of the royal army efi ected\\nthat which the eloquence of Livingston, united\\nwith the entreaties of Washington, had all along\\nbeen incapable of producing. The militia of\\nNew Jersey were aroused to shake off this apathy\\nand from this period until the close of the anx-\\nious and weary struggle, no body of men ac-\\nquired a more favourable reputation, or conduct-\\ned themselves with a greater degree of disciplined\\nactivity and spirit. Eagerly joining the parties\\nsent out by Washington, or acting independently\\nunder their own leaders, they performed valu-\\nable service in harassing the British outposts,\\nand in breaking up the numerous bands of\\nTories that infested many portions of the state.\\nA few days subsequent to the fight at Prince-\\nton, Colonel Spencer, with some forty or fifty\\nof the militia, surprised an equal number of\\nHessians near Springfield, and killed or captured\\nthe whole party. For his gallantry on this oc-\\ncasion, Spencer was rewarded with the command\\nof a regular regiment.\\nAbout a fortnight afterward, General Dickin-\\nson received information that some four hundred\\nof the enemy were foraging in the neighbour-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0184.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "1777.] ROUT OF A FORAGING PARTY. 175\\nhood of Hillsborough. Collecting four hundred\\nof the militia, to which were joined fifty Penn-\\nsylvania riflemen, Dickinson hastened to cut\\nthe party off. They had just crossed the Mill-\\nstone River, a stream uniting with the Raritan\\nthree miles below Hillsborough, when the Ameri-\\ncans came up. The river was waist deep, and\\nrunning rapidly; but the militia, heedless of\\nthe rushing waters, dashed forward with impetu-\\nous daring. Without unlimbering their cannon,\\nof which they had three, the enemy fled pre-\\ncipitately. So rapid was their flight, indeed,\\nthat the Americans could make but few prison-\\ners. Forty wagons, however, more than a hun-\\ndred horses, and a numerous drove of cattle\\nand sheep remained in their hands as the fruit\\nof victory. The loss of the enemy could not be\\ndefinitely ascertained, but they carried off many\\ndead and wounded in their light wagons. That\\nof the militia was trifling.\\nThese brilliant though, perhaps, not very im-\\nportant affairs, served to indicate the existence\\nof a sturdier patriotism than the people of New\\nJ^ersey had hitherto displayed. But, while\\ngratified with such evidences of public spirit,\\nWashington was pained to be compelled to issue\\na stern decree against the infamous practice,\\ncommon to both militia and regulars, of plun-\\ndering the inhabitants under the pretence of their\\nbeing Tories.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0185.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "176 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1776.\\nAnother proclamation, as humane as it was\\npolitic, was, on the 25th of January, address-\\ned to those who had submitted to the British,\\nor accepted their protection, requiring them, as\\nthe condition of a full pardon, to repair to the\\nnearest general officer, surrender their protec-\\ntion papers, and swear allegiance to the United\\nStates. They were, at the same time, discharg-\\ned from any obligations they might owe to the\\nking.\\nClaiming that allegiance was due to the state,\\nand not to the confederacy, one of the New\\nJersey congressmen objected to this proclama-\\ntion on the ground that it infringed upon\\nstate rights. But Congress approved of it, and\\nthe legislature of the state presently passed an\\nact framed in a similar spirit. Its results were\\nspeedy and cheering; people flocking in from\\nall parts to submit to the authority of the con-\\nfederacy, and to engage in behalf of that great\\ncause which had called it into existence.\\nShortly after Washington had issued the pro-\\nclamation alluded to, the assembly of New Jer-\\nsey was again convened.\\nThe first subject that pressed their attention\\nwas the passage of a new law to regulate the\\nmilitia. \\\\Yashington, through Governor Li-\\nvingston, had repeatedly urged that every man\\ncapable of bearing arms, should be obliged to\\nturn out, and not be permitted to buy off his", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0186.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "1776.] COUNCIL OF SAFETY. 177\\nservices for a trifling sum, as was the case\\nunder the law then in operation. We want\\nmen, said he, not money. But the Quakers\\nof West Jersey were numerous, and non-resist-\\nance was one of their most cherished doctrines.\\nBelieving that it would be useless, impolitic, and\\nhighly oppressive to attempt to force this class\\nof persons to participate in measures directly at\\nvariance with the prime points of their religious\\ncreed, the assembly, in framing the new militia\\nlaw, which they presently enacted, would modify\\nthis portion of it in no other way than by in-\\ncreasing the sum that was required to purchase\\nexemption f^om military duty.\\nPrudent as the course of the assembly will\\nnow be regarded, the patriotic Livingston could\\nnot view it in a satisfactory light. But the\\nkeenness of his disappointment was afterward\\nmitigated in some degree, by the ready concur-\\nrence of both houses in his plan for a Council\\nof Safety, to consist of the governor and twelve\\nof the representatives, with extraordinary pow-\\ners, to act during the recess of the legislature.\\nThis council was authorized to correspond with\\nCongress and with other states, to perform the\\nduties of justices of peace, to apprehend and\\nimprison disaifected persons, and to call out such\\nportions of the militia as they might deem ne-\\ncessary to execute the laws.\\nLikewise, on the recommendation of Livings-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0187.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "178 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1776.\\nton, another bill was presently passed, author-\\nizing the confiscation of the personal estates of\\nall those who still adhered to the British interest\\nyet allowing such persons a period of grace, in\\nwhich, upon renewing their allegiance to the\\nstate, they might return and take possession of\\ntheir property.\\nMany took advantage of this condition, and\\nwere restored to all their former rights and pri-\\nvileges others, however, assembling in and\\naround New York, endeavoured to make up for\\nthe loss of their estates by the fitting out of\\nprivateers, and by plundering expeditions into\\ntheir old neighbourhoods. Nor did they stop\\nwith these. Deeply incensed against the more\\nprominent patriots, they seized every opportunity\\nto work them injury and, aided by secret friends,\\nthey were enabled to kidnap several of them, and\\ncarry them off to the prisons of New York. Re-\\ntaliation, of course, followed, with all the fierce-\\nness of a civil and partisan contest.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0188.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "17TT.] OPENING OF CAMPAIGN. 179\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nOpening of the campaign of 1777 American stores at Peeks-\\nkill destroyed Skirmish at Boundbrook Washington takes\\na strong position at Middlebrook Howe s feint to draw him\\nfrom his camp Its ill success Howe retreats to Amboy\\nWashington advances to Quibbletown Howe returns to\\nattack him Is again foiled Retires to Staten Island, and\\nembarks for the southward Perplexity of Washington in\\nregard to his movements Loyalists on Staten Island be-\\ncome troublesome Sullivan s attempt against them Howe\\nlands at the head of Chesapeake Bay Battle of Brandy-\\nwine Wayne surprised at Paoli Howe enters Philadelphia\\nClinton ravages East Jersey Battle of Germantown\\nAmerican successes at the north Movements on the Dela-\\nware American works at Byllinsport captured Defences\\nnear the mouth of the Schuylkill Donop assaults Red\\nBank and is repulsed Re-election of Livingston Dickin-\\nson s attempt against the Staten Island Tories Fort Mifflin\\nevacuated and Red Bank abandoned British in full pos-\\nsession of the Delaware Skirmish near Gloucester Point\\nWashington goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge.\\nWashington had rested at Morristown nearly\\nthree months before the British began to give\\nindications of activity. At length Howe open-\\ned the campaign in March, by sending a detach-\\nment of five hundred men to Peekskill, on the\\nHudson, where they succeeded in destroying a\\nquantity of stores which the Americans had col-\\nlected at that point.\\nAt Boundbrook, in the neighbourhood of", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0189.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "180 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1777.\\nBi unswick, a considerable American force had\\nbeen posted to guard the upper valley of the\\nRaritan. With the design of capturing this de-\\ntachment, Corn^yallis, on the 13th of April, sud-\\ndenly issued from his camp at Brunswick, with a\\nlarge body of troops. The American guard not\\nbeing sufficiently watchful, narrowly escaped a\\ncomplete surprise. As it was, they lost twenty\\nmen, two pieces of artillery, and a small amount\\nof baggage, before they could gain a safe\\nposition.\\nWashington was soon convinced that Burgoyne,\\nwho now commanded the British army in Cana-\\nda, would attempt to force his way, by Lake\\nChamplain and the Hudson, to New^ York. It\\nwas equally clear to him that Howe would en-\\ndeavour either to push up the North River or to\\ncapture Philadelphia. He therefore determined\\nto make such a disposition of his forces that, by\\nthe different divisions being enabled to recipro-\\ncally aid each other, any one of these expected\\nmovements might be counteracted. While St.\\nClair, with three thousand men, was, left at Ti-\\nconderoga, and Putnam, at the head of the east-\\nern levies, in the highlands, the commander-in-\\nchief, with the main body of the army, scarcely\\neight thousand strong, shifted his camp to Mid-\\ndlebrook, behind a range of commanding hills,\\nabout twelve miles from Princeton. His new\\nposition was one of great strength. From the", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0190.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "1777.] PEINT OF HOWE, 181\\nheights in front a full view could be obtained of\\nthe country between Amboy and Brunswick^ and\\nhe was thus enabled to observe all the important\\nmovements of the enemy in that quarter. A\\nbody of continentals and New Jersey militia,\\nunder General Sullivan, was stationed at Prince-\\nton. Arnold, in command at Philadelphia, was\\nemployed with Mifflin in preparing for its de-\\nfence.\\nHoping to draw Washington into a general\\nengagement on ground more advantageous for\\nhimself, Lord Howe, on the ISth of June, march-\\ned out of Brunswick with a powerful army, ap-\\nparently intending to force his way to Philadel-\\nphia. Calling to his aid most of the troops\\nunder Putnam, and ordering Sullivan to retire\\nfrom Princeton to the more elevated and securer\\ngrounds of Rocky Hill, the American general\\ndrew up his army in order of battle on the\\nheights fronting his camp, and kept a close watch\\nupon the movements of the enemy. Meanwhile\\nthe militia had turned out in force, and with an\\nalacrity they had not hitherto displayed.\\nFinding his feint insufficient to draw AYash-\\nington from the impregnable position he occupied,\\nand constantly harassed by small parties of the\\nmilitia, Howe retreated with some precipitation to\\nAmboy, whence he began to pass his troops over\\nto Staten Island, from which, in accordance\\n16", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0191.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "182 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1777.\\nwith his original design, he made preparations to\\nproceed by sea to Philadelphia.\\nTo cover the light parties that had been de-\\nftaxshed to annoy the retreat of Howe, Washing-\\ntorn moved with the main body of the army to\\nQuibbletown; the van, under Stirling, having\\ndeseeaded to the low grounds, yet a few miles\\nnearer to the British. Howe immediately pre-\\npared to execute a skilful manoeuvre to bring on\\na general engagement, in which, as the Ameri-\\nvfians were now situated, he was fully confident of\\nobtaining a triumph.\\nRecalling the troops on Staten Island, he\\nwheeled suddenly around, and made a rapid\\nmovement, is. two columns, toward the heights\\n^nd passes on the American left, which he thus\\nhoped to tura. Happily Washington received\\nearly intelligence of the British advance. Pene-\\nirating immediately the design of Howe, he fell\\nrapidly back t^ his cherished position at Middle-\\nbrook. During this retrograde movement, Stir-\\nling encountered the right column of the enemy\\nunder Cornwallis. A spirited skirmish ensued,\\nwhich resulted in the retreat of the Americans,\\nwith the loss of a few men and three field-\\npieces.\\nBaffled in his main design, and not choosing\\nto attack Washington s present position, Howe\\nwithdrew to Amboy, and thence to Staten Island.\\nAmboy, being thus abandoned, was immediately", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0192.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "177T.] INCURSIONS OF LOYALISTS. 183\\noccupied by a division of the American army.\\nOn the 30th of June, leaving five thousand\\ntroops to hold New York, the British general\\nembarked with sixteen thousand men for Phila-\\ndelphia.\\nUnder the impression that Howe intended to\\npush up the Hudson and co-operate with Bur-\\ngoyne, who was already in the neighbourhood\\nof Ticonderoga, Washington marched leisurely\\ntoward the highlands but the British fleet pre-\\nsently appearing off the capes of the Delaware,\\nhe retraced his steps through New Jersey and\\ntook post in the vicinity of Philadelphia.\\nHowe disappeared almost as soon as he was\\nobserved, nor was the fleet seen again until a\\nmonth had nearly elapsed. Perplexed and\\nanxious as to the final destination of the enemy,\\nWashington remained at Philadelphia, indus-\\ntriously preparing for its defence.\\nMeanwhile the British troops left on Staten\\nIsland had rendered themselves highly obnoxious.\\nAbout, one thousand, or a third of their number,\\nconsisted of several loyalist or Tory regiments,\\nwhich were stationed at various points on the\\ncoast nearest the Jersey shore. Thus posted,\\nthey made frequent incursions against the peo-\\nple of New Jersey, whom they plundered with-\\nout the least scruple and, at length, in one of\\nthese marauding expeditions they carried ofi twelve\\nof the most prominent patriots in that section", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0193.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "184 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1777.\\nof the state. A counter expedition, to capture\\nthe loyalist regiments, was immediately planned\\nby Sullivan, who yet remained in New Jersey\\nwith his division.\\nWith picked men from his own command, and\\na few Jersey militia under Colonel Frelinghuy-\\nsen, numbering in all about one thousand, Sul-\\nlivan embarked for Staten Island, during the\\nnight of the twenty-first of August, and by\\ndawn of the next day had succeeded in landing\\nunperceived by the enemy. Two loyalist regi-\\nments were surprised, and many prisoners made\\nbut the alarm had been given, and a body of\\nBritish regulars was hastening from another\\npart of the island to intercept Sullivan s re-\\ntreat. In this they were partially successful.\\nThe American general had sent off his prisoners\\nin a captured vessel. Discovering British uni-\\nforms on the deck of this vessel, some of Sulli-\\nvan s boats took the alarm and fled. His re-\\nembarkation was thus retarded so long that the\\nrear-guard was attacked by the enemy^ and,\\nafter an obstinate conflict, compelled to sur-\\nrender.\\nThe total loss of the Americans in this aff air\\nwas one hundred and sixty-two. That of the\\nBritish in killed and wounded could not be ob-\\ntained, but the number of prisoners brought off\\nby Sullivan amounted to one hundred and forty-\\none, including eleven ofiicers.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0194.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "1777.] BATTLE OF BRANBYWINE. 185\\nSullivan had scarcely regained his camp when\\nhe received orders to join the main army.\\nHaving landed at the head of Chesapeake Bay,\\nHowe was now marching rapidly toward Phila-\\ndelphia. Advancing to Wilmington, Washing-\\nton summoned the militia to his aid but with\\nall the reinforcements he received, the enemy\\nwas still superior, even in numbers.\\nAt length, on the 11th of September, having\\nretired behind the Brandywine, the American\\ngeneral there awaited the British army, sixteen\\nthousand strong. His own effective force was\\nbut little more than eleven thousand men, many\\nof whom were militia. In the battle that pre-\\nsently ensued, the Am^ericans unfortunately met\\nwith defeat. Nine days afterward Wayne was\\nsurprised at Paoli and on the twenty-sixth of\\nSeptember, Lord Cornwallis, at the head of the\\nBritish and Hessian grenadiers, entered Phila-\\ndelphia in triumph.\\nMeanwhile, retaliating Sullivan s attack on\\nStaten Island, Sir Henry Clinton sallied out of\\nNew York with three thousand troops, and overran\\na considerable portion of the eastern section of\\nNew Jersey. Finding that the militia were as-\\nsembling, and threatened by a detachment of\\ncontinentals, he at length returned to New York,\\nhaving caused much annoyance and alarm, and\\nplundered the inhabitants of their most valuable\\n16*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0195.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "186 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1777.\\nlive stock, with a loss of but eight men killed\\nand sixteen wounded.\\nAfter the fall of Philadelphia, Washington\\nencamped near the Schuylkill, about fourteen\\nmiles from German town, where the bulk of the\\nBritish army was stationed. Here he awaited\\nreinforcements. Dickinson and Livingston were\\nbusily engaged in arousing the New Jersey mi-\\nlitia. Having by his untiring exertions collected\\na force of nine hundred men, Dickinson was\\nabout to join the main army when he received\\nintelligence of another threatened invasion from\\nNew York. Proceeding himself, with three hun-\\ndred men, toward Elizabethtown, he directed the\\nremainder, under General Forman, to cross the\\nDelaware, and join Washington s camp.\\nHavino; received this and other additions to\\nhis force, Washington planned an attack on the\\nBritish at Germantown. An attempt to execute\\nthis plan on the morning of the fourth of October,\\nthough begun with the brightest prospects of\\nsuccess, terminated in the most disastrous failure,\\nwith a loss on the part of the Americans of more\\nthan a thousand men.\\nAs if to dispel the gloom occasioned by the\\ndefeat of Washington at Germantown, the most\\ncheering intelligence presently arrived from the\\nnorthern army.\\nFollowing up the capture of Ticonderoga,\\nBurgoyne had moved on, gaining triumph after", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0196.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "1777.] SUCCESSES AT THE NORTH. 187\\ntriumph. Stark s success over Baum at Ben-\\nnington, was the turning point in his career of\\nvictory. Its effect in reviving the drooping spirits\\nof the Americans was truly magical. Rally-\\ning under the standard of Gates, they closed in\\nfrom all sides upon the unfortunate Burgoyne.\\nAfter the two battles of Behmus s Heights the\\nfirst resulting doubtfully, but the second in a de-\\ncided American triumph the British general\\nendeavoured to effect his retreat to Fort Edward.\\nHis communications with that place being cut\\noff, his provisions and supplies intercepted,\\nand his fast-thinning army effectually hemmed\\nin by a superior force, Burgoyne was compelled\\nto surrender his whole army to Gates, on the 17th\\nof October.\\nMeanwhile, after the battle of Germantown,\\nWashington had retired to his old encampment\\non the Skippack. Though Philadelphia was lost,\\nthe Americans were yet in possession of the\\nriver below. They had fortified it with great\\npains. Howe s fleet was already in the lower\\nDelaware, but safe communication with it from\\nPhiladelphia was next to an impossibility. The\\nattention of both commanders was therefore\\nalmost wholly bestowed upon the Delaware that\\nof Howe to remove, and of Washington to\\nmaintain intact, the obstructions to its navi-\\ngation.\\nThe fleet having at length, with great difficulty,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0197.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "188 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1777.\\nreached Byllingsport, twelve miles below Camden,\\nand captured the unfinished American works at\\nthat point, Howe concentrated his forces in the\\nimmediate neighbourhood of Philadelphia, pre-\\nparatory to a vigorous assault on the remaining\\ndefences of the Delaware.\\nOn a low island of mud and sand, just below\\nthe mouth of the Schuylkill, stood Fort Mifflin,\\nheld by Colonel Smith of the Maryland line.\\nOpposite, on the Jersey shore, were the fortifica-\\ntions of Red Bank, consisting of extensive outer\\nworks, within which was a boarded intrenchment,\\neight or nine feet high, protected by an abattis,\\nand well provided with heavy artillery. Two\\nRhode Island regiments, under Greene, com-\\nposed the garrison. In the channel between the\\ntwo forts, large timbers, chained firmly together,\\nand with iron-pointed projecting beams, had been\\nsunk to obstruct the passage of the enemy s\\nships. There were, besides, in the river several\\nsmall continental vessels, and a gun-boat battery\\nbelonging to Pennsylvania, all of which were\\nunder the direction of the brave and gallant\\nCommodore Hazelwood. For the British fleet\\nto reach Philadelphia, it was necessary to re-\\nmove these obstacles. Hoping that, if they\\ncould maintain their ground, Howe would be\\ncompelled to evacuate that city, the Americans\\nprepared for a desperate and determined re-\\nsistance.\\ni", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0198.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "1777.] KEPULSE OF DONOP. 189\\nOn the 21st of October, Count Donop, a dis-\\ntinguished German officer, with twelve hundred\\npicked men, crossed the Delaware at Cooper s\\nEerry, intending on the following day to attack\\nthe post at Red Bank. During the morning of\\nthe 22d he marched down the Jersey side and\\nmade ready to storm the works. Meanwhile, in\\naccordance with the plan of a combined attack,\\nseveral British war vessels ascended the river as\\nfar as the obstructions would allow, and opened\\na furious and incessant cannonade upon Hazel-\\nwood s flotilla and Fort Mifflin.\\nLate in the evening Donop drew up his column\\npreparatory to a desperate assault upon the main\\nintrenchment of the Americans, into which,\\nabandoning their outer works, they had with-\\ndrawn, in number about five hundred, on the first\\napproach of the British. At length, led by\\ntheir gallant colonel, the enemy rushed with\\ngreat intrepidity to the attack. They were met\\nby a deadly discharge of grapeshot and musket-\\nballs. Fighting bravely they continued their\\nassault until, involved in darkness and fatigued\\nby their unavailing efi*orts, they were obliged to\\nfall back in disorder, with a loss of nearly four\\nhundred in killed and wounded. Early in the\\nengagement Donop had fallen mortally hurt at\\nthe head of his column. Favoured by the night,\\nthe next officer in command, having collected\\nmany of the wounded, made good his retreat to", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0199.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "190 HISTOEY OF NEW JERSEY. [1777.\\nPhiladelphia, where he arrived early in the fol-\\nlowing morning. During this spirited action,\\nthe first as yet in which they had repelled an as-\\nsault, the Americans lost in all but thirty-six\\nmen.\\nEqual ill success had attended the naval at-\\ntack upon Fort Mifilin. One of the ships en-\\ngaged in it was blown up another, having got\\naground, was set on fire and abandoned and the\\nremainder were compelled to drop down the river\\nwith serious injury.\\nFive or six days subsequent to this event, the\\nsecond legislature of New Jersey convened in\\nprimary session. Meeting in joint assembly,\\non the first of November, they re-elected Li-\\nvingston as governor without a dissenting voice.\\nAbout the same time General Dickinson,\\nhaving collected nearly two thousand of the\\nmilitia, determined upon another attempt to cut\\noff the loyalist brigade on Staten Island. But,\\nthough he observed the utmost secrecy, the enemy\\nby some means became apprized of his design,\\nand saved themselves by withdrawing into works\\ntoo strong to be carried by assault. After a\\nskirmish with the flying troops, in which three\\nof his men were killed and ten wounded, Dick-\\ninson wisely retired from the island. The loss\\nof the loyalists was trifling, and consisted mainly\\nof the few prisoners brought ofi by the Ame-\\nricans.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0200.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "1777.] FORT MIFFLIN EVACUATED. 191\\nFlattering expectations were created by the\\ngallant defence of Red Bank, that it would be\\npossible to keep possession of the river. In\\nthe exultation of the moment, Congress voted a\\nsword to each of the three commanders on that\\noccasion. Meantime strenuous endeavours were\\nmade to relieve and reinforce the two forts,\\nagainst which, after a brief intermission, the\\nBritish had renewed active operations. Concen-\\ntrating their efforts against Fort Mifflin, they\\nerected several batteries on a neighbouring\\nisland, from which they kept up a furious and\\nunceasing cannonade. Toiling by night to re-\\npair the breaches made during the day, the be-\\nleaguered garrison fought bravely, but without\\navail. At length the fort was declared untena-\\nble, but not until the vessels of the enemy were\\nso close that the fire of their marines swept the\\nplatform. Under these circumstances an evacu-\\nation was deemed advisable. Accordingly, about\\nmidnight on the 16th of November, the garrison\\nwas safely withdrawn.\\nHopes were yet entertained of holding the\\nfort at Red Bank, but upon the approach of\\nCornwallis from Philadelphia with five thousand\\ntroops, it, too, was abandoned. Taking posses-\\nsion of the evacuated posts, and removing the\\nremainder of the obstructions, the British fleet\\nand army were at length able to communicate.\\nHaving collected a considerable quantity of", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0201.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "192 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1777.\\nfresh provisions, Cornwallis pitched his camp on\\nGloucester Point. While he was yet at this\\nplace a brilliant little action was performed, in\\nconjunction with an equal number of Morgan s\\nriflemen, by about one hundred and fifty New\\nJersey militia, under the command of Lafayette.\\nFalling upon a picket-guard of the enemy nearly\\nthree hundred strong, they put them to precipi-\\ntate flight, and drove them completely into the\\ncamp, killing between twenty and thirty, and\\nwounding a much greater number. I found\\nthe riflemen, wrote Lafayette to Washington\\non this occasion, even above their reputation,\\nand the militia above all expectation I could\\nhave formed of them.\\nThe campaign of 1777 was now over. After\\nhaving narrowly escaped a surprise by the British,\\nWashington, on the 12th of December, went into\\nwinter quarters at Valley Forge, a high and\\nstrong piece of ground on the left bank of the\\nSchuylkill, some twenty miles above Philadelphia.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0202.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "1777.] SUFFERINGS OF THE ARMY. 193\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nDistress of the American prisoners in New York Sufferings\\nof the army Measures taken by the state for their reUef\\nArticles of confederation brought before the legislature of\\nNew Jersey Alliance between France and the United Co-\\nlonies Objections of the legislature to the Articles of Con-\\nfederation British foraging party under Mawhood enters\\nSalem county Conflict at Quinton s Bridge Gallant ex-\\nploit of Andrew Bacon British forces a second time re-\\npulsed at Quinton s Bridge Americans massacred at Han-\\ncock s Bridge Correspondence between Mawhood and\\nColonel Hand British return to Philadelphia Expedition\\nagainst Bordentown Narrow escape of Lafayette at Barren\\nHill Clinton ordered to evacuate Philadelphia He retreats\\nacross the Jerseys Washington starts in pursuit Battle\\nof Monmouth Court House Lee s conduct during the\\naction censured He is arrested, tried, suspended, and finally\\ndismissed from the service.\\nMeanwhile the legislature of New Jersey re-\\nmained in session, devising means to meet va-\\nrious demands that were now made upon them.\\nThe most pressing of these demands related to\\nthe condition of the American army at Valley\\nForge, and to the wants of that class of suffer-\\ning citizens whom the enemy had carried off and\\nconfined in the prisons of New York.\\nWith regard to the condition of the army, it\\nwas deplorable. Frequently, during their en-\\ncampment, the soldiers were destitute of meat,\\n17", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0203.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "194 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1778.\\nwhile vegetables and other articles requisite\\nfor their health, were procured with difficulty.\\nNor were their sufferings less from want of\\nclothing. On the first of February, 1778, nearly\\nfour thousand men were reported unfit for duty\\non that account alone. A man of sensibility,\\nsaid Livingston to the legislature, cannot but\\nfeel for these brave men, fighting for their\\ncountry, at this inclement season, many of them\\nwithout shoes, stockings, warm clothing, and\\neven blankets to lie upon.\\nSteps were immediately taken by the assembly\\nto meet these emergencies, so far, at least, as it\\nwas possible for a single state to move in the\\nmatter. For the relief of the prisoners at New\\nYork, Abraham Van Neste was appointed a\\nspecial commissioner, with authority and means\\nto provide them with such necessaries as they\\nmost needed while, to supply the wants of the\\nsuffering army, bills were passed to raise a sum\\nof money by taxation, and by leasing the real\\nestate of such persons as had left the state and\\njoined the enemy.\\nIn order to successfully continue the contest\\nin which they were engaged. Congress had\\nalready, on the 15th of November, 1777, adopted\\ncertain Articles of Confederation, creating a\\nmore perfect union between the thirteen states,\\nunder the style and title of the United States of\\nAmerica. To render these articles binding, it was", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0204.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "1778.] ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE. 195\\nnecessary that they should be first sanctioned by\\nthe several states. Brought before the New\\nJersey legislature, the question of agreeing to\\nthem was yet pending, when Grovernor Livings-\\nton, on the 27th of May, communicated to the\\ntwo houses intelligence of the most cheering\\ncharacter.\\nFrom the beginning of the war, an alliance\\nwith France had been sought after, but with ill\\nsuccess, by the American commissioners at Paris.\\nMoved, in part, by the tenacity of purpose ex-\\nhibited by the revolted colonies, and still more\\nby the probability of Parliament s sanctioning\\ncertain conciliatory bills in which the right to\\ntax America was virtually relinquished, Ver-\\ngennes, the French minister, finally concluded\\nwith the commissioners of Congress, two treaties,\\none of defensive alliance, and the other of friend-\\nship and commerce.\\nIt was the intelligence of this alliance that\\nLivingston introduced to the assembly, exhort-\\ning them to make but one more spirited and\\ngeneral efi ort to emancipate themselves into\\ncomplete and uninterrupted liberty. Inspiriting\\nas it was to them, it was no less so to the country\\nat large, entirely neutralizing whatever eifect\\nhad been expected from the conciliatory bills,\\nand rendering still more determined the re-\\nsolution of the Americans to be free and in-\\ndependent.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0205.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "196 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1778.\\nAt length, on the 15th of June, a committee\\nfrom both houses of the New Jersey legislature,\\nhaving been previously appointed for that pur-\\npose, made a full and able report in regard to\\nthe new Articles of Confederation. Several\\namendments were proposed to the congressional\\nplan of union, the most important of which were\\nto prohibit a standing army in time of peace to\\ninvest Congress with the sole and exclusive power\\nof regulating the trade Avith foreign countries\\nand to authorize that body to dispose of vacant\\nand unpatented lands, for defraying the expenses\\nof the war, and for other such public and general\\npurposes. This report having been adopted, and\\na copy of it forwarded to Congress, the question\\nwas for a time suffered to remain at rest.\\nMeanwhile, as the spring opened, the enemy\\nbegan to show signs of life. Pressed for pro-\\nvisions, Clinton, now in command at Philadel-\\nphia, found it necessary to send out strong forag-\\ning parties into the surrounding country, which\\nsuffered extremely from the extent and wanton-\\nness of their devastations.\\nOn the 17th of March, a British detachment,\\nsome twelve hundred strong, under the command\\nof Colonel Maw^hood and Majors Simcoe and\\nSims, having landed at Byllingsport, made a\\nrapid march to Salem, in the expectation of sur-\\nprising Colonel Wayne, who, with a few Ame-\\nrican troops, was posted at that place. Unsuc-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0206.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "1778.] CONFLICT AT QUINTON S BRIDGE. 197\\ncessful in this, Mawhood, at daybreak of the\\n18th, despatched Simcoe to cut off a small party\\nof the militia under Colonel Holmes, who were\\nintrenched at Quinton s Bridge, on the southern\\nshore of Alloway s Creek, about three miles\\nfrom Salem. By a successful stratagem, Simcoe\\ndrew the militia from their works across the\\nbridge, and into an ambuscade. A fierce con-\\nflict ensued. Surprised and outnumbered, and\\nwith a loss of forty men, the Americans re-\\ntreated to their intrenchments, bravely contest-\\ning every foot of the way. As their rear left\\nthe bridge, one of the most courageous of the\\nparty, Andrew Bacon by name, seized an axe,\\nand heedless of the storm of balls that whistled\\naround him, resolutely cut away the draw, thus\\nrendering immediate pursuit by the enemy im-\\npossible. Scarcely was this gallant action per-\\nformed, when the hero of it received a wound by\\nwhich he was crippled for life. In the mean time,\\nColonel Hand, with a reinforcement of militia,\\nhad arrived on the ground, and now opening\\nupon the enemy a heavy fire from two pieces of\\nartillery, he compelled them to fall back upon\\nthe main body at Salem.\\nChagrined on account of Simcoe s ultimate\\nfailure, Mawhood determined to pass the bridge\\nat all hazards. Accordingly, early in the fol-\\nlowing day, he attacked it with his whole force.\\nBut cheered by their late success, and so posted\\n17*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0207.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "198 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1778.\\nthat both flanks as well as the front of the at-\\ntacking column, were exposed to their fire, the\\nAmericans obstinately stood their ground, and\\nMawhood, after a desperate attempt to gain his\\npoint, was obliged to retreat in considerable\\ndisorder.\\nLate in the evening of the next day, a party\\nof Tories a,nd regular troops, under the conduct\\nof Simcoe, was despatched to surprise a small\\nbody of Americans stationed at Hancock s\\nBridge, about two miles below Quinton s. The\\nsuccess of this expedition was complete and san-\\nguinary. Wearied out, and unsuspicious of\\ndanger, the Americans were sound asleep. A\\nfew only woke in time to escape. The remainder,\\nbetween twenty and thirty in number, some yet\\nasleep, others half aroused, and none offering\\nresistance, were bayoneted in cold blood.\\nBut a few hours after this massacre, Mawhood\\naddressed a note to Hand, now in command at\\nQuinton s Bridge, summoning him to lay down\\nhis arms and surrender. In case of refusal, he\\nthreatened to arm the Tories, and to attack all\\nthe militia wearing arms, burn their houses, and\\nreduce them, their unfortunate wives, and their\\nchildren to beggary and distress.\\nYour proposal, was the American colonel s\\nspirited reply, we absolutely reject. We have\\ntaken up arms to maintain our rights, and we\\nwill not lay them down until success has crowned", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0208.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "1778.] EXPEDITION TO BORDENTOWN. 199\\nthem, or we have met an honourable death.\\nYour plan of arming the Tories we have no ob-\\njection to, for it will fill our arsenals with arms.\\nYour threat to burn and destroy, induces me to\\nimagine that I am reading the orders of a barba-\\nrous Attila, and not of a gentleman, brave, ge-\\nnerous, and polished. If executed, it can only\\nrender our people desperate, and increase your\\nfoes and the American army.\\nNot choosing to risk another engagement,\\nMawhood now turned his whole attention to\\nplundering the neighbouring farmers. Having\\nthus collected an immense store of hay, grain,\\ncattle, horses, and other articles, he soon after\\nembarked in his transports, and returned without\\nmolestation to Philadelphia.\\nEarly in May, seven hundred British troops\\nwere sent up the Delaware. Landing at White\\nHill, just below Bordentown, they burned a con-\\nsiderable number of vessels, including two un-\\nfinished continental frigates, which had been con-\\nveyed to that place for safety. After remaining\\na few hours in Bordentown, during which time\\nthey destroyed no little property, and murdered\\nfour unresisting prisoners, the British, having\\ncollected their plunder, re-embarked, intending\\nto proceed against Trenton. But meeting with\\nunexpected opposition from the militia, they re-\\nturned hastily down the river to Philadelphia.\\nWhile these events were transpiring. Wash-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0209.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "200 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1778.\\nington was still encamped at Valley Forge, wait-\\ning the arrival of the French fleet, which was\\nalready on its way to America. Aware of this,\\nClinton, fearing that the Delaware might be\\nblockaded, meditated an evacuation of Phila-\\ndelphia. Rumours of such an intention having\\nreached the American camp, Washington de-\\ntached Lafayette, with two thousand chosen\\ntroops, to gain intelligence, and to annoy the\\nrear of Clinton, should he put his rumoured de-\\nsign into effect. Lafayette having taken a mo-\\nmentary position at Barren Hill, some ten miles\\nin advance of the main army, the British com-\\nmander, observing his isolated situation, sent a\\nmuch stronger force to cut him off. But, dis-\\ncovering his peril, the young and gallant French-\\nman, by a well-timed and dexterous movement,\\ngained a position which the surprise party would\\nnot venture to assail.\\nAt length the intention of Clinton to abandon\\nPhiladelphia and retreat through the Jerseys to\\nNew York, became evident. Washington s plans\\nwere soon laid. While Maxwell, with the New\\nJersey brigade, having united with the militia\\nunder Dickinson, was engaged in breaking down\\nbridges and felling trees across the roads to im-\\npede the progress of the enemy, the commander-\\nin-chief himself prepared to lead the main army\\nin pursuit, when they should take up their line\\nof march.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0210.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "1778.] RETREAT OF CLINTON. 201\\nHaving sent part of his baggage and stores,\\ntogether with many loyalist non-combatants, by\\nsea to New York, Clinton left Philadelphia on\\nthe 18th of June, and, with ten thousand well-\\nappointed troops, commenced his retreat across\\nthe Jerseys. The weather was hot and rainy.\\nHarassed in front by Dickinson and Maxwell,\\nand incumbered with a long line of provision\\nand baggage wagons, the enemy moved slowly,\\nspending six days in reaching Imlaystown, four-\\nteen miles south-east of Trenton.\\nMeanwhile Washington was not idle. Cross-\\ning the Delaware at Corryell s Ferry, now Lam-\\nbertville, he immediately detached Colonel Mor-\\ngan, with a select corps of six hundred men, to\\nreinforce Maxwell, and marched himself, with\\nthe main body, toward Princeton. Doubtful as\\nto the road Clinton would follow, he halted at\\nHopewell, five miles from Princeton, for the\\nthreefold purpose of resting his troops, securing\\nhis choice of a position, and of ascertaining\\nwhat course the enemy would take.\\nWashington s earnest desire was to give the\\nenemy battle and his men, though reduced by\\nsickness and privation, badly equipped, and\\nbarely outnumbering the British, w^ere equally\\neager for the contest. But two councils of war,\\nin which the wishes of the chief were seconded\\nby Lafayette, Greene, Wayne, and Cadwallader\\nonly out of fourteen general officers, decid-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0211.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "202 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1778.\\ned it advisable that nothing more should be\\nattempted than to harass the progress of the\\nenemy. At the head of those opposed to Wash-\\nington s plan, was Lee, whose exchange had been\\nrecently effected, and who held the second rank\\nin the continental service. Taking a wide view\\nof the circumstances, Washington resolved, how-\\never, upon his own responsibility, to take such\\nmeasures as might induce a general engage-\\nment.\\nOn the 24th of June, Maxwell was further re-\\ninforced and, during the following day, the\\nmain army advanced to Kingston. Here certain\\nintelligence was received of Clinton s design to\\nmarch by way of Monmouth Court House to\\nSandy Hook. One thousand additional troops\\nwere immediately sent forward to join those al-\\nready hanging upon the British rear. As Lee,\\nupon whom the command of this division by\\nright devolved, declined accepting it, Washing-\\nton intrusted it to Lafayette, ordering him to\\npress upon Clinton s left, and crowd him down\\ninto the low grounds.\\nThe same evening the main body moved on to\\nCranberry. A heavy rain-storm and excessive\\nheat delayed its march on the 26th, but that night\\nthe advanced corps rested within five miles of\\nthe British rear.\\nClinton having now brought his best troops to\\nthe rear, Washington determined to reinforce", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0212.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "1778.] RETREAT OF LEE. 203\\nstill farther his leading column. Accordingly,\\non the 27th, Lee was sent forward with two\\nbrigades. He, of course, took command of the\\nwhole advanced division, now swelled to about\\nfive thousand men. That evening the commander-\\nin-chief encamped within three miles of English-\\ntown, where Lee was resting with the advance.\\nClinton at the same time took a strong po-\\nsition on the high grounds in the vicinity of\\nMonmouth Court House, or Freehold his right\\nresting in the borders of a small wood, while a\\ndense and somewhat extensive forest sheltered\\nhis left. Another wood protected his entire\\nfront. Twelve miles distant were the Heights\\nof Middletown, which he was anxious to gain\\nfor if he could once reach them, he knew that he\\nwould be unassailable.\\nIn the gray of Sunday morning, the 28th of\\nJune, Washington received information that the\\nenemy were marching off toward Middleton\\nHeights. Anticipating this, he had ordered the\\nadvance to be ready to move at a moment s no-\\ntice. Promising to support him with the whole\\narmy, he directed Lee to assault the British\\nrear, unless there should be powerful reasons\\nto the contrary. Lee at once pushed on to\\nobey; but, confused by contradictory intelli-\\ngence, it was ten o clock before he came up with\\nthe enemy. Received by a galling fire, his\\ntroops, after a series of disastrous manoeuvres,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0213.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "204 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1778.\\nfell back, and no steps being taken to check this\\nretrograde movement, the whole division was\\nsoon in full retreat.\\nWashington was, in the mean time, hurrying\\nup with the main army. About noon, after a\\nmarch of five miles, he met the broken regiments\\nof the advance. His indignation was extreme.\\nRiding to the rear, he encountered Lee. Ab-\\nruptly, and in a tone of stern reproach, he asked\\nthe meaning of the confusion and retreat he be-\\nheld. Lee replied with haughtiness when, ut-\\ntering a sharp reprimand, Washington rode dis-\\ndainfully by, rallied the flying troops, placed\\nthem in line, ordered Lee to take command, and\\nhurried back to form and bring up the main\\ndivision.\\nThe aspect of affairs was now changed. Though\\nfuriously attacked by the enemy, Lee maintained\\nhis ground until the second American line was\\nformed, when he effected an orderly retreat,\\nWashington s second line was next assailed but,\\nas the British crossed a morass in front, Stir-\\nling s artillery, opening from the left, and aided\\nby several infantry corps, effectually checked\\ntheir advance in that direction. Repulsed at\\nthis point, the enemy turned upon Greene, who\\ncommanded the right wing but here again they\\nwere met by artillery, the fire from which swept\\ntheir files, and a second time brought them to a\\nstand. At this juncture Wayne came up with a", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0214.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "1778.] DESERTION OF HESSIANS. 205\\nbody of infantry, attacked the assailants in front,\\nand drove them back to the position they had\\noccupied in the morning.\\nThe day was now far advanced. Both armies\\nwere utterly exhausted. During the contest the\\nheat had been excessive; so much so, indeed,\\nthat numbers of the combatants on both sides\\nhad fallen upon the field dead, without a wound.\\nWashington, however, determined to renew the\\nfight at once, and become the assailant in turn.\\nBut before his plans could be perfectly arranged,\\nthe night came on, and further operations were\\npostponed until the next day. The whole army\\nlaid upon their arms on the field of battle, ready\\nto make a new effort for the victory they had so\\nnearly won. But when the morning dawned,\\nClinton was many miles upon his way to the\\nHighlands of Nevisink. Pursuit was vain.\\nThus ended what narrowly missed being one of\\nthe most momentous battles of the War of In-\\ndependence.\\nUpon the field the enemy left four oflBcers and\\ntwo hundred and forty-five privates dead, and\\ntheir total loss in killed and wounded could not\\nhave been less than four hundred. That of the\\nAmericans was three hundred and thirty-two, of\\nwhich seventy were killed outright. Indepen-\\ncfently, however, of their loss in the action, the\\nBritish were materially weakened during their re-\\ntreat, when full a thousand of their number, prin-\\n18", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0215.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "206 HISTORY OF XEW JERSEY. [1778.\\ncipally Hessians, who had married in Philadel-\\nphia, took occasion to desert.\\nClinton safely reached the Highlands of\\nMiddletown, whence, in a few days, he marched\\nto Sandy Hook. From his position at this place,\\nhe found a speedy passage to New York in the\\nfleet of Admiral Howe, who had just arrived\\nfrom Philadelphia with the stores and baggage,\\nnarrowly escaping the French squadron, under\\nD Estaing, which appeared oif the Delaware a\\nfew days later.\\nLee s conduct during the recent action was\\nseverely condemned more so, perhaps, than it\\njustly deserved. Though the indecisive charac-\\nter of the battle was properly to be attributed\\nto his retreat, Washington would probably have\\noverlooked the whole affair but the pride of\\nLee had been wounded by the public rebuke of\\nhis chief, and the day after the action he wrote\\nWashington a highly disrespectful letter. Wash-\\nington s reply elicited a second letter, still more\\narrogant in its tone. Lee was presently arrested\\nand tried by a court-martial, for disobedience of\\norders, for making an unnecessary, disorderly,\\nand shameful retreat, and for writing two disre-\\nspectful letters to the commander-in-chief. He\\ndefended himself with remarkable ability: but\\nthe court, acquitting him of having made\\nshameful retreat, found a verdict of guilty as\\nto the remaining charges, and sentenced him to", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0216.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "1779.] ARRIVAL OF FRENCH FLEET. 207\\nbe suspended for a year. Scarcely had tlie term\\nof his suspension expired, when Lee addressed\\nan insolent letter to Congress. For this he pre-\\nsently apologized, but Congress at once dismissed\\nhim from the service.\\nCHAPTER XVil.\\nD Estaing arrives with a French fleet Sullivan s unsuccessful\\nattempt against Newport Massacre of Baylor s cavalry re-\\ngiment near Tappan British expedition against Little Egg\\nHarbour Chestnut Neck burned Pulaski s legion sur-\\nprised in the vicinity of Tuckerton New legislature elected\\nLivingston re-chosen governor Articles of confederation\\napproved French fleet sails for the West Indies Campaign\\nof 1779 Difficulty with the Jersey brigade Capture of\\nStony Point by the British \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Recaptured by Wayne Major\\nLee surprises the English garrison at Paulus Hook Sulli-\\nvan s expedition against the Indians of New York Fierce\\npartisan contest in New Jersey Operations in the south\\nFinancial difficulties of Congress New Jersey legislature\\norders nine millions of dollars to be raised Distress of the\\nAmerican array at Morristovvn Washington s requisition\\nupon New Jersey for supplies Unsuccessful attack upon\\nStaten Island.\\nSoon after the battle of Monmouth, Washing-\\nton crossed the Hudson and encamped at White\\nPlains. Learning that D Estaing had arrived\\nwith a fleet and four thousand troops, he con-\\ncerted with him an attack upon New York.\\nForced to abandon this enterprise, Washington", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0217.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "208 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1779.\\ndirected his attention toward Newport, where\\nPigot, with a large body of the enemy, was now\\nstationed. Having collected New England mi-\\nlitia and continentals to the number of ten\\nthousand, Sullivan, to whom the attack upon\\nNewport was confided, only waited for the co-\\noperation of D Estaing. But as the French\\nadmiral, who had put to sea in hopes of meeting\\nthe British squadron, was about to engage with\\nHowe, a fierce tempest sprung up, separated the\\ncontending fleets, and drove that of France,\\nbadly damaged, into Boston. In the mean time,\\nSullivan had advanced to within a short distance\\nof Newport. Here he received intelligence of\\nD Estaing s ill-fortune, and was compelled, much\\nto his mortification, to abandon his works and\\nretreat to the main land.\\nNearly a month later, in September, two\\ncolumns of the enemy, conjointly eight thousand\\nstrong, left New York and ascended the Hudson\\nby either bank, with the twofold design of col-\\nlecting forage, and of diverting attention from a\\nproposed expedition against Little Egg Harbour.\\nOn the night of the 27th, the advanced corps\\nof the western column, commanded by Major-\\nGeneral Grey, moving with silent celerity, suc-\\nceeded in surprising a party of American light-\\nhorse, under Lieutenant-Colonel Baylor, who\\nwere sleeping soundly in a barn near Tappan, in\\nthe county of Bergen. So suddenly and unex-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0218.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "1778.] MASSACRE OF TROOPS. 209\\npectedlj did the British appear, that Baylor s\\nmen were unable either to fly or to resist. They\\nsupplicated for quarter but were bayoneted\\nalmost without mercy. Out of one hundred and\\nfour privates thirty-seven only escaped. Of\\nthe remainder, twenty-seven were killed and\\nwounded among the latter of whom was Baylor\\nhimself. By the humanity of one of Grey s\\ncaptains, forty were made prisoners, in disobe-\\ndience to previous orders to allow no quarter.\\nThis massacre, as it was called, stirred up a feel-\\ning of fierce indignation against the British,\\nwho, however, apologized for it, by pleading the\\nexcitement of a surprise and a night attack.\\nIn the mean time, the southern expedition\\nhaving landed at Little Egg Harbour, on the\\n5th of October, destroyed thirty prize vessels\\nlying in port, burned the village of Chestnut\\nNeck, and ravaged all the surrounding country.\\nTo check this movement, Pulaski s legion had\\nbeen ordered into the neighbourhood but it did\\nnot arrive until three days after the landing of\\nthe British. While encamped in the vicinity of\\nTuckerton, Pulaski s picket guard was surprised\\nthrough the treachery of a deserter, and every\\nman composing it thirty in all put to death.\\nGathering up his cavalry, the fiery Pole started\\nin pursuit of the enemy, who had immediately\\nbegun a hasty retreat, but was unable to over-\\ntake them. So closely did he push them, how-\\nls*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0219.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "210 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1778.\\never, that the only sloop of war in the expedi-\\ntion having got aground, was obliged to be set\\non fire and abandoned, to prevent it from falling\\ninto the hands of the Americans.\\nOn the 27th of October, a new legislature met\\nat Trenton. Having again chosen Livingston\\ngovernor, both houses, in committee of the whole,\\nproceeded to a renewed consideration of the\\nArticles of Confederation, to which Congress\\nhad once more urged their attention. The sub-\\nject was earnestly discussed for nearly a fort-\\nnight. Declaring that every separate state\\ninterest ought to be postponed for the public\\ngood, the committee rose, and, by their advice,\\nthe delegates of New Jersey in Congress were\\nimmediately instructed to subscribe to the new\\nplan of union. At the same time the committee,\\nin their report, maintained that the objections\\nlately stated and sent to Congress were found-\\ned in justice and equity, and were of the\\nmost essential moment to the interests of\\ntheir constituents. For the removal of these\\nobjections, they still relied firmly upon the\\ncandour and justice of the several states.\\nThis subject having been thus quietly disposed\\nof, a bill was presently passed to raise the sum\\nof one hundred thousand pounds after which\\nthe legislature took a recess.\\nThe campaign in the north was now, in effect,\\nat an end.* D Estaing, with the French squad-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0220.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "1778.] MOVExMENTS IN THE SOUTH. 211\\nron, left Boston for the West Indies on the 3d\\nof November. Upon the same day, five thou-\\nsand British troops, escorted by a formidable\\nfleet, sailed from New York with a like destina-\\ntion. Toward the close of the month, a second\\nBritish detachment, three thousand five hundred\\nstrong, was sent from New York to act against\\nGeorgia. Having formed a junction with the\\nforces of the governor of Florida, they cap-\\ntured Savannah, and in a brief period overran\\nthe whole state.\\nMeanwhile, finding that a successful attack\\nupon New York, even with its greatly reduced\\ngarrison, would be utterly impossible, Washing-\\nton went into winter quarters at Middlebrook,\\nhutting his troops in a line of cantonments,\\nreaching from Danbury in Connecticut, across\\nthe Hudson at West Point, to Elizabethtown,\\nNew Jersey.\\nAlready with a strong foothold in the south-\\nern states, the British, retaining the islands\\nabout New York, were henceforth to exhibit their\\nmore active and important efforts in the south.\\nYet the force under Clinton at New York and\\nNewport, was still not less than sixteen thousand\\nmen, able at any moment, with the assistance\\nof a powerful fleet, to concentrate at either\\npoint. Scarcely equal to the enemy in number,\\nthe troops under Washington could not be\\nreadily brought to bear, with any prospect of", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0221.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "212 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY [1779.\\nsuccess, either upon Newport or New York. In\\n1779, consequently, the war, not yet fully open-\\ned at the south, in the north consisted chiefly\\nof a series of skirmishes.\\nEarly in the year, however, an expedition was\\nplanned against the Six Nations, whose recent at-\\ntacks upon the border settlements of New York and\\nPennsylvania called for prompt and severe re-\\ntaliation. The force to be sent into the Indian\\ncountry, with orders to burn and devastate their\\nvillages and cornfields, consisted of five thousand\\nmen, under the general directions of Sullivan.\\nWhile this army was being concentrated, pre-\\nparatory to its final march, alarming symptoms\\nof discontent appeared in Maxwell s New Jersey\\nbrigade, which formed a considerable part of\\nthe proposed expedition. For more than a year\\nthese troops had been vainly memorializing the\\nlegislature with regard to their extremely neces-\\nsitous condition. In April, 1779, Maxwell ad-\\ndressed two highly caustic letters to the assembly\\non the subject and, soon afterward, wearied\\nout with delay, the officers of one of the regi-\\nments, in a brief but pithy memorial, called upon\\nthe legislature for immediate relief. \\\\Yearing\\nthe appearance of a threat, this memorial placed\\nthe legislature in a disagreeable quandary, from\\nwhich it seemed scarcely possible that they\\ncould extricate themselves without sacrificing\\neither their dignity or a number of their best", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0222.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "1779.] SURPRISE OF STONY POINT. 213\\nofficers. But both were saved by a compromise.\\nPromised that their wants should be immediately\\nsupplied, the complainants withdrew their me-\\nmorial, and the legislature presently voted, and\\npaid at once, the sum of two hundred pounds to\\neach officer, and forty dollars to each private.\\nPreparations for the Indian expedition now\\nwent on. On the 22d of August, the whole\\narmy was concentrated where the town of\\nAthens, in Pennsylvania, now stands.\\nMeanwhile, having ascended the Hudson and\\ncaptured the American works at Verplank s and\\nStony Point, Clinton, early in July, despatched\\na marauding expedition against Connecticut,\\nhoping by this means to entice Washington from\\nhis stronghold in the Highlands. New Haven\\nwas plundered, and Norwalk, Fairfield, and\\nGreen Farms wantonly burned. An attack was\\nabout being made upon New London, when the\\nenemy were suddenly recalled by intelligence of\\nWayne s brilliant and successful assault on Stony\\nPoint, during the night of the 16th of July.\\nThe British ascending the river in force, Wash-\\nington found it necessary to again abandon the\\nrecovered post, after dismantling its fortifications\\nand removing its artillery and stores.\\nWayne s surprise of Stony Point was present-\\nly followed by an enterprise equally as bold.\\nWhile Lee, with his legionary corps, was watch-\\ning the movements of Clinton on the Hudson,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0223.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "214 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1779.\\nlie received intelligence that suggested to him\\nthe possibility of carrying off the British garri-\\nson at Paulus Hook, on the Jersey shore, imme-\\ndiately opposite New York city. The attempt\\nwas one of great danger, and could only be suc-\\ncessful by secrecy and celerity. Lee s plans\\nwere well laid, however, and he possessed the\\ndaring to execute them. On the night of the\\n18th of August, the assault was made. The\\nenemy were taken by complete surprise. New\\nYork being immediately alarmed, Lee could not\\nstop to destroy the works but he effected a suc-\\ncessful, though hazardous retreat, carrying off\\nwith him one hundred and fifty of the enemy as\\nprisoners. This feat was highly complimented\\nby Washington, and reflected much honour upon\\nthe corps by which it was accomplished.\\nAt length, on the 26th of August, the Indian\\nexpedition, under Sullivan, commenced its march\\nup the Chemung branch of the Susquehanna.\\nOn the morning of the 29th, at Conewawa, now\\nElmira, about fifteen hundred Indians and Tories,\\nheaded by Brant and Butler, were discovered in\\na strong position on a rising ground, the approach\\nto which in front was defended by a breast-\\nwork half a mile long. A brief but spirited\\naction ensued. Outflanked by Poor s New\\nHampshire regiment, and vigorously assailed in\\nfront by Maxwell and Hand, the enemy aban-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0224.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "1Y79.] PARTISAN WARFARE. 215\\ndoned their works and fled precipitately and in\\nextreme confusion.\\nLaying waste the country in his route, Sullivan\\ncrossed over to the Gennessee valley, then the cen-\\ntre of the Indian settlements. Two weeks were\\nspent in desolating this delightful region. Eight-\\nteen villages, many thousand bushels of corn, and\\nnumerous orchards were utterly destroyed. The\\nblow was a grievous one to the Indians, many of\\nwhom never returned to the homes from which\\nthey were thus expelled. For a brief period\\ntheir activity was wholly prostrated but the re-\\ncollection of the chastisement they had received\\nwas soon obliterated by a keen desire for ven-\\ngeance, and they began again their attacks upon\\nthe frontier settlements.\\nWhile these events were transpiring, New\\nJersey had been the scene of a fearful partisan\\nwarfare. Marauding bands of Tories from New\\nYork and Staten Island roamed through the\\neastern counties, plundering, capturing, and\\nmurdering the unarmed inhabitants in some in-\\nstances not sparing even the women and children.\\nTo aggravate the sufferings thus inflicted upon\\nthe people, parties of freebooters, sallying out\\nfrom their hiding-places in the pines, robbed and\\nmurdered all that fell into their power, with\\nscarcely any regard to the distinctions of Whig\\nand Tory.\\nBut the Americans did not remain idle. Tories", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0225.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "216 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1779.\\nand pine-robbers were alike objects of their san-\\nguinary vengeance. Against the organized ex-\\npeditions of the former, the militia were prompt\\nto rally, frequently beating them in fair fight.\\nMany of the prominent freebooters, after having\\nmade their names a terror, were hunted out,\\ncaptured, and hung in chains. Others were shot\\ndown like wild beasts, and left unburied where\\nthey met their death. So fiend-like were the\\natrocities they had committed, that none ex-\\npected and none received mercy.\\nIn the mean time, Prevost, commander of the\\nBritish troops in Georgia, with about three thou-\\nsand regulars and Indians, made an attack upon\\nCharleston, in South Carolina. Kepulsed by\\nLincoln, the American general, he returned to\\nSavannah, late in June, enriched with a great\\nquantity of plunder.\\nOn the 1st of September, D Estaing returning\\nfrom a successful cruise in the West Indies, ap-\\npeared before Savannah, which he summoned to\\nsurrender. Presently joined by Lincoln, a formal\\nsiege was opened, with every prospect of success.\\nBut a premature assault, on the 9th of October,\\nhaving resulted in the repulse of the allied forces,\\nwith a loss of nearly nine hundred men, the\\nsiege was abandoned, and D Estaing returned\\nto the West Indies.\\nThe intelligence of these events determined\\nboth commanders upon strengthening their re-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0226.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "1779.] REQUISITION POU SUPPLIES. 217\\nspective armies in the south. Leaving New-\\nYork in charge of General Knyphausen, Clinton,.\\nlate in December, sailed in person for Savannah\\nwhile a considerable number of troops isras des-\\npatched by Washington in the same direction.\\nFrom a late day in October, the legislature of\\nNew Jersey had been in session, anxiously deli-\\nberating upon the involved condition of the\\nfinances of the state, and of Congress. In No-\\nvember, resolutions were received from Congress,\\nrecommending the several states to raise their\\nrespective quota of money, for the purpose of\\nredeeming the continental currency, which, in\\nspite of every effort to the contrary, had depre-\\nciated almost to worthlessness. In compliance-\\nwith this recommendation, nine millions of dol-\\nlars estimated according to the value of the\\ncurrency of the period were ordered to be\\nraised in New Jersey, by October of the ensuing\\nyear.\\nFor the relief of his army, which was almost\\nreduced to a starving condition, Washington,\\nfrom his winter quarters at Morristown, presently\\nissued a requisition couched in somewhat harsher\\nterms. Each county in the state was called upon\\nto furnish the camp with a certain quantity of\\nflour and meat. Urging the invincible necessity\\nfor these supplies, the commander-in-chief stated\\nthat he would be compelled to use force in ob-\\ntaining them if they were not furnished volun-\\n19", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0227.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "218 HISTOBY OF NEW JERSEY. [1779.\\ntarily. But, greatly to their honour, the state\\nauthorities took the matter in hand. The requi-\\nsition was speedily answered, and the employ-\\nment of force rendered unnecessary.\\nThus relieved from the pressure of immediate\\nwant, Washington again set on foot an expedi-\\ntion against Staten Island, where twelve hun-\\ndred British troops were quartered for the winter.\\nA passage to the island was now easy, even for\\nartillery, over the ice, which the almost unparal-\\nleled severity of the season had formed between\\nit and the main land. Every arrangement had\\nbeen completed, and Stirling, in command of the\\nexpedition, was about to leave the shore, when\\nintelligence was received that the enemy, rein-\\nforced from New York, were fully prepared for\\nsuccessful resistance. Consequently, three days\\nafterward, on the ITth of January, 1780, Stir-\\nling deemed it advisable to fall back upon the\\nmain army, which he did, hot unmolested, how-\\never, by the British cavalry, from the charges\\nof which he suffered a slight loss in the early\\npart of his retreat.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0228.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "1780.] SURRENDER OF CHARLESTON. 219\\nCHAPTER XVIII.\\nCampaign of 1780 South Carolina invaded and overrun by\\nthe British Discontent in Washington s army Knyphausen\\nlands at Elizabethtown Point Marches toward Springfield\\nBurns the village of Connecticut Farms Retires to the\\nPoint Is joined by Clinton Patriotism of the Rev. James\\nCaldvi^ell He becomes obnoxious to the Tories His wife is\\nmurdered by a refugee, during the attack on Connecticut\\nFarms He is shot by a sentinel at Elizabethtown Point\\nClinton advances against Springfield Is met by Greene\\nSpringfield burned Clinton retires to Staten Island Arri-\\nval of Rochambeau Gloomy opening of the year 1781\\nRevolt of the Pennsylvania line Part of the New Jersey\\nbrigade mutinies Mutineers shot Cornwallis in the south\\nBattle of Cowpens Battle of Guilford Court House\\nGreen partially recovers South Carolina Cornwallis enters\\nVirginia Fortifies himself at Yorktown Is besieged by the\\nallied armies, and the fleet of De Grasse He capitulates\\nProspect of peace Tory outrages in New Jersey Murder\\nof Captain Huddy Peace.\\nThe campaign of 1780 opened in the south.\\nOn the 12th of May, Charleston was surrendered\\nto the British forces under Clinton, after the\\ngarrison had obstinately sustained a vigorous\\nsiege of more than a month s duration. By the\\nmiddle of June, the whole of South Carolina was\\nin the hands of the enemy. Leaving Cornwallis\\nin charge of the re-established royal government,\\nClinton returned to New York.\\nMeanwhile Washington was struggling to put", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0229.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "220 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1780.\\nthe northern troops in a condition to co-operate\\nwith the French fleet and army, which were ex-\\npected to arrive early in the summer. In per-\\nforming this duty, he found many difficulties to\\novercome. Scantily supplied, and poorly paid\\nin a depreciated currency, the troops were filled\\nwith discontent. So alarming, indeed, was the\\nspirit of insubordination they exhibited, that, at\\none time, it seemed doubtful whether they could\\nbe prevented from disbanding.\\nHighly coloured statements with regard to the\\ntendencies of this discontent were carried into\\nNew York, and along with them others, greatly\\nexaggerating some few complaints of the people\\nof New Jersey, occasioned by Washington s late\\nrequisition. Hoping to win over the dissatisfied\\ntroops and people to the British standard, Knyp-\\nhausen, on the 6th of June, landed five thousand\\nmen at Elizabethtown Point, and advanced\\nthrough the country toward Springfield. Every-\\nwhere, however, he met evidences that he had\\nbeen deceived. The militia were prompt to take\\nup arms against him and at Connecticut Farms,\\nfour miles from Elizabethtown, he was compelled\\nto order a halt. Incensed by the unexpected\\nopposition they had received, his soldiers fired\\nthis beautiful little village, which, together with\\nits church and parsonage, was reduced to ashes.\\nWashington soon after appearing in force,\\nKnyphausen fell back to Elizabethtown Point,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0230.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "1780.] REV. JAMES CALDWELL. 221\\nwhere he was presently joined by Clinton, with\\nsix thousand additional troops.\\nDuring the halt of the British at Connecticut\\nFarms, an outrage was perpetrated that thrilled\\nthe entire confederacy with horror and indig-\\nnation.\\nProminent among the American patriots was\\nthe Rev. James Caldwell, pastor of the Presby-\\nterian church at Elizabethtown. Of a fiery, en-\\nergetic nature, and an enthusiastic lover of\\nliberty, he had, at the opening of the War of\\nIndependence, ardently espoused the cause of the\\ncolonies. Elected chaplain of the Jersey bri-\\ngade, his zeal and activity won for him the\\nesteem and confidence of the commander-in-\\nchief, by w^hom he was presently appointed to\\nthe commissary department. Faithfully per-\\nforming his public duties, he did not neglect\\nthose of his religious mission. A pure Christian,\\nan ardent patriot, and a practical philanthropist,\\nhe soon became a general and well-known fa-\\nvourite with the army and the people.\\nBut the same qualities that gained him the\\nlove of the Americans, made him a conspicuous\\nobject of hatred to the enemy. To the Tories,\\nespecially, he became extremely obnoxious, and\\nthey offered large rewards for his capture.\\nWhen the village of Connecticut Farms was de-\\nstroyed, his church and parsonage were the first\\nbuildings to which the torch was applied. The\\n19*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0231.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "222 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1780.\\nnight previous, Caldwell, hearing of the enemy s\\napproach, had proceeded to Washington s quar-\\nters, having first endeavoured in vain to induce\\nhis wife, a most excellent and exemplary woman,\\nto accompany him. Trusting that her sex and\\nunprotected condition would save her house from\\npillage and herself from insult, Mrs. Caldwell,\\nas the enemy entered the village, retired to her\\nroom, and there, surrounded by her children,\\nand with an infant in her arms, was engaged in\\nprayer, when a private of one of the loyalist\\nbrigades came to the window, and discharged\\nhis musket into the group. The unfortunate\\nmother received the ball in her breast, and in-\\nstantly expired. Her lifeless body being carried\\ninto the open street, the house was then fired.\\nLate in the evening Caldwell observed two\\nsoldiers whispering together. His attention was\\ndrawn to them by their frequent repetition of\\nMrs. Caldwell, which were the only words he\\ncould hear. Foreboding evil, he besought them\\nto tell him the worst. It was thus he gained\\nthe first tidings of the tragic fate of his wife.\\nFor more than a year subsequent to this\\nmournful event, the patriotic minister continued\\nto perform his religious and military duties with\\nuntiring zeal. Late in November, 1781, he was\\ncut off in the vigour of manhood, and in the\\nmidst of his usefulness, by a fatality as sad as\\nit was sudden and unexpected. Having gone in", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0232.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "1780.] MURDER OF CALDWELL. 223\\nhis carriage to Elizabethtown Point, to meet a\\nyoung lady coming on a visit from New York,\\nhe was there shot through the heart by a sentinel\\nbelonging to the state militia. Morgan, the\\nsentinel by whom he was killed, was immediately\\narrested and tried. He defended himself upon\\nthe ground of having done no more than his duty.\\nBut it being proved in court that he had been\\nbribed to the deed by Caldwell s Tory enemies,\\nhe was convicted of wilful murder and hung.\\nMarking his design by a demonstration against\\nWest Point, Clinton, on the 23d of June, ad-\\nvanced toward Springfield with six thousand\\nmen, intending to make an attempt to carry off\\nthe American stores at Morristown. At the\\nbridge over the Rahway, a small stream covering\\nthe town, he was met by Greene, with a detach-\\nment of fifteen hundred continentals, mostly of\\nthe Jersey Brigade, and a few militia. After a\\ngallant struggle, overpowered by numbers, the\\nAmericans.were compelled to retreat, which they\\ndid, though in good order. Retiring to some\\nheights a short distance in the rear. Green took\\nup a strong position, which Clinton, discouraged\\nby the stern Tesistance he had already en-\\ncountered, did not venture to assail. Having\\nreduced the thriving village of Springfield to\\nashes, he fell back to Elizabethtown Point, and\\nthence crossed over to Staten Island. In this", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0233.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "224 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1781.\\nbattle the American loss was seventy-two in\\nkilled and wounded.\\nEarly in July the expected French fleet, having\\non board six thousand troops under Count de\\nRochambeau, arrived in the harbour of Newport;\\nbut as both army and fleet were immediately\\nblockaded by a superior naval force of the Bri-\\ntish, Washington s plan of co-operating with\\nthem against New York was frustrated.\\nThis third unsuccessful attempt at co-opera-\\ntion with their French allies, the disastrous de-\\nfeat of Gates in South Carolina, and the treason\\nof Benedict Arnold, following each other in\\nrapid succession, were extremely disheartening\\nto the Americans, and with them the close of the\\nyear was a period of the deepest gloom and\\nanxiety.\\nNo brighter, but rather a darker prospect\\nopened with 1781. Under the severest trials\\nthe soldiers of the continental army had hitherto\\nexhibited no very wide-spread spirit ef insubor-\\ndination. But toward the close of December,\\n1780, an angry discussion sprung up in the\\nPennsylvania line, quartered near Morristown,\\nwhich finally led to an alarming revolt. With\\ntheir pay greatly in arrears, and suffering se-\\nverely from a want of proper food, clothing and\\nshelter, the troops grew discontented and, al-\\nleging that they had enlisted for three years, or\\nthe war, they demanded to be discharged on the", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0234.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "1781.] INSUBORDmATION IN THE ARMY. 225\\n31st of December, when the three years of their\\nenlistment would expire. The truth, however,\\nseems to have been, as contended bj the officers,\\nthat the terms under which the greater portion\\nenlisted, were for three years and the war.\\nConsequently their demand was refused.\\nOn the 1st of January, 1781, thirteen hundred\\nmen paraded under arms, declaring their inten-\\ntion to march to Congress, and obtain redress\\nfor their grievances. While endeavouring to re-\\nstrain the mutineers, one officer was killed, and\\nseveral wounded. Presenting his pistols as if\\nabout to fire, Wayne then ordered them to return\\nto their duty. Their bayonets were immediately\\nat his breast: We love you, general, was\\ntheir declaration, but if you fire you are a\\ndead man. We are not going to the enemy.\\nShould they approach, we will fight them under\\nyour orders. But we are resolved to obtain our\\njust rights. Under the leadership of a board\\nof sergeants, they then marched off to Princeton,\\nwhere Wayne vainly attempted to bring them to\\nterms.\\nThe crisis was a startling one, and as alarm-\\ning to the Americans as it was gratifying to their\\nenemies. Informed of the revolt, Clinton des-\\npatched his emissaries to the camp of the muti-\\nneers, with liberal offers to induce them to enter\\nthe British service. But these agents were ar-\\nrested, handed over to AYayne, and presently", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0235.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "226 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1781.\\nshot as spies. Patriotic as was the feeling which\\nin this case guided the insurgents, there were\\nyet doubts that it would long endure.\\nEntertaining these doubts, Congress wisely\\nbent to the storm. As terms of accommodation,\\nthe mutineers were offered, and presently ac-\\ncepted, the discharge of those enlisted for three\\nyears or the war certificates for the deprecia-\\ntion of their pay the promise of a speedy set-\\ntlement of all arrearages and an immediate\\nsupply of certain articles of clothing. They\\nthen marched to Trenton, where almost the\\nwhole line w^as discharged, without consulting the\\ncontracts of enlistment, in regard to which it\\nw^as deemed expedient not to be too particular.\\nSubsequently, however, these documents were\\nexamined, when it was ascertained that, of the\\nmen discharged, the greater portion had engaged\\nfor the war.\\nScarcely was this difficulty surmounted, when,\\nstimulated by the success of the Pennsylvanians,\\na part of the Jersey line, stationed at Pompton,\\nrose in arms, and advanced similar claims for re-\\ndress of grievances. A committee, previously\\nappointed by the State legislature, offered to ex-\\namine into their claims, if the mutineers would\\nsubmit to their officers. Some returned to their\\nduty, but most remained under arms, demanding\\nto be discharged on their own oaths, as the\\ntroops engaged in the late revolt had been.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0236.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "1781.] MUTINEERS SHOT. 227\\nMortified at the termination of the previous in-\\nsurrection, Washington determined to crush at\\nonce a spirit so threatening to the integrity\\nof the army. Confiding in the fidelity of the\\neastern troops, he sent from West Point a de-\\ntachment, by which the camp of the mutineers\\nwas secretly and suddenly surrounded. Their\\nunconditional submission was then demanded.\\nIntimidated by this prompt and energetic move-\\nment, they yielded immediately. By their own\\nofficers three of the most prominent leaders were\\npointed out. Arrested and tried by a drum-head\\ncourt-martial, they were sentenced to death.\\nMitigating circumstances gained a reprieve for\\none of the number, but the other two were shot\\non the field, by a platoon drafted from their own\\nregiment.\\nUnder such discouraging circumstances, Wash-\\nington prepared for the campaign of 1781.\\nWith all his endeavours, the 1st of June found\\nhim with but fourteen thousand men in camp.\\nThreatened on all sides by superior numbers, it\\nseemed scarcely possible that he could keep the\\nfield for another season.\\nMeanwhile, from an early period in the year,\\nan active warfare had been carried on in the\\nCarolinas. Having collected a considerable body\\nof troops, Greene, the successor of Gates in\\ncommand of the southern American army, pre-\\npared for a vigorous campaign, by despatching", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0237.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "228 HIST ?RY OF NEW JERSEY. [1781.\\nMorgan, with a thousand men, to harass the\\nBritish left and rear, lying west of Broad River,\\nin South Carolina. Cornwallis immediately sent\\nTarleton, his favourite cavalry officer, in pursuit.\\nRetiring before the enemy, Morgan at length\\ntook a stand at the Cowpens, where, on the 17th\\nof January, a sanguinary battle was fought, ter-\\nminating in the defeat of Tarleton, with the loss\\nof more than half his troops. Cornwallis now\\nturned upon Greene, who, having presently ef-\\nfected a junction with the victorious Morgan, for\\nmore than a month avoided an engagement but,\\nat length, on the 15th of March, both armies\\njoined battle in the vicinity of Guilford Court\\nHouse, North Carolina. Though victorious,\\nCornwallis, too much weakened to reap the fruits\\nof his success, fell back upon Wilmington.\\nGreene immediately adopted the bold plan of\\nretaking South Carolina. Advancing rapidly\\ntoward Camden, he was met and momentarily\\nchecked by Lord Rawdon, at Hobkirk s Hill.\\nAdhering to his original intention, however, he\\nfinally forced the British from their outposts into\\nthe immediate vicinity of Charleston.\\nMeanwhile Cornwallis, penetrating Greene s\\ndesign too late to frustrate it, wheeled to the\\nnorthward, and joined the British troops engaged\\nin ravaging Virginia. After a series of move-\\nments against Lafayette, who had been sent\\nto oppose him, he retired across James River", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0238.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "1781.] INVESTMENT OF CORNWALLIS. 229\\nto Yorktown, where, in obedience to the orders\\nof Clinton, who apprehended an attack upon\\nNew York, he intrenched in a strong position,\\nto await further directions.\\nWashington had been actively preparing to\\nattack New York, in conjunction with the\\nFrench army under Rochambeau but, being\\ninformed that a fleet might be daily expected\\nto arrive from France, he at once conceived\\nthe plan of a combined naval and military as-\\nsault upon the position of Cornwallis. Late in\\nAugust, De Grasse, with the ardently hoped for\\nsquadron, sailed into the Chesapeake. In an in-\\nterview between Washington, De Grasse, and\\nRochambeau, the plan of operations was speedily\\narranged. Marching with great rapidity and\\nsecrecy, the land forces were already at the head\\nof Elk, before Clinton could believe that any thing\\nmore than a feint was intended. By the help\\nof the French transports, the allied armies soon\\neffected a junction with Lafayette, at Williams-\\nburg, whence, in number about sixteen thousand,\\nthey marched to invest Cornwallis.\\nEvery arrangement being completed, on the\\nnight of October the 6th, the besiegers com-\\nmenced their first parallel. During eleven days\\nthe attack and defence were both conducted\\nwith the utmost courage and skill. Cornwallis,\\nhowever, could maintain his position no longer\\nwhile his retreat was effectually cut off by De\\n20", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0239.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "230 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1782.\\nGrasse. If the Americans were to storm his\\nworksj he could not doubt but that they would\\nbe successful. To save the unnecessary effusion\\nof blood that would attend such an assault, he\\nproposed a cessation of hostilities, and terms of\\ncapitulation having been finally agreed upon, the\\ngarrison, to the number of seven thousand men,\\nsurrendered themselves prisoners of war, on the\\n19th of October.\\nFrom the day upon which Cornwallis capitu-\\nlated, the prospect of a peace, favourable to the\\nindependence of the confederated states, grew\\nevery moment brighter. The War of the Revo-\\nlution was virtually terminated. In the south,\\nhowever, a spirited partisan contest was main-\\ntained for a considerable length of time while,\\nunder the direction of the New York Board of\\nAssociated Loyalists, numerous bands of Tory\\nrefugees continued to harass the people of New\\nJersey, by a series of wanton and sanguinary\\noutrages. Prominent among; these was the\\nmurder of Captain Joshua Huddy, a brave and\\nenterprising militia officer from the county of\\nMonmouth a deed which, though the perpe-\\ntrators of it were acquitted by a British court-\\nmartial, Carleton, the successor of Clinton, re-\\nprobated in the strongest terms.\\nEarly in 1782, a resolution was adopted by\\nthe English House of Commons, denouncing as\\nenemies to the king all who should advise or at-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0240.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "1783.] SUSPENSION OF HOSTILITIES. 231\\ntempt a further prosecution of war on the conti-\\nnent of North America. A change of ministry\\nand propositions for negotiation speedily followed,\\nand on the 30th of November a provisional\\ntreaty of peace, to take effect when Great Britain\\nand France should conclude an amicable arrange-\\nment, was signed by the English and American\\ncommissioners at Paris. On the 20th of Janu-\\nary, 1783, preliminary treaties between Great\\nBritain, France, and Spain, were agreed to.\\nPeace being thus ensured, Congress, on the 11th\\nof April, proclaimed a cessation of hostilities;\\nand on the 30th of September the independence\\nof the confederacy was formally acknowledged\\nand ratified.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0241.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "232 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1783.\\nCHAPTER XIX.\\nEmbarrassed situation of the country Conditional cession of\\npublic lands by Virginia Objected to Grounds of New\\nJersey s objection Virginia withdraws her condition, and\\nthe cession is accepted Federal impost proposed Favoured\\nby New Jersey and other states Defeated in consequence\\nof the opposition of New York 111 feeling thus created\\nEmbarrassing resolution of the New Jersey legislature ^Na-\\ntional convention recommended Meets at Philadelphia\\nNew Jersey Plan Virginia Plan adopted Constitu-\\ntion submitted to the states Ratified by the New Jersey\\nconvention Republican and Federal parties Politics of\\nNew Jersey Washington chosen president His journey\\nfrom Mount Vernon to New York His reception at Tren-\\nton Trenton established permanently as the capital of the\\nstate Death of Governor Livingston William Patterson\\ngovernor Is made an associate judge in the Supreme Court\\nof the United States Resigns the executive of New Jersey\\nIs succeeded by Richard Howell New partisan differ-\\nences Alien and sedition laws Decline of the Federalists\\nJoseph Bloomfield elected governor of New Jersey by the\\nRepublicans Removal of the Brotherton Indians.\\nOn the return of peace and the recognition of\\ntheir independence, the people of the United\\nStates had expected to enjoy a period of repose\\nand prosperity. But numerous difficulties of\\nthe most disheartening character were yet to be\\nsurmounted. Burdensome state and national\\ndebts were to be liquidated, conflicting interests\\nreconciled, and mutual jealousies allayed. Dis-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0242.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "1783.] CESSION BY VIRGINIA. 233\\nBensions speedily arose which, for a time,\\nthreatened to involve the country in the miseries\\nof anarchy and civil war. Happily, however,\\neight years of common suffering had so assimi-\\nlated the diverse population of the several states,\\nthat all considerations of a sectional or private\\nnature were at length laid aside for measures\\nconducive to the good of the nation, and to the\\npermanent establishment of its independence.\\nEven before the ratification of peace, Con-\\ngress directed its chief endeavours to liquidate\\nthe public debt, which formed the most serious\\nobstacle to the prosperity of the country. Al-\\nready Virginia had ceded to the confederacy a\\nportion of her public lands, to be appropriated\\nto that purpose but with the condition that her\\nright and title to the remainder should be fully\\nguarantied. To this condition, however, there\\nwas no little objection.\\nIn the protracted struggle for independence,\\nthe people of New Jersey had exerted themselves\\nto the utmost of their ability. During nearly\\nthe whole period of the contest, the main army\\nof the confederacy being within or on the bor-\\nders of their state, they were at no time free\\nfrom the unavoidable evils of war. The inhabit-\\nants of South Carolina alone had suffered to a\\nsimilar extent by the depredations of the enemy,\\nwhile no state had contributed more largely than\\nNew Jersey toward supplying the American\\n20*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0243.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "234 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1783.\\ntroops with the necessaries of life. Plundered\\nbj their foes, they received but little compensa-\\ntion from their friends and when paid at all, it\\nwas in a currency almost worthless. The de-\\npredations of the former they had resisted by\\ntaking up arms to the requisitions of the latter\\nthey had, in general, acceded with commendable\\npromptitude and willingness.\\nIn view of these facts, the legislature of New\\nJersey protested against the acceptance, by Con-\\ngress, of the oifer of Virginia, with its annexed\\ncondition. Wrested from England by the joint\\nefforts of the states, the lands in question, they\\ncontended, belonged to the states in common.\\nThey therefore urged, as just and incontroverti-\\nble, the claim of New Jersey to a full pro-\\nportion of all vacant territory, the proceeds of\\nthe sale of which were to be applied to liquidat-\\ning her proportion of the national debt. Other\\nlegislatures uniting in this protest. Congress re-\\njected the Virginia cession. Presently, how-\\never, that state magnanimously withdrew the\\ncondition annexed to her offer, and it was then\\naccepted. Her example was speedily followed\\nby the remaining states, claiming vacant or\\ncrown lands, and Congress was thus confirm-\\ned in the possession of a vast extent of territory.\\nThough the chief object of these grants the\\npayment of the debt of the confederacy was\\nnot accomplished so soon as it was expected,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0244.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "1786.] FEDERAL IMPOST PROPOSED. 235\\nthey yet afforded cheering evidences of a scarcely\\nhoped for harmony of feeling between the seve-\\nral states.\\nAs another means of lightening the bm^den\\nwith which the federal government was oppress-\\ned, Congress proposed to the legislatures of\\nthe different states, that they should confer upon\\nit the right to levy a moderate specific duty on\\ncertain imported articles. New Jersey had al-\\nready urged the necessity of this measure, while\\nhesitating to adopt the Articles of Confedera-\\ntion and now her legislature willingly granted\\nthe desired authority. But the concurrence of\\nall the states was necessary to its confirmation\\nand. New York steadily refusing her full assent,\\nthe measure was finally defeated.\\nConsiderable ill-feeling was excited in conse-\\nquence. Placed between two powerful commer-\\ncial states, from which the greater part of her\\nforeign merchandise was necessarily derived,\\nNew Jersey had a grievance peculiarly her own\\nthat of paying the duties which those states\\nseverally laid upon the importations she con-\\nsumed. By the proposed federative system of\\nimposts, she had hoped to remove the disadvan-\\ntages that operated against her, in consequence\\nof the position she occupied. Her disappoint-\\nment at the failure of that measure was extreme,\\nand expressed in strong language. On the 20th\\nof February, 1786, her legislature, by resolu-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0245.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "236 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1786.\\ntion, refused positively to pay any more specie\\ninto the public treasury, until New York con-\\nsented to the federal impost. This resolution\\nembarrassed the action of Congress considerably,\\nand was deemed of such importance that a com-\\nmittee was appointed for the express purpose of\\nexpostulating with the assembly of New Jersey.\\nVisited by this committee in person, the assembly,\\nbeing willing to remove as far as possible every\\nembarrassment from the counsels of the Union,\\nat once rescinded the obnoxious resolution, but\\nmade no provision for collecting the money wliich\\nhad been called for.\\nThese events, with others of still greater mo-\\nment, made it evident to the reflecting statesmen\\nof the country, and even to the mass of the\\npeople, that some modification, or complete re-\\norganization, of the federal compact was abso-\\nlutely necessary. Virginia had already moved\\nin this matter. In accordance with a resolution\\nof her assembly, commissioners from five states,\\nincluding those from New Jersey, met at Anna-\\npolis, in Maryland, in September, 1786, to\\nconsider how far a uniform system in the com-\\nmercial relations of the United States* might be\\nnecessary to their common interest, and their\\npresent harmony. But, finding themselves few\\nin number, and without adequate authority to\\nadopt any definite and effectual measures, they\\nrecommended a convention of delegates from", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0246.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "1787.] DELEGATES TO CONVENTION. 237\\nthe several states, to meet at Pliiladelpliia, in\\nthe following May, and then adjourned.\\nCongress acquiescing in this call for a conven-\\ntion, the states, moved, probably, by an alarm-\\ning insurrection in Massachusetts, speedily\\nagreed to it. Virginia first, and then New Jer-\\nsey, appointed delegates the latter naming\\nWilliam Livingston, David Brearley, William\\nPatterson, Jonathan Dayton, Abraham Clark,\\nand William C. Houston.\\nAt the time and place appointed, delegates\\nfrom twelve states assembled. Washington was\\nunanimously chosen president of the convention,\\nwhich, with closed doors, immediately entered\\nupon the important business before it. During\\nthe long and stormy period of its session, three\\ndistinct plans were brought up for discussion.\\nThe first of these, introduced by Patterson, of\\nNew Jersey, and known as the Jersey or\\nState-Rights Plan, proposed, simply, that the\\nArticles of Confederation should be so amended\\nas to confer increased authority upon Congress,\\nwithout disturbing the original equality of the\\nseveral states in that body. As a majority of\\nthe convention favoured an entire remodellinor of\\nthe federative system, this scheme was rejected,\\nas was also that introduced and advocated by the\\ncelebrated Alexander Hamilton, who proposed\\nthe establishment of a purely national govern-\\nment. The Virginia Plan, a species of com-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0247.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "238 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1787.\\npromise between tlie two rejected schemes, and\\nof a mixed federal and national character, was\\nthen taken up, and made the basis of our present\\nconstitution, as finally adopted on the 17th of\\nSeptember, 1787.\\nSubmitted to Congress, the new constitution\\nwas presently transmitted by that body to the\\nseveral legislatures, with a recommendation that\\nstate conventions, of delegates chosen by the\\npeople, should be called to decide upon its ap-\\nproval or rejection.\\nThe New Jersey convention met at Trenton,\\non the 11th of December. With grave delibe-\\nration, the new instrument of union was read\\nover section by section. Scarcely any discus-\\nsion took place, and no amendments were oifered.\\nOn the A 8th, the constitution was ratified by the\\nunanimous voice of the convention; and, on the\\nfollowing day, the members proceeded in solemn\\nprocession to the court-house, wdiere the result\\nof their deliberations w^as made known to the\\nassembled people. New Jersey was thus the\\nthird state to accept of the constitution, having\\nbeen preceded but a few days by Delaware and\\nPenns3dvania.\\nThe sanction of six more states was necessary,\\nhowever, to render the new instrument binding\\nupon the confederacy. From the first, the de-\\nlegates of New Jersey had been decided friends\\nto the doctrine of states-rights but only, per-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0248.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "1787.] RATIFICATION OF CONSTITUTION. 239\\nhaps, so far as the one question of equal repre-\\nsentation was concerned. On most other points\\nthey appear to have been favourable to a strong\\nnational government. Franklin s amendment to\\nthe Virginia Plan, by which, in the higher\\nbranch of the confederative legislature, the re-\\npresentation of the several states was rendered\\nequal, had removed their principal objection to\\nthe constitution as finally adopted. But, by a\\nconsiderable proportion of the people of the\\ncountry at large, amounting, indeed, almost to a\\nmajority, a somewhat broader ground of objec-\\ntion had been taken. Many contended that\\nCongress and the president had been invested\\nwith powers altogether too extensive and that\\nthese powers had been taken from the individual\\nstates. Others went still further, declaring that\\nthe new constitution would lead to a breaking up\\nof the Union, and that the convention which\\nframed it had transcended their authority, which\\nwas to amend, merely, the old Articles of Con-\\nfederation. But, at length, New Hampshire\\nhaving accepted of the constitution, the required\\nnumber of states was completed, and it thus be-\\ncame the fundamental law of the republic.\\nAs has just been intimated, the whole people\\nof the United States, on the question of adopt-\\ning or rejecting the federal constitution were at\\nonce organized into two widely differing parties.\\nOn the one side were the Federalists, who not", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0249.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "240 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1789.\\nonly declared themselves in favour of accepting\\nthe new compact, but also, in some instances,\\ncontended that it ought to have been rendered\\nstill more centralizing. Between these and their\\nopponents, who presently took the name of Re-\\npublicans, a warm political warfare was kept up,\\neven after the ratification of the constitution by\\nall the states.\\nTo New Jersey the constitution ensured\\npeace, prosperity, and freedom from the ap-\\nprehensions of becoming the prey of her more\\npowerful neighbours. Consequently the mass\\nof her people sided with the Federalists, though\\nthey do not appear to have been carried into\\nthat current of partisan animosity by which their\\nbrethren in other parts of the Union were so vi-\\nolently agitated. In Virginia and New York,\\nhowever, the republicans held an undoubted ma-\\njority. By these states it was proposed to call\\na second national convention. But, the Con-\\ngress of 1789 having adopted certain amend-\\nments to the constitution, this proposition was\\nnot agreed to by any other state. In the mean\\ntime, moreover, Washington, who, though no\\npartisan, was an avowed friend of the new Fe-\\nderal compact, had been elected to the ofiice\\nof President of the United States, and for a\\nbrief period there was a lull in the political\\ntempest.\\nFrom Mount Vernon to New York, where his", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0250.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "1789.] WASHINGTON AT TRENTON. 241\\ninauguration was to take place, Washington\\nhad desired to proceed without display or cere-\\nmony. But the whole course of his journey was\\nmarked by splendid receptions and entertain-\\nments, warm congratulations, and whatever could\\nexhibit the deep veneration and sincere gratitude\\nof the people with whom he came in contact.\\nThough not so magnificent as at other places,\\nnothing could have been more touchingly appro-\\npriate than his reception at Trenton, where,\\ntwelve years before, he had appeared under cir-\\ncumstances so widely different. On the same\\nbridge over the Assunpink, which he had crossed\\nthe night previous to the battle of Princeton,\\nwas erected a triumphal arch, supported by\\nthirteen columns, twined with evergreens and\\nflowers, and bearing the inscription The De-\\nfender of the Mothers will be the Protector of\\nthe Daughters. Underneath this arch, Wash-\\nington, as he entered the town, was met by a\\nprocession of matrons, intermixed with whom\\nwere young girls their daughters clad in white,\\nand each carrying a basket of flowers. When\\nthe president drew near, they began to sing the\\nfollowing little Ode, which had been written for\\nthe occasion, by Richard Howell, Esq.\\nWelcome, mighty chief, once more,\\nWelcome to this grateful shore\\nNow no mercenary foe\\nAims again the fatal blow,\\nAims at thee the fatal blow.\\n21", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0251.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "242 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1793.\\nVirgins fair and matrons grave,\\nThose thy conquering arm did save,\\nBuild for thee triumphal bowers\\nStrew, ye fair, his way with flowers\\nStrew your hero s way with flowers!\\nAs they sung the last line of their song, suit-\\ning the action to the words, they strewed before\\nhim a profusion of flowers from their baskets.\\nLittle of marked historical importance occurred\\nin New Jersey for a number of years after the\\nelection of Washington to the presidency. Dur-\\ning the session of the legislature, in 1790, the\\nseat of government of the state was permanently\\nestablished at Trenton. In July of the same\\nyear, the old and tried governor of the common-\\nwealth, William Livingston, died while yet in\\noffice, deeply lamented by all parties. Chosen\\nwhen the government was first organized, he had\\nremained at his post, without shrinking, during\\nthe entire period of the perilous struggle for in-\\ndependence. Having assisted in framing the\\nfederal constitution, he became its zealous sup-\\nporter, and his influence had been exerted with\\ngreat effect to procure its ratification by the\\nstate. He died on the twenty-fifth of July,\\nand was succeeded as governor by William\\nPatterson, who continued in office until March,\\n1793 when, having been appointed an asso-\\nciate judge in the supreme court of the United\\nStates, he resigned. Governor Patterson was", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0252.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "I\\n1798.] NEW POLITICAL ISSUES. 243\\nsucceeded by Richard Howell, who remained in\\nservice until October, 1801.\\nDuring the period of Governor Howell s ad-\\nministration, a great change took place in the\\ncondition of the two political organizations\\nof the state and nation. The original point\\nin dispute had been dropped, and new questions,\\nboth of foreign and domestic policy, were\\nbrought up, inflaming to the highest degree the\\nanimosity of partisans.\\nEmerging from a bloody revolution, France\\nhad proclaimed herself a republic, and, soon\\nafter, declared war against England. By the\\nnew and ill regulated government, the United\\nStates, during a period extending from 1793\\nto 1798, were subjected to many mortifying\\ninsults and grievous injuries. Siding with the\\nFrench, the Republicans or Democrats, as they\\nnow began to be called, advocated the inter-\\nference of the American government in favour\\nof France, either by taking up arms in her\\nbehalf, or by fulfilling the conditions of a treaty\\nmade with the late empire, which provided that\\nFrench privateers and their prizes, but not\\nthose of any country at war with France, should\\nreceive shelter in the ports of the United States.\\nDeeming this treaty no longer binding, and wish-\\ning to preserve the country from the miseries of\\na foreign war, Washington, supported by the\\nFederalists, issued a proclamation of strict neu-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0253.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "244 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY [1800.\\ntrality. Shortly subsequent, several Frencli\\nprivateers, fitting out in American ports, were\\nseized by the Federal authorities. Against these\\nseizures, Genet, the minister of the Directory\\nof France, entered a warm protest, and, en-\\ncouraged by the sympathies of a large portion\\nof our citizens, violently assailed the prudent\\ncourse of the administration. But, with the re-\\ncall of Genet, the excitement thus created par-\\ntially subsided.\\nFrance, however, still maintained her insulting\\nand injurious policy. At length, during the ad-\\nministration of the elder Adams, who energeti-\\ncally, but with little avail, endeavoured to obtain\\nredress, the prospect of a war with that country\\nbecame well-nigh certain. It was on this occa-\\nsion that the celebrated Alien and Sedition laws\\nwere passed, for the avowed purpose of sustain-\\ning the policy of the administration. The arbi-\\ntrary nature of these laws at once brought upon\\nthem the obloquy of a considerable majority of\\nthe American people, and the Federal party, with\\nwhich they originated, immediately began to de-\\ncline. In 1800 but two years after their\\npassage Thomas Jefferson, the Democratic can-\\ndidate, was* elected to the presidency over Mr.\\nAdams.\\nHitherto New Jersey had been strongly Fede-\\nral, so strongly indeed, that the majority of that\\nparty in the legislature, adopted, previous to the", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0254.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "1802.] DEPARTURE OF INDIANS. 245\\nelection in January, 1801, a general-ticket sys-\\ntem of choosing representatives to Congress.\\nThey were confident of securing by this means\\na delegation wholly federal. But the event was\\ncontrary to expectation the Democratic party\\ntriumphing with from five hundred to a thousand\\nmajority. The state election, in the following\\nOctober, also resulted favourably to the Demo-\\ncrats. Having obtained a majority in both\\nbranches of the legislature, they were enabled\\nto elect their candidate for governor the hu-\\nmane and popular Joseph Bloomfield.\\nDuring the year 1802, the last feeble remnant\\nof the New Jersey Indians, between seventy and\\neighty in number, removed from the state.\\nWhile quietly settled at Brotherton, as their little\\ntract in Burlington county was called, a message\\ncame from the Stockbridge Indians, dwelling upon\\nthe shores of Oneida Lake, in New York, invit-\\ning them to come and eat of their dish, which\\nwas large enough for both. We have stretch-\\ned our necks, continued the characteristically\\nworded message of the simple red men, in\\nlooking toward the fire-side of our grandfathers,\\nuntil they are as long as cranes. Accepting\\nthis invitation, the Brotherton Indians, having\\nobtained permission to sell their lands, took a\\nfinal departure from the hunting-grounds of their\\nancestors.\\nThere being no choice for governor at the\\n21*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0255.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "246 HISTORY or new jersey. [1803.\\nelection in October, John Lambert, vice-president\\nof the upper legislative house, performed the\\nduties of that office during the ensuing guber-\\nnatorial year. In 1803, however, Bloomfield\\nwas again chosen.\\nCHAPTER XX.\\nRe-election of Bloomfield Act for the gradual abolition of\\nslavery Aaron Burr Sketch of his life Origin of his\\nquarrel with Hamilton He kills Hamilton in a duel Is in-\\ndicted for murder by a New Jersey grand jury His journeys\\nto the West His arrest, trial, and acquittal His subsequent\\ncareer and death Is buried in the Princeton grave-yard\\nDifliculties between the United States, England, and France\\nBritish orders in council Napoleon s retaliatory decrees\\nAmerican Embargo Act Continued aggressions of Eng-\\nland Affair of the Chesapeake Hostilities declared Ex-\\nemption of New Jersey from invasion Naval victories of\\nBainbridge and Lawrence Death of the latter American\\nsuccesses Peace Governors Aaron Ogden, William S.\\nPennington, Mahlon Dickerson School fund created Isaac\\nH. Williamson governor Act to expedite the extinction of\\nslavery Common schools established Peter D. Vroom go-\\nvernor Jacksonian and Whig parties^ Governors Samuel\\nS. Southard, Elias P. Seeley, Philemon Dickerson Finan-\\ncial embarrassments Triumph of the Whigs \u00e2\u0080\u00a2William\\nPennington governor Constitutional convention New\\nconstitution ratified by the people Governors Dan. Haines,\\nCharles C. Stratton, George F. Fort^Present condition\\nand prospects of the state Conclusion.\\nFrom the period of Bloomfield s second elec-\\ntion until the War of 1812, the history of New\\nJersey affords but few points of interest, as con-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0256.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "1804.] AARON BURR. 247\\nnected with the public action of the state. The\\npolitical aspect of affairs was decidedly favoura-\\nble to the Democrats, Bloomfield being re-chosen\\nevery year until the opening of hostilities.\\nMuch to the gratification of the governor, who\\nhad been from the first an ardent advocate of\\nthe abolition of slavery in his own state, on the\\n15th of February, 1804, an act was passed, with\\nscarcely a dissenting vote, declaring that all per-\\nsons, the children of slave parents, born after\\nthe fourth of July, in that year, should become\\nfree the males, when twenty-five years old, and\\nthe females on arriving at the age of twenty-one.\\nThus New Jersey, the seventh, and, notwith-\\nstanding the character of her population, the\\nlast of -the original thirteen to do so, became\\nvirtually one of the circle of free states.\\nIt was during this year that the fatal duel be-\\ntween Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton,\\ntook place at Weehawken, on the Jersey shore,\\nopposite New York city.\\nBurr was a native of Newark, and a graduate\\nof Princeton College, of which his father was\\nthe first president. Leaving college with the\\nhighest academic honours, at the early age of\\nsixteen, he entered upon the study of the law\\nbut the War of Independence breaking out, he\\njoined the American army, in which he rose to\\nthe rank of colonel. Having served through\\ntwo active campaigns, during one of which he", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0257.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "248 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1804.\\ntook part in the Battle of Monmouth, he grew\\ndissatisfied, threw up his commission, and re-\\nturned to his legal studies. Daringly ambitious,\\nhe had recourse to politics as the speediest and\\nmost certain avenue to distinction. His un-\\ndoubted talents and genius for intrigue, united\\nwith polished manners and a singularly fascinat-\\ning address, brought him rapidly into notice,\\nand he soon became one of the most prominent\\nand popular democratic leaders. In 1801 he\\nwas elected Vice-President of the United States.\\nFrom the elevation he had attained. Burr fell\\nsuddenly. Charged with intriguing against Jef-\\nferson, in order to secure his own election to the\\noffice of president, he was abandoned by most\\nof his party, which would nominate him neither\\nfor re-election to the vice-presidency, nor as a\\ncandidate for the executive chair of New York.\\nFor the latter station, however, he determined\\nto run independently, expecting to obtain the\\nvotes of the Federalists, whose shattered condi-\\ntion rendered hopeless the election of a candi-\\ndate of their own. But Hamilton, the great\\nleader of the Federal party, though not active\\nagainst Burr, refused to give him his support,\\nand he was defeated.\\nChagrined and disappointed. Burr at once\\nturned upon Hamilton, to whom he attributed\\nhis defeat, with the malignant and studied de-\\ntermination of forcing him into a duel. After", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0258.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "1805.] BURR INDICTED. 249\\nendeavouring, in every honourable way, to avoid\\nwhat both his reason and his conscience abhorred,\\nHamilton at length accepted a challenge from\\nBurr. Early on the morning of the 11th of\\nJuly, the parties met. At the first fire, Hamil-\\nton fell mortally wounded, unconsciously dis-\\ncharging his pistol as he sunk to the ground.\\nFor twenty-four hours he lingered in extreme\\nagony, and then calmly expired.\\nA perfect storm of indignation broke over the\\nsurviving principal in this lamentable afi air.\\nPublic opinion regarded him as but little better\\nthan a cold-blooded murderer and, as such, he\\nwas presently indicted by a New Jersey grand\\njury. Efi orts were made to stay prosecution on\\nthis indictment, but though he had been a per-\\nsonal friend of Burr, Governor Bloomfield steadily\\nrefused to interfere for that purpose. No other\\ncourse was left to Burr, therefore, than to avoid\\nentering the state.\\nRuined in reputation, and with his ambitious\\nhopes forever blasted, the wretched Burr, having\\nserved out his unexpired term as vice-president,\\npresently crossed the Alleghanies, and sailed\\ndown the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans,\\nstopping, very mysteriously, at various points\\non his route. Returning to Philadelphia in the\\nwinter of 1805, he remained there until the fol-\\nlowing summer, when he again set out for the\\nWest. It having at length become evident that", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0259.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "250 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1806.\\nhis designs were of a treasonable character, his\\narrest was determined upon, and a reward offer-\\ned for his apprehension. On the 19th of Feb-\\nruary, 1807, he was captured, while travelling\\nwith a single companion, through the Tombigbee\\ncountry, in Eastern Mississippi. He was pre-\\nsently tried on the charge of treason against the\\nUnited States. His guilt could scarcely be\\ndoubted, but the evidence against him was in-\\nformal, and he was acquitted. Indictments for\\ntreason were also hanging over several of his\\nassociates, among whom was Jonathan Dayton,\\nof New Jersey. These, of course, were now\\nabandoned.\\nAfter standing his trial on certain other\\ncharges, of which he was likewise acquitted,\\nBurr embarked for Europe, where, for four\\nyears, he lived an object of suspicion, and a\\nwretched, restless wanderer. Returning in 1812\\nto New York, he there resumed the practice of\\nlaw. His death, at the age of eighty-four, took\\nplace on the 14th of September, 1836. His re-\\nmains were carried to Princeton, and there buried,\\nwith the honours of war, beside the grave where\\nrepose those of his father.\\nWhile Burr was yet engaged in his treason-\\nable plot, the foreign relations of the Union had\\nassumed a troubled aspect.\\nDuring the bloody war which succeeded the\\nFrench Revolution, and up to the year 1806,", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0260.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "1806.] BRITISH AGGRESSIONS. 251\\nthe United States had enjoyed a prosperous,\\nthough not entirely uninterrupted trade with\\nEurope. Various assumptions of exclusive naval\\nauthority were, however, from time to time set\\nup by the British government. Among these\\nwere the right of search, and the right of im-\\npressment, which, at this period, England, at-\\ntempted to enforce, greatly to the injury of our\\nseamen, native-born as well as adopted citizens.\\nAt the same time, that government issued a\\nformal Order in Council, the effect of which was\\nto destroy completely the commercial relations\\nexisting between France and America. In-\\ncensed by these invasions of the individual rights\\nof their citizens, and of their own commercial\\nrights as a neutral confederacy, the United States\\nenergetically remonstrated, through their com-\\nmissioners, Messrs. Monroe and Pinckney. Eng-\\nland, however, continued to insist upon her as-\\nsumed right to impress American mariners on\\nthe high seas, and to force American vessels,\\nengaged in commerce with other nations, to sail\\nunder the license of a British admiral, or be\\nsubject to capture and confiscation.\\nMeanwhile, in imitation of his more powerful\\nmaritime rival, Napoleon, now Emperor of the\\nFrench, issued his retaliatory Berlin and Milan\\ndecrees which rendered all neutral vessels trad-\\ning in English merchandise, or under British\\nlicenses, liable to seizure and confiscation by the", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0261.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "252 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1812.\\ncruisers of France just as the British Orders\\nin Council had previously subjected American\\nvessels found trading with French property on\\nboard, to capture and confiscation by the navy\\nof England.\\nUnder these irritating circumstances, it was at\\nfirst thought prudent to withdraw our commercial\\nmarine from the ocean altogether. In accord-\\nance, therefore, with the recommendation of\\nPresident Jefi*erson, Congress, in 1807, passed\\nan act enforcing an embargo on American ves-\\nsels. This measure was followed by others of a\\nsimilar character, including the act of non-inter-\\ncourse but, contrary to anticipation, they\\nwrought no favourable change in the conduct,\\neither of France or England. On the contrary,\\nthe latter nation, especially, seemed to grow more\\ndetermined in her insolence and in her acts of\\naggression. Among these last was the wanton\\nattack made by one of her cruisers, the Leopard,\\nupon the American frigate Chesapeake, under\\nthe pretence of recovering certain men, claimed\\nas deserters from the British service.\\nFrom this period, until 1812, various efforts\\nwere made to settle, by amicable negotiations,\\nthe irritating questions in dispute between the\\ntwo countries. But all these efforts having\\nfailed, Congress, finding that hostilities could no\\nlonger be honourably avoided, formally declared", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0262.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "1814.] NAVAL TRIUMPHS. 253\\nwar against Great Britain, on the 18th of June,\\n1812.\\nConfined mostly to the frontiers and the\\nocean, the contest that followed this declaration\\ncaused no injury to New Jersey from actual inva-\\nsion. In other respects she sustained her share\\nof the sufferings and expenses, consequent upon\\nhostilities. In the maritime successes, by which,\\nalone, during the early part of the war, the\\narms of America were preserved from disgrace,\\ntwo of her sons gloriously participated winning\\nnames that will not soon be blotted from the list\\nof our country s naval heroes. Of these, one\\nwas William Bainbridge, a native of Princeton,\\nand commander of the Constitution, when she\\nmade a prize of the British frigate Java, on the\\n29th of December, 1812. The other was the\\nheroic Lawrence, of Burlington, the captor of\\nthe Peacock brig-of-war. But Lawrence s career,\\nwhich had opened so brilliantly, was suddenly\\nbrought to a close on the 1st of June, 1813 he\\nbeing on that day mortally wounded, during an\\nengagement in which his vessel, the Chesapeake,\\nafter a brief but most sanguinary struggle, was\\ncompelled to yield to the British frigate Shannon.\\nIt was not until the opening of 1814, that\\nthe military arm of our national defence began\\nto recover permanently from its early disasters.\\nDuring that year, however, it achieved a series\\nof important triumphs in the north-west, on the\\n22", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0263.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "y LAo^i 5-\\n254 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1817.\\nCanadian frontier, and in the south. On the\\n8th of February, 1815, hostilities were finally\\nterminated by the celebrated victory of General\\nJackson, over the enemy, at New Orleans. Two\\nweeks previous, a treaty of peace had been signed\\nat Ghent; and on the 17th of the following\\nmonth, it was ratified by the President and\\nSenate.\\nMeanwhile several slight political changes had\\noccurred in New Jersey. At the state elections\\nin 1812, the Federal or Peace party carried the\\nlegislature, secured a majority of the congres-\\nsional delegation, and elected Aaron Ogden go-\\nvernor. In the following year, however, the\\nDemocrats recovered their lost ascendancy, and\\nWilliam S. Pennington was chosen to fill the ex-\\necutive chair.\\nPennington was succeeded, in 1815, by Mah-\\nlon Dickerson, who remained in office two years.\\nIt was during his administration that the first\\nstep was taken toward creating a permanent\\nfund for the establishment and support of a sys-\\ntem of common schools.\\nIn 1817, Isaac H. Williamson was elected go-\\nvernor, to which office he was annually chosen\\nuntil 1829. W^hile Williamson occupied the\\nchair of state, two important public measures\\nwere adopted. The first of these was an act,\\npassed in 1820, embracing and extending the\\nprinciples of the abolition bill of 1804. By its", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0264.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "1832.] PARTY ORGANIZATIONS. 255\\noperation the extinction of slavery has been\\ngreatly hastened. Indeed, at the present time,\\nthere are no slaves in the state, though about\\ntwo hundred persons, the children of slave pa-\\nrents, are still held to labour as apprentices,\\nunder the provisions of the act of 1820.\\nThe second measure above alluded to, was\\nadopted in February, 1829. By it the first com-\\nmon schools in the state were established. For\\ntheir support, provision was made for an annual\\nappropriation of twenty thousand dollars, to be\\ntaken from the income of the fund created in\\n1816. By the liberality of the legislature, that\\nfund had already been increased to a respectable\\nsum.\\nIn 1829, Peter D. A^room, Esq., was chosen\\nto succeed Governor Williamson. He was a\\nmember of the new Democratic or Jackson party,\\nwhich had sprung up since the dissolution of\\nthe two old partisan organizations in 1827.\\nFor a period of nearly fourteen years after\\nthe first election of Yroom, the history of New\\nJersey afibrds but few points of interest to the\\ngeneral reader. In 1832, the National Repub-\\nlican or Whig party, organized in opposition to\\nthe Jacksonian Democrats, succeeded in carrying\\nthe state. Samuel L. Southard, formerly Secre-\\ntary of the Navy under Presidents Monroe and\\nAdams, was elected to the office of governor\\nhut, he being presently chosen to the United", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0265.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "256 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1837.\\nStates Senate, Elias P. Seelj, likewise a Whig,\\nwas selected to fill the vacancy thus occasioned.\\nIn the following year, however, the Democrats\\nagain triumphed; Governor Yroom being once\\nmore chosen to occupy the executive chair. He\\nremained in office until 1836, when he was suc-\\nceeded by Philemon Dickinson, a member of the\\nDemocratic party.\\nDuring this year events occurred which, for\\na time, materially changed the condition of\\nparties. Financial difficulties of the most dis-\\ntressing character arose, causing the bankruptcy\\nof a large number of mercantile houses, and the\\ncomplete prostration of almost every branch of\\nemployment. By the Whigs it was alleged that\\nthese difficulties sprung from President Jackson s\\nopposition to the rechartering of the Bank of\\nthe United States from his removal of the\\ntreasury deposits; and from his circular of 1836,\\nordering all moneys due the government to be\\npaid in specie. Whether these allegations were\\ntrue or not, as the distress in the country had\\ngrown up under a democratic administration, it\\nled to a reaction highly favourable to the Whigs.\\nDuring the state canvass of 1837, the latter\\nparty elected William Pennington as governor,\\nto which office he was annually re-chosen until\\n1843.\\nMeanwhile, in the nation at large, the Whigs\\ncontinued to augment their strength until, in", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0266.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "1844.] CONSTITUTION AMENDED. 257\\n1840, they elected General Harrison to the pre-\\nsidency with an overwhelming majority. Harri-\\nson s death, one month after his inauguration,\\nby placing Vice-President Tyler in the executive\\nchair, caused a vacancy in the speakership of\\nthe National Senate, to which the distinguished\\nSouthard, of New Jersey, was presently elevated.\\nHe thus became, by virtue of his office, Yice-\\npresident of the United States.\\nThough formed hastily during a troubled and\\nstormy period, the constitution of the state\\nhad hitherto afforded general satisfaction. Du-\\nring the year 1843, however, there were de-\\ncided manifestations that some modification of\\nit was desired by the people. Adopted at a time\\nwhen the colonies had not fully resolved upon\\nindependence, it still retained a provision for\\nrenewing the colonial connection with Great\\nBritain. This provision was now, of course, a\\nmatter of slight importance, yet it appeared\\nsingular and out of place, and was offensive to\\nmany. But the principal objection to the old\\nplan of government was based upon the fact that\\nit contained, in far too small a degree, those\\npopular elements which, in the constitutions of\\nmost of the other states, had been more freely\\nand fully developed.\\nAfter some hesitation on the part of the\\nlegislature, in February, 1844, a convention\\nof delegates, chosen by the people, was sum-\\n22*", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0267.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "258 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1844.\\nmoned to meet, on the 14th of May then fol-\\nlowing, in order to frame a constitution of the\\nstate, to be submitted to the people thereof, for\\nratification or rejection.\\nOn the day appointed for the convention,\\nfifty-eight delegates assembled. After some dis-\\ncussion, it was determined to frame a constitution\\nentirely new. Entering upon its work in a\\nliberal and intelligent spirit, the convention\\npresently submitted to the people an instru-\\nment which, while it remained free from the\\nextremes of an excessive zeal for reform, exhi-\\nbited the full acquaintance of its framers with\\nthe advanced political science of the age.\\nAmple security was given for the rights of the\\npeople the difi erent departments of govern-\\nment were made independent of each other\\nthe governor, hitherto chosen by the legislature\\nannually, was now rendered elective by the\\npeople every three years the judiciary was\\nestablished on a new and more permanent foot-\\ning the property qualifications formerly re-\\nquired of the members of the legislature, was\\nentirely removed, and the right of suffrage, re-\\nstricted by the old constitution to freeholders,\\nwas now extended to all free white males above\\nthe age of twenty-one years.\\nSuch, in its more important features of im-\\nprovement, was the new plan of government, as\\nratified by the almost unanimous voice of the", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0268.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "1850.] PROGRESS OF THE STATE. 259\\npeople, on the second Tuesday in August, 1844.\\nFrom the period of its adoption, until the pre-\\nsent time, the history of the state presents few\\npoints for the consideration of the historian.\\nThe last governor under the old constitution\\nwas Daniel Haines, a member of the Democratic\\nparty, and elected in 1843. He was succeeded\\nin 1844 by Charles C. Stratton, a prominent\\nWhig. At the subsequent canvass in 1847, the\\nDemocrats were again triumphant, re-electing\\nex-governor Haines. Since that period the\\nstate has remained in the hands of the Demo-\\ncratic party Governor Fort, the present execu-\\ntive, being a member of that organization.\\nHaving thus brought the history of New Jer-\\nsey to a close, little remains to be said beyond\\na brief notice of the present condition and\\nprospects of the state. By the census of 1840,\\nthe number of her inhabitants was three hundred\\nand seventy-three thousand, eight hundred and\\ntwenty-three. The census of 1850 exhibits a\\npopulation of four hundred and eighty-nine\\nthousand, five hundred and fifty-five the ratio\\nof increase during the decade having been\\nthirty-one per cent. Being more than double\\nthe average of that of all previous decades since\\nthe Bevolution, this ratio of increase affords\\ncheering evidence that, as far as regards popu-\\nlation, a new and fresh impetus has been given\\nto the advancement of the state.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0269.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "260 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1850.\\nBut it is not in this particular alone that New\\nJersey exhibits tokens of a vigorous existence.\\nDebarred from foreign commerce, her people\\nhave turned their attention to agriculture and\\nmanufactures, for which, by the diversity of her\\nsoil, and by the number of her mines and water-\\ncourses, the state possesses many and rare ad-\\nvantages. In both pursuits her citizens have\\nprospered abundantly, and every year is adding\\nto the wealth and importance which they derive\\nfrom them.\\nSince the establishment of the common-school\\nsystem, the cause of education has been pro-\\ngressing with a rapidity greater even than could\\nhave been expected. Though established but\\nlittle more than twenty years, there are already\\nin the state no less than one thousand five hun-\\ndred public schools, with an average attendance\\nof eighty thousand children. In addition to\\nthese, three first-class colleges, and two theolo-\\ngical seminaries, which are attended by between\\nsix and seven hundred pupils. Still further,\\nwe find two hundred and thirty private acade-\\nmies, attended by more than ten thousand scho-\\nlars. The number of libraries, public and\\nprivate, in the state amounts to four hundred\\nand fifty-nine, containing two hundred and sixty-\\none thousand volumes.\\nNo state in the American Union presents to\\nthe consideration of the historian a purer po-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0270.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "1850.] CONCLUSION. 261\\nlitical character than New Jersey. Her soil\\nwas obtained from the original proprietors with-\\nout fraud or oppression in any instance while\\nin arranging the future government of the pro-\\nvince, the wisdom of her early rulers led them\\nto adopt such simple and inexpensive regula-\\ntions as were best calculated to meet the wants\\nof the people, and to establish firmly among\\nthem the principles of peace, justice, and\\nequity.\\nTHE END.\\nSTEREOTYPED BY L. JOHNSON i CO.\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0271.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0272.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "IIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS. H\\nSAY S POLITICAL ECONOMY.\\nA TREATISE ON POLITICAL ECONOMY;\\nGX The Production, Distribution and Consumption of WealtL\\nBY JEAN BAPTISTE SAY.\\nFIFTH AMERICAN EDITION, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES.\\nBY C. C. BIDDLE, ESQ.\\nIn one volume, octavo.\\nA BEAUTIFUL AND VAL UABLE PRESENTATION BOOK.\\nTHE PO ET S~OF F ERI N G.\\nEDITED BY MRS. HALE.\\nWith a Portrait of the Editress, a Splendid Illuminated Title-Page, and\\nTwelve Beautiful Engravings by Sartain. Bound in rich\\nTurkey Morocco, and Extra Cloth, Gilt Edge.\\n51 Birtiniiarti nf \u00c2\u00a7tinl iiiri |5npttlar diuntntinnH,\\nWHICH ARE IN DAILY USE.\\nTAKEN FROM THE LATIN, FRENCH, GREEK, SPANISH AND ITALIAN LANQUAQES.\\nTogether with a copious Collection of Law Maxims and Law Terms, tran\u00c2\u00bb\\nlated into English, with Illustrations, Historical and Idiomatic\\nNEW AMERICAN EDITl-ON, CORRECTED, WITH ADDITIONS.\\nIn one volume, 12 mo.\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00acj\\\\i (Cittj JXlBrrlmnt; nr, \u00e2\u0082\u00ac)i M ^Mxim /aihr!.\\nBY J. B. JONES,\\nAuthor of Wild Western Scenes, The Western Merchant, Ac.\\nILLUSTRATED WITH TEN ENGRAVINGS.\\nIn one volume, 12mo.\\nLAURENCE STERNE S WORKS,\\nWITH A LIFE OF THE AUTHOR:\\nWRITTEN BY HIMSELF.\\nW.-Tri SEVEN BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS, ENGRAVED BY GILBERT AN\u00c2\u00bb\\nGIHON, FROM DESIGNS BY DARLEY.\\nOne volume, octavo cloth, gilt", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0273.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "ta LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nRUSCHENBERGERS NATURAL HISTORY.\\nCOMPLETE, ynXH NEW GLOSSARY.\\nTHE ELEMENTS OF NATURAL HISTORY,\\nEMBRACING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, AND GEOLOGYt\\nFOR SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, AND FAMILIES.\\nBY W. S, W. RUSCHENBERGER, M. D.\\nIN TWO VOLUMES.\\nWITH NEARLY ONB THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS, AND A COPIOUS GL08SART.\\nol. I. contains Vertebrate Animals. Vol. II. contains Intervertebrate Animals, Bo-\\ntany, and Geology,\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00ac\\\\i ^nirnn iBur ani its Innjs;\\nBEING\\nA COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE MEXICAN WAR,\\nEMBRACI^Q ALL THE OPERATIONS UNDER GENERALS TAYLOR AND SCOTT.\\nWITH A BIOGRAPHY OF THE OFFICERS.\\nALSO,\\nAN ACCOUNT OF THE CONQUEST OF CALIFORNIA AND NEW MEXICO,\\nUnder Gen. Kearney, Cols. Doniphan and Fremont. Tofrether with Nume-\\nrous Anecdotes of the War, and personal adA entures of the Officers. J\\\\\\nlustrated with Accurate Portraits and other Beautiful Engravings\\nIn one volume, 12mo.\\nA Book for every Family.\\nTHE DICTIONARY OF\\nDomestic Medicine and Household Surgery.\\nBY SPENCER THOMPSON, M.D., F.R.C.S.,\\nOf Edinburgh.\\nILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS GUTS.\\nEDITED AND ADAPTED TO THE WANTS OP THIS COUNTRY, BY A\\nWELL-KNOWN PRACTITIONER OP PHILADELPHIA.\\nIn one volume, demi -octavo.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0274.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "IIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS. M\\nNEW AND COMPLETE COOK-BOOK.\\nTHE PEACTIOAL COOK-BOOK,\\nCONTAINING UPWARDS OP\\nOZTS THOirSiLZTB RECEIPTS,\\nConsisting of Directions for Selecting, Preparing, and Cooking all kinds of\\nMeats, Fish, Poaltry, and Game Soups, Broths, Vegetables, and Salads,\\nAlso, for making all kinds of Plain and Fancy Breads, Pastes, Pud-\\ndings, Cakes, Creams, Ices, Jellies, Preserves, Marmalades, c.,\\nc., c Together with Tarious Miscellaneous Recipes,\\nand numerous Preparations for Invalids.\\nBY MRS. BLISS.\\nIn one volume^ 12oto.\\nTHE YOUNG DOMINICAN;\\nOR, THE MYSTERIES OF THE INQUISITION,\\nAND OTHER SECRET SOCIETIES OF SPAIN,\\nBY M. V. DE FEREAL.\\nWITH HISTORICAL NOTES, BY M. MANUEL DE CUENDIAS.\\nTRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH.\\nILLUSTRATED WITH TWENTY SPLENDID ENGRAVINGS BY FRENCH AETI3T8*.\\nOne volume, octavo.\\nTAI E sTTrlFFmHTFirTrR D E B\\nBY C. W. WEBBER.\\nONE VOLUME OCTAVO, HANDSOMELY ILLUSTRATED,\\nPrice $1 50,\\n(\u00c2\u00aem3 frnm \\\\\\\\i ^uu\\\\ 3J!inr;\\nOR, HOLY THOUGHTS UPON SACRED SUBJECTS\\nBY CLERGYMEN OF THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH.\\nEDITED BY THOMAS WYATT, A. M.\\nIn one volume, 12mo,\\nWITH SEVEN BEAUTIFUL STEEL ENGRAVINGS.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0275.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "M IIPPINCOTT. GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICAriONS.\\nDODDS LECTURES.\\nDISCOURSES TO YOUNG IIEN.\\nilLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS HIGHLY INTERESTING ANECDOTES.\\nBY WILLIAM DODD, LL. D.\\n.CBAPLAIN IN ORDINARY TO HIS MAJESTY, GEORGE THE THIRD.\\nfIRST AilERICAN EDITION, WITH ENGRAVINGS.\\nOne volume, 18mo.\\nTHE IRIS:\\nAN ORIGINAL SOUVENIR.\\nWITH CONTIUBUTIONS FROM THE FIRST WRITERS IN THE COXTNTBT*\\nEDITED BY PROF. JOHN S. HART.\\nWith splendid Illuminations and Steel Engravings. Bound in\\nTurkey Morocco and rich Papier Mache Binding.\\nIN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO.\\nDAY DREAMS.\\nBIT Bliss Ta.AIiTl\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00a3L J^lMLHHr,\\nONE VOLUME 12mo.\\nPrice, paper, 50 cents. Clotli, 75 cents.\\nlONZ POWERS; OR, THE REGULATORS.\\nA ROMANCE OF KENTUCKY.\\nFOUNDED ON FACTS.\\nB7 JAKillS -WSIR, ESQ.\\nOne vol. 12mo. Price $1 00.\\nA MANUAL OF POLITENESS,\\nCOMPRISINQ\\nfHr PRINCIPLES OF ETIQUETTE AND RULES OF BEHAVIOUR\\nm GENTEEL SOCIETY, FOR PERSONS OF BOTH SEXES.\\n18mo., with Plates.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0276.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS. 15\\nBOOK OF POLITENESS.\\nTHE GENTLEMAN AND LADY S\\nBOOK OF POLITENESS AND PROPRIETY OF DEPORTMENT.\\nDEDICATED TO THE YOUTH OF BOTH SEXES,\\nBY IVIADAIVIE CELNART.\\nIBAN8LATED FEOM THE SIXTH PARIS EDITION, ENLARGED AND IMPEOVED,\\nFIFTH AMERICAN EDITION.\\nOne volume, 18mo.\\nSENECA S MORALS.\\nBY WAY OF ABSTRACT TO WHICH IS ADDED, A DISCOURSE\\nUNDER THE TITLE OF AN AFTER-THOUGHT.\\nBY SIR ROGER L ESTRANGE, KNT.\\nA new and fine edition; one volume, 18mo.\\nA copy of this valuable little work ehould be found in every family I^\\nbrary.\\nBennett s (Rev. John) Letters to a Young Lady,\\nON A VARIETY OF SUBJECTS CALCULATED TO IMPROVE TH\u00c2\u00bb\\nHEART, TO FORM THE MANNERS, AND ENLIGHTEN\\nTHE UNDERSTANDING.\\nThat our daughters nray be as polislied corners of the temple.\\nTHE AMERICAN CHESTERFIELD:\\nOR, YOUTH S GUIDE TO THE WAY TO WEALTH, HONOUR, AND\\nDISTINCTION, c.\\nIn one volume, 18mo.\\nOONTAININa ALSO A COMPLETE TREATISE ON THE ART OP CAUVmO.\\nNEW SONG-BOOK.\\nf rigg H Inntjirrii ml Wninn huptn\\nBEING A CHOICE COLLECTION OF THE MOST FASHIONABLK\\nSONGS, MANY OF WHICH ARE ORIGINAL.\\nIn one volume, I8mo.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0277.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "1\u00c2\u00ab LiPPINCOTT, GRAWIBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00ac^t Biiugljtn H (Dinu 36nnk:\\nOR. PRACTICAL HINTS FROM A FATHER TO HIS DAUGHTER.\\nIn one volume, ISmo.\\nTHE LIFE AND OPINIONS OF TRISTRAM SHANDY, GENTLEMAN\\nCOMPRISING THE HUMOROUS ADVENTURES OP\\nUNCLE TOBY AND CORPORAL TRIM.\\nBY L. STERNE.\\nBeautifully Illustrated 1 y Darley* Stitched*\\nA SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY.\\nBIT Tm. STsmrs.\\nILLUSTRATED AS ABOVE BY DARLEY. STITCHED.\\nThe beauties of this author are so well known, and his errors in style\\nand expression so few and far between, that one reads with renewed deligb\\nhis delicate turns, c\\nROBOTHAM S POCKET FRENCH DICTIONARY.\\nCAREFULLY REVISED,\\nAND THE PRONUNCIATION OF ALL THE DIFFICULT WORDS ADDED\\nTHE YOUNG CHORISTER;\\nA Collection of New and Beautiful Tunes, adapted to the use of Sabbath-\\nSchools, from some of the most distiniriiished composers, to-\\ngether with many of the author s compositions.\\nEDITED BY MINARD W. WILSON.\\n3. A Narrative of the Captivity and Escape of Christophorus Plato Castani;\\nDURING THE MASSACRE OX THE ISLAND OF SCIO BY THE TCRK8.\\nTOGETHER WITH VARIOUS ADVENTURES IN GREECE AND AMERICA,\\nWRITTEN BY HIMSELF.\\nOne Tolume, 12mo.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0278.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "IIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS. IT\\nAPPLES OF GOLD.\\n(From Fenelon.)\\n32mo., CLOTH, GILT. PRICE 13 CENTS.\\nLIFE OF PAUL JONES.\\nIn one volume^ 12 mo.\\nWITH ONE HUNDRED ILLU S TK ATION 8\\nBY JAMES HAMILTON.\\nTHE LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON,\\nWITH A LIKENESS OF THE OLD HERO.\\nIn one volume, 18mo.\\nLIFE OF GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR,\\nCOMPRISING A NARRATIVE OF EVENTS CONNECTED WITH mS\\nPROFESSIONAL CAREER, AND AUTHENTIC INCI-\\nDENTS OF HIS EARLY YEARS.\\nBY J. REESE FRY AND R. T. CONRAD.\\nWith an original and accurate Portrait, and Eleyen Elegant Hlustrations,\\nby Darley.\\nIn one handsome 12mo volume,\\nGENERAL TAYLOR AND HIS STAFF:\\nComprising Memoirs of Gener-^ls Taylor, Worth, Wool, and Butler; Colonela\\nMay, Cross, Clay, Hardin, Yell, Hays, and other distinguished\\nOfficers attached to General Taylor s Army.\\nINTERSPERSED WITH\\nNUMEROUS ANECDOTES OF THE MEXICAN WAR,\\nAND PERSONAL ADVENTUBBS OF THE OFFICERS.\\nCompiled from Public Documents and Private Coi-respondence.\\nWITH ACCURATE PORTRAITS AND OTHER BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nIn one volume, 12mo.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0279.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "18 IIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\n(0fiirrnl Irntt aiiii liis Itaff:\\nCoit-prising Memoirs of Generals Scott, Twiggs, Smith, Quitmati, Shields,\\nPillow, Lane, Cadwallader, Patterson, and Pierce; Colonels Childs,\\nEiley, Harney, and Butler; and other distinguished\\nOfficers attached to General Scott s Army.\\nTOGETHER WITH\\nNotices of General Kearney, Col. Doniphan, Colonel Fremont, and other\\nOfficers distinguished in the Conquest of California and New Mexico;\\nand Personal Adventures of the Officers. Compiled from\\nPublic Documents and Private Correspondence.\\nWITH\\nACCURATE PORTRAITS AND OTHER BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nIn one volume, 12 mo.\\nTHE LEGISLATIVE GUIDE:\\nContaining directions for conducting business in the House of Represent*\\ntives; tne Senate of the United States; the Joint Rules of both Houses;\\na Synopsis of Jefferson s Manual, and copious Indices; together\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with a concise system of Rules of Order, based on the Regular\\ntions of the United States Congress. Designed to economise\\ntime, secure uniformity and despatch in conducting\\nbusiness in all secular meetings, and also in all re-\\nligious, political, and Legislative Assemblies.\\nBY JOSEPH BARTLETT BURLEIGH, LL.D.\\nIn one volume, 12mo.\\nThis is considered by our Judges and Congressmen as decidedly the best\\nwork of the kind extant. Every young man in the country should have\\neopy of this book.\\nTHE FAMILY DENTIST,\\nINCLUDING TIEE SURGICAL, MEDICAL, AND MECHANICAL TREATN\\nMENT OF THE TEETH.\\nIllustrated -with Thirty-one Engravings*\\nBY CHARLES A. DU BOUCHET, M. D.,\\nDENTAI. SCBa\u00c2\u00a3ON.\\nIn one volumey 18mo.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0280.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "IIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS. W\\nBI 13 CHATS CS\\nFOR THE MILLWRIGHT, ENGINEER, AND MACHINIST\\nCim ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT:\\nCONTAINING\\nTHE PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS APPLIED TO MACHINERY\\nOf American Models, Steam-Engines, Water- Works, Nayigation, Bridg\u00c2\u00a9\\nbuilding, c., c.\\nBY FREDERICK OVERMAN,\\nADTHOB OP the MANTTPACTUEE OP lEON, AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC TREATISES.\\nIllustrated by 150 Engravings*\\nIn one large 12mo. volume.\\nCALIFORNIA AND OREGON:\\nOr, Sights in the Gold Region, and Scenes by the Way,\\nBY THEODORE T. JOHNSON.\\nWITH A MAP AND ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nTHIRD EDITION, WITH AN APPENDIX,\\nContaining Full Instructions to Emigrants by the Orerland Route to\\nOregon.\\nBY HON. SAMUEL R. THURSTON,\\nDelegate to Congress from that Territory.\\nWILD WESTERN SCENES:\\nA NARRATIVE OF ADVENTURES IN THE WESTERN WILDERNESS.\\nWherein the Exploits of Daniel Boone, the Great American Pioneer, art\\nparticularly described. Also, Minute Accounts of Bear, Deer, and\\nBuffalo Hunts; Desperate Conflicts with the Savages; Fish\u00c2\u00ab\\ning and Fowling Adventures; Encounters with\\nSerpents, c., c\\nBY LUKE SHORTFIELD,\\nAuthor of The Western Merchant\\nWITH SIXTEEN BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTBATIONt.\\nIn one volume, 12mo.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0281.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "20 jPPiNCOTT, GRAM30 CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nPOE?^S OF THE PLEASORESs\\nCONSISTING OF\\nTHE PLEASURES OF IMAGINATION, by AkensWe; THE PLEASURES\\nOF MEMORY, by Samuel Rogei-s; THE PLEASURES OP\\nHOPE, by Campbell; and THE PLEASURES OF\\nFRIENDSHIP, by M Uenry.\\nWITH A MEMOIR OF EACH AUTHOR,\\nr\\nPrepared expressly for thus Work.\\nOne volume, 18mo.\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00ac\\\\)i 3iiitial5; a Itnrtt nf 3,tlDiitrE Hit\\nTHREE. VOLUMES OF THE LONDON EDITION COMPLETE IN ONB\\nVOLUME, 12mo.\\nA new novel, equal to Jane Eyre.\\nARTHUR S LIBRARY FOR THE HOUSEHOLD.\\nIn Twelve handsome U-mo. volumes, bound in scarlet cloth, and each \u00e2\u0096\u00a0work\\ncomplete in iteell\\n1. WOMEN S TRIALS; OR, TALES AND SKETCHES FROM THE LIFE\\nAROUND US.\\n2. MARRIED LIFE; ITS SHADOWS AND SUNSHINE.\\n3. THE TWO WIVES; OR, LOST AND WON.\\nTHE WAYS OF PROVIDENCE; OR, HE DOETII ALL THIN i8\\nWELL.\\n.5. HOME SCENES.\\n6. STORIES FOR YOUNG HOUSEKEEPERS.\\n7. LKSSONS IN LIFE, FOR ALL WHO WILL READ THEM.\\n8. SEED-TIME AND HARVEST; OR, WHATSOEVER A MAN SOWETII\\nTHAT SHALL HE ALSO REAP.\\n9. STORIES FOR PARENTS.\\n10. OFF-HAND SKETCHES, A LITTLE DASHED WITH HUMOR.\\n11. /VORDS FOR THE WISE,\\n12. THE TRIED AND THE TEMPTED,\\nThe above Series are sold together or separate, as each work is complete\\nin if?c!f. No family should be without a copy of this interesting and in-\\n\u00c2\u00abitrucljve Scries. Price Thirty-seven and a Half Cents ner Volume.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0282.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "IPPINCOTT, GRAMBO GO S PUBLICATIONS. 23\\nBALDWIN S PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER.\\nA PRONOUNCIFg GAZETTEER:\\nContaining Topographical, Statistical, and other Information, of\\nthe more important Places in the known World,\\nfrom the most recent and authentic\\nSources.\\nBY THOMAS BALDWIN,\\nAssisted by several other Gentlemen.\\nTo which is added an APPENDIX, containing more than TEN THOUSANJj\\nADDITIONAL NAMES, chiefly of the small Towns and Villages, c.,\\nof the United States and of jMexico.\\nNINTH EDITION, WITH A SUPPLEMENT,\\nGiving the Pronunciation of near two thousand names, besides those pro*\\nnounced in the Original Work Forming in itself a Complete Vo-\\ncabulary of Geographical Pronunciation.\\nONE VOLUME 12mO. PRICE, $1 50.\\nFIELD S SCRAP BOOK. New Edition.\\nIttBrarit ntiii 3Jlisnlkiirnii3 Irrnp fmt\\nConsisting of Tales and Anecdotes Biographical, Historical, Moral, Religious,\\nand Sentimental Pieces, in Prose and Poetry.\\nCOMPILED BY WM. FIELDS.\\nSECOND EDITION, REVISED AND IMPROVED.\\nIn one handsome 8vo. Volume. Price, $2 00.\\nAUNT PHILLIS S CABIN;\\nOR, SOUTHERN LIFE AS IT IS.\\nBY MRS. MARY H. EASTMAN.\\nPRICE, 50 AND 75 CENTS.\\nThis volume presents a picture of Southern Life, taken at different points of view\\nfrom the one occupied by the authoress of Uncle Tom s Cabin. The writer, being; a\\nnative of the South, is familiar with the many varied aspects assumed by domesitie\\nservitude in that sunny region, and tlieretore feels competent to give pictures of\\nSouthern Life, as it is.\\nPledged to no clique or party, and free from the pressure of any and ali extraneous\\nmfluences, she has written her book with a view to its truthfulness; and the pubhc\\nat the North, as well as at the South, will find in Aunt Phillis s Cabin not the dis-\\ntorted picture of an interested painter, but tke faithful transcript of a Daguerreotypist", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0283.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "22 tIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nTHE CONFESSIONS OF A HOUSEKEEPER.\\nBY MRS. JOHN SMITH.\\nWITH THIRTEEN HUMOROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nOne Volume 12mo. Price 50 Cents.\\nTHE HUMAN BODY AND ITS CONNEXION WITH MAN.\\nILLUSTRATED BY THE PRINCIPAL ORGANS.\\nBY JAMES JOHN GARTH WILKINSON.\\nMember of the Royal College of Surgeons of EnglaDd.\\nIN ONE VOLUME 12mO. PRICE, $1 25.\\nWHEELER S HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA,\\njajistorical S It etches\\nOF NORTH CAROLINA,\\nFrom 1584 to 1851.\\nCompiled from Original Records, Official Documents, and Traditional Stat\u00c2\u00a9\\nments; with Biographical Sketches of her Distinguished States-\\nmen, Jurists, Lawyers, Soldiers, Divines, c.\\nBY JOHN H. WHEELER,\\nLate Treasurer of the State.\\nIN ONE VOLUME OCT A VO P RIO E, $2 00.\\nTHE NORTH CAROLINA READER;\\nCX)NTArNING A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NORTH CAROLINA,\\nSELECTIONS IN PROSE AND VERSE, (MANY OF THEM BY\\nEMINENT CITIZENS OF THE STATE), HISTORICAL\\nAND CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES,\\nAnd a Variety of IVIiscellaneous Information and Statistics.\\nBY C. H, WILEY.\\nMy own green land for ever!\\nLand of the beautiful and brave\\nThe freeman s home the martyr s grave.\\nnXuttrated with Engravings, and designed for Familiea and School*.\\nOne Volume 12mo. Price $1.00.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0284.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "IIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS. 23\\nTHIRTY YEARS WITH THE INDIAN TRIBES.\\nPERSONAL MEMOIRS OF A\\nErsftmr nf \u00e2\u0082\u00acliirti( ^uxb mitji l^t SiiMnn \u00e2\u0082\u00acn\\\\iu\\nON THE AMERICAN FRONTIERS\\nWith brie/ Notices of passing Events, Facts, and Opiniona,\\nA. D. 1812 TO A. D. 1842.\\nBY HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT.\\nOne large Svo. Volume. Price $3 00.\\nTHE SCALP HUNTERS;\\nOR,\\nROMANTIC ADVENTURES IN NORTHERN MEXICO.\\nBY CAPTAIN MAYNE REID,\\nAuthor of he Eifle Rangers.\\nCOMPLETE m ONE VOLUME. PRICE FIPTV CENTS.\\nBOARDMAN S BIBLE IN THE FAMILY.\\nOR, HINTS ON DOMESTIC HAPPINESS\\nBY H. A. BOARDMAN.\\nPASTOR OF THE TENTH PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA.\\nOne Volume 12mo. Price One Dollar.\\nTHE REGICIDE S DAUGHTER:\\nSale of ttDO SS^orlTis.\\nBYW. H CARPENTER,\\nAUTHOR OF CLAIBORNE THE REBEL, JOHN THE BOLD, tC, 0.\\nOne Volume ISmo. Price Thirty-seyen and a Half Cents.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0285.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "24 LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nSplendid Illustrated Books, suitable for Gifts for the Holidays.\\naJjiB Sris %u dDnginal Inurar fnr m^ ^nr.\\nEDITED BY PROF. JOHN S. HART.\\nWITH TWELVE SPLENDID ILLUMINATIONS, ALL FROM ORIGINAL DESIGNS.\\nTHE DEW-DROP: A TRIBUTE OF AFFECTION.\\nWITH NINE STEEL ENGRAVINGS.\\nGEMS FROM THE SACRED MINE.\\nWITH TEN STEEL PLATES AND ILLUMINATIONS.\\nTHE POET S OFFERING.\\nWITH FOURTEEN STEEL PLATES AND ILLUMINATIONS.\\nTHE STANDARD EDITIONS OF THE POETS.\\nWITH ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nLORD AND LADY HARCOURT:\\nOR, COUNTRY HOSPITALITIES.\\nBY CATHARINE SINCLAIR,\\nAuthor of Jane Bouverie, The Business of Life, Modern Accom-\\nplishments, c., c.\\nOne Volume 12mo, Price 50 cents, paper; cloth, fine, 75 cents.\\nSlilliiim s Mm M^ nf tliB ^nibi |tab0;\\nON ROLLERS.\\nSIZE TWO AND A HALF BY THREE FEET.\\nA new map of the United States, upon which are delineated its vast works ol\\nInternal Communication, Routes across the Continent, Ac,\\nshowing also Canada and the Island of Cuba,\\nBY W. WILLIAMS.\\nThis Map is handsomely colored and mounted on rollers, and will be found\\na l\u00c2\u00bb\u00e2\u0082\u00acautiful and useful ornament to the Counting-House and Parlor, as well\\na\u00c2\u00a3 the School-Rcom. Price Two Dollars.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0286.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS. 25\\nSCHOOLCRAFTS GREAT NATIONAL WORK\\nON THE\\nPART SECOND\u00e2\u0080\u0094 QUARTO.\\nWITH EIGHTY BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS ON STEEL,\\nEngraved in the first style of the art, from Drawings by Capt. Eastman, U.S.A.\\nPRICE, FIFTEEN DOLLARS.\\nCOCKBURN S LIFE OF LORD JEFFREY.\\nLIFE OF LORD JEFFREY,\\n^v^TH\\nA SELECTION FROM HIS CORRESPONDENCE,\\nBY LORD COCKBURN,\\nOne of the Judges of the Court of Sessions in Scotland.\\n2 vols. 12mo. Price, $2 50.\\nROMANCE OF NATURAL HISTORY;\\nOR, WILD SCENES AND WILD HUNTERS.\\nWITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS, ONE VOLUME OCTAVO, CLOTtt\\nBY C. W. WEBBER,\\nAuthor of Old Hicks the Guide, Shot in the Eye, kc\\nPRICE, TWO DOLLARS.\\nTHE LIFE OF WILLIAM PENN,\\nWITH\\nSELECTIONS FROM HIS CORRESPONDENCE AND AUTOBIOGRAPHY\\nBY SAMUEL M. JANNEY.\\nSecond Edition, Revised. Price, Two Dollare.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0287.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "26 IIPPINCOTT, GRAMSO CO. S PUBLICATIOMS.\\nLIPPIXCOTT S\\nCABINET HISTORIES OF THE STATES,\\nCONSISTING OF A SERIES OF\\nCflMnrf listnrirH ni nil tjjB Itatrs nf \\\\\\\\)t glninn,\\nTO EMBRACE A TOLTOIE FOR EACH STATE.\\nWe have so far completed all our arrangements, as to be able to issue the whole\\nseries in the shortest possible time consistent with its careful literary pro^luction.\\nSEVERAL VOLUMES ARE MOW READY FOR SALE. The talented authors\\nwho have engaged to write these Histories, are no strangers in the literary world.\\nThese most tastefully printed and bound volumes form the first instalment of a\\nseries of State Histories, which, without supereeding the bulkier and more expensive\\nworks of the same character, may enter household channels from which the others\\nwould be excluded by their cost and magnitude.\\nIn conciseness, clearness, skill of arrangement, and graphic interest, they are a\\nmost excellent earnest of those to come. They are eminently adapted both to inte-\\nrest and instruct, and should have a place in the family library of every American.\\nN. Y. Courier and Enquirer.\\nNew Themes for the Protestant Clergy;\\nDREEDS WITHOUT CHARITY, THEOLOGY WITHOUT HUMANITY, AND\\nI PROTESTANTISM WITHOUT CHRISTIANITY:\\nWith Notes by the Editor on i Literature of Charity, Population, Pauper-\\nism, Politicr. .ii .my, and Protestantism.\\nPRICE, ONE DOLLAR.\\nSIMPSON^S MILITARY Jv :^URNAL.\\nJOURNAL OF A MILITARY RECONNOISSANCE FH JM -SANTA FE\\nNEW MEXICO, TO THE NAVAJO COUNTRY,\\nBY JAMES H. SIMPSON, A. M.,\\nFIRST LIEUTENANT CORPS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGHiiLERS.\\nWITH 75 COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS,\\nOrc volume, octavo. Price, Three Dollai-s.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0288.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS. W\\nTALES OF THE SOUTHERN BORDER.\\nBY C. W. WEBBER.\\nONE VOLUME OCTAVO, HANDSOMELY ILLUSTRATED.\\nThe Hunter Naturalist, a Romance of Sporting;\\nOR, WILD SCENES AND WILD HUNTERS.\\nBY C. W. WEBBER,\\nAuthor of Shot in the Eye, Old Hicks tlie Guide. Gold Mines of the Gila, e.\\nONE VOLUME, ROYAL OCTAVO.\\nILLUSTRATED WITH FORTY BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS,\\nFROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS, MANY OF WHICH ARE COLORED.\\nPrice, Five Dollars.\\nNIGHTS IN A BLOCK-HOUSE;\\nOR, SKETCHES OF BORDER LIFE.\\nEmhracing Adventures amons; the Indians, Feals of the Wild Hunters, and Explotts\\nof Boone, Brady, Kenton, Whetzel, Fleehart, and other Bo-^der Heroes of the West\\nBY HENRY C. WATSON,\\nAuthor of Camp-Fires of the Revolution.\\nWITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nOne volume, 8vo. Price, \u00c2\u00a73 00.\\nH A M I LTO^^TtIieToIO\\nBY AUGUSTA BROWNE.\\nWITH AN ESSAY ON SCULPTURE AND PAINTING, BY H. C. BROWkil,\\n1 vol. ISnio. Price, 37 1-2 cents.\\nSIMON KENTON: OR, THE SCOUT S REVENGE.\\nAN HISTORICAL ROMANCE.\\nBY JAMES WEIR.\\nIllustrated, cloth, 75 cents. Paper, 50 cents.\\nMARIE DE BERNIERE, THE MAROON,\\nAND OTHER TALES.\\nBY W. GILMORE SIMMS.\\ni yol. 12mo., cloth. Price %i 25.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0289.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "28 LIPPINCOU, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nA NEW AND COMPLETE\\nGAZETTEER OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nU will furnish the fullest and most recent information respecting the Geography\\nStatistics, and present state of improvement, of every part of this\\ngreat Republic, particularly of\\nTEXAS, CALIFORNIA, OREGON, NEW MEXICO,\\nc The work will be issued as soon as the complete official returns of the present\\nCensus are received.\\nTHE ABOVE WORK WILL BE FOLLOWED BY\\nA UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER,\\nOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.\\nof the most complete and comprehensive character. It will be compiled from tha\\nbest English, French, and German authorities, and will be published the momeut\\nthat the returns of the present census of Europe can be obtained.\\nlirfnq rf f lie J rtnnns\\nOF UTAH,\\nTHEIR DOMESTIC POLITY AND THEOLOGY.\\nBY J. W. GUNNISON,\\nU. S. CORPS TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS.\\nWITH ILLUSTRATIONS, IN ONE VOLUME DEMI-OCTAVO.\\nREPORT OF A GEOLOGICAL Sl RVEYOF WISCONSIN,\\nlOv. IVilNNE^ ^TA,\\nAND INCIDENTALLY OF A r.hliON OF NEERAbisA TERRITORY,\\nMADE UNDER LNSTRUCTIGNS F. UI THE U. S. IRE.^S.i DEPARTM T\\nBIT DikviD i\u00c2\u00bb.AriX: owzixr,\\nUuited States li i jiogist.\\nWITH OVER 150 ILLUSTRATIONS ON STEEL AND WOOD.\\nTWO VOLUMES, QUARTO. PRiCJE ,^10 00.\\nMERCHANTS MEMORANDUM BOOK,\\nWITH LISTS OF ALL GOODS PURCHASED BY COUNTRY MERCIiANTS, Ac\\nOue volume, 18mo., Leather cover. Price, 50 ceuts.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0290.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nTHE ABBOTSFORD EDITION\\nOF\\nPrinted upon fine white Paper, with new and beautiful Type,\\nFROM THE LAST ENGLISH EDITION,\\nEMBRACING\\nTHE AUTHOR S LATEST CORRECTIONS, NOTES, ETC.,\\nComplete in 12 yolumes, demi-octavo, neatly bound in cloth,\\nWW) Jrllustrations,\\nFOR ONLY TWELVE DOLLARS,\\nC0NTAI^^NO\\nWAVERLEY, or Tis Sixty Years Since...THE FORTUNES OF NIGEL.\\nGUY MANNERING PEVEKTL OF THE PEAK.\\nTHE ANTIQUARY QUENTIN DURWARD.\\nTHE BLACK DWARF ST. RONAN S WELL.\\nOLD MORTALITY REDGAUNTLET.\\nROB ROY THE BETROTHED.\\nTHE HEART OF MID-LOTHIAN THE TALISMAN,\\nTHE BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR WOODSTOCK.\\nA LEGEND OF MONTROSE THE HIGHLAND WIDOW, c\\nIVANHOE THE FAIR MAID OF PERTH.\\nTHE MONASTERY ANNE OF GEIERSTEIN.\\nTHE ABBOT COUNT ROBERT OF PARIS.\\nKENIL WORTH CASTLE DANGEROUS.\\nTHE PIRATE SURGEON S DAUGHTER,\\nAny of the aboTe Novels sold, in Paper Covers, at Fifty Cents each.\\nALSO,\\nTHE SAME EDITION\\nOP\\nTHE WAVERLEY NOVELS,\\nIn Twelve Volumes, Ivoyal Octavo, on Superfine Paper, with\\nTHREE HUNDRED CHARACTERISTIC AND BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nELEGANTLY BOUND IN CLOTH, GILT.\\n3Ptfce, \u00c2\u00a9nlj SiDcnt2*ifout 33ollars.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0291.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "80 LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nFROST S JUVENILE SERIES.\\nTWELVE YOLUMES, 16mo., WITH FIVE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS.\\nWALTER O NEILL, OR THE PLEASURE OF DOING G-OOD.\\n25 Engravings.\\nJUNKER SCHOTT, and other Stories. 6 Engravings.\\nTHE LADY OF THE LURLEI, and other Stories. 12 Engravings.\\nELLEN S BIRTHDAY, and other Stories. 20 Engravings.\\nHERMAN, and other Stories. 9 Engravings.\\nKING TREGEWALL S DAUGHTER, and other Stories. 16 Engr s.\\nTHE DROWNED BOY, and other Stories. 6 Engravings.\\nTHE PICTORIAL RHYME-BOOK. 122 Engravings.\\nTHE PICTORIAL NURSERY BOOK- 117 Engravings.\\nTHE GOOD CHILD S REWARD. 115 Engravings.\\nALPHABET OF QUADRUPEDS. 26 Engravings.\\nALPHABET OF BIRDS. 26 Engravings.\\nPRICE, TWENTY-FIVE CENTS EACH.\\nThe above popular and attractive series of New Juveniles for the Young, ar*\\n\u00c2\u00abold together or separately.\\nTHE IVIILLINER AND THE MILLIONAIRE.\\nBY MRS. REBECCA HICKS,\\n(Of Virginia,) Author of The Lady Killer, c. 1 vol. 12mo. Price. 37 1-2 ceiit\u00c2\u00bb\\nEXPEDITION TO THEREAT SALT LAKE.\\nAN EXPLORATION\\nOF THE VALLEY THE GREAT SALT LAKE\\nOF JTAU,\\nCONTAINING ITS GEOGRAPHY, NATURAL HISTORY, AiiNERALO\\nGIGAL RESOURCES. ANALYSIS OF -ITS WATERS, AND\\nAN AUTHENTIC ACCOcNT OF\\nTHE MORMON SETTLEMENT.\\nAlso, A Reconnoissance of a New Route through the I vky Mountains!\\nwith Seventy Beautiful Illustrations, from Drawings taktn on the\\nspot, and two large and accurate Maps of that region.\\nBY HOWARD STANSBURY,\\nCaptain Topographical Engineers. 2 vols, rojal octavo. Price ^^.i (XL", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0292.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "IIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS. 81\\nAllTHUR S\\nJim SiinfEile Xitetj.\\nBEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED.\\n1. WHO IS GREATEST and other Stories.\\n2. WHO ARE HAPPIEST? and other Stories.\\n3. THE POOR WOOD-CUTTER, and other Stories.\\n4. MAGGY S BABY, and other Stories.\\n5. MR. HAVEN T-GOT-TIME AND MR. DON T-BE-IN-A-\\nHURRY.\\n6. THE PEACEMAKERS.\\n7. UNCLE BEN S NEW-YEAR S GIFT, and other Storiea.\\n8. THE V/OUNDED BOY, and other Stories.\\n9. THE LOST CHILDREN, and other Stories.\\n10. OUR HARRY, and other Poems and Stories.\\n11. THE LAST PENNY, and other Stories.\\n12. PIERRE, THE ORGAN BOY, and other Stories.\\nEACH VOLUME IS ILLUSTRATED WITH\\nENGRAVINGS FROM ORIGINAL DESIGNS BY CROOME.\\nAnd are sold together or separately.\\nLIBRAflY EDITION OF SHAKSPEAKE.\\n(i-.Ut .L TYPE.)\\nTHE DRAMATIC WORKS OF WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE,\\nWITH A LIFE OF THE POET,\\nAND NOTKS ORIGINAL AND SELECTED, TOGETHER WITH\\nA COPIOUS GLOSSARY.\\n4 YOLLHtfES OCTAVO. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nSTYLES OP binding:\\nCloth jxtra $6 00\\nLihrrtry style 7 00\\nlialf-Turkey morocco 9 00\\nHalf-calf and Turkey, antique style 12 00\\nFull calf and Turkey, an \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^que style 16 00", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0293.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "82 LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nGRIMSHAW S\\nladies Lexicon and Parlour Companion:\\nCONTAINING\\nNEARLY EVERY WORD IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,\\nAND EXHIBITING THE PLUKALS OF NOUNS AND THE PARTICIPLES\\nOF VERBS.\\nBY WILLIAM GRIMSHAW, ESQ.\\nOne Tolume, ISmo. Price 50 cts.\\nTHE COLUMBIAN ORATOR,\\nCONTAINING\\nA VARIETY OF ORIGINAL AND SELECTED PIECES.\\nTOGETHER WITH\\nRULES CALCULATED TO IMPROVE YOUTH AND OTHERS IN THE\\nORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL ART OF ELOQUENCE.\\nBY CALEB BINGHAM, A. M.,\\nAuthor of The American Preceptor.\\nA NEW AND REVISED EDITION.\\nOne vol. 12mo. Price 50 cents.\\nA POPULAR NOVEL.\\nLYNDE WEISS, AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY.\\nBY GEO. H. THROOP,\\nAuthor of Nag s Head, Bertie, c. c.\\nPRICE, PAPER, FIFTY CENTS. CLOTH, SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS.\\nPERSONAL MEMOIRS of DANIEL WEBSTER.\\nOCTAVO, STITCHED. PRICE 15 CENTS.\\nHEMANS POETICAL WORKS.\\nCOMPLETE IX ONE VOLUME, 12mO.\\nPRICE, CLOTH, 75 CENTS. EXTRA GILT EDGES, $1 25.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0294.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS. 33\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00ac^t lnntir Unturnlist; 51 llnmnnn nf Ipnrting\\nOR. WILD SCENES AND WILD HUNTERS.\\nBY C. W. WEBBER,\\nAuthor of Shot in the Eye, Old Ilicks the Guide, tSold Mines\\nof the Gila, c\\nONE VOLUME, ROYAL OCTAVO.\\nILLUSTRATED WITH FORTY BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS, RROM ORIGINAL\\nDRAWINGS, MANY OF WHICH ARE COLOURED.\\nPRICE FIVE DOLLARS.\\nA REVIEW\\nOF\\nNEW THEMES FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY.\\nONE VOLUME 12mo.\\nPrice, paper, 25 cents. Cloth, 50 cents.\\nTHE BIBLE IN THE COUNTING-HOUSE.\\nBT H. A. ^OAHHTtLAN, D.D.,\\nAUTHOR OF tHE BIBl. i, IX THE FAMIL Y.\\nOne vol. 12ino., cloth. Price One Dollar.\\nAUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A NEW C H URCHIVIAN.\\nBY JOHN A. LITTLE.\\nvj.SE VOLUME 12mo. PRICE 75 CENTS.\\nMETOFS \\\\V0riK3 -NEW AND COMPLETE EDITION.\\nMiftan^s |^0Etifal ^arks,\\nWITH A LIFE, DISSERTATION. INDEX, AND NOTES.\\nBY PROF. C. D. CLEVELAND.\\nONE VOLUME ROYAL 12mo., CLOTH. PRICE $1 25.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0295.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "84 LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nUNIFOEM AND DRESS\\nOP THE\\nARMY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nWITH COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nQUARTO, CLOTH. PRICE FIVE DOLLARS.\\nUNIFORM AND DRESS\\nOF THE\\nNAVY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nWITH COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nQUARTO, CLOTH. PRICE FIVE DOLLARS.\\nTHE FISCAL HISTORY OF TEXAS:\\nEMBRACING AN ACCOUNT OF ITS REVENUES, DEBTS, AND CU\u00c2\u00bb-\\nRENCY, FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF TILE REVO-\\nLUTION IN 1834, TO 1851-2,\\nWITH REMARKS ON AMERICAN DEBTS.\\nBY WM. M. GOUGE,\\nAuthor of A Short History of Paper Money and Banking in the United States.*\\nIn one vol. 8vo., cloth. Price $1 50.\\nINGERSOLL S HISTORY of the SECOND WAR:\\nA HISTORY OF THE SECOND WAR BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES\\nAND GREAT BRITAIN.\\nBY CHARLES J. INGERSOLL.\\nSecond series. 2 Tolumes, 8vo. Price $4 00.\\nThese two volumes, which embrace the hostile transactions between the United\\nStates and Great Britain during tiie years 1814 and 15, complete Mr. Ingersoll s able\\nwork on tlie Second or Late War, as it has usually been called. A great deal of\\nnew and valuable matter has been collected by the author from original sources, aud\\nks now first introduced to the public.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0296.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS. 35\\nA PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BUSINESS;\\nOR, HOW TO GET, SAVE, SPEND, GIVE, LEND,\\nAND BEQUEATH MONEY\\nWITH AN INQUIRY INTO THE CHANCES OF SUCCESS AND CAUSES\\nOF FAILURE IN BUSINESS.\\nBY EDWIN T. FREEDLY.\\nAlso, Prize Essays, Statistics, Miscellanies, and numerous private letters\\nfroni successful and distinguished business men.\\n12mo., cloth. Price One Dollar.\\nThe object of this treatise is fourfold. First, the elevation of the business character,\\nand to define clearly the limits within which it is not only proper but obligatory to get\\nmoney. Secondly, to lay down the principles which must be observed to insure suc-\\ncess, and what must be avoided to escape failure. Thirdly, to give the mode of ma-\\nnagement in certain prominent pursuits adopted by the most successful, from which\\nmen in all kinds of busmess nsay derive profitable hints. Fourthly, to afford a work\\nof solid interest to those who read without expectation of pecuniary benefit.\\nTRUTHS ILLUSTRATED by GREAT AUTHORS,\\nA DICTIONARY OF OVER FOUR THOUSAND AIDS TO REFLECTION\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094QUOTATIONS OF MAXIMS, METAPHORS, COUNSELS,\\nCAUTIONS, APHORISMS, PROVERBS, 4c. c.,\\nIN PROSE AND VERSE;\\nCOMPILED FROM SHAKSPEARE, AND OTHER GREAT WRITERS, FROM\\nTHE EARLIEST AGES TO THE PRESENT TIME.\\nA new edition, with Amr;! c lU additions and revisions,\\nONE VOLUME, CROWN OCTAVO, VARIOUS BINDINGS.\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00ack /ont|iat[r nnh Bigtinini];\\nOR,\\nWANOERlNf^S OF i AMERICAN IN GT. BRITAIN,\\nIN 1851 AND 52.\\nGY BENJAMIN MORAN,\\nThis volurr.fi embodies the observations of the author, made during eight months\\nU.S a correspondent for American Journals; and as he travelled much\\niiers essentially from those on the same countries, by other writers. The\\nManners, customs, and condition of the people have been carefully noted, and\\n?ii; lews of them are given in clear, bold huisfiiase. His remarks take a wide range,\\n\u00c2\u00bb!id as he visited every county in England but tliree, there will be much in the work\\nof a novel and instructive character.\\nOne vol. 12mo. Price $1 25.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0297.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "36 LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nHISTORY OF THE NATIONAL FLAG OF THE U. STATES.\\nWITH COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nBV SCHU Sri.IIR HAXaLlTuTONf\\nCAPTAIN BY BREVET, U. S. A.\\nOne vol., crown 870. Price $1 00.\\nANNA BISHOP S TRAVELS.\\nTRAVELS of ANNA BISHOP in MEXICO (1849).\\nWITH TWELVE BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nPrice, paper, 50 cents. Cloth, 75 cents.\\nPOLITICS FOR AMERICAN CHRISTIANS;\\nA WORD UPON OUR EXAMPLE AS A NATION,\\nOUR LABOUR, c.\\nTOGETHER WITH THE\\nPOLITICS OF THE NE^W TESTAMENT,\\nBY THE AUTHOR OF\\nnew THEMES FORJfilE PROTESTANT CLERGY.\\n04e voL Sva.aS^oth. Price 50 cents.\\nc, 4\\\\_^:\\nANCIENT CHRISTIANITY EXEMPLIFIED,\\nIn the Private, Domestic, Social) and Civil liife of tSie\\nPrimitive Cliristians, and in tlie Original Insti\\ntutions, OiliceS) Ordinances, and\\nRites of tlie Chiircli*\\nBY REV. LYMAN COLEMAN, D.D.\\nIn one volume 8vo. Price $2 50.", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0298.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0299.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0300.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0301.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "^_.\\nn^ c V- s v\\\\\\nN\\n.0/\\no q\\\\\\no s^ iM\\n.0 o\\n11 1 Thomson Park Drive", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0302.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "l t c^\\no 0^\\noo\\n,-0 c v\u00c2\u00ab _\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ft r 7~ 3 r--\\n--V^\\nX\\no\\n^v^^^^y\\nA^ *3 No^\\n.x^^-", "height": "3010", "width": "1697", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0303.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3150", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00carpe_0304.jp2"}}